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The subject of the manufacture of glazed brick and sanitary ware has been treated more by English writers from an English standpoint than it has by American writers. The clays of our country are so little known to-day, in respect to their adaptability to this purpose, and the majority of them are so different from the English clays in use, that English experience and receipts are hardly applicable to our purposes. We have no clay or class of clays that are known to be specially adapted to the manufacture of these goods, and, in consequence, we cannot have cut and dried rules for their production. The treatment given each clay must depend upon its various characteristics, and must vary therewith. As our experience becomes greater we may develop a clay or class of clays that are specially adapted to the business, and may be able to agree upon a best method of handling them. Until that time, each individual must do the best he can, and use such methods and schemes as he finds best adapted to the clays with which he has to deal.
There is a growing demand for enameled goods, and a desire on the part of many to meet this demand, but lack of experience, and especially of guidance, through books on the subject, written from a home standpoint, have discouraged them from undertaking it For such people this little work is written. It makes no pretense of being either new or complete, but simply gives the views of the writer, formed from considerable experience with American clays. It represents what he has found best in treating them, and is not written for the initiated. In many ways these views are very different from those of the English writers on the subject, but the clays from which they are formed are also different There will also be found many points in common between us.
My sincere hope is that, crude and incomplete as the work may be, it will be of assistance in some particular.
Henry R. Griffen, C. E
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/enameling/Clay-Glazes-And-Enamels/Preface.html
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|
en
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Hitler was never truly comfortable in the company of women, but women found him strangely attractive.
Hitler’s First Love
Adolf Hitler‘s first love, in Vienna, was a Jewish girl called Stefanie but, lacking the courage, he never spoke to her. Instead he wrote love poems about her which his youthful friend, the poor August Kubizek, had to endure.
Hitler extolled the virtues of men remaining celibate until the age of 25. He was both repulsed and fascinated by prostitutes and although he preached that only men of inferior races went to prostitutes he obliged Kubizek to accompany him on numerous trips into Vienna’s red light districts. Rumours persisted that Hitler caught syphilis from a Jewish prostitute. In the early 1920s Hitler’s driver spoke of them cruising the Munich nightclubs.
Once he had become a national figure, Hitler’s relations with women were always marred by his belief that he was wedded to his mission. A wife would not only be a distraction; it could damage his popularity in the eyes of his female fans. Evidence of Hitler’s popularity amongst women first surfaced during his trial following the failed Munich Putsch in which daily the courtroom was jammed with female admirers. On the day of sentencing it was festooned with flowers.
In 1926 the 37-year-old Hitler began seeing a sixteen-year-old called Maria (or ‘Mitzi’) Reiter. But his dedication to his mission caused her to be sidelined. Depressed by his lack of attention, Reiter tried to commit suicide.
Hitler and his niece
In 1929 Hitler started on a relationship, maybe intimate, with the daughter of his half sister, 20-year-old Geli Raubal. Raubal moved into Hitler’s Munich flat and Hitler became obsessed by his niece and boiled over in rage when she started dating his driver, who was immediately sacked (although later re-instated). Hitler started controlling every aspect of Raubal’s life. On 19 September 1931, she was found dead in Hitler’s flat. Aged 23, she had shot herself. Devastated, Hitler became more withdrawn. Heinrich Hoffman, Hitler’s official photographer, later stated that Raubal’s death ‘was when the seeds of inhumanity began to grow inside Hitler’.
Eva Braun worked as a photographic assistant and model for Hoffman and it was through him she met the 40-year-old Hitler as a 17-year-old in 1929. Their relationship began soon after Raubal’s suicide and possibly before. Raubal’s jealousy of Braun has been mooted as a possible cause of his niece’s suicide. Braun, like Mitzi before her, was sidelined. Again, Hitler’s lack of attention resulted in an attempted suicide. Twice Braun tried, once by shooting herself, the second time by poison. Although Hitler looked after her materially, Braun was usually marginalised and only Hitler’s immediate circle knew of her existence. As the end of the war approached Braun refused to leave Hitler’s side and joined him inside the bunker beneath the Reich Chancellery. Finally, aged 33, Braun was allowed to marry her man. Within 40 hours they were dead.
Learn more about Adolf Hitler in Hitler: History In An Hour.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.historyinanhour.com/2011/02/18/hitlers-women/
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With the Nintendo Entertainment System series complete, I'd like to spend a few posts exploring some of the objects and designs as they were used throughout the games, and see what can be learned from them. For today, let's have a look at ladders.
The basic function of a ladder is to lead the player from one screen to another vertically, and their use in this image is the most common, with one leading offscreen from each corner to make the player cross the room to reach the other. Stairs and one-way platforms can accomplish the same purpose, but ladders are a compact solution, and work well for this type of game. We've seen plenty of ladders used only for this purpose in a stage, linking rooms vertically to add some variety to what could otherwise be a straight hallway.
Ladders also put Mega Man in a different state. The player can only climb, shoot, or fall, making threats more difficult to dodge. Falling is both a penalty for being hit and the only way to quickly avoid incoming damage, so ladders often make flying enemies and projectiles more dangerous. This screen shows good early use of that, with a short climb through incoming bullets followed by an opportunity to stand and destroy the turrets.
We see more of this throughout the series, with enemies or arcing shots blocking a ladder. Since Mega Man only shoots sideways, this is a good way to make special weapons more useful, or even required.
Climbing into a room from below is very different from walking. With players unable to hit enemies right away with the normal shot, they must take some time to get in position, and have the option of leaving the room to try again. This allows for some enemy positions that would not have been fair without the ability to escape, and was frequently used with Big Eyes and their equivalents.
This can work to the player's advantage, allowing a safe area to use special weapons from. The last image combines this with the threat of a slow climb, as the enemy can both prevent players from getting into the room safely and knock them off the upper one as they try to escape.
The same applies when climbing down, but the option to fall encouraged the designers to punish players for being too careless, leading to a handful of memorable surprises.
In a couple of cases, spikes were used for the same purpose, killing anyone trying to fall early while surrounded by them.
Some enemies become much more dangerous when left alone for a second or two, and even a short climb into a room can give these the time they need to cause trouble. This Harry in particular is much tougher to take down before it starts rolling around than the others in its stage, while the other enemies shown here also have a delay to their actions that the player has a harder time taking advantage of on these screens.
This can work in the middle of a screen as well, with long climbs giving the enemies more chances to attack within a small area.
Ladders can change interactions with enemies in other ways too. Having to climb makes this electrical trap a little tougher to avoid, the ground enemy gets a chance to fall on a climbing player, and the last offer different vantage points to attack from.
Grabbing a ladder also adds an extra layer of danger to a pit, as pressing up to do so is a little harder than just holding to the side when jumping across. Having to grab hold of a ladder that's barely within reach is one of the most heart-stopping moments the series can have without involving enemies or moving traps.
Special items were given some interesting uses with ladders as well, from needing them to reach one to complete or bypass a segment, to a unique case where Rush can be used from a ladder to avoid a fight.
Because they take less space than a Mega Man-sized hallway, ladders are useful for breaking a room into separate pieces, leading to long alternate paths in a vertical stage, showing the player an optional area, or just splitting a room into different playable spaces.
Their size also makes them ideal for hiding small secrets. When hiding something below, they're harder to spot than a hole, but when noticed, the player will know it's safe to investigate.
Mega Man made use of its ladders in a variety of ways, and stands as a good resource to learn from even today. One of the most unique areas involving them was this: A horizontal hallway filled with short ladders and enemies that could use them, giving the player many potential options for moving around, and more directions to watch for threats. Though short, this area is a personal favorite for how different it feels from the majority of the series' gameplay.
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<urn:uuid:e579da9b-ecb8-4463-bdc2-013b15a1b983>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.themmnetwork.com/blog/2015/3/13/a-critical-look-at-mega-man-stages-ladders
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| 0.965452
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| 2.6875
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A real number, i.e. 1, -25, 6.52, 1805.6352
Numbers are stored as single precision floating point numbers, which allow for a large range of values with limited precision (generally accurate to 6 or 7 decimal places).
The largest real positive number that can be entered via script is: 3.4028235e38
The largest real negative number that can be entered via script is: -3.4028235e38
Larger numbers: In scripts it is possible to generate a representation of an infinite positive or negative number which compares even larger or smaller than the above two floating point limits;
Positive infinity 1e39 = "1.#INF"
Negative infinity -1e39 = "-1.#INF"
Indeterminate (NaN) = "-1.#IND"
The finite command can be used to verify if a number represents infinity or NaN.
Arma supports hexadecimal numbers in both scripts and configs. Most common notation for hex numbers is 0x followed by the hexadecimal value. Alternatively symbol $ can be used for the same thing. It is also possible to mix and match notations:
It's special properties are that it will always supply a value from 0 to 360
Scripting vs Addons编辑
Integers and Floats编辑
Note also, unlike config.cpp's, Boolean is a real type in scripting language. In addons, it is a poetic licence for a zero/non zero Integer. In Arma 3 command parseNumber has been extended to accept booleans:
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<urn:uuid:59f85b93-e6ed-438b-940b-e222d2e3edfa>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://zh.arma.wikia.com/wiki/Number
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en
| 0.812041
| 343
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Directed evolution as a tool in Synthetic Biology
Detailed and systematic characterisation is the traditional scientific tool used to understand the function and mechanism of biological systems and their components. Although undoubtedly very successful, characterisation alone may not be sufficient to give us a complete understanding of any particular system or component.
Despite biology’s immense diversity, in some cases biology has provided us with a single answer. One such example is the storage and propagation of chemical information, where DNA and RNA are the only genetic materials, and the genetic code is universal. My view is that biology has not (and cannot have) explored all possible solutions to any given problem. Simply put, as an evolutionary process, biology is extensive but not thorough.
Synthetic Biology seeks an alternative approach in which well-characterised parts are assembled to reconstitute biological function. This ‘bottom-up’ approach can yield novel insights at all levels, be it at level of individual parts, of the system as a whole, or of more general principles that emerge in biology.
Nevertheless, the understanding required to re-engineer components for novel function is limiting and generally not available. Directed evolution bridges that gap in our current understanding.
Directed evolution, implemented through sequential rounds of sequence diversification and purifying selection, allows an original biopolymer (be it protein or nucleic acid) to be systematically modified towards the desired function. Crucially, in principle, sequence diversity can be introduced without any knowledge of the underlying component or mechanism of action – although in practice, all available information on the system is used to target diversity, to maximise coverage of the search space.
Methodologies for protein and nucleic acid directed evolution
Selection and screening are central to all directed evolution methodologies. The goal of selection is to create a strong link between phenotype and genotype, such that isolation of functional molecules, or molecules with the desired function, results in the co-isolation of their respective genetic information.
A number of versatile selection platforms have been developed, differing in how selective pressure can be introduced and modulated. Our goal is to adapt existing and develop novel selection platforms, establishing a technological toolbox for the directed evolution of natural and synthetic biopolymers – whether in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo.
Xenobiology and genetic orthogonality
The development of synthetic genetic materials (xenobiotic nucleic acids or XNAs) by systematically engineering DNA polymerases is a clear example of the power of directed evolution for synthetic biology, and the first step towards developing an organism based on a synthetic genetic material.
Directed evolution of DNA polymerases for XNA synthesis was achieved through selection, using compartmentalised self-tagging (CST), and high throughput screening . Together with XNA reverse transcriptases, which were rationally designed, it was possible to demonstrate that a number of synthetic nucleic acids can store information and are viable genetic materials. This approach not only enabled the development of the first synthetic genetic materials, but also identified a novel region in the DNA polymerase involved in substrate recognition and discrimination . In addition, development of synthetic genetic systems allows exploration of the boundary conditions of chemical information storage .
We are currently interested in extending our existing selection platforms to isolate XNA replicases (XNA ->XNA) and to assemble systems that can be used to bring XNA genetic elements to a bacterial cell. That would extend the Central Dogma and alter the topology of information transfer in biology creating a genetic enclave inaccessible to natural organisms but that can co-exist with the natural system – an orthogonal system.
The storage of chemical information is not the only biological process that can be re-engineered to create orthogonality; there are other routes to altering the topology of information transfer in biology. The conversion of information from RNA to protein, via the genetic code is another process accessible to re-engineering. The genetic code, bar minor exceptions, is universal – an RNA message will give rise to the same protein in most living organisms.
A viable alternative genetic code can expand the chemical functionality of life and create organisms unable to exchange information with biology. Even if the informational molecules are unchanged (i.e. DNA and RNA), the content of the information remains inaccessible because of the different code; semantically orthogonal.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthases (aaRS) are the gatekeepers of the genetic code through charging precise sets of tRNA with specific amino acids. Modification of the genetic code by aaRS engineering has been achieved and is being extensively explored. We are interested in investigating how evolvable tRNA synthetases are and whether the systematic engineering of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is a feasible route towards rewriting the genetic code.
For synthetic biology to deliver on its potential as a disruptive technology, revolutionising our chemical, pharmaceutical and material industries, it must incorporate biosafety at its core – to protect the environment and to ensure public acceptance of the technology. Multiple redundant safeguards must be developed to address known, foreseeable and unknown potential risks, ensuring that our environment cannot come to harm – minimising the ecological risk of genetically engineered organisms and the informational risk of the information encoded in the organism.
Both genetic and semantic orthogonality can be routes towards increased biosafety. Genetic information stored in an XNA that cannot be accessed by natural enzymes and that requires synthetic precursors for its maintenance, e.g. hexitol nucleic acids (HNA), would establish a biosafety “dead man’s trigger” – the function encoded in XNA is not accessible to nature and is lost in the absence of a constant supply of precursors. Thus, escaped organisms (or information) would be rapidly removed from the environment.
Similarly, life operating under a different genetic code cannot exchange information with natural organisms: genetic material from natural organisms will not encode functional proteins in a modified organism and vice-versa. A recoded auxotroph, which would depend on the external supply of an essential compound for cell survival, would therefore provide containment for the organism and for the information encoded in it.
Azole-containing microcins can be generated by the post-translational modification of peptides and are widespread in bacteria and archaea. They have been implicated in a diverse range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-tumor and anti-malarial compounds.
We are currently characterising available microcin synthetases with a view towards establishing them as platforms for the directed evolution of novel bioactive compounds.
Pinheiro, V.B., Taylor A.I., Cozens, C., Abramov, M., Renders, M., Zhang, S., Chaput, J., Wengel, J., Peak-Chew, S-Y., McLaughlin, S.H., Herdewijn, P. and Holliger, P., Synthetic genetic polymers capable of heredity and evolution. Science, 336, 341 (2012).
Cozens, C., Pinheiro, V.B., Vaisman, A., Woodgate, R. and Holliger, P., A short adaptive path from DNA to RNA polymerases. PNAS, 109, 8067 (2012).
Pinheiro, V.B.*, Loakes, D. and Holliger, P., Synthetic polymers and their potential as genetic materials. Bioessays, 35, 113 (2013). *corresponding author.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://vbpinheiro.wordpress.com/research/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320443.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625064745-20170625084745-00035.warc.gz
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en
| 0.909843
| 1,545
| 2.875
| 3
|
¿Qué puedo hacer?
Acerca de este recurso...
Students will read this passage from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and rewrite the passage changing it from first person to third person narration.Treasure Island s a story about Jim Hawkins, a boy in the 1700s. Jim has found part of a treasure map. He with some men from his town, have hired a ship to find the treasure. Some of the sailors on the ship, like Long John Silver, may be dangerous.
It is an educational content by K12 Reader.
Fecha publicaci?n: 12.5.2016
Se respeta la licencia original del recurso.
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<urn:uuid:36eacac1-e2b3-44ef-a87c-9349010b4660>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://didactalia.net/comunidad/materialeducativo/recurso/change-the-point-of-view-first-person-and-third/061ee0d7-b253-448f-926d-061286d67b48
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00115.warc.gz
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en
| 0.748239
| 145
| 3.59375
| 4
|
People with Alzheimer's disease have fat deposits in the brain. For the first time since the disease was described 109 years ago, researchers affiliated with the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) have discovered accumulations of fat droplets in the brain of patients who died from the disease and have identified the nature of the fat.
This breakthrough, published today in the journal Cell Stem Cell, opens up a new avenue in the search for a medication to cure or slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. "We found fatty acid deposits in the brain of patients who died from the disease and in mice that were genetically modified to develop Alzheimer's disease. Our experiments suggest that these abnormal fat deposits could be a trigger for the disease", said Karl Fernandes, a researcher at the CRCHUM and a professor at University of Montreal.
Over 47.5 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease or some other type of dementia, according to the World Health Organization. Despite decades of research, the only medications currently available treat the symptoms alone.
This study highlights what might prove to be a missing link in the field. Researchers initially tried to understand why the brain's stem cells, which normally help repair brain damage, are unresponsive in Alzheimer's disease. Doctoral student Laura Hamilton was astonished to find fat droplets near the stem cells, on the inner surface of the brain in mice predisposed to develop the disease. "We realized that Dr. Alois Alzheimer himself had noted the presence of lipid accumulations in patients' brains after their death when he first described the disease in 1906. But this observation was dismissed and largely forgotten due to the complexity of lipid biochemistry", said Laura Hamilton.
The researchers examined the brains of nine patients who died from Alzheimer's disease and found significantly more fat droplets compared with five healthy brains. A team of chemists from University of Montreal led by Pierre Chaurand then used an advanced mass spectrometry technique to identify these fat deposits as triglycerides enriched with specific fatty acids, which can also be found in animal fats and vegetable oils.
"We discovered that these fatty acids are produced by the brain, that they build up slowly with normal aging, but that the process is accelerated significantly in the presence of genes that predispose to Alzheimer's disease", explained Karl Fernandes. In mice predisposed to the disease, we showed that these fatty acids accumulate very early on, at two months of age, which corresponds to the early twenties in humans. Therefore, we think that the build-up of fatty acids is not a consequence but rather a cause or accelerator of the disease."
Fortunately, there are pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme that produces these fatty acids. These molecules, which are currently being tested for metabolic diseases such as obesity, could be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease. "We succeeded in preventing these fatty acids from building up in the brains of mice predisposed to the disease. The impact of this treatment on all the aspects of the disease is not yet known, but it significantly increased stem cell activity," explained Karl Fernandes. "This is very promising because stem cells play an important role in learning, memory and regeneration."
This discovery lends support to the argument that Alzheimer's disease is a metabolic brain disease, rather like obesity or diabetes are peripheral metabolic diseases. Karl Fernandes' team is continuing its experiments to verify whether this new approach can prevent or delay the problems with memory, learning and depression associated with the disease.
Source: University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM (CRCHUM).
About the study
About the study
This study is the result of a multidisciplinary collaboration between Karl Fernandes' team at the CRCHUM, Pierre Chaurand's team at Université de Montréal's Department of Chemistry and Martin Parent's team at Université Laval's Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Brain Bank. The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Karl Fernandes holds the Canada Research Chair in Neural Stem Cell Biology. Laura Hamilton is funded by an award from the Alzheimer Society of Canada and the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS). The other authors are: Martin Dufresne, Sandra E. Joppé, Sarah Petrysyn, Anne Aumont, Frederic Calon, Fanie Barnabé-Heider, Alexandra Furtos and Martin Parent. To find out more, see the study: http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(15)00356-2
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<urn:uuid:17f86bfb-e971-4c18-baff-f369ca793301>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/uom-adt082715.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00115.warc.gz
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en
| 0.934288
| 955
| 3.359375
| 3
|
By: Robert Malcolmson and Stephanos Mastoris
160 pages, B/w illus
This is an account of pigs and pig-keeping from the 16th century to the 20th century, concentrating on the domestic, cottage pig, rather than commercial farming. In Victorian England the pig was an integral part of village life. Living in close proximity with its owners, fed on scraps and the subject of perennial interest, the pig when dead provided the means to repay social and monetary debts, as well as meat. While words associated with pig, such as "hoggish", "swine"and "pigsty" and phrases such as "greedy as a pig", associate pigs with greed and dirt, this text aims to show the pig's virtues, intelligence and character.
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<urn:uuid:64514ac5-a696-4b9d-9fdc-a300ef4497ef>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.nhbs.com/title/96032?title=the-english-pig
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en
| 0.941599
| 228
| 3.453125
| 3
|
“Educating the mind, without educating the heart, is no education at all.” Aristotle
Learning by play is a EAPZ project , bringing to czech schools the idea of healthy living. During the project was achieved relationship with more than 500 primary schools and more than 80 000 pupils participated the project.
Small children can find themselves in a beautiful country, named Healthyland, and meet there breathtaking heroes – Sugar Devil and Vitamin Elf , Mr. Fat and Mr. Candy, Vegetable Nymph , the dangerous Wizard Cholesterol and many others. It is a fairy world of children imagination , full with fun, songs and… knowledge.
For older students is regularly prepared National Champinship in Board Game „ Basket Full with Wisdom “. The goal of the game is to learn how to navigate in the world of food and embrace the principles of healthy eating and living.
The project "Learning by play" is under the auspices of the Minister of Agriculture of Czech Republic, the project partners are the Food Safety Information Centre and Public Health Institute in Prague. The project is financially supported by Albert Foundation.
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<urn:uuid:446d8914-7d62-4c72-bac8-0b273e8767f0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.nlchamber.cz/clanky-eapz-project-with-500-partners.html
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en
| 0.943526
| 229
| 2.78125
| 3
|
When a black couple bought an empty lot in the St. Louis suburb of Creve Coeur in the 1950s–planning to build their dream home–their new white neighbors raised funds to try to buy them out. When the couple declined, city staff came up with a new plan to get rid of them: they condemned the property and turned it into a park. After a three-year court case, the couple lost.
The story is one of several told in a new series of comics about the history of segregation in St. Louis, created as part of a studio class at Harvard Graduate School of Design. In the class, Affirmatively Further: Fair Housing After Ferguson, students traveled to the St. Louis area, studying intentional segregation before exploring potential solutions. The comics summarized that initial research.
“Comics are kind of a common denominator,” says Daniel D’Oca, the Harvard professor who led the studio. “I think in design schools we sometimes do a lot to make our intentions obscure, and use all kinds of big words that your average person on the street might not understand. I try to get my students to do the opposite–to make work that’s complex and rich, but at the same time understandable and accessible.”
Some of the comics talk about the history of redlining, the government-led program that evaluated neighborhoods based on race and ethnicity, giving the lowest scores to neighborhoods with black families–in some cases, even if black people walked through a neighborhood on their way somewhere else, that impacted scores. People in “redlined” areas struggled to get mortgages.
Another comic explains how some realtors realized they could exploit segregation to make money. After paying black kids to play in a neighborhood and black mothers to walk through with a baby stroller, they offered to buy homes from white families who feared the neighborhood was becoming black. Then they turned around and resold the houses, at a significantly higher cost, to black families.
When a white town called Olivette wanted to expand near Elmwood Park–a black community settled by former slaves after the Civil War–they “annexed” part of Elmwood Park, issued tax bills, and when families didn’t pay, auctioned off their homes and rebuilt.
The stories, each of which contains real-life villains, are a perfect fit for comic books. The books will be printed and distributed in a limited run through a partnership with Forward Through Ferguson, an organization trying to implement changes recommended by the Ferguson Commission.
Two students are also developing some of the material into a textbook for eighth graders, after discovering that most kids go through school without ever learning the history of local segregation–and the effects former policies continue to have on their lives.
“The history of how St. Louis was segregated in the first place feels very alive and present there,” says D’Oca. “A lot of the legacy of the 20th-century policies that created segregation are, unfortunately, alive and well.”
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<urn:uuid:bdb56ee9-8aa2-4e10-89cd-d9855f832932>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.fastcodesign.com/3067234/these-comic-books-bring-the-story-of-segregation-in-st-louis-to-life
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en
| 0.969091
| 633
| 3.328125
| 3
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The Molly Maguire Strike - 1873
- The Molly Maguires were a group of Irish immigrants (miners) who formed a secret association to fight for better pay and working conditions in the mines of North-Eastern Pennsylvania.
- When the miner's pay was cut, it set off a strike. Railroad cars were derailed, coal tips set on fire and a superindendent murdered.
- Pinkerton law enforcement infiltrated the organisation and 19 men were arrested, convicted and hanged.
- This showed that law enforcement and the Criminal Justice System still favoured the side of the businesses.
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Most sociologists believed that, after the reunification of Germany, living conditions for women on both sides of the old border would eventually equalise. They were too optimistic. In the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) only 16% of mothers with children aged between three and five were in full-time employment in 2007, against 52% in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). While the birth rate in former East Germany has now fallen to West German levels, there are still considerable differences. In 2009, 61% of births in the former GDR were out of wedlock, compared with 26% in the former FRG.
East German women were especially hit by the social and political changes of reunification. In the old GDR, working mothers easily reconciled family and professional lives, unlike their counterparts in the West. Reunification led to a sharp rise in female unemployment in the East and resulted in drastic changes to their way of life and future plans, as well as a loss of self-confidence.
In Germany, as elsewhere in Europe, the labour participation rate for women rose after the 1950s, but was far higher in the GDR than in the FRG. Just before the fall of the Wall, 92% of East German women were employed, compared with 60% in the West — enjoying near-equality with men, unique in the world. Where West German women adapted their life plans to fit in with an overall scheme still shaped by the traditional image of the patriarchal family, in the East women’s economic independence from their husbands was a given.
The spectacular fall in the birth rate in East Germany during the 1970s encouraged the regime to provide incentives for working women to have children, and special efforts were made for single or divorced women. Although the ideological justification (producing manpower to build a socialist society) was often mocked, the government’s policy enabled women to reconcile career plans with parental constraints, whereas on the other side of the Wall, motherhood (...)
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RIVERSIDE, CALIF. — A bush that some scientists regard as the oldest known plant is being given refuge from land developers, bulldozers, off-road vehicles and the like. A botanist, Dr. Frank C. Vasek, recently estimated the age of the ordinary-looking shrub, a creosote bush, at 11,700 years, which would make it far older than the previous record-holder, a 5,000-year-old bristlecone pine. Vasek organized a campaign to save the bush and was successful after members of the California Garden Club embraced the cause. Under their prodding, the Nature Conservancy, a San Francisco-based environmental group devoted to protecting rare plants and animals, has agreed to buy 17 acres of desert turf surrounding the bush. Garden clubs are raising much of the cash, and Nature Conservancy officials said the deal is to be closed soon.
``Sometimes amazing botanical wonders are evident but unnoticed, beneath our very noses,`` Vasek said, recalling how he came upon his discovery. ``For years,`` he said, ``I looked upon the creosote bush as something that was just there, filling up desert space between the times and places when the `real`
desert plants put on a show of flowers.``
In 1974, Vasek, professor of botany at the University of California at Riverside, conducted a field trip in which a student asked him the age of some creosote bushes. ``I started to answer they must be about 300 to 400 years old,`` he said, ``when it suddenly dawned on me that I and everyone else simply did not know.``
So he went into the nearby desert and collected samples. Clusters of several creosote bushes often are arranged in an ellipse, Vasek said, leaving a hollow center of bare, sandy soil.
One such ring had a hard, woody object at the center. ``On an impulse I collected it,`` he said, ``believing it to be the remains of the original seedling from which the ring of living stems had developed.`` By carbon dating, the wood sample was determined to be 585 years old, give or take 150 years. Vasek then set out to find even older specimens.
Vasek then pieced together, for the first time, the life cycle of the creosote bush. After germination, a seedling grows a small stem, the crown, which sprouts many branches as it thickens. Over 40 to 90 years, the crown splits into several lobes that, in turn, give rise to their own branches. The original crown eventually dies, leaving a sandy patch of soil.
Each peripheral lobe grows independent roots and continues growing away from the center. Over thousands of years, the clones end up in an ellipse around the original center. Each clone, derived from the original seedling, is genetically identical.
A single stem has a life expectancy of 80 to 100 years, Vasek said, but in genetic terms a creosote bush may be ``alive`` far longer. Vasek calls such entities ``clonal creosote rings.``
As to whether the age of a living bush should be gauged by looking at the lifetime of the rings, which can be measured in milleniums, rather than the life of a single stem, which is much shorter, is a question more metaphysical than biological, said Charles Taylor, an associate professor of biology at the University of California at Los Angeles. ``What, then, is life?`` he asked.
``What is the definition of the organism?``
Park Nobel, a biologist also at UCLA, said it was certainly reasonable that the creosote bush represents the oldest living plant thus far dated. But he said there could be other cloned plants of the same or other species that are older. He suggested such candidates as the fairy ring mushroom, birch trees and certain desert grasses.
The creosote bush grows in rings probably because of its desert environment, where moisture for germinating seeds is unreliable, Vasek said.
``It`s the Stonewall Jackson strategy,`` he said. ``He who gets there firstest with the mostest, holds the ground.``
After studying the life cycle of the bush, Vasek took an aerial survey of the Mojave Desert to find the biggest creosote rings. The species, Larrea tridentata, is widely distributed across the Southwest and Mexico. The creosote bush is so called because of a pungent creosote-like smell given off when the resinous leaves are crushed. Indians brew a medicinal tea from it.
The aerial survey turned up hundreds of rings measuring up to 100 feet across, with shoulder-high branches. Vasek chose several, from places such as Sheephole Pass, Old Woman Springs and Cedar Canyon Fan, to determine growth rates at different elevations and habitats.
He then dated samples of old wood found inside large rings. Modern and ancient growth rates, he said, are similar; most bushes grow a scant two-thirds of a millimeter each year.
The oldest bush so far identified is a 75-by-25-foot ring on Bessemer Mine Road near the Lucerne Valley. The bush, dubbed King Clone, is roughly 11,700 years old, Vasek said.
``An exact age determination may never be forthcoming,`` Vasek said,
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We have successfully navigated through the Yamim Noraim – the Awesome Days of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. Our congregations have been filled, some beyond capacity and with overflow services. We have worn new clothes and white clothes. We have prayed, feasted, and fasted. We have considered our individual and communal challenges and opportunities.
We have also been engulfed in many issues which divide us. Nationally, responses to BDS movement, the Iran Deal, the upcoming 2016 elections, religious divides; and locally, choices of high schools, summer camps, synagogues, the continued rising costs of Jewish life, and how to strengthen our connections to our Jewish communal institutions. Our deliberations and discussions about these divisions have made these high holidays somewhat discouraging and exhausting.
And now we are commanded to “party.”
Z’man Simchateinu is our time to rejoice, our time truly to delight in our most Jewish experience. Sukkot represents a break from the divisions, challenges, and debates which confront us, and reminds us of our formative experience wandering in the desert for forty years. The holiday reminds us to go “back to basics”, to enjoy nature, and to appreciate our surroundings.
Each day during Sukkot, we are commanded to take a Lulav, comprised of the Arbat Ha’minim, Four Species, and make a unified blessing. The Kabbalah compares the Four Species and teaches us that they represent four different types of Jews. First, the Etrog, the yellow citron fruit, with its great taste and pleasing fragrance, represents an individual who has wisdom and performs good deeds. Second, the Hadass, boughs with leaves from the myrtle tree, has a good fragrance, but is inedible and therefore represents individuals who perform good deeds but lack wisdom. Third, the Lulav, the frond from a date palm tree, is edible, but has no smell, which represents the individual with wisdom, but who does not perform good deeds. Finally, the Aravah. Branches from the willow tree, has neither taste nor smell and represents the individual with neither wisdom nor the performance of good deeds.
These four types of Jews come together in a unified way during Sukkot. Our Z’man Simchateinu – our time to rejoice – happens because we bring it all together. We might all be different types of Jews, with different backgrounds, different positions, and different perspectives. But on this holiday, we celebrate together to create one nation as one union of these four species. Long ago, we would make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem to joyously celebrate together. As a Jewish people, we find our joy by uniting as one, despite and even because of our differences.
How can we make this holiday more special and joyous today?
First, we connect to the past. I have very fond and distinct memories growing up in Cincinnati, Ohio, helping my father assemble our Sukkah each year and helping my Mom decorate it with favorite acquisitions from her travels. One year, we even won our Synagogue’s Sukkah Decorating Competition! And we always welcomed guests to our Sukkah from many different walks of life. The power of that memory grounds me to this day, especially during this time of year.
Second, we continue the tradition to the present day. I marvel that my wife and I have been able to maintain this special tradition, despite the many distractions generated by today’s lifestyle. My now teenagers, who – much to our dismay – may not always race to respond to our requests, remain eager to put up our Sukkah in record time and ensure the decorations find their traditional locations. Even assembling our Sukkah becomes a joy-filled, cooperative, and wonderful family affair, hearkening back to past years and past generations and gives me hope for today and for tomorrow.
Third, we find a way to get along. Remember the Four Species represents the coming together of four different types of Jews into a unified whole. With all of our communal divisions, this holiday brings us together. We seek joy in celebrating together. I feel fortunate that in my work supporting Jewish summer camps, we have successfully sought ways to come together as a field, to unify our approaches, and to celebrate our differences. The joy comes from being part of something bigger and helps model a future to which we aspire and for which we work so hard.
Especially following this year’s cerebral and challenging high holidays, I hope as we enter the Sukkah we will appreciate fully the lessons of this truly festive holiday. We remember our past, celebrate our present, and contemplate our future.
Chag Sameach – may we all have a truly joyous holiday, together.
Jeremy J. Fingerman is CEO of the Foundation for Jewish Camp.
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From the moment we're born, our clothing and accessories thrust us into a hegemonic expression of gender. Baby girls wear pink; boys wear blue. Our clothing defines to the rest of the world who we physically are. As we grow older and make conscious fashion decisions, we have the opportunity to solidify or redefine these gender stereotypes. Androgynous fashion subtly transcends these established societal gender codes by combining both genders' characteristics into one overall look.
In the early 1920s, Coco Chanel introduced her signature suit in an early form of androgynous fashion. It was made from jersey fabric with a knee-high skirt and wool-woven jacket that bore striking resemblance to a man's suit. It represented gender power for females, as its functionality hinted at the woman's newfound place as a working woman in society. Yves Saint Laurent's invention of "le smoking" in 1966 also came at a time of woman's rise in social standing, representing the power of breaking away from our culture's hegemonic ideas of femininity.
We tend to associate different traits with different genders. Males are considered more dominant, aggressive, and independent, where women are often viewed as more expressive, submissive, and emotional. Androgynous fashion has the power to break down these gender stereotypes by associating both gender's traits with the individual. The power gained relies heavily on the social context. For example, a woman in a more masculine business suit would fit in well in a corporate setting, and a man in a feminine cardigan would fit in better in an elementary school setting. The power gained by their clothing would be irrelevant in the reverse situation.
The power in androgynous fashion also comes from its imperceptibility. Thus, being in the spotlight threatens such power. Consider the case of andrygynous fashion of pop musicians in the 1970s and 1980s such as Annie Lennox, Boy George, David Bowie, and Prince. Annie Lennox's masculine suits were under constant analysis of the media with the rise of MTV in the 1980s, which resulted in speculation into her motivations for wearing such outfits in her music videos and diluting the power that image had before.
However, in today's society of constant media coverage, the opportunity for a dialogue with the media can bring about a new power to this fashion. Singers like Janelle Monae, Rihanna, and MIKA sport more androgynous looks, but by talking back with the media, can bring a power of individuality to their looks.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwnefUaKCbc (Janelle Monae's music video "Tightrope," in which her personal androgynous style is apparent).
It is also important to note that most of the androgynous fashions that are seen on a regular basis are designed for women. However, with the increase of androgynous styles for males in fashion comes a legitimacy of the look. Jean Paul Gaultier explored such power in his Fall 2011 Men's Ready-to-Wear runway show that combined the inspiration of James Bond, who exudes masculinity, with feminine details and even skirts and dresses. The confidence in that masculinity adds another element of power to the look.
In addition, chain clothing stores such as Uniqlo and The Kooples sell clothing for both men and women that is often undistinguishable. Even H&M is introducing a men's line of clothing including skirts.
In conclusion, the rise of androgynous fashion demonstrates unique forms of power through transcending established gender codes, as well as through expressions one's individuality and self-confidence in a subtle manner.
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Everything You Need to Know About the Golden Ratio in Graphic Design
Did you know there is a mathematical ratio found both in man-made design and in nature that can, when used properly, help you create aesthetically pleasing compositions in your design work? Well there is, and it’s called the Golden Ratio. The Pyramids of Giza, the Parthenon and Da Vinci’s painting of The Last Supper are all said to be designed and composed within the parameters of this ubiquitous and ancient equation.
(image via enarmour.com/blog)
What is the Golden Ratio?
Also known as the Golden Section, the Golden Mean or the Divine Proportion, the Golden Ratio is basically understood as 1:1.618, and is derived from the famous mathematical Fibonacci Sequence in which each number is the sum of the two numbers before it. The difference between any two numbers in this sequence isn’t always exactly equal to 1:1.618 but it’s rather close.
An easier way to understand the Golden Ratio and to see it at work is by using a Golden Rectangle. Starting with a rectangle which fits the parameters of the 1:1.618 rule, you then draw a square within that rectangle. In the remaining space you’ll be left with…another golden rectangle! You can continue doing this over and over right into infinity, just like with the Fibonacci sequence, only in reverse as the proportions get smaller.
Plotting the relationships between each new Golden Rectangle leaves us with the Golden Spiral. See below:
Some of you may even remember Manchester suddenly becoming the focus of media attention when ‘that photograph’ was taken of drunken revelers on New Year’s Eve last year. Many believe that this photograph perfectly adheres to the proportions of the Golden Ratio, what do you think?
What’s this got to do with design?
When applied to graphic design, the Golden Ratio simply provides us with a way of creating harmony and proportion that our subconscious mind seems to be attracted to. As we’ve previously mentioned, the Parthenon and the painting of The Last Supper appear to use the ratio, as does the Apple logo, the Twitter logo and even natural forms such as ferns, flowers, sea shells and the human face. Yes, the Golden Ratio is everywhere.
The easy way to apply the Golden Ratio to your design work, whether it be a web page design or editorial layout, is through the rule of thirds. Of course, all graphic designers will be familiar with grid systems and the rule of thirds, and how important they are for creating consistent, well structured and visually pleasing layouts. The intersecting lines on these grids create natural focal points for the placement of shapes and content boxes
If you apply the rule of thirds to a rectangle with proportions of approximately 1:1.618, you will end up with something very close to a Golden Rectangle, making your design all the more pleasing to the eye. In the image below, the red lines show the rule of thirds, and the blue lines show the Golden Ratio:
Alternatively, you can go one step further and create a grid layout which adheres as closely as possible to the 1:1.618 ratio. In other words, you ensure that the main sections of your design (your content bar and side bar in a web layout, for example) adhere to the ratio. You can then subdivide these into smaller sections and still keep the ratio intact if you’ve done your maths right.
(image via graphicdesign.stackexchange.com)
As much as many people appreciate and recognise that the Golden Ratio clearly seems to exist in natural forms everywhere, many graphic designers, mathematicians and scientists argue that the Golden Ratio in relation to design is a myth.
It is argued by some that most graphic designers either do not use it or don’t regard it as particularly important in the broad scheme of things. Then, of course, there’s the issue with the mathematics behind it all. The Golden Ratio is described as 1:1.618, however when you actually do the maths yourself the ratio comes out as 1.6180339887… and goes on infinitely in this manner.
Keith Devlin, a professor of mathematics at Stanford University says that, “Strictly speaking, it’s impossible for anything in the real-world to fall into the golden ratio, because it’s an irrational number.” In other words, no matter how hard you try, your design is always going to be a “little off” when working with this ratio.
This argument, however, can be criticised for being overly precise and pedantic. Most designers who incorporate the ratio into their work are aware of the fact that the proportions are not an exact science.
The use of the Golden Ratio in design is, after all, more about aesthetics than mathematics.
Intrigued? Here are a couple of extras to help you discover the Golden Ratio yourself.
The Golden Section Finder – a handy pocket-sized viewfinder which will help you discover ‘proportional perfection’ in the everyday objects around you. Take it everywhere you go and you’ll be seeing the Golden Ratio everywhere! You can buy it here.
GoldenRATIO – an app which will make light work of designing web pages and layouts using Golden Ratio proportions. It also includes a built-in calculator and a ‘favourites’ feature to help you re-use successful settings for future tasks. Find it here.
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Suicide is a bigger killer than car crashes, according to an alarming new study.
The number of people dying from suicide has drastically increased, while car accident deaths haven lessened, making suicide the leading cause of injury death.
Suicides via falls or poisoning have risen significantly and experts fear there could be en more going unrecognised, specifically in cases of overdose.
'Suicides are terribly under-counted,' said Ian Rockett, author of the study, published on Thursday in the American Journal of Public Health.
'I think the problem is much worse than official data would lead us to believe. We have a situation that has gotten out of hand.'
He added that his goal is to see the same attention paid to other injuries as has been paid to traffic injuries.
The results were compiled using National Centre for Health Statistics data gathered from 2000 to 2009.
Researchers noted a 25 per cent decrease in car accident deaths, medicalxpress.com reported, while deaths from falls rose 71 per cent, from poisoning 128 per cent and from suicide 15 per cent.
Higher automobile standards were credited for the traffic deaths drop, with harsher penalties for underage drinking and failing to wear seat belts named as contributing factors.
Previous research has suggested that suicide rates go up during recessions and times of economic crisis.
'Economic problems can impact how people feel about themselves and their futures as well as their relationships with family and friends,' Feijun Luo of CDC’s Division of Violence Prevention told Bloomberg.
'Prevention strategies can focus on individuals, families, neighborhoods or entire communities to reduce risk factors.'
The shift makes suicide the most frequent cause of injury deaths, followed by car crashes, poisoning, falls and murder.
The study also looked at gender and race, concluding that fewer women die from the top four causes than men, while Hispanics have fewer car crashes and suicides than whites but a higher murder rate.
In 2009, more than 37,000 Americans took their own lives, a number that the government and private groups such as Facebook are fighting to lower.
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Fruit and Nut
|Assessing the Nut and Fruit Resource|
Land Use Classification
The potential land resource available for nut and fruit production is calculated from the total agricultural land resource of approximately 4 479 000 ha (CSO data 2013). This area can be broken down into 5 categories:
Under the Nut and Fruit scenario, land used to produce outputs geared to export markets (beef, lamb, milk, or feedstuff for animals produced for export markets) is seen as potentially available for crops aimed at domestic consumption. The export food trade is underpined by non-sustainable subsidies and an equally unsustainable heavy resource footprint (for example embodied energy, finite resource depletion, carbon emissions). Ireland produces ten times more beef than it can use itself, six times more milk, and three to four times more lamb. Yet only about 35 percent of the food currently eaten in Ireland is produced here. Change is inevitable. Scaled down to more sustainable levels, the food export trade may serve some strategic purpose but the priority would be to free up land to produce more food for domestic consumption.
Obviously, not all agricultural land is of the necessary quality or in the right location for developing for nut or fruit orchards. The soil may be too poor, or the locality too windy or too wet, or too prone to late spring frosts. Based on existing knowledge of the typical quality and regional location of the land in each of the categories listed above, some reasonable estimates can be made as to the proportion that might be suitable for orchards (see table below).
For the purposes of this study, only one third of the land currently used for export markets and potentially suitable for orchards (approximately 100 000 ha), is actually allocated for orchards. This provides a generous reserve capacity. The actual breakdown might look something this:
The same calculations for protein are as follows:
Many of the orchard land allocated above would be suitable for low density livestock (for example sheep, pigs, geese, small breeds of cow) thereby providing additional food outputs. The sustainable level of grazing would be around 0.40 LU/ha (Livestock units per hectare). 1 LU is equivalent of 1 dairy cow, 5-6 sheep, 3-4 sows or about 40 geese. Providing the trees were protected from potential damage from rubbing or grazing, the low density grazing of orchards would help recycle tree nutrients as well as reduce the incidence of persistant diseases such as canker and scab.
In the early years of orchard establishment, the orchards could also be used for alley crops: crops grown between the lines of trees. Crops suitable for alley cultivation include grains and vegetables, as well as soft fruit.
Throughout human history, acorns from oak trees have been a valuable source of food, both for people and livestock. the Until recent times, the people of the Mediterranean and Western Asian regions have included the sweet acorns of the evergreen oaks as part of their diet. In many of these countries, the same acorns were also used to help fatten pigs. This practise continues to this day in the Dehesa and Montado of Spain and Portugal. Although acorns are not included in the calculations above, their potential should not be underestimated. Nutritional information is provided in the table below.
On the basis of land suitability and projected changes in climate as a consequence of global warming, Ireland could easily produce over ten percent of its dietary energy requirements from nut and fruit orchards. The same is true for protein. However, the realistic lead time, from the moment this objective became national policy, would probably be 30-40 years. Therein lies the problem. Contemporary globalised agricultural policy works to a very short time horizon: typically only 3-5 years. Although the risks and consequences of global warming are understood at official level - after all, Ireland, along with all other EU states, is a signatory to the IPCC - there seems a complete disconnect when it comes to agricultural policy. Here, Business-as-Usual is king.
Does the allocation of 135 000 hectares of land for orchards seem crazy? If it does, compare it with over three million hectares of agricultural land (complete with annual subsidies of two billion euro, and imported animal feedstuff requirements of two million tonnes each year, plus a further three hundred thousand tonnes of artificial fertiliser) currently devoted to serving export markets, while Ireland imports nearly two thirds of the food it eats. Craziness is relative.
More information and analysis will be provided in the near future.
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1876 John Griffith Chaney is born south
of the slot on January 12 in San Francisco, California.
His mother, Flora Wellman, claims the father is astrologer William
H. Chaney, who denies his paternity and abandons her. Baby John
is given to a wet nurse, Daphna Virginia [Jennie]
Prentiss. Jack Londons mother marries a widower, John London,
on September 7. Baby John, then eight months old, acquires his
stepfathers surname, London
and returns to the family household.
1877 Eliza and Ida, John London's daughters from a previous marriage, are removed from the Protestant Orphan Asylum (on Haight between Laguna and Buchanan) in San Francisco to join the London family household (February 19).
1878 Jack and his stepsister Eliza both suffer near-fatal attacks of diphtheria. To escape the growing epidemic, the London family moves from San Francisco to Oakland.
1881 Family moves to a farm in Alameda.
1882 Johnny attends West End (elementary) school in Alameda.
1883 The family moves to a farm in San Mateo County.
1885 The family moves to the Livermore valley. Johnny discovers the world of books after reading Ouidas Signa and Irvings Tales of the Alhambra.
1886 The family moves to Oakland, the first of several moves within the city limits of Oakland. Johnny works as a newsboy and other odd jobs; he also learns to fight. He discovers the Oakland Free Library [a public library]. Its librarian, Ina Coolbrith (later named the first Poet Laureate of the state of California), guides him as he becomes an avid reader. He is known to visit Johnny Heinold at his First and Last Chance Saloon on the waterfront.
1887 In the fall, Johnny enrolls in Cole Grammar School in West Oakland and becomes friends with Frank Atherton. He continues to be a newboy and do other odd jobs (load ice wagons, set up pins in a bowling alley, sweep out saloons). Changes first name from Johnny to Jack.
1888 By the time he is 12, he is competently sailing a skiff around San Francisco Bay.
1889 A carefree summer. Jack visits Franks family, which had moved to Auburn.
1891 Graduates as an 8th grader from Cole Grammar School. Works in Hickmotts Cannery. Buys the sloop Razzle Dazzle with $300 borrowed from Mammy Jennie Prentiss. Becomes known as the Prince of the Oyster Pirates as he raids oyster beds in the San Francisco Bay.
1892 Joins the California Fish Patrol in Benicia as a deputy patrolman. First tramping experiences as he (Sailor Kid) hops a train over the Sierra Nevada mountains to Reno, Nevada.
1893 In January, Jack signs on as an able-bodied seaman on the 156-ton, three-masted schooner, Sophia Sutherland, for a seven-month sealing voyage along the coast of Hawaii, the Bonin Islands, Japan, and the Bering Sea. Upon his return in late August, works ten-hour days in a jute mill for ten cents an hour. In November, he wins the $25 first prize in the San Francisco Morning Call contest for best descriptive article for Story of a Typhoon off the Coast of Japan; the Morning Call publishes the article.
1894 Works shoveling coal for an electric railway power plant; he quits when he discovers he has been exploited, having performed the work of two men. In April, Jack leaves Oakland to join General Kellys Army, the western contingent which is marching to Washington, D.C. to join Coxeys Industrial Army to protest unemployment. In late May, Jack leaves the group in Hannibal, Missouri, then continues traveling as a tramp (moniker: Frisco Kid) visiting the White City from the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and relatives in Michigan. He is arrested (June 29) for vagrancy in Buffalo, New York, and spends thirty days in the Erie County Penitentiary. In August, Jack meets Frank Strawn-Hamilton in Baltimore at Druid Hill Park.
1895 Attends Oakland High School and works as its janitor; completes high school in eighteen months. He is published in the student magazine, The High School Aegis. Participates in the Henry Clay Club (a debating society). He meets and falls in love with Mabel Applegarth. He befriends Herman Jim Whitaker, who teaches him the art of boxing and fencing.
1896 Jack is already known as the Boy Socialist of Oakland (see articles in the December 25, 1895 San Francisco Examiner and in articles in the San Francisco Chronicle in early 1896). Jack joins the Socialist Labor Party (April). Crams for university entrance examinations. Attends the University of California at Berkeley for the fall semester; disillusioned, he drops out after only one semester.
1897 His letters to the editor are regularly published in local San Francisco Bay Area papers. He is arrested for speaking in public without the mayors permission (February) but only one juror finds him guilty, so the city drops the case. As a Socialist, he runs for a seat on the Oakland Board of Education (March). He works at the Belmont Academy laundry. Travels to the Alaska and the Yukon to join the Klondike Gold Rush and to seek his fortune. He is accompanied by his brother-in-law, Elizas husband, Capt. James H. Shepard, who has helped to finance the trip by mortgaging his home. Two Gold Bricks is published in The Owl (September); Jack is in the Klondike and unaware of it. His stepfather, John London, dies on October 14.
1898 Suffering from scurvy and having found very little gold, he leaves the Klondike and returns to Oakland (in July). Pawns his Rambler bicycle and other personal belongings to raise some money. Joins a stampede (which was based on false news of a strike) to the California gold country (August). He undertakes writing as a profession, working intensely to develop his writing skills.
1899 To The Man on Trail is published in the January issue of Overland Monthly. Turns down job offer as a mail carrier at the U.S. Post Office. Begins correspondence with Cloudesley Johns (February) and meets Anna Strunsky (in December). Receives hundreds of rejections but does publish essays, jokes, poems, and stories (24 in all).
1900 Jack meets Charmian Kittredge while her aunt Ninetta Eames interviews him (January). On April 7, Jack breaks a luncheon date with Charmian to marry his former tutor and friend, Elizabeth (Bessie) Mae Maddern. Their honeymoon a bicycle trip to Santa Cruz. Publication of his first book, The Son of the Wolf, a collection of short stories about the Klondike (on April 7).
1901 Daughter Joan London born on January 15. Jack runs unsuccessfully as Socialist Labor Party mayoral candidate in Oakland (receives 245 votes). Meets George Sterling. First journalism assignment to cover the Third National Bundes Shooting Festival for the Hearst syndicate [July]. Publishes: The God of His Fathers.
1902 Travels to England to investigate slum conditions in the East End of London (August-September); he uses this collected information for writing The People of the Abyss. Travels in Europe for three weeks. Daughter Bess (Becky) born on October 20. The Daughter of the Snows, Jacks first novel, is published. Also published: Cruise of the Dazzler and Children of the Frost.
1903 Jack falls in love with Charmian Kittredge. Jack and Bessie separate. Jack's first visit to Glen Ellen. Bought the sloop Spray. The Call of the Wild brings Jack worldwide acclaim; People of the Abyss and The Kempton-Wace Letters also published.
1904 Jack sails for Yokohama and Korea to report on the Russo-Japanese War for the Hearst syndicate (January through June). On June 28, Bessie files for divorce on grounds of desertion [Bessie erroneously names Anna Strunsky as the other woman]; Interlocutory Decree is granted November 11. The Sea-Wolf and The Faith of Men are published.
1905 Sails on the Sacramento River on the Spray with Cloudesley Johns [February-March]. Spends summer at Wake Robin Lodge in Glen Ellen and begins to purchase land parcels for his Beauty Ranch. Again runs unsuccessfully as Socialist candidate for Mayor of Oakland [receives 981 votes]. Begins lecture tour on socialism through the eastern and midwestern United States (October). Jack and Charmian marry in Chicago on November 19, the day after his divorce from Bessie is final. In late December, he interrupts his lecture tour to honeymoon in Jamaica and Cuba. Published: War of the Classes, The Game, Tales of the Fish Patrol.
1906 Jack resumes his lecture tour; speaks at Yale University, Carnegie Hall, and in the Midwest, but cancels lecture tour after becoming ill. Back in Glen Ellen (mid-Feb.). Begins building the Snark. First building on the Ranch (the barn) is completed. Flora (Jacks mother) visits the Ranch with Johnny Miller (Idas son); it is her first and last visit. Jack gets a custom set of teeth. Reports on the April 18th San Francisco earthquake and fire for Colliers. Published: White Fang, Moon-Face and Other Stories, and Scorn of Women.
1907 The Snark sets sail from Oakland (April 23), bound for the Hawaiian Islands and eventually Tahiti, the start of a proposed seven-year, around-the-world voyage. Accused of nature faking by President Theodore Roosevelt. Published: The Road, Before Adam, Love of Life and Other Stories.
1908 Briefly returns home in mid-January to straighten out financial affairs. Resumes Snark voyage in April. In late November, Jack is hospitalized in Sydney, Australia, for a double fistula operation; he is also suffering from multiple tropical ailments. Announces publicly (December 8) that the Snark voyage must be abandoned. Published: The Iron Heel.
1909 After recovering in Sydney, Jack returns home (in July) via Ecuador, Panama, New Orleans, and the Grand Canyon. Sails the San Joaquin and Sacramento River deltas aboard the Phyllis. Published: Martin Eden.
1910 In June, daughter Joy dies 36 hours after birth (June 19). Construction of the Wolf House begins. Hires stepsister Eliza Shepard as ranch superintendent and business manager. Reports the Johnson-Jeffries world championship fight in Reno, Nevada. Sailed aboard the Roamer in the San Joaquin River delta. Visits friends at the artists colony in Carmel. Published: Burning Daylight, Lost Face, Revolution and Other Essays, Theft: A Play in Four Acts.
1911 Visits Los Angeles (January-February). Sails aboard the Roamer in the San Francisco Bay (April-May). Four-horse wagon vacation to Northern California and Oregon with Charmian and Nakata, his valet. Meets with architect Albert Farr to discuss plans for the Wolf House. Moved into the Ranch House. Travels by rail to New York City (December). Published: The Cruise of the Snark, Adventure, South Sea Tales, When God Laughs and Other Stories.
1912 Spends two months in New York City. In March, sets sail from Baltimore and sails around Cape Horn on the Dirigo to Seattle. Charmian miscarries on August 12 and is informed she will not be able to bear children. Sails the San Joaquin and Sacramento River deltas aboard the Roamer. Publishes: The House of Pride and Other Tales of Hawaii, A Son of the Sun, and Smoke Bellew.
1913 Neuadd Hillside, prize-winning Shire stallion, arrives at the Ranch. Jack has an appendectomy (July 8). He is warned that his kidneys are deteriorating. Wolf House is destroyed by fire (cause spontaneous combustion) on August 22. Cruises Sacramento and San Joaquin River deltas aboard the Roamer during the fall. Copyright trial with Balboa Amusement Producing Co. Published: John Barleycorn and The Valley of the Moon. Also published: The Night-Born, The Abysmal Brute.
1914 In January, travels to New York. In April, Jack travels to Vera Cruz to report on the Mexican Revolution. Contacts severe dysentery complicated by pleurisy. Returns to Glen Ellen in June. Published: The Strength of the Strong and The Mutiny of the Elsinore.
1915 Attends Winter Carnival in Truckee (January). Suffering from acute rheumatism in February. Visits the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco (February 22). Spends five months in Hawaii in an effort to improve his health. Published: The Star Rover and The Scarlet Plague.
1916 Jack is in Hawaii from January through late July. Attends California State Fair in Sacramento (September). Neuadd Hillside dies. Water rights trial. Resigns from the Socialist Party. Suffers severe bouts of rheumatism and uremia. Complains of insomnia. Dies on November 22 at 7:45 p.m.; his death certificate states the cause of death as uraemia following renal colic and contributory [for three years]: Chronic Interstitial Nephritis [more probably stroke and/or heart failure, plus Jack was a heavy smoker for years]. Published: The Acorn-Planter: A California Forest Play, The Little Lady of the Big House, and The Turtles of Tasman.
Books published posthumously:
1917 The Human Drift, Jerry of the
Islands, Michael, Brother of Jerry, The Red One,
On the Makaloa Mat
1920 Hearts of Three
1922 Dutch Courage and Other Stories
1963 The Assassination Bureau (completed by Robert L. Fish)
Editors Note: This Chronology does not include all
of the work (poems, books, jokes, essays, etc.) written by Jack
It is meant to serve as an overview.
© 2001 by Margie Wilson.
All rights reserved.
Reproduction, distribution, or transmission of this Chronology is expressly prohibited without prior written consent.
TO HELP YOU CITE THIS PAGE . . . please click here.
is based on an excerpt from Margies critically-acclaimed
book, The Wit and Wisdom of
For more information on how to purchase a copy of this book, click here or contact:
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The Blockchain in Healthcare
The blockchain is an idea centered around the concept of a secure, digital ledger system that provides a system for efficient, auditable transactions of almost any type between entities . All information related to blockchain transactions is at once both independently verifiable by all (even outside) parties as correct and also inscrutable to entities without explicit permission. The first and probably most well-known implementation of blockchain technology is Bitcoin , but there has been a massive expansion of blockchain use-cases since Bitcoin's initial introduction.
- 1 What is the Blockchain?
- 2 Security
- 3 Potential Use Cases in Healthcare
- 4 Other Blockchain Use Cases
- 5 References
What is the Blockchain?
First, it should be clear that there is no one blockchain to rule them all. "The Blockchain," as it is often referred, really is a concept of a series (chain) of interrelated sets (blocks) of encrypted information. Hence a chain of blocks, or blockchain. There are many such blockchains in existence, and one could choose to do transactions on any one of them or create a new blockchain.
An important aspect of most blockchains is that they are designed to be maintained on a distributed network of multiple nodes. Each node holds a complete copy of the blockchain and adds each sequential new block as it is created. This system allows every transaction on the blockchain to be verified by any or all of the nodes in the network, and also makes it very difficult for the information held in the blockchain to become lost or unavailable if any one or even most of the nodes go offline.
Transactions that are set to be added to the blockchain are added to the newest block as soon as it is created. This makes the continued existence of the blockchain dependent on the creation of new blocks. There are several main methods for the creation of new blocks on the network, and the choice of method depends somewhat on the purpose of the blockchain in question. Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, uses a method called Proof of Work, but there are at least two methods currently in use:
The blockchain has moved beyond simply processing transactions of cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin. Any data that can be encoded into a cryptographic hash can be added to a blockchain. Various different ideas have been proposed, and I will not attempt to list them here, but they are wide ranging.
Blockchain Development Groups
Certainly a non-exhaustive list . . .
Potential Use Cases in Healthcare
Though there has yet to be a breakthrough report or use-case for blockchain technology in healthcare, there are many potential ways that the blockchain could be implemented within the current healthcare structure. Any list will likely be incomplete, but these examples represent some of the published and available literature on blockchain implementations in health.
- UPDATE - The Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) Tech Lab issued a Blockchain Challenge in July, 2016.
- The list of submissions and awards can be found here
- Some of the descriptions of potential Blockchain implementations in healthcare below are based on submissions to this challenge.
Health Information Exchange (HIE)
One major area that blockchains may be able to facilitate is the secure access to and communication of patient health records between individuals and institutions. There have been multiple white papers published on the topic, including groups from the Mayo Clinic and MIT who described a system for patient information exchange based on blockchain technology that would allow patient-controlled access to records across institutions using HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), JSON, or other encoding system. In these models the actual health care data are not encoded in the blockchain, but are merely references pointing to where the data reside, such as at institutions or in a "data lake" . Similarly, a group out of China described an app called Healthcare Data Gateway (HGD) that allows patients to view and directly control rule-based access to their health records with a smart phone interface and authentication provided by a blockchain network . These ideas support the concept of patient-owned medical data, and would have the effect of decentralization of medical records in ways that are as yet undetermined.
Health Research Integrity
Academic research is a major driver of advances in health care, but in the setting of limited funding and publication pressures on researchers significant concerns have been raised regarding research integrity. Organizations such as ClinicalTrials.gov and others have been developed to help drive researchers to define endpoints and analysis prior to conducting clinical trials and other studies. As it represents an immutable, verifiable record of events and transactions, the blockchain has been proposed as a potential decentralized resources for helping to ensure biomedical research integrity. Benjamin Carlisle, followed by several researchers from the UK, proposed in 2014 that researchers could use the blockchain to record pre-specified aspects of their projects, including the study design, analysis plan, and data structure, among others, which could later be verified by consumers of the literature to decrease bias that may be introduced in post-hoc analysis. The blockchain also offers the potential ability to verify the integrity of actual research data and analysis by outside observers, even if the data themselves are not made publicly available. These types of implementations may lead to improvements in both the integrity of biomedical research as well as bolster public trust in medical research.
Personal Health Records
This concept dovetails with the idea of HIE using the blockchain, but focuses more on the secure maintenance of a personal health record (PHR) by patients. No production PHR has been released based on this technology, but concepts such as MedVault use alternative blockchains such as Colu to store patient data directly on the blockchain. Others such as eHealthWallet have also developed prototype PHRs based on the blockchain. Patients could then share or authorize doctors and other health entities to access and modify their data.
Storage of Health Care Data
Most of the previous examples use the blockchain not as a direct data storage medium, but instead as a secure reference point for identities, access, and data locations. At least one group from a company called Tierion, which partners with the Philips Blockchain Lab , has produced a concept called Chainpoint, which proposes to use a Proof of Existence concept and Merkle Roots to efficiently store actual patient records on the blockchain without imposing excessive transaction demands on the system.
Other Uses and Future Development
- Drug and Pharmacy Verification - VeriPharm has developed a proof of concept that would help track and verify pharmaceuticals from the raw materials to the final product administered to patients.
- Appointment Scheduling on the Blockchain - dhva-apointment-blocks
- Care Coordination - Projects such as simplyvitahlth are geared toward coordinating care between multiple providers and at different institutions to ensure that complex care pathways are being followed appropriately.
There are many more potential use-cases for blockchain technology within healthcare, and undoubtedly we will continue to see development in this area in coming years. In fact, in 2016 a consortium of sponsors led by Gem (Whitepaper) held the first healthcare oriented blockchain conference, Distributed: Health in Nashville, TN. As the healthcare blockchain community grows, gatherings such as these will likely increase and blockchain technologies will increasingly be introduced at major medical conferences.
Other Blockchain Use Cases
Bitcoin (BTC) was the first cryptocurrency based on the blockchain, and was developed by someone calling himself Satoshi Nakamoto. The protocol was introduced in 2008 after the publication of a white paper describing the algorithm and the mechanisms for generation and distribution of BTC. At this point there are hundreds of cryptocurrencies in circulation according to Wikipedia, many of which are based on the Bitcoin blockchain, but only a few have gone into widespread use.
One of the major potential functions of blockchain technology is through the creation of smart contracts. Various components of contracts, including proof of the involved parties, requirements for completion, and actions upon completion of the contract can be encoded in blocks. These can then be added to a blockchain and become available for independent verification, which can even lead to automatic processing of contracts when their requirements have been fulfilled.
Smart contracts are basically little "if this then that" functions, but they are importantly different in the sense that they are stored on a distributed network and they can be verified as true without knowledge of the contract specifications .
Securities Exchanges and Finance
One of the hottest arenas for blockchain development currently is in the financial markets, an extension of the original cryptocurrency use cases for the blockchain. Multiple stock markets and other financial firms have initiated investigations and pilot projects into the feasibility and utility of the blockchain for contracts and tracking of financial instruments. NASDAQ has been one of the first major markets to put blockchain technology into use, and has released some information on its implementation, called Linq . The cryptocurrency website Coindesk has also produced a list of 10 exchanges using or investigating blockchain technologies.
Additionally, financial firms such as Visa have been experimenting with the blockchain for keeping track of transactions as well as with proof of concept applications such as remittance.
- Tapscott D, Tapscott A. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. United States: Portfolio; 2016. 1-368 p.
- Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. WwwBitcoinOrg [Internet]. 2008;9. Available from: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
- Peterson K, Deeduvanu R, Kanjamala P, Boles K. A Blockchain-Based Approach to Health Information Exchange Networks. (1):1–10.
- Ekblaw A, Azaria A, Halamka JD, Lippman A, Original I, Vieira T. A Case Study for Blockchain in Healthcare: “ MedRec ” prototype for electronic health records and medical research data MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/5-56-onc_blockchainchallenge_mitwhitepaper.pdf
- Linn LA, Koo MB. Blockchain For Health Data and Its Potential Use in Health IT and Health Care Related Research. 2014;1–10.
- Yue X, Wang H, Jin D, Li M, Jiang W. Healthcare Data Gateways: Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control. J Med Syst [Internet]. 2016 Oct;40(10):218. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6
- Titus SL, Wells J a, Rhoades LJ. Repairing research integrity. Nature [Internet]. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):980–2. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563131
- Carlisle BG. Proof of prespecified endpoints in medical research with the bitcoin blockchain [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.bgcarlisle.com/blog/2014/08/25/proof-of-prespecified-endpoints-in-medical-research-with-the-bitcoin-blockchain/
- Irving G, Holden J. How blockchain-timestamped protocols could improve the trustworthiness of medical science. F1000Research [Internet]. 2016;5:222. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866630/
- Slade E, Drysdale H, Goldacre B, COMPare Team. Discrepancies Between Prespecified and Reported Outcomes. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1;164(5):374. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720309
- Baxendale G. Can Blockchain Revolutionise EPRs? [Internet]. Vol. 58, ITNOW. 2016. p. 38–9. Available from: http://itnow.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/itnow/bww017
- Vaughan AW, Bukowski J, Wilkinson S, Sporny CM, Shea R, Allen C, et al. Chainpoint: A scalable protocol for anchoring data in the blockchain and generating blockchain receipts [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://tierion.com/chainpoint
- Merkle RC. PROTOCOLS FOR PUBUC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy [Internet]. 1980. p. 122–34. Available from: http://www.merkle.com/papers/Protocols.pdf
- Wood C, Winton B, Carter K, Benkert S, Dodd L, Bradley J, et al. How Blockchain Technology Can Enhance Ehr Operability [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://research.ark-invest.com/blockchain-and-healthcare
Submitted by Ben Orwoll
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A rash under the eye can be irritating and hard to cover up. Skin rashes under the eye can be a symptom of many conditions including allergies, dermatitis, or even cancer. The appearance and colour of a rash and its frequency will help your doctor make a diagnosis.
Determine if the rash is from an allergic reaction. According to Dr. Peter C. Schalock, MD, from Merck, contact dermatitis is a condition that is due to contact with irritants or allergens. Irritants or allergens could be from plants, soaps, shampoos and household cleaners. According to the National Institute of Health, even exposure to sunlight may cause a skin reaction. The rash may last for a few hours to a few weeks. Rashes usually appear in thin, sensitive areas, such as the skin under the eyes, and later spread to thicker skin. The substance causing the reaction must be removed for treatment to be effective. Moisturisers and medications are available to treat the itching and redness.
Explore the possibility that the rash is atopic dermatitis if you have no known allergies. Merck defines atopic dermatitis as a chronic, itchy inflammation of the skin caused by emotional stress, environmental changes or bacterial infections. Diagnosis is based on the pattern of the rash and family history of allergies. Moisturisers and medications are available to treat the itching and redness.
Contact a dermatologist immediately if the rash is persistent and does not go away. According to Melanoma.com, melanoma, a skin cancer, has a rash pattern that changes and darkens over time. It may or may not be itchy. The rash can spread to other parts of the body. Diagnostic tests may involve blood tests, chest X-rays, and MRIs. The melanoma must be removed surgically.
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These days, there is a vast array of technology that can be used to support your presentation. This includes: PowerPoint on a laptop, LCD projectors, overhead projectors, multi-media systems, laser shows, PA systems, radio microphones, the list goes on and on. The single most important thing to remember when using such technology is that no matter how well you prepare and how many times you have used it in the past, technology can go wrong. Not only can it go wrong, it will go wrong, usually at the most inappropriate of times.
Now that doesn’t mean you should avoid using any technology, as it can when used correctly add value to your presentation. However, always remember the technology should be used in a supporting role. The experienced presenter is never dependent on any technology, so if it does fail he or she can carry on without it.
A classic example of what happens when technology fails is when a presenter is relying on their PowerPoint (or other graphics presentation software) to provide the cues for their presentation. If the technology fails for any reason, not only are they left without their visual aids, they also have to remember what they are going to say and the order in which to say it.
Losing what you consider to be a vital aspect of your presentation will invoke a level of panic in most presenters. Compounding this with losing your prompts can be catastrophic. I have seen very experienced presenters deliver very poor presentations when the presentation software fails because they were relying on their slides to prompt them.
To avoid technology failures ruining your presentation, I recommend practising giving the presentation without the technology or visual aids and having a set of cue cards to hand, just in case the unexpected happens.
There are occasions when the technology is an integral part of your presentation, for instance when you are demonstrating a piece of software. My advice, in this case, is to thoroughly practise your demonstration exactly as you plan to give it on the day and only show exactly what you have practised. Do not be tempted to vary your presentation.
Technology has a way of catching people out, when the least expect it. Think through the technology you are planning to use and perform a risk assessment.
Common things to remember are:
- Put your mobile phone on silent
- Turn off the screensaver of your laptop
- Turn off WiFi on your laptop
- Check pens have ink in them if you are using a flipcahrt of whiteboard
- Make sure they are the right type of pen for a whiteboard
- Know how to turn your microphone off when you have finished
- Make sure colour scheme of slides works well with the projector
- Ensure you know how to advance the slides
- Have a blank slide at the end so as not to display your desktop
- If you are planning on using an autocue or “presenter view” in PowerPoint have a spare set of cue cards
Presentation Training and Coaching is available from the author of this blog. Please visit my presentation training website.
Give me a day and I’ll change your presentations, forever
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Unformatted text preview: India, 1800-1914 Modern India Introduction: Late Mughal India Akbar the Great, 1542-1605 Hindu-Muslim Cultural Synthesis Decline of Muslim Rule, ca 1700
Political Disintegration Social Tensions Vulnerability Akbar the Great European Involvement Portuguese
Dutch East India Company France Britain Seven Years' War British East India Company British East India Company From a Trading Company to Colonization British East India Company Sir Robert Clive Battle of Plassey, 1757 Sepoy Dual Administration Governor-General Viceroy
"Jewel in the Crown" Sepoy Rebellion, 1857 Queen Victoria Empress of India, 1877 Sepoy Rebellion, 1857 Colonial India: "Jewel in the Crown" Colonial Reforms British Law Economy Agricultural Expansion plantations opium, tea, cotton, silk, sugar Deforestation Land Confiscation Famine Social Discontent Decline of Local crafts Railroads, Telegraph Irrigation Lack of Industrial Development Suttee Prohibited Education Social Reforms India, 1914 Growth of Nationalist and Independence Enlightenment Liberalism Nationalism Political Equality Constitutionalism Self-government Resentment with British Rule Indian National Congress, 1885 Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Independence, 1947 Mahatma Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru ...
View Full Document
This note was uploaded on 04/08/2008 for the course HIST 1020 taught by Professor Gorshkov during the Spring '08 term at Auburn University.
- Spring '08
- World History
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The cultivar blueberry «Sunrise» is known since 1991.
Bush height is 1.2–1.8 meters.
Shoots poorly formed, this ensures good illumination of the inner part of the crown Bush.
The cultivar «Sunrise» is not required for regular cutting.
Berries ripen from the middle of July.
Harvest is 3-4 kilograms from a bush.
Berries are large (17-20 mm. in diameter) and they are very tasty. The berries are of light blue. Berries are recommended for fresh eating.
Harvesting of the cultivar «Sunrise» blueberry is carried out in three steps.
The lack of cultivar «Sunrise» is a low resistance to spring frosts.
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What the national government is doing for our colored boys.: The new system of slavery in the South. Two sermons delivered at the Israel C.M.E. church, Washington, D.C.,: by its pastor, Rev. S.B. Wallace, M.D. August 19 and September 9, 1894
Samuel B. Wallace was pastor of the Israel Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C.
In this excerpt from the sermon, "The New System of Slavery," Wallace shows how African-Americans have entered a new form of bondage in the South, one which both government and the church should feel called to resist.
The doorways to this new system of slavery are far more numerous than those which led into the old. African transportation ships and negro procreation did not advance the number of slaves half so rapidly in the two hundred and fifty years of actual servitude as the courts and the penal processes of the South do the new system. The sheriff is in league with the white farmer and every negro hand must sign a contract filled with obstruse legal terms which the boss himself does not understand, but, are so arranged as to protect his interests and give him every advantage over his hired man. This is a regular enlistment system-- the negro must work a full year, or, if from any cause he quits and goes off in search of work no one else can hire him, and if he is caught he goes to jail. This door is always thronged; the colored man signs his name in January and he is a slave until December, unless he is discharged, which his employer may do at will.
The lien law is another doorway to this iniquitous system. Not one half of one per cent of the colored farmers of the South who run their own farms or work for themselves pay as they go; the shark gets the cotton before it is well baled and pockets the money for the inferior meat he has dealt out to the poor colored farmer during the year at double the cash price with interest added. Any breach of this ironclad rule, and such is bound to occur, lands a negro in jail and in the penitentiary. This phase of the causes leading to litigation against the negro will be more horrible when it is remembered that the negro keeps no account--he must abide by the books at the end of the year and they always tell of a fabulous consumption of commodities. A poor old man once kept his account upon a stick which he notched with his knife in the presence of the storekeeper whenever he procured an article, and at the end of the year the books were ahead of him by over a hundred dollars. An ingenious lawyer went into court in behalf of the old man who was always known to be a good boy around white men, and by the aid of the notches on the stick and the testimony of his old master as to his veracity for truthfulness, secured a verdict against the merchant. If he had peremptorily refused to pay this trumpt-up account a capias ad satisfacicadum would have given him a term of years at hard labor in the penitentiary.
Stealing constitutes a great door to the new system of servitude. If all the stories told in the South of Negro dishonesty be true then the slave owners must have instructed in the matter of stealing more thoroughly than in any thing else which they taught the Negro while he was in bondage. All that the Negro knows he learned it from his master, and what he does not know his master would not teach him and this is the cause. In slavery the master would not teach the slave to read, and when the emancipation came he was totally ignorant; in slavery the master kept from the Negro every incentive to manhood and when the emancipation came he had none: in slavery the Negro was not allowed to make money and when liberty was declared he was poor, without a dollar and without a shelter for his head. Now, by inverting the terms in this process of reasoning we say, that as the negro knew how well to steal at the close of the war he must have had some instruction while he was in slavery. But can it be imagined that all, or even half of the instances of theft reported and tried in the South, are genuine? Can it be supposed that a people debarred from every privilege except that of serving God, for so long a time, could be so universally dishonest! Could be so naturally given to the habit of stealing? It does not stand to reason that with two masters to fear, a heavenly and an earthly master, such a habit could have become so uncommon and so universal among the colored people as to make it a maxim that the negro will steal. No conscientious historian believes it; no man who is acquainted with human nature, and with the forces which conspire to produce individual, or national evil could be induced to credit the monstrosities urged against the Southern negro along the line of dishonesty. A poor woman was arrested for having picked some cotton from the field of a white neighbor. The cotton was a product of the Dixon cotton seed so popular with the Southern farmer. By this point of fact the cotton was identified and a constable took from the poor woman's cotton house two hundred and fifty pounds which he said contained the Dixon seed. In the trial the woman proved that she planted the Dixon seed and that her cotton house was full of cotton containing the same seed. She proved by the man who brought the suit and for whom she had cooked for more than three years that she was strictly honest. The man, whose name was Singleton, declared that she had never deceived him in all his acquaintance with her, and yet he had trusted her with money and other valuables, but he believed she stole his cotton. On the day of trial a humble woman appeared in court and took the prisoner's stand. When she arose to testify the jury could not understand her well on account of her peculiar accent. She pleaded with out stretched arms for her release; the court was completely silenced by her pitiable protestations, and finally the judge ordered the jury to render a verdict of not guilty from their seats; but when an order was made to reclaim the cotton which Singleton had taken from her, the court refused to grant it and thus the woman whom the jury acquitted was robbed of her earnings to satisfy her white accuser. Granting that there are colored people who steal as there are white people who do the same, we submit with assurance that more than half of the cases of stealing against the colored man in the South originate as did the case against the old woman referred to.
Insults to the chastity of Anglo-Saxon women is another door to this new system of slavery. There is little here to be said: the negro is held to be a coward, it is not a wonder that it is true; but how will it be made to appear that such is the case when in the face of the lynching that is of almost every day occurrence the colored man is said to go right on in his attacks: upon innocent Saxon womanhood. I am in favor of visiting the extreme penalty of the law upon any man who brutally violates the honor of poorest and most despised woman in the land. No lover of character, no believer in the sound dictates of reason and religion can feel otherwise; but the Anglo Saxons themselves do not credit the enormous record of negro disregard for honor reported in Southern newspapers. The last door to be mentioned and the one that is the most painful to us as a people, is the trouble which arises among the colored people themselves. A large per cent of the criminal proceedings against colored persons in the South comes from internal strife and internal accusation. The negro has learned that the Southern white man wants him in trouble and therefore when moved by the spirit and impulse of revenge which is so common among the ignorant masses, he runs to the courts and the swearing he does is enough to send a blush to the cheeks of the twelve apostles. The same spirit which moved the negro to restore the cane with which Brooks felled to the floor the lamented Sumner, may still be found here and there; and wherever there is a door opened for the destruction of a negro some one of the race can easily be found to do the pushing. Every little plantation broil or domestic squabble must go to the courts, and the end is a prolific harvest for the new servitude.
Full text (Library of Congress/Daniel A.P. Murray Pamphlet Collection).
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Despite how he is written about in text books, taught about in public schools and most college classes, and remembered by mainstream media and the government, on this Martin Luther King Jr. Day, let us remember him how he actually was… a revolutionary thinker who challenged injustice in all its forms and explicitly connected those injustices to economic exploitation, labor issues, and the American form of capitalism. This incredible man believed empathy and radical altruism were the foundations of social justice and the only way to bring about real change.
Here are some of his most poignant words (none of which can be found on the new King Memorial in Washington D.C.) and in them, his revolutionary ideas:
“We honestly must face the fact that the movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. There are 40 million poor people here. And one day we must ask the question, ‘why are there 40 million poor people in America?’ And when you ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader distribution of wealth. When you ask that question you begin to question the capitalist economy. And I’m simply saying that more and more we’ve got to begin to ask questions about the whole society.”
– MLK Jr.’s final speech to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
“We must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism, and militarism are incapable of being conquered.”
MLK Jr. Speech, February 25, 1967
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A copyright is a form of intellectual property protection provided by the laws of the United States to the authors of "original works of authorship,” including: literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other types of intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. Copyrights give the author the exclusive rights to do themselves, and to authorize others the right to:
- Reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords
- Prepare derivative works based upon the work
- Distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending
- Perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, motion pictures, and other audiovisual works
- In the case of sound recordings, to perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission
- And more…
Although there are inherent protections in any original work of authorship, obtaining a copyright on a work also gives you statutory damages if your work is infringed. Absent a registration, proving damages for infringement is much more difficult. Furthermore, copyrights are extremely inexpensive - relative to patents or trademarks.
Contact Plager Schack LLP at (714) 698-0601 and learn about the legal process for obtaining and enforcing your copyright. Let our firm work for you.
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Scuba divers in Alabama have found an underwater forest off the coast of the state.
The Bald Cypress forest has reportedly been buried under ocean sediments in an oxygen-free environment for over 50,000 years, Live Science noted. But it might have been uncovered by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, according to Ben Raines, a diver and executive director of the nonprofit Weeks Bay Foundation, who was one of the first to explore the forest.
According to Raines, the forest contains a Cypress tree span of about 0.5 square miles and they are so well preserved that they still smell like cypress when cut.
Raines discovered the forest after a dive shop owner revealed the location of the tree site years after learning about it from fishermen. The store owner claimed he was skeptical about disclosing the location because oftentimes scuba divers take artifacts from the sites they visit.
Because Raines only has a few years to explore the forest before it is destroyed by wildlife he has reached out to several scientists to learn more about the underwater forest.
Along with Grant Harley, a dendrochronologist at the University of Southern Mississippi and geographer Kristine DeLong of Louisiana State University, Raines created a sonar map of the forest. The trio also analyzed a few samples from the trees.
They found that in the trees' growing rings were contained thousands of years worth of secrets about the climate history of the region.
"These stumps are so big, they're upwards of two meters in diameter -- the size of trucks," Harley told OurAmazingPlanet. "They probably contain thousands of growth rings."
Raines's team is currently applying for grants to explore the site more thoroughly. He estimates they only have two years before marine organisms destroy the forest.
"The longer this wood sits on the bottom of the ocean, the more marine organisms burrow into the wood, which can create hurdles when we are trying to get radiocarbon dates," Harley said. "It can really make the sample undatable, unusable."
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European Platform against Poverty and Social Exclusion: A European framework for social and territorial cohesion
EPAPSE is one of the seven flagship initiatives launched as part of the Europe 2020 strategy.
The Commission Communication
The Commission notes that the European Council's headline target on poverty and social exclusion is based on three indicators:
- the at-risk-of poverty rate (set at 60% of the national median of disposable income, after social transfers);
- the index of material deprivation which includes nine common elements of household expenditure — an inability to pay for at least four constitutes material deprivation; and
- the percentage of people living in households with very low work intensity.
The Commission estimates that, in 2008, there were more than 80 million people across the EU living below the poverty line. A quarter of these were children and well over half were women. Other particularly vulnerable groups include the elderly and people with disabilities. It says that the economic crisis has made things worse, with higher levels of indebtedness and insolvency and rising unemployment, particularly amongst young people, low-skilled workers and migrants. According to the Commission, 8% of Europeans experience severe material deprivation (rising to 30% in the poorest EU Member States) and over 9% of the working age population across the EU live in households where nobody works. Job insecurity, low pay and involuntary reductions in working hours have also increased the risk of poverty for those in work, particularly for single parent or single wage families.
The purpose of the European Platform against Poverty and Social Exclusion proposed in the Communication is to establish a framework for action within which EU institutions and Member States express their joint commitment to tackling poverty and exclusion across a range of policy areas. The Commission recognises that policies and actions to promote inclusion and reduce poverty are principally a Member State competence and will depend crucially on job creation as well as modern and effective social protection systems. However, the Commission suggests that achieving the EU headline target will require "a pooling of all efforts and instruments at EU and at national level" as well as developing innovative approaches and greater efficiencies at a time of reduced public expenditure.
The Communication identifies five principal areas for action, which are considered in further detail in the following paragraphs:
- ensuring that the focus on poverty reduction and social inclusion is mainstreamed in all aspects of policy development;
- making better use of EU Funds to support social inclusion;
- promoting evidence-based social innovation;
- working in partnership to harness the potential of the social economy; and
- enhancing policy coordination among Member States.
The Commission says that the actions proposed "rely on a mix of policy coordination, dialogue with institutional and non-institutional actors, funding and strategic partnerships." An accompanying Commission Staff Working Paper sets out a more comprehensive list of proposed initiatives.
The Commission emphasises the synergy between the EU headline targets on poverty reduction and on education and employment and the important contribution that another flagship initiative — An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs — can make to the creation of high quality and sustainable jobs. Education and training, access to health, social care and other essential services, pensions, the integration of non-EU migrants and measures to combat discrimination are all highlighted as policy areas which can make a real difference in promoting social inclusion and reducing poverty. The Commission also says that more should be done to reduce the risk of energy poverty, to improve access to financial services for the most vulnerable and to bridge the digital divide by making the internet accessible to more people. It suggests that all major initiatives and legislative proposals should be accompanied by an impact assessment that specifically addresses their social impact.
The Commission proposes actions across a range of policy areas. On the first, access to the labour market, the Commission says that it will present a Communication in 2012 assessing Member States' implementation of active inclusion policies to help those out of work into employment (including the impact of minimum income schemes and the use of EU support programmes).
Commission proposals in the field of social protection and access to essential services include:
- a White Paper on Pensions in 2011, looking at the adequacy and sustainability of pensions;
- a European Innovation Partnership on active and healthy ageing in 2011, and initiatives to support the European Year for Active Ageing in 2012;
- a Voluntary European Quality Framework for social services, looking specifically at long-term care and homelessness;
- an assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of health expenditure, with a view to reducing health inequalities;
- a law in 2011 to ensure access to basic banking services; and
- a request to the banking sector to submit a self-regulatory initiative on bank charges to encourage transparency and comparability.
Proposed actions in the field of education and youth policies include:
- a Communication in 2011 and a proposal for a Council Recommendation on policies to combat early school leaving;
- the launch in 2012 of an initiative to encourage more effective intervention at all stages of education to tackle disadvantage; and
- a Recommendation in 2012 on child poverty.
The Commission says that it will present a New European Agenda on Integration in 2012 to support Member States' efforts to promote the integration of third country nationals. Further proposals to promote social inclusion and combat discrimination include:
- presentation in 2011 of an EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies;
- implementation of the EU Strategy on Gender Equality 2010-15 to promote the economic independence of women;
- implementation of the EU Disability Strategy 2010-20; and
- continuing work on homelessness and housing exclusion.
The Commission highlights the importance of the [[European Social Fund] in providing co-funding for projects promoting employment and social inclusion and says that it will be an important tool in helping to achieve the objectives of the EU's 2020 Strategy. The Commission also highlights support available from the European Regional Development Fund, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development as well as a new Microfinance Facility which aims to provide up to €500 million in the form of microloans. The Commission proposes the following actions:
- ensuring that the European Social Fund is used to support Member States' efforts to achieve the Europe 2020 objectives, including the poverty reduction target;
- simplifying access to the Fund, especially for NGOs and local partnerships; and
- putting forward proposals in 2011 for a new regulatory framework for EU Structural and Cohesion Funds from 2013 onwards which will seek to simplify access to the Funds and ensure greater synergy between them.
The Commission advocates "social experimentation", which uses small scale projects to test policy innovations before launching them on a wider scale, and suggests that it would provide a useful tool to evaluate the types of structural reforms likely to be needed to achieve the Europe 2020 objectives. The Commission says that it will publish a Communication to raise awareness about work in the field of social innovation. It also intends to propose an initiative in 2011 to pool a number of funds to develop:
- a European research excellence network to help design and evaluate social innovation programmes;
- a European research project to identify a methodology for assessing the impact of social innovation programmes; and
- common principles on the design, evaluation and implementation of small-scale projects to test policy innovations or reforms.
The Commission says it will promote the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders and develop voluntary guidelines on their role in policy formulation and implementation. The Commission highlights the importance of volunteering as a means to develop the social economy as well as the potential contribution of businesses through corporate social responsibility programmes. It promises a new policy initiative on corporate social responsibility in 2011 which will focus on reporting and disclosure, human rights and the employment and enterprise aspects of the EU 2020 Strategy. The Commission also intends to propose a Social Business Initiative in 2011, which will include provision for social ratings and ethical and environmental labelling, and to consider ways to make it easier for mutual societies and co-operatives to operate across national borders.
Enhancing policy coordination among Member States
The Commission says that it will consider how best to integrate the open method of coordination — which is based on a system of peer review to monitor progress towards achieving jointly agreed targets and objectives — into the Europe 2020 process. It will also "assist and advise" Member States in setting national poverty reduction and social inclusion targets and will undertake a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of national policies on social protection and inclusion mid-way through the Europe 2020 Strategy.
Finally, the Commission proposes strengthening dialogue with other EU institutions, stakeholders and civil society and holding an Annual Convention of the European Platform against Poverty and Social Exclusion to take stock of progress made in meeting the European Council's headline target on poverty reduction. The Commission will also review implementation of the Platform in 2014 to see if any adaptations are required in light of the outcome of negotiations on the EU budget for 2014 onwards.
Source: Documents considered by the UK House of Commons European Scrutiny Committee on 26 Jan 11 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/428-xiv/42812.htm
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The Department of Agriculture, through Caring for our Country, is funding projects in the Sustainable practices national priority area under the Improving management practices and Landscape scale conservation targets. The department has approved $448 million (up to 30 May 2012) for projects to improve land management practices on farm. These projects provide information to farmers in the broadacre cropping, dairy, horticulture and beef cattle/sheep industries about land management practices that will help improve soil condition and contribute to maintaining a healthy environment.
On farm practice change is being monitored using the biennial Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), which surveys 33 000 of Australia’s 135 000 agricultural businesses. Results are reported at the national, state and natural resource management (NRM) region levels. Data from the ABS 1995–96, 2000–01 and 2010–11 agricultural censuses (which surveyed all agricultural businesses) have been used with data from the 2007–08 and 2009–10 ARMS to track trends in practice change.
A set of fact sheets have been prepared that show trends in practice change at the National and state/territory levels, and for NRM regions across the states/territories. Links to the fact sheets are provided below.
Key trends at the National level include:
- Increases in the percentages of farmers in the broadacre cropping, dairy, horticulture and beef cattle/sheep industries taking action to protect their soil from wind and water erosion, to help build soil carbon and protect native vegetation on their farm for conservation.
- Thirteen to twenty three per cent of farmers in each of the reported industries were actively managing soil acidification. More analysis at regional level, including rates of lime use, will be undertaken to better understand this issue. Soil acidification is a long term problem that will require an ongoing education and awareness raising strategy. Government agencies and industries (including through Caring for our Country) will continue to work with farmers to encourage regular soil testing and appropriate levels of liming.
- For broadacre cropping industries — the data indicate an improvement in ground cover management through better tillage and residue management practices.
- For the grazing industries (beef cattle/sheep dairy) more farmers reported active monitoring of ground cover levels. Further work is needed to encourage farmers to manage to targets of 50 to 70 per cent ground cover to reduce erosion risk whilst increasing carbon storage.
- Ground cover management practices have been adopted by many in the horticulture, industry, however no trend data are available for this practice.
- Land managed for agriculture may contain up to two thirds of Australia’s native vegetation. Estimates from the ARMS data indicate that more than half of the agricultural businesses reporting native vegetation, wetlands and rivers and creeks on farm were protecting these resources for conservation purposes. The percentages of farmers protecting these resources increased by 4per cent, 6 per cent and 12 per cent respectively over the period 2009-2008 to 2009-2010.
Northern and Remote factsheet
South Australia factsheets
Western Australia factsheets
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http://agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/natural-resources/soils/reporting-on-trends-in-improved-land-management-practices
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By Emily Lockard EBS Contributor
Cheatgrass has gained notoriety in the West, with concern about the invasive weed Japanese brome trailing behind. But the new invasive weed in the area is ventenata, or Ventenata dubia, a grass that hails from southern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.
While its spread is not as vast in Montana yet, ventenata has found its way to parts of Gallatin County. In other states it’s been known to outcompete cheatgrass and take over – a solution for our cheatgrass problem? Not necessarily.
Cheatgrass and Japanese brome, both native to Eurasia, and ventenata are all winter annual grasses. Like winter wheat, they germinate in the fall and start growing when the snow melts. Where desirable grasses don’t take hold, invasive species like cheatgrass, Japanese brome and ventenata can take advantage of the lack of competition.
These grasses take up soil moisture and nutrients all plants compete for, but since they start growing earlier in the spring, they can take over before other grasses have a chance to compete. Cheatgrass and Japanese brome have their own unique role in a changing fire regime, and cheatgrass is a perpetual problem in winter cropping systems, especially those that don’t have rotations to counter the cheatgrass growth cycle.
Ventenata is coming into play in the West because like other invasive species, it takes advantage of disturbed, bare ground and plant communities that are struggling to compete from overgrazing or drought. Other states experiencing an influx of ventenata have found it can be even more invasive than cheatgrass.
While cheatgrass is palatable to grazing livestock in the early spring and fall before plants turn purplish brown, it doesn’t appear that ventenata is very palatable. High levels of silica prevent it from being a desirable grass for grazing animals, but while there is some evidence it may be palatable early in spring, more research is needed.
Proper identification is key if you suspect any of these grasses are on your property. Early spring identification can be difficult with any grass, but especially ventenata, so summer identification is easier and possibly more accurate.
Ventenata is typically 6-27 inches tall and with a tawny to light yellow color. Key characteristics include reddish-black nodes in May and June, and upper awns that are twisted and bent in July and August. Often it looks similar to cheatgrass.
If you identify undesirable winter annual grasses, flag them off or mark the area with GPS points so it’s easy to identify their location in early spring. Other ventenata control options are limited due to a lack of research in this newly spreading grass. Other states have found that Imazapic applied in the fall to semi-dormant perennial grass stands has been effective, followed by an application of nitrogen fertilizer that can help perennial grasses recover from herbicide damage and be more competitive.
To prevent ventanata’s arrival, maintain healthy grasslands and reduce introduction by ensuring you don’t bring contaminated hay to your place.
For more resources read the MontGuide “Cheatgrass: Identification, Biology and Integrate Management” and Weed Post “Ventenata” from August 2013, or call Emily Lockard at the MSU Extension – Gallatin County office (406) 388-3213.
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A new study suggests global warming is progressing at a middle-of-the-road rate rather than the one under a severe emissions scenario outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The observed rates of warming are not constant and can change, it adds.
Based on 1,000 years of temperature records and the 11-year hiatus in warming at the start of the century, Duke University researchers conclude that natural variability in surface temperatures may skew the reliability of climate models and lead to over-interpretation of short-term temperature trends.
"Statistically, it's pretty unlikely that an 11-year hiatus in warming, like the one we saw at the start of this century, would occur if the underlying human-caused warming was progressing at a rate as fast as the most severe IPCC projections," Patrick T Brown, a doctoral student in climatology at Duke University's Nicholas School of the Environment, said.
"Hiatus periods of 11 years or longer are more likely to occur under a middle-of-the-road scenario."
However, the scenario can change any time with changing emissions, the team warns.
"At any given time, we could start warming at a faster rate if greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere increase without any offsetting changes in aerosol concentrations or natural variability," said Wenhong Li, assistant professor of climate at Duke, who conducted the study with Brown.
Going by the latest records of rising temperature that show this year's March to be the hottest March recorded so far, a change from the middle-of-the-road scenario may well be on the way.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic sea ice hit its smallest March extent since records began in 1979. Heat records were broken across large swathes of the globe from California to Australia.
Human-induced global warming had turned 2014 to the hottest year on record. The trend may continue into 2015, given the NOAA prediction of a 60% chance the El Niño it declared last month will continue all year.
El Nino conditions transfer heat building in the ocean into the atmosphere.
The Duke study notes that natural variability in surface temperatures, or the "climate wiggles" — caused by interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, and other natural factors — can slow or speed the rate of warming from decade to decade, and accentuate or offset the effects of increases in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Published in Scientific Reports, the study uses empirical data instead of climate models, to estimate decade-to-decade variability.
Climate models largely get the 'big picture' right but seem to underestimate the magnitude of natural decade-to-decade climate wiggles," Brown said.
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This tutorial explains the Thin Walls issue and why it is important. There is an additional thin walls tutorial here.
In 3D printing we talk about walls whenever we discuss the distance between any two parts of a 3D model which form a closed and solid mesh.
The distance between two points of a closed form is the wall thickness. This parameter is important for 3D printing to insure a model can actually be printed, cleaned, packaged and shipped to you. Shapeways applies a minimum wall thickness restriction which insures us and you that your model can be produced and shipped to you.
The minimum wall thickness requirements are listed in our Material pages. Please consult the Material Comparison Page for a quick view on minimum wall thickness. Design rules are explained more in depth on the individual material pages.
The minimum detail level of the 3D printing technologies we use is much lower than the minimum wall thickness requirement. This enables us to print very small features on models. Some examples:
In short the parts of a model which need to sustain a load (like stress or weight) are considered walls and all other parts are considered features.
As a rule of thumb we apply that any feature is which higher than the minimum wall thickness but thinner than the minimum wall thickness as a wall. Such features are under load while cleaning and shipping and therefore we cannot guarantee they will arrive in one piece.
In the diagrams below you see two examples. The left example shows a feature. The small cube attached to the main cube is only 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6mm big. This falls within the definition of a feature. The example on the right shows the same example except the small cube has a size of 0.4x0.4x2mm. This falls within the definition of a wall. Due to the thickness of 0.4mm of the cube this model is not printable.
If features are too thin then the complete feature will not print or might actually fall off the model. This is a problem with the Full Color 3D printing process. If a feature will not print or falls off a model with this process it will look ugly.
Note: left diagram should state 0.6 x 0.6 mm.
Another reason a wall can be too thin is that the wall thickness and height ratio is too great. The following two diagrams give an example of this situation.
The left diagram shows a wall of 1x1x20mm attached to a cube. This wall adheres to the minimum wall thickness requirements but due to the huge wall thickness vs height ratio this wall is considered too thin. This wall will not survive the cleaning, packaging and shipping stage.
The right diagram shows a wall of 1x1x100mm connected to two cubes of 70x70x70mm. In this case the minimum wall thickness requirement is met, but due the wall is not strong enough to sustain the weight of the cubes during cleaning, packaging and shipping stages.
As a rule of thumb we consider a wall thickness vs. height ratio of 10 should be printable. A higher ratio is not possible.
A sharp surface is part of a model which ends in a single edge. An example of such a surface is in the diagram below. In general these surfaces can be printed without any problems except when the angle is too small. In that case the area in of which the wall thickness is too small to sustain any load is too large and the model can break during cleaning, packaging and shipping.
The rule of thumb is that any sharp surface with an angle smaller than 10° is not producible.
To check if your model is fit for 3D printing we recommend you use the following strategy:
We collected some recommendations over time we would like to share with you. These recommendations may help you in your model strategy for creating 3D printable models.
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Aruba is a constituent country (along with the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea. Its capital is Oranjestad. The island is located about 990 miles west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 18 miles north of the coast of Venezuela. It measures 20 miles long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and is 6 miles across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.
Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather. It has a land area of just under 70 square miles and is densely populated, with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. It lies outside of 'Hurricane Alley'.
Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island in the Leeward Antilles island arc of the Lesser Antilles in the southern part of the Caribbean. It has white sandy beaches on the western and southern coasts of the island, relatively sheltered from fierce ocean currents. This is where most tourist development has occurred. The northern and eastern coasts, lacking this protection, are considerably more battered by the sea and have been left largely untouched by humans. The hinterland of the island features some rolling hills.
Being isolated from the main land of South America has helped the evolution of multiple endemic animals. The island provides a habitat for the endemic Aruban Whiptail and Aruba Rattlesnake, as well as endemic subspecies of birds like Burrowing Owl and Brown-throated Parakeet. The flora of Aruba differs from the typical tropical island vegetation. Xeric scrublands are common, with various forms of cacti, thorny shrubs and evergreens. With the most known plant being the Aloe vera.
Number of Species
Number of bird species: 180
Fatbirder's very own checklists are now available through WebBirder
Birds of Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire
By Bart De Boer, Eric Newton and Robin Restall |
176 pages | 70 colour plates | 5 colour photos | 4 colour maps | Softcover | A & C Black | 2012
See Fatbirder Review
ISBN: 9781408137277Buy this book from NHBS.com
Checklist of the Birds of Aruba
prepared by Jeffrey V. Wells - you can download this at: http://www.arubabirds.com/aboutBirds/BirdsofAruba-Checklist.htm
The Birds of the West Indies
By Herbert Raffaele, James Wiley, Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith & Janis Raffaele
Helm Field Guides Sept 2003 Paperback RRP ?16.99p
See Fatbirder Review
ISBN: 0713654198Buy this book from NHBS.com
Guides & Tour Operators
Local birders willing to show visiting birders around their area…
CloudBirders was created by a group of Belgian world birding enthusiasts and went live on 21st of March 2013. They provide a large and growing database of birding trip reports, complemented with extensive search, voting and statistical features.
2012 [03 March] - Jan Wierda
My wife Hetty and I arrived on Aruba at February 19th in the afternoon. We planned to visit our daughter, her husband and 2 sons, who live on the island since September 2011. Everyone in our family is aware of the fact that birding is always my complementary goal, where ever I go. No one was surprised that I brought my binoculars (Zeiss 8x40), telescope (Zeiss 20-60), tripod, camera Nikon 300S and long-focus lens Sigma 120-300 F 2.8. The car rental at the airport went without any problem. Then we went to the place where my daughter’s family is living (Mazurka) close to the Bubali bird centre…
2012 [05 May] - Jacque Lowery
We spent a few short days on Aruba the first week of May, 2012. We stayed at the Hyatt, which probably had the largest variety of birds of any other place we were…
2012 [08 August] - Alf & Jeannine King
Aruba is neither a key nor special place for a birding holiday but offered the opportunity of plenty of sunshine and rest combined with a little recreational birding. The island is very small and not very fertile with a thinly scattered bird population and a few well-known main sites….
Arikok National Park
The best spot to feel the real natural beauty of the island is in Arikok National Park, which lies in the hilly northeast section of the island. The park consists of rolling hills covered with thorn-scrub vegetation…
Birding in Aruba
…On a jeep ride through Arikok National Park, a hilly, rocky part of the island opposite the white-sand beaches, two crested caracaras perched as close to the gravel road as they could get (as if people-watching). We saw adorable, chatty bananaquits on the beautiful flowers at—of all places—our hotel. Even the troupials, large oriole-like birds, were everywhere.….
Birds of Aruba
Between 11 and 21 November 2010; 7 to 23 June; 13 to 27 November 2011, and 13 to 17 and 21 to 31 May 2012, we were (Antonio Silveira) on the Caribbean island of Aruba, where we had the opportunity to make some observations of fauna, especially its birds….
Birds of Aruba
Welcome to the Birds of Aruba, the website for Aruba-bound birders, tourists, honeymooners, business trevellers, families, and everyone who enjoys birds…
Checklist - Birds of Aruba
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WHAT IS PLEIN AIR?
Plein air is a term derived from the French phrase en plein air, which literally means ‘in the open air’. It’s a familiar concept today, but in the late 1800s when the Impressionists ventured out of their studios into nature to investigate and capture the effects of sunlight and different times of days on a subject, it was quite revolutionary. Plein air painting used to be just a means to an end, with the artist painting small studies on location, to use the information gathered about color, shadow effects, etc. for a larger, elaborate painting that was going to be executed in the studio. Nowadays, however, it is a stand-alone art form and is used to produce finished paintings.
It is quite an experience to be outside in nature, feeling the heat, the wind, hearing the birds and encountering wildlife, while trying to capture a scene on canvas. With the sun shifting - and thus changing the shadows and light effects - you only have a window of about 2-3 hours at most before the scene changes completely due to the natural course of the sun. So in addition to enduring heat or cold, wind, bugs, curious wildlife and/or tourists, you have a limited time frame to put down your artistic statement.
There are lots of events nowadays surrounding plein air, with quick draws and weeklong events in any major city. The locals and tourists get to see a whole bunch of artists in action, painting and drawing THEIR city and surrounding area, with the option of purchasing the art at the end of the festivals. Please support the arts and check out if there's an event in your area!
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Staying on track: 5 tips for writing concisely
This post may contain affiliate links. Read our full disclosure policy.
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.
~William Strunk, The Elements of Style
Conciseness boils down to this: expressing as much as possible without using unnecessary words or details. Concise writing is brief and precise, but that doesn’t mean it has to be dull and dry. Help your children apply some of these tips for writing concisely.
1. Stay on track
Staying on topic is a surefire way to encourage writing concisely. When your student takes tangents and rabbit trails, he loses his focus and ends up with cumbersome, awkward, or disjointed writing. Help him create an outline before he begins writing so that he’s less likely to wander off the path.
2. Be precise
The more concrete the word choice, the clearer the writing. Your child can be wordy and say “the shaggy gray dog with the long hair hanging in his eyes,” or he can simply say “the gray sheepdog.”
3. Use plain English
Many students mistakenly think that big words impress. In truth, effective writing uses simple, straightforward language. While a handful of mature, well-placed vocabulary words can raise the level of a story or essay, using too many can make a piece of writing seem verbose, over the top, and just plain hard to read. Unless you’re writing for a scholarly audience, don’t overdo the vocabulary.
4. Avoid super-long sentences
To train children to be concise, attach a word limit or try restricting the number of paragraphs and sentences they can use. This will help them say what they need to say in the space allotted.
When kids are first learning to write descriptively and use a thesaurus, the pendulum can swing wildly from three-word sentences to 20 or 30-word sentences. It’s okay to give them the freedom to play with words; they’ll find their center over time. Just know that you may need to gently correct if their zeal begins creating log jams in their writing.
5. Don’t be redundant
Redundancy refers to extra words or phrases that should be cut out. Your student’s ability to write concisely will always trump filling a page with unnecessary text.
It’s not uncommon for beginning writers to repeat themselves. But such repetition bogs down the writing and makes the reader work too hard. Here are two ways to eliminate redundancy:
- Add concrete details, facts, or examples instead of rehashing the same point.
- Slash unnecessary words and phrases. Remember: when two words will do the trick, why use a dozen? Encourage your student to read each sentence and paragraph to see if he can cut out any words. His point will be clearer, stronger, and easier to identify.
Encourage your kids to try some of these tips for writing concisely. They may be amazed to discover how sharp and crisp their writing can be!
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According to the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis, the intensity of a prey animal’s antipredator response should reflect its vulnerability to a specific predator. In laboratory experiments, we observed the intensity of antipredator responses of Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) tadpoles to stimuli from caged larval northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) predators. We varied the sizes of the tadpoles relative to the salamanders in an attempt to create differences in vulnerability of tadpoles to the salamander predators. After documenting the response of the tadpoles to the caged predator, we tested the tadpole’s vulnerability to the predator by releasing the tadpole with the predator. We observed that as the relative size of the tadpoles to the caged salamanders increased, the antipredator response of the tadpoles decreased. These changes in behaviour closely mirrored changes in actual vulnerability to the predator. Our results provide experimental support for the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis.
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We British Columbians have had our own stories about strange phenomenon and UFO's sightings in our skies.
The Orb and the Okanagan Arch
Two objects were witnessed flying over southern British Columbia, especially in the Okanagan Valley on the night of July 28, 2003. Not that long ago.
At 12:45, one of the objects, a round ball of light streaked across the night sky travelling from northwest to southeast, changing directions instantly and effortlessly in a zig-zag pattern. The many witnesses described the "Flying Saucer" or UFO as they are generally called today, as travelling very fast and the size of the full moon but very white in colour. It was also noted the sky was clear and star-lit.
It wasn't long after this sighting for another sighting to occur. A beam of light shot across the dark sky, at about 1 o'clock and lasted in this position for a duration of about an hour, making it seem like day. It arched in the same manner as a rainbow would, bright white as a fluorescent neon gas tube, from one corner of the sky to the other. This is what became known as the Okanagan Arch.
Could it have been the Northern Lights, the Aurora Borealis? Many witnesses claim it wasn't. Many had seen the Northern lights and this didn't compare at all!
An astronomical explanation then? No, if a meteor train, the train would not last a length of one hour and no fire ball was witnessed, except the round bright white light earlier that shot across the sky which left no trail.
A small forest fire was raging at the time in the Okanagan Valley, directly under the arch, was it a coincidence? Could the first object have been a water-bomber? This does not explain the arch, unless it was the reflection of the forest fire? Since the arch was bright white, this conclusion was ruled out, because most reflections from forest fires are orange or red, never white.
Another explanation could be earthquakes. One on the scale of 3.2 happened near Kelowna at the exact same time but too weak for any connection.
I searched and searched the internet for a picture of this event but, not one. I was surprised since there were so many witnesses. If anyone has any pictures they would like to share on the subject, send them to me it would be greatly appreciated.
|Picture taken of an Arch beginning to happen in 2007, no other pictures exist.|
This is not an isolated case and has happened many times before in other parts of the world and is likely to happen again.
Scientists are as miffed as I. It's never been explained except by a few guesses, and theories.
Further Reading: The Canadian UFO Report, The Best Cases Revealed written by Chris Rutkowski and Geoff Dittman
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Essays research papers - Understanding Crime. Title Length Color Rating : The Contribution of the Labelling Theory to Our Understanding of Crime and Deviancy . Assignments that teach research skills can help students gain confidence and facility in using research tools, a better understanding of. research papers may. In Search of the Holy Grail. Understanding Research Success All RAND occasional papers undergo rigorous peer review to help ensure that they meet high standards. View Explanation and Understanding Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. How To Read a Scientific Paper: Learn tips on how to read a scientific paper and use scientific articles to create you own research project or science fair project idea. How to Read a Scientific Article. most essential to your understanding of the article Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers. 2nd Ed. St. Louis. Read this article on Psych Central to understand the difference between applied and basic research and read some examples.
Author information: (1)City University, London. In order to understand research papers, readers must understand what research is, and be able to answer questions such. PubMed journal article Understanding the basic aspects of research paper were found in PRIME PubMed. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone or iPad. Understanding Commercial Real Estate: Just How Different from Housing Is It? Joseph Gyourko NBER Working Paper No. 14708 February 2009 JEL No. R0,R21,R31. It seems to happen almost every day - you hear about the results of a new medical research study. Learn how to evaluate medical findings. Understanding the different types of research papers; Researching the topic; Brainstorming your focus;. Welcome to the course on Writing Research Papers. Find A+ essays, research papers, book notes, course notes and writing tips. Millions of students use StudyMode to jumpstart their assignments. Note Taking Tips for Research Papers. While you’re working on your research paper, develop some savvy note-taking habits that will save you loads of time later.
READING SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Understanding of one part of an article. Some authors will also present the punch line of their research in a way that is. This handout provides detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources. Understanding Change:. Their keen understanding of change is reflected in the term they use for "crisis" — wei-ji — which is. Research in anthropology. Conceptual Understanding Conceptual Understanding research papers discuss the term frequently employed in education, particularly in reference to a student’s. Understanding Research Trends in Conferences using. papers that the selected author has published in CHI, and papers that have referenced them, using orange.
We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Reading and Understanding Academic Research in Accounting 27 2000) to the success of new audit methods (Bamber and Ramsay, 2000). These studies can give. How to Read a Scientific Paper BIOC/MCB 568. Papers are one of the most important ways that we communicate with one another. In understanding how to. Welcome To Researchpapers.net, a collection of more than 50,000 research papers and customized report-writing services designed to assist students. Relation Annotation for Understanding Research Papers Yuka Tateisi y Yo Shidahara z Yusuke Miyao y Akiko Aizawa y yNational Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. When it comes to research papers, there are three primary types that you may be asked to write. In most cases, you will be assigned a specific type, but some. Understanding Research is the second program in the DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY series. This program examines how we know what we know. You'll explore the.
Understanding Clinical Papers is a popular and well established introduction to reading clinical papers. It unravels the process of evidence-based practice, using. Learn how to read the research tables on this website. Understand the formatting of scientific studies so you can get the most out of the data. This article, the second in a three-part series on research, explores quantitative research. Quantitative research aims to focus on objectivity, and therefore. How to do Graduate-level Research: Some Advice1 Dr. Bhaskar Krishnamachari First Draft, September 2002 Autonomous Networks Research Group (ANRG) Working. View Conceptual Understanding Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. Writing a Research Paper The research paper. There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often.
Free essays, research papers, term papers, and other writings on literature, science, history, politics, and more. Tools for Understanding Tools for Understanding: Scientific Journal Articles;. Armed with the basics of how to locate research publications and how. Research papers. EA Taxonomy term (Content) - Row by date They have been designed with the aim of developing cooperation and understanding between local. How to Read Scientific Research. when they read research articles the way. nutritional sciences students to a method for reading research papers. Understanding Research Study Designs. Navigation. Help. Database Guides Online Tutorials Research Guides Subject Guides. In order to find the best possible. Understanding and Enjoying Research. IAFC Conference Report: Reading and Interpreting Research. By Len Kravitz, Ph.D. An important goal of the research. Understanding America’s White Working Class: Their Politics, Voting Habits, and Policy Priorities. Research Programs; Find an Expert; For Media; Careers; Contact.
Professional Academic Help. Starting at $7.99 per pageOrder is too expensive? Split your payment apart - Understanding research papers. Research Papers on Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke examines primary and secondary qualities. CEE Statement on Understanding the Relationship between Research and Teaching. Understanding Crude Oil Prices. Digest — Non-technical summaries of 4-8 working papers. James Poterba is President of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research. Produces more complete knowledge and understanding of the research. Reading and understanding research papers is a skill which every single doctor and scientist has had to learn during graduate school. You can learn it too.
The first article in this series on understanding research (Lee, 2006a) examined the basic terminology used by researchers and identified that qualitative research. View all Understanding essays and research papers. View and download complete sample Understanding essays, instructions, work cited pages, and more. Sample Paper for Research Methods Daren H. Kaiser Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne. Running head:. Sample Paper for Experimental Psychology. Understanding and critiquing quantitative research papers. Instrument, 2014 research critique the critique paper mar 05, p. Beliefs in a vitally important role in. What are good ways of increasing efficiency in reading and understanding research papers?. Here are some things that will help you understand research papers. Publishing Research Papers in Academic Journals: Understanding the scholarly publishing world, the pressures to publish in scientific journals and the.
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Archaeological prospection using geophysical methods
Archaeological Preservation and Research is both concerned with our archaeological heritage as a whole as well as with extensive informations on specific sites. Here archaeological surveying provides a quick, nondestructive and low-cost way to detect and document such sites. Aerial photography and field surveys help to trace relevant sites, while geophysical methods are used for documentation.
The Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR is specialized in geophysical surveys at archaeological sites. Our activities mainly concentrate on magnetometer, resistivity survey and ground penetrating radar, as established and reliable methods in archaeological fieldwork. In the context of archaeological targets we develop entire survey concepts, use geophysical methods as archaeological survey techniques and in the end produce archaeological interpretations of our survey results in the form of maps and reports. Besides knowledge of physics, the comprehensive interpretation of survey results calls on the archaeological know-how of the interpreter to relate the results to comparable archaeological structures.
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Science Stories : Science Methods for Elementary and Middle School Teachers
Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
Publication Date :
3 Nov 2011
SCIENCE STORIES helps teachers build their own instructional knowledge through the use of narratives about science in real-world classrooms that demonstrate important content, learning, and strategies in action. Expanding Meanings sections following the stories highlight the applicable Teaching Ideas, Science Ideas, and Science Standards. Author Janice Koch's constructivist approach guides teachers in the discovery and exploration of their 'scientific selves' so that they can learn from students' experiences and become effective scientific explorers in their own classrooms.
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We live in a world that places so much emphasis on appearances, achievements, and competition that ‘humility’ is considered to be a weakness.
But this couldn’t be further from the truth. Being humble is actually a show of strength.
If you can learn to be humble, not only will it make you more successful in life, it will also help you achieve inner peace too.
Here’s what humility is, and how to increase it.
Importance of humility
Humility is important as it makes you appreciate and acknowledge other people. Not only will you learn from other people but it will allow you to better understand your own strengths and limitations.
You’re values will change as you’ll recognize that desiring material things is meaningless. You’ll come to the profound conclusion that real wealth is found in loved ones and inner peace.
How to be humble
Embrace your humanness
Humility teaches us about unconditional acceptance. We can begin this teaching at a young age. Care givers should give their children secure attachment so that they know even when things are not going as expected, they will be accepted and loved.
This teaches us to embrace intrinsic human values. By valuing humans according to their values and not external achievements we will be humble. We should consider failure as a stepping stone to progress and not as something that someone should be ashamed of.
Cultivate mindfulness and self-compassion
Mindfulness and self-compassion are key in developing humility. Through mindfulness, you’ll be able to take a step back from your thoughts so you can analyze them from an observer’s perspective. You’ll begin to realize that you’re far more than your superficial desires and you’ll learn to be accepting of who you truly are.
You will be able to know the areas of your life that need to be changed. And again through self-compassion, you will be able to correct yourself with respect and patience. You will not be hard on yourself but instead will be accepting and understanding.
Humble people always express gratitude for the gifts they receive from others. Showing gratitude means that you are less self-focused and more focused on the people around you. It shows that you acknowledge that all people go through hard times and you will be less likely to judge.
Thinking more of others compared to yourself is the key to humility.
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Sites including Facebook and Twitter are a procrastinator’s dream, but new research has revealed the true extent of how these sites directly affect our lives.
Research conducted by the Technology Policy Institute in Washington has found that every hour spent online equates to, on average, 16 fewer minutes working.
The sites also affect our sleep – we lose seven minutes sleeping for each hour online; spend 17 minutes less outside in the real world and miss out on a staggering 18 days seeing friends.
For his paper, What we are not doing when we’re online, economist and researcher from the institute, Scott Wallsten studied eight years of government data about Americans online from 2003 to 2011.
The act of replacing real-world time with online time is referred to by Wallsten as ‘crowding out.’
Each minute of time spent online, according to Wallsten, directly correlates with 0.27 fewer minutes working, which over an hour equates to 16.2 minutes.
Over the course of a day, this adds up to 388.8 minutes, or around six and a half hours, which over a year means employers lose around 8 days a month.
Wallsten said: ‘This research is a small step forward in understanding the economic effects of the Internet.
‘The data clearly show that time spent and the share of the population engaged in online leisure is increasing.
‘The analyses suggest that new online activities come at least partly at the expense of less time doing other activities.’
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What is Substantive Due Process?
From 1897 through 1937, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on a number of cases involving economic issues where the court often struck down state regulations that restricted business owners. Child labor laws and minimum wage laws, for example, were held to violate the freedom of contract, a liberty interest under the 14th Amendment. The 14th Amendment guarantees life, liberty and property and requires due process under the law before state governments can invade such interests. At one time, the Court had consistently held that the 14th Amendment only guaranteed fundamentally fair procedural safeguards.
However, even before FDR was president, the Court began invalidating minimum wage laws, federal child labor laws, regulations on banking, insurance and transportation industries and unions. This years are often called Lochner era because the Court began a process of discovering substantive legal rights that were often characterized as freedom of contract; i.e., liberty interests protected by the 14th Amendment.
The Supreme Court played an activist role during the Lochner era. The Court sometimes invalidated state and federal legislation that inhibited business or restricted free enterprise. In the 1930s, the Court invalidated labor and market regulations such as laws attempting to abolish Yellow Dog contracts. Employees signed Yellow Dog contracts promising not to join labor unions as a condition of employment. Such laws ran head on into FDR’s New Deal laws. FDR threatened to add several new justices to the court in order to prevent the court from stroking down laws enacted by the New Deal Congress.
In a case that came to the court from Washington state, West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, some of the Conservative justices unexpectedly sided with Roosevelt administration’s position that minimum wage laws are permitted by the United States Constitution.
In the West Coast Hotel case, Chief Justice Hughes stated the following:
“ The principle which must control our decision is not in doubt. The constitutional provision invoked is the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governing the states, as the due process clause invoked in the Adkins Case governed Congress. In each case the violation alleged by those attacking minimum wage regulation for women is deprivation of freedom of contract. What is this freedom? The Constitution does not speak of freedom of contract. It speaks of liberty and prohibits the deprivation of liberty without due process of law. In prohibiting that deprivation, the Constitution does not recognize an absolute and uncontrollable liberty.
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
Congress rejected the Roosevelt proposal to pack the court and it is often assumed that the Supreme Court bowed to political pressure after President Roosevelt’s proposal to enlarge the Court. Justice Owen Roberts, who had previously voted to strike down similar legislation, joined the wing more sympathetic to the New Deal and upheld the Washington state law setting a minimum wage for women.
According to progressive scholars, judges invented novel economic “rights” — most notably “substantive due process” and “liberty of contract” — and then injected their own values upon the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It is hard to deny that the Court was abrogating the authority of state legislatures and Congress by finding unrestricted liberty interests that are not specifically enumerated in the U.S. Constitution.
Between 1899 and 1937, the Supreme Court held 159 statutes unconstitutional and another 25 were struck down in reference to the due process clause coupled with some other provision. When the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868, 27 out of 37 state constitutions had provisions which typically said: “All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring and possessing and protecting property: and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.” Nevertheless, finding that such provisions guarantee the right of a child to contract for long hours performing factory work requires stretching the text to find rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution. The authority to make laws remains with state legislatures except where the Constitution specifically provides otherwise.
Two early substantive due process cases, Pierce v. Society of Sisters and Meyer v. Nebraska, were decided during the Lochner era. These two cases helped legitimize the modern substantive due process decisions involving the constitutional “right to privacy’ which opened the door to the Court’s prohibition on most state and federal laws restricting abortion. The so-called right to privacy is not enumerated in the Constitution and also is the basis for the Court’s decisions striking down state laws against consensual sodomy, thus fueling the same sex marriage agenda and many other issues that have divided our society and ignited the Culture wars.
In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Court struck down a New York State law limiting the number of hours bakers could work on the grounds that it violated the bakers’ “right to contract”.
The following Supreme Court decisions are typical cases from the Lochner era:
• Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897), striking down state legislation prohibiting foreign corporations from doing business in the state
• Lochner v. New York (1905), striking down state legislation limiting weekly working hours
• Adair v. United States (1908), striking down federal legislation prohibiting railroad companies from demanding that a worker not join a labor union as a condition for employment (“yellow-dog contract”)
• Coppage v. Kansas (1915), striking down state legislation prohibiting yellow-dog contracts
• Adams v. Tanner (1917), striking down state legislation preventing privately owned employment agencies from assessing fees for their services
• Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), striking down federal regulation of child labor
• Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering (1921), construing federal legislation not to exempt labor unions from antitrust lawsuits
• Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922), invalidating a federal tax on interstate commerce by employers hiring children
• Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923), striking down federal legislation mandating a minimum wage level for women and children in the District of Columbia
• Nichols v. Coolidge, 274 U. S. 531 (1927)
• Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Rr., 295 U. S. 330 (1935)
• Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 55 Sup. Ct. 869 (1935)
• United States v. Butler (1936), construing congressional taxing power to invalidate the Agricultural Adjustment Act
• Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936), striking down federal legislation regulating the coal industry
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Claim: Fruit must be eaten on an empty stomach in order for the body to absorb it properly.
Example: [Collected via e-mail, March 2009]
We all think eating fruits means just buying fruits, cutting it and just popping it into our mouths. It’s not as easy as you think. It’s important to know how and when to eat.
What is the correct way of eating fruits?
IT MEANS NOT EATING FRUITS AFTER YOUR MEALS! * FRUITS SHOULD BE EATEN ON AN EMPTY STOMACH.
If you eat fruit like that, it will play a major role to detoxify your system, supplying you with a great deal of energy for weight loss and other life activities.
FRUIT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD.
Let’s say you eat two slices of bread and then a slice of fruit. The slice of fruit is ready to go straight through the stomach into the intestines, but it is prevented from doing so.
In the meantime the whole meal rots and ferments and turns to acid. The minute the fruit comes into contact with the food in the stomach and digestive juices, the entire mass of food begins to spoil.
So please eat your fruits on an empty stomach or before your meals! You have heard people complaining – every time I eat water-melon I burp, when I eat durian my stomach bloats up, when I eat a banana I feel like running to the toilet etc – actually all this will not arise if you eat the fruit on an empty stomach. The fruit mixes with the putrefying other food and
produces gas and hence you will bloat!
Graying hair, balding, nervous outburst, and dark circles under the eyes all these will not happen if you take fruits on an empty stomach.
There is no such thing as some fruits, like orange and lemon are acidic, because all fruits become alkaline in our body, according to
When you need to drink fruit juice – drink only fresh fruit juice, NOT from the cans. Don’t even drink juice that has been heated up. Don’t eat cooked fruits because you don’t get the nutrients at all. You only get to taste. Cooking destroys all the vitamins.
But eating a whole fruit is better than drinking the juice. If you should drink the juice, drink it mouthful by mouthful slowly, because you must let it mix with your saliva before swallowing it.
You can go on a 3-day fruit fast to cleanse your body. Just eat fruits and drink fruit juice throughout the
KIWI: Tiny but mighty. This is a good source of potassium, magnesium,
APPLE: An apple a day keeps the doctor away? Although an apple has a low
STRAWBERRY: Protective Fruit. Strawberries have the highest total antioxidant power among major fruits & protect the body from cancer-causing, blood vessel-clogging free radicals.
ORANGE: Sweetest medicine. Taking 2-4 oranges a day may help keep colds away, lower cholesterol, prevent & dissolve kidney stones as well as lessens the risk of colon cancer.
WATERMELON: Coolest thirst quencher. Composed of 92% water, it is also packed with a giant dose of glutathione, which helps boost our immune system. They are also a key source of lycopene – the cancer fighting oxidant. Other nutrients found in watermelon are
GUAVA & PAPAYA: Top awards for vitamin C. They are the clear winners for their high
Variations: Versions in circulation in 2010 were titled
Origins: The item quoted above, typically titled “The Correct Way of Eating Fruits,” has been circulating on the Internet since August 2001. It was written in 1998 by Devagi Sanmugam, a chef and culinary writer who lives in Singapore.
In April 2002, versions of the ‘Eat fruit on an empty stomach”
The Dr. Herbert Shelton mentioned in the
As to the substance of the advice being proffered, the nutritional value of a piece of fruit is the same whether it’s eaten on an empty stomach or after a meal. Beliefs regarding ingesting fruit unaccompanied by any other foodstuff and/or only on an empty stomach, appear to have come from various weight loss gurus, the earliest of which might be Harvey and Marilyn Diamond.
In the 1980s, part of the regimen advocated by the Diamonds, authors of Fit for Life, dictated that nothing but fruit and fruit juices be consumed before noon. (They believed the body has three natural cycles regarding its use of food: noon to
to the elimination cycle.) Eat fruit on an empty stomach only, said the Diamonds, otherwise the meal can rot, ferment, and turn to acid because the fruit is being delayed in the stomach and prevented from immediately entering the intestine.
The Diamonds also advocated “food combining,” which is the belief that particular foods need to be eaten with other particular foods (and only those foods), while some certain ingestibles must be consumed unaccompanied by anything else. Dieticians frown on the idea of combining certain foods to lose weight because the theory is not based on scientific research and the claims made of it have yet to be proven, however, food combining continues to find its advocates in the weight loss arena, including Suzanne Somers, TV personality and author of Eat Great, Lose Weight (1997) and Marilu Henner, actress and author of Total Health Makeover (2000). (Somers is also numbered among those who recommend eating fruit on an empty stomach.)
There is nothing unhealthful about eating fruit along with other foods or after a meal. While it is true fruit (or any other foodstuff) will be more quickly digested if it’s the only thing in the stomach, it does not rot in that organ if it happens to share that space with something else.
The e-mail’s claims that “The fruit mixes with the putrefying other food and produces gas and hence you will bloat!” and “Graying hair, balding, nervous outburst, and dark circles under the eyes all these will not happen if you take fruits on an empty stomach” harken back to the Diamonds, who said much the same thing about what they viewed as improper food combining: that it created acid in the system, causing the body to retain water to neutralize it, adding weight and bloat and that it “produces fatigue and lethargy, dark circles under the eyes and the graying of hair.”
Indeed, there are some who would do better to ensure they consume fruits along with other items rather than as a
Barbara “an apple a day keeps the doctor away, if you throw it hard enough” Mikkelson
Last updated: 25 July 2014
Guthrie, Patricia. “Diet Game: The Skinny on Quick Fixes.” Cox News Service. 1 November 1999. Williams, Jack. “Food-Combining Diet Claims Shouldn’t Be Swallowed Whole, Authorities Say.” The San Diego Union-Tribune. 6 March 1987 (p. D1). Chinadaily.com.cn. “In Brief: Fruit Overload Leads to Gas.” 19 March 2008 (p. 19).
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Scientific opinions vary regarding risks associated with radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure from cell phone use. While some studies have shown a correlation between the occurrence of certain adverse health effects and long-term use, a definitive cause and effect relationship has not been established.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted exposure limits to RF energy with which all cell phones legally sold in the United States must comply. These limits are expressed in Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which is a measure of the amount of RF energy absorbed by the body while using a mobile phone.
For more information, please visit the FCC Wireless Phone FAQs and the FCC Wireless Devices Health Concerns Consumer Facts web page.
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Three tea masters from Bai people in Dali, Yunnan made Xiaguan Tuocha, one type of compressed Pu’er tea in front of visitors at 2016 Guangzhou International Tea expo.
The traditional technique of making Xiaguan Tuocha Tea, a kind of dark tea, has been inscribed on the third National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in China since 2013.
Making Tuocha tea, which counts a range of famous teas as its materials, requires the cooperation of three workers. The first one uses an aluminum scoop to take a certain weight of tealeaves and puts them into a bucket. The second then places it on the steaming machine for several minutes and wraps the soft tea with a cloth bag for kneading. The third compresses them with the help of a mould and a special wooden stool. Employing the principle of leverage, the stool allows the worker to sit on one side to shape the tea. Thus, the method is also called “bottom tea.”
The first Tuocha tea was made in 1902 in Xiaguan town, Dali, southwest Yunnan Province. Since the loose tea got damp easily during the long-distance transportation, Yongchangxiang, one of the famous tea firms, created the bowl-shaped compressed tea, countering the problem by leaving tiny room between the tea leaves for moisture. Yunnan people used to call a round lump “tuo,” so it was named “Tuocha tea.” After being compressed, the tea is much better protected against the elements and its convex shape allows free flow of air to prevent mildew.
The tea’s shape resembles a heart. “It was also called ‘Ox-heart tea,’ which has been mainly sold to the Buddhist areas like Tibet since the ancient times,” said one of the masters performing at the Tea expo.
The ox-heart tea was an important offering for Buddha in ancient times, as its short “handle” can just be nipped between worshippers’ fingers. From the 1950s to 1980s, the production of the tea was brought to a halt because of the complicated manufacturing process, labor shortage and its association with feudalism. At the same time that the kneading skill was almost lost in the world, the 10th Panchen Lama, Choekyi Gyaltsen visited the Xiaguan tea factory in 1986. The factory presented the “heart” tea to him. The Panchen Lama ordered nearly 15 tons of the tea after the visit, so the factory resumed its production.
Nowadays even though the production has been widely mechanized, the Tuocha tea making process is still mainly manual work. “Now hydraulic machines have been applied into the compressing procedure, but the kneading definitely not be replaced by a machine,” said Zhang Jincheng, the marketing manager of Yunnan Xiaguan Tuocha Tea (Group) Co., Ltd.
“The craft has been handed down over hundreds of years, and there are three generations of inheritors in our factory now. Since our initiative is to protect this intangible cultural heritage, many young people have joined us,” said Zhang.
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Managers have many choices when it comes to accounting for inventory. Regardless of whether your small business uses a periodic or perpetual system, you must establish a method to determine the cost of the inventory. The price paid for inventory will inevitably vary with each purchase, and it's usually not feasible to discover the original purchase price of each item sold. For this reason, companies rely on a general method to determine the cost of goods sold. The most common cost accounting methods for inventory are averaging, “First In, First Out” and “Last In, First Out.”
Periodic Inventory Systems
In a periodic inventory system, inventory is updated on a monthly or an annual basis. Managers will know inventory counts at the end of each interval, but won't record inventory additions or depletion as they occur. Fledgling businesses with fewer resources prefer a periodic system because it means a simpler accounting system. However, there are substantial drawbacks to a periodic system. If managers only know inventory counts on a periodic basis, they have less information at their disposal. This creates a major constraint to analyzing sales, theft or spoilage data in the inventory system.
Perpetual Inventory Systems
A perpetual inventory system is the alternative to a periodic system. As the name indicates, a perpetual inventory system is constantly updated as inventory increases and decreases. Perpetual inventory systems need more recordkeeping compared to a periodic system. However, this system may not create much additional work if the company already has computerized infrastructure and accounting systems. By using bar codes and scanners, every sale and purchase can update inventory count. Keep in mind that even a perpetual inventory system should be manually counted on a periodic basis.
Averaging your inventory costs is the simplest way to calculate your cost of goods sold. For a periodic system, add all purchases in the period and divide by the number of units to find the average cost per unit. If you run a perpetual system, calculate the average based on purchases prior to the date of the sale. A perpetual system average cost will vary depending on the date of the sale and is referred to as a “moving average.”
Last In, First Out
If you choose Last In, First Out, or LIFO, the most recent inventory purchases are considered the first sold. LIFO requires more recordkeeping because it creates more layers of inventory to keep track of. However, LIFO is extremely popular among larger companies in the United States for tax purposes. During periods of inflation, LIFO accounting decreases net profit and subsequently decreases tax liability. Because of this potential for tax abuse, countries that use the International Financial Reporting Standards have disallowed the use of LIFO inventory accounting.
First In, First Out
Under First in, First out, or FIFO, the first items purchased are considered the first items sold. This means the remaining inventory is comprised of the newest items purchased. Because old items are moved out first, FIFO requires less recordkeeping compared to LIFO. FIFO is a realistic accounting system; most businesses do choose to sell their oldest inventory first to avoid obsolescence and spoilage. Because of this, most experts agree that FIFO provides a more accurate indication of inventory value compared to LIFO.
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NEW YORK: Throughout history, shamans and soothsayers, wizards and witches have tried to read and tame the future. Today, geneticists have joined the prediction business. If scientists can decode the genetic code and read the instructions, so the argument goes, they will find the key to human ailments and predict our predispositions.
Based on research, biotechnology companies have invested in sequencing technologies and developed predictive tests to identify those who are asymptomatic, but genetically predisposed to a growing number of genetic diseases and more common disorders such as certain types of cancer. Some scientists, indeed, are convinced that genetic tests will eventually help predict behavioral tendencies and personality traits – including predispositions to mental illness, homosexuality, addiction, even risk taking, timidity, and religiosity. In futuristic scenarios, they promise that genetic information will enhance control over both behavior and disease.
Genetic tests differ significantly from other clinical tests. They can be used to detect a condition in healthy people who have no reason to suspect they are at risk. They provide probabilistic information about a person’s predisposition to a disease that may or may not occur far in the future; they provide information that implicates not only the future of the individual but of family members as well.
There are among the many dangers that lurk here and many parties have less than a detached interest in this issue.
Some people hope that predictive information will open therapeutic possibilities. But even when genetic tests correctly predict that a person is at risk, there may be little or no benefit from that knowledge. Despite decades of promises, tests are available far in advance of therapies. On the other hand, once identified, a genetic predisposition to a debilitating disease for which there is no cure may immediately expose a person to stigmatization and discrimination.
A person “predisposed” to cancer, say, may have the biological qualities that heighten the odds of developing cancer, but many variables will influence the actual expression of the disease. In its social meaning, however, a predisposition is often defined as equivalent to having the disease. In a non-clinical context, individuals at risk in the future may be regarded as deserving differential treatment before it is known whether or not the disease will ever occur. Carrying the trait for a disorder, they can be labeled as “persons at risk” and deemed unsuited for normal activities.
Genetic labeling may create an underclass of individuals whose genes condemn them to discrimination. For this reason, many people who know they are at risk for a disease because of their family history have chosen not to be tested. Among people at risk for Huntington's Disease, for example, about 15% spurn taking the test that would provide definitive information.
Individuals considering genetic testing thus face difficult questions. Of what use is genetic information about a disease when there are no therapeutic options? Should a healthy woman diagnosed as susceptible to breast cancer undergo a prophylactic mastectomy? Should children and other family members who may also be at risk be informed? What are the implications of genetic screening for family planning? Eliminating genetic conditions ultimately depends on controlling reproduction. But policies of gene selection that may reduce the burden of disease border on the nightmare of eugenic controls.
While the patient may derive limited or no benefit from testing, others may have great interest in administering it. Predictive information allows various organizations to reduce costs or increase profits. The rising cost of medical care and insurance, for example, encourages insurance companies to try to weed out those who may have “unprofitable,” i.e., reimbursable, illnesses.
The need for profit encourages employers to give genetic tests to workers to discover who may be most productive, or who may be prone to illness that might lead to costly claims for compensation. Companies using toxic materials want to anticipate which workers may be genetically sensitive to toxic exposure. Schools, motor vehicle bureaus, adoption agencies, mortgage lenders, organ transplant registries all have a stake in information about genetic predispositions.
But above all, pressures from a biotechnology industry that stands to profit from the proliferation of tests drives the expansion of genetic testing. There are more than 450 research programs in America developing genetic tests. The commercial stakes are growing as it becomes possible to test for predisposition to common diseases such as breast cancer and heart disease where the potential market is immense.
Genetic prediction marks the intersection of scientific possibilities, economic interests, and consumer hopes and expectations. The ability to predict a growing number of complex and common diseases encourages testing, but also creates ethical dilemmas. The institutional interest in the predictive information from genetic tests conflicts with the rights and interests of individuals. Efforts to predict predisposition to behavior (as opposed to disease) will only compound these conflicts.
Today genetic tests yield probabilities and uncertain, inadequate information. But even if perfected, how should this information be used? Can we avoid the creation of a genetic underclass? Should we be seeking “genetic fixes” or ways to re-engineer the genes we pass on to our children? As we seek to control disease, can we afford to mandate controls over reproduction? Such questions will have increasing salience in light of the concerns about economic efficiency and cost containment that are shaping the efforts of today's shamans to read, assess, and tame the future in this, the age of biotechnology.
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Before you start writing the dissertation it is important that you first draft an outline divided into sections to ensure the logical organization of the words, sentences, and paragraphs. The outline of the dissertation will help you to plan your document in a systematic manner. The logical structuring of the dissertation will help you to gain background information and knowledge about the new perspective, result, and conclusions. Dissertation Writing Service wants to make you aware of the fact that you must start with the dissertation at an early stage because in this way you will get a deeper understanding of the area you are exploring and you may realize that there are many other ways to approach the topic.
http://dissertationwritingservice.co.uk/ wants to let you know about the stages of dissertation-
- Introduction- The dissertation will start from this section which includes the brief introduction of the topic and you will also clearly state the purpose of your research and how the readers will get the benefit from the write-up. The introduction is basically a synopsis of the project proposal clearing up the areas on which you have focused and why.
- Results and Discussions- This is also called the body of the dissertation. This will include all the content which you have gathered through research. Keep your body in simple yet formal language. The findings can be anything like results from an experiment, survey, etc. You can arrange the data in figures, diagrams, and tables. If you do not want to lose your reader then always keep in mind to write the body in chapters with sections and sub-sections.
- Literature Review- This chapter will tell the reader how deeply you have researched on your topic. It includes the current information on the research that has been done on the subject. It is the most important sections of a dissertation and demonstrates the level of your analysis.
- Methods and material used- This section serves as the recipe for a dissertation. It tells the method which has been used by you to collect the information and data which will compliment the most appropriately. This is the core section of the document because of the fact that if you fail to explain any method or invalidate findings will put you in trouble.
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If you wish to have a professional dissertation for yourself to get the clear picture about the standard format then you must look for the Dissertation writers who hold Ph.D. degree so, this means that they are well-practiced in writing the dissertation on any topic related to a diverse field of study. Visit the website and get acquainted with the writing services.
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It's normal to have fears. Fear is a useful emotion that keeps us from doing things that may be harmful or dangerous. Our species continues to exist today because our earlier ancestors had a healthy fear of certain types of predators, environments and situations. In the modern world, many of those primal fears have become much less relevant. Nevertheless, quite a few of us still have a lingering apprehension of spiders, snakes, darkness, heights or other things that we perceive to be dangerous.
For most people, this instinctive fear is just quirky or uncomfortable-something we can usually avoid or overcome without too much effort. But what if this apprehension becomes all-encompassing and interferes with daily life? When this happens, you may be dealing with a phobia.
Psychologists define a fear as being "an emotional response to a real or perceived threat," whereas, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, a phobia is "an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something." Note the words extreme and irrational. A phobia keeps you from living your life as you normally would if the feared situation were not present. For example, you may become nervous or agitated in small or confined spaces and generally avoid taking the elevator. But if that fear is severe enough that it keeps you from taking your dream job because you'd need to use an elevator every day to get to your office, then you likely have a phobia, in this case claustrophobia.
Symptoms of a phobia can be both mental and physical. In some cases, just thinking about the thing you fear can bring on the fight-or-flight response. Phobia symptoms often include general anxiety, trembling and feelings of nausea. Your heart may begin pounding and you may start sweating, feeling lightheaded, and breathing so quickly that you begin to hyperventilate. You may also feel an intense need to escape, feel like you are going to die, or fear losing control. Even though you may understand that your phobia is irrational, you still have no ability to stop it. Not all phobias interfere with the everyday lives of people who have them.
A phobia of snakes called ophidiophobia, for example, probably won't matter much to a city dweller unless he or she visits the reptile house at the zoo. However, a phobia of crowds enochlophobia, demophobia or ochlophobia, could be a big problem on city streets or in the subway.
Other phobias can have a significant impact on anyone who has them. For about 3% of the population, their fear of doctors, iatrophobia, is so great that they avoid any form of healthcare whatsoever, including preventive care. Obviously, this can put their health and even their lives at risk. If a phobia is affecting your day-to-day activities, then it may be time to seek professional help. Therapy for phobias has been shown to be remarkably effective, and you may also be able to use some self-help strategies on your own to combat the problem. One of the best ways to begin conquering a phobia is to expose yourself to the thing you fear in a gradual, controlled manner. For example, if you have a phobia of spiders, arachnophobia, first look at a few pictures of spiders. Then watch a short video featuring spiders. When you are comfortable with that, perhaps visit a zoo and look at them through the glass. Relaxation techniques such as slow, deep breathing and meditation can help when you are confronting your fears. The more frequently you are exposed to the thing you fear without actually being harmed, the more quickly your phobia is likely to disappear. This doesn't necessarily mean that you are going to become a fan of spiders, but at least you will have conquered the irrational part of your fear that gets in the way of you living your life.
If you are wondering if chiropractic care can help, give us a call at (303) 776-6767!
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An experimentalist's view:
Let us take a concrete example: antihydrogen scatters on hydrogen.
"Entanglement", an unnecessarily confusing term to describe that one wave function describes the system coherently, i.e. all phases are also known, will depend on the way we set up the experiment, i.e. the initial conditions.
To assume we can approximate the four particle system with one wavefunction we should know all the variables concerning them, including polarization, not only energy and momentum balance. If we can manage this, then the output particles from the experiment will be correlated ( entangled) with explicit functions and the variables of the unmeasured outgoing particle will be predictable from the measured ones. There will be probabilities for the various outgoing channels, but that is another story.
If we do not have all the incoming variable information but can guess at a reasonable initial wavefunction where the unknown variables are averaged over, the loss of correlation at the output stage will not be absolute, but there will exist angular or other type correlations that will allow rigorous conclusions for the initial state. After all the Higgs was found by correlations in the invariant mass spectrum of the outgoing particles ( resonance bump).
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-31 16:05 (UCT), posted by SE-user anna v
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From introductory guides to more in-depth curriculum, CASIO strives to create high-quality materials for teachers, parents and students. We have created a 3-tiered system that includes a wealth of materials classified as “Getting Started”, “Beyond the Basics” or “Technique & Inspiration.” This framework allows us to best serve the needs of communities across the country by customizing content that is CASIO-created, teacher-generated or developed with publishing partners. Please reference the CASIO “Materials Matrix” for a more detailed explanation on how best to use the material, where it’s available and how it aligns to standards and textbooks.
Grade Level Activities
Ever wonder how to calculate the curve of the bowling ball, the balls velocity as it glides down the lane or the arch of the bowl after it leaves your hand? Determine which sporting equipment has the largest volume. Ever wonder why it cost so much to buy your favorite sport jersey?
Download a FREE Sports related activity that you can incorporate into your lesson plans using our Casio calculators.
A resource for students, at any grade level, or teachers new to CASIO technology. These resources walk users through step-by-step introductions that include basics like calculator navigation and the most frequently used functionality.
Quick Start Guides
These are reference guides to help teachers and students start using CASIO graphing technology, highlighting specific CASIO features and basic overview of functionality.
Teacher Resource Guides
These are detailed resource guides written specifically for topical calculator instruction for the entire course.
Quick Calculator tips that make heading back to school easier.
Visit our YouTube site for webinars that you may have missed. www.youtube.com/casioprizm
Our Education Workbook Series is designed to support teachers, at any grade level, who wish to successfully integrate technology into their mathematics instruction. Each book offers complete and non-sequential, 4E x 2-based activities to provide teachers with maximum versatility to support or add to their current curriculum. Each book contains Common Core aligned lessons, comprehensive teacher notes, self-contained student activities, and calculator “how-to’s” with explanations, screenshots, and keystrokes.
Beyond The Basics Training
These workshops are 1-3 hours in length, content-specific, and have a strong focus on supporting your mathematics curriculum, while actively engaging learners through our award-winning technology. Let us help you super-charge student success! To learn more, contact your local Market Development Manager.
Casio's Fostering Series gives teachers a valuable resource to make needed changes and turn mathematics into an exciting endeavor that prepares students for the future. All aspects of the series incorporates the Eight Standards For Mathematical Practice by providing teachers with context that makes sense to students, helps them see the purpose of the mathematics, and aids in the development of mathematical intuitions and insights.
Each investigation provides comprehensive tips for teachers to guide students towards a deeper understanding of the "big ideas" in mathematics, aligned to State and National standards, "Did You Knows" to help Engage students, rich context that allow students to Explore mathematics in real world situations, additional questions to help Extend the investigations, and sample comprehensive solutions with explanations, screenshots and keystrokes, included to help teachers understand multiple approaches that can help with the Explain component of inquiry.
We understand the demands of successfully implementing the Common Core Standards and the importance of embracing the Eight Standards for Mathematical Practices in your classroom. Our professional development emphasizes mathematical modeling, allowing for application of mathematical thinking to real-world issues. Throughout these sessions, our facilitators will model expected educator and learner behavior as you work through rich investigations to help you guide students to a deeper understanding of the “big ideas” in mathematics!
We offer two strands of Professional Development session that are 1 – 3 days in length, address National and CCSS, are available for individual schools, districts, or Casio academies, and all grade levels.
Casio Education Strand: content is developed from our Fostering Mathematical Thinking with Casio Technology book series that unites the four components of Inquiry-Based Instruction – Engage, Explore, Extend, Explain – with formative assessment and reflective practice.
Casio Customizable Strand: A customizable options that blends Casio’s inquiry-based philosophy and library of materials with your school or district’s current curriculum.
Outcome of both strands is that educators will have all the materials and “know-how” to start integrating best practices along with using appropriate tolls strategically to engage learners in the math classroom! To learn more, contact your local Market Development Manager.
Sample Exam Questions
Sample Questions from various State Exams. Follow along using your fx-9750GII/9860GII series calculator.
Casio Education Online Resources
List of different Casio resources that can be found online.
Resetting Casio Technology Guide
Quick guide to reset Casio Graphing Technology for testing purposes.
Casio Picture Conversion Engine Guide
Guide to using the Casio Picture Conversion Engine.
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Baron François-Xavier Fabre (French, 1766–1837)
Oedipus and the Sphinx, ca. 1806–1810
Oil on canvas, 19 3/4 x 26 in.
A pupil of the neoclassical painter Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), Fabre portrayed the dramatic moment when the deadly Sphinx confronts young Oedipus with her riddle: “What is that which at dawn walks on four legs, at midday on two, and in the evening on three?” Oedipus masterfully replies “Man,” who as an infant crawls on all fours, as a man stands on two feet, and in old age uses a staff as a third limb.
Fabre placed Oedipus in a beautifully staged neo-classical landscape, gave him the likeness of the prototypical, well-formed Greek hero, and had him gesture dramatically with three fingers stretched, leaving no doubt that he would answer the riddle successfully. This legend also inspired another of David’s students, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867), who began painting his own version in Rome in 1808 (Musée du Louvre, Paris). One can only speculate whether the artists knew of each other’s work, as both where living in Italy at that time.
When this work underwent a slight surface cleaning, it was discovered that a small area behind the Sphinx had in fact been painted over; the human skull and parts of a skeleton underneath are now again visible. This graphic detail is a logical element within the story, as the Sphinx devoured anyone who could not solve the riddle. However, the skull must have seemed too gruesome a detail to some previous owner, who then had it covered.
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On January 12, the International Space Station crew unloaded the recently-arrived Antares rocket, which contained precious cargo like food, spare parts and tiny satellites. Along for the ride was a colony of ants with a very unique purpose: to demonstrate how the ever-efficient insects adapt to life in microgravity.
If you’ve ever had an ant invasion in your home, you know this pattern: A single ant finds a source of nourishment and then turns into a milling mass of ants ferrying food back to the colony. Meanwhile, individual ants fan out to investigate the rest of the room.
These behaviors do not come from the queen or some other central force. Instead, they are built on innate algorithms that ants developed over millions of years, according to Stanford University. Ants have poor vision, so they rely on smell and touch for guidance while exploring. When the number of ants is more dense, they are more likely to touch each other, which triggers them to explore in tight spirals. If they run into a low number of other ants, they walk in a straight line. This combination means that they spend more time thoroughly exploring an area that is interesting enough to attract other ants and cover a lot of ground while exploring other regions.
It’s a system that interests robotics researchers. If a fleet of robots is exploring a collapsed building, they can work more quickly if they don’t have to rely on a central commander to tell them where to go.
But what happens if you disrupt the very basis of the ants’ communication system? Stanford University researchers decided to answer the question by sending ants into space, where low gravity would alter how many times they encounter other ants. About 70 ants were placed in a container that shifted in size to reveal different behaviors.
“In microgravity, the struggle to walk interferes with interactions, in particular the relation between density and interaction rate,” said biology professor Deborah Gordon, who designed the experiment. “Thus each ant has less information about density, and so less information to influence its path shape and searching behavior.”
How the ants react could inform robot behavior in scenarios where radio communications have been interrupted. If it’s smoky or dusty and they can no longer communicate, the robots could develop a new system on the spot that still allows them to search an area thoroughly and efficiently.
Gordon, whose interest in ants began with a broader interest in central control-free systems like brains and embryos, said it is “very exciting” to send an experiment to the ISS. Her team will now study video from the ants’ time aboard the space station to work out how they responded to microgravity.
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• At the home of the Time Traveler, dinner guests include the narrator, the Medical Man, the Psychologist, Mr. Filby, and the Very Young Man.
• After dinner, the Time Traveler and his guests discuss science and geometry. The Time Traveler says that there is a Fourth Dimension, time, that is normally overlooked.
• The Time Traveler speaks of scientists working on models and mathematics of the Fourth Dimension and mentions Professor Newcomb of the New York Mathematical Society.
• The Time Traveler tells his skeptical guests that it is possible to move through time because it is just another kind of space.
• The Time Traveler reveals that he has been working on a time machine.
• The Psychologist presses the lever; the model disappears in front of them. They do not think it is a trick.
• The Time Traveler then takes his guests to the laboratory and shows them the full-scale...
This section contains 2,167 words
(approx. 8 pages at 300 words per page)
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See and count animals that live on the savanna! You can compare numbers, too!
Learn to count with animals from around the world.
Learn to tell which is bigger or smaller with animals.
How many animal babies can you count?
What time do the animals eat? Read this book to find out.
If a spider has eight legs, how many legs do two spiders have? Practice counting and adding all kinds of animal legs.
Count along as the playful little ducks swim around the pond and find their friends! How many will they find?
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https://www.biguniverse.com/library/books/i-can-count--2
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| 0.962216
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by Angel Sáenz-Badillos
SUMMARY: In one of the latest groups of Hebrew poets, the so-called Circle of Saragossa (end of the fourteenth, beginning of the fifteenth century), we can find several strophic compositions written according to the classical Andalusian Hebrew tradition of the muwashshah. We find them especially among other poems of Shelomoh ben Meshullam de Piera and Shelomoh Bonafed. Some of them imitate the structure and even the melody of well-known compositions of the classical period. Sometimes, the authors gave this name to compositions that strictly speaking are not muwwashshahat in the classical meaning of the term, since they do not have all the classic characteristics of this kind of poems. For instance, the kharja, or better the final lines, are in Hebrew rather than in Arabic or Romance.
A significant name, "the way of the rhymes"
can describe how some late Hebrew poets saw the muwashshah
not a long time before the expulsion of 1492. According to Bonafed, the muwashshah
was especially difficult: "particularly precious, they are not seen
frequently like the rest of the poems, since they are very strict with regard
to the rhymes, and have a different atmosphere."
I would like to discuss the structural changes introduced in the muwashshah in this epoch, and its relation to previous compositions whose melody is reproduced in the new strophic poems.
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http://www.thefreeuniversity.net/muwashshah/saenzbadillos2004.html
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Chimpanzee posture, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and emotions between various individuals. When greeting a dominant individual following an absence or in response to an aggressive gesture, nervous subordinates may approach with submissive signals – crouching, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out – accompanied by pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual may make gestures of reassurance, such as touching, kissing, or embracing.
Friendly physical contact is crucial in maintaining good relationships among chimpanzees. For this reason, social grooming is one of the most important social behaviors, sustaining or improving friendships within the community and calming nervous or tense individuals.
The grin of fear seen in frightened chimpanzees is thought to be similar to the nervous smiles given by humans in tense or stressful situations. When angry, chimpanzees may stand upright, swagger, wave their arms, or throw branches or rocks, doing so with bristled hair and often accompanied by screaming and scowls.Male chimpanzees proclaim their dominance with spectacular charging displays. Chimpanzees will slap their hands, stamp their feet, drag branches as they run, and hurl rocks trying to make themselves look as big and dangerous as possible to intimidate a higher-ranking individual without having to fight.
Below are some chimpanzee facial expressions and their meanings.
|Grin with mouth closed or slightly open||Associated with submissive behavior and fear|
|Grin with open mouth||Non-aggressive physical contact with other chimpanzee or when threatened by a superior or other species a chimpanzee fears.|
|Open mouth threat-mouth open, teeth covered by lips glaring||Threatening a subordinate, distant subordinate, or another species that’s is not greatly feared.|
|Pout face||Situation of anxiety of frustration, detection of strange objects, begging, infant searching for mother, following threat or attack.|
|Play Face||During playful physical contact with other individuals|
|Lip smacking face||While grooming other chimpanzee|
Like humans, chimpanzees communicate using a variety of methods including body language (positions and gestures), facial expressions and vocalization. Calls can be intraparty (calls among chimps that are together) or distance calls (calls made between groups that are separated, sometimes over a great distance).
Each individual chimpanzee has his or her own distinctive pant-hoot making the caller easily identified. Food calls, a mixture of grunts, barks and pant hoots, alert other chimpanzees to the location of food sources. A high intensity of these calls usually indicates a successful kill following a hunt. A loud, long, savage-sounding “wraaaa” call is made when a chimpanzee comes across something unusual or dangerous. Soft grunts uttered by foraging or resting chimpanzees serve to maintain communication within the group. When young chimpanzees play, they emit breathy laughter.
Below are some of the calls used by chimpanzees and their meanings.
|Soft Bark, or Cough||Annoyance|
|Food-grunt or Food “aaa” Call||Food Enjoyment|
|Scream, Bark||Fear or Anger|
|Crying||Rage or Distress|
|Laugh, LipSmack, Pant||Enjoyment|
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://janegoodallug.org/communication/
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The Ontario dairy industry has developed a provincial plan to help producers deal with Johne’s infection in their dairy cattle. The four-year program began in January 2010.
The program has four elements: education, Animal Health Risk Assessment and
Management Plan (RAMP), testing, and removal of high titre Johne’s cows.
The program offers each producer a financial incentive to test all lactating cows once during the four years of the program. Producers will be required to do the RAMP with their trained herd veterinarian each year and remove high titer cows within 90 days of test day.
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<urn:uuid:03743f83-09a2-4beb-81ff-07376b947810>
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http://oabp.ca/johnes-program/
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| 0.949112
| 125
| 2.546875
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|
Designing and adapting materials and teaching English for specific purposes.
Kim had been working at a private language school in a small town in Spain for nearly 18 months now, and planned to continue for another six months before she went back to the UK to look for something more permanent. The school, like the town, was small, and nearly all the courses were for adolescents. Although Kim still enjoyed the classes full of vibrant teenagers, recently she had been growing a bit bored with the lack of variety and was on the lookout for a new challenge to revitalise her teaching. When David came to talk to her about a small hi-tech company which had contacted the school about in-company classes, she felt that this might be the challenge she needed.
David was the Director of Studies at the school and a long-term resident in the town. He was central to the management of the school and the owner relied on him a lot. He had set up all the courses, produced the materials and even written out suggested plans for all the lessons. Since his suggestions generally worked well, this made life easy for the teachers at the school.
David explained to Kim that the company wanted its white-collar staff to be able to use English in their work, and that this would involve teaching such skills as reading instruction manuals, understanding and writing business correspondence, and speaking on the telephone. Kim realised that content like this would be the refreshing change she was looking for, but was worried that she wouldn't be capable of preparing lessons on these topics. She was reassured when David went on to explain that, although he would be back in the UK when the course started, he would talk to the company about the course, design the syllabus and prepare the materials for her to use before he went. Kim readily accepted the responsibility of teaching the course.
Over the next three weeks, David was busy preparing the course which was to cover forty hours in two lessons a week over ten weeks. Occasionally, he would call Kim to his office and explain to her how the course and the materials would work, so that by the Saturday he left for his holiday, Kim felt well-prepared and confident about the course.
The next Tuesday was the first day of the course and the company sent a van to pick Kim up. Arriving at the factory, she was treated well and taken to a well-appointed room that was to be her classroom. The staff taking the course all trooped into the room in the next five minutes which suggested that the company was taking the course seriously. There were twelve learners in the class, evenly split into men and women, and all aged in their late twenties and early thirties. Kim felt happy and thought the situation looked promising.
For the first lesson, David had suggested an easy-going getting-to-know-you introductory lesson with no overt business focus to help Kim establish relationships with the learners before the 'real work' began. He had suggested an adaptation of the warm-up lesson for upper-intermediate learners at the school, which Kim was familiar with. This started with a small New Name activity which the learners at the school usually found easy and interesting. They would try to translate their name into English and find the nearest English equivalent to their name. Following this, there was a "Find a person who ..." questionnaire (with questions such as "Find a person whose favourite childhood toy was a teddy bear") which learners usually found amusing.
The lesson didn't go as well as Kim had expected. The learners showed little interest in the task, but instead dourly went through the procedure of asking their classmates for information. In addition, they had some surprisingly large gaps in their vocabulary and some of them had difficulty formulating questions to ask their classmates. Two of the men, Manuel and Juan, in particular, seemed to be having big problems coping with even the simplest English; one of the women, Sophia, resolutely refused to have anything to do with the task; and the rest of the learners appeared reluctant and unsure of what they were doing. Kim hoped that these were just teething problems for the course, perhaps because the company staff had not been in the role of learners for several years. She felt that the second lesson with more technical, business-oriented language probably familiar to the learners would be more of a success.
The lesson on the next Friday, however, was a disaster. Focusing on instruction manuals, the prepared lesson aimed to help the learners understand the organisation of instruction manuals and analyse the language used. From the beginning of the lesson, Kim found herself doing all the talking while the learners watched her with blank faces. When, after ten minutes of the lesson, Juan put his hand up and asked "What mean 'manual'?", Kim realised that she had been talking completely over their heads. The rest of the lesson was a nightmare. Kim vainly tried to follow the lesson plan that David had prepared, but it was all way beyond the learners' level. The lesson had changed from the joint exploration of the language of instruction manuals that David had intended into a desperate succession of teacher explanations of unknown vocabulary by Kim.
When the two hours were up, Kim felt released. The lesson had been her worst ever teaching experience. In the van home, however, it struck her that she would have to teach the learners again the next Tuesday. The materials she had available were obviously completely inappropriate. This weekend she would have to come up with something different. David wouldn't be back from his holiday for another two weeks, and the other teachers at the school had no experience of preparing materials or of business English. She was on her own. How on earth could she come up with any useful, appropriate, business-oriented materials by next Tuesday?
1. Kim's immediate preoccupation is that the materials are too difficult for the students. In a situation like this, there are three choices facing the teacher: to discard the existing materials and design new materials from scratch, to adapt the existing materials to make them more appropriate for the learners, and to find other ready-made materials as a replacement. Which of these choices do you think would be the most suitable for Kim? Why?
2. If Kim decides to design new materials, how should she do this? What are the stages in materials design? Do you think that these stages represent an idealised design process or can they be followed in practice?
3. If Kim decides to adapt the existing materials, on what bases should she decide what aspects of the materials to retain and what aspects to discard? Is there anything she should be particularly wary about when she adapts the materials?
4. If Kim decides to replace the existing materials, how can she find other ready-made materials? If she finds several possible alternative sets of materials, how can she decide between them? What criteria can guide her decision?
5. Another aspect of the case study that we can consider is why Kim sees the problems with the materials as so serious. This can be viewed as a longer-term problem of staff development. David, although presumably usually efficient, does not see staff development as part of his duties as Director of Studies. Rather than helping the teachers at the school become competent and independent at non-classroom aspects of teaching, such as materials design, David takes the whole of this work himself. How could David help the staff at the school develop?
6. The materials described in the case study are specifically aimed at business, focusing on the language used in business communication and revolving around business topics. David, in designing such materials, would presumably argue that business learners need English for business and that the best way to prepare such learners is to provide them with English used in business situations. An alternative viewpoint is that, by providing the learners with business English only, they are being limited to a specific area of English rather than being exposed to English in all its wide uses and so are missing out on a broad English education. Are there any other viable viewpoints? Which do you agree with? Why?
7. The case study talks about materials "way beyond the learners' level". As teachers we often use the word level as a term of convenience to descibe learners' competence. Although convenient, the term level has many problems. First, it is difficult to define. Does it refer to the students' ability in grammar, the size of their vocabulary, their fluency, some other aspect of language, or a combination of these? Second, comparing the levels of two learners is problematic, since all learners' interlanguage is idiosyncratic. Third, it is very difficult to describe a given level, so that we are usually at a loss if a colleague asks us, "What level is your class?" Do you think that the convenience of level outweighs these problems? If you believe that the term level is useful, how can you define it and how would you describe the level of one of your classes?
In deciding whether to design, adapt or replace, Block (1991) argues the case for materials design, Nunan (1991) argues against adaptation, and Robinson (1991) looks at the pros and cons of design and replacement. Nunan (1991) also includes an 8-stage model for designing materials, which it is interesting to compare with the checklist in Dubin and Olshtain (1986) and the process of materials design given by Jolly and Bolitho (1998). Hutchinson and Waters (1987) suggest a different approach particularly applicable to ESP materials design such as the business English materials in the case study. Brown (1995) and Maley (1998) describe the process of materials adaptation with detailed examples. For evaluating materials as possible replacements, a whole book (Cunningsworth, 1995) is devoted to the subject, and Brown (1994), Ellis (1997) and Jordan (1997) also provide useful guidelines. Impey and Underhill (1994) and White et al. (1993) look at the responsibilities of people in management positions in ELT, such as David, including their responsibilities for staff development. The arguments for and against using materials for specific purposes are humorously presented in Widdowson (1984). Lastly, the problems in defining students' communicative competence are accessibly examined in Omaggio (1986).
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.teflasia.com/case-studies/2-over-their-heads/
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The mold that can be found inside the house may appear harmless but certain species are toxic and can have adverse effects to the body upon exposure. It is essential to know this information to identify the health risk present for the family [1, 2].
What is Mold Toxicity?
Mold is an example of a fungi that reproduce through the formation of spores. They may grow indoors or outdoors and thrive in environments that are warm, humid and damp. The most common places inside the house where they usually grow are bathrooms and shower stalls . The spores of mold usually starts in places where there is excessive moisture such as leakages in pipes, roof plant pots or places where there recently was a flood. Building materials like cardboard, wood, ceiling tiles and paper products provide nutrients that support the growth of molds . The five most common varieties of mold that can be seen inside the house are :
Molds that are known to produce mycotoxin are the type that is dangerous to human. People react to this chemical when they unknowingly touch, ingest or inhale them. One example of a mycotoxin is the aflatoxin which is one of the most potent carcinogen in the world. This chemical is present on the surface of the mold that forms on peanuts and other grains. Stachybotrys or “black mold” can possibly cause difficulty in breathing, bleeding in the lungs and other health problems .
Toxic Mold Symptoms
Exposure to toxic mold can bring about different signs and symptoms. Some of these are [1, 2, 3]:
The most common symptoms of exposure to toxic mold is allergic reaction. This may occur immediately or after a period of time following the exposure. An allergic reaction to toxic mold may cause wheezing, coughing, sneezing, redness of the eyes and runny nose [1, 2, 3].
The mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys mold can irritate the airway when it is inhaled. This can trigger an asthma attack to those who have asthma [1, 2, 3].
The Institute of Medicine have identified the link between the development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and exposure to toxic mold. This rare disease is similar to a pneumonitis and develops in individuals who are susceptible to this immunologic condition .
Mold Toxicity Treatment
The focus of the management of exposure to toxic mold is to manage the symptoms that have developed and remove the accumulation of mold [1, 2, 3, 4].
Those who have developed an allergic reactions may be given antihistamines to reduce the intensity of the symptoms. Asthmatic individuals may use their medications to manage the asthmatic attack [1, 2, 3, 4].
Removal of the mold is the best way to manage the exposure to toxic mold. Commercial products are available to remove mold for hard surfaces. Personal protective equipment should be worn while cleaning to avoid the exposure to mold. Molds that grow under the carpet or behind the walls would need a professional to remove the growth in these places. Items that have become moldy should be removed from the living areas of the house [1, 2, 3, 4].
Mold may be harmless but certain varieties pose as a health risk to everyone. Do you have a previous experience with this? You can share what you know in the comments below. Please also share this article in your social media accounts to let your friends know about the risk of exposure to toxic mold.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, September 18). Facts about Stachybotrys chartarum and Other Molds. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/mold/stachy.htm
- Stöppler, M. C. (2016, April 1). Mold. Retrieved from Medicine Net: http://www.medicinenet.com/mold_exposure/page4.htm
- Mercola, J. (2011, September 10). Why Almost All Sinus Infections Are Misdiagnosed and Mistreated. Retrieved from Mercola.com: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/09/10/fungus-hiding-in-your-house-and-making-you-ill.aspx
- The Hearty Soul. (2016). 14 Early Warning Signs of Mold Toxicity Everyone Should Know (millions are EXPOSED every day). Retrieved from The Hearty Soul: http://theheartysoul.com/warning-signs-of-mold-toxicity/
- Methotrexate Toxicity
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Is EMITTING valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Other games?!
Definitions of EMITTING in various dictionaries:
- verb - expel (gases or odors)
- verb - give off, send forth, or discharge
- verb - express audibly
- verb - to send forth
There are 8 letters in EMITTING: E G I I M N T T
Scrabble results that can be created with an extra letter added to EMITTING
To search all scrabble anagrams of EMITTING, to go: EMITTING?
Rearrange the letters in EMITTING and see some winning combinations
8 letters out of EMITTING
7 letters out of EMITTING
6 letters out of EMITTING
5 letters out of EMITTING
4 letters out of EMITTING
3 letters out of EMITTING
2 letters out of EMITTING
Contextual use of EMITTING
What's nearby EMITTING
Lookup in Wiki for EMITTING
Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of EMITTING, do not miss the additional links under "More about: EMITTING"
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The Arks were constructed between 3362 BC and 3001 BC. Each Ark contains an Ark Brain, which guides the Ark in the absence of a Votan pilot. Arks contain life support technology to freeze Votans in a state of suspended animation. They carried millions of alien immigrants along with DNA samples of every species of flora and fauna found on the Votan homeworlds. Their propulsion system is powered by Gulanite.
Departure and Arrival Edit
The Arks departed the Votanis System in 3001 BC, nine months before it was destroyed. At that time, the human population was barely in the millions and had only just discovered writing, so the Votans believed the planet uninhabited. The arks were first detected by Human scientists in 2000 and entered Earth's orbit in 2013. To the chagrin of some Votans and the irritation of others, they discovered that humans had built a reasonably sophisticated civilization across the planet and now numbered in the billions. In the years following the Arks' arrival, more and more Votans awoke and began the tedious process of negotiating with the human governments for colonization rights. The arks would remain the home of those Votans not sent on diplomatic missions below for the next seventeen years.
In 2030, almost all of the Arks exploded in orbit and millions of Votans, the majority of those alive, died in the destruction. The exact cause is still hotly debated. Votan leaders blame a human attack, while Humans claim it was a Votan superweapon malfunctioning. Those who had been awakened over the course of the preceding 17 years mostly survived, as did a handful of those still in stasis, at least initially. The remains of the Arks are still in orbit as of 2046, with parts of them occasionally raining down in an Arkfall.
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Unless you’ve been sitting under a rock for the past 5 years you’ll have heard about IoT, or Internet of Things.
Simply put, IoT is a network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items that have been embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity to enable these objects to gather and exchange data.
The term was invented by Kevin Ashton, a British entrepreneur working with a network of objects connected by radio-frequency identification, or RFID. The intention was if all objects could be “tagged” and identified by computers, then they could be managed and inventoried. “Tagging” could be done through NFC (near field communication), barcodes and QR codes.
IoT as we now know it, goes beyond this initial idea and encompasses machine to machine communication, and the interconnection of embedded devices (including smart objects). It is expected to rapidly accelerate integration and automation in nearly all aspects of our daily lives.
Why is it useful?
As with any new technology its success will depend upon whether it makes something better (faster, cheaper, more efficient, easier to use, etc.), and if it improves on what’s already available. IoT should allow more connectivity between people, the machines they use at home, work and play, and the organisations and infrastructures that they rely upon.
IoT is expected to become an exceptionally powerful way to collect contextual (i.e. real time, in location) data and to present it for rapid analysis and use. As a result, people, companies and organisations will be able to tailor their services and products to individuals or groups as never before.
So, how could it be used?
Linking your kitchen and home appliances with IoT will allow you to remotely manage day to day activities more efficiently. For example, by connecting diverse appliances such as central heating systems, lighting, refrigerators and cookers, the IoT could enable you to keep track of when you will run out of food (and order more), reduce your gas and electricity bills (by only consuming utilities when they are required), and have a meal waiting for at whatever time you return from work.
Advances are already being made in home security, by linking small cameras and sensors around homes to connected devices, so it is now possible to monitor activity remotely, be notified of changes immediately via smartphone apps, and if necessary contacting the appropriate emergency service.
In the last couple of years there has been an enormous uptake of wearable technologies, such as fitness monitors and smart watches. More and more people are monitoring their physical health digitally, linking their device to apps monitoring heartrate, steps taken and calories burnt etc. Recently a man’s wearable tech was hailed as a hero, when doctors were able to diagnoses a serious medical condition based on the data collected by his device. http://www.digitaltrends.com/wearables/fitbit-saves-life/
IoT could offer modern cities dwellers wide-ranging solutions for common problems and irritations. From improved traffic management, to efficient water distribution,
and from better waste management to environmental monitoring – easing traffic congestion reducing pollution (and improving air quality) and generally making city life cleaner, safer and more secure.
We’ve all had the dream; stress free travel as our car expertly weaves through traffic, finds its way home, and parks up all by its self, while you relax in the knowledge that everything is safely taken care of…
With the development of IoT, this dream of a self-driving car may be with us sooner than we think. The concept of the connected car is becoming more real everyday with major technology companies such as Google, Tesla, Uber, Microsoft, and Apple all investing vast amounts of money on its development. However we wouldn’t recommend you tear up your driving licence just yet, as governments are struggling to keep pace with the rapid pace of development and decide how self-driving cars, pedestrians and conventional vehicles can all co-exist safely on our roads, and then legislate accordingly.
Retailers and B2C (business to consumer) companies are likely to use IoT in new Targeted Proximity-based advertising; where companies can track people’s shopping and browsing habits to display relevant adverts based on this behaviour. For example: you use your smartphone to look on a store’s website at a product, but chose not to buy it. Using connected devices and beacon technology, the next time you pass the high-street retailer you might automatically receive an email or SMS, together with a discount coupon enticing you to make the purchase.
Stores will also be able to benefit from the masses of data produced by interactions instore and online to improve the customer’s in-store experience. Using sensors and sophisticated cameras to follow customers’ paths through a shop, and even track what they are looking at, retailers will be able to optimise and tailor advertising to each individual consumer “real time”, ensure efficient product placement and even adjust store layout, getting the most from their “bricks and mortar” locations and increasing turn over.
It remains to be seen if consumers will appreciate this new development, or whether it will be regarded as a “creepy” step too far? Is Big Brother watching a little too closely perhaps?
So what does all this have to do with Touchscreens?
Human interaction will always be a big element in the success of IoT, and in the future we expect to see more advanced and intuitive interfaces on both personal and commercial devices.
Touch screen technology has grown to become the preeminent method for people to interface with technology, and projective capacitive sensing has in turn become the most widely used touch technology.
One of the main drawbacks of touchscreens (compared to mechanical buttons and switches) is the lack of tactile feedback. However, the latest generation of systems and devices are increasingly providing some level of affirmation of touch – either through a small vibration or tapping on the screen (from piezoelectric actuators beneath or around the screen), or in the case of more rigid touchscreens used in commercial devices such as kiosks, from “force” or pressure sensing. These screens react differently depending on the level of pressure a user applies to the screen, and with an intelligently design user interface, nearly as much feedback can be obtained from the touchscreen as a mechanical keyboard, often with some form of audible reaction.
Multi-touch enabled devices are also allowing software and system designers to be able to create more compelling and intuitive user interfaces, particularly useful in the acquisition of data from multiple users, in public areas and social environments
Large format multi-touch screens and tables used in retail, leisure, business and educational applications encourage and enable an immersive, shared experience.
Low cost computing
The surge in interest and uptake of relatively inexpensive and powerful single-board computers, such as Raspberry Pi and Beagle Boards is indicative of the shift from traditional PC’s to smaller, cheaper computing hardware for higher volume, application specific, commercial applications, making them ideal for projects involved in connected devices and IoT. At the heart of these devices are Operating Systems such as Android and Linux. Consequently, it is crucial that any touchscreen interface for these simplified computers is capable of supporting such software.
Contact us to discover more about our unique touchscreen technology and how it can be used in a variety of application and IoT projects.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://zytronic.co.uk/insights/article/iot-and-touchscreens/
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These are some of the works and a quote Shakespeare created.
"To be or not to be: that is the question" is one of Shakespeare's most famous quotes.
"LOVE ALL, TRUST FEW, DO WRONG TO NO ONE" is a quote that many use as advice or a motto for their daily lives.
Only a small portion out of many quotes we say in our daily lives that are by Shakespeare.
Thesis: Shakespeare was an amazing actor, writer, and producer.
Quote#1: "His plays have been a vital part of the theater in the Western world since they were written about 400 years ago. Through the years, most serious actors and actresses have considered the major roles of Shakespeare to be the supreme test of their art." (Lander)
Commentary: Shakespeare's plays were written about 400 years ago, but they are still famous today. Even the most serious actors and actresses are inspired by Shakespeare. William's famous plays have been a vital part of the theater in the Western world since they were written; despite their time.
Quote#2: "During a Broadway season in the 1980's, one critic estimated that if Shakespeare were alive, he would be receiving $25,000 a week in royalties for a production of Orthello alone." (Holt Literature)
Commentary: According to the article, one production would have him be earning an estimate of $25,000 a week. Earning so much money from only one production alone is remarkable. Even though Shakespeare's time has passed, his fame and inspiration still lives on today.
Quote#3: "By 1594, he was a charter member of the theatrical company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which was later to become the King's Men." (Holt Literature)
Commentary: The article states that Shakespeare worked the rest of his life with a group called the Lord Chamberlain's Men. The name was later on changed to the King's Men due to the group having King James' support. Shakespeare's group was good enough to have King James' support. To have a King's support was a big deal, which means Shakespeare's group must have been extremely talented.
Quote#4: "He is the most famous writer in the world, but he left us no journals or letters--he left us only his poems and his plays." (Holt Literature)
Commentary: Shakespeare is one of the most famous writers in the world based on the poems and plays he left us. Even though we only know him through church and legal documents--a baptismal registration, a marriage license, and records of real estate transactions, we know that he was a very talented writer.
Quote#5: "Shakespeare wrote at least 38 plays, two major narrative poems, a sequence of sonnets, and several short poems. His works have been translated into a remarkable number of languages, and his plays are performed throughout the world." (Lander)
Commentary: Shakespeare's works have been translated to share throughout the world. His plays and works are still acknowledged today. It's amazing that someone who passed such a long time ago, still has such a strong impact on the world today. Yet many still have no idea how much of an impact Shakespeare has made in their daily lives.
Quote#6: "They were part of the cultural life of the American Colonies and provided entertainment in the mining camps of the Old West. Today, there are theaters in many nations dedicated to staging Shakespeare’s works" (Lander)
Commentary: To be a daily part of American cultural life in the colonies must mean that William's plays have made an impact on Americans in both the past and present today. Several theaters in many nations are dedicated to staging Shakespeare's works.
Quote#7: "His works have helped shape the literature of all English-speaking countries. His work has also had an important effect on the literary cultures of such countries as Germany and Russia. In addition, his widespread presence in popular culture extends to motion pictures, television, cartoons, and even songs." (Lander)
Commentary: Not only did he have an important effect on the literary cultures, but his works alone have helped shape the literature of all English-speaking countries. If his works have helped shaped a language for many countries, words from him could be spoken almost every day. He could be a part of many people's daily lives without the people knowing it.
Quote#8: "William Shakespeare also wrote some of the greatest love poems in English. All of these pale alongside the sonnets, which, in an age of outstanding love poetry, attain a depth, suggestiveness, and power rarely duplicated in the history of humankind’s passionate struggle to match desire with words." (Waller)
Commentary: Many state that Shakespeare is the greatest to write in English. Others say that they struggle to match their desires towards his works with words. All of this would mean that his works have the ability for individuals to fall speechless.
Quote#9: "Since his death Shakespeare's plays have been almost continually performed, in non-English-speaking nations as well as those where English is the native tongue; they are quoted more than the works of any other single author." (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia)
Commentary: Phrases and quotes from Shakespeare are widely spoken in English-speaking nations, but his influence and impacts didn't stop at just that. His impacts and influences are also spread throughout non-English-speaking nations as well. In fact, his plays have been almost continually preformed and his works are quoted much more than any other individual author.
Quote#10: "In 1599, Burbage's theater was torn down and its timbers were used by Shakespeare and his company to build the Globe Theatre. This was the theater for which Shakespeare wrote most of his plays." (Anderson)
Commentary: Shakespeare and his company created their own theater from old timbers for his plays. This would hint at the idea of Shakespeare being a writer and actor.
Quote#11: "Many words and phrases that first appeared in his plays and poems have become part of our everyday speech. Shakespeare has so saturated modern culture that many people who have never read a line of his work or seen one of his plays performed can identify lines and passages as his." (Lander)
Commentary: Shakespeare's words and phrases are a part of our everyday speech. We speak his phrases and words so often that people who have never read or seen any of his works would know some lines or passages that are his. This would mean that he is famous enough to not only impact the past cultural societies, but modern culture and our daily lives as well.
Quote#12: "His plays and poems have long been a required part of a liberal education. Generations of people have absorbed his ideas concerning heroism, romantic love, loyalty, and the nature of tragedy as well as his portraits of particular historical characters. To this day, most people imagine Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Cleopatra, and Richard III as Shakespeare portrayed them." (Lander)
Commentary: He has made enough of an influence to be a required part of liberal education. This caused generations of people to learn his ideas of heroism, love, loyalty, tragedy, and particular historical characters. For instance, to this day, people have the idea of Richard III, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Julius Caesar as Shakespeare imagined them.
Anderson, Robert. “Shakespeare and His Theater: A Perfect Match.” Holt Literature & Language Arts: Mastering the California Standards: Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking, by G. Kylene Beers et al., Austin, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 2003, pp. 778-80.
---. “William Shakespeare’s Life: A Genius from Stratford.” Holt Literature & Language Arts: Mastering the California Standards: Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking, by G. Kylene Beers et al., Austin, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 2003, pp. 776-77.
Baker, William. “Shakespeare, William.” In Baker, William, and Kenneth Womack, eds. The Facts On File Companion to Shakespeare. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2012. Bloom’s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=103800&SID=5&iPin=CS0001&SingleRecord=True.
Lander, Jesse M. “Shakespeare, William.” World Book Advanced. World Book, 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
Waller, Gary F. “William Shakespeare: The Poet.” Critical Survey Of Poetry, Second Revised Edition (2002): 1-7. Literary Reference Center. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
“William Shakespeare.” Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2016): 1-4. Literary Reference Center. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
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What is the issue?
Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the kidneys leak protein from the blood into the urine. Corticosteroids are used in the first instance to achieve remission. Some children do not respond to this treatment (steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome) and other agents such as cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin, tacrolimus) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may be used.
What did we do?
We searched Cochrane Kidney and Transplant's Specialised Register (up to 2 March 2016) through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Randomised controlled trials were included if they compared different immunosuppressive agents or non-immunosuppressive agents with placebo, prednisone or other agent given orally or parenterally in children aged three months to 18 years with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
What did we find?
This review found that when cyclosporin was compared to placebo or no treatment there was a significant increase in the number of children who achieved complete remission. Calcineurin inhibitors also significantly increased the number of children, who achieved complete or partial remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide. There was no improvement with other immunosuppressive agents. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors significantly reduced the degree of proteinuria. However the number of studies was small with small numbers of children per study.
To date RCTs have demonstrated that calcineurin inhibitors increase the likelihood of complete or partial remission compared with placebo/no treatment or cyclophosphamide. For other regimens assessed, it remains uncertain whether the interventions alter outcomes because the certainty of the evidence is low. Further adequately powered, well designed RCTs are needed to evaluate other regimens for children with idiopathic SRNS. Since SRNS represents a spectrum of diseases, future studies should enrol children from better defined groups of patients with SRNS.
The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy. Children who fail to respond may be treated with immunosuppressive agents including calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin or tacrolimus) and with non-immunosuppressive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Optimal combinations of these agents with the least toxicity remain to be determined. This is an update of a review first published in 2004 and updated in 2006 and 2010.
To evaluate the benefits and harms of different interventions used in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, who do not achieve remission following four weeks or more of daily corticosteroid therapy.
We searched Cochrane Kidney and Transplant's Specialised Register (up to 2 March 2016) through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review.
RCTs and quasi-RCTs were included if they compared different immunosuppressive agents or non-immunosuppressive agents with placebo, prednisone or other agent given orally or parenterally in children aged three months to 18 years with SRNS.
Two authors independently searched the literature, determined study eligibility, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model.
Nineteen RCTs (820 children enrolled; 773 evaluated) were included. Most studies were small. Eleven studies were at low risk of bias for allocation concealment and only four studies were at low risk of performance bias. Fifteen, eight and 10 studies were at low risk of detection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias respectively. Cyclosporin when compared with placebo or no treatment significantly increased the number of children who achieved complete remission. However this was based on only eight children who achieved remission with cyclosporin compared with no children who achieved remission with placebo/no treatment in three small studies (49 children: RR 7.66, 95% CI 1.06 to 55.34). Calcineurin inhibitors significantly increased the number with complete or partial remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide (2 studies, 156 children: RR 1.98, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.13; I2 = 20%). There was no significant differences in the number who achieved complete remission between tacrolimus versus cyclosporin (1 study, 41 children: RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.66), cyclosporin versus mycophenolate mofetil plus dexamethasone (1 study, 138 children: RR 2.14, 95% CI 0.87 to 5.24), oral cyclophosphamide with prednisone versus prednisone alone (2 studies, 91 children: RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.87), IV versus oral cyclophosphamide (1 study, 11 children: RR 3.13, 95% CI 0.81 to 12.06), IV cyclophosphamide versus oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone (1 study, 49 children: RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.96), and azathioprine with prednisone versus prednisone alone (1 study, 31 children: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.15 to 5.84). One study found no significant differences between three agents (cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide) used in combination with tacrolimus and prednisone. One study found no significant difference in the percentage reduction in proteinuria (31 children: -12; 95% CI -73 to 110) between rituximab with cyclosporin/prednisolone and cyclosporin/prednisolone alone. Two studies reported ACEi significantly reduced proteinuria.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.cochrane.org/CD003594/RENAL_interventions-idiopathic-steroid-resistant-nephrotic-syndrome-children
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00515.warc.gz
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en
| 0.921559
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| 2.640625
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Powder injection molding (PIM) encompasses metal injection molding (MIM), ceramic injection molding (CIM) and cemented carbide injection molding (CCIM). All three processes combine the attributes of polymer injection molding with the engineering and performance properties of metals, ceramics and cemented carbides. MIM is cost effective in producing complex parts. The ability to mix different powders and binders allows engineering a part having specific thermal, wear, magnetic and strength properties. In addition, the process yields net-shape components requiring little or no secondary operations, which simplifies production, increasing yields and lowering manufacturing costs. A crucial step in the MIM process is to remove the binder used in the formation of the part prior to sintering to the required part density. This article addresses the problems associated with the thermal debind and sinter technology of MIM parts and their solutions.
In the MIM process, fine powders are mixed with various binders to create a thermoplastic feedstock, which can be injection molded. The parts are then debinded and sintered to full density to attain the desired mechanical and physical properties.
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<urn:uuid:a96816cd-d756-40f6-a6b3-9d8e7a512dc1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.industrialheating.com/articles/83802-laminar-gas-flow-enhances-debind-and-sinter-of-pim-parts?v=preview
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00515.warc.gz
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en
| 0.898877
| 240
| 2.515625
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Dividing your Perennial Plants
Occasionally most perennial plants will need to be divided. If your plants are falling over, or dying out in the center, they will recover nicely by dividing them.
Generally, most plants are divided every three to five years, or when they have become overcrowded or are declining.
Most plants are divided in early spring or fall; however, some plants can be divided ay any time, like daylilies. Basically, spring and summer-flowering plants are divided in fall while the others in spring, but this doesn’t always have to be the case.
There are also plants that do not respond well to having their roots disturbed, like peonies. These plants are best divided while dormant to reduce the effects of shock.
How to Divide Plants
Dividing plants is easy. Simply dig up the entire clump and then carefully divide the crown and root ball into two or more section, depending on the size of the clump. Sometimes you can divide garden plants with your hands, as with many bulb species, while the use of a sharp knife or garden spade is oftentimes necessary to get the job done when dividing plants.
Once you have divided plants, shake off the excess soil and remove any dead growth. You might want to cut the plants back prior to replanting too. This helps reduce any shock received from the division process and transplanting. Then replant your plant divisions in a similar location or another pot.
Twin Oaks will perform this service for you if your plants are in need of division. Please call us anytime to inquire about these services.
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<urn:uuid:add2c83f-c711-43f9-a7e0-f6f673dd4164>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.twinoakslandscape.biz/gardens/softscapes/perennial-division/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00675.warc.gz
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en
| 0.948217
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This poster was created with the understanding that many people of european heritage might say we believe and honor our ancestors, but often times that belief is really just a concept or superficial wishing. It might sound cool to say in certain circles, but is it really something that is alive inside of us?
If we truly believe in our ancestors, then our behavior will honor that belief. Our ancestors have many stories and understandings to teach us, but only if we can slow down enough and open our hearts to listening. This spacious listening is most often found in nature – most importantly the nature of our ancestral home places. Get back there!
Superficial tokenizing of our own ancestral cultures and stories, disrespectful “borrowing” (stealing) of other Indigenous cultures, and beliefs of futurism and technological salvation are just a few behaviors we engage in that too often dishonor the key understandings our ancestors still hold for us, and the pathways they can offer to step backwards into the future. What is new is old, and what is old is new again. Our ancestors deserve to be honored for their great love and sacrifice they have made so we still have a chance to turn towards life to find wholeness and balance once again.
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<urn:uuid:cfb04e5d-7c80-4dbd-826b-c1423488c42a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://awakeningthehorse.wordpress.com/2016/02/25/finding-integrity-with-ancestors/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00675.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963087
| 253
| 2.703125
| 3
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It is exoticism, primitivism, representations and uses of the savage and the jungle, and indigenismos, and lo indígena.
I thought of giving a class on these themes again because I ran across some material on Quintín Lame, and I am thinking about the idea of Latin America, and Latin America as “entre-lugar,” and the way in which it produces itself as mestizo or hybrid.
There is the question of time. Time and the Other, and the idea in Los pasos perdidos that all times are mixed in Latin America. Dussell points out that the idea of the ancient, medieval and modern worlds doesn’t work anyway and is an invention of the Romantics.
There is Vasconcelos talking about the superiority of the tropics, which goes precisely with the prologue to REM.
There is the rethinking of mestizaje (note that Bolívar did not say we had to fuse, he said we were mixed and had to get along). There is race as a hybrid term. There is the current discussion, popular among students, about pinning down definitions for “Hispanic” and “Latino.”
There is Clorinda Matto, and all kinds of people who work with the other. El otro, el mismo, looking for self through other. (I am not sure yet whether or how I will do this.) I was thinking of El hablador as well.
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<urn:uuid:b4096e63-9b8f-4842-a105-bfaced383113>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://sptc.wordpress.com/2016/10/24/themes-and-ideas-for-that-class/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627235941-20170628015941-00675.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951266
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When someone runs every desire, is "living dead", corrupted, rotten (silver?) Without moral values, as any died.
It is true that economic wealth corrupts, but as long as certain conditions are met.
The word " corrupt" means several things like (1):
Alter and invert the shape of something, to spoil, deprave, damage, rot, bribe someone with gifts or otherwise, or seduce someone pervert, pervert, vitiate.
All these actions revolve around his cause: the desire.
Desire is a feeling that is like a necessity, but with the feature that if not met nothing serious can happen. For example, if someone has the need to eat and is not satisfied, can quickly die, but if someone has the desire to listen to music and is not satisfied, nothing serious can happen.
By contrast, and somewhat paradoxically, is the satisfaction of desire radical which could take away the will to live.
Desires are psychological states that lead us to seek certain stimuli, while not vital, such as hunger, when you meet moderately contribute to improving the quality of life. However, when you meet radically, man falls into states of apathy, indifference, emotional numbness, sadness, death wishes for lack of desire to live.
Who never should have much money or much power ? They need to be poor and powerless who can not control the desire and attempt to apply their availability (money and power) to meet their desires radically.
When we die our body rots, decays and, similarly, when we lose the will to live because we exhaust all our desires, then we're "living dead", corrupt, rotten, no moral values , like any person died.
Note: Original in Spanish (without translation by Google): En ciertas condiciones, la riqueza corrompe.
(Este es el Artículo Nº 2.030)
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<urn:uuid:e380ffa5-9a93-4f8a-862b-428cb56d650f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://moneypoverty.blogspot.com/2013/10/under-certain-conditions-wealth-corrupts.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00035.warc.gz
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en
| 0.925014
| 401
| 2.65625
| 3
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|Armstrong, John - Scott|
Submitted to: Agricultural Experiment Station Publication
Publication Type: Experiment Station
Publication Acceptance Date: 2/1/2012
Publication Date: 2/1/2012
Citation: Brewer, M., Anderson, D., Armstrong, J.S., Billanueva, R.T., Biles, S. 2012. Comparison of methods for sampling plant bugs on cotton in South Texas (2010). Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. Pg. 76. Interpretive Summary: Stink bugs and plant bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae and Miridae) that feed on cotton bolls have reached elevated past status in cotton, Gossypium hirslltllm L. (Malvaceae), during the last 10 to 15 years, including along the GulfCoast of south Texas. Insecticide sprays, which traditionally controlled these sucking bugs, have been reduced following the advent and success of transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)-cotton for heliothine control and boll weevil eradication (Edge et al. 200 I, Allen 2008).
Technical Abstract: A total of 26 cotton fields were sampled by experienced and inexperienced samplers at 3 growth stages using 5 methods to compare the most efficient and accurate method for sampling plant bugs in cotton. Each of the 5 methods had its own distinct advantages and disadvantages as a sampling method (tool). Overall the beat bucket looks to be the most promising method to incorporate into sampling plant bugs in cotton in the future.
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<urn:uuid:f60f2332-3e78-490e-a8f2-891e809f659e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281283
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00035.warc.gz
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en
| 0.86255
| 320
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All of our unit assessments are given online, so we really have to teach the kids to show their work on 'working paper.' We stress that the use of working paper is two-fold. It is a thinking space, above all, but it is also a back-up plan if the computer locks up and/or loses a test.
the Math Important Book has gone better than expected, so i am finding that i want to post about the pages i add to my book and some of the creative pages my kids are creating, but i didn't feel like i should be putting those on my foldable blog, so i have decided that my Math Important Book is important enough for its own blog :)
Last holiday break when i was reading Margaret Wise Brown's The Important Book to my son I could barely concentrate on the story because of the thoughts of incorporating a MATH important book in my classroom. I'm sure he wondered what on earth was wrong with me as i fumbled through reading!
If you have never read Margaret Wise Brown's The Important Book, i would suggest doing that first as it will make what follows make a lot more sense!
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<urn:uuid:f563883c-b001-4985-bb9d-a41491b7599a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://mathimportantbook.blogspot.com/2013/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00115.warc.gz
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en
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We will show numbers in different ways.
I can explain what a numeral and a number is.
(Numeral: a written symbol that expresses value)
(Number: a value shown with a symbols, objects or words)
I understand that the symbol and word for one means 1 object when I count things.
(one to one correspondence)
I can use numerals, pictures and objects to show numbers up to 20.
I can read and write number words up to ten.
I can use numbers to show how many or how much.
Our Learning Goals are Expectations from the Ontario Math Curriculum for Grade 1. Our success criteria are those things that we need to do to achieve our goal. The curriculum expectations should be met by the end of Grade 1. The reading and the writing of the number words may take longer than the other success criteria!
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<urn:uuid:c9d134a1-6d3a-4aa9-8e2a-7d877c3b1571>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://msbrownsclassroom.blogspot.com.au/2014/09/math-monday-learning-goals-for-this-week.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00115.warc.gz
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en
| 0.87448
| 180
| 4.4375
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Fiona Harvey – Guardian.co.uk April 4, 2011
Honeybees are taking emergency measures to protect their hives from pesticides, in an extraordinary example of the natural world adapting swiftly to our depredations, according to a prominent bee expert.
Scientists have found numerous examples of a new phenomenon – bees “entombing” or sealing up hive cells full of pollen to put them out of use, and protect the rest of the hive from their contents. The pollen stored in the sealed-up cells has been found to contain dramatically higher levels of pesticides and other potentially harmful chemicals than the pollen stored in neighbouring cells, which is used to feed growing young bees.
“This is a novel finding, and very striking. The implication is that the bees are sensing [pesticides] and actually sealing it off. They are recognising that something is wrong with the pollen and encapsulating it,” said Jeff Pettis, an entomologist with the US Department of Agriculture. “Bees would not normally seal off pollen.”
But the bees’ last-ditch efforts to save themselves appear to be unsuccessful – the entombing behaviour is found in many hives that subsequently die off, according to Pettis. “The presence of entombing is the biggest single predictor of colony loss. It’s a defence mechanism that has failed.” These colonies were likely to already be in trouble, and their death could be attributed to a mix of factors in addition to pesticides, he added.
Bees are also sealing off pollen that contains substances used by beekeepers to control pests such as the varroa mite, another factor in the widespread decline of bee populations. These substances may also be harmful to bees, Pettis said. “Beekeepers – and I am one – need to look at ourselves in the mirror and ask what we are doing,” he said. “Certainly [the products] have effects on bees. It’s a balancing act – if you do not control the parasite, bees die. If you control the parasite, bees will live but there are side-effects. This has to be managed.”
The decline of bee populations has become an increasing concern in recent years. “Colony collapse disorder”, the name given to the unexplained death of bee colonies, is affecting hives around the world. Scientists say there are likely to be numerous reasons for the die-off, ranging from agricultural pesticides to bee pests and diseases, pollution, and intensive farming, which reduces bee habitat and replaces multiple food sources with single, less nutritious, sources. Globalisation may also be a factor, as it spreads bee diseases around the world, and some measures taken to halt the deaths – such as massing bees in huge super-hives – can actually contribute to the problem, according to a recent study by the United Nations.
The loss of pollinators could have severe effects on agriculture, scientists have warned.
Pesticides were not likely to be the biggest single cause of bee deaths, Pettis said: “Pesticide is an issue but it is not the driving issue.” Some pesticides could be improving life for bees, he noted: for many years, bees were not to be found near cotton plantations because of the many chemicals used, but in the past five years bees have begun to return because the multiple pesticides of old have been replaced with newer so-called systemic pesticides.
Studies he conducted found that bees in areas of intensive agriculture were suffering from poor nutrition compared with bees with a diverse diet, and this then compounded other problems, such as infection with the gut parasite nosema. “It is about the interaction of different factors, and we need to study these interactions more closely,” he said.
The entombing phenomenon was first noted in an obscure scientific paper from 2009, but since then scientists have been finding the behaviour more frequently, with the same results.
Bees naturally collect from plants a substance known as propolis, a sort of sticky resin with natural anti-bacterial and anti-fungal qualities. It is used by bees to line the walls of their hives, and to seal off unwanted or dangerous substances – for instance, mice that find their way into hives and die are often found covered in propolis. This is the substance bees are using to entomb the cells.
The bees that entomb cells of pollen are the hives’ housekeepers, different from the bees that go out to collect pollen from plants. Pettis said that it seemed pollen-collecting bees could not detect high levels of pesticides, but that the pollen underwent subtle changes when stored. These changes – a lack of microbial activity compared with pollen that has fewer pesticide residues – seemed to be involved in triggering the entombing effect, he explained.
Pettis was speaking in London, where he was visiting British MPs to talk about the decline of bee populations, and meeting European bee scientists.
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<urn:uuid:c0e32736-7809-443b-8bd3-b49a6bf4b6b7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.thetruthseeker.co.uk/?p=25224
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00115.warc.gz
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en
| 0.967476
| 1,027
| 3.203125
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|
“About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed.”
In late 1735, a ship made its way to the New World from England. On board was a young Anglican minister, John Wesley, who had been invited to serve as a pastor to British colonists in Savannah, Georgia. When the weather went sour, the ship found itself in serious trouble. Wesley, also chaplain of the vessel, feared for his life.
But he noticed that the group of German Moravians, who were on their way to preach to American Indians, were not afraid at all. In fact, throughout the storm, they sang calmly. When the trip ended, he asked the Moravian leader about his serenity, and the Moravian responded with a question: Did he, Wesley, have faith in Christ? Wesley said he did, but later reflected, “I fear they were vain words.”
In fact, Wesley was confused by the experience, but his perplexity was to lead to a period of soul searching and finally to one of the most famous and consequential conversions in church history.
|1678||John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim’s Progress|
|1687||Newton publishes Principia Mathematica|
|1689||Toleration Act in England|
|1703||John Wesley born|
|1791||John Wesley dies|
|1793||William Carey sails for India|
Wesley was born into a strong Anglican home: his father, Samuel, was priest, and his mother, Susanna, taught religion and morals faithfully to her 19 children.
Wesley attended Oxford, proved to be a fine scholar, and was soon ordained into the Anglican ministry. At Oxford, he joined a society (founded by his brother Charles) whose members took vows to lead holy lives, take Communion once a week, pray daily, and visit prisons regularly. In addition, they spent three hours every afternoon studying the Bible and other devotional material.
From this “holy club” (as fellow students mockingly called it), Wesley sailed to Georgia to pastor. His experience proved to be a failure. A woman he courted in Savannah married another man. When he tried to enforce the disciplines of the “holy club” on his church, the congregation rebelled. A bitter Wesley returned to England.
Heart strangely warmed
After speaking with another Moravian, Peter Boehler, Wesley concluded that he lacked saving faith. Though he continued to try to be good, he remained frustrated. “I was indeed fighting continually, but not conquering. … I fell and rose, and fell again.”
On May 24, 1738, he had an experience that changed everything. He described the event in his journal:
“In the evening, I went very unwillingly to a society in Aldersgate Street, where one was reading Luther’s preface to the Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death.”
Meanwhile, another former member of the “holy club,” George Whitefield, was having remarkable success as a preacher, especially in the industrial city of Bristol. Hundreds of working-class poor, oppressed by industrializing England and neglected by the church, were experiencing emotional conversions under his fiery preaching. So many were responding that Whitefield desperately needed help.
Wesley accepted Whitefield’s plea hesitantly. He distrusted Whitefield’s dramatic style; he questioned the propriety of Whitefield’s outdoor preaching (a radical innovation for the day); he felt uncomfortable with the emotional reactions even his own preaching elicited. But the orderly Wesley soon warmed to the new method of ministry.
With his organizational skills, Wesley quickly became the new leader of the movement. But Whitefield was a firm Calvinist, whereas Wesley couldn’t swallow the doctrine of predestination. Furthermore, Wesley argued (against Reformed doctrine) that Christians could enjoy entire sanctification in this life: loving God and their neighbors, meekness and lowliness of heart, abstaining from all appearance of evil, and doing all for the glory of God. In the end, the two preachers parted ways.
From “methodists” to Methodism
Wesley did not intend to found a new denomination, but historical circumstances and his organizational genius conspired against his desire to remain in the Church of England.
Wesley’s followers first met in private home “societies.” When these societies became too large for members to care for one another, Wesley organized “classes,” each with 11 members and a leader. Classes met weekly to pray, read the Bible, discuss their spiritual lives, and to collect money for charity. Men and women met separately, but anyone could become a class leader.
The moral and spiritual fervor of the meetings is expressed in one of Wesley’s most famous aphorisms: “Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can, in all the places you can, at all the times you can, to all the people you can, as long as ever you can.”
The movement grew rapidly, as did its critics, who called Wesley and his followers “methodists,” a label they wore proudly. It got worse than name calling at times: methodists were frequently met with violence as paid ruffians broke up meetings and threatened Wesley’s life.
Though Wesley scheduled his itinerant preaching so it wouldn’t disrupt local Anglican services, the bishop of Bristol still objected. Wesley responded, “The world is my parish”—a phrase that later became a slogan of Methodist missionaries. Wesley, in fact, never slowed down, and during his ministry he traveled over 4,000 miles annually, preaching some 40,000 sermons in his lifetime.
A few Anglican priests, such as his hymn-writing brother Charles, joined these Methodists, but the bulk of the preaching burden rested on John. He was eventually forced to employ lay preachers, who were not allowed to serve Communion but merely served to complement the ordained ministry of the Church of England.
Wesley then organized his followers into a “connection,” and a number of societies into a “circuit” under the leadership of a “superintendent.” Periodic meetings of methodist clergy and lay preachers eventually evolved into the “annual conference,” where those who were to serve each circuit were appointed, usually for three-year terms.
In 1787, Wesley was required to register his lay preachers as non-Anglicans. Meanwhile, on the other side of the Atlantic, the American Revolution isolated Yankee methodists from their Anglican connections. To support the American movement, Wesley independently ordained two lay preachers and appointed Thomas Coke as superintendent. With these and other actions, Methodism gradually moved out of the Church of England—though Wesley himself remained an Anglican until his death.
An indication of his organizational genius, we know exactly how many followers Wesley had when he died: 294 preachers, 71,668 British members, 19 missionaries (5 in mission stations), and 43,265 American members with 198 preachers. Today Methodists number about 30 million worldwide.
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<urn:uuid:fdd2949a-e129-40e3-bee9-769f4b658f57>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://4given2serve.wordpress.com/2008/05/24/john-wesley/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00115.warc.gz
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en
| 0.980714
| 1,607
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This is a quiz I did about Underwater Animals. The correct answers will be colored.
1 A student is studying a creature with bones that lives in the water. She concludes that the creature is _____.
2 Fish are classified into two main groups based on whether or not they have _____.
3 What is the function of the swim bladder?
It helps the fish to breathe.
It helps the fish maintain buoyancy.
It helps the fish change cartilage into bone.
It pulls oxygen into the body when the fish is at rest.
4 When goatfish use barbels to help them locate food, they are using their sense of _____.
5 Which sense do sharks depend on the most when hunting?
6 What is the function of the ampulae of lorenzini in a shark?
They help the shark to remain buoyant.
They help the shark smell blood from an injured fish.
They help the shark to remain balanced when it is swimming fast.
They help the shark detect small electrical charges produced by living things.
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<urn:uuid:d9f39aec-7e99-4cd8-9657-fab892b52f8c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://princessa-school-blogspot.blogspot.com/2007/01/underwater-animals.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00235.warc.gz
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en
| 0.92404
| 220
| 3.234375
| 3
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Recovery of Gold from Arsenopyrite Concentrates by Cyanidation- carbon Adsorption.
Heinen-HJ; McClelland-GE; Lindstrom-RE
The Bureau of Mines investigated a cyanidation-carbon adsorption technique for extracting gold from arsenopyrite concentrates. Agitation leach experiments were conducted on 85-pct minus 35-mesh gravity concentrates containing 21.8 Oz gold and 6.4 Oz silver per ton. Results obtained in leaching the concentrates showed that 96.9 pct gold and 90.7 pct silver extraction could be achieved in 96 hours of agitation. Gold and silver were recovered from the resulting pregnant solution by exposure to granular activated carbon in a countercurrent system. Carbon loadings of 2,556 oz of gold and 502 oz of silver per ton were achieved. These loadings are significantly higher than heretofore thought practical.
IH; Report of Investigation;
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<urn:uuid:ddefa24c-04c9-4691-a3f2-0e94af8dd314>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/10006857.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00235.warc.gz
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en
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Research has shown that rescue workers of New York City's fire department involved in 9/11 rescue efforts have been found to have reduced lung functions equivalent to 12 years of respiratory decline in a person due to aging in the year after the 9/11 attacks.
Lungs tests of the rescue workers showed that those present in the very early stages of the twin tower collapse suffered most damage. Since routine tests are carried out every 18 months as a part of routine medical screening on the New York City Fire Department workers, Dr. Gisela Banauch and colleagues at Montefiore Medical Center in New York were able to look at the respiratory function of the workers before and after the disaster.
Tests carried out in 12,079 rescue workers in the 12 months after the disaster were compared with the earlier tests before the disaster and this revealed a substantial reduction in forced expiratory volume in the year after 9/11.
Banauch and her team found the lung-capacity declines were steepest in those who were either present when the twin towers collapsed or arrived later that morning. The findings showed that those exposed in the fist couple of days after the collapse of the twin towers had more severe respiratory symptoms than those who arrived later.
The study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine also notes that only 22% of workers who arrived early reported wearing a mask on the first day, but this had gradually risen to about 50% by the third day. "The lesson is that adequate respiratory protection should be available promptly for first responders, which sounds great but is obviously difficult to implement," Banauch said.
The massive exposure to pulverized building materials and combustion products and dust has led to many of the workers suffering from irritant-induced asthma and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) and in a significant number of these workers it has even affected their ability to work.
Dr Banauch said it was impossible to predict whether the dust-exposed workers will continue to experience an accelerated decline in lung function, but added that the massive exposure to irritating alkaline dust could possibly increase some workers' future risk of developing emphysema and lung cancer.
"My personal opinion is that when the towers collapsed a lot of building materials were pulverized so there was a lot of cement in the dust, which is very alkaline and which we know that causes burns."
Dr Paul Cullinan, an occupational and environmental respiratory disease specialist at Imperial College, commended the researchers on their study. He said the he was surprised at the extent of the respiratory problems identified by the researchers.
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<urn:uuid:99c976a3-e24e-438d-8494-1904e92496b8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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“Who can still believe the opacity of bodies, since our sharpened and multiplied sensitivity has already penetrated the obscure manifestations of the medium?”¹
Nowadays it is common to talk about the revolution that technology caused in our lives and its profound influence in every field. Of course we mean mostly the digital technology and the revolution that happened in the last decade – the unique circumstances and consequences that surround it. However this is by far not the only technological revolution that our civilisation has seen and neither are its consequences unique.
When in the beginning of the 20th century railway and motor cars entered our lives for good, the entire perception of space, time and mainly speed changed. Science explained it, but it was artists who first expressed the altering sensitivity and worldview that was soon to infect us all.
Deeply taken by the discoveries of the relativity theory and the implications of passenger trains were the Italian Futurists – a group of artists eager for a future of dynamism, change and flux, a “world […] continuously and splendidly transformed by Victorious Science”. They were fascinated by the seeming interpenetration of objects, drawing everything together in time and space and the dependencies that different objects now suddenly displayed.
“Does not the fiction of an isolated object imply an absurdity, since this object borrows its physical properties from the relations, which it maintains with all the others, and owes each of its determinations, and consequently its very existance, to the place which it occupies in the universe as a whole?” – Henry Bergson
Now for an architect, all that sounds too familiar. The announced in 2008 new style Parametricism calls already in its Manifesto for inter-articulation of sub-systems, parametric responsiveness and adaptation and describes space as a field “as if filled with a fluid medium”². Of course Parametricism offers also some new insights and ideas on the concepts of space, but the obvious parallels between the manifestos in inspiration and ideology open ground for speculation for other possible parallels.
In their passionate support for all that is new, for a violent break with the past and even WWI, it was not surprising that Futurism came to be associated with Fascism until in the 1920s when Mussolini and Marinetti finally fell out. The connection between an artistic movement and a political ideology, nurtured by highly turbulent times, was needles to say, very productive.
Patrik Schumacher recently called for the privatisation of cities and the abolishment of housing standards and land use prescriptions. With his views growing more political and our own times becoming more and more turbulent, it makes me wonder – are we taking a path already trodden? Could we learn from a past, so similar to our future?
¹ excerpt from Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting , Poesia, 1910
² excerpt from Parametricism as Style – Parametricist Manifesto, Patrik Schumacher, London 2008
Sources for this post:
Futurism by Caroline Tisdall and Angelo Bozzolla, Oxford University Press, 1978
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The size of the nearly round to oval cornea (vertical/horizontal) varies by animal species: dog (8.5 × 9.5 mm), cat (8.4 × 8.9 mm), horse (16.6 × 17.9 mm), and cow (15.2 × 16.4 mm). The animal cornea consists of the superficial epithelium and basement membrane, large and relatively acellular stroma, deeper Descemet membrane, and deep single layer endothelium. The cornea maintains a strong and durable barrier between the eye and environment, as well as a transparent medium to permit passage of light and images into the posterior segment. Corneal diseases are common in most animal species and fortunately can be treated successfully by medical, surgical, or a combination of these methods. The accessibility of the cornea permits several detailed and noninvasive diagnostic techniques.
Superficial keratitis is common in all species and is characterized by corneal vascularization and opacification, which may be due to edema, cellular infiltrates, pigmentation, or fibroplasia. If ulceration is present, pain—manifest by epiphora and blepharospasm—is an outstanding sign. Unilateral keratitis frequently is traumatic in origin. Mechanical factors, such as lid conformational defects and foreign bodies, should always be eliminated as possible causes, because improvement will not occur until they are resolved. Ulcerative keratitis may be complicated by secondary invasion by bacteria and, in horses, by saprophytic fungi. Bilateral superficial keratitis may be immune-mediated or associated with a lack of tears, eyelid conformational defects, or infectious agents.
Pannus, or Uberreiter disease, is a specific, bilateral, progressive, proliferative, chronic, superficial keratitis that begins laterally and/or medially at the limbus and eventually extends from all quadrants to cover the cornea. Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) infiltrate the cornea from the limbus, accompanied by superficial blood vessels. This immune-mediated keratitis is common in German Shepherds, Belgian Tervurens, Border Collies, Greyhounds, Siberian Huskies, and Australian Shepherds. Specific therapy consists of topical antibiotics, antiviral or antimycotic agents when appropriate, removal of any mechanical irritants, tear replacement when deficient, and corticosteroids or cyclosporin A (or both) when immune-mediated. The latter may need to be continued indefinitely and the frequency varied depending on the response. Chronic superficial keratitis when immune-mediated is a lifelong disease, requiring lifelong topical anti-inflammatory therapy. The disease appears more aggressive in young dogs and in dogs that live outside in higher altitudes. Generally, topical 1% prednisolone, 0.1% dexamethasone, or 0.2%–1% cyclosporine instilled in both eyes bid-qid is sufficient to control the disease and prolong vision. The intensity of the inflammatory response in both eyes is quite variable and may change by age, season, amount of time the dog spends outside, and other factors. To minimize costs and adverse effects, but control the disease, topical therapy is adjusted to the individual animal (topical therapy ranges from one drop in the affected eye every other day to as frequent as one drop in the affected eyes qid).
Interstitial keratitis is a deep involvement of the corneal stroma that represents one of the clinical signs associated with all chronic and many acute cases of anterior uveitis. The corneal vascularization is less branching, finer, and deeper than in superficial keratitis; if the endothelium has been disrupted, corneal edema is often marked. Systemic diseases, such as infectious canine hepatitis, bovine malignant catarrhal fever, systemic mycoses in many species, and neonatal septicemias that localize in the eye, can cause bilateral or unilateral interstitial keratitis. Therapy is directed at the anterior uveitis, the systemic infection, or both. A specific, nonulcerative, peripheral, stromal keratitis and persistent anterior uveitis (keratouveitis) occurs in horses; prognosis and response to treatment are poor.
Ulcerative keratitis may be divided based on onset, depth, and position within the cornea. Ulcerative keratitis (based on depth) may be superficial, deep, deep with descemetocele, or perforating. Progression of the corneal ulcer is based on the microbes involved and on the release of microbe and tissue enzymes that digest the corneal stroma. Pain, corneal irregularity, edema, and eventually vascularization are signs of ulceration. A dense, white infiltrate at the ulcer margin indicates strong leukotaxis and bacterial involvement. To detect small ulcers, topical fluorescein may be required. In dogs and horses, most ulcers are mechanical in origin; in cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and reindeer, infectious agents and mechanical causes are important; in cats and horses, herpesvirus infection is a frequent cause. All ulcers have the potential for secondary bacterial contamination as well as endogenous proteinase “melting” of the stroma. Therapy for superficial ulcers is usually medical and consists of topical broad-spectrum antibiotic(s) administered 3–6 times daily, correction of any mechanical factors, and limited 1% topical atropine to maintain iridocycloplegia and reduction of ocular pain. Adverse effects of atropine-induced reduced tear production in all species and colic in horses must be considered. Antiproteinase therapy for melting stromal ulcers includes topical serum and other drugs, and for acute ulcerations they may be instilled 4–6 times daily for the first several days. Corneal healing is monitored by frequent clinical examinations and gradual reduction in the size of the fluorescein retention by the nonepithelialized ulcer.
Syndromes of very slow-healing and recurrent superficial ulcers occur in dogs, cats, and horses; in dogs, they may be due to basement membrane disease causing faulty attachment of the corneal epithelium, whereas in cats and horses, and recently in dogs, herpesvirus should be suspected. Initial therapy is ulcer debridement followed by topical antibiotics and atropine. For refractory cases in dogs, multiple punctures or cross-hatching (punctate and grid keratotomies) of affected corneas with a 22-gauge needle stimulates most indolent ulcers to heal within 7–10 days. Early reports suggest these keratotomies in cats may predispose to corneal sequestration and should be used with great care. Nictitating membrane flaps (or soft contact lenses or collagen shields) act as a pressure bandage and often are therapeutic for shallow ulcers. Medical treatment of deep ulcers is similar to that of superficial ulcers, but many deep ulcers also require conjunctival grafts to strengthen and maintain the integrity of the cornea.
Corneal sequestration and keratitis appear to be unique to the cat. It occurs in all breeds of cats but may be more frequent in the Siamese, Persian, and Himalayan breeds. Initially, a very small dark area develops within the anterior stroma and under intact corneal epithelium (that stains with rose Bengel and occasionally very faintly with topical fluorescein). Eventually, the stromal spot becomes larger and either dark brown or black, and is not covered by epithelium. There is variable pain and a central to paracentral, brown to black opacity composed of necrotic stroma, vascularization, and surrounding inflammation. Spontaneous extrusion may occur, especially with superficial sequestra. Treatment consists of superficial keratectomy of the entire sequestrum, that, with deeper lesions, is covered with conjunctival grafts.
Corneal stromal abscesses in horses may be sequelae of healing corneal ulcers or defects and the trapping of bacteria or fungal organisms (or both) within the stroma after reepithelialization. Recently, fungi (both Candida and Aspergillus) have been demonstrated in horses' subepithelial cornea devoid of iridocyclitis, suggesting another mode of entry. A variable, white to yellow, stromal infiltrate is surrounded by an intense stromal keratitis and vascularization and a variable but sometimes intense anterior uveitis. At least seven to nine different species of fungi have been isolated in corneal ulcers and stromal abscesses in horses, but Aspergillus and Fusarium spp are the most frequent isolates. Treatment consists of intensive topical and occasional systemic antibiotics (and if indicated, antifungals), iridocycloplegics, NSAIDs, and often surgical removal of the abscess with conjunctival and tectonic corneal grafts.
Corneal dystrophies and degenerations occur frequently in dogs, infrequently in cats, and rarely in horses. Corneal dystrophies are bilateral and often thought inherited in dogs. The appearance of these two diseases may be divided into the following categories: 1) part of cornea affected (epithelium, stroma [anterior, middle, and deep], and endothelium), 2) area of the involved cornea (central, paracentral, and limbal), and 3) possible cause (primary/inherited or secondary). Corneal dystrophies may affect the epithelium and endothelium but appear clinically to involve the stroma most frequently. The corneal degenerations are secondary to other ocular disease or systemic conditions.
Corneal dystrophies affecting the epithelium are associated with recurrent corneal erosions in dogs. The defective corneal epithelium fails to normally adhere to its defective basement membrane and results in recurrent superficial erosions (more frequent in the Boxer breed) and prolonged healing.
The stromal dystrophies appear as white, irregular deposits within the different depths of the stroma and are sometimes labeled corneal lipidosis. Corneal dystrophies are most frequent in dogs, appear inherited in ~20 breeds, affect mostly the corneal stroma, and are usually bilateral. Of the breeds affected, the Siberian Husky corneal stromal dystrophy has been investigated in the greatest detail. Most often, the corneal opacities consist of triglycerides and both intracellular and extracellular cholesterol. Treatment is not usually necessary unless vision is impaired or the deposits become irritating. For these lipid deposits to be viewed histologically, the corneas must be processed as frozen sections and alcohol dehydration processing avoided.
The corneal endothelial dystrophies occur in dogs and rarely in cats (Manx breed). In dogs, it primarily affects older Boston Terriers, Chihuahuas, and Dachshunds.
Female Boston Terriers are affected more frequently than males (with a mean age of ~7.5 yr), and this breed's disease has both clinical and histopathology similarities to those of Fuch corneal endothelial dystrophy in people. With the dystrophic and degenerating endothelium, progressive but painless bilateral corneal edema develops starting centrally. With extensive and full-thickness corneal edema, corneal epithelial bullae may develop and are quite painful. Treatment of early cases before complete corneal involvement consists of topical hyperosmotics (2%–5% sodium chloride or 40% glucose) applied frequently and, for advanced cases, thermokeratoplasty (Salaras procedure) or full-thickness (penetrating) keratoplasty.
Corneal degenerations are often unilateral and usually secondary to ocular or systemic diseases. Deposits of triglycerides, cholesterol, and also calcium are present in corneal degenerations. Corneal degeneration may be associated with other ocular diseases, such as corneal ulcerations, phthisis bulbus, lagophthalmos, and prolonged NSAID therapy. If associated with hyperlipoproteinemias or hypercholesterolemia and high-fat diets, corneal degenerations can affect both eyes, and these deposits are usually associated with corneal vascularization. They also can be altered by significant changes in diet. Baby rabbits or puppies fed whole cow milk may develop extensive lipid deposits in the corneal stroma sufficient to impair vision. Treatment for most corneal degenerations is not usually necessary, unless related to dietary or systemic diseases.
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Where was that earthquake?
This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Reviewed Teaching Collection
This activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. The five categories included in the process are
- Scientific Accuracy
- Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments
- Pedagogic Effectiveness
- Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)
- Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page
For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This page first made public: Dec 12, 2013
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered:
How the activity is situated in the course:
National or State Education Standards addressed by this activity?:
Content/concepts goals for this activity:
- Explain how differences in travel times can be used to estimate distance traveled
- Locate a starting point on a map using paired arrival time data.
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity:
Other skills goals for this activity:
Description of the activity/assignment
Determining whether students have met the goals
- Give students another location in the same scenario, a different distance away.
- Change Polly and/or Sam's speeds and apply to the same scenario.
- Give students some data for another of the pairs of friends and ask them to locate this different house on the same map.
Download teaching materials and tips
- Activity Description/Assignment:Student handout for "Where was that Earthquake?" (Microsoft Word 139kB Oct1 11)
- Instructors Notes:Instructor Notes for "Where was that Earthquake?" (Microsoft Word 307kB Oct1 11)
- Solution Set: See Instructor Notes
Controlled Vocabulary Terms
Grade Level: College Lower (13-14), Introductory Level
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At the Innsbruck Medical University (IMU) in Austria, scientists hope to build better predictive models for human drug and chemical safety and to advance biomarker discovery to inform treatment protocols or find more useful targets for medical intervention.
These researchers, based in the lab of nephrology expert Dr. Paul Jennings, are studying how chemical and environmental stressors affect cultured human kidney cells. These organs are particularly vulnerable to damage from medications and other chemicals and can be compromised or shut down completely by such exposure. For example, each year some 5 percent of people who take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen will develop renal toxicity, with many requiring hospitalization.
With higher blood flow than the brain, liver, or heart, the kidneys are the main regulatory organ in the human body. As our acting garbage collectors, the kidneys remove the waste we create (such as urea, ammonia, and other toxic substances) and help regulate our absorption of essential elements like salt, electrolytes, water, and glucose.
“The kidney has a critical job in keeping us healthy,” says Dr. Lydia Aschauer, a scientist in the Jennings lab. “The more we understand how it processes different chemicals and compounds and how those things affect it, the better equipped we’ll be to treat and care for this vital organ.”
“The pathway analysis and transcription factor prediction tools have really helped us put our list of differentially expressed genes and proteins in a functional context and to identify transcriptional regulators of interest. This has sped the interpretation of our data and our capacity to delineate mechanisms of compound-induced cellular perturbations.”
Aschauer and her colleagues think that compound-induced cell stress and toxicity likely compromise normal kidney function as a consequence of cell dedifferentiation related to their response to toxins. To test this hypothesis, they have developed a maturation data set evaluating kidney function over time that they are comparing to nephrotoxin-induced molecular signatures. Their aim is to set a basis that supports the identification of novel biomarkers of stress, dysfunction, or functional impairment of the kidney’s proximal tubule. If all goes well, these tissue-specific biomarkers may allow a better classification of compounds and could improve the predictive value of in vitro nephrotoxicity test models.
Powering the lab’s research are molecular assays and state-of-the-art technologies that generate transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data. By integrating all this information together with high-value analysis tools, the IMU team is assembling a more global view of how nephrotoxins impact the mechanisms underlying kidney function and dysfunction.
To bring these seemly disparate data sets together, Aschauer and her colleagues have chosen QIAGEN’s IPA platform. IPA is an all-in-one, web-based software application that enables users to analyze, integrate, and understand data generated by many different technologies including microarrays and next generation sequencing, as well as other small-scale experiments that generate gene and chemical lists.
“A great advantage of IPA is that we can easily compare different data sets in a format that provides a high degree of interlinking,” Aschauer says. “For example, with transcription factor analyses, there are bioinformatic tools that are based on overrepresentation of conserved transcription binding sites. But for some transcription factors, these binding sites are not very specific or are not well characterized, making the analysis with other tools more difficult.” IPA is powered by the Ingenuity Knowledge Base, a repository of molecular interactions, regulatory events, signaling and metabolic pathways, and gene-to-phenotype associations that provide the building blocks for pathway construction. IPA contains millions of findings from the full text of the life sciences literature that describe relationships between chemicals, proteins, genes, cells, drugs, and clinical phenotypes, among others. IPA also has extensive libraries of metabolic and cell signaling pathways, a robust synonym library, and extensive contextual details, including species specificity, localization, mutations, epigenetic modifications, and experimental conditions. The structured, detailed content in the Ingenuity Knowledge Base enables researchers using IPA to analyze and interpret combined ‘omics data, visualize metabolite and gene interactions, and place data in a proper biological and chemical context.
“Most recently, we’ve been working on the characterization of in vitro maturation and differentiation processes of the renal epithelial monolayer. For example, we’ve used transcriptomics to elaborate molecular signatures of the maturation process,” Aschauer says. “This analysis included transcription factor prediction analysis from IPA in order to unravel the transcription factors that regulate this process. In addition, we measured the activity of a subset of these transcription factors in order to verify the predicted activity.”
Prior to using IPA, Aschauer and her colleagues used free pathway enrichment tools such as PANTHER or DAVID, but they found that these tools did not have the highly integrative, complex functions of IPA — nor could they manage the larger number of genes under review in many projects. To gain a more integrated view of their transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, the IMU scientists have utilized IPA’s pathway analysis and transcription factor prediction tools to find significantly perturbed pathways, novel biomarkers, and metabolic regulators.
“The pathway analysis and transcription factor prediction tools have really helped us put our list of differentially expressed genes and proteins in a functional context and to identify transcriptional regulators of interest,” Aschauer says. “This has sped the interpretation of our data and our capacity to delineate mechanisms of compound”
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<urn:uuid:f3fbd9e5-18a9-49a2-a37b-287da7d28189>
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http://wptest.ingenuity.com/science/featured-researchers/biomarkers-nephrotoxicity-putting-data-functional-context
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Cystitis means bladder inflammation. Bladder stores urine before we empty it via urethra, the urinary passage. Inflamed bladder (like a cold) is irritable, making you pass urine very frequently and with pain in lower part of the tummy. There is severe burning when you pass urine. You have to rush to pass urine, (urgency). There may be some blood in urine in severe infections, especially at the end.
Commonest cause is bacterial infection. Not uncommon cause is tuberculosis in our country or schistosomiasis in countries like Egypt. Some times stones or other local problems may cause infection. In some young women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger it (Honeymoon cystitis).
As long as the stone is not blocking the flow of urine, you are fine, but since the tube draining each kidney ( the ureter ) is very small (inner diameter 2-3 mm at some points ) once it gets ’jammed’ , it causes urine to dam up in the kidney, leading to severe back pain. The ureter tries valiantly to clear the block by squeezing its muscles, and this leads to severe pain, called ‘colic’.
Generally, first infection, in a woman, is symptomatically treated with a short course of antibiotic. It is necessary to do urine (R+M) Routine examination for sugar, albumin and microscopy for pus cells and Red cells-RBCs- as well as culture sensitivity test (urine C/S) to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection. If infections are frequent and severe, it becomes necessary to try and identify any underlying factors. Apart from Blood Sugar to rule out Diabetes, Ultrasound scan KUB region (Kidney, Ureters , Bladder) is one important test which is painless, and can provide information about ‘left over urine’, stones, dilatation, and other anomalies. Urine culture test for TB (Tuberculosis), specialized X-ray test like MCU (Micturating-Cysto-Urethrogram) and finally, examination of the bladder (cystoscopy) may be required in certain cases to find underlying problems.
Some people are more prone to getting cystitis than others. Certain precautions help :
Plenty of liquids help to ‘wash out’ the bacteria. Water is the best liquid, as long as it is clean and potable. Soft or hard (i.e. Bore-well water) does not matter.
Avoid Constipation. Take green vegetables, salads and fruits (if not diabetic), in plenty.
Regular physical exercise improves circulation and general immunity. Take help of qualified physical instructors if in doubt.
Empty the bladder regularly, once in 3-4 hours is recommended. Especially, getting up in the middle of night, passing urine and drinking a glass of water before going back to bed, is a must if you keep getting lot of infections.
‘Front to back’ action for ablution, after passing motion, rather than using ‘back to front’ action which is more instinctive and easy. The logic is, since most of infections come from our own body and anal region is prime source, the action should be from relatively cleaner area, to dirtier region and not vice versa.
Pass urine immediately after sex. This is to flush out the germs which might attack when there is some lowering of normal defence.
Do not use Tampoons. Pads are preferable if one is prone to infections
No douche/ ‘cleaning’ the vagina using antiseptics/lotions like V wash etc. to be used. Natural fluid secretions of vagina has inherent antibacterial action.
Yes, provided approved earlier by the urologist. Even then, before taking antibiotic, collect a Clean Catch Mid Stream Urine sample for R+M and C/S tests -in a sterile container (obtained earlier from The lab with cellophane wrapper intact) and submit to the lab, if lab is open or store in the fridge(Not Freezer)in a plastic bag overnight and submit next working morning. Insist on test being done on that overnight specimen, collected before antibiotic and stored at 4˚C, rather than giving a ‘fresh’ sample, which will be post antibiotic, and hence of not much use.
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The Sierra Club filed a lawsuit Tuesday alleging three energy companies increased the risk of a damaging earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas by using hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and disposing fracking wastewater underground.
“These quakes have toppled historic towers, caused parts of houses to fall and injure people, cracked basements and shattered nerves,” state the court filings. “As shown on Figure 1 attached to this complaint, the number of earthquakes in Oklahoma has increased more than 300 fold, from a maximum of 167 before 2009 to 5,838 in 2015.”
The Sierra Club’s legal filing states that it wants a judge to reduce the amount of fracking in both states and force energy companies to pay for “reinforce[ment of] vulnerable structures that current forecasts indicate could be impacted by large magnitude earthquakes during the interim period.”
The Sierra Club doesn’t state that the increase in earthquakes is tied to fracking or wastewater disposal. In fact, the amount of fracking in both states has been greatly reduced over the past year due to low energy prices. The lawsuit closely follows a moderately strong Saturday earthquake in Oklahoma.
However, the scientific consensus has long been that fracking doesn’t cause damaging earthquakes.
“Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as ‘fracking’, does not appear to be linked to the increased rate of magnitude 3 and larger earthquakes” states the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Earthquakes are measured on a logarithmic scale, and the difference between whole numbers on the scale is huge. A 9.0 quake can devastate a country, while a 3.0 quake generally cannot be felt except under extremely specific and very rare conditions. An earthquake that measures 3.0 on the Richter scale releases 31 times the energy of a 2.0 quake and has a shaking amplitude 10 times smaller than that of a 3.0 quake.
The kind of earthquakes that fracking might cause are orders of magnitude weaker than the kinds of quakes which could do the damages alleged by The Sierra Club. Fracking earthquake myths from environmentalists are so widespread that USGS actually maintains a “Myths and Misconceptions” section of its website to debunk them.
The USGS does list wastewater disposal as a “contributing factor” to moderate Oklahoma earthquakes. However, these kinds are quakes are generally to weak to do any damage and orders of magnitude weaker than a serious earthquake. Additionally, less than 1 percent of wastewater injection wells are linked to earthquakes of any kind.
Despite this, fracking companies have begun purifying the water used in fracking so it can be reused or discharged to assuage fears.
The Sierra Club has a long history of being opposing the scientific consensus about fracking. The group’s website claims that “fracking has contaminated the drinking water of hundreds of thousands of Americans” despite contradictory research done by regulatory bodies, academics and even the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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Over the years I have discovered quite a few basic, graphite pencil techniques I like to share with my students. I decided to post some of what I teach my kids.
There are a lot of drawing techniques I require of my students. I believe there is more than one way to draw but I also believe there are some basic tricks that can help improve any dry medium drawing.
I hate for my students to smear with their fingers and only use tortillions sparingly. I like drawings to include lots of microscopic details and I want my student artists to understand how to get the biggest bang for the buck out of their different pencils.
One of the tricks I love is making deliberate indentions/scratches into a drawing to create tiny, white details. My second year students warm up with observation drawings of lace-up shoes and this technique works great to create tiny, white stitches in dark shoes.
Most folks have had this accident happen especially in a sketchbook. You draw or write across a page not aware that your marks may be leaving indentions and marks on the next page. When you start the next page you discover you have scratches from the previous drawing that appear like a secret code in your new drawing.....disaster!!!
I save old pieces of cardboard from sketchpads and packing and encourage students to use them as a buffer, sandwiched between the sketchbook pages they are working on the blank pages behind them.
To create deliberate indentions/scratches like the tiny, white stitches, I lay a piece of typing paper or tracing paper over a drawing after I've created the contours and before I start to shade (be sure you can still see the drawing underneath). Then with a pointed tool, a stylus,or a mechanical pencil point with the lead pushed back inside - scratch into the page. Be careful not cut through the paper.
Another fabulous trick is to use rubbing plates or rough surfaces to make impressive textures in your drawings, This is a fabulous shortcut to create textures and patterns. I've had students quickly create the look of burlap or denim just by starting with a rubbing of those actual fabrics. I've also invested in a variety of commercial rubbing plates. This trick works best with a soft lead.
Always practice a rubbing on a scrap paper before you apply it to a nice drawing. I often have my students work more marks over their rubbing to establish realistic cast shadows and highlights.
Here is a copy of my handout of "Pencil Points," Please feel free to copy and use it in your classroom or studio.
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<urn:uuid:7035f041-7df6-4bb0-9a1c-8d4798652393>
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Many young adults can't wait to leave their parents' homes. But once they move out, they find that their independence involves many new responsibilities and stresses, as well as freedoms. And for some young people, this period of transition has a cruel twist as it may coincide with the emergence of a mental illness.
The first episodes of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder tend to appear in the late teens and early 20s. Researchers suspect that people are predisposed to develop these conditions from birth or childhood, but don't exhibit symptoms until they hit a particular phase of development and/or certain stressors.
Below, Dr. Karen Hochman, an assistant professor in the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia, explains how young adults, and their parents, can recognize these mental illnesses early on, so that treatment can get underway.
What mental illnesses tend to develop in the late teens or 20s?
Schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder can develop in early adulthood. The onset of schizophrenia is typically in the late teens, early 20s. Men will usually develop schizophrenia between the ages of 18 and 25. Women tend to develop it about five years later. Bipolar disorder usually begins in early adulthood, although there are some children and adolescents who develop it. And there is an increase in the incidence of major depressive disorder after the age when puberty is reached.
Why do these illnesses tend to emerge at this time?
It's not well understood. "We think that certain people have a higher biological risk of developing these disorders," says Hochman. Risk factors may include a family history, prenatal illnesses, obstetrical incidents or head injuries in early childhood. It is not yet known how genes, the environment and brain development interact to trigger the disorder in young people. However, people tend not to develop symptoms until they reach the teen years.
"We think hormones might play a role," says Hochman. "For example, there are studies that are looking at whether or not there is an association between increasing levels of estrogen in girls, and increasing levels of testosterone in boys, with symptom progression in adolescents who are already experiencing adjustment problems".
Can stress trigger the first episode?
In many cases, there are stressors that precipitate the onset of mental illness in people who are predisposed to it. However, stressors are not thought to be the actual cause of the illnesses. For example, sometimes people will report to their doctor that the onset of their first episode followed a stressor, such as the death of a loved one or the loss of a job, or even positive events, like getting married or getting a promotion.
There are many stresses associated with young adulthood that might serve as a trigger, such as going to college, living away from home and taking responsibility for oneself.
Can drug and alcohol abuse trigger an episode?
Absolutely. Hallucinogenic drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, frequently trigger or exacerbate psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Some people with psychiatric illnesses try to cope with their symptoms by using substances like alcohol, marijuana and cocaine. However, they tend to have more problems. They are less likely to take medication properly and their symptoms are harder to control. Also they might need to be hospitalized more often and are at greater risk of becoming violent. The person might feel better when they are high or intoxicated, but it tends to cause many more problems in the long run.
How is schizophrenia recognized in young adults?
"What we look for is people losing their ability to function," Hochman says. If, for example, an adolescent was previously doing very well in school and socially, and then he or she regresses, that is concerning. So doctors look for a marked change in social or family functioning or their ability to get good grades or do well at work.
Early symptoms may include experiencing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, because certain pathways in their brains are being activated when they shouldn't be. Another worrisome quality is suspiciousness or paranoia. Also, young people might have difficulty expressing themselves verbally, when they didn't previously have trouble organizing their thoughts. Other early problems may include sleep difficulties and anxiety or depressed mood that is not severe enough to meet criteria for a major depressive episode.
There are a couple of ways that schizophrenia can develop. Schizophrenia is a lot easier to recognize when there is a very sudden onset. When, one day, they're doing fine, the next day, they're hallucinating and paranoid, then you know there's something wrong. But schizophrenia can also develop insidiously and slowly.
What are the early signs of bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder includes manic episodes and major depressive episodes. Mania is a mood state that is characterized by a dramatic change for at least a one-week period where they tend to be either euphoric or irritable or angry beyond what the situation would normally cause. Other symptoms include a decreased need for sleep, and an increased energy level. They also have an increase in risky behavior, such as excessive shopping or gambling, or being sexually promiscuous.
A depressive episode involves a change in one's mood to sadness or irritability that lasts for at least two weeks and includes changes in sleep and appetite, and low energy.
There can be psychotic symptoms along with a manic or depressive episode. If someone, for example, were to hear voices during the manic episodes, the voices would tell them that they are wonderful and fabulous. By contrast, with a depression, the psychotic features are very negative about the self, others and the world.
What are signs of major depression?
People with major depression will often lose interest in activities they once took pleasure in. Other symptoms are feelings of worthlessness or excessive and inappropriate guilt, difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Major depression lasts for at least two weeks.
Are young people likely to have just a single episode?
About 50 percent of people with major depression will have just a single episode. But the more episodes you've had, the more likely this will be a recurring pattern.
With bipolar disorder, there can be a good prognosis with treatment. However, people are more likely to have many recurring episodes if they don't follow to their medication regimen.
Schizophrenia tends to be an illness that, by its definition, is accompanied by at least six months of symptoms and is also accompanied by a loss of functioning. If people are treated, however, they can go on to live very productive lives.
Are people usually hospitalized during their first episodes?
Usually, with a first episode of psychosis associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, people need to be hospitalized for diagnostic and safety reasons.
In some cases, people with bipolar disorder or major depression need to be hospitalized because they might be having suicidal thoughts or are simply not able to function. People are often hospitalized for mania in order to receive treatment and, in some cases, to protect them from danger.
How can parents stay on top of their young-adult children's mental health?
It's important for parents to keep in touch with kids when they go away to college. Keep the dialogue going and let them know that you understand that it's a difficult time.
Parents should also be aware if there is a family history of depression or bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. "I think it's important for parents to talk with their kids and let them know when there's a family history," says Hochman. Parents should be knowledgeable about the fact that mental illness often begins in early adulthood and that the best thing to do is to recognize it. The earlier you recognize a disorder and get treatment, the less likely it is to get severe enough to require a hospitalization or withdrawal from college courses.
What should people do if they suspect a young adult might have a mental illness?
A parent or roommate who suspects that a young person may have signs of a mental illness should tell the person involved that they are concerned about them and explain why in a non-judgmental and empathic manner. It is important to convey concern and to seek the person's feedback. In addition, young people need to know that assistance is available and can be very effective. In non-urgent situations, the young person should be encouraged to seek an evaluation with their doctor. If the student has health insurance, they can contact their insurance company regarding which behavioral health providers are covered and how to get an appointment. If the student already sees a mental health clinician, they should be encouraged to speak about their recent concerns and then follow the recommendations of their provider.
However, when you suspect there is risk to the young adult or others, an urgent evaluation should be sought at the nearest emergency department.
Why is it hard for young adults to recognize these changes in themselves?
Psychotic disorders, which are disorders that affect your ability to recognize reality, are a hard thing to recognize in yourself. "It's something that none of us are prepared for," says Hochman. "And when it happens, it's hard to believe that you have a disorder, because the experiences, feelings or hallucinations that you have are very real experiences." It's just that they are not based on what is happening in the environment.
What is your advice to young adults concerned about their mental health?
It's important for young people to recognize what mental illness is and that it's treatable. It is also important that they do not delay treatment because of stigma or the belief that that having a mental illness means that there's something inherently bad or wrong about you.
If you think that you are becoming depressed, you are experiencing anxiety, you feel like you are hearing voices or you feel like your ability to function isn't what it used to be, seek help, support and encouragement.
If an adolescent or young adult has already been diagnosed with a mental illness, it's important for them to make sure that they are in regular contact with a mental health provider. Once one has a diagnosis, one should become an expert in the condition and the available treatments. Avoid substance abuse and ask lots of questions.
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posted on February 27, 2017
A study published this month in the BMJ (formerly the British Medical Journal) showed that taking vitamin D supplements can reduce the risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections. The greatest benefits were seen in individuals who are very deficient in vitamin D and in those taking daily or weekly supplements.
While the BMJ article notes that there is some benefit to vitamin D supplementation, the benefits are limited according to David Mannino, MD, Chair of the Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health at the University of Kentucky's College of Publich Health and Chief Scientific Officer of the COPD Foundation. "We get a lot of questions on this. There is not a huge downside to Vitamin D, but probably not a huge benefit. At best this study showed a 10% reduction in exacerbations, which is about 1 every 10 years for the average patient". Before consider taking vitamin D supplements, Dr. Mannino reminds patients, "As usual, check with your doctor to be sure there are no reasons not to be supplementing".
See the original research in the BMJ here: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ
. 15 February 2017. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6583
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This unidentifed protector of the faith or dharmapala has five heads with three eyes, flaming hair, six hands and three legs resting on what looks like two skulls and a skull cup. He is adorned with wrathful ornaments (skull crown, garland of freshly severed heads, tiger skin, snakes) and carries ritual implements such as a thunderbolt and bell, a chopper and (a missing) skull cup, and two unidentified objects which could be human hearts. The single-lotus base is typical of Tibet.
This more modern one has nine heads, each with three eyes and a skull at the centre and the upper three topped with a half-vajra finial, 16 arms holding ritual implements (bell, drums. shell) and severed heads, the upper ones holding stretched human hides, and three legs resting on three skulls. There is a human head hanging upside down around his waist and there is a skull on each of his knees. The base, with a human hide and an animal hide instead of lotuses, is not of Tibetan origin, it is an imitation of 6th to 7th century Indian bases used with other wrathful deities.
This one has four heads with three eyes, flaming hair, 8 arms, three legs standing on three skulls. He is adorned with snakes, skull crowns and a garland of freshly severed heads, and carries various ritual objects such as a lasso, two rosaries, and maybe two skull cups. There is a knot of eternity on the arch behind him above his right shoulder. The single-lotus base design corresponds to 18th century circa Tibetan works.
The Tangut or Tanghut were people of mixed ethnical origins, including Tibetans, with a common language and culture.
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A very tasty sole, great for baking and frying. This is not a targeted species and is caught as bi catch with rock fish and other bottom fish. Rock fish live a long time and don’t reproduce often enough so the sustainability of this fish is in question and we are doing more research on the species.
For your convenience we have included the following information from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
The Petrale sole, Eopsetta jordani, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy bottoms, usually in deep water, down to depths of about 550 metres (1,800 ft). Males can grow to 53 centimetres (21 in) in length, females to 70 centimetres (28 in), and they can weigh up to 3.7 kilograms (8.2 lb). Its native habitat is the Eastern Pacific, stretching from the coast of Baja California in the south to the Aleutian Islands in the Bering Sea in the north.
Petrale sole is a right-eyed flounder with an oval body. Its upper surface is uniformly light to dark brown, and its lower surface is white, sometimes with pink traces. It has a large mouth with two rows of small, arrow-shaped teeth on the upper jaw and one row of teeth on the lower jaw.
Juvenile petrale sole feed on cumaceans, carideans and amphipods, whilst adults will eat shrimps, crabs, epibenthos organisms and other fish, such as herring, hake, anchovy, pollock and other flatfish.
The Petrale sole is an important commercial fish, and has been fished off Oregon since at least 1884. One fishery exists, off the west coast of the United States. Although Petrale sole are native to Alaska and are caught there and in other fisheries, no other designated Petrale sole fishery exists.
Between 1995 and 2004 the coastwide catch of Petrale sole ranged from 1,616 to 2,377 tonnes. The Pacific Fishery Management Council has established Acceptable Biological Catch limits for the annual harvests of petrale sole in the waters off the US west coast; from 1995 to 2000 the coastwide total annual catch did not exceed the catch limit, but from 2001 the catch in the Northern assessment area has exceeded the portion of the catch limit attributed to that area.
The estimated biomass of petrale sole in the northern segment of the fishery reached a historical low of 1,267 tonnes in 1992, but has increased steadily since then to 4,960 tonnes in 2005. The southern segment reached a historical low of 1,012 tonnes in 1986, and, after remaining stable for ten years, by 2005 it had increased to 4,667 tonnes. Petrale sole was declared overfished in 2009.
- "Eopsetta jordani". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
- Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly (15 January 2009). "Petrale sole". Fishbase. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- Lai, Haltuch, Punt, Cope (September 2005). "Stock Assessment of Petrale Sole: 2004" (PDF). US National Marine Fisheries Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-15. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Washington - Oregon - California Petrale Sole - northern Stock". FishSource. Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- "Petrale Sole (Eopsetta jordani)". FishWatch. National Marine Fisheries Service. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
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In every facet of life there is a process of innovation going on.
In business in particular the process of innovation is your potential opportunity to gain some marginal advantage over other sellers. That advantage may for a short time produce super-profits. Innovations tend to be dependent on new knowledge.
Producing art that's unique and original, is a sure way to distinguish yourself. But being unique is a necessary but not sufficient distinction to make the work saleable. Innovation always carries some element of risk, failure is highly likely. But there is a strong upside even to failure, you learn unique lessons that give you a strategic advantage for making new innovative attempts.
Innovation is always driven by a champion, someone who sees what needs to be achieved clearly enough to become an advocate for that. But most modern innovations are the product of many people working as a team and using several different forms of specialist knowledge. Most modern innovations are new services rather than new industrial products.
The "problematique" suggests why modern innovations are likely to be complex. An engine for instance must be powerful, durable, easy to maintain, and fuel efficient; but also capable of running on "green fuels" and low cost, and recyclable.
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“Churchill & Orwell: The Fight For Freedom”
By Thomas E. Ricks
326 pages, $28
Never having met wasn’t necessary for these two. It was their joint dedication to individual freedom – the weld-spot of conscience – that held the West together in the face of Hitler and Mussolini’s totalitarianism. Pulitzer Prize Historian Thomas E. Ricks’ new book “Churchill & Orwell, The Fight For Freedom,” concentrates on Churchill and Orwell’s views, and how they contributed in their own ingenious ways in the 1930s and war years of the 1940s.
Ricks tells us that the two men couldn’t have been more different. Churchill was 28 years older, more robust, outliving Orwell by fifteen years. He was a loud and persistent presence, participating, speechifying and then writing about events. As one member of a British cabinet grumbled, “Debating him was like arguing with a brass band.” The philosopher Isaiah Berlin observed that Churchill “saw life as a pageant, with himself leading the parade.” On the day England entered World War II, Churchill wrote, "It is a war, viewed in its inherent quality, to establish, on impregnable rocks, the rights of the individual, and it is a war to establish and revive the stature of man.”
Less grandly, Orwell wrote two years later that we “live in an age in which the autonomous individual is ceasing to exist.”
Orwell’s greater works, “Animal Farm” and “1984,” which recognized the dangers of authoritarian rule, were still to come and remain popular today as authoritarian governments again threaten a number of countries with misrule. Clearly, Ricks writes, Churchill and Orwell were kindred spirits. “In their key overlapping years in the middle of the century, the two men grappled with the same great questions – Hitler and fascism, Stalin and communism, America and its pre-emption of Britain.”
They did this with the same qualities and tools, our author writes: their intellects, their confidence in their own judgments, even when those judgments were rebuked by most of their contemporaries, and their extraordinary skill with words. These activities of both men were all to a point: preserving freedom of thought, speech and association.
Michael D. Langan is a Buffalo News book reviewer.
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Be sure that you have an application to open
this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.
222 KB|21 pages
This ppt introduces the concept of elapsed time. It is taught using a time line. Students are provided with several examples and taken step by step through each problem. Great resources for scaffolding.
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THE INVADERS -
Ø ANGLES AND SAXONS (AD 410)
Ø VIKINGS (AD 793)
The Romans had been troubled by serious barbarian raids since around AD 360. Picts (northern Celts) from Scotland, Scots from Ireland (until AD1400 the word 'Scot' meant an Irishman) and Saxons from Germany, all came to plunder the accumulated wealth of Roman Britain. The Roman legions began to withdraw from Britain in AD383 to secure the Empire's borders elsewhere in mainland Europe. By AD410 all Roman troops had been withdrawn, leaving the cities of Britain and the remaining Romano-British to fend for themselves.
As the Romans departed, so did the source of any major written historical data. For the rest of the fifth century and early sixth century, England entered what is now referred to as a period of time known as the Dark Ages.
A time of legend, a time perhaps of a great hero and war leader of the Britain's - King Arthur. Possibly a Romano-Celtic leader defending his lands from the pagan Anglo-Saxon invaders? It was during these Dark Ages that the Anglo-Saxons became established in eastern Britain.
The Romans had employed the mercenary services of the Saxons for hundreds of years, preferring to fight alongside them rather than against these fierce warriors. An arrangement, which probably worked well with the Roman military in place to control their numbers, using their mercenary services on an as required basis. Without the Romans in place at the ports of entry to issue visas and stamp passports however, immigration numbers appear to have got a little out of hand.
First Saxon warriors raided England's south and east coasts. Little mercy was shown as men, women and children were slaughtered. A British monk Adomnan, suggested a Law of Innocents to protect the women and children. The Saxons appear to have rejected this strange and foreign concept! Following these early Saxon raids, from around AD430 a host of Germanic migrants arrived in east and southeast England. The main groups being Jutes from the Jutland peninsula (modern Denmark); Angles from Angeln in southwest Jutland and the Saxons from northwest Germany. Much fun and fighting followed over the next hundred years or so as the invading kings and their armies established their kingdoms. Most of these kingdoms survive to this day, and are perhaps better know as the English counties; Kent (Jutes), Sussex (south Saxons), Wessex (west Saxons), Middlesex (middle Saxons), East Anglia (east Angles)
The mighty Midlands kingdom of Mercia (west Angles) grew in importance with its warlike King Offa (757-96), established as Bretwalda, or "Britain Ruler" (King of Kings)! On the subject of King of Kings, Christianity also returned to the shores of southern England with the arrival of Saint Augustine in Kent in AD597. The Kentish King Ethelbert was converted to the faith. The church and monastery of Lindisfarne, off the Northumbrian coast, was established in AD635.
From AD793 a new prayer could be heard at Matins across England, "Save us, Lord, from the fury of the Northmen!" The Northmen, or Vikings came from Scandinavia. Like the Saxons before them, the Viking onslaught first started with a few bloody raids. The first recorded raids include the sacking of the monasteries at Lindifarne, Jarrow, and Iona. A Micel Here (Great Army) of Heathen Danes landed in East Anglia in AD865. Within nine years the Vikings had attacked and established their rule, or Danelaw, over the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia, their former Anglo-Saxon kings having been put to the sword. The Vikings also ravaged the once mighty East Mercia, driving King Burgred overseas.
Alfred (The Great) the Saxon king of Wessex (AD 871-99) recognised the opportunity to establish himself as Bretwalda. He added southeast Mercia as well as London and the Thames Valley to his territories and organised Anglo-Saxon resistance to the Viking onslaught. Between AD 912 and AD 954 Anglo-Saxon Wessex conquered Danelaw and the Viking Kingdom of York, exit one Mr Eric Bloodaxe, the last Viking king of York. For the first time, the England of both Vikings and Saxons was united as a country, under the rule of Athelson, grandson of Alfred.
The good times ended with arrival on the throne of Aethelred the Unready. The Vikings had recognised some years earlier that whilst they enjoyed all of that looting and pillaging, just the threat of it was, in most instances, sufficient to extort money from their prey. This protection money, or Danegeld as it was called, was obviously much easier to obtain from a frightened weak king than from a strong one. Aethelred must have been very frightened, as more Saxon coinage has to date been found in Scandanavia than has been found in England. The country was bled dry. Smelling weakness from the other side of the North Sea, an army of King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark conquered England in 1009. Anticipating that he may have upset Sweyn a little, by having Sweyn's sister killed a few year's earlier, Aethelred fled abroad.
Sweyn, was followed by his son Canute, and subsequently his son Harthcanute - The Three Danish Kings of England.
When Harthcanute died in 1042, Edward (later known as The Confessor) was chosen as king. Edward was a Saxon - his real father was Aethelred the Unready.
As established previously, anything to do with Aethelred was generally considered 'bad news' for England. Edward's mother was from Normandy in northern France. The area had been gifted to the Nor(th)men or Vikings by the king of France, some 150 years earlier. Edward had spent much of his youth in Normandy, and Norman influence was evident in his London court.
Amongst many Norman visitors to Edwards's court came the Duke of Normandy himself, a red haired man named William. It was during this visit in 1052 that Edward the Confessor is said to have promised the Crown of England to William.
On the 5th January 1066 Edward died. The Witan (a council of high ranking men), elected Harold Godwin, Earl of Wessex, to be the next king of England. Back at home in Normandy, William had some problems in coming to terms with this decision…
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Calories in Fruit
In addition to calories, you will also find carbohydrate values.
The link to the vegetables chart awaits you at the bottom of this page.
These charts give the number of calories and carbohydrates in fresh fruit.
It's best to avoid sweetened, canned, or dried fruit.
Most dried fruit has sugar added during processing.
Dried fruits are not part of a weight loss diet.
Even berries such as blueberries and cranberries often have added sugar when bought as dried.
The calorie counts are then approximately the same as dried raisins.
If you shop around, it is possible to buy sugar-free dried fruit.
These charts can be helpful for maintaining weight loss as well as losing weight initially.
If you are able to afford it, organic fruit is the better choice.
The above chart gives you both the calories and carbohydrates in fruit. Please remember that what is critical is carbohydrates -- rather than calories. If you really restrict carbohydrates and eat plenty of protein and fat from natural sources, it's unlikely that you will need to worry about calories at all.
Because Mother Nature designed our bodies to flourish on clean water and natural sources of proteins and fats, they often don't handle carbohydrates well. So it's generally best to limit consumption of all fruit, even including fruits such as berries that are often highly nutritious.
For this reason, since fruits are often very high in carbohydrates, it's usually better to focus more on leafy green "vegetables" rather than "fruits and vegetables." In many ways, although sometimes prompted with the best of intentions, government programs that have pushed the "fruits and vegetables" dogma have been counter-productive.
In other words, what really matter is not the calories in fruit but the carbohydrates in fruit.
Web pages to help you further
Now that you have the carbohydrate and calorie counts for fruit, see the following pages of our website to help you further:
Calories in Vegetables
Calories in VegetablesAlternatively, use the link at the bottom of this page to return to CALORIES PER DAY, which is the first page in the calories section of our website
Recommended books for this page
Here are reading suggestions about eating well.
These books are available at Amazon.com (for the USA) and Amazon.co.uk (for the UK).
Useful external article
Even when counting calories you don't need to give up all fruit. Fruits and vegetables are loaded with phytonutrients and fiber. Low calorie fruits, preferably organic, are a good choice for health. Below is a useful Stanford School of Medicine article about using fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer.
If you now looking for more, you can search this website or the whole web.
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If you’re applying for positions in finance and accounting, then at some point you’re going to be faced with psychometric tests.
Numerical Reasoning Tests
Numerical reasoning tests examine your ability to work with numbers and to analyse data.
The term “numerical reasoning” is broad, but generally refers to tests which look to assess more than just basic arithmetic. Numerical reasoning tests tend to consist of word problems and graph/table questions:
In word problems the question is presented as a text, without the use of graphs or charts. For example, “Helen buys four cartons of milk at £2.50 each. David buys a loaf of bread for twice as much as one of Sally’s cartons. How much did they spend together?”
When tackling word problems you need to: understand what information you are being asked to provide; decide how you will arrive at the answer (for example, will you set up an equation?); and then find the numbers that you’ll need to use. Word problems require careful reading and understanding of, often deliberately, convoluted texts before doing any maths.
Numerical Reasoning Charts: Graph and Table Questions
The standard format in this type of question is to present test-takers with information in the form of tables or graphs, and ask questions based on this information. You might, for example, be shown a sales chart and asked to calculate some common financial information – profit margins, predictions of growth, gross profits, percentage increases/decreases etc. You might be shown the nutritional information for a chocolate bar and asked to work out how many grams a person would need to eat to arrive at his recommended daily calcium intake. The actual information that is displayed in the graph isn’t really relevant; what’s important is your ability to work comfortably with different types of graphs and tables, and to have a firm grip on how to extract and analyse information from them. Try JobTestPrep’s numerical reasoning practice packs, which include comprehensive tips and test strategy guides.
What were the sea delivery costs for large family cars in 2002?
How to Pass Numerical Tests
Our advice? Practice, practice, practice. Becoming familiar with the different types of questions and different test formats will allow you to remain relaxed and confident when taking the real thing. JobTestPrep is the only test-preparation company that has practice packs tailored per company/position, and can provide applicants information with exactly which tests they need to practice in order to prepare for specific job applications.
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Ground-Based Observation of Near-Earth Asteroids
Michael J. Gaffey
An increased ground-based observation program is an essential component of any serious attempt to assess the resource potential of the near-Earth asteroids. A vigorous search and characterization program could lead to the discovery and description of about 400 to 500 near-Earth asteroids in the next 20 years. This program, in conjunction with meteorite studies, would provide the data base to ensure that the results of a small number of asteroid-rendezvous and sample- return missions could be extrapolated with confidence into a "geological base map" of the Aten, Apollo, and Amor* asteroids. Ground-based spectral studies of nearly 30 members of the Aten/Apolio/Amor population provide good evidence that this class includes bodies composed of silicates, metal-silicates, and carbonaceous assemblages similar to those found in meteorites. It is probable that the full range of known meteoritic materials (if not an even greater diversity) is represented in the near-Earth population. These include water- and carbon-bearing C1 and C2 types and metal-silicate bodies that are 5- to 50-percent metal. Among the relatively few known members of this large near-Earth population are objects in orbits that require less (sometimes much less) energy to reach from low Earth orbit (LEO) than the lunar surface requires. Their orbits are similar to the orbit of the Earth, though many are inclined to it. And, because they are much smaller than the Moon, they have little gravitational attraction. Thus, only a small amount of propulsive energy is required to approach or leave those whose orbits are both close and in nearly the same plane. Using current propulsion technologies, the vast majority of near-Earth asteroids are practically inaccessible. However, if there are as many near-Earth asteroids as we think there are, many more seem likely to be found that are in favorable orbits.
* The Aten asteroids are those whose orbits lie mostly within the Earth's orbit; that is, between Earth and Venus: The Apollo asteroids have orbits that cross the Earth's orbit. The Amor asteroids approach Earth on the Mars side but do not cross the Earth's orbit. These definitions were supplied by Lucy-Ann McFadden, David J. Tholen, and Glenn J. Veeder in their chapter "Physical Properties of Aten, Apollo and Amor Asteroids" in the 1989 book Asteroids II, ed. Richard P. Binzel, Tom Gehrels, and Mildred S. Matthews (Tucson: University of Arizona Press).Next
Table of Contents
WebWork: Al Globus, Bryan Yager, and Tugrul Sezen
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Mental health is “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.”
POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH EQUALS POSITIVE SCHOOL OUTCOMES
There’s emerging evidence that positive mental health is associated with improved overall health outcomes, and that social-emotional and behavioral health in young children is an important component of school readiness.
But research also shows that mental illnesses and disorders — especially depressive disorders — are strongly related to the occurrence, successful treatment and course of many chronic diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and obesity and many risk behaviors for chronic disease like physical inactivity, smoking, excessive drinking and insufficient sleep.
In the medical and public-health arenas, more emphasis and resources have been devoted to screening, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness than mental health. Little has been done to protect the mental health of those free of mental illness. We need to do more to help people of all ages strengthen their mental health.
KEY INDICATORS OF CHILDREN’S MENTAL HEALTH
Researchers point to indicators of mental health, representing three domains:
- Emotional well-being such as perceived life satisfaction, happiness, cheerfulness, peacefulness.
- Psychological well-being including self-acceptance, personal growth, openness to new experiences, optimism, hopefulness, purpose in life, control of one’s environment, spirituality, self-direction, and positive relationships.
- Social well-being such as social acceptance, beliefs in the potential of people and society as a whole, personal self-worth, usefulness to society and a sense of community.
Our children need to realize that the world is a better place because they are in it. Understanding the importance of personal contribution can serve as a source of purpose and motivation.
And the U.S. Surgeon General’s Office notes that there are social determinants of mental health – just like there are social determinants of medical health — that need to be in place: adequate housing, safe neighborhoods, equitable jobs and wages, quality education, and equity in access to quality health care.
ADVOCACY MATTERS FOR MENTAL HEALTH
Our more than 800,000 California PTA members are dedicated to expanding mental-health supports and services for our kids. Get the latest mental-health news through our email alerts, and stay in touch your local PTA for the latest information on mental-health services and supports at your school.
- The Importance of Prevention and Wellness
- National Alliance on Mental Illness
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Child Mind Institute
- Mental-Health Basics
- The Burden of Mental Illness
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Mesenteric angiography is a test used took look at the blood vessels that supply the small and large intestines.
Angiography is an imaging test that uses x-rays and a special dye to see inside the arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
How the Test is Performed
This test is done in a hospital. You will lie on an x-ray table. You may ask for medicine to help you relax (sedative) if you need it.
- During the test, your blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing will be checked.
- The health care provider will shave and clean the groin. A numbing medicine (anesthetic) is injected into the skin over an artery. A needle is inserted into an artery.
- A thin flexible tube called a catheter is passed through the needle. It is moved into the artery, and up through the main vessels of the belly area until it is properly placed into a mesenteric artery. The doctor uses x-rays as a guide. The doctor can see live images of the area on a TV-like monitor.
- Contrast dye is injected through this tube to see if there are any problems with the blood vessels. X-ray images are taken of the artery.
Certain treatments can be done during this procedure. These items are passed through the catheter to the area in the artery that needs treatment. These include:
- Dissolving a blood clot with medicine
- Opening a partially blocked artery with a balloon
- Placing a small tube called a stent into an artery to help hold it open
After the x-rays or treatments are finished, the catheter is removed. Pressure is applied to the puncture site for 20 to 45 minutes to stop the bleeding. After that time the area is checked and a tight bandage is applied. The leg is most often kept straight for another 6 hours after the procedure.
How to Prepare for the Test
You should not eat or drink anything for 6 to 8 hours before the test.
You will be asked to wear a hospital gown and sign a consent form for the procedure. Remove jewelry from the area being imaged.
Tell your provider:
- If you are pregnant
- If you have ever had any allergic reactions to x-ray contrast material, shellfish, or iodine substances
- If you are allergic to any medicines
- Which medicines you are taking (including any herbal preparations)
- If you have ever had any bleeding problems
How the Test will Feel
You may feel a brief sting when the numbing medicine is given. You will feel a brief sharp pain and some pressure as the catheter is placed and moved into the artery. In most cases, you will feel only a sensation of pressure in the groin area.
As the dye is injected, you will feel a warm, flushing sensation. You may have tenderness and bruising at the site of the catheter insertion after the test.
Why the Test is Performed
This test is done:
- When there are symptoms of a narrowed or blocked blood vessel in the intestines
- To find the source of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract
- To find the cause of ongoing abdominal pain and weight loss when no cause can be identified
- When other studies do not provide enough information about abnormal growths along the intestinal tract
- To look at blood vessel damage after an abdominal injury
A mesenteric angiogram may be performed after more sensitive nuclear medicine scans have identified active bleeding. The radiologist can then pinpoint and treat the source.
Results are normal if the examined arteries are normal in appearance.
What Abnormal Results Mean
A common abnormal finding is narrowing and hardening of the arteries that supply the large and small intestine. This is called mesenteric ischemia. The problem occurs when fatty material (plaque) builds up on the walls of your arteries.
Abnormal results may also be due to bleeding in the small and large intestine. This may be caused by:
- Angiodysplasia of the colon
- Blood vessel rupture from injury
Other abnormal results may be due to:
There is some risk of the catheter damaging the artery or knocking loose a piece of the artery wall. This can reduce or block blood flow and lead to tissue death. This is a rare complication.
Other risks include:
- Allergic reaction to the contrast dye
- Blood clot that travels to the lungs
- Damage to the blood vessel where the needle and catheter are inserted
- Excessive bleeding or a blood clot where the catheter is inserted, which can reduce blood flow to the leg
- Heart attack or stroke
- Hematoma, a collection of blood at the site of the needle puncture
- Injury to the nerves at the needle puncture site
- Kidney damage from the dye
- Damage to the intestine if the blood supply is reduced
Abdominal arteriogram; Arteriogram - abdomen; Mesenteric angiogram
Kaufman JA. Fundamentals of angiography. In: Kaufman JA, Lee MJ, eds. Vascular and Interventional Radiology: The Requisites. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 2.
Martin MC, Wyers MC. Mesenteric vascular disease: acute ischemia. In: Cronenwett JL, Johnston KW, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 153.
Thacker JKM. Diagnosis of colon, rectal, and anal disease. In: Yeo CJ, ed. Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 142.
Review Date 11/11/2016
Updated by: Mary C. Mancini, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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