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The worlds smallest gasoline engine concept is 15 mm long, 5 mm wide and 3 mm tall, and is being developed at Cambridge and Birmingham Universities in the U.K. Below is an image of this micro engine taken whilst under development.
If this concept is successful, the micro engine is envisioned to be able to outlast today's NiCad and Li-ion battery cells by a proposed twenty times. The power output of this engine is expected to be at around eleven Watts, produced from a speed of 50,000 r.p.m ( revolutions per minute)
At most, the engine could power and LCD watch for two years, from a single drop of lighter fuel...a thimble sized fuel cell could have it running for decades non stop. It is thought that it would produce seven hundred times more energy than a conventional NiCad or Li-ion battery and could end up powering a laptop.
Scientists stated " We are looking at an industrial revolution happening in people's pockets. The breakthrough is an enormous step forward. Devices which need re- charging or new batteries are a problem but soon will be a thing of the past. "
Of course, micro engines such as this could have a thousand and one applications for medical, military, robotic and general scientific research. Micro engine research would probably be developed by large battery manufacturers as they would eventually replace cell batteries.
Charging today's batteries takes two thousand units of energy to produce one unit of power. The micro gasoline engine would of course not need to be charged or recharged up with electricity...just a drop of gas.
Micro engines are not a new innovation, the main problem with them is how to get rid of the heat that the little combustion engine would produce. With the latest advances in thermo setting materials, such as poly carbon ceramics and silicon carbides, the heat can be dissipitated. With the ongoing research by chemical. electrical and mechanical engineers these micro engines could soon be powering our devices in the not too distant future.
THE WORLDS SMALLEST WORKING COMBUSTION ENGINE
The worlds smallest working engine is currently a Wankel type rotary engine, it was created at The College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, C.A, in the U.S.A. It is made from solid steel, with all steel working parts such as the piston and bearings. Below is an image of the engine with the side plate removed to show the rotary piston.
The engine runs on butane or propane and delivers power to light up a 2.5 watt light bulb, but the engineers at Berkeley Labs are working on a 'tuned-up' version to deliver an estimated 30 watts of electrical power. This would be ample to run moderate electrical appliances like a laptop computer.
This “mini engine” is also a prototype for a Berkeley labs proposal to create a microscopic engine chemically etched from silicon.
“We are at the frontier of research into how to generate power using the smallest of components, ” said Carlos Fernandez-Pello, a mechanical engineering professor who developed the engine with the help of Kenji Miyaska of Fukui University in Japan, Berkeley post-doctoral researcher David Walther and graduate students Kelvin Fu, Aaron Knobloch and Fabian Martinez.
THE WORLDS SMALLEST STEAM ENGINE
The worlds smallest steam engine is literally microscopic, built with nano technology or the ability to create objects at the atomic scale. The image above shows a steam engine built with nano technology, the engine is about five microns across. A human hair is about one hundred microns across, so this engine is very, very miniscule.
This steam engine was developed by Dr. Jeff Sniegowski at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. It classes as the worlds smallest steam engine as it works like a full size one. There are three pistons that are run by steam created by water from a tiny reservoir.
A tiny electrical current boils the water in its tiny boiler to create steam which is then fed under pressure through the array of pistons which in turn push the pistons out. When the electrical current is stopped the steam condenses back to its original state of water and the pistons retract. Repeating this process makes the engine run continually.
The engine has been built with the same technology that is used to build silicon chips and micro-processor components. This is basically done by photographing an image and etching the image onto photo sensitive material which is then reduced to a very small size on a silicon wafer.
The information on the photo-stat of course is still there, similar to micro-dots that the spies used to hide secret information. These etchings are then done in layers to build up the device as a dimensional object.
When this is complete, the engine is a three dimensional working unit. Its the appliance of science, but you need an electron microscope to see it!
Page created August 24th 2007. Updated January 11th 2013
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What Role Does Biology Play in Politics?
When it comes to politics, our stances may not just be a matter of opinion. They could be based in biology, too.
To find out, researcher Mike Dodd, a psychologist at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and his colleagues had 48 adults who were strongly conservative or strongly liberal look at a series of 33 pictures. Some were pleasant, like cute animals, while others, like maggot-infested wounds, were decidedly more cringe-inducing.
The researchers then repeated the procedure with images of polarizing politicians, including Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.
As the participants viewed the photos, scientists monitored their skin conductance, a measure of minute perspiration changes revealing how excited and emotional someone feels.
They found that, on the whole, conservatives responded more strongly to the negative images.
For example, while liberals had a stronger physiological reaction to politicians they agreed with than with those they disliked, conservatives had the opposite reaction — they responded more strongly to politicians they disagreed with, such as Clinton, than they did to the politicians they liked.
These differences are at the level of reflexes and rely on extremely basic brain processes such as attention. And while researchers can’t prove that biology influences political beliefs and not the other way around, Dodd said there’s good reason to believe that biology comes first.
“Based on your biology, you might be experiencing and processing something in a fundamentally different way from someone else,” Dodd told LiveScience.com, but added that basic brain processes certainly interact with experiences and culture to influence politics.
“What we’re showing here is that people just don’t see things the same, even if it’s the same thing,” Dodd said. “I do think there’s a nice potential here to move beyond stereotypes.”
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Jumper’s knee Patellar tendon inflammation and rupture
Jumper’s knee is an overuse injury associated with pain on the front of the knee. It results from excess stress being imposed on the tendons around the patella, especially the patellar tendon, resulting in inflammation or tendonitis. It is common among sportspersons involved in sports where frequent jumping and knee extension is required; hence the name “jumper’s knee”.
The patella (knee cap) is the small bone in front of the knee. At its upper end the quadriceps muscle tendon is attached while at the lower end it is attached to the tibia via the patellar tendon. When the quadriceps muscle contracts, the quadriceps tendon is stretched pulling the patella upwards. This extends the patellar tendon which, in turn, pulls the lower leg bone forwards, resulting in extension of the knee joint.
Frequent jumping, kicking and sprinting as in volley ball, basket ball, soccer, long and high jumping, etc., imposes extreme loads on the patellar tendon. Intensive activity without proper warm-up increases the risk of injury, as an unconditioned muscle is stiff and its tendon is subjected to greater stress on movement. This leads to formation of micro tears in the tendon structure. In addition, insufficient rest between activities does not allow enough time to heal the damage. Over time, this leads to inflammation and, in a worst case scenario, even partial or complete rupture of the tendon.
Most of the time, the upper end of the patellar tendon where it inserts into the patella is involved, though less frequently the lower end of the patellar tendon (where it inserts into the tibia) and quadriceps tendon may also be inflamed.
Patellar tendon rupture may also be caused by repeated steroid injections at the site. Steroids are injected to control severe or persistent inflammation; they weaken the tendon structure, increasing the risk of tearing.
Pain on the front and below the knee, are the most common symptoms.
It starts as a gradual ache which, in mild cases, is felt only after exercise; however, when there is profound inflammation, pain may be felt during and after activity and movement may also become difficult.
In advanced cases, pain may be so intense as to interfere with the player’s performance.
The joint feels stiff and extending the leg or contracting the quadriceps is painful.
There may be swelling of the area; the affected tendon may appear larger in size compared with the normal one.
Ultrasound is usually the initial investigation, which shows an enlarged tendon. CT scan and MRI are other useful diagnostic aids.
Jumper’s knee is often neglected, and proper treatment is not sought in the earlier stages. The initial injury responds well to conservative treatment through the RICE protocol and physiotherapy. However, in prolonged cases or if the tendon ruptures, surgery is necessary.
Initial treatment focuses on relieving pain and preventing further trauma.
- Rest: In mild cases, training modification would be enough, while for severe pain complete prolonged rest is required.
- Ice application and NSAIDs to reduce pain.
- Supporting the knee using a brace, strapping, or a heat retainer during activity.
- Compression and elevation also serve to limit the discomfort.
Surgery may be needed if symptoms do not improve after 6-12 months of therapy. This involves removal of degenerated tissue, tendon repair or replacement.
A new treatment protocol involves injecting the person’s own blood locally under ultrasound guidance to stimulate healing of the degenerated tendon tissue. This Autologous Blood Injection or Platelet Rich Plasma injection therapy has shown improved healing in about 70-80% of patients.
Once pain and stiffness is reduced to a comfortable level, the rehabilitation process is started. The basic aim of rehabilitation is to improve tendon health and make it strong enough to resist injury in the future.
The rehabilitation protocol should be devised by an expert and supervision is mandatory to reduce the risk of recurrent injury as it may delay the healing further.
In case of jumper’s knee, the rehabilitation process focuses on:
- Stretching and strengthening the quadriceps muscle
- Strengthening other muscles in the leg, especially the calf muscles and hamstrings.
- Sports massage to accelerate the healing process
In the beginning, stretch only mildly and stop at once if it hurts. Hold the stretch for a few seconds or more if it doesn’t hurt. Repeat four to five times daily.
Later in the rehabilitation process, muscle strengthening exercises are introduced. The aim is to restore the full potential of the muscle + tendon and to reduce the risk of future injury. A strong, flexible muscle means that the tendon does not have to face undue stresses during activity.
Start with an easy exercise, and as the range of motion improves progress to more difficult exercises.
Once the knee can be extended fully without pain and is strong enough, for example, to squat easily, start with running and jogging or sports-specific exercises. Be slow and consistent. Complete recovery requires months of rehabilitation; up to a year for advanced stages.
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Students have read about life in South Asia today, including the economies of the countries in the region. In this activity they will learn more about the economy of India and the reasons businesses or industries might choose to operate in India. They will also learn that India encourages tourism and tourism-related businesses.
Students will use information from the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India Web site to learn about the Indian economy and environment for business investment. Students will answer four questions and then apply what they have learned to write a business proposal.
- Students will be able to describe what actions the Indian government has taken to encourage business investment.
- Students will be able to identify the economic factors that support tourism-related businesses.
- Students will be able to evaluate the objectivity of a government-sponsored Web site.
Applied Content Standards
Standard 2: The geographically informed person knows and understands how to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context.
Standard 3: The geographically informed person knows and understands how to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earth's surface.
Standard 4: The geographically informed person knows and understands the physical and human characteristics of places.
Standard 6: The geographically informed person knows and understands how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions.
Standard 11: The geographically informed person knows and understands the patterns and networks of economic interdependence on Earth's surface.
Standard 18: The geographically informed person knows and understands how to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future.
Student Web Activity Answers
- Foreign businesses might be attracted by India's large population, recent economic reforms, stable democratic government, free-enterprise economy, sophisticated legal and accounting systems, opportunities for joint ventures with Indian businesses, and skilled managerial and technical workers.
- Tourism in India is a high–priority industry. In 2000, there was an occupancy rate of 51.7 percent in the Indian hotel industry, and tourist arrivals increased by 6.4 percent. India will need additional hotel rooms and other tourism-related businesses, and financial incentives are available for new hotels.
- Physical: beaches, jungles, mountains, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks; Cultural: modern cities, historic and religious sites, palaces, sports
- The Web site contains objective, factual information, but it also includes persuasive material that is subjective. No critical or negative information is given. The Web site is sponsored by the government to encourage foreign investment, so the information presents India in a positive light.
- Students' proposals will vary but should include at least 4 well-thought-out reasons that support India as a place to do business. Students should also provide reasons the chosen city appeals to tourists.
Go To Student Web Activity
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A low growing green plant with no flowers. Multiple stalks coming out of the same ground base with almost a fern pattern, but with leaves instead of fronds. Each branch off of the main stalk was opposite another, with the leaves coming off in pairs, tapering down until three at the very tip. Typically from seven to five to three. The leaves had serrated edges, and were mostly oval shaped.
If you think this observation is inaccurate, please add an ID, participate in the quality assessment above, or describe the inaccuracy in a comment.
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The major health organizations — including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Medical Association (AMA), the American Dietetic Association (ADA), and the World Health Organization (WHO) — agree that breast milk is the ideal form of nutrition for babies (especially during the first 6 months). However, it's your choice to decide what's best for you and your baby.
Whether you've decided to formula feed your baby from the start, are supplementing your breast milk with formula, or are switching from breast milk to formula, you're bound to have questions. Here are answers to some common inquiries about formula feeding.
When should I introduce solid foods?
Although in the past many parents started giving their babies solids early on, the AAP now recommends waiting until babies are 4-6 months old. Why? Because feeding solids earlier than this can increase the chances of your baby developing food allergies.
Water and other foods are usually unnecessary during a baby's first 6 months. Breast milk or formula provides everything babies need nutritionally until they start eating solid foods. Juice is completely unnecessary as a regular part of any infant or child’s diet.
Watch for signs of solid-food readiness, such as your baby having good head control, losing the tongue-thrusting reflex and seeming interested in other people's food. Always start with baby cereal (rice cereal is usually the best one to introduce first, but may be constipating) on a spoon before advancing to fruits and vegetables. But do not add cereal to your baby's bottle unless your doctor instructs you to — it can be a choking hazard and can make babies overweight.
Never put your baby to bed with a bottle or capped cup. Doing so can cause choking and increase your baby's risk for cavities from the sugar in the juice, formula, or breast milk.
When can I start giving my baby cow's milk?
Infants under 1 year still need the nutrients in breast milk or formula. But at 1 year old, you can begin offering your little one whole cow's milk. Why not skim or 2%? Because babies need the fat in whole milk for normal growth and brain development during the busy early toddler period.
You can transition your baby from formula to whole milk by beginning to replace bottles of formula with bottles — or sippy cups — of milk. By 1 year old, your baby should be eating a variety of other foods and only 2-3 cups (480-720 milliliters) of milk per day.
If your baby was put on a soy or hypoallergenic formula for a milk allergy, talk to the doctor before introducing milk.
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W.Va. on Target to Adopt Common Core Curriculum
Posted: January 13, 2011
CHARLESTON, W.Va. – The West Virginia Board of Education on Thursday approved a timeline to incorporate Common Core State Standards beginning in kindergarten this fall. Last May, the state board adopted Common Core Standards for English and math, and directed the West Virginia Department of Education to spend the next year aligning the common core with West Virginia’s 21st Century Curriculum Standards and Objectives and other resources.
“The standards provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn, so teachers and parents have a roadmap for what they need to do to help them succeed,” said state Superintendent of Schools Ted Mattern.
The kindergarten standards will be followed with first grade in 2012-2013, second grade in 2013-2014, and third through 12th grade in 2014-2015. Professional development on the standards will begin this summer as one part of the state’s annual Teacher Leadership Institute.
The common core standards focus on fewer concepts while stressing deeper learning and understanding, and are part of an overall drive to better prepare today's students for college or careers. The goal is to provide states with fewer, clearer and higher standards that are to be benchmarked against international standards. Common core standards in social studies and science are under development.
West Virginia is one of 51 U.S. states and territories to participate in the Common Core State Standards Initiative, a national joint project of the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association. The Common Core State Standards build upon the success of West Virginia’s 21st century learning vision called Global21: Students deserve it. The world demands it.”
The common core initiative respects the unique nature of every state, while acknowledging a shared national commitment to high classroom standards for all students in kindergarten through high school. The standards were developed in collaboration with teachers, school administrators and education experts. The standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate from high school able to succeed in college courses and in work force training programs.
Learn more about the Common Core State Standards visit at http://wvde.state.wv.us/commoncore/, or contact the Office of Communications at (304) 558-2699.
--The West Virginia Board of Education and the West Virginia Department of Education (WVDE) are committed to ensuring all students in the state are college and career ready when they graduate from a public school. What West Virginia students are learning in school exceeds national and international standards. Through the WVDE’s 21st century learning plan called “Global21: Students deserve it. The world demands it.,” West Virginia is seeing better student performance on the West Virginia Educational Standards Test 2 (WESTEST2); the SAT and the ACT college entrance exams; the job skills assessment called Work Keys given to career and technical education students; and in a high school graduation rate that exceeds the national average.
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The most common and most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Black carbon is also a potent warmer, although not a greenhouse gas.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
This greenhouse gas is present in relatively low concentrations in the atmosphere; prior to the Industrial Revolution, it made up about 0.03 percent of the atmosphere. Despite its low levels, CO2 makes up about 30 percent of the greenhouse gases naturally found in the atmosphere and it is the major driver of climate change.
There are currently approximately 3 trillion metric tons of CO2 in the atmosphere; this is 37 percent higher than the level prior to the Industrial Revolution. In the late 1800s, levels of carbon dioxide were 280 parts per million (ppm). Current concentrations are around 380 ppm. Scientists warn that if the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere goes above 450 ppm, the Earth's climate could spiral out of control.
Natural sources of carbon dioxide include rotting plant and animal matter, forest fires and volcanoes. The major human sources of CO2 are from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) and from deforestation. Scientists attribute the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere to these human sources.
Methane is a very strong greenhouse gas. Over 100 years, a ton of methane would heat the globe 23 times more than 1 ton of carbon dioxide would. The atmosphere has a methane concentration of 1,774 parts per billion (ppb). This is a 59 percent increase from the methane concentration prior to the Industrial Revolution.
There is, however, around 220 times less methane than carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so overall carbon dioxide has a far greater effect in the atmosphere.
Methane is created by the decay of organic matter. Large amounts come from landfills, cattle and the rest of the livestock sector (chicken and pigs) in general.
Methane hydrates, a frozen combination of methane and water, are found in vast quantities on the sea floor. It is possible that continued climate change could release these frozen stores of methane and cause a sudden, very large addition of methane to the atmosphere. This would massively magnify the greenhouse effect, causing global warming to reach unprecedented levels.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Nitrous oxide has a global warming effect roughly 300 times that of carbon dioxide over 100 years. However, like methane, nitrous oxide exists in much lower concentrations than carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide concentrations in the atmosphere are currently 319 ppb, 18 percent higher than what they were prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Nitrous oxide is emitted by bacteria in soil. Agriculture and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, along with the handling of animal waste, increase the production of nitrous oxides. Industries, such as the nylon industry, and the burning of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines also release nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.
Black carbon (BC)
Black carbon, or soot, is not an actual greenhouse gas, as it is a solid, and warms the atmosphere differently to a gas. However, it has a significant warming effect on the atmosphere.
Black carbon is made up of microscopic particles that result from the incomplete burning of organic matter, especially fossil fuels. Black carbon warms both in the atmosphere and when deposited on lighter surfaces, like snow and ice.
Black carbon may be responsible for as much as 25 percent of observed global warming. The overall contribution of black carbon to global warming may be substantial, perhaps second only to that of carbon dioxide.
Because it can accelerate the melting of snow and ice, black carbon may play a particularly important role in Arctic climate change. Black carbon may be responsible for over 30 percent of Arctic warming. Because the Arctic has warmed at around twice the rate of the rest of the world over the last 100 years, controlling and reducing black carbon emissions is particularly important.
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WASHINGTON - Not all calories are equal. A new study suggests that a diet based on healthy carbohydrates provides the best chance of dropping pounds without side effects.
Researchers compared three different diets: healthy carbs, low carbs and low fat. The study, which appears in The Journal of the American Medical Association, found that people on the low-fat diet burned fewer calories. While the low-carb diet -- similar to the Atkins diet -- burned the most calories, it increased a stress hormone and inflammation, possibly raising the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
The healthy-carb diet, or low-glycemic-index diet, burned 150 calories a day more than the low-fat diet, without negative effects on cholesterol levels. The diet is similar to the Mediterranean diet, which includes lots of fresh vegetables and whole grains.
Dr. David Ludwig, one of the study's authors and director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children's Hospital, says the findings suggest the low-glycemic diet overall is the best for people trying to lose weight without side effects that can undermine their health.
"We should avoid severely restricting any major nutrient and focus on the quality of the nutrient, " he said, referring to the limitations of a low-fat diet, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal.
A separate study includes a warning about the Atkins diet of low carbs and high protein.
Swedish researchers say people on an extreme "Atkins-style" diet are increasing their risk of potentially fatal heart disease and strokes.
The risk to young women is especially high.
Researchers found an extra four to five cases of cardiovascular disease per 10,000 women per year, for those on such diets, The Mirror reports.
"Don't feel you have to choose between carbohydrates or protein - a bit of both is better for your long term heart health." Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the British Heart Foundation, told the Mirror.
(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
A Philly bike courier takes his cat on cycling adventures. (Videos)
Clothes have a starring role at the Cannes Film Festival. (Photos)
Which big cat had some trouble coughing this up? (Photos)
"Jenny from the Block" wants you to buy Verizon phones from her.
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I have noticed that the basic 3D rotation matrices in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix
rotate vectors clockwise and not counter-clockwise, when the axis about which they occur points toward me !
For example: the following operation yields the vector (0,1,0)
[1 0 0 ]
[0 cos(90) sin(90) ] X
[0 -sin(90) cos(90) ]
Am I missing something ?
Thank you for your help
I think the problem is that the given matrix is a row-major matrix, which means row vectors. You're trying to use it as a column-major w/ column vector.
So the operation you want to do is really:
[0 0 1] X [1 0 0 ] = [0 -1 0]
[0 cos(90) sin(90) ]
[0 -sin(90) cos(90) ]
Remember when you look at a matrix it's very important if it's row-major or column-major and right-handed vs left-handed. The above matrix gives you the correct result if it's right-handed row-major.
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January 25, 2013 More than half of norovirus outbreaks reported during the last four months of 2012 in the U.S. were caused by a strain first identified in Australia. Restaurants and long-term care facilities have been hit hardest.
January 4, 2013 Developed by British researchers, Larry the robot has helped scientists see that a little vomit can go a long way. He vomits on command. And his barf can be tagged with fluorescent dye that makes it easy for scientists to track.
May 9, 2012 Norovirus particles can fly through the air, land on things like plastic bags and survive there for weeks, according to an investigation of a stomach flu outbreak in Oregon. The researchers say this proves you don't have to have direct contact with someone to get sick.
December 8, 2011 A test of a nasal vaccine against norovirus suggests it may be possible to immunize people against the virus, a common cause of foodborne illness.
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The origins of Black History Month began when Carter G. Woodson founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915 and one year later, the Journal of Negro History.
Woodson was a Harvard-trained historian. He believed that publishing scientific history about the black race would produce facts that would prove to the world that Africa and its people had played a crucial role in the development of civilization. That Scientific history, he believed, would counter racial falsehoods. That reason would prevail over prejudice truth would trickle down to the public, and the race problem would gradually disappear.
In the 1920s Woodson began urging black civic organizations to promote the achievements that researchers were uncovering. In 1924 he created the Negro History and Literature Week with help of his fraternity brothers at Omega Psi Phi to take up the work. This later renamed Negro Achievement Week.
Woodson selected the week of February that encompassed the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation that moved the nation away from slavery. Frederick Douglass had been a great leader of African Americans. In selecting February, Woodson’s sought to promote his belief that African Americans history was American history.
By 1925 the Association broadened its focus to include whites and black and anyone interested in history, not just historians and other scholars.
In the years that followed Black history clubs sprang up. Demand for materials from teachers soared. In response the Association published photographs and portraits of important black people. It published plays to dramatize black history. It also formed branches to bring people into the organization.
Woodson died in 1950. By that time Negro History Week had become a central part of African American life. In cities across the country, mayors issued proclamations noting Negro History Week.
In the 1960s African Americans entered into mainstream colleges and in the tradition of the Freedom Schools established during the civil rights era which included the study of Black history, they demanded that Black Studies and Black history became a central feature. Increasingly there were cries for more than a week to study Black history.
In 1976, fifty yearsafter the first celebration, the Association held the first Black History Month. Since then all American presidents, Republicans and Democrats alike, haveissued Black History Month proclamations.
Check the sites below for more educational information and upcoming events.
Follow HarlemCondoLife on Twitter @HarlemHCL Your Gateway To Harlem.
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How I Teach Calculus: A Comedy (Drubbles)
Dry Ice! Bubbles! Drubbles!
There’s really nothing better than a spontaneously created investigation. We were bumbling through the idea of the derivative operator (implicit differentiation and all that). When the question got asked:
Hey, what if the variable in the bottom (z in d/dz) isn’t in the equation at all?
I don’t think they knew how crazy the question really was, but it didn’t take long for them to grab onto the idea of shrinking and growing bubbles.
So, like, the radius grows and the volume grows, and that means time is a variable, but you can’t see it in:
Which means all the variables become little implicit chain-rule problems:
At this point, we run the very real and very fatal risk of this becoming yet another “process.” So many math teachers are obsessed with this. Just follow the effing directions and no one gets hurt, said every math teacher, ever.
Well, the directions are cute, but this isn’t IKEA, and most students literally couldn’t care less; honestly, you’d have to use Planck Lengths to measure their interest level about the speed at which this sphere’s volume grows when the blah blah blah I can’t even type it out it bores me so much.
So instead, we thought of something that actually does this, that was fun, and not boring at all:
Imagine an entire 90 minutes, 5 pounds of dry ice (grocery stores have dry ice), some displacement measuring vessels, and some soapy water. Freaking awesome math is what you should be imagining.
Their job is to make related rates out of this however they want.
Here’s the #anyqs that came up:
- What happens when they become hemispheres?
- Do they shrink or grow as the gas heats up?
- What if a bubble gets trapped in another bubble, the heat transfer?
- Do they form spheres or ellipsoids?
- The one that has the wobbly wave, does that exchange width and height evenly in time?
- What if you grow a bunch of bubbles in the vessel, do they change size when they grow on each other?
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What is coronary artery bypass surgery?
artery bypass graft surgery (also called CABG or "cabbage") helps improve blood
flow to the heart in people with severe
coronary artery disease. The surgeon connects, or
grafts, a healthy artery or vein from another part of your body to the blocked
coronary artery. The grafted blood vessel goes around (bypasses) the blocked
part of the artery. This provides a new pathway for blood to your heart.
The goals of bypass surgery are to:
- Relieve chest pain (angina) and
other symptoms of coronary artery disease.
- Improve your quality
- Increase your heart’s ability to pump blood.
- Improve your chances of living a longer life.
your chances of having a heart attack.
Bypass surgery does a good job of treating coronary
artery disease, but it is not a cure. Bypass surgery doesn't change the way
arteries harden or narrow because of heart disease. And even after surgery, you
can still get new blockages. These can occur in the new blood vessels that
bypass the blocked arteries, as well as in the original coronary arteries.
What happens during and after bypass surgery?
anesthesia before the surgery that will make you
sleep. In most cases, bypass surgery is open-chest surgery. During the surgery,
your chest will be open and your heart exposed. The surgeon makes a large cut,
or incision, in your chest. He or she then cuts through your breastbone and
spreads apart your rib cage.
The surgeon removes a healthy blood
vessel-often from the leg-and attaches (grafts) it to the blocked artery. The
new blood vessel bypasses the blocked artery to increase blood flow to the
heart. You may need just one bypass graft, or you may need more. Some people
have as many as two, three, or even four (double, triple, or quadruple bypass
surgery). How many grafts you need depends on how many arteries are blocked and
When the surgery is complete, the doctor will use wire to
put your rib cage back together and stitches to close the incision. The surgery
can take 3 to 6 hours.
You will stay in the hospital at least 3
to 5 days after the surgery. It can take 4 to 6 weeks to recover at home. Most
people are able to return to work within 1 to 2 months after surgery.
See a slideshow on
bypass surgery to see how it is done.
How do you know if you need bypass surgery?
everyone with coronary artery disease needs bypass surgery. Some people can be
angioplasty with stents or medical therapy, which
involves making lifestyle changes and taking medicines, or both. Your doctor is
likely to recommend bypass surgery only if you will benefit from it and if
those benefits are greater than the risks.
Your doctor may advise
bypass surgery if:
- Your left main heart artery is very
- All three arteries of the heart are blocked or the amount
of blood flowing through them is very low.
- Your doctor thinks that
bypass surgery will be more successful than angioplasty with stents.
- You also need surgery to repair or replace a heart valve damaged
heart valve disease.
- You have
diabetes and two or more blocked
- Your heart is having trouble pumping. This is called a
If only two of your arteries are blocked and neither of
these is the left main artery, your choice may not be as clear. Talk with your
doctor about the best treatment for you. This may depend on your age, your
health, and how much your chest pain is affecting your quality of life.
What are the risks of bypass surgery?
surgery has been done for more than 30 years. In the United States, it is done
more often than any other major surgery. But it has some serious risks.
The risks of bypass surgery include:
- Death. Out of 100 people who have bypass
surgery, 2 of them will have a serious complication that leads to death, while
98 of them will not.1
- Heart attack. Out
of 100 people who have bypass surgery, 5 will have a heart attack, and 95 will
- Stroke. Out of 100 people who have
the surgery, 1 to 5 will have a stroke, and 95 to 99 of them will not.3
- Too much bleeding, leading to the need for a
transfusion. This happens in 30 out of 100 people who have the surgery.4 This means that 70 out of 100 people don't have bleeding
Other risks include return of angina, problems tied to
anesthesia, and infections at the site of the chest incision.
Some people also have memory loss and trouble thinking clearly. These
problems are most common in older people and tend to improve several months
The chances of having a serious problem with
bypass surgery are higher if you are older than 70. Your risk is also higher if
you have other problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease, or
peripheral arterial disease. It's important to talk
with your doctor to find out how your health affects your risk.
How well does bypass surgery work?
reduces angina and other symptoms of coronary artery disease. About 95 out of
100 people who have the surgery get relief from chest pain right away, while 5
out of 100 do not.3
More than 80 people
out of 100 are still free of chest pain 5 years after surgery.3 People who have bypass surgery tend to have longer relief
from repeat heart problems compared to other treatments.
surgery can increase your chances of living a longer life. More than 90 people
out of 100 who have a bypass are still alive 5 years after surgery.3
How long a bypass lasts depends on how long the
blood vessel grafts stay open. Most bypass grafts that are done with arteries
stay open for 10 years or more. That makes it less likely that you will need a
repeat surgery during that time.5
success of bypass surgery also depends on you. If you smoke and don't quit, you
won't get the most benefit from bypass surgery. You may need to make some other
big changes, like eating right and getting regular exercise. These changes will
help your bypass grafts last and stay open longer. They will also give you the
best chance of living a longer, healthier life.
If you are taking
medicines for angina, to lower cholesterol, or to control blood pressure, it’s
also important to take these every day. Along with lifestyle changes, these
medicines can help you get the most benefit from bypass surgery.
Bypass surgery is not a cure for heart disease. That's why all of these
things-eating right, not smoking, getting exercise, and taking medicines-are so
important. Without them, you raise your risk of getting new blockages and
needing another surgery.
Are there other treatment choices?
for you and your doctor to talk about are:
- Angioplasty with stents. Angioplasty has
fewer risks in some patients, and recovery is quicker than with surgery. But
there is a greater chance that the artery will narrow again within 1 year. This
means that you may need another angioplasty or bypass surgery to reopen it. For
at least a year after angioplasty with stents, you may need to take medicine to
reduce the risk of blood clots.
- Medicines and lifestyle changes. This is sometimes called
medical therapy. This may be a choice for you if your chest pain is not
affecting your quality of life. But in order to be successful, you'll need to
follow a strict program of medicines and lifestyle changes, including eating
right, getting regular exercise, and not smoking.
Bypass surgery offers more relief from chest pain and
other symptoms and the chance at a longer life compared with making lifestyle
changes and taking medicines alone.6
Bypass surgery and angioplasty with stents have similar results in terms of
improving your chances of living a longer life.7 But
bypass surgery will help keep your arteries open longer. It’s also a better
choice if your coronary arteries are narrow or if the amount of blood flowing
through them is very low.
If you have diabetes, bypass surgery is
almost always better than angioplasty. Bypass surgery lowers the risk of death
and heart attack in people with diabetes compared to angioplasty with stents.
Bypass surgery can also help you live longer than angioplasty with stents if
you have a decreased ejection fraction.
Ask your doctor what you
can expect to happen if you have bypass surgery, compared with having other
kinds of treatment like medical therapy or angioplasty with stents. Your doctor
should be able to tell you why bypass surgery would be a good choice. Sometimes
it helps to see another doctor to get a second opinion.
information on angioplasty, see:
- Should I have angioplasty?
If you need more information, see the topic
Coronary Artery Disease.
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A country in Eastern Asia.
a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world
a developing country and one must be prepared to adapt to local conditions and circumstances which may be significantly different from those to which one is accustomed
an ancient country with a history of over five thousand years of civilization
a totalitarian regime that has and is grabbing lands from many countries
a vast country with countless attractions for the traveller
a vast country with thirty provinces
a country that borders Russia on the southeast.
a term commonly used to describe ceramic wares, named after the country of origin.
One of six major Paleozoic continents; composed of all of southeast Asia, including China, Indochina, part of Thailand, and the Malay Peninsula.
An international organization established in 1964 by 77 developing countries; membership has now increased to 133 countries. The group acts as a major negotiating bloc on some issues including climate change.
China was the third single released from the Tori Amos LP, Little Earthquakes, in January 1992 in the United Kingdom, as a CD single, cassette single, and 7" and 12" vinyl single. It was also released in smaller quantities in other countries, with varying track listings and artwork.
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Bioengineering in this textbook is taken to be the application of the concepts and methods of the physical sciences and mathematics in an engineering approach to problems in the life sciences. The aims of such studies is to understand the physical processes and engineering aspects of a systems performance both under normal and abnormal conditions, and to design and use diagnostic or artificial devices meant to measure, improve, safeguard, or replace life functions. An experienced team of instructors in mechanical, electrical, chemical and nuclear engineering from the University of California at Berkeley developed the book including contributions on orthopaedics and biodynamics. The topics covered mirror the fundamental engineering science taught, usually at intermediate university level, and are each applied to problems in the biological world. The basic principles of engineering science are presented so that students will be able to grasp the essence of a particular topic quickly, whatever their background. Many worked examples and problems (together with selected solutions) are included throughout the text.
Aims to help students understand the physical processes and engineering aspects of a system's performance both under normal and abnormal conditions, and to design and use diagnostic or artificial devices meant to measure, improve, safeguard, or replace life functions. Softcover. DLC: Bioengineering.
About the Author(s)
S. A. Berger is at University of California, Berkeley. E. W. Goldsmith is at University of California, Berkeley.CUSTOMER REVIEWS
A student who was required to work through the whole book, March 14, 2000
This textbook is disconnected and poorly organized. The authors of each chapter are so absorbed in their own work that they don't seem to remember that the text is supposed to be for a multidisciplinary audience. The problem sets are hit or miss, and in some cases the solutions are not supported by the text (if you relied on the text alone, you couldn't solve the problems). The biomechanics and biomaterials chapters are good, but the imaging, fluids and mass transfer chapters are lacking. If you want a good, broad bioengineering text, you should look for the Ratner book instead.
Rating: not rated | Added on: 29 Oct 2006
Rate this book:
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Queen's University - Utility Bar
Did you know?
What do students consider as cheating? A survey done by Berman & Elkin in 2010 showed that students considered the following actions as cheating:
- 99.6%: Taking an exam for someone else
- 99.6%: Looking at a classmate’s paper without their knowledge during an exam
- 97.6%: Allowing classmates to copy off you during an exam
- 93.3%: Bringing notes into an exam
- 91.3%: Allowing friends to copy take home assignments
- 91.3%: Paraphrasing/using someone else’s work without citation
- 84.1%: Making up references in bibliographies
- 76.6%: Receiving information about a test by a student who took the test in an earlier section
This shows that most students do know and agree on what is considered unacceptable behaviour of academic dishonesty.
Did you know?
When The University of Maryland asked students to identify areas they have difficulties with academically, the most common ones were:
You no doubt have had experiences with one or more of these before. Since these factors make up a bulk of working and learning, accidental breaches of AI can happen easily. Navigate throughout this website to learn more on the topics above.
- keeping track of sources
- dealing with stress and pressure
- citing electronic sources
- dealing with temptations
- asking for help
- deciding what is "common knowledge"
- untangling their own ideas from ideas they've borrowed
More on next page ->
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Respect Your Children and Yourself
It's a Good Idea!
The fact that children are little, seemingly-irrational, and inexperienced shouldn't be held against them. Children should be held against you—gently.
It's a Good Idea!
Respect your child's challenges! Children test you to see how far they can go. It's not that they want total freedom, rather they want to know what the limits are. Setting reasonable (and respectful) limits for them will enable them to set their own limits as they grow older.
Element number two of the Twelve Disciplinary Elements is to respect your children and yourself. Positive discipline is based on mutual respect. Assume that children are basically reasonable human beings who want to do well, and treat them with the respect they deserve. Kids learn by imitation, and just demonstrating respectful behavior will take you a long way. The basic rule is: You get what you give. Sound familiar? Some call it the Golden Rule, and some call it karma, but the idea is the same: Treat your child as you would like to be treated and your child (eventually and usually) will treat you that way back.
How do you show respect for your child? By discussing her feelings and beliefs and acknowledging that they are valid—for her. By helping her improve her critical thinking skills and empathy by discussing other people's perspectives on the same issues. By respecting who she is, and the integrity of her body. By starting with the child, and moving forward from there. You don't show respect when you agree with everything she says or by letting her make all her own choices or decisions. Look, kids don't always know what's right for them. They're kids, after all.
You show respect for your child when you:
- respect her feelings;
- respect her opinions;
- respect her privacy;
- respect her temperament; and
- respect her body and personal space.
More on: Values and Responsibilities
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to a Well-Behaved Child © 1999 by Ericka Lutz. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
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Get off to a good start
As another academic year begins, Dr Ali Khwaja provides tips on making a good beginning by getting the first impressions right.
We are all aware that first impressions can be very lasting and can have a significant effect on our actions, relationships or attitudes. So it is with the first impressions you give out as you begin your new academic year of school or college.
Teachers form opinions about students and vice versa. Parents form opinions about their children’s new teachers — and of course vice versa. In some ways parents also form opinions about their children seeing how much they are studying, now that they have gone to a higher class.
You have heard of the proverb, “Even a thousand mile journey begins with the first step.” What is equally important is that the first step should be taken in the right direction, otherwise you may be miles away from your goal, and find it very difficult to get back on the right track.
That is what happens sometimes to students who take things very easy at the beginning of the academic year — they become like the hare in the Hare and Tortoise story. There are simple but very effective ways to make a good beginning. See how many of these appeal to you, and more important, how many of them you can put into practice:
* Get yourself thoroughly familiarised with the new text books and subjects. Don’t just stop with putting neat covers and labels on the books, actually browse through them and do a survey of all the sections, chapters, sequence, number of pages, etc.
* If possible, identify the topics and subjects that are new and possibly difficult.
Talk to someone who has studied or is studying those subjects, and get some insights into what those topics deal with. If you connect the topics to real life and understand their relevance to your future, your interest and motivation level will go up.
* Be ready for the fact that you will have greater volumes to study, and more difficult problems, definitions etc. compared to last year. Rise to the challenge.
* Read up the chapter(s) that are going to be taught the next day, at least give them a cursory glance. Prior familiarisation will help you grasp much easily when the class is going on.
* During the class, cultivate the habit of making very short notes (bullet points) of the important aspects, even if it is in a very rough manner. Then get back home, read up the chapter once more — and wherever required, convert your notes into fair form. This activity will hardly take a few minutes, but if you inculcate it from the first week or month of your academic year, it will become a habit, and then you will find it so easy to continue even when portions become larger and wider.
* Develop a good connection with your teachers. Take the trouble of wishing them, meeting them outside the classroom, inquiring about them. This will not only make your classroom time more enjoyable, but will also keep doors open to consult them if you have doubts later on.
* If you are having difficulty in any subject, do not hesitate to inform your parents right in the beginning. Do not wait till you fall back, your grades suffer, and you get scolded for not studying.
* Try to set your long-term career goals, regardless of which class you have started. It is proven that those who have goals and a direction in life perform much better in exams than those who are just studying for the sake of getting higher marks. You have the right to change your career goals later if you find something better.
* Get into the habit of regular revision, at least every weekend. Don’t neglect the easy first few chapters, keep looking them up so that you don’t forget them at the last moment.
* Create a nice niche at home where you are going to study. Ensure that this place is not used for any other activity. Check that your seat is comfortable (but not too comfortable), lighting is adequate, and that there are no visual or sound disturbances.
* Work out with your parents in advance when you are going to watch TV, what games you would like to play at what time on which days of the week. And make sure that you stick to the commitment you have given to them. Minor deviations will be excused, but if you say you are going out to play for an hour, and return after 2-1/2 hours, you have lost the trust of your parents, and you can be sure when exams approach they will curtail you from any and all entertainment.
Time management tips
If you start practicing time management at the beginning of the year, they become second nature to you, and you don’t have to put in any effort to implement them when you are running short of time just before exams.
*Start off with making a plan of how you will be spending your time every day, week, weekend etc. Monitor and review how much you could actually adhere to your plan (let me be frank with you, if you could keep up to 60-70 per cent of your original time management schedule, you are doing great!). Keep revising and renewing your time planning, so that by the time the crucial examination days arrive, you have mastered the art of time management.
*Leave lots of margin for unforeseen circumstances — one day you may be feeling unwell, another day your cousins may come to stay with you, some other time you may just not be in the mood for studying. Your time plan should take into account these unforeseen events.
* Mentally guess how much time you spend on the phone. The next day when you are about to sleep, check out the total time of all your incoming and outgoing calls (and add the time you spent texting). You will be surprised how wrong your estimate was.
* Be very careful about the habit known as “procrastination”, i.e. the habit of postponing doing something important, without any reason or cause. If you succumb to that habit, it becomes very difficult to come out. Push yourself and complete every important task, and then you can relax.
It has been shown time and again that all great people, including those who not only made monetary success but are also very happy and fulfilled with their lives, are those who treated their time as valuable. If you do not value your own time, no one will value you as a person.
These are the wonderful days when there is no pressure, time is at your beck and call, lessons are easy, teachers are pleasant to you, and the weather is turning cool. Don’t allow the home or classroom weather to go to boiling point by letting yourself slip down …. because then you will never catch up the entire year. Best of luck, and enjoy the new academic year!
Here are some ‘first impression’ tips forTeachers:
* Your students are watching and observing you very ardently, particularly when you start with a new class. Your dressing, how you walk into the class, your opening statements, how you introduce yourself (make sure you do), makes for a good beginning.
* If you appear to be pleasant, smiling, positive and relaxed, they not only identify better with you, but also study better in your class.
* Take the trouble of knowing each student by name, a few other details, and a rough idea of his/her abilities in your subject. Give personal attention to different students on different days, at least for a few seconds if not minutes.
* Explain to your students the overview of the subject you are teaching, its importance and relevance to life in general, and to different careers in particular. If they understand that your subject will be helpful in making a better future, they automatically learn more.
* Motivate your students by giving them small tasks, projects, asking them to explore and find out about the topics that are going to be covered — and by giving them lots of positive strokes for the efforts they put in.
* Make clear rules and guidelines regarding discipline and punishment that is likely to be given for breaking rules. Smile and be relaxed when you discuss the rules, but also be firm to get the message across that you mean business. And later … make sure that YOU stick to the rules you laid out.
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Fecha de publicación: 03/07/2012
"The increase in life expectancy has traditionally been a good résumé of a population's state of health. But the profile of diseases has changed: now there is a great prevalence of specific disorders that are not life-threatening yet are very incapacitating," points out Unai Martín. In other words, life expectancy is no longer the only indicator to be taken into consideration: for example, it is not possible to speak of wellbeing if one lives longer but if one is ill or dependent during that extra time. This sociologist of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) says it is more realistic to ask: how many years can we expect to live free of incapacity and/or in good health? He has studied how the population in the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) has evolved, and what its current state is in this respect. His thesis is entitled: Salud y desigualdades sociales en salud en la C.A. del País Vasco en el cambio de siglo: una visión desde las esperanzas de salud (Health and social inequalities in health in the Basque Autonomous Community in the new century: a vision from the health expectancy perspective).
In actual fact, it is a matter of integrating the mortality rate and health quality into a single index. To do this, Martín has in this research consulted three sources of data focussing on the BAC: data on death (1989-2008); population censuses (1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006); and the last four health surveys (1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007) conducted by the BAC Government.
Progress is slowing down
As the thesis explains, the evolution in the state of health of the Basque population has been positive until now. However, the most recent data indicate that this evolution has slowed down. Martín warns that it is necessary to be on the alert in this respect: "In the data in the BAC, in the first three periods studied, there is a compression of morbidity and the years of life gained are accompanied by better health. But in the last period one is beginning to see that life expectancy is increasing at the expense of an increase in incapacity. The state of health does not improve as much as it used to, and signs that it could start to deteriorate are seen."
In connection with this, the researcher points out that it is important to focus collective effort to ensure that the fall in mortality continues to be accompanied by an improvement in the population's health, and not at the expense of an expansion in chronic diseases or incapacities.
Mitigating this potential problem requires changes in the allocation of resources and the prioritizing of services, among other things. For example, Martín points out that the Strategy for addressing the Chronicity challenge in the BAC (started by the BAC Government in 2010) constitutes an advance in this respect, although it is not sufficient. "The significance of chronic diseases has forced the redirecting of healthcare systems, and in this respect, the chronicity strategy is ground breaking. But the cutting of chronic diseases not only takes place because the healthcare system adapts. It is a plan with a highly biomedical vision, and which fails to deal with other kinds of factors like those linked to conditions of life which have a lot to do with improving the health of the population," he points out.
Great social inequality
In actual fact, if the level of education or the social class themselves are already determining life expectancy, Martín explains that the influence of conditions of life is even greater when the indicator proposed is applied: "With these measures that take mortality as well as health into consideration, the inequalities are even greater." The data gathered in this research show, for example, that a newborn boy belonging to the 20% most deprived neighbourhoods in the BAC can expect to live in good health 6.4 years less than one born in the 20% of areas of least deprivation. A difference which in the case of newborn girls amounts to 7.4 years.
Likewise, by the time a man who has not been educated or who has only been through elementary education reaches the age of 20, he can expect to live 10.9 years less in good health than a man who has been through university; in the case of women, that difference is 9.4 years.
In other words, the data indicate than a fall in the social scale means not only living fewer years but also living fewer years in good health.
About the author
Unai Martín-Roncero (Llodio, Basque Country, 1980) is a graduate in Sociology. He wrote up his thesis under the supervision of Begoña Arregi-Gorospe, tenured lecturer in the Department of Sociology II of the UPV/EHU's Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication. Right now Martín works in this department and that is where he did his thesis. Part of the thesis was also done while he was collaborating with the Department of Health and Consumer Affairs of the BAC Government and with the Basque Foundation for Healthcare Innovation and Research.
Caption: Unai Martín-Roncero, author of the thesis. (Photo: Luis Jauregialtzo / Argazki Press).
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Here is. more or less, what my canning sources have to say about the distinctions between the assorted fruit spreads (in the US, anyway):
Jelly is the jelled juice of a fruit (or something like wine). Generally, jelly contains no pieces of fruit, although specialty jellies, like pepper jelly, may include pieces of jalapeno or other pepper.
Jam is made from crushed or chopped fruit. Jam often has a soft pulp, but it does not contain chunks of fruit.
Preserves are fruit chunks suspended in a jelly base.
Marmalade is a soft jelly, often citrus-based, that includes both the peel of the fruit suspended throughout the jelly base.
Conserve is a mixture of more than one fruit, often with added nuts and raisins.
Fruit butter, such as apple butter or prune butter, is fruit puree or pulp combined with sugar, lemon juice and spices. It usually does not contain any added pectin-rather it is cooked down to its final consistency. It doesn't actually contain any butter.
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| 0.965609
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| 2.796875
| 3
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By Chester Dawson
For those living in northeastern Japan and Tokyo, nary a day has passed recently without being rattled by an aftershock or two from the destructive March 11 earthquake. While the Japanese archipelago is no stranger to temblors, the power and length of the aftershocks has unnerved many. That includes Tokyo-ites who had grown blasé about the garden variety quakes common before last month’s shake, the biggest in Japan’s recorded history.
The frequency and force of the shaking has led to an epidemic of what’s known in Japanese as jishin-yoi, which literally means “earthquake drunk” in English. What it refers to is a medical condition in which people feel a sense of motion as if in an earthquake—even if there isn’t one. Experts say this phenomenon can be attributed to one of two causes: either a case of balance impairment akin to motion sickness, or a form of earthquake phobia.
Treatment depends on which of the two conditions is diagnosed, according to Dr. Munetaka Ushio of the University of Tokyo Hospital’s department of otolaryngology (specializing in the ears, nose and throat). “An estimated 30% of the population in quake-stricken areas have experienced this,” Dr. Ushio said, adding that general practitioner clinics have seen a large increase in the number of patients who have sought relief from the discomforting sensation. ”Even I have had it recently,” he said.
For most people afflicted, the sense of being unbalanced is temporary, fading away in anywhere from a couple of hours to several days. This condition occurs when there is a neurological “mismatch” between the balance mechanism in the vestibular system of the inner ear and sensory signals from nerves in the eyes and feet. The problem often can be relieved, much like motion sickness, by training one’s eyes on a distant object, laying down or sipping cold or hot liquids, Dr. Ushio said. In more severe cases, patients may be advised to use over-the-counter antihistamines, a.k.a. motion sickness pills, he said.
More serious cases may be triggered by a form of post traumatic stress disorder after a big quake and may linger for weeks or months. To cope with that, patients may be prescribed a form of anti-anxiety or anti-depressant medication, Dr. Ushio said. He added that those who should seek immediate medical counseling include people with symptoms such as falling down, fevers and vomiting—all potential effects of a more common kind of drunkenness, but not associated with post-earthquake hangover.
Follow Chester Dawson on Twitter @DeliverTheFirm
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en
| 0.95656
| 583
| 2.6875
| 3
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There’s more to the cosmos than meets the eye. About 80 percent of the matter in the universe is invisible to telescopes, yet its gravitational influence is manifest in the orbital speeds of stars around galaxies and in the motions of clusters of galaxies. Yet, despite decades of effort, no one knows what this “dark matter” really is. Many scientists think it’s likely that the mystery will be solved with the discovery of new kinds of subatomic particles, types necessarily different from those composing atoms of the ordinary matter all around us. The search to detect and identify these particles is underway in experiments both around the globe and above it.
Scientists working with data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have looked for signals from some of these hypothetical particles by zeroing in on 10 small, faint galaxies that orbit our own. Although no signals have been detected, a novel analysis technique applied to two years of data from the observatory’s Large Area Telescope (LAT) has essentially eliminated these particle candidates for the first time.
“In effect, the Fermi LAT analysis compresses the theoretical box where these particles can hide,” said Jennifer Siegal-Gaskins, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., and a member of the Fermi LAT Collaboration.
WIMPs, or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, represent a favored class of dark matter candidates. Some WIMPs may mutually annihilate when pairs of them interact, a process expected to produce gamma rays — the most energetic form of light — that the LAT is designed to detect.
“One of the best places to look for these faint gamma-ray signals is in dwarf spheroidal galaxies, small satellites of our own Milky Way galaxy that we know possess large amounts of dark matter,” Siegal-Gaskins explained. “From an astrophysical perspective, these are downright boring systems, with little gas or star formation and no objects like pulsars or supernova remnants that emit gamma rays.”
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http://philosophers-stone.co.uk/wordpress/2012/04/dwarf-galaxies-provide-new-insights-on-dark-matter/
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en
| 0.917317
| 426
| 3.90625
| 4
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Bioethical Decision Making for Nurses
University Press of America (1985)
|Abstract||This article has no associated abstract. (fix it)|
|Keywords||Nursing ethics Nursing ethics Case studies Nursing Decision making Bioethics nurses' instruction Decision Making nurses' instruction Ethics, Nursing|
|Buy the book||$3.07 used (92% off) $437.12 new Amazon page|
|Call number||RT85.T478 1992|
|External links||This entry has no external links. Add one.|
|Through your library||Configure|
Similar books and articles
M. Woods (2001). Balancing Rights and Duties in 'Life and Death' Decision Making Involving Children: A Role for Nurses? Nursing Ethics 8 (5):397-408.
S.-S. Han & S.-H. Ahn (2000). An Analysis and Evaluation of Student Nurses' Participation in Ethical Decision Making. Nursing Ethics 7 (2):113-123.
Derek Sellman (2011). What Makes a Good Nurse: Why the Virtues Are Important for Nurses. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
I. Berggren & E. Severinsson (2000). The Influence of Clinical Supervision on Nurses' Moral Decision Making. Nursing Ethics 7 (2):125-133.
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E. -J. Park (2012). An Integrated Ethical Decision-Making Model for Nurses. Nursing Ethics 19 (1):139-159.
Donnie J. Self (1987). A Study of the Foundations of Ethical Decision-Making of Nurses. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 8 (1).
Helga Kuhse (1997). Caring: Nurses, Women, and Ethics. Blackwell Publishers.
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Added to index2009-01-28
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http://philpapers.org/rec/THOBDM
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| 0.704926
| 436
| 2.53125
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Chanucah, the festival of lights, is, in our own day, mainly the commemoration of a spiritual event. Its historical roots, however, as set out in the Book of Maccabees, were the celebration of a great military victory over the Syrian-Greek overlords.
The Talmud's description concentrates on the laws of keeping the Chanucah lights burning (Masechet Shabbat 21b-24a). When it does offer historical reasons, they are largely to do with the miracle that fell on the eight days of the initial festival. Compared to the Book of Maccabees, the idea of a light that lasted eight days is a complete fabrication of the sages. No mention of such a light exists in the account of the rebellion of the Maccabees against the enemy. Josephus concurs with the reading of the Book of Maccabees.
Among other things that Judah Maccabee did was to "rebuild the sanctuary and the interior of the Temple and consecrate the courts… Early on the morning on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month…they offered sacrifices, as the law directs, on the new altar of burnt offerings that they had built. At the very season… that the Gentiles had profaned it, it was dedicated with songs and harps and lutes and cymbals " (I Maccabees. 4: 48-54).
Lots about work in the Temple. Not a word about the miracle of the light! The Maccabees were not a subtle lot. A story told of their battles against their enemies appears in both the Book of Maccabees as well as in the post-biblical, rabbinical text, Megillat Ta'anit, which records the extra days on which people in the second Temple period celebrated. None of these days, apart from Chanucah and Purim, have survived.
On the thirteenth day of Adar, it is written that Nicanor Pulmarchus, who was the head of the Greek army, shook his fist at Jerusalem and against the Temple and swore to destroy it. "When the Maccabees attacked and destroyed his soldiers, they cut off their heads, they cut off their big toes and thumbs, they reached his carriage, they cut off his head, and cut away his limbs and hung them against the Temple. They said: 'A mouth that spoke against Jews and Jerusalem with such arrogance, and a fist that shook against it, should have a revenge taken against them.' They made this day into a holiday" (Megillat Ta'anit, Adar).
The Maccabees' version adds to this list of gruesome features: "When the action was over… they recognised Nicanor, lying dead in full armour… and he [Judah] cut out the tongue of the ungodly Nicanor and said he would give it piecemeal to the birds and hang up these rewards of his folly opposite the sanctuary… And they all... blessed the Lord" (II Maccabees 15: 28-34).
It is perhaps unsurprising that these Maccabees and their descendants came into conflict with the sages. Such behaviour, however difficult the circumstances, was not to be countenanced by the people of Israel, whose life revolved around the concept of all men being made in the image of God.
By the time the Maccabees took upon themselves the role of sovereigns as well as priests, the sages had become outcasts in their own society. They were often forced to flee into a neighbouring country to save themselves from death at the hands of the ruling Maccabees.
In this book Pirkei Avot: A New Israeli Commentary, Professor Avigdor Shinan suggests that the early sages mentioned in that Mishnah - from Yossi ben Yo'ezer to Shimon ben Shetach - were all people who were pursued by the Maccabee kings, particularly Jochanan Hyrcanus and Alexander Yannai.
These sages, not to mention those who came after them, were aware of the dangers of mixing politics and religion. For this reason, the sages emphasised the idea of bringing Torah into your house, since learning Torah by the sages in a public place, was banned.
The lessons that the sages learnt from this episode was clearly one in which the separation of powers was essential if there was going to be a society motivated by the words of Torah.
A similar lesson is to be learned today if the light of Chanucah is not to be doused by the flood of fanaticism, religious or political, and this festival not given over to a show of extreme nationalism.
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http://www.thejc.com/print/60333
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| 0.981359
| 980
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INFLUENZA. Under the names Epizootic, Contagious Catantal-fever, Contagious Influ enza, Pink-eye, etc., this disease has been known to veterinarians, and since the year 1872, gener ally to the horsemen of the United States and Canada. Its immediate cause is entirely un known, but that it is produced by blood poison ing through germs floating in the air is now gen erally received as true . The first symptoms are general weakness, staggering gait, hanging head, trembling limbs, shivering, watery discharge from the nose, staring hair, and loss of appetite. The pulse is weak but quick, from fifty to sixty per minute, and from that up to eighty or ninety. The breathing is hurried, from forty to fifty in spirations a minute, and the temperature of the body over 100° even to 105°. The horse seems to be afraid to lie down, and so stands with propped legs, the bowels are bound up, and the urine scanty; the discharge from the nose be comes white, yellow or greenish, and death.
.ensues from weakness and exhaustion, or from suffocation, paralysis, or from clots formed in the heart. Under the microscope the disease germs assume various forms. The figure shows some of them magnified 400 diameters. The treatment consists in good nursing, keeping the strength of the animal up by light, nutritious diet, and gruels, and in combating the symptoms as they appear under the many complications which this disease assumes. Dr.James Law, of Co: ne'l University, in an elaborate monogram upcn the disease, to the United States Govern ment, gives the treatment to be followed, in various phases of the disease, even to the injec tion of pure blood into the veins of weakened animals. From it we excerpt that which will be of value to the farmer, in the treatment of the disease as it appears in nialignant forms. All -debilitating or depressing treatment must be sedulously avoided. Bleeding, purging, severe action on the kidneys, depressing sedatives and violent blistering, are alike to be deprecated. In the regular and uncomplicated form of the disease, nearly all will recover under good nursing and fresh air, and independently of all medicinal agents. Place the patient in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, and well-littered box; clothe him comfortably, so as to avoid all ten dency to chill, bandage his legs loosely, and change the clothes, and curry or brush the skin twice or thrice a day; keep quiet and still, although usually a little exercise in hand, in the shelter and sunshine, will be rather beneficial than otherwise. Feed on bran mashes, boiled oats or barley, turnips, carrots, or other roots, in small quantities, and often, so as not to clog the appetite, and supply at frequent intervals a quart or two of water, nearly cold, or cold oat meal, or linseed gruel. It is important to favor depuration of the blood by moderate but never excessive action of the kidneys or bowels. Cos tiveness will oftentimes be best met by abundant and frequent injections of water, blood warm, (three or four quarts at a time,) or by one-half pound of molasses, or three ounces of sulphate of soda added to the drink. If a laxative is absolutely necessary, it should rarely exceed one-third of the ordinary dose, on account of the dangerous susceptibility of the digestive organs. The author has seen a large Percheron die of superpurgation, after taking but three draohms of Cape aloes. During the recent visitation an instance came under his notice in which half a pint of linseed oil came nigh proving fatal. This susceptibility of the digestive organs, how ever, varies widely in different epizootics, and in some mild laxatives prove beneficial, yet their possible danger should be kept in mind Mild febrifuge diuretics may be used with advantage. Spirits of nitrous ether, in half-ounce doses, may be given twice a day, or liquor of the acetate of ammonia, in ounce doses, four times a day in the water gruel drank. If the fever runs high, or effusions threaten to take place, these may be increased as far as the strength will allow, but always with the greatest caution and judgment. When the cough proves especially violent and painful, the addition of anodynes, such as bella donna and camphor, is advisable. A drachm of each may be added to the diuretics already advised. The cough may be further relieved, and the relaxation of the mucous membranes and the appearance of the discharge hastened, by causing the animal to inhale warm water vapor several times a day, for an hour at a time. This is most con venien tly done by saturating chaff bran or other simple agent with boiling water, placing it in a nose-bag, which is then hung on the patient's nose by means of a strap crossing behind the ears. This proves especially beneficial, as the modera tion of the fever is usually a concomitant of the appearance of the discharge. Burning a pinch of flowers of sulphur, more or less, according to the size and nature of the building, so as to impregnate the air to an extent just short of causing irritation and coughing, has a very soothing and beneficial effect on the mucous membrane. It is best done by laying a piece of paper bearing the sulphur on a shovel, and setting fire to it. It is superfluous, perhaps, to say that it must be done behind the patient, and not beneath his nose The fumes of vinegar from a red-hot brick, of burning leather, and the like, are cruelly irritating, and occasion ally induce fatal results. Counter-irritants are often useful from the first. If, however. inflam mation and sore throat seem extreme, a poultice may be advantageously applied for a day pre viously, or the throat may be well fomented with warm water for an hour and then wrapped in a sheep skin with the wool turned inward. When, however, there appears little danger of even tem porarily aggravating the local inflammation, the throat or chest, where the disease has been local ized, it may be well rubbed with a thin pulp made of the best ground mustard and tepid water, and then covered up. This may be replaced by the soap liniment, made with six ounces of soap, three of camphor, and a pint, each, of proof spirit, liquor ammonia, and linseed oil. This liniment may be applied repeatedly at short inter vals and well rubbed in. If a more active blister is wanted an ointment may be used composed of a drachm and a half of powdered eantharides, a scruple of camphor, ten drops of spirits of wine, and an ounce of lard. The hair should be cut off and the ointment well rubbed in, in a direc tion contrary to that of the hair. After it has acted, the skin should be kept soft and pliant by rubbing it with fresh lard. Oil of turpentine, which ,has been largely used as a counter-irritant in a great number of cases, is only objectionable on the ground of its causing so much local irrita tion without blistering as to drive some excitable horses to distraction. In using any one of these counter-irritants it is best to apply them over a limited space only, not exceeding the bounds of the inflammatory action, as we can thus secure the best results from the intimate nervous sym pathy existing between the deeper-seated organ and the skin which covers the corresponding part of the surface, and at the same time avoid the depressing and debilitating effects of a blister. For this reason a careful exarnination, of the chest especially, should always be made before making such au application. As the mouth becomes cooler and more moist, and the pulse softer and less frequent, ft more stimulating treatment is desirable. At first two drachms each of gentian, powdered cinchona, nitre and sal ammoniac, may be given night and morning, or if the debility is very great the last-named agent may be replaced by four drachms of carbonate of ammonia made into a bolus, with linseed meal, or dissolved in a half pint of water, and repeated three or four times a day. In cases marked by a daily remis sion, I have found a dose of thirty grains of sul phate of quinia to prove effectual in preventing the paroxysm, if given an hour or two before the period when it was in the habit of appearing. During convalescence gentian, cinchona, and -other tonics, are desirahle, with alcoholic, ammoni acal, or other stimulants, if there is much debility or prostration. The diet should be tempting and nutritious, supplied often, fresh and frequently varied, and care should be taken at all times to counteract any sudden suppre.ssion of the secre
tions of the bowels or kidneys, or even the nasal discharge In this connection may be mentioned the statement of Mr. 1VIurray, of Detroit, that all the eases of dropsy that came under his notice occurred in animals which had taken for a few days condition powders, consisting largely of sul phate of iron, and had had the nasal discharge sud denly dried up. Improvement followed promptly on the withholding of the powders and soliciting the action of the kidneys and bowels. Should the prostration become extreme, stimulants must be resorted to even more frequently than is recom mended a.bove; five, or even six times. a day. In some instances, however, the system seems to lose all power of reaction, and almost the only remaining hope lies in the transfusion of blood from the veins of a healthy animal to those of the sick. The blood may be obtained from a healthy horse, or more conveniently from oxen or sheep intended for slaughter. It may be transferred through an elastic tube without exposure to the air, or it may be drawn off into a vessel and thence transferred to the veins of the sick horse, unchanged or defibrinated, remembering, that the main dangers to be guarded against are the entrance of air into the circulation, the introduc tion of clots of fibrin, which by blocking the vessels, would produce local inflammation and abscess, and the too rapid transfusion which leads to vertigo and fatal fainting. If the abdominal -organs are especially involved, the counter irritant is to be applied over the region of the liver, bowels, or kidneys, as the case may de mand. With yellow or brownish appearance of the mucous membranes and tenderness over the short ribs, this point should be selected for its application. With general tenderness of the abdomen, colicky pains, frequent straining', and the passage of a white, thick mucus forming a pellicle over the dung, or collected in masses, it should be applied generally to the surface of the belly. If there is tenderness and swelling of the loins, stiffness of the hind limbs, frequent strain ing, the passage of water in small quantities and highly colored, and above all if the urine con tains microscopic fibrinous casts, it should be applied over the loins. In the last ease it may be preceded by a bag of hot, scalded bran, or a fresh sheep-skin with the fleshy side turned in. The shivering, which usually attends the onset of such complications, may be counteracted by friction to the skin, clothing, a warm drink con taining a stimulant—four drachms carbonate of ammonia—and injections of warm water or well boiled gruel, given to the extent of three or four quarts at a time, and repeated every hour until shivering ceases. In cases affecting the liver or bowels, I have found excellent results from guarded laxatives. Two, three, or even four drachms of aloes in different eases, with a drachm of gentian, aud thirty drops of hydrocyanic acid, or an ounce of laudanum. will usually promptly relieve the colic, secure an action of the bowels, and remove the deadly prostration which charac terizes this type. It has manifestly the effect of relieving the inflamed surface by a free secretion from its tu-rgid blood-vessels, of benefiting the portal system and liver by a direct local deple tion, and of eliminating poisonous material, which was being pent up to the great injury of the system at large. Little more is wanted than the free use of demulcents, such as slippery elm, well-boiled linseed, and the like, great care to secure a continuous moderate action of the bowels, and a tonic treatment as in other cases of convalescence. Turpentine has been strongly recommended by some, and acts beneficially as a local and general stimulant. An ounce of the crude drug, or half an ounce of the oil, may be made into a ball with linseed meal, or beaten up with the yolks of two eggs, and given twice daily. The affection of the kidneys may demand gentle laxatives, (oleaginous,) anodynes, (lauda num, ) emollient injections, counter-irritants, stim ulants, and later gentle diuretics. The nervous symptoms will sometimes demand the application of cold wet cloths to the head, counter-irritants to the sides of the neck and limbs, the guarded use of laxatives and diuretics, with drachm doses of bromide of potassium, and if there is great depression, ammoniacal stimulants. The rheum atic complication is to be met like ordinary rheumatism. Liquor of the acetate of ammonia two ounces, and colchicum wine, one ounce, may be given twide a day, diluted in water ; tonics, warm clothing, the frequent application of a hot smoothing iron over the affected part of the body, with the intervention of a thin cover, and even counter-irritants are among the agents especially demanded. When the heart is implicated in rheumatic cases, the same treatment is necest.ary, but the blisters are to be applied behind the left elbow. When there is reason to suspect the existence of clots in the heart, alkaline remedies are recommended, particularly the preparations of ammonia and iodide of potassium, attention being meanwhile given to support theSystem by tonics and stimulants, and to encourage the elimination of deleterious products front the blood. If dropsical manifestations appear, they must be treated according to their apparent causes; if disordered function of the heart or kidneys, these must be met by appropriate meas ures; and if, from weakness of the circulation, an aimmic or debilitated state of the blood and imperfect nutrition, gentle action of the eliminat ing organs, with stimulants, tonics, a nourishing diet, (embracing, in some cases, strong beef soup or tea,) or even transfusion of blood, will be necessary. Purpura luemorrhagica is to be met by similar supporting and eliminating treatment, with the addition of oil of turpentine in half ounce doses, or pure carbolic acid in drachm doses, and cinchona in half ounce doses, repeated thrice a day. The skin over the eugorgements should be rubbed frequently with a solution of carbolic acid, containing one part of the acid to every hundred of water, and a similar lotion should be applied frequently to the sores when these form. In short, the various complications and sequel of simple influenza are to be treated like similar lesions occurring independently of this affection, but with due regard to the great debility attending this disease. The great major ity of cases will recover without any treatment; and indeed many require no medical treatment, but a certain number will demand the greatest care of the educated medical attendant. Upon prevention, Dr. Law adds: 1VIany havd attempted to ward off the disease by the use of tobacco, camphor, vinegar, tar, assafcetida, etc.,and others more rationally, by bromo-chloralum, carbolic acid, permanganate of potash, sulphurous acid, and the hyposulphites, but in no case with permanent success. With a contagium like that at present under consideration, so easily diffused through the atmosphere, absolute prevention will always be difficult, though not necessarily impossible. With a disease, too, the tendency of which is almost invariably to a favorable termination, it is scarcely politic to shut up an animal for a month in a disinfected atmosphere, until the disease has subsided, with the probability before us that he would still contract the disease from the rem nants of the poison when exposed at the end of this period. Thorough cleanliness and disinfec tants are to be highly commended, not with the view of absolutely preventing the disease, but rather with intent to retard and moderate it. The comparatively non-volatile disinfectants, such as permanganate of potash. chloride of lime, bromo-chloralum, and carbolic acid, may be used for the solid structures of the stable, drains, manure, and the like, while sulphurous acid is above all to be commended for disinfection of the air. This agent, when used frequently and in small amount, so as to be non-irritating, has the double advantage of soothing. and giving tone to the diseased mucous membrane, and of destroy ing organic gertns, including perhaps the mor bific elements in the respiratory organs.
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Series: On This Day in Christian History
Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms – April 17, 1521 – By *Dr. Philip Ryken
It is customary to date the beginning of the Protestant Reformation to October 31, 1517, the day on which a young German monk and Bible scholar named Martin Luther nailed his famous “Ninety-five Theses” to the door of Wittenburg.
Luther’s document attacked the common Roman Catholic practice of allowing people to reduce the punishment for their sin by buying indulgences. His “ninety-five-Theses” also gave the first inkling of his major personal and theological breakthrough: the doctrine of justification by faith alone (If you’re not familiar with them, I have posted Luther’s 95 Theses on this website under the Category Church History).
Luther needed a breakthrough because he had long been troubled by his sins. How could an unrighteous man like himself serve a righteous God? As he later wrote:
“Though I lived as a monk without reproach, I felt that I was a sinner before God with an extremely disturbed conscience. I could not believe that he was placated by my satisfaction. I did not love, yes, I hated the righteous God who punishes sinners, and secretly, if not blasphemously, certainly murmuring greatly, I was angry with God” (Luther’s Works, eds. Jaroslav Pelikan [vols. 1-30] and Helmut T. Lehmann [vols. 31-55], Minneapolis: Fortress and Concordia, 1955-76, 34:336-37).
What especially troubled Luther was Paul’s announcement at the beginning of his epistle to Romans: “In the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed, a righteousness that is by faith from first to last” (Rom. 1:17). This verse was a terror to Luther because the only righteousness he ever heard of was the kind that destroyed sinners like himself.
Then Luther had his breakthrough:
At last, by the mercy of God, meditating day and night, I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, “In it the righteousness of God is revealed, as it is written, ‘He who through faith is righteous shall live.’” There I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that which the righteous lives by a gift of God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: the righteousness of God is revealed by the gospel, namely, the passive righteousness with which a merciful God justifies us by faith, as it is written, “He who’s faith is righteous shall live.” Here I felt that I was altogether born again and had entered paradise itself through open gates (Luther’s Works, 34:336-37).
That was the beginning of the Reformation, but only the beginning. Luther soon attracted the attention of the pope, not so much for his doctrine of justification as for his criticism of the church. But during the next several years it would still have been possible for the church to have been reformed without being divided. It was not until the Diet of Worms (“Diet” here is a meeting – not the process of losing weight) that the break between the Reformers and the Catholics became final, which is why that meeting, which took place on April 17, 1521, was the most significant event in the church history of the sixteenth century.
Luther had been summoned to Worms by the Holy Roman Emperor himself, Charles V. When the Reformer entered the imperial chamber, he found his writings spread out on the table. These were the writings the emperor wanted Luther to recant, declaring publicly that everything he had ever written about the gospel and the church was mistaken.
Luther hardly knew what to say. Some of his works were devotional writings which no one would wish to recant. Others contained criticisms of the Roman Catholic church which no one could deny. Yet Luther was aware that some of his other writings contained harsh criticisms he perhaps ought to recant. But this he would only do on one condition, namely, that someone exposes his errors “by the writings of the prophets and the evangelists.” “Once I have been taught,” Luther went on to say, “I shall be quite ready to renounce every error, and I shall be the first to cast my books into the fire.”
This was hardly the answer the emperor and his counselors were looking for, especially since they did not have the theological expertise to refute Luther themselves. Again they pressed him to repudiate his doctrine. Finally, Luther spoke his famous words:
Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well-known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise (For the full account of Luther’s trial, see Luther’s Works 32:103-31).
With these words, Luther staked all his theological claims on the second great principle of the Reformation: Scripture alone (sola scriptura). For the churches of the Reformation, the Bible and the Bible alone was the final authority for Christian faith and practice.
When Luther refused to place the authority of the church on par with the authority of Scripture, he was taking a stand that would end up dividing the church. And rightly so! The church can only be the church when it preaches the gospel of salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone, as is taught in Scripture alone.
The great doctrines of the Reformation are as badly needed today as they were in the sixteenth century. Pope John Paul II announced that would grant an indulgence to anyone who made a pilgrimage to Israel in the year 2000. This is just one example of the way the Roman Catholic Church still encourages its members to pay for their sins by doing good works. For this and many other reasons, the world still needs to hear the voice of Martin Luther, who wrote the following paraphrase of Psalm 130:
From trouble deep I cry to thee,
Lord God, hear thou my crying;
Thy gracious ear, oh, turn to me,
Open it to my sighing.
For if thou mean’st to look upon
The wrong and evil that is done,
Who, Lord, can stand before thee?
With thee counts nothing but grace
To cover all our failing.
The best life cannot win the race,
Good works are unavailing.
Before thee no one glory can,
And so must tremble every man,
And live by thy grace only (Luther’s Works 53:223).
About the Author: *Philip Graham Ryken (D.Phil., University of Oxford) is the 8th president of Wheaton College and, prior to that, served as senior minister at Philadelphia’s historic Tenth Presbyterian Church. He has written several books for Crossway, and has lectured and taught at universities and seminaries worldwide. Dr. Ryken and his wife, Lisa, live in Wheaton and have five children. The article above is adapted from Chapter 41 in his book He Speaks To Me Everywhere, Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing, 2004. Historical details of this article were drawn chiefly from Mark A. Noll, Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997, 151-74; among the best biographies of Martin Luther is Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther, New York: Abingdon, 1950.
*Significant Events on April 17th in Church History:
326: St. Alexander died. He was appointed to the patriarchate of Alexandria instead of Arius, who denied Christ’s divinity. Alexander was kind to Arius, even while supporting Athanasius, the defender of the Trinity.
341: Simeon, bishop of Seleucia, Ktesiphon (located south of Baghdad), was executed for refusing to levy an extra war tax on his church people. He was one of many Persian martyrs.
1640: Robert Torkillus of Sweden became the first Lutheran pastor to arrive in the American colonies when they landed in Delaware.
1713: William Law was suspended from his pulpit for nonconformist views. He is famed as the author of A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life and a later book entitled The Power of the Spirit.
1912: The International Conference of the Negro began. Although not explicitly Christian, out of it came a renewed interest to reach Africa for Christ.
*Adapted from This Day In Christian History, edited by A Kenneth Curtis and Daniel Graves, Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications.
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|The Arabs introduced Islam to Djenné, and made their influence felt in matters such as the monetary system and architecture. The local bricklayers have been combining Arabic decorations with their own traditional adobe construction techniques since the fourteenth century. Funnily enough, typical Djennéan walls are known as façades Maroccain. These organically decorated walls are so exceptional that UNESCO has declared the town a monument. A complete ban on building with concrete has since come into force.
Djenné is situated in the middle of a delta approximately the size of the Netherlands, that was formed by the annual floodwaters of the river Niger. The town is an island when surrounded by water in the rainy season. Transport to and from the town has to be done on a bargue ( a ferry). But the floods which occur for three months of the year during the rainy season, cause a fresh load of silt to be washed down and away. This fine clay is the major constituent of the loam.
The tidal movement of the river itself provides the building material for West Africa's most important form of architecture: adobe construction.
|The majority of bricklayers are members of the Barey-ton, the bricklayers guild. The oldest members no longer work on the ladders, but are supported financially by the ton. They possess knowledge about traditional methods of adobe building, and ensure that the next generation of bricklayers is carefully trained. They also determine when the time is ripe for the replastering of the great mosque. The water level in the surrounding delta determines the quality of the loam. However, the assistance of the marabout is called in for this decision, and prayers are said at the mosque to ask for the leadership of le Grand Dieu.
The proximity of religion and magic is clearly tangible in this craft, and this alone creates a great feeling of respect in the populace.
The Barey-ton also functions as a union for its members. If a client does not pay, the other bricklayers rally around their duped colleague. The bricklayers of Djenné are famous throughout West Africa for their craftsmanship. The renowned Djennenkau are invited to travel far and wide to create decorated facades for adobe houses.
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Freeman Dyson, the eclectic physicist, took good aim at philosophy last week in a review of the silly book by Jim Holt, Why Does the World Exist?" An Existential Detective Story. Holt went around to "a portrait gallery of leading modern philosophers," and asked them the Leibnizian question: Why is there something rather than nothing?" The book offers their answers, along with biographical descriptions.
For Dyson, Holt's book "compels us to ask" these "ugly questions." First, "When and why did philosophy lose its bite?" Philosophers were, once important. In China, Confucius and his followers made a civilization. So too in Greece did Socrates and then the schools of Plato and Aristotle give birth to the western world. In the Christian era Jesus and Paul, then Aquinas and Augustine granted depth to dominant worldviews. Philosophers like Descartes, Hobbes, and Leibniz were central figures in the scientific revolution, and philosophical minds like Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Arendt (even if one was a philologist and the other two refused the name philosopher) have become central figures in the experience of nihilism. Against these towering figures, the "leading philosophers" in Holt's book cut a paltry figure. Here is Dyson:
Holt's philosophers belong to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Compared with the giants of the past, they are a sorry bunch of dwarfs. They are thinking deep thoughts and giving scholarly lectures to academic audiences, but hardly anybody in the world outside is listening. They are historically insignificant. At some time toward the end of the nineteenth century, philosophers faded from public life. Like the snark in Lewis Carroll's poem, they suddenly and silently vanished. So far as the general public was concerned, philosophers became invisible.
There are many reasons for the death of philosophy, some of which were behind Hannah Arendt's refusal to call herself a philosopher. Philosophy was born, at least in its Platonic variety, from out of the thinker's reaction to the death of Socrates. Confronted with the polis that put the thinker to death, Plato and Aristotle responded by retreating from the world into the world of ideas. Philosophical truth separated itself from worldly truths, and idealism was born. Realism was less a return to the world than a reactive fantasy to idealism. In both, the truths that were sought were otherworldly truths, disconnected to the world.
Christianity furthered the divorce of philosophy from the world by imagining two distinct realms, the higher realm existing beyond the world. Science, too, taught that truth could only be found in a world of abstract reason, divorced from real things. Christianity and science together gave substance to the philosophical rebellion against the world. The result, as Dyson rightly notes, is that philosophy today is as abstract, worldly, and relevant as it is profound.
What Dyson doesn't explore is why philosophers of the past had such importance, even as they also thought about worlds of ideas. The answer cannot be that ideas had more import in the past than now. On the contrary, we live in an age more saturated in ideas than any other. More people today are college educated, literate, and knowledgeable of philosophy than at any period in the history of the world. Books like Holt's are proof positive of the profitable industry of philosophical trinkets. That is the paradox—at a time when philosophy is read by more people than ever, it is less impactful than it ever was.
One explanation for this paradox is nihilism—The devaluing or re-valuing of the highest values. The truth about truth turned out to be neither so simple nor singular as the philosophers had hoped. An attentive inquiry into the true and the good led not to certainty, but to ideology critique. For Nietzsche, truth, like the Christian God, was a human creation, and the first truth of our age is that we recognized it as such. That is the precondition for the death of God and the death of truth. Nihilism has not expunged ideas from our world, but multiplied them. When speaking about the "true" or the "good" or the "just," Christians, Platonists, and moralists no longer have the stage to themselves. They must now shout to be heard amongst the public relations managers, advertisers, immoralists, epicureans, anarchists, and born again Christians.
Dyson ignores this strain of philosophy. He does point out that Nietzsche was the last great philosopher, but then dismisses Heidegger who "lost his credibility in 1933" and even Wittgentstein who would remain silent if a woman attended his lectures until she would leave. And yet it is Heidegger who has given us the great literary masterpieces of the 20th century philosophy.
His work on technology (The Question Concerning Technik) and art (The Origins of the Work of Art) has been widely read in artistic, literary, and lay circles. It is hard to imagine a philosopher more engaged with the science and literature than Heidegger was. He read physics widely and co-taught courses at the house of the Swiss psychiatrist Medard Boss and also taught seminars with the German novelist Ernst Jünger.
It seems worthwhile to end with a poem of Heidegger's from his little book, Aus der Erfahrung des Denkens/From Out of the Experience of Thinking:
Drei Gefahren drohen dem Denken
Die gute und darum heilsame Gefahr ist die Nachbarschaft des singenden Dichters.
Die böse und darum schärfste Gefahr ist das Denken selber. Es muß gegen sich selbst denken, was es nur selten vermag.
Die schlechte und darum wirre Gefahr ist das Philosophieren.
Three dangers threaten thinking.
The good and thus healthy danger is the nearness of singing poetry.
The evil and thus sharpest danger is thinking itself. It must think against itself, something it can do only rarely.
The bad and thus confusing danger is philosophizing.
In the year of Hannah Arendt's centennial, 2006, Elisabeth Young-Bruehl spoke at the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College's inaugural conference: Thinking in Dark Times. Young-Bruehl was, along with Jerry Kohn, instrumental in establishing the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard, and she has been a good friend of the Center since its inception. It is with great sadness that we at the Arendt Center mourn her untimely passing. At such times it is important to recall the power of her thought and the beauty of her writing. One example of her thoughtful prose is the talk she gave at that inaugural conference, a talk that has since been published in the volume Thinking in Dark Times: Hannah Arendt on Ethics and Politics.
Titled "Hannah Arendt's Jewish Identity", Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's talk traced the roots of Arendt's cosmopolitanism to her Jewish identity, amongst other sources. It is not unimportant, Young-Bruehl begins, that Arendt's teacher, Karl Jaspers, identified the Jews of Palestine as one of the five Axial Age peoples:
The topic of Hannah Arendt’s Jewish identity can be approached from many directions. In this essay, I am going to consider Arendt in the context of the vision of world history articulated by her teacher and mentor Karl Jaspers, in which her people, the Jews of Palestine, were considered as one of the “Axial Age” peoples—the five great peoples who reached pinnacles in their development between 900-800 BC to 400-300 BC. Jaspers was the first thinker to see these great Axial civilizations as the origins of a worldly cosmopolitan civilization, one that attends to the world as it is, and one that could imagine "a world made one by a worldwide war and by technological developments that had united all peoples, for better or for worse."
Arendt too, writes Young-Bruehl, had a connection to common cosmopolitan world.
It is Arendt’s Jewish identity—not just the identity she asserted in defending herself as a Jew when attacked as one, but more deeply her connection to the Axial Age prophetic tradition—that made her the cosmopolitan she was....
In her essay, Young-Bruehl identifies four common characteristics of cosmopolitan thinking that she finds in common between Karl Jaspers and Hannah Arendt. These four ingredients are:
1. The capacity for and exercise of “enlarged mentality.” Arendt often invoked this capacity for thinking your way into the viewpoint, the position, the experience, of other people.
2. What Jaspers called “a sense of history.” For Arendt, this meant a sense for the un-predictability of human affairs. Since no one group can have a privileged view of history, the view encompasses the entire world.
3. What Arendt called a sense of the human condition. Arendt named six human conditions—earth, life, world, natality, mortality, plurality—that, although susceptible to change, are human, by which is meant "common to all mankind."
4. That people are shaped by their particular historical experiences—e.g. the way that Arendt was shaped by her experience as a Jew—but that they are also moved, usually unconsciously, by needs and experiences and conditions shared by all human beings.
This last characteristic of cosmopolitanism is most interesting, for Young-Bruehl here argues that Arendt, in spite of her well-known disdain for psychology, had a deep understanding of the unconscious motivations of the human condition.
For example, Arendt's well-known recognition of the human need to act politically shows her understanding of unconscious and cosmopolitan human drives. While particular historical experiences might make people look and behave and sound more different than they are, they share more than their differences would suggest. Young-Bruehl concludes:
"As an aphorism by Kant’s contemporary Georg Christoph Lichtenberg that Hannah Arendt once quoted to me conveys: “People do not think about the events of life as differently as they speak about them.”
Read the entirety of Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's essay here.
Click here to visit the Elisabeth Young-Bruehl Memorial Page.
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This exhibition showcases the development of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). It traces its origins from the 19th century, describes its social, political and philosophical milieus, chronicles its transformation from a workers party to a "people's party" as well as its continuing adaptation and actualization of the values and ideas of social democracy.
The Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 19th century accelerated the emergence of a new social class, the industrial workers. In reaction to this development, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the "Communist Manifesto". Workers' associations and social democratic parties were organized as early as 1848 and 1863, respectively. Social democracy gained in strength and, in 1891, the "Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" (SPD) was founded.
The following years saw the SPD confront a series of challenges. The World War I, the 1918 Revolution, and the foundation of the first German Republic culminated in the election of SPD chairman Friedrich Ebert as the first democratically elected German president in 1918. After his death in 1925, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung was founded to financially support young students from the working class who upheld Social Democratic values.
The SPD has preserved its identity, and the party platform continued to adapt to changing social conditions. But the basic values have always remained unchanged: Freedom, Social Justice and Solidarity.
The exhibition is an opportunity to become acquainted with social democracy in Germany. It consist panels in English, Singhalese and Tamil - with various illustrations, photos, charts, and texts - that illustrate the concise chronology of the SPD's development. Each panel highlights the defining movements of the SPD and the ways by which the party has shaped the German nation.
The Sri Lankan Experience
The relevance of social democracy in Sri Lanka will be shown in different docking stations. The similarities and differences between the German and Sri Lankan experiences will be highlighted and visitors will find the relevance of such themes to the Sri Lankan political discourse. An important present day question is whether social democratic values will present any solutions in a post war Sri Lanka? We invite you to come and explore possible solutions yourself. Visitors can view the exhibition in a guided walkthrough or by themselves by reading and appraising the panels.
From the 25th to the 27th of August 2009
At the National Art Gallery
A collaborative effort by
The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung(FES) & The Colombo School of Politics (CSP)
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July 7, 2005
A warning for swimmers looking to take a dip over the summer. The pool water you're diving into may not be as safe as you think.
To the naked eye, pool water can look clean. However, it may be anything but. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of Recreational Water Illnesses (RWIs) has increased over the past several years. RWIs are spread by swallowing, breathing, or having contact with contaminated water.
The most commonly reported one is diarrhea, but symptoms vary.
"There are things as common as what is called swimming pool conjunctivitis, which is merely an irritation of the eyes, to something as serious as neglaria, which can actually cause death," said Roy Crewz, with the Thomas Jefferson Health District.
Experts with the CDC say there are three main ways to protect yourself. You should not swim if you have diarrhea. Do not swallow pool water, and practice good hygiene.
"It's very easy to excrete things in the water and perhaps not even know it," said Crewz.
Chlorine plays a huge role in killing off pool germs. It's the main reason facilities need to make sure their chlorine levels are up to par.
"It is very vital. It's vital from the standpoint of killing any bacteria that's in the water. Anything from e-coli to flu virus," said Charlottesville's Aquatic Coordinator, Keith Meyerl.
Most of the city's public pools are equipped with devices which automatically chlorinate the water.
Experts also say one of the best ways for swimmers to protect themselves against water illnesses is to check the loglist that pools have. It shows the times the pools were checked as well as their chlorine levels. These simple things could mean the difference between a good summer and a bad one.
According to the CDC, children, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems are most likely to suffer from more severe illnesses if infected.
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Aug. 30, 2012 Inspired by the twitching whiskers of common rats and Etruscan shrews, EU-funded researchers have developed rodent-like robots and an innovative tactile sensor system that could be used to help find people in burning buildings, make vacuum cleaners more efficient and eventually improve keyhole surgery.
Sensor systems that replicate the sense of touch have been the focus of increasing research in recent years, largely for robotics applications. But the focus has normally been on developing sensors that in some way or another replicate the way humans touch and sense the world: with our skin and particularly our fingertips.
'The main reason people explored fingertip-like sensors is because we have fingertips, but any kind of tactile sensor has to interact with objects and surfaces -- and fingertips have a big problem with wear and tear,' explains Tony Prescott, a professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom.
Nature, however, has devised a much more robust, and often much more sensitive, kind of tactile sensing device: whiskers.
'If you look at the natural world, almost all mammals except humans have whiskers -- it's actually us that have lost them. Whiskers are a natural way to sense things with touch,' Prof. Prescott says.
And, it turns out, just like their biological counterparts, artificial whiskers offer some big advantages over other approaches to tactile sensing as Prof. Prescott and a team of researchers from seven countries have proved in the Biotact (1) project. Supported by EUR 5.4 million in research funding from the European Commission, the researchers studied rats and mice, tiny Etruscan shrews and other mammals and attempted to replicate the way they use their whiskers, or 'vibrissae', to sense their environment, detect objects and follow prey.
Their work has led to the development of an active vibrissal tactile sensor array and a series of rat-like robots that can move around by touch alone. The technology could potentially be used commercially for applications as diverse as search and rescue, consumer appliances, product testing or medicine.
'To begin with we had to understand how mammals use their whiskers. Around one third of the project was therefore dedicated to behavioural neuroscience, including filming rats and shrews using high-speed cameras to see how they use their whiskers whilst monitoring patterns of neural activity,' Prof. Prescott, the Biotact project coordinator, explains.
The team then worked out how to replicate natural vibrissal sensing in an artificial system. Their system works by measuring the vibration at the base of the shaft of a whisker caused by it coming into contact with an object or surface. Miniature motors enable individual whiskers or arrays of hundreds of whiskers to be moved and brushed against objects in much the same way that rodents move their whiskers back-and-forth at high speed. Software and powerful processing algorithms analyse the feedback from the whiskers to determine, for example, whether a surface is rough or smooth, if there is a corner or wall, how far away an object is or even if an object is moving.
For rodents, most of which have poor eyesight, active control of the whiskers allows the animal to accurately position the tip of the whiskers as well as control how the whisker moves in order to gain as much information as possible about an object or surface. In this way, they can rely on touch alone to explore and even hunt for food.
Robust robotic rodents for search and rescue
Applied to robotic devices, this same kind of active sensing approach greatly improves the accuracy and effectiveness of the sensors, enabling a robot to delicately feel its way around, rather than clumsily bumping into objects. In addition, while finger-like robotic probes can easily be damaged because the sensing components are directly exposed to the environment, with the Biotact technology the delicate electronic components are at the base of the whisker and do not come into direct contact with objects or surfaces. And artificial whiskers, just like their natural counterparts, continue to function even if they are broken or damaged, and they can be cheaply and easily replaced.
Several generations of sensors and robots developed by the Biotact team prove just how effective the approach can be. Shrewbot, the latest incarnation, looks a little like its namesake and can navigate its way around by touch alone.
'Shrewbot can even follow a moving object simply by using its whiskers. It has no visual sensors or any other type of sensing device,' Prof. Prescott says. 'Because the Biotact artificial whisker is modular, it can be used for a lot of different robots and devices, we've used it with a range of educational robots including the Lego Mindstorms robot, we have also produced a miniaturised version that uses a new kind of polymer-based actuator to move the whiskers.'
'We wanted to ensure that these sensors can be used as universally as possible, so you could go into a store and buy one much like you can buy a webcam today and mount it on any robot or any device,' Prof. Prescott adds. 'At the moment, the price of the technology is still relatively high, but we envisage that coming down over time and we've talked to some manufacturers -- there's definitely interest in this.'
Indeed, the range of applications for the technology is extensive. A Shrewbot-like robot could be used, for example, to help fire-fighters find people in burning buildings or other environments, where smoke, dust or darkness impede visual sensing. An aquatic version, which members of the Biotact team are looking to develop in a planned follow up project, could be used to inspect murky underwater environments.
'Instead of rats and shrews, it would be more like seals and walruses which also use their whiskers underwater,' the project coordinator says. 'Companies involved in nuclear decommissioning have expressed interest in this as they need devices that can inspect nuclear waste ponds, there are also potential applications in the oil-industry and in underwater archaeology.'
In medicine, vibrissal sensors could eventually, after further research, provide highly sensitive tactile feedback to doctors performing keyhole surgery, detecting different kinds of tissues or bone for example. In manufacturing, the sensing technology could be used to test product quality or sort products by analysing the texture of materials. And in vacuum cleaners, the system could automatically detect different surfaces and switch settings to ensure the most effective cleaning, depending on whether a floor is tiled or carpeted.
In a slightly different application of the sensing and actuator technology developed in Biotact, the University of Sheffield is currently working with South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue to develop a helmet for fire fighters that combines ultrasound sensors for navigation in smoke-filled environments with actuators to provide tactile feedback to the wearer.
Biotact received research funding under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) as part of the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) sub-programme. The results from Biotact illustrate how this type of long-term, foundational research can lead to research in other areas and use the techniques to solve problems elsewhere.
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Frequently Asked Questions
The health and safety of our Southeast Technical Institute students remains our utmost concern. Therefore, we are providing the following questions and answers regarding the H1N1 virus and STI’s response to this health issue.
What is H1N1?
H1N1 (sometimes referred to as “swine flu”) is a virus that affects the respiratory system. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with H1N1 flu.
How is it spread?
Coughing or sneezing are two of the most common ways the virus is spread, or when people touch items that have flu viruses on them, and then touch their mouths or noses. The virus can linger on a surface for up to 48 hours.
What can I do to protect myself from getting H1N1?
Here’s what you can do to protect yourself:
1) Wash your hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds (sing “Happy Birthday” twice), especially after you cough or sneeze. This is the most important action you can take. Alcohol-based cleaners are also effective.
2) Keep yourself healthy! Eat a balanced diet, get regular exercise, and plenty of rest.
3) Be prepared! Have basic self-care supplies on hand including a thermometer, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, lots of hand soap, cleaning supplies to wipe down desks, sinks, computer keyboards, etc. In addition, carry your health insurance card (if you have one) and know how to use it in the event that you need medical attention.
4) Consider the flu vaccination. Make a decision about getting flu vaccinations-both H1N1 and influenza.
5) Consider your medical condition-such as asthma or diabetes-you are at a higher risk for complications from the flu and may be particularly vulnerable to the H1N1 strain.
6) Speak to your health care provider if you have additional concerns.
What if I develop flu-like symptoms?
1) Stay away from others if you experience flu-like symptoms to prevent others from getting sick. If you are sick, avoid close contact with others—do not attend class, STI activities or work.
2) Seek medical assistance as needed.
3) If you live in STI Housing, contact the Housing Staff to let them know you are ill.
4) Go home if you can for the duration of the time that you are ill. This will provide you support while you are ill and will reduce the spread of the virus to others on campus.
5) Return to classes only after you have had no fever for 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medications.
6) Contact the Student Success Center by email firstname.lastname@example.org or phone 605.367.7466 if you have H1N1 or influenza or if you are unsure what to do or where to go for assistance.
7) Contact your instructors whenever you will miss a class, especially if you will be gone for an extended absence.
How is STI monitoring and preparing for the H1N1 virus?
STI will continue to closely follow CDC guidelines and work with public health authorities to make sure that we are doing everything possible to keep our students healthy should another outbreak of H1N1 occur.
STI has developed the following preparedness statement and actions regarding the H1N1 virus:
Educating Our Students
- Send email to students detailing:
- Serious nature of the H1N1 and Influenza viruses
- Typical Symptoms
- Importance of communication
- Tips for avoiding exposure
- Provide ‘Tips’ flyer for minimizing risk to others
- Post flyers in public areas & public restrooms
- Address H1N1/Influenza in Student Success Seminar courses
Minimizing Risk of Exposure
- Disinfect door handles and crash bars on building entrances daily
- Disinfect handrails daily
- Disinfect elevator control panels daily
- Disinfect light switches daily
- Disinfect public restrooms daily
- Disinfect vending machine front panels daily
- Provide hand sanitizer in public and office areas
Provide Opportunities for Immunizations
- Work with the City of Sioux Falls to provide opportunities for students to receive H1N1 and influenza vaccinations
Reaction Plan for Possible Exposure
- Ask all students to immediately report H1N1/influenza cases to the Student Success Center by phone 605.367.7466 or email email@example.com
- Help ensure students receive proper medical attention
- Strongly encourage confirmed H1N1/Influenza cases to go ‘home’ if at all possible – if not possible, encourage students to isolate themselves from others while they are ill
- Encourage students to not return to classes until they have been without a fever for 24 hours without the aid of fever-reducing medications
- Communicate with STI students as needed regarding future concerns as they arise
Does STI offer seasonal flu and H1N1 vaccines?
STI has offered vaccinations on campus in the past, and if possible, will try to do so in the future. More information will be sent to students via email when the information is available.
If I have additional questions, who should I contact?
Call STI’s Student Success Center at 605.367.7466 or email the center at firstname.lastname@example.org
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MANHATTAN—When engineers restore rivers, one Kansas State University professor hopes they'll keep a smaller engineer in mind: the North American beaver.
Beavers are often called ecosystem engineers because they can radically alter stream or valley bottom ecosystems, said Melinda Daniels, an associate professor of geography who recently studied the connection between beavers and river restoration. Beaver dams create diverse river landscapes, she said, and can turn a single-thread channel stream into a meadow, pond or multichannel, free-flowing stream.
"Our argument is that the restoration target for streams with forested riparian zones has got to acknowledge the diversity brought to river systems by active beaver populations," Daniels said.
Daniels and three researchers from the University of Connecticut co-authored "The River Discontinuum: Applying Beaver Modifications to Baseline Conditions for Restoration of Forested Headwaters." The article, led by Denise Burchsted at the University of Connecticut, appears in a recent issue of BioScience, the journal of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
While the research involves observations of several watersheds in northeastern Connecticut, the results are applicable to any forested stream, which typically have large beaver populations. Beaver populations have rebounded in recent years, Daniels said, after coming close to extinction in the early 19th century by hunters for their fur.
The ultimate goal of the research, Daniels said, is to help restore rivers in an efficient way that acknowledges ecosystem diversity and doesn't destroy it.
"A lot of rivers are in trouble and need work and restoration, but it's amazing how little we know about the systems we're trying to fix," she said. "We know they're broken, but we don't exactly know what they should look like because we know so little about how many of our river systems function."
Current restoration projects often don't consider the role of beavers as ecosystem engineers, and instead focus on creating continuous free-flowing streams, Daniels said. Such restoration can be expensive because it usually involves completely tearing down small 19th-century milldams and re-engineering an entire valley bottom.
Rather than tear down the whole milldam and radically change the surrounding ecosystem, the researchers recommend river restorers only remove part of it. This allows some ponded water to remain and mimics the role of beavers. Daniels said that in many cases if an old dam breaks and forms a gap, beavers may build their own dam to patch the gap and recreate the ecosystem that previously existed.
The researchers plan to continue river observations and collect more data to provide river restorers with insight for maintaining river ecosystem diversity.
"You can use these natural analogs to produce an ecosystem that looks a lot more like the one that was there before the colonists arrived," Daniels said. "We can restore rivers in a way that mimics the naturally diverse beaver streams, and we can save a lot of money in the process."
Follow U.S. News Science on Twitter.
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Though consumption has fallen, it’s far above recommended levels.
Added sugar in drinks and foods makes up almost 16 percent of the calories U.S. children and teens consume, federal health officials report.
That’s far more than the daily recommendation of no more than 15 percent of calories from both sugar and fat, according to the report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, published online Feb. 29 in the National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief.
“We were interested in looking at added sugar consumption in children because of the significant prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States and the fact that the dietary guidelines recommend that 5 to 15 percent of calories come from added sugars or fats,” explained lead researcher Cynthia Ogden, an epidemiologist with CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics.
Although the consumption of added sugars decreased between 1999 and 2008, it’s still above recommended levels, she said: Boys consume about 362 calories a day from added sugar, and girls eat about 282 calories in added sugar on a daily basis.
Sugar consumption also went up as children got older, the report showed.
Preschool-aged boys consumed 13.5 percent of their calories from added sugars, while boys aged 6 to 11 consumed 16.6 percent of their calories from added sugars, and those aged 12 to 19 consumed 17.5 percent of their calories from added sugars.
Meanwhile, girls in preschool consumed about 13 percent of their calories from added sugars, girls aged 6 to 11 consumed 15.7 percent of their calories from added sugars, and those aged 12 to 19 consumed 16.6 percent of their calories from added sugars.
In all, about 41 percent of added sugar came from drinks and the rest came from foods, Ogden noted.
Highlights of the report included:
Added sugars make up a larger portion of the diets of white children and teens compared with Mexican American children and adolescents.
Income levels made no difference in the amount of added sugar children and teens consumed.
Added sugars from food played a larger role than sugar from drinks.
More added sugars were eaten at home than outside the home.
Samantha Heller, a dietitian and nutritionist based in Connecticut, said that “we are turning our home kitchens into junk-food havens.”
While sugar per se is not evil, too many added sugars increase the risk for obesity, diabetes, high triglycerides, high cholesterol, heart disease and more, she said.
“Whoever is the gatekeeper for the family food supply needs to take a good, hard look at their choices. Obviously, junk foods, cookies, desserts and sodas are high in sugar and non-nutritive calories,” Heller said.
But added sugars lurk in unexpected places such as dried fruit snacks, instant iced teas, banana chips, fruit punch, boxed dessert mixes, fat-free caramel popcorn, chicken nuggets, ketchup, BBQ sauce, tartar sauce and fat-free salad dressings, she noted.
Ways to reduce sugar intake include buying fewer prepared, frozen and boxed processed foods; making baked goods from scratch and using less sugar; having water, fat-free milk and flavored seltzers on hand; making your own salad dressing; and having cut-up fresh fruit available for desserts and snacks, Heller advised.
She also recommended reading the ingredient list on foods and checking for hidden sugars such as: brown rice syrup, dextrose, fructose, molasses, sucrose, corn sweetener, barley malt syrup, fruit juice concentrates, glucose, cane juice syrup and sorghum.
Another expert, Dr. David Katz, director of the Prevention Research Center at Yale University School of Medicine, said that “added sugar can increase insulin levels and inflammation, and provides no real nutritional value.”
He added, “Given the notoriously high levels of childhood obesity and diabetes, we are in a situation where far too many spoons full of sugar are, indeed, helping the medicine go down—namely, medicine to treat the ill health the excess sugar is helping to create.”
For more about healthy eating for kids, visit the Nemours Foundation.
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Liberation of Korea and the Church
1. Context of the Times
Korea was freed from the rule of Japanese imperialism on August 15, 1945. National liberation was the starting point for a modern Korean history as well as that of the Catholic Church in Korea. Immediately after liberation the Allied Forces were stationed in Korea in the name of demilitarization of Japan. With the 38th Parallel as border, the Soviet military was stationed in the North and the U.S. military in the South. In the beginning, Korean people considered them as liberators. However the Allied Forces defined South Koreans as people who are liberated but still living in the colonized land of a defeated empire. Thus they carried out an occupation policy on the Korean peninsula.
The Cold War era began with the end of World War II. The confrontation framework of the USA and USSR influenced the political situation on the Korean peninsula under their occupation, and the 38th Parallel became the border line between capitalism and communism. Korean people committed themselves to the independence and national movements fighting hard to prevent the division of Korea. However their efforts turned out to be in vain. Finally, two separate governments were established on the Korean peninsula as a result of the Cold War between the USA and USSR. Some politicians of the South and the North took political advantage of such a situation: Politicians of the South based on the capitalistic system and the North based on the socialism. The establishment of the two governments in a context of totally different ideology incited the possibility of a domestic war among the Koreans. Finally the Korean War broke out in 1950.
From 1945 to 1950, the Church, in a rapidly changing society, had shared the joy and pain of all the Korean people.
2. Liberation and the Church in the South and the North
At the time of independence the Church in Korea had five Apostolic Vicariates, three Apostolic Prefectures and one Abbatia with about 180,000 faithful (some 50,000 in North and 110,000 in the South and 20,000 in the Diocese of Yenki of Manchuria) or 0.7 percent of the population. There were 169 foreign missionaries, 139 Korean priests and 400 nuns. Educational and social service organizations which were run by the Catholics were quite limited in number. The Catholic Church did not show any leading figures in the struggle for national independence. Therefore the influence of the Catholic Church in Korean society at time of independence was not significant.
However, the independence was a great event to the Catholic Church in Korea as she expected that it could bring an end of Japanese intervention and repression to the Church. The Church considered national liberation as a gift of the Blessed Virgin Mary because the independence came on the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Thanksgiving Masses and special celebrations for the national liberation and world peace were held all over the country.
In September, 1945, the US Military forces landed in Korea and Archbishop Spellman came to Seoul. He visited Myeongdong Cathedral in Seoul and consoled the Korean Catholics who suffered from the colonial rule. A Mass and welcoming reception of the Allied Forces were held at Myeongdong Cathedral as well as reception for those who fought for the national independence. On the other hand, the Soviet Army stationing in North Korea officially guaranteed the freedom of religion. The Church in North Korea joyfully celebrated national liberation and tried to make it a springboard for new progress. However, the Church in the North eventually had to undergo serious difficulties because of prejudices of Communists against religion.
The Church in the South and the North had her share in the joy of the independence of the country. But, the Church did not make a humble self-examination of the past for tolerating Japan's war policy or collaborating with Japan even if it was against her will. In fact, during the Japanese occupation, the Church had very little power to influence on the public opinion of Korean society for the Japanese imperialists forced it to collaborate with their war policy. French Apostolic Vicars were replaced by Japanese bishops. In this context the Church caused trouble of conscience for many Catholics by asking them to attend Shinto worship. Self-examination over such mistakes was precondition for new progress. However, the Church leaders did not want to admit officially their faults.
In a situation where the Cold War had been intensified, self-examination of the Church, which belonged to right wing, became more difficult because such conduct could motivate leftists?attack against the right wing.
3. Characteristics of History of the Church
In the period of stabilization of the division on the Korean peninsula, the Church in Korea suffered from the division of the nation. The Apostolic Vicariates of Pyongyang and Hamhung and Abbacy Nullius of Dokwon were under the communist rule of the North Korea that was under the guardianship of the Soviet Union. Also Hwanghae Province, which was a part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Seoul, was subsumed into North Korean territory. In these areas of North Korea, religion activities had been conducted actively since the liberation of nation. For instance in Pyeongyang, Catholics attempted to build a cathedral and in certain places they committed themselves to political movements and took part in anti-communist parties such as the Korea Democratic Party. In this process the Catholic Church in the North encountered immediate opposition of the North Korean communist government that established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. They also witnessed the preparatory process for the Korean War during which Catholics and their religious activities were repressed. Until just before the outbreak of the Korean War most of the clergy in the North were arrested, churches were closed and religious communities were ordered to be dissolved. At that time many Catholics moved to the South seeking for the freedom of religion.
On the other hand, the majority of the faithful of the diocese of Yenki, Manchuria, was Korean residents. At the end of World War II, when China recovered its sovereignty over Manchuria in 1946, the Apostolic See in Rome separated the Diocese of Yenkie from the Church in Korea and integrated it into the Church in China. This brought about some changes in the Church in Korea. By the end of Japanese colonial rule Japanese clergy were appointed as Vicariate Forane of the Apostolic Vicariate of Taegu and Kwangju, but they were replaced by Korean clergy immediately after the independence of the country.
In 1910, when the Japanese colonial rule began, Japan prohibited publication of the Gyeonghyang Sinmun, Catholic-run newspaper, and all periodicals of the Church eventually followed the same fate. Immediately after the independence the Church in the South was able to reissue the Gyeonghyang Sinmun which has taken root in Korean society as one of the most influential daily newspapers. The Church used it as a vehicle to express it's views and opinions concerning the direction to be taken by the Korean society. With republication of Gyeonghyang Sinmun all other Church-run publications, that were discontinued under colonial rule, were reissued. With the independence of the nation, the Church in Korea undertook active missionary works.
The Church also participated actively in the push for education in the country, by founding schools and educational associations, hospitals, clinics, orphanages and nursing homes across the country. It also gave impetus to Catholic activities by founding the "Korean Catholic League?in 1949. Efforts for devotional movements, including devotion to the Korean martyrs continued to flourish.
The Apostolic See in Rome showed much interest in the Church in Korea since the national independence and sent an Apostolic Delegate to Korea in 1947 even before the establishment of the South Korean government. In 1948, the Holy See was the first state to recognize the South Korean government when it was founded. Also the Catholic Conference of Korea(CCK) was organized to carry out evangelization works more effectively. The CCK was a national organization of bishops aimed at organizing and coordinating the Church activities on national level such as education, medical services and social works.
The Catholic Church in Korea did not make direct contribution to the independence of the country and tolerated the Japanese policy of aggression though it was against her will. If the Church wanted to work for the evangelization of the Korean people after the national independence she should have made a sincere self-examination of the errors of the past, but it did not.
The Church in Korea had to undergo many obstacles in carrying out her mission because of division of the country. The Church in the South could develop her missionary works under the protection of the U.S. Army, but it encountered a great deal of difficulties caused by the social situation and the confrontation between right and left wings. In such a complex situation the Church in the South continued to make efforts to do effective missionary works. The number of believers gradually increased and Church-run educational and social organizations continued to develop. Through influential publications the Church could express her views about the foundation of the new nation. In this way the Church tried to reach out to people and increase her influence on Korean society.
Immediately after the national independence the Church in the South made a successful efforts for evangelization while the Church in the North experienced great deal of difficulties under the communist regime. Spiritual and moral assistance from the Apostolic See and the Catholics of foreign Churches made a significant contribution to the progress of the Catholic Church in South Korea. However, as far as the national division is concerned, the Church did not engage in effective resistance against it.
As it can be seen from all the above reflections, the national independence from Japanese colonial rule was a very important event in the development of the history of Catholicism in Korea.
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Boston, MA – Children in the U.S. whose activity choices, interests, and pretend play before age 11 fall outside those typically expressed by their biological sex face increased risk of being physically, psychologically, and sexually abused, and of suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by early adulthood, according to a new study led by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). It is the first study to use a population-based sample to look at gender nonconformity as a risk factor for abuse.
The study was published online February 20, 2012 and will appear in the March 2012 print issue of Pediatrics.
"The abuse we examined was mostly perpetrated by parents or other adults in the home. Parents need to be aware that discrimination against gender nonconformity affects one in ten kids, affects kids at a very young age, and has lasting impacts on health," said lead author Andrea Roberts, a research associate in the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health at HSPH.
PTSD has been linked to risky behavior such as engaging in unprotected sex, and also to physical symptoms such as cardiovascular problems and chronic pain.
The researchers, led by Roberts and senior author S. Bryn Austin, associate professor in the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health at HSPH, and in the Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, examined questionnaire data gathered from nearly 9,000 young adults (average age 23) who enrolled in the longitudinal Growing Up Today study in 1996. Respondents were asked in 2007 to recall their childhood experiences, including favorite toys and games, roles they took while playing, media characters they imitated or admired, and feelings of femininity and masculinity. They also were asked about physical, sexual, or emotional abuse they experienced and were screened for PTSD.
Men who ranked in the top 10th percentile of childhood gender nonconformity reported a higher prevalence of sexual and physical abuse before age 11 and psychological abuse between ages 11 and 17 compared with those below the median of nonconformity. Women in the top 10th percentile reported a higher prevalence of all forms of abuse as children compared with those below the median of nonconformity. Rates of PTSD were almost twice as high among young adults who were gender nonconforming in childhood than among those who were not.
The researchers also found that most children who were gender nonconforming were heterosexual in adulthood (85%), a finding reported for the first time in this study. "Our findings suggest that most of the intolerance toward gender nonconformity in children is targeted toward heterosexuals," said Roberts.
More research is needed to understand why gender nonconforming kids experience greater risk of abuse, and to develop interventions to prevent abuse, the researchers said. They recommend that pediatricians and school health providers consider abuse screening for this vulnerable population.
Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health.
"Childhood Gender Nonconformity: A Risk Indicator for Childhood Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress in Youth," Andrea L. Roberts, Margaret Rosario, Healther L. Corliss, Karestan C. Koenen, S. Bryn Austin. Pediatrics, doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1804, online February 20, 2012.
Visit the HSPH website for the latest news, press releases and multimedia offerings.
Harvard School of Public Health (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu) is dedicated to advancing the public's health through learning, discovery, and communication. More than 400 faculty members are engaged in teaching and training the 1,000-plus student body in a broad spectrum of disciplines crucial to the health and well being of individuals and populations around the world. Programs and projects range from the molecular biology of AIDS vaccines to the epidemiology of cancer; from risk analysis to violence prevention; from maternal and children's health to quality of care measurement; from health care management to international health and human rights. For more information on the school visit: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu
HSPH on Twitter: http://twitter.com/HarvardHSPH
HSPH on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/harvardpublichealth
HSPH on You Tube: http://www.youtube.com/user/HarvardPublicHealth
HSPH home page: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Anemia Due to Bone Marrow Failure (or Toxicity) in Dogs
Aplastic Anemia in Dogs
Bone marrow plays a pivotal role in the origination and constant replenishment of important cells like red blood cells (RBCs), granulocytes (or white blood cells [WBCs]), and platelets. Once these cells reach the point of maturation they are released from the marrow into the blood stream. In some mammals, it is estimated that as many as three million red blood cells per second are released into the blood circulation, demonstrating the extensive amount of work done by the bone marrow in keeping the numbers of these cells within normal ranges in the body.
Aplastic anemia in dogs is a diseased condition resulting from the bone marrow's inability to replenish blood cells. Where aplastic refers to the dysfunction of an organ, and anemia refers to a lack of red blood cells. Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening condition resulting when normal bone marrow is replaced by adipose (fat) tissue, thus preventing it from releasing the required number of WBCs, RBCs, and platelets and resulting in an overall decrease in the total number of these cells in the blood. RBCs have several vital functions in the body, including carriage of oxygen and removal of waste carbon dioxide. WBCs are essential for fighting infections and foreign particles, whereas platelets are required for clotting the blood and preventing hemorrhage. All symptoms seen in aplastic anemia directly relate to the functions of these cells. In most cases of aplastic anemia, all three types of cells are affected. If left untreated, this condition can lead to death in severely affected dogs.
Symptoms and Types
All three types of cells affected in this disease have different roles to play in normal body functions, therefore, the symptoms will vary depending on the type of cells mostly affected and the severity of the problem. Following are some of the symptoms related to aplastic anemia.
There are a variety of causes for aplastic anemia, including infections, toxins, drugs, and chemicals which may cause aplastic anemia in dogs. Following are some major causes of aplastic anemia in dogs:
Drugs and chemicals
You will need to give a thorough history of your dog's health and onset of symptoms. Your veterinarian will perform a physical examination with full laboratory testing, including complete blood tests, biochemical profiles, and urinalysis. The results of these tests will provide valuable information for the preliminary diagnosis. The count of various cells will be determined; counts that are far below the normal ranges are considered a positive result.
Your veterinarian will also evaluate your dog for the presence of any infectious diseases, but the most valuable test in the diagnosis of aplastic anemia is bone marrow sampling. In this test a small sample of bone marrow will be collected through aspiration or biopsy. The microscopic studies will reveal the important information related to the architecture of the bone marrow and any developmental problems of the various cells in the bone marrow.
Your veterinarian will start treating your dog immediately after a confirmatory diagnosis has been made. Your dog may need to be hospitalized for few days to be monitored and treated. With aplastic anemia, there are number of problems to deal with and supportive therapy will be initiated to provide the required nutrition and energy that your dog is lacking. If required, whole blood transfusions may be recommended for severely anemic patients. As this problem is mediated mostly through the immune system, the primary treatment involves suppressing the immune system with drugs like cyclosporine A. Cyclosporine and other related agents suppress the bone marrow’s over-response. Drugs supporting the bone marrow functions are also recommended for these patients. Antibiotics are given to treat ongoing infections as well as for the prevention of further infections.
Living and Management
During hospitalization, your veterinarian will monitor your dog's status daily. Blood tests will be repeated to determine the current status of the problem. In some dogs, bone marrow sampling may need to be repeated in order to see if the bone marrow is responding normally or not. Unfortunately, with aplastic anemia few patients survive despite extensive care and treatment. Young dogs have a better chance of survival, but even if initial recovery is attained, it may take several weeks to months for a complete recovery.
The term for black feces that has blood in it
A special type of tissue that exudes mucus
An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness
Extreme loss of blood
A bloody nose
A condition of the blood in which normal red blood cell counts or hemoglobin are lacking.
The process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons.
Refers to the quality of being fat or full of fat.
Blood in the urine
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Helping Your Child Build Inner Strength
What Is Inner Strength?
Inner strength, often called "resilience," is the ability to cope with the stressful situations that life throws at us.
Building inner strength begins with simple actions or thoughts that your child practices, such as planning for what to do next and learning to accept change. Inner strength can help a child face problems. Children who are resilient:
- Are more likely to grow into healthy, happy adults, even in the face of poverty, divorce, or family tragedy.
- Are better able to stand up to peer pressure so they can avoid using drugs, drinking alcohol, and smoking.
- Are better able to resist messages in the media that tell them to be or look a certain way.
- Feel confident when meeting new people.
- Like to do nice things for others.
- Are loving and lovable.
- Are optimistic about life.
Children often surprise us with how resilient they are. But there is much you can do as a parent to help your young child or your teenager grow stronger.
By working to develop a child's inner strength, you are giving that child the emotional and mental tools needed to stay healthy and happy throughout life.
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: Reference December 9, 2011|
|Medical Review:||Reference Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics
Reference Catherine D. Serio, PhD - Behavioral Health
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The sustainability crisis has provoked an unexpected and dramatic response from academia. Until now, higher education institutions have tended to focus on sustainability within their own borders. This has predominantly been via sustainability education, research and designing green or carbon neutral campuses.
Yet borders between society and academia are dissolving. Many high-profile universities across the world are reaching out past campus boundaries to form ambitious partnerships with industry, government and civil society organisations. In this role of ‘co-creation’, a university attempts to materialise sustainable development by working with society, to create society. That is, it collaborates with diverse social actors to trigger and then drive the sustainable transformation of a specific region, city or community.
To cite but a few examples of many, the University of Strathclyde is partnering with Glasgow City to make the region “one of Europe’s most sustainable cities within 10 years”. Another is how Novatlantis — the sustainability initiative of the Swiss federal institutes of technology and research — is teaming up with public and private partners to utilise the cities of Basel, Zurich and Geneva as test beds for innovative sustainability experiments.
Across the Atlantic, Cornell University and Oberlin College are engaged in separate but ambitious alliances to revive and transform the stagnating economies of two former industrial boom towns into exportable models of green, post-fossil fuel prosperity.
A rocky history
The university, as an institution, should know a thing or two about sustainability. After all, it boasts more than 1,000 years of history, having endured wars, revolutions and dramatic transitions at the core of Western society. Today it stands at the pinnacle of its evolution as a highly complex, dynamic institution at the heart of the knowledge economy. The cutting edge knowledge originating from this institution — now operating across national borders and linking vast areas of science, industry, government and civil society — is responsible for everything from Gatorade to Google, and from superconductors to stem cell research.
Despite this, the university has not often sought to spur great social transformations. Instead, it has typically been a conservative, monastery-like institution, aloof to the problems of the world and committed to maintaining ideals of the past. As argued by Mark Taylor of Columbia University, the university of today still stubbornly clings to an out-dated ‘separation of labour’ model, in which incompatible, separate academic disciplines, inhibit a holistic response to the problems of the world. Competition between departments reigns at the price of cooperation and cross-disciplinary research.
Further, as an institution striving for universal truth, irrespective of time and place, the university has harboured a nonchalance towards place-based problem solving and research attempting to provide concrete solutions to local community issues.
Co-creation: a new trend in academia?
To label the academic function of co-creation as completely new is not entirely accurate. After all, historical examples of universities collaborating with external partners to tackle real-world problems and utilise the local environs as a ‘living laboratory’ can be traced back to the land-grant institutions established since 1862 in the United States. More recently, a similar role to co-creation may be observed in university-city efforts, such as those by the University of Pennsylvania, to address neighbourhood deterioration and economic decay. Yet none of these prior functions seem to capture the ambition, scale and objectives of the cross-sector partnerships for advancing urban sustainability collated into Table 1 below.
Table 1. Various cross-sector collaborations for sustainability transitions
In assuming this unprecedented role of sustainability fomenter, the university is deviating from the dominant model of an ‘entrepreneurial university’ where the notion of contributing to society has become synonymous with contributing to the economy via technology transfer and commercialisation of research results. Instead, it is adopting a grander and far more concrete function — that of responding to the sustainability crisis and driving the transition to more resilient and environmentally sustainable towns and cities.
The 2000 Watt Society
Novatlantis and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) are the veterans of co-creation for fostering sustainable urban transformation. Guided by the vision of a 2000 Watt Society, a blue-print for a low-carbon Switzerland conceived by ETH in 1998, numerous public-private alliances have been formed in the fields of mobility, construction and urban planning.
After an initial focus on the Basel-Stadt region, the Novatlantis-triggered race to de-carbonisation has spread to Geneva and Zurich. These three cities are now all competing to showcase and diffuse the various elements required to accelerate the sustainable transformation of urban Switzerland.
Ten years of co-creation is at last bearing fruit. Basel has established itself as a centre of innovation in the field of individual, sustainable mobility. Since 2002, the
Experience Space Mobility project has engaged automobile manufacturers, transport operators and key stakeholders to develop and demonstrate solutions for the short-term (natural gas), mid-term (biogas) and long-term (hydrogen fuel cells). A recent outcome here are trials of
hydrogen powered municipal street sweepers.
The “hy.muve” (which stands for “hydrogen-driven municipal vehicle”) will keep Basel’s streets clean in more ways than one. Photo © Empa – Materials and Science Technology.
To promote sustainable construction, Novatlantis organises and supervises large-scale urban development projects that are required to integrate MINERGIE energy performance standards and adhere to principles outlined for the 2000 Watt Society. Again in Basel, projects of interest include the recently completed Gundeldinger Feld, where a former industrial site was converted into a fashionable commercial and cultural district, and the ongoing re-development of Erlenmatt, a former railway freight yard, into a mixed-use district containing commercial and residential buildings, shopping facilities, restaurants, schools and parklands.
Rust to sustainability: The Oberlin Project
Another collaboration worth watching is the Oberlin Project, unfolding in the tiny ‘rust town’ of Oberlin, Ohio. Scattered across the northwestern states of the US, many towns such as Oberlin have lost their former economic glory and are struggling for survival with the decline of localised, heavy industries.
Against this backdrop, Oberlin College and David Orr (one of the forefathers of the academic sustainability movement) are leading an ambitious partnership with the municipality, private enterprises, investors and local citizens to leap from ‘rust’ and despair to a model of post-fossil fuel prosperity, resiliency and sustainability.
The project aims to make the City of Oberlin and its college carbon positive (i.e., not only carbon neutral, but actually absorb more carbon than it emits) and a self-generator of resources by 2050. Conceived as a “full-spectrum sustainability” response to the looming dual crises of climate change and peak oil, the project is cutting emissions through radical improvements in energy efficiency, converting the city’s entire energy supply to renewables (bio-gas and solar), transforming run-down city blocks to green building zones for the arts and sustainable business, and creating a 20,000 acre forestry and agriculture belt for food, timber and carbon-sequestration.
Resiliency will be boosted by kick-starting local consumption and a green economy, and directing sustainable farm produce to local restaurants and hotels in the city. Residents and students will be engaged in this real-world sustainability experiment via educational alliances between the local schools and colleges, and lastly, a national network will be set up to export this transformational model to other regions. To achieve this, initial design and construction estimates have been put at US$140 million, with US$55 million just for the first phase — colossal figures for lean times in a small rust town.
Even still, things are moving fast. The project has been nominated as one of 16 cities for the Clinton Foundation’s Climate Positive Development Program, and is attracting the interest of various military, national security experts and think-tanks such as the New America Foundation.
Oberlin College’s focus for 2012 is on the construction of a 13-acre ‘Green Arts Block’ featuring platinum level
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings such an auditorium, theatre, student housing, hotel, restaurants and a business district. As for other project areas and the ultimate objective of becoming a prosperous, self-sufficient and carbon positive town, this will occur in a decentralised fashion over many long years, and possibly even decades.
The power of partnerships
The chronic ailments of modernity are ‘wicked’, or ‘messy’, to borrow sustainability jargon. The unsustainability of our energy, transport, agricultural and economic systems all have their roots in multiple areas of the complex social, economic, technological, political and cultural fabric surrounding us. In forming partnerships such as those above, universities are now recognising that the only viable pathway to sustainability is one simultaneously addressing all these causes and mobilising all the required institutions, knowledge and resources into one comprehensive framework. That is where the true significance of co-creation for sustainability lies.
This is precisely why innovation-driven, cross-sector partnerships for sustainability transitions are also a topic of high relevance to the related cross-cutting work at the United Nations University, such as the Sustainable Urban Futures initiative of the Institute for Advanced Studies. With an interactive network of academic institutions, local and national government partners and international organizations, UNU aims to serve as a platform for global and local dialogue and creative new sustainability ideas, while also contributing to capacity development efforts, particularly in developing countries.
However, if more universities and faculty are to be encouraged to engage in alliances for urban sustainability transitions, several barriers need to be overcome. These include difficulties accessing funding, faculty time restraints, internal communication challenges amongst vast networks of partners and stakeholders, as well as institutional resistance from within academia. The reality is that most universities are yet to provide genuine incentives for the promotion of inter and multi-disciplinary collaboration and place-based action research for advancing urban sustainability.
Yet the alliances formed by the Novatlantis 2000 Watt Society and Oberlin Project are demonstrating that these barriers are not insurmountable. With scores of other university-driven collaborations for sustainable urban transformations simultaneously unfolding across the globe, and many long years required for their completion, it appears that the emergence of the academic function of co-creation for sustainability has only just begun.
Being a new development also means that there are very few, if any, successfully completed past examples from which to learn. Although it will be exciting to keep an eye on the progress made by the ambitious collaborations presented in this article, it remains to be seen whether they can actually realise their ultimate objectives.
Nevertheless, our prediction is a hopeful one — that the university’s role of co-creation will continue to evolve and eventually become a key component of the urban shift to sustainability across the globe.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
An anastomosis (plural anastomoses, from gr. ἀναστόμωσις, communicating opening) is a network of streams that both branch out and reconnect, such as blood vessels or leaf veins. The term is used in medicine and biology.
- Further information: Circulatory anastomosis
Anastomosis is the connection of two structures. It refers to connections between blood vessels or between other tubular structures such as loops of intestine. In circulatory anastomosis, many arteries naturally anastomose with each other, for example the inferior epigastric artery and superior epigastric artery.The circulatory anastomosis is further divided into arterial and venous anastomosis. Arterial anastomosis includes actual arterial anastomosis(e.g. palmar arch, plantar arch) and potential arterial anastomosis(e.g. coronary arteries and cortical branch of cerebral arteries). An example of surgical anastomosis occurs when a segment of intestine is resected and the two remaining ends are sewn or stapled together (anastomosed), for example Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The procedure is referred to as intestinal anastomosis.
Pathological anastomosis results from trauma or disease and may involve veins, arteries, or intestines. These are usually referred to as fistulas. In the cases of veins or arteries, traumatic fistulas usually occur between artery and vein. Traumatic intestinal fistulas usually occur between two loops of intestine (enetero-enteric fistula) or intestine and skin (enterocutaneous fistula). Portacaval anastomosis, by contrast, is an anastomosis between a vein of the portal circulation and a vein of the systemic circulation, which allows blood to bypass the liver in patients with portal hypertension, often resulting in hemorrhoids, esophageal varices, or caput medusae.
In evolution, anastomosis is a recombination of evolutionary lineage. Conventional accounts of evolutionary lineage present themselves as the simple branching out of species into novel forms. Under anastomosis, species might recombine after initial branching out, such as in the case of recent research which shows that ancestral populations along human and chimpanzee lineages may have interbred after an initial branching event. The concept of anastomosis also applies to the theory of symbiogenesis, in which new species emerge from the formation of novel symbiotic relationships.
- ↑ Gylys, Barbara A. and Mary Ellen Wedding, Medical Terminology Systems, F.A. Davis Company, 2005.
- ↑ Patterson, Nick, et al. (May 2006). Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees. Nature 441 (7097): 1103–1108.
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Je parle de vieillesse à la femme que j'aime;
on me répond : « C'est dans Ronsard, tout ça. » Je parle
d'un deuil profond et d'une enfant qui s'est noyée;
on me répond : « Tout ça, c'est dans Victor Hugo. »
Je parle d'un coeur lourd comme un lac en colère;
on me répond: « Tout ça, tu vois c'est Lamartine. »
Je parle de musique et d'un parc dans la brume;
On me répond: « Tout ça, Verlaine y est passé. »
Je parle de partir, là-bas vers l'équateur;
on me répond: « Tout ça, c'est Rimbaud. » Je parle
de mon orgueil et de ma solitude amère;
On me répond : « C'est dans Vigny, t'as pas de chance. »
Je ne parlerai plus, de peur de les gêner,
ces salauds qui sans moi ont écrit mes poèmes.
*extrait de Sonnets pour une fin de siècle (Paris: Gallimard, 1980) -- Listen to a RealAudio recording of the poem.
QUESTIONNAIRE - Répondez en français ou en anglais.
1. What does the title suggest?
2. Spot and classify all the pronouns in the poem.
3. Name and locate the different verb tenses used. Do you see anything significant in the patterns of their use?
4. What is the fixed form imitated in this poem?
5. Name ways in which this suggested or said?
6. What is the origin of this fixed form?
7. What else do you know about it?
8. What is missing in this form?
9. What is the form of the discourse within the poem (it's voice, how it addresses intended readers)?
10. What phrases are repeated?
11. Pretending that the stanzas did not matter, how would you divide the
poem up, and why?
12. Who is "on"? Does the text of the poem itself give you any hints?
13. Find all of the poems to which Bosquet makes reference (Good luck with Verlaine!).
14. Give their approximate dates (what century dominates the references).
15. Say something more about the works referred to, other than what Bosquet says.
16. What does Bosquet call the other poets, and why?
17. The creation of how many poems does Bosquet claim has been thwarted by those who wrote before him?
18. What French words stand for the emotional and psychological forces which would have inspired these poems?
19. What is the possible irony of the last two lines?
20. What is the flaw in Bosquet's logic, in the matter of poetic creation?
21. Do you think that a poem or story should be completely original to be
good? Why or why not?
22. What is the overall tone of the poem? Is it formal or informal? What tells you this?
23. The Amazon.com site shows 43 published book titles (novels, collections of poetry, criticism, translations) for this prolific scholarly author, whose real name is Anatole Bisk (1919-1998). You might ask yourselves about what could be a motivation for what this poem states and its manner of presentation, with the assistance of some biographical information:
24. Tell me what was Bosquet's native language?
25. How do you feel about authors writing in a language other than their own?
26. Do you sense that Bosquet may have had reason to know more about
French writers throughout history that say the average aspiring
French poet of his day? Explain.
27. Do you see any of Bosquet's aphorisms which might shed some light
on the wisdom or the poet's attitude in "Imitateur"?
28. Try hunting for the same things as well as contrasting ideas in this poem:
29. In his reaction to an article by Antonio G. Rodriguez, published in the French Review 44, no. 4 (March 1971), 665-76, Bosquet said "En fait, un texte n'existe (je veux dire: ne peut être durable) que s'il répond à deux sollicitations. La première consiste à se plier aux règles de la dialectique classique et à résister à l'assaut de l'intelligence qu'il doit en tous points satisfaire. La seconde conviction est plus difficile à définir: il s'agit pour le texte d'échapper à ses propres lois et d'aquérir une valeur invisible, la valeur de prolongement." (675-76)
Does "Imitateur" conform to anything the poet seems to say in the above remark?
30. What is originality? Why do we admire it? Can it not become a kind of false god in the realm of art, literature and music?
31. If you have access to any of Bosquet's poetry (the titles in this bibliography), it would be interesting to see of he develops any whole poems around the themes indicated in "Imatateur".
32. Find six French poems other than the ones mentioned in Bosquet's sonnet and on themes other than those mentioned there. Now imagine you are Bosquet, writing to lament that these have been covered by poets who came before him, and write another sonnet of complaint in French.
NOW IT IS YOUR TURN. WRITE TO SUGGEST A QUESTION ABOUT BOSQUET'S POEM WHICH WOULD BE OF VALUE IN THE LESSON. I WILL USE A FEW WHICH ARE APPROPRIATE, GIVING NAMES OF THOSE WHO SUGGEST THEM.
Notes on Poetic Voice in Bosquet's "Imitateur"
Defining poetic voice within this work is more complex than one might think. There is a dialogue aspect to the poem where the voices identified by the text as "je" and "on" spar, roughly by couplets. The "je" claims it is expounding a poetic theme, announced with the words "je parle de...", and the ambiguous "on" (as reported by the "je" narrator) replies that what the "je" proposes has already been done. This only breaks down in the last couplet, where we find the "je" contemplating the work of previous poets mentioned in the first twelve lines of the sonnet, and where the "on" is not present in the the third-person half of the couplet, leaving only a third person plural, representing six dead poets. Of course, this dialog may only be a front for a poet having a conversation with himself, or perhaps with a quarrelsome muse.
There is also a kind of hidden dialogue, whose participating voices would be what the narrator may have proposed as a poem on each announced theme, facing off against the particular work of another poet which must have surfaced in the mind of the wet-blanket hypothetical interlocutor, the "on". Precision in this is limited to how well the reader has guessed what poems are implied when Bosquet links a particular poet with an announced theme.
As if this were not complicated enough, we must also ask ourselves if the title of the poem "Imitateur", was meant to suggest anything about the any of the poem's voices. The most appropriate definition given this word in the Petit Robert is third: "3. Personne qui imite (les oeuvres d'autrui). V. Epigone suiveur. 'Des disciples, des imitateurs, des suiveurs... En un mot, une tradition' (Gide)..." Another possible definition would be a translator who chooses to very loosely interpret a text, abandoning the semantic "quest for equivalence" in favor of a recontextualization of a poem in a setting contemporary to the translator and her/his own culture. An example of this might be William Ernest Henley, in "Villon's Straight Tip to all Cross Coves", which "imitates", rather than translates François Villon's poem, "Ballade de bonne doctrine". The American poet, Robert Lowell, published an entire volume, Imitations, in 1961, where he does this with a variety of non anglophone authors. Who is the imitator in Bosquet's poem? Are the poets cited by Bosquet themselves imitators of earlier authors from whom they have borrowed themes or recontextualized discourse? Is there a real voice at the origin of each theme?
Produced by The Globe-Gate Project
Made in Tennessee to bring you the world
TennesseeBob Peckham, Director
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LONDON (Reuters) - People should be cautious about taking vitamin E supplements regularly because doing so can increase the risk of a certain type of stroke, an international team of scientists said on Friday.
Researchers from the United States, France and Germany reviewed existing studies of vitamin E and its effect on stroke and found that taking the vitamin increased the risk of haemorrhagic stroke, where bleeding occurs in the brain, by 22 percent, but cut the risk of ischaemic stroke by 10 percent.
Ischaemic stroke accounts for around 70 percent of all cases and happens when a blood clot prevents blood reaching the brain.
"These findings suggest that the use of vitamin E may not be as safe as we have believed and is actually associated with some harm in the form of increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke," said Markus Schurks, of the Brigham and Women's Hospital in the United States, who led the study.
The researchers stressed the effects on absolute risk are small, with 0.8 more haemorrhagic strokes and 2.1 fewer ischaemic strokes per 1,000 people taking vitamin E.
This is equivalent to one ischaemic stroke being prevented for 476 people taking the vitamin, they said, and one extra haemorrhagic stroke for every 1,250 people taking it.
"While the risk is small ... we caution against widespread uncontrolled use of vitamin E," Schurks said in a statement.
Previous research has suggested that taking vitamin E has a protective effect against heart disease and around 13 percent of the U.S. population takes vitamin E as a supplement, the scientists said in their study published in the British Medical Journal.
Stroke is the most common cardiovascular problem after heart disease and kills around 5.7 million people worldwide each year.
For their analysis, the scientists studied nine trials that had investigated the effect of vitamin E on stroke in more than 118,000 people, half of whom were taking at least 50 mg daily of vitamin E and half of whom were taking a placebo or dummy pill.
None of the trials suggested taking vitamin E increased the risk for total stroke, but the researchers found there were stark differences when looking at individual types of stroke.
The analysis found there were 223 haemorrhagic strokes among people taking vitamin E and 183 such strokes among those taking a placebo, meaning the group taking the vitamin were 22 percent more likely to have this kind of stroke.
A total of 884 people taking vitamin E had an ischaemic stroke compared with 983 people taking a placebo, meaning people taking the vitamin were 10 percent less likely to have this form of stroke.
"Although the effects of vitamin E that are shown ... are both relatively small, haemorrhagic strokes generally have more severe outcomes," said Tobias Kurth, of France's Hopital de la Pitie-Salpetriere, who also worked on the study.
"Based on these findings, we suggest considering other preventive strategies to reduce the risk of stroke such as a well balanced diet, not smoking, being physically active and maintaining a normal weight."
SOURCE: http://link.reuters.com/xus93q British Medical Journal, online November 5, 2010.
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A selection of articles related to mussel characteristics.
Original articles from our library related to the Mussel Characteristics. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Mussel Characteristics.
- Sign Characteristics: Capricorn
- Quadruplicity Cardinal Day of the week Saturday Birthstones Amber Onyx Sapphire Quartz Colours Yellow Brown Blue Black Flowers Gardenia Daisy Violet Narcissus Metals Lead Essences Lilac Vetiver Narcissus Animals Crocodile Sheep Robin GENERAL FEATURES Earth...
Astrology >> Capricorn
- Sign Characteristics: Scorpio
- Quadruplicity Fix Day of the week Tuesday Birthstones Coral Ruby Topaz Colours Black Ochre Violet Flowers Orchid Gardenia Dahlia Metals Iron Platinum Essences Cinnamon Patchouli Animals Mole Snake Dormouse GENERAL FEATURES Water sign ruled by Mars. Scorpios'...
Astrology >> Scorpio
- Characteristics of the Zodiac Signs
- Zodiac Signs - comprehensive description of qualities of all 12 signs.
Psychic Abilities >> Psychic Development
Mussel Characteristics is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Mussel Characteristics books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Mussel Identification Activity:
- technology that allows users to identify species of mussels by choosing sets of characteristics of the mussels in question through a series of choices.
- Zebra Mussel Factsheet - Ciy of Bellingham, WA
- Zebra Mussel Characteristics. • Adults range from 1/8 to 2 inches in length. • Mostly white or cream-colored with jagged brown or black stripes across the shell .
- A zebra mussel is a bivalve mollusk. It is a fingernail-sized clam with
- Zebra mussels have identifiable and observable characteristics. Zebra mussel history and concerns can be identified from a video.
- The Asian Green Mussel: Recent Introduction to the South Atlantic
- Species: viridis (Linnaeus 1758). Common Name: Asian Green Mussel.
Suggested Web Resources
- Mussel Characteristics
- Mussel Characteristics.
- Zebra mussel FAQs
- Apr 13, 2011 Many invasive species share common characteristics that make them very adaptable to a new environment.
- What is a Mussel?
- Mussels share many characteristics with clams, another bivalve widely eaten by humans.
- Characteristics of Mussels | eHow.com
- Characteristics of Mussels. Mussels are a shellfish, commonly found in seafood dishes and distinctive for their oblong shell shape.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Mussel Characteristics Topics
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Christmas Has a Dark Side
Micah Watson, Assistant Professor of Political Science & Director, Center for Religion and Politics
Dec 18, 2009
There has always been a darker side to Christmas. Simeon warned Mary that her son would cause the rise and fall of many in Israel, and that a sword would pierce her soul. Joseph and Mary's furtive escape to Egypt wasn't recreational in nature.
Think for a moment about the carrying out of Herod's order to kill every male child under 2 years old in the vicinity of Bethlehem. It should be no less horrific merely because so many centuries have passed and the story is so familiar to us.
The familiarity is a problem. It was not all angels singing to shepherds, guiding stars, wise men bearing gifts and a newborn cuddled safely with his mother and father. Those things are also part of the story, and rightly so. They are plot details that we can't do without, but they are also central in part because they are so safely told, and retold, in pageants and sermons and nativity scenes. We understandably shy away from remembering the darker parts of the story ourselves, let alone try and explain them to our children.
Yet we miss the full import of the real Christmas narrative if we do not even occasionally dwell in the shadows of the original narrative. The gospel - literally, good news - only makes sense as good news if the audience for its proclamation is familiar with hardship, oppression and, at times, terror. Good news doesn't make sense unless there is also bad news.
Much of the bad news would have been understood by the Jews of Jesus' time as political. Joseph and Mary were traveling despite her pregnancy in response to the census order of an occupying government. Herod's slaughter of the innocents stemmed from his own insecurity given a prophecy about a future king who might challenge his power. And Jesus' ministry made the political and religious powers increasingly uneasy.
Of course the Christian message is that the bad news was not merely political. Deeper than any diseased politics that elicited hopes for a political savior is the fundamental disordering of the human condition itself. The good news of Jesus' birth was bad news for the powers that be, but nevertheless still good news for those who recognize they are sick and need more than earthly politics and earthly medicine.
This is what is truly offensive about the Christmas message today. It is not necessarily that God became man, or the difficulty of believing in miracles, but that there is wrong in the world that needs to be set right, and fundamentally it is not the government or the economy. It is you. And me.
Theologically this leads us back to the darker side of Christmas, for even the nativity scenes that decorate many of our homes point forward not to the celebration of the New Year, but another dark day with a hill and three crosses that also has become all too familiar.
This message is all the more potent because there is still a darker side to Christmas. In some parts of the world parents still fear for the lives of their children as they venture out to worship in house churches. Closer to home, Christmas is a terribly difficult time for many. Perhaps it is the first Christmas without a loved one. Or past wounds resurface with familiar songs and memories. It can be an awfully trying season for some amidst the good and wonderful traditions enjoyed by others. Given this, it makes sense to tell the whole Christmas story and not just the "feel good" moments.
Thus Christians would do well this season to rethink the setting of the original Christmas, and consider whether these less pleasant details render the story and teachings of their faith that much more remarkable. Moreover, non-Christians might even see some daylight between the Christo-American holiday focused on primarily on tinsel and credit cards and the genuinely Christian celebration of a light beginning to shine in what had been darkness.
This article originally appeared in the Dec. 18 edition of the Jackson Sun
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July 4, 2007 9:30 AM
Want to find a lily that will survive without water? Want to start a native garden but don't know where to start?
Here's a great resource to help you learn what grows in your part of California. It even includes photos like this one!
California Native Plant Link Exchange:
It's easy to use. For instance, my parents live in Ventura County and they'd like to plant something that will flower year after year without replanting. So they click on "Ventura" in the county listing. It takes them to a new page that lists native plant nurseries in the area. If you scroll down on that page, they'll see a topographical map of the county, and just below that is a listing of native trees that grow in the county. They can then click on the "Perennials" link and that list will change to a massive list of native perennials that will do well in their county. Click on any plant and you'll see everything you could want to know about that particular plant, including a photo, common names, links to other sites with photos, and what nurseries should have it in stock.
Here's a link to the entry on a native lily:
There are currently no comments.
Post a Comment
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The ability to forecast periods of intense solar activity may be improved after scientists compared cycles of solar magnetic activity (over the past 10,000 years as reconstructed from ice cores) with the action of the planets. The Sun determines the course of the planets, but it has been discovered that the planets may also exert an influence on the Sun. Their configurations appear to be responsible for long-term cycles of increased solar activity.
This discovery is deemed important as our society becomes more dependent on technologies such as satellite communications and navigation systems - as well as power grids - which can be disabled by major solar eruptions. Scientists at Eawag and the ETH Zurich, in collaboration with colleagues from Australia and Spain, are continuing to study the configuration of the planets.
In their study, appearing in Astronomy & Astrophysics, the lead authors Professor José Abreu and Dr Jürg Beer from Eawag Aquatic Research demonstrate why they find the idea of planetary influence so convincing. Tracing the 5 most prominent periodicities of solar activity back over the last 10,000 years, they observed that the peaks and troughs reappear with precisely the same periodicity even after being reduced or vanishing altogether for some time. Dr Beer concludes, 'Everything points to an external 'clock', and that can really only be the planets.'
Direct evidence of the number of sunspots (a measure of solar activity) has only been available for around 400 years - the era of telescopic observations. This evidence was obtained from polar ice cores (from Antarctica and Greenland) in which radionuclides (an atom with an unstable nucleus) produced by cosmic rays are stored. During the Sun's quiescent periods, more cosmic rays enter the atmosphere - with increased production of radionuclides - as the blocking effect of the solar magnetic field is weaker.
The authors of the study are still describing their conclusions cautiously as hypothesis. However, if their findings are confirmed, they could be of major importance in helping to understand and develop more realistic models of the Sun. In addition, they could also help to generate more reliable forecasts of the space climate or even space weather for longer space voyages.
Their study also looked into the effect of superflares - huge eruptions of solar plasma, hurling billions of tonnes of gas into the atmosphere and causing magnetic storms in space and on Earth.
Satellites, aircraft avionics, power grids, radio signals and many other systems could be disrupted or destroyed by an event of this kind. But whether an improved understanding of solar magnetic activity will help to predict the frequency and intensity of such eruptions remains an open question. Dr Beer admits: 'Storm warnings are still a long way off. But the recent research takes us one step closer towards being able to give a better explanation of the longer-term space climate.'
Explore further: Forecast for Titan: Wild weather could be ahead
More information: Abreu, J.A., Beer, J., Ferriz-Mas, A., McCracken, K.G. and Steinhilber, F., 'Is there a planetary influence on solar activity?', Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2012, 548. dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219997
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From the manufacturer to the grocer and to our dinner tables, airtight plastic packaging is an essential part of modern life—protecting and preserving goods, and ensuring they are transported efficiently.
For decades plastics have driven innovation in packaging design.
From tamper resistant medicine packaging to the new Heinz dip/squeeze packet, plastic helps drive innovation and is a leading material in creating effective packaging solutions for a variety of needs.
Plastics don’t just make packaging more effective; they can also make packaging more efficient, helping to conserve resources.
Plastic is often a more efficient material to choose than alternatives. That's because plastics are incredibly energy efficient to manufacture and because they are lighter than alternative materials. Just two pounds of plastic can deliver 10 gallons—of a beverage. You'd need three pounds of aluminum, eight pounds of steel, or over 40 pounds of glass to bring home the same amount.
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
Plastic’s durability makes it a preferred material for reusable items such as storage bins, sealable food containers and refillable sports bottles. In industrial shipping, plastic pallets are impervious to moisture and most chemicals, so they can be used over and over.
Plastic recycling rates are growing faster than ever before. Bottles remain one of the most readily recycled plastics, but a growing number of communities are collecting and recycling other rigid plastic containers, such as tubs, trays and lids. And many national grocery and retail chains now invite consumers to return used plastic bags for recycling.
Learn how plastics are enabling us to reduce, reuse, recycle and recover the energy and materials.
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CAPTAIN AMERICAOriginal Medium: Comic Books
Publisher: Marvel Comics
First Appeared: 1941
Creators: Joe Simon and Jack Kirby
Please contribute to its necessary financial support.
Amazon.com or PayPal
In the early days of World War II, one of the popular sub-genres of comic-book superheroes was the "patriotic" variety — the guys who would dress up in what comics writer
Roy Thomas later called "Uncle Sam's underwear". With flag-draped figures like The Shield, Captain Freedom and even Uncle Sam himself having paved the way, Captain America was the first successful character published by the company that would become Marvel Comics to debut in his own comic. Captain America Comics #1 was dated March, 1941.
The creative hands behind this longest-lasting member of the red, white and blue brigade were Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Don't ask which was the writer and which the artist — as Kirby explained their collaborations years later, "We both did everything." Through all of the 1940s and most of the '50s, the Simon & Kirby team was a prolific source of comic-book character creation, enriching the stables of most of the top comics publishers. However, their work on Cap ended after ten issues.
The opening story told how Private Steve Rogers, a typical wimpy alter-ego, participated in a scientific experiment to become the first and (because of enemy sabotage) only person to benefit from the so-called Super Soldier Serum. He adopted the Captain America persona as a way of eschewing personal glory. Later in the same issue, a boy named Bucky Barnes accidentally learned his secret, and thus became Cap's sidekick. It was also in this issue that Cap and Bucky first met their arch-enemy, The Red Skull, a former hotel bellhop whom Hitler personally promoted to the post of super villain.
Captain America and Bucky fought Nazis for the remainder of World War II, and other forms of evil thereafter. In the 66th issue (1946), Bucky suffered a bullet wound, and was replaced by a new partner named Golden Girl. Also in that year, Cap and Bucky were members, along with The Human Torch (and the Torch's sidekick, Toro), Sub-Mariner, The Whizzer (a knock-off of DC's Flash) and Miss America, of the short-lived All Winners Squad.
In 1949, when most of comics' superheroes had already dropped out of sight, Cap and both of his partners faded into obscurity with them. He enjoyed a brief revival in 1953, when he and a de-wounded Bucky were pitted against the Commie menace. Needless to say, The Red Skull had by then switched his allegiance to something a little more color-coordinated. This time, however, Cap failed to find an audience. He was gone again a year later.
The character got his true second wind in 1964, when a group of more up-to-date superheroes, The Avengers, found him in suspended animation, frozen in a block of Arctic ice since 1945. Bucky was dead, and Golden Girl not mentioned. All post-war adventures were explained (years later) as having been experienced by someone else. Cap became a member of that group, and has remained associated with it ever since.
Within a few months, he was back in solo action, sharing the title Tales of Suspense with his Avengers compatriot, Iron Man. Co-creator Jack Kirby returned to draw him in that venue, and remained on the character until 1969. In 1968, Iron Man moved out into a title of his own, and Suspense was re-titled Captain America. Since then, he has been continuously in publication, and is now one of Marvel's most reliably-selling characters. He's taken on an occasional new partner, such as Rick Jones (formerly hooked up with The Hulk and later with Captain Marvel) or The Falcon, (no relation) but has mostly adventured by himself. Kirby returned for another stint from 1976-77. In more recent years, Cap's adventures have been written and drawn by such top creators as Mark Waid and John Byrne.
He has not fared so well in other media. A 1944 movie serial (reissued in 1953 as The Return of Captain America) was so different from the comic-book version, they might as well have been two different characters. A 1966 series of made-for-TV animated cartoons had such limited animation and so little in the way of originality, that they are of interest today mostly as curiosities. His 1979 made-for-TV movie is virtually forgotten. In 1992 a feature film was produced but never released theatrically; it made its debut on videotape. He has appeared in a couple of paperback novels, but none that stayed in print very long.
But in comic books, The Red Skull finally succeeded in killing Cap in 2007. To ensure Marvel is never without its most iconic character, he was traded out for a de-killed Bucky. So far, he remains dead, but since even Bucky and the Skull ultimately didn't, that means less than ever in Marvel comics.
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Kidneys from older donors often do not survive long after transplantation because of certain structural dysfunctions that can occur as the kidney ages, according to a study appearing in the January 2009 issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology (JASN). The findings indicate that the number of functioning glomeruli—the filtering units of the kidney—drops significantly with age, leading to a self-perpetuating injury in the rest of the kidney.
Thousands of individuals are on the waiting list for kidney transplants in the United States, and the average waiting time is more than three years. One response to the donor deficit has been to increase the number of transplants from older deceased donors. However, these kidneys exhibit a striking reduction in the 5-year graft survival rate. "We need to understand the process of renal senescence better in order to better select older donor organs that are likely to function well after transplantation," said Jane C.Tan, MD, of the Stanford University Medical Center in Stanford, California.
To understand the aging-related changes in the kidney that account for the shortened survival of older organs, Dr. Tan and her colleagues analyzed the structures of kidneys from 20 aging (>55 years) and 23 youthful (<40 years) deceased donors. They also looked specifically at the glomeruli of a subset of 13 aging and 12 youthful deceased donors that were taken prior to transplantation.
The investigators found a 32% depression of the glomerular filtration rate, a measure of the kidneys' ability to filter and remove waste products, in the aging vs youthful groups. In addition, the number of functioning glomeruli was profoundly depressed in older kidneys compared with younger kidneys. The authors proposed that this could lead to a "remnant kidney" phenomenon, whereby a self-perpetuating injury to the remaining kidney tissue occurs, ultimately contributing to shortened survival of the transplanted organ.
Information from this study might be useful for selecting kidneys from older donors when younger organs are not available. Kidneys with a greater number functioning glomeruli would clearly be better suited for transplantation than those with fewer glomeruli.
This study was supported by NIH grants R01DK064697 and General Clinical Research Center grant M01-RR-00070, and by a grant from the John M. and Abby Sobrato Foundation.
The article, entitled "Glomerular Function, Structure and Number in Aging Deceased Donor Kidney Transplants," will appear online at http://JASN.asnjournals.org/ on Wednesday, September 24, 2008, and in the January 2009 print issue of JASN.
ASN is a not-for-profit organization of 11,000 physicians and scientists dedicated to the study of nephrology and committed to providing a forum for the promulgation of information regarding the latest research and clinical findings on kidney diseases. ASN publishes JASN, the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN), and the Nephrology Self-Assessment Program (NephSAP). In January 2009, the Society will launch ASN Kidney News, a newsmagazine for nephrologists, scientists, allied health professionals, and staff.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Atomic theory is the basis of the science of atoms and the basis of chemistry.
History of the atomic theory
The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus thought that everything was in a state of flux and change. His compatriot Parmenides, another fifth century Greek, founded the Eleatic school of philosophy and believed that change was impossible, and that everything was the way it was.
The first person to mention the existence of a particle we know as the atom was Democritus. Another fifth century Greek, Democritus searched for the smallest particles into which matter could be divided. He is credited with creating the word, atom, from atomos, meaning not to be cut. He believed that these atoms were created from the same matter, but that their sizes and shapes were different. He believed them to be infinite, always in motion and capable of joining with each other. It was not until John Dalton laid out an atomic theory that is still used in chemistry. Dalton was a British Quaker, who lived from 1766 to 1844. He became a teacher in England at the age o 12. He is known today for this atomic theory, but he also made other discoveries in chemistry and other sciences. Dalton, who was colorblind, brought insights into that disease. He was also well versed as a meteorologist and studies the nature of gases. It was his study of the gases that laid the groundwork for the atomic theory. In 1897, Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron. Thomson, who lived from 1856 to 1940 suggested that the atom was not divisible but it was made up of small pieces called electrons and protons with positive and negative charges. He theorized that the positive and negative charges were equal so that the atom was neutral and had no charge. Ernest Rutherford presented a paper on March 7, 1911 at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in which we described an experiment that confirmed the structure of the atom. The experiment showed that the mass of the atom was in the nucleus and that the rest of the atom was a field of space. In 1913, Neils Bohr went further with this model and suggested that the electrons were in an orbit around the nucleus and that the electrons with the lowest energy orbited closer to the nucleus while those of higher energy orbited farther away.
What is Dalton's atomic theory?
Dalton's atomic theory states that all matters are made of atoms and that these atoms are indivisible and indestructible. Dalton also states that all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kids of atoms. And, a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
Modern atomic theory
Modern atomic theory is built upon Dalton's work, and has remained unchanged for the most part. Because of nuclear reactors, we can now destroy atoms, but they still cannot be destroyed by chemical reactions. Modern science has also noted that there are a variety of kinds of atoms in a single element. These are called isotopes. Isotopes belong to the same element and therefore have the same chemical properties as the main element. Modern atomic theory also includes a quantum model of the atom. The subshells and orbits of the electrons were given quantum numbers to differentiate them depending on the shape of the orbital, its orientation in space and its spin.
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Mission 3: Space Matters
This programme from ESA switches between scenes filmed in space and on Earth to demonstrate basic scientific principles in ways that children can relate to.
Filmed during the Eneide Mission in 2005, ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori and Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev are shown investigating the nature of matter from on board the ISS, while students from schools in Italy, Greece, Portugal and Norway present their own inventive ways of exploring the subject.
The video looks at protons, neutrons and electrons, inside atoms, with some ideas about the relative distances within the atom. Charge due to the imbalance of protons and electrons is discussed. Elements and compounds are examined, with specific reference to the growth of crystals. The main three states of matter and changes of state are compared on Earth and on the ISS. Solubility, density, how fluids mix and surface tension are investigated Many of the simple experiments performed in the schools can easily be repeated in the classroom.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.
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Into the Sea with Giants
So why would you want an up-close encounter with a 60-ton bowhead whale?
ECOLOGIST KERRY FINLEY skillfully maneuvers our two-person kayak in the 6-foot swells of icy Baffin Bay. "If you are going to swim with these bowhead whales, then you better go now," he yells against the wind.
Apprehensively, I peer out through my partially fogged mask. There in front of me is a flurry of tails, pectoral fins and sea spray.
"There are five or six of them in active sex play," Finley shouts.
"Sex what?" I holler back.
"Sex play. The young males jockey for position to rub themselves against the adult female." An ear-piercing shriek punctuates Finley´s commentary. "You can tell this is active by how vocal they are," he screams.
Suddenly, a 20-foot-wide tail flicks out of the sea and hangs high above the water, dwarfing our fragile kayak. The little boat is a mere 18 feet long. By contrast, an adult bowhead can reach 60 feet in length and weigh up to 100 tons. Along with the fin whale, it is second in size to the blue whale, the largest animal on Earth.
Finley, an independent biologist, is an old hand at bowhead research. He has been observing the eastern Arctic population of these animals since 1983. His study group, at Isabella Bay in the Canadian territory now known as Nunavut, can number up to 90 whales at any one time, by far the largest concentration left in the species´ North Atlantic range. In all, there are about 700 animals remaining here in the North Atlantic, a far cry from the 7,000 left in the North Pacific.
A second group of North Atlantic bowheads appears along the ice edge on the northwest side of Baffin Island near Igloolik. Susan Cosens from Canada´s Department of Fisheries and Oceans, along with investigator Brad Parker, has been studying these whales for the past six years.
All three researchers have had close encounters with the whales. For me as a wildlife photographer, such interactions are newer and more unexpected. As part of Finley´s project, I have been invited to shoot photo identifications, including pictures from the whale´s vantage pointin the sea. I really am about to swim with these giants.
Like all whales, bowheads are sensitive creatures and getting into the water with one must be done with cautionfrom the whale´s standpoint, not just the diver´s. The idea is not to displace these huge beasts from their feeding or resting areas. In fact, swimming with any marine mammal can be hazardous to the animal, and harassing one is illegal in many jurisdictions (it is outlawed throughout the United States, for instance). I am swimming under the guidance of Finley, who has permits and permission from the local Inuit to conduct research on these whales. He has decided that capturing underwater photo-ID images warrants a slight disturbance, but we always allow ourselves just one approach per whale.
In my excitement, I can barely focus on what I do know about these huge animals:
The whale gets its common name from its looks; its huge curved skull, approximately one-third of its body length, results in a bow-shaped mouth.
Its primary food source is the copepod, a rice-sized marine crustacean. The copepod is one of the world´s richest organisms; a dried gram contains up to 8 calories. One bowhead can consume up to 50,000 copepods a minute. The whales use baleens, consisting of 700 bony plates attached to each side of the upper jaw, to sieve out the copepods and other small planktonic organisms.
Copepod populations fluctuate with weather and ice cover, in turn making the whale highly dependent and vulnerable to climate change. Finley´s research has shown that copepod productivity and bowhead feeding correlate with global climatic oscillations, such as that caused by El Niño.
Bowheads are endangered. A hundred years ago, roughly 30,000 remained, but even then their numbers had diminished rapidly due to commercial whaling starting in the late 1700s. The populations left in the North Atlantic are in much more dire straits than those of the North Pacific.
Limited hunting still continues. As part of the Inuit´s comprehensive land claim settlement, native peoples have harvested two whales from the eastern population since 1995. They have the right to harvest one whale every two years.
Try as I might to wrap my brain around some of these facts, fear overcomes intellect as I watch the giant bodies swirl nearby. Only with encouragement from Finley do I fumble for my underwater camera housing and slip quietly into the chilly, 29-degree Fahrenheit water. My own dry suit seems hopelessly inadequate compared to the 2-foot-thick blubber that insulates my leviathan friends.
Hesitantly, I swim toward the swirl pools and spray created from the excited whales. Arriving within 30 feet of a bowhead´s blowhole, I put my head underwater, only to observe three massive tails undulating like giant fans. Common sense and feelings of self-preservation might call for a hasty retreat, but Finley´s words gave me the confidence to hold firm: "They are gentle giants and know that you are there," he had told me. "Trust them."
Shrills, squeaks and groans made by the excited bowheads reverberate through my body. A deafening bop, bop, bop, bop explodes from a whale´s blowhole on the surface. If I didn´t know better I would mistake them for sounds of aggression, but Finley has described this earlier as "flutter blows," in which males demonstrate bravado.
As I try to maneuver around the massive tails, the female cruises by within 4 feet of my right side, our eyes meeting momentarily. A young male in hot pursuit shadows her on my left. A third, followed by a fourth, glides beneath me within inches of my fins. As I bob helplessly on the surface, I realize four 60-ton whales have boxed me in. Their heads fade into the cloudy waterwhich only means their massive tails are still to come.
When the closest tail is about to hit me, I tuck my legs into my chest and clench my snorkel in my teeth. I try to stay in a tight ball, but the turbulence spins me around. When I drop my legs to gain balance, a tail gently rubs against the back of them. The contact must surprise the whale as much as it does me: It freezes in mid-motion then sinks out of sight.
As I climb back into the kayak, Finley smiles knowingly. "Now you know why I have been coming here for 15 years," he says.
Canadian Paul Nicklen has been exploring the Arctic for the majority of his 31 years, having first moved with his family to a small Inuit community on Baffin Island when he was three.
He was trained as a marine biologist and began photographing professionally in 1994. Nicklen now lives in Whitehorse, Yukon.
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Often I recycle pages from my 365 New Words-a-Year calendar, and use them to jot down lists or notes; I saved a few words from January to use for BermudaOnion's weekly meme, Wondrous Words Wednesday. On the reverse side of each page there's additional information about each word, and I've included some of this as well.
1. extremophile: an organism or microbe that lives under extreme environmental conditions (as in a hot spring or ice cap)
I joked with Annie that she was an extremophile, taking red-eye flights and pushing herself to the limit with her running regime.
Because of their ability to live in extreme conditions, extremophiles may have a lot in common with the first organisms that appeared on Earth billions of years ago, and may give us clues about how life on earth developed.
2. nidus: a nest or breeding place; a place where something originates or develops
The abandoned shed near the transit center became a nidus for teenagers who smoked pot and drank beer after school.
To scientists, "nidus" refers to a breeding ground as for bacteria . Although it means "nest" in Latin, the word often has negative connotations, as a source of or breeding ground for infection or undesirable opinions or habits, although variations of the word refer to homier places, such as "nidicolous", which means reared in a nest.
3. sastruga: a wavelike ridge of hard snow formed by the wind, usually used in plural (sastrugi)
Sastruga originates from the Russian word zastruga, which means groove or small ridge, and is not widely used in English. Sastruga is mentioned in the book The Worst Journey in the World by Apsley Cherry-Garrard, a survivor of the 1910 –1913 British Antarctic Expedition, led by Robert Falcon Scott.
What new word discoveries have you made recently?
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Modern Foreign Languages Mrs M Mathews (Curriculum Leader: Modern Foreign Languages)
Nowadays, everyone accepts the need to study at least one foreign language. Here at Charters you will have studied French and Spanish for three years and achieved an accredited AQA FCSE, which has tested your knowledge in three topic areas.
Some of you will already know that you want to continue studying both Spanish and French to GCSE level, but many more of you will have room for only one language in your options programme. So which should you choose?
The Modern Foreign Languages Department has great experience in successfully preparing candidates for both Spanish and French GCSE.
All skills and techniques of language learning are common to both French and Spanish. Think of a violinist taking up the viola and applying the same skills or a driver moving on from go-karting to Formula One racing! Much more rapid progress can be made on the second skill because of the groundwork put in on the first.
What should influence your choice?
- Choose the language you prefer. Some people find they have a "feel" for one language or the other.
- If your family already has links with Spain or France, easy access to speaking practice is an important plus point.
- If you have definite career plans, you should find out if one language might be more useful than the other.
- If you still can’t make up your mind, talk to your Spanish and French teachers
To enhance your successful language learning in Year 9, the GCSE courses in French and Spanish aim to:-
- develop your ability to use the language effectively for communicating in “real life” situations
- encourage your understanding and awareness of the foreign country, its people and their way of life
- help you to form a sound base of the skills required for further study, work and leisure
- encourage you to develop awareness and understanding of the nature of language learning.
Interesting, authentic materials (articles from newspapers and magazines, brochures, letters, radio and television broadcasts) will be used wherever possible. You will have the opportunity to practise speaking with a foreign language assistant and will be encouraged to write to pen-friends and take part in visits abroad.
The GCSE Examination
The Languages Department runs a programme of continuous internal assessment. This will help both you and us review your progress and decide on the appropriate tier of entry for each attainment target.
Listening and Reading are examined at two different tiers (Foundation and Higher) at the end of the two-year course. These are worth a total of 40% of your GCSE grade.
Writing is coursework, 30% of the GCSE and is completed in controlled conditions, and marked by the examining board.
Your teacher tests you and marks the speaking assessments, 30% of the GCSE. You prepare with an oral practice booklet, the exams are recorded and moderated by the examining board.
The writing and speaking are therefore worth a total of 60% of your GCSE. You are taught topics in class and have to learn vocabulary on a regular basis. Full and detailed answers are required for both speaking and writing.
You must be prepared to work independently when preparing for the controlled assessments and meet deadlines!
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Even though we are having some mild weather, I’m sure most of us are feeding hay or if you are not, soon will be. Most nitrate toxicity issues occur when producers are feeding hay. So this week, I thought we would have a refresher on the particulars of nitrate poisoning of livestock.
Nitrate poisoning is caused when an animal consumes a feed source that is high in nitrates. In the animal’s stomach that nitrate is converted to nitrite. The nitrite is easily absorbed into the blood stream where it converts blood hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. The result is that the animal dies from a lack of oxygen. Symptoms of nitrate toxicity included labored breathing, muscle tremors, and a staggering gait after which the animal collapses, gasps for breath, and dies quickly. The membranes of the mouth are bluish from a lack of oxygen and the blood is chocolate-brown but turns brighter red when exposed to air.
What factors can cause nitrate accumulation? Basically, drought, reduced sunlight, excessive soil nitrogen, and young plants cause it. Drought and reduced sunlight cause nitrate accumulation due to the fact that the plant is not growing and utilizing the nitrogen it has absorbed. Manly plants, such as sorghums, will take up excess levels of nitrogen if it is present. This is particularly true of young, immature plants.
The levels of nitrate to worry about vary according to the form of the forage. Research in Europe has shown that nitrate levels as high as 2%, or 20,000 parts per million (ppm), cause no serious problems while the forage is fresh. Once a forage is dried down the potentially harmful nitrate levels change. Levels of 0% - 0.25%, 0 - 2,500ppm, are generally considered safe for all classes of livestock. Levels of 0.26% to 0.5% should be used with caution and should be limited to one-half of the total ration of pregnant cattle and young animals. They should also not be fed with liquid feed or other non-protein nitrogen supplements. These levels can cause early term abortions and reduced breeding performance. If the levels from 0.6% - 1.5%, the forage should comprise no more than one-quarter of the ration. At these levels, we would also expect mid to late term abortions, weak calves, reduced milk yield, and decreased growth. Levels over 1.5% would give acute toxicity and death. This forage should only be used in a total mixed ration where the forage is limited to 15% of the total ration. These levels apply to cattle and goats. Those of you feeding horses will want to keep the nitrate level at or below 0.5% of the total dry matter diet. The “rule of thumb” is to select forage that has no more than 0.65% nitrate ion on a dry matter basis.
There are ways to manage around nitrate situations. First, no matter what the source, do not over-apply nitrogen. Apply at agronomic rates. Second, be aware that certain crops under adverse weather conditions are more susceptible to nitrate accumulation. Plan grazing and mowing schedules accordingly if at all possible. You may also consider planting forages with a relative lower risk of nitrate accumulation. Third, have your forage source analyzed for nitrate content. This is a free service from the NCDA&CS. You can then feed based on a known level of nitrate. It is also advisable to check the water source for nitrate levels. Cattle will adapt to higher levels of nitrate over time. Once acclimated, slightly higher levels can be fed safely.
You may have heard of producers losing animals to nitrate poisoning from hay that was “pumped on” or “had litter put on it”. While it is possible, the use of these fertilizer sources does not automatically result in high nitrate levels. If used properly, these sources are no more likely to cause high levels than commercial sources. Additionally, if used in excess or at the wrong time, commercial sources are just as likely to cause a nitrate problem. Just remember to have the forage tested. Even at recommended rates, any nitrogen containing fertilizer can cause a nitrate situation.
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Two years after the Kingston, TN coal ash spill, federal action to regulate coal ash dumps is being held up by concerns that stricter standards would depress markets for coal-ash recycling. “Cost-benefit” analysis estimates prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) claim that coal ash recycling is worth more than $23 billion a year, based on the annual life-cycle benefits of avoiding pollution and reducing energy costs. But there’s just one problem: that estimate is more than 20 times higher than the $1.15 billion that the U.S. government’s own data shows is the correct bottom-line number, according to a review conducted by the independent and nonprofit Environmental Integrity Project (EIP), Earthjustice, and the Stockholm Environment Institute’s U.S. Center (based at Tufts University).
The deep flaws in the EPA cost-benefit analysis appear to have escaped scrutiny at the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB), which required EPA to include a weaker coal-ash proposal favored by utilities and some coal ash recyclers. Common sense and past experience indicate that stricter standards for disposal will work to increase, rather than decrease, recycling. But either way, the EPA ought not be intimidated into adopting weak rules based on grossly inflated values for coal ash recycling, the three groups said.
Presented today by the Environmental Integrity Project, Earthjustice, and the Stockholm Environment Institute, the new analysis shows that the huge discrepancy is due to several factors, including double counting of pollution reductions that the EPA has already claimed would occur separately under Clean Air Act rules adopted in August 2010, overstating emission levels from cement kilns, and unrealistic assumptions about potential energy savings from reducing energy consumption at cement kilns and gypsum plants. For example:
- About half of the coal-ash recycling benefits claimed by the EPA are based on assumptions that substituting fly ash for 15 percent of U.S. cement production would cut fine particle emissions by more than 26,000 metric tons per year. But the EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation has estimated that the entire cement kiln industry releases just over 15,000 metric tons per year, and projected emissions already would decline to about 3,500 metric tons by 2013 when separate Clean Air Act standards for that industry take effect.
- EPA estimated that recycling fly ash in cement kilns saves $4.9 billion in energy costs in the analysis prepared for the coal ash rule. But the Agency’s Office of Air and Radiation, in analysis developed to support the separate and more far-reaching Clean Air Act standards, estimated total energy costs for the entire industry at no more than $1.7 billion.
EPA’s cost-benefit analysis also neglects to account for many of the quantifiable benefits that would result from stricter standards, and puts an enormous dollar value on the so-called “stigma” that would supposedly attach to coal ash recycling by virtue of regulating disposal sites. These economic assumptions are haphazard, unsupported by the record, and designed to slant the playing field against regulations that are based on protecting the public’s health.
“It should come as no surprise that requiring safe landfills for coal ash is less costly than allowing ash dumps to contaminate water in hundreds of communities around the country," said Abigail Dillen, Earthjustice attorney. "What is surprising, in the face of this major public health threat, is that the books are being cooked to accommodate the coal industry.”
“Unfortunately, the EPA and the OMB just got this wrong," said Eric Schaeffer, director of the Environmental Integrity Project. "The ‘regulatory impact analysis’ prepared by the EPA to support its proposal exaggerates the economic life cycle value of coal ash recycling, which could end up stacking the deck in favor of the weaker regulatory option favored by industry."
Frank Ackerman, senior economist at the Stockholm Environment Institute, said: “We found numerous errors, large and small, in EPA’s cost-benefit analysis of the proposed rules. Once we corrected those errors, the strict regulatory option is the clear winner. The only argument for the weaker option is industry’s unsubstantiated claim that strict regulation of ash disposal would cause immense, long-lasting harm to the market for ash recycling. In reality, strict regulation of disposal would make recycling more attractive, not less."
Why is strong federal action needed? The groups emphasized the following facts:
- About $400 million has been spent so far to clean up the TVA Kingston spill with more than three million tons of spilled ash removed from the site. However, the cleanup is far from complete. Meanwhile, at least 50 similar, unregulated high-hazard dams around the country continue to pose a similar risk of catastrophic failure, and many more ash dumps are currently contaminating groundwater. The EPA, EIP, and Earthjustice have documented more than 100 dump sites where coal ash has poisoned water supplies.
- The EPA’s own risk assessments reveal that arsenic levels in drinking water around unlined ash ponds can be high enough to cause cancer in one out of 50 people – which is 2,000 times greater than the EPA’s acceptable risk level. Yet there is evidence that even this high cancer risk is substantially underestimated. The leading arsenic experts in the country observe that this risk is actually 17.5 times greater.
- A review of state regulations shows that the majority of states fail to require essential safeguards for coal ash landfills and ponds, including liners, groundwater monitoring, leachate collection, dust controls and financial assurance. In the two years since the disaster in Kingston, little has been done to improve state controls. Only four states in the U.S. require all landfills to be monitored and only six states require all ponds to be monitored for leaks.
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2009)|
El Mirador was first discovered in 1926, and was photographed from the air in 1930, but the remote site deep in the jungle had little more attention paid to it until Ian Graham spent some time there making the first map of the area in 1962. A detailed investigation was begun in 1978 with an archaeological project under the direction of Bruce Dahlin (Catholic University of America) and Ray Matheny (Brigham Young University). Dahlin's work focused primarily on the bajo swamps and mapping, while Matheny's team focused primarily on excavations in the site center and architecture. This project ended in 1983. To the surprise of the archaeologists, it was found that a large amount of construction was not contemporary with the large Maya classic cities in the area, like Tikal and Uaxactun, but rather from centuries earlier in the Pre-Classic era (see: Mesoamerican chronology).
In 2003, Richard D. Hansen, a Senior Scientist from Idaho State University, initiated major investigation, stabilization, and conservation programs at El Mirador with a multi-disciplinary approach, including staff and technical personnel from 52 universities and research institutions from throughout the world. By August 2008, the team had published 168 scientific papers, and produced 474 technical reports and scientific presentations as well as documentary films in the History Channel, National Geographic, the Learning Channel, BBC, ABC's 20/20 and Good Morning America, 60 Minutes (Australia), and the Discovery Channel.
El Mirador flourished from about the 6th century BCE, reaching its height from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, with a peak population of perhaps more than a hundred thousand people, judging by the size and extent of the labor pool required to build the massive constructions. It then experienced a hiatus of construction and perhaps abandonment for generations, followed by re-occupation and further construction in the Late Classic era, and a final abandonment about the end of the 9th century. The civic center of the site covers some 10 square miles (26 km2) with several thousand structures, including monumental architecture from 10 to 30 meters high.
There are a number of "triadic" structures (around 35 structures), consisting of large artificial platforms topped with a set of 3 summit pyramids. The most notable such structures are three huge complexes; one is nicknamed "El Tigre", with height 55 metres (180 ft); the other is called "La Danta" (or Danta) temple. The La Danta temple measures approximately 70 metres (230 ft) tall from the forest floor, and considering its total volume (2,800,000 cubic meters) is one of the largest pyramids in the world. When the large man-made platform that the temple is built upon (some 18,000 square meters) is included in calculations, La Danta is considered by some archeologists to be one of the most massive ancient structures in the world. Also the "Los Monos" complex is very large (48 meters high) although not as well known. Most of the structures were originally faced with cut stone which was then decorated with large stucco masks depicting the deities of Maya mythology. According to Carlos Morales-Aguilar, a Guatemalan archaeologist, the city appears to have been planned from its foundation, as extraordinary alignments have been found between the architectural groups and main temples, which were possibly related to solar alignments. The study reflects an importance of urban planning and sacred spaces since the first settlers.
An additional feature of El Mirador is the quantity and size of causeways, internally linking important architectural compounds, and externally linking the numerous major ancient cities within the Mirador Basin during the latter part of the Middle and Late Preclassic periods. The causeways were known anciently as sacbeob (the plural form of sacbe, meaning "white road" in Mayan, from sac "white" and be "road"). These are raised stone causeways raising 2 to 6 meters above the level of the surrounding landscape and measuring from 20 to 50 meters wide. One sacbe links El Mirador to the neighbouring site of Nakbe, approximately 12 km away, while another joined El Mirador to El Tintal, 20 km away.
While the city and the sister centers of the Mirador Basin thrived between 300 BCE and the Common Era (CE), apparently, the site was abandoned, as were nearly all other major sites in the area, by about 150 CE. A large wall, which must have been as high as 3 to 8 meters, had been constructed on the entire northern, eastern, and southern portions of the West Group of the city prior to its abandonment in the terminal Preclassic period, suggesting a possible threat that had been perceived by this time.
In the Late Classic period, ca 700 CE, portions of the site were reoccupied by a more modest occupation, with small structures nestled among the ruins of the great Preclassic center. The largest structure from this time period is scarcely more than 8 meters high, and many of the Preclassic building were plundered for stone materials for construction and lime making. The Late Classic occupants however, were noted scribes and artists. The area of the Mirador Basin is the only known source of the "Codex-style Ceramics", a particularly fine polychrome ceramic consisting of black line drawings on a cream colored background. The Late Classic occupation was brief, and by about 900 CE, the area was again nearly completely abandoned, and remains so until the present time.
Richard D. Hansen, an archaeologist from Idaho State University, is the current director of the Mirador Basin Project, and according to his discoveries here, he thinks that the more than 45 mapped sites in the Mirador Basin may have formed the earliest well-defined political state in Mesoamerica.
Although containing striking examples of Preclassic Maya civilization, the remote location of El Mirador has prevented it from becoming a popular tourist site. Major plans by the current government of Guatemala are including El Mirador as an important center of the Cuatro Balam Conservation and Development project.
Threats to Mirador
This large concentration of Preclassic Maya cities in Mesoamerica is threatened by massive deforestation, looting, and destruction caused by equipment used in logging road construction, which itself facilitates intrusive settlements.
The Mirador Basin in the far northern Petén region of Guatemala is known for its abundance of sites, many of which are among the largest and earliest in the Maya world. Of 26 known sites, only 14 have been studied; an estimated 30 more await discovery. By the time scholars get there, looters may already have plundered them.
Trafficking in Maya artifacts is big business. George Stuart of the National Geographic Society has suggested that 1,000 pieces of fine pottery leave the Maya region each month, not an unreasonable estimate in light of the site damage observed. The most sought-after finds are codex-style ceramics, Late Classic (600-900 CE) black-line-on-cream pottery depicting mythological and historical events. Looters are often paid between $200 and $500 per vessel. Collectors may pay more than $100,000 for the same pieces in a gallery or at auction. At even minimal prices this amounts to a $10-million-a-month business in stolen cultural property. Collecting Precolumbian art is often viewed[who?] as a justifiable means of preserving the past. It is, in fact, a destructive and sometimes violent business, as attested by the recent assassination in Carmelita of Carlos Catalán, a local chiclero who had become a staunch opponent of looting in Petén.
Since 2003, California-based non-profit organization Global Heritage Fund (GHF) has been working to preserve and protect Mirador. In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, GHF listed Mirador as one of 12 worldwide heritage sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing deforestation, fires, major logging, poaching, looting, and narcotics trafficking as major threats to the region.
- El Mirador, the Lost City of the Maya, Smithsonian Magazine, May 2011
- William R. Fowler, Jr., Arthur A. Demarest, Helen V. Michel, Frank Asaro & Fred Stross (1989). "Sources of Obsidian from El Mirador, Guatemala: New Evidence on Preclassic Maya Interaction". American Anthropologist 91 (1): 158–168. JSTOR 679745.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.257.
- NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS EN LOS MODELOS DE ASENTAMIENTO MAYA DURANTE EL PRECLÁSICO EN LAS TIERRAS BAJAS: LOS SITIOS DE NAKBE Y EL MIRADOR, XXI Simposio de Investigaciones Arequeologicas en Guatemala
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.253.
- National Geographic Channel - Dawn of the Maya
- Brooke Baldwin (October 24, 2009). The forgotten city of Mirador (Flash). Mirador, Guatemala: CNN. Unknown parameter
- THE CENTRAL AREA OF EL MIRADOR DURING THE LATE CLASSIC PERIOD (Spanish)
- Archaeology Magazine - Under Threat, January/February 2009
- Archaeology Magazine. Plundering the Petén, September/October 1997 by Richard D. Hansen
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: El Mirador|
- Grainger, Sarah; [Reuters India] (3 September 2009). "Guatemala Mayan city may have ended in pyramid battle". World News (Thomson Reuters). Retrieved 2009-09-04.
- Sharer, Robert J.; with Loa p. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
- Scientific papers and reports on El Mirador
- Mirador preservation project summary at Global Heritage Fund
- Explore Mirador with Google Earth on Global Heritage Network
- Mirador Basin Project (formerly RAINPEG): updates Archaeological and preservational work at El Mirador and surrounding sites by the Foundation for Anthropological Research and Environmental Studies (FARES).
- El Mirador description and Photo Gallerie in Guatemala, Cradle of the Maya Civilization
- The Tombs of El Mirador: YouTube (National Geographic)
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WebMD Health News
Louise Chang, MD
Oct. 3, 2008 -- Wouldn't it be sweet if honey could help heal cuts and burns? Researchers who analyzed existing studies on whether honey can help heal wounds are cautiously optimistic that this ancient treatment may help in some cases.
The study, published in The Cochrane Library, reviewed 19 trials on 2,554 people. The authors were not able to collectively analyze the data of the different trials, but summarized some of the major findings.
The researchers conclude that honey may improve healing times in mild to moderate superficial and partial thickness burns compared with some conventional dressings. Honey does not seem to help with chronic leg ulcer treatments. But the researchers warn that the potential for bias in some of the trials was moderate to high and the results should be read with caution.
Separate studies on animals have shown honey to be helpful in healing wounds. Honey may also be a potent antibiotic.
There are several reasons honey could help with the healing process, according to the report. Honey appears to draw fluid from the underlying circulation, providing both a moist environment and topical nutrition that enhances tissue growth. Honey also may spur debridement -- the removal of dead tissue around a wound to make way for healthy tissue.
Researchers call for more scientific trials to measure the effectiveness of honey in treating wounds.
SOURCE:Jull, A.B. The Cochrane Library, 2008, Issue 4.
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.
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By Diana Zuckerman, PhD
There is growing evidence that ALCL, a type of cancer of the immune system, can be caused by breast implants that are filled with either silicone or saline, and that the sooner the implants are removed, the more likely that the woman will recover. A study by doctors at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston published in 2012 described 13 patients with ALCL and breast implants. Most of the patients had excess fluid around the breast implant, but not a tumor, and those patients usually recovered well after the implant and the scar capsule around it were removed by the surgeon. In contrast, patients who had a tumor next to the implant as well as excess fluid may have more advanced disease that should be treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in addition to surgery to remove the implant and scar capsule.
Since the women had been diagnosed before it was known that the breast implants caused the ALCL, several had their implants replaced with new ones. Those women had subsequent serious health problems, including a recurrence of ALCL in one patient and the need for a mastectomy in a second patient.
For more information:
Tariq Aladily, Jeffrey Medeiros, Mitual Amin, et al, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Associated With Breast Implants: A Report of 13 Cases,
American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2012;36:1000–1008, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22613996#%23
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|How to Think Like a Computer Scientist|
source ref: ebookit.html
Every time you write a class definition, you create a new Object type, with the same name as the class. Way back in Chapter 1.5, when we defined the class named Hello, we also created an object type named Hello. We didn't create any variables with type Hello, and we didn't use the new command to create any Hello objects, but we could have!
That example may not make any sense, since there is no reason to create a Hello object, and it is not clear what it would be good for if we did. In this chapter, we will look at some examples of class definitions that create useful new Object types.
Here are the most important ideas in this chapter:
Here are some syntax issues about class definitions:
With those issues out of the way, let's look at an example of a user-defined type, Time.
A common motivation for creating a new Object type is to take several related pieces of data and encapsulate them into an object that can be manipulated (passed as an argument, operated on) as a single unit. We have already seen two built-in types like this, Point and Rectangle.
Another example, which we will implement ourselves, is Time, which is used to record the time of day. The various pieces of information that form a time are the hour, minute and second. Because every Time object will contain these data, we need to create instance variables to hold them.
The first step is to decide what type each variable should be. It seems clear that hour and minute should be integers. Just to keep things interesting, let's make second a double, so we can record fractions of a section.
Instance variables are declared at the beginning of the class definition, outside of any method definition, like this:
By now you are probably getting sick of seeing the word public everywhere, with no explanation of what it means. Be patient; I will explain it soon. For now, you should use it in front of the definitions of instance variables, as well as class and method definitions.
All by itself, this code fragment is a legal class definition, but usually you want at least one constructor for each class.
The usual role of a constructor is to initialize the instance variables. The syntax for constructors is similar to that of other methods, with two exceptions:
Here is an example for the Time class:
Notice that where you would expect to see a return type, between public and Time, there is nothing. That's how we (and the compiler) can tell that this is a constructor.
This constructor does not take any arguments, as indicated by the empty parentheses (). Each line of the constructor initializes an instance variable to an arbitrary default value (in this case, midnight). The name this is a special keyword that is the name of the object we are creating. You can use this the same way you use the name of any other object. For example, you can read and write the instance variables of this, and you can pass this as an argument to other methods.
But you do not declare this and you do not use new to create it. In fact, you are not even allowed to make an assignment to it! this is created by the system; all you have to do is store values in its instance variables.
A common error when writing constructors is to put a return statement at the end. Resist the temptation.
Constructors can be overloaded, just like other methods, which means that you can provide multiple constructors with different parameters. Java knows which constructor to invoke by matching the arguments of the new command with the parameters of the constructors.
It is very common to have one constructor that takes no arguments (shown above), and one constructor that takes a parameter list that is identical to the list of instance variables. For example:
The names and types of the parameters are exactly the same as the names and types of the instance variables. All the constructor does is copy the information from the parameters to the instance variables.
If you go back and look at the documentation for Points and Rectangles, you will see that both classes provide constructors like this. Overloading constructors provides the flexibility to create an object first and then fill in the blanks, or to collect all the information before creating the object.
So far this might not seem very interesting, and in fact it is not. Writing constructors is a boring, mechanical process. Once you have written two, you will find that you can churn them out in your sleep, just by looking at the list of instance variables.
Although constructors look like methods, you never invoke them directly. Instead, when you use the new command, the system allocates space for the new object and then invokes your constructor to initialize the instance variables.
The following program demonstrates two ways to create and initialize Time objects:
As an exercise, figure out the flow of execution through this program.
In main, the first time we invoke the new command, we provide no arguments, so Java invokes the first constructor. The next few lines assign values to each of the instance variables.
The second time we invoke the new command, we provide arguments that match the parameters of the second constructor. This way of initializing the instance variables is more concise (and slightly more efficient), but it can be harder to read, since it is not as clear which values are assigned to which instance variables.
The output of this program is:
When Java prints the value of a user-defined object type, it prints the name of the type and a special hexadecimal (base 16) code that is unique for each object. This code is not meaningful in itself; in fact, it can vary from machine to machine and even from run to run. But it can be useful for debugging, in case you want to keep track of individual objects.
In order to print objects in a way that is more meaningful to users (as opposed to programmers), you usually want to write a method called something like printTime:
The output of this method, if we pass either t1 or t2 as an argument, is 11:8:3.14159. Although this is recognizable as a time, it is not quite in the standard format. For example, if the number of minutes or seconds is less than 10, we expect a leading 0 as a place-keeper. Also, we might want to drop the decimal part of the seconds. In other words, we want something like 11:08:03.
In most languages, there are simple ways to control the output format for numbers. In Java there are no simple ways.
Java provides very powerful tools for printing formatted things like times and dates, and also for interpreting formatted input. Unfortunately, these tools are not very easy to use, so I am going to leave them out of this book. If you want, though, you can take a look at the documentation for the Date class in the java.util package.
Even though we can't print times in an optimal format, we can still write methods that manipulate Time objects. In the next few sections, I will demonstrate several of the possible interfaces for methods that operate on objects. For some operations, you will have a choice of several possible interfaces, so you should consider the pros and cons of each of these:
A method is considered a pure function if the result depends only on the arguments, and it has no side effects like modifying an argument or printing something. The only result of invoking a pure function is the return value.
One example is after, which compares two Times and returns a boolean that indicates whether the second operand comes after the first:
What is the result of this method if the two times are equal? Does that seem like the appropriate result for this method? If you were writing the documentation for this method, would you mention that case specifically?
A second example is addTime, which calculates the sum of two times. For example, if it is 9:14:30, and your breadmaker takes 3 hours and 35 minutes, you could use addTime to figure out when the bread will be done.
Here is a rough draft of this method that is not quite right:
Although this method returns a Time object, it is not a constructor. You should go back and compare the syntax of a method like this with the syntax of a constructor, because it is easy to get confused.
Here is an example of how to use this method:
The output of this program is 12:49:30.0, which is correct. On the other hand, there are cases where the result is not correct. Can you think of one?
The problem is that this method does not deal with cases where the number of seconds or minutes adds up to more than 60. In that case, we have to "carry" the extra seconds into the minutes column, or extra minutes into the hours column.
Here's a second, corrected version of this method.
Although it's correct, it's starting to get big. Later, I will suggest an alternate approach to this problem that will be much shorter.
This code demonstrates two operators we have not seen before, += and -=. These operators provide a concise way to increment and decrement variables. They are similar to ++ and --, except (1) they work on doubles as well as ints, and (2) the amount of the increment does not have to be 1. The statement sum.second -= 60.0; is equivalent to sum.second = sum.second - 60;
As an example of a modifier, consider increment, which adds a given number of seconds to a Time object. Again, a rough draft of this method looks like:
The first line performs the basic operation; the remainder deals with the same cases we saw before.
Is this method correct? What happens if the argument secs is much greater than 60? In that case, it is not enough to subtract 60 once; we have to keep doing it until second is below 60. We can do that by simply replacing the if statements with while statements:
This solution is correct, but not very efficient. Can you think of a solution that does not require iteration?
Occasionally you will see methods like addTime written with a different interface (different arguments and return values). Instead of creating a new object every time addTime is invoked, we could require the caller to provide an "empty" object where addTime should store the result. Compare the following with the previous version:
One advantage of this approach is that the caller has the option of reusing the same object repeatedly to perform a series of additions. This can be slightly more efficient, although it can be confusing enough to cause subtle errors. For the vast majority of programming, it is worth a spending a little run time to avoid a lot of debugging time.
Anything that can be done with modifiers and fill-in methods can also be done with pure functions. In fact, there are programming languages, called functional programming languages, that only allow pure functions. Many programmers believe that programs that use pure functions are faster to develop and less error-prone than programs that use modifiers. Nevertheless, there are times when modifiers are convenient, and some cases where functional programs are less efficient.
In general, I recommend that you write pure functions whenever it is reasonable to do so, and resort to modifiers only if there is a compelling advantage. This approach might be called a functional programming style.
In this chapter I have demonstrated an approach to program development I refer to as rapid prototyping with iterative improvement. In each case, I wrote a rough draft (or prototype) that performed the basic calculation, and then tested it on a few cases, correcting flaws as I found them.
Although this approach can be effective, it can lead to code that is unnecessarily complicated--since it deals with many special cases--and unreliable--since it is hard to convince yourself that you have found all the errors.
An alternative is high-level planning, in which a little insight into the problem can make the programming much easier. In this case the insight is that a Time is really a three-digit number in base 60! The second is the "ones column," the minute is the "60's column", and the hour is the "3600's column."
When we wrote addTime and increment, we were effectively doing addition in base 60, which is why we had to "carry" from one column to the next.
Thus an alternate approach to the whole problem is to convert Times into base 10 and take advantage of the fact that the computer already knows how to do arithmetic in base 10. Here is a method that converts a Time into a double:
Now all we need is a way to convert from a double to a Time object. We could write a method to do it, but it might make more sense to write it as a third constructor:
This constructor is a little different from the others, since it involves some calculation along with assignments to the instance variables.
You might have to think a bit to convince yourself that the technique I am using to convert from one base to another is correct. Assuming you are convinced, we can use these methods to rewrite addTime:
This is much shorter than the original version, and it is much easier to demonstrate that it is correct (assuming, as usual, that the methods it invokes are correct).
As an exercise, rewrite increment the same way. You might find that it is not quite as elegant as addTime.
In some ways converting from base 60 to base 10 and back is harder than just dealing with times. Base conversion is more abstract; our intuition for dealing with times is better.
But if we have the insight to treat times as base 60 numbers, and make the investment of writing the conversion methods (convertToSeconds and the third constructor), we get a program that is shorter, easier to read and debug, and more reliable.
It is also easier to add more features later. For example, imagine subtracting two Times to find the duration between them. The naive approach would be to implement subtraction complete with "borrowing." Using the conversion methods would be much easier.
Ironically, sometimes making a problem harder (more general) makes is easier (fewer special cases, fewer opportunities for error).
When you write a general solution for a class of problems, as opposed to a specific solution to a single problem, you have written an algorithm. I mentioned this word in Chapter 1, but did not define it carefully. It is not easy to define, so I will try a couple of approaches.
First, consider some of the algorithms you know. For example, when you learned to multiply single-digit numbers, you probably memorized the multiplication table. In effect, you memorized 100 specific solutions, so that knowledge is not really algorithmic.
But if you were "lazy," you probably cheated by learning a few algorithms. For example, to find the product of n and 9, you can write n-1 as the first digit and 10-n as the second digit. That's an algorithm!
Similarly, the techniques you learned for addition with carrying, subtraction with borrowing, and long division are all algorithms. One of the characteristics of an algorithm is that it does not require any intelligence to carry out. They are mechanical processes in which each step follows from the last according to a simple set of rules.
In my opinion, it is embarassing that humans spend so much time in school learning to execute algorithms that, quite literally, require no intelligence.
On the other hand, the process of designing algorithms is interesting, intellectually challenging, and a central part of what we call programming.
Some of the things that people do naturally, without difficulty or conscious thought, are the most difficult to express algorithmically. Understanding natural language is a good example. We all do it, but so far no one has been able to explain how we do it, at least not in the form of an algorithm.
Later in this class, you will have the opportunity to design simple algorithms for a variety of problems. If you take the next class is the Computer Science sequence, Data Structures, you will see some of the most interesting, clever, and useful algorithms computer science has produced.
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Owlman, sometimes referred to as the Cornish Owlman or The Owlman of Mawnan, was a cryptozoological creature that was sighted in the late 70s in the village of Mawnan, in Cornwall.
Reports of sightings
In the year of 1976, two young girls claimed to have seen a giant owl, hovering over the local church tower, on April 17, as did two other young girls in the same year, their encounter being on July 17. Specifically, as to the second encounter, Sally Chapman, age 14, was camping with a friend (identified only as Barbara) in some woods near the church, when, according to her account, as she stood outside her tent, she heard a hissing sound and turned to see a figure that looked like an owl as big as a man with pointed ears and red eyes. The girls reported that the creature flew up into the air, revealing black pincer-like claws. Sightings of this figure continued to be reported, on the following day and on one occasion two years later, in 1978, all within the vicinity of the church.
In Alien Animals (1985), British paranormal researchers Janet and Colin Bord pointed out that Mawnan church is built in the middle of a prehistoric earthwork. They suggested that the church may be built on a ley line (a straight line that passes through and links several ancient sites), and speculated that the appearance of the Owlman may be a manifestation of earth energy in this place. However in a later book "Modern Mysteries of the World" 1989 they retracted this and stated that they believed that the sightings were probably of an escaped aviary bird rather than a paranormal phenomenon.
A more straightforward explanation may be that the Owlman sightings were of an escaped eagle owl (Bubo bubo), a species that can grow more than two feet long, with a wingspan of nearly six feet.
Perhaps the most comprehensive study into the Owlman was undertaken by Jonathan Downes, the founder of the Centre for Fortean Zoology, (the worlds largest cryptozoological organisation) in his book 'The Owlman and Others' (1997).
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Letters like wedges (Latin, cuneus, a wedge). These sort of letters occur in old Persian and Babylonian inscriptions. They are sometimes called Arrow-headed characters, and those found at Babylon are called nail-headed. This species of writing is the most ancient of which we have any knowledge; and was first really deciphered by Grotefend in 1802.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Cuneiform Letters from Infoplease:
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Since 2010, Australia has been moving toward a national framework for schooling aimed at raising education standards and achieving nationally consistent curriculum, assessment and reporting.
The QSA, and Queensland's school sectors — Education Queensland, Queensland Catholic Education Commission, and Independent Schools Queensland — have provided the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) with advice and feedback during the development of the first 14 senior secondary Australian Curriculum subjects.
On 7 December 2012, the Australian education ministers approved the content descriptions and achievement standards for the first 14 senior secondary Australian Curriculum subjects as the basis for state courses.
The 14 Australian Curriculum senior secondary subjects are:
4 English courses:
- Essential English: Focusing on literacy and language skills for effective participation in work, training and community, social and civic life
- English: Focusing on language and literature and meeting the demands for further study, work and community, social and civic life
- English as an additional language/dialect (EALD)
4 Mathematics courses:
- Essential Mathematics: Focusing on applied Mathematics for everyday life
- General Mathematics: Focusing on Mathematics suitable for preparation for further study with a moderate demand in Mathematics
- Mathematical methods: Focusing on higher level Mathematics
- Specialist Mathematics: For further study in Mathematics or engineering and students with a strong interest in Mathematics
4 Science courses:
- Earth and Environmental Science
2 History courses:
- Ancient History
- Modern History
Implementation in Queensland
States and territories are responsible for the structure and organisation of their senior secondary courses and for determining how they will integrate the Australian Curriculum content and achievement standards into their courses.
Queensland schools are to continue to use the current QSA syllabuses until the revised syllabuses based on the Australian Curriculum are available. See memo 074/12.
The senior curriculum landscape
The Senior curriculum landscape paper provides an overview of the known and anticipated alignment of current QSA syllabuses with the Australian Curriculum senior courses. It notes specific issues for each learning area, giving some considerations for the future.
- Keep up to date with the Australian Curriculum implementation, including details of professional development opportunities and the publication of resources, by signing up to receive QSA Connect and QSA memos.
- Provide your input into draft shape papers and the draft Australian Curriculum by visiting the Australian Curriculum consultation page.
- Read the Queensland consultation reports on the draft shape papers and the draft Australian Curriculum developed by the QSA in partnership with Queensland school sectors.
- Tell us what you think about the website and how we can make it more useful, or ask a question, by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org
Last updated: 25 November 2011
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The United States of Inequality
Trying to understand income inequality, the most profound change in American society in your lifetime.
Timothy Noah's 10-part series on inequality, published in Slate last September, has won the 2011 Hillman Prize for magazine journalism, an honor awarded annually by the Sidney Hillman Foundation for reporting that "fosters social and economic justice." It was clear from the moment of publication that "The Great Divergence" struck a chord, treating a profound and complicated issue in an engaging and understandable way, and we're delighted that the Hillman Foundation has recognized Noah's work. You can read the series below, or print a PDF.
In the late 1970s, a half-century trend toward growing income equality reversed itself. Ever since, U.S. incomes have grown more unequal. Middle-class incomes stagnated while the top 1 percent's share of national income climbed to 24 percent. Middle-income workers no longer benefit from productivity increases, and upward mobility, long the saving grace of the American economy, has faltered. Why is this happening? In the following 10-part series, Slate's Timothy Noah weighs eight possible causes of what Princeton economist Paul Krugman has labeled the Great Divergence. This 30-year trend "may represent the most significant change in American society in your lifetime," Noah writes, "and it's not a change for the better."
Introducing the Great Divergence: Trying to understand income inequality.
The Usual Suspects Are Innocent: Neither race nor gender nor the breakdown of the American family created the Great Divergence.
Did Immigration Create the Great Divergence? Why we can't blame income inequality on the post-1965 immigration surge.
Did Computers Create Inequality?No. The tech boom's impact was no greater than that of previous technological upheavals during the 20th century.
Can We Blame Income Inequality on Republicans?Yes, but for the very richest beneficiaries the trend has been bipartisan.
The Great Divergence and the Death of Organized Labor: How has the decline of the union contributed to income inequality?
The Great Divergence and International Trade: Trade didn't create inequality, and then it did.
The Stinking Rich and the Great Divergence: Executive compensation took off in the 1980s and 1990s. Is it to blame?
How the Decline in K-12 Education Enriches College Graduates: When the workforce needed to be smarter, Americans got dumber.
Why we can't ignore growing income inequality: It undermines the ideal of e pluribus unum.
Timothy Noah is a former Slate staffer. His book about income inequality is The Great Divergence.
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From time to time, the Department of Education receives inquiries about the role and membership of its federal advisory committees. Below is a brief summary of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) of 1972 as amended and other basic information, including contacts for further information about the advisory committees operating in the U.S. Department of Education.
Federal Advisory Committee Act
Through the enactment of FACA, the U. S. Congress formally recognized the merits of seeking the advice and assistance of our nation's citizens. Advisory committees are to:
- Provide advice that is relevant, objective, and open to the public;
- Act promptly to complete their work; and
- Comply with reasonable cost controls and recordkeeping requirements.
Advisory committees may be established in one of three ways:
- By law -- statutory;
- By executive order of the President; and
- By agency authority.
There are approximately 1,000 advisory committees with more than 40,000 members government-wide. The General Services Administration/Committee Management Secretariat (GSA/CMS) is responsible for monitoring advisory committee activities government-wide and maintains a FACA database on the Worldwide Web from which advisory committee information may be obtained via the Internet.
Federal advisory committee members are drawn from various occupational and industry groups and geographical regions of the United States and its territories. FACA requires that committee memberships be fairly balanced in terms of the points of view represented and the functions to be performed. Members of specific committees often have both the expertise and professional skills that parallel the program responsibilities of their sponsoring agencies. In some instances, membership requirements are mandated in the legislation.
Nominations and Appointment of Committee Members
Federal agency officials, members of Congress, the general public, professional societies, or current and former committee members may nominate potential candidates for membership. Selection of committee members is made based on the FACA's requirements and the potential member's background and qualifications, and the specific requirements of the individual committees as directed in their method of establishment. Appointment authority is also mandated in the establishment format. For example, the President normally appoints members when a committee is established by executive order. Agency heads generally appoint committees mandated by statute or by agency authority.
The Committee serves as an independent source of advice and counsel to Congress and the Secretary of Education on student financial aid policy. Membership includes 11 individuals: 3 by the Senate, 3 by the House of Representatives, and 5 by the Secretary on the basis of technical qualifications, professional standing, and knowledge about higher education and student aid administration.
Contact: Dr. William J. Goggin, Executive Director
The Commission chooses annually, in accordance with such standards and procedures as it may prescribe and on the basis of its independent judgement, up to 141 Presidential Scholars who are awarded the Presidential Scholar Medallion. Included are one boy and one girl from each State, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and from families of U.S. citizens in U.S. territories or living abroad; 15 at large from the jurisdictions named above; and 20 from the jurisdictions named above in the fields of visual and performing arts or creative writing. The President appoints members from time to time from among appropriately qualified citizens of the United States. The President selects a Chair.
Contact: Simone Olson-Acting Executive Director (202) 205-8719
The function of this committee is to study and make recommendations for assuring effective coordination of Federal programs, policies, and administrative practices affecting education. The membership includes the Secretary of Education, or his designee, who chairs the Committee, and senior policy making officials from those Federal agencies, commissions, and boards that the President may find appropriate. OMB, the Council of Economic Advisors, the Office of Science and Technology policy and the Domestic Policy Staff designate a staff member to attend the Committee's meetings. The Secretary recommends member agencies to the President.
Contact: Anthony Fowler, Acting Executive Director (202) 401-3673
The Board provides advice and counsel to the Secretary and the designated bonding authority as to the most effective and efficient means of implementing construction financing on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. The Board advises Congress regarding progress made in implementing programs. The Board includes 9 members appointed by the Secretary including: 3 president representatives of private and 2 president representatives of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities, president of United Negro College Fund, president of NAFEO, executive director of The White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Secretary's designee.
Contact: Don E. Watson (202) 219-7037
This Board establishes general policies for the graduate fellows program and oversees its operation; selects each year the fields in which fellowships are to be awarded; determines the number of fellowships each year to be awarded in each designated field; and appoints distinguished panels in each field for the purpose of selecting the fellows. Nine members are appointed by the Secretary of Education who are representative of both public and private institutions of higher education especially qualified to serve on the Board. In making appointments, the Secretary gives due consideration to the appointment of individuals who are highly respected in the academic community. The Secretary shall assure that individuals appointed to the Board are broadly representative of a range of disciplines in graduate education in arts, humanities, and social sciences. One member must be an enrolled student in an institution of higher education at the time of appointment. Members serve for four year terms.
Contact: Cosette Ryan, Executive Director (202) 502-7637
The Committee advises the Secretary of Education on matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education. The committee includes 18 members appointed by the Secretary, the Senate, and the House of Representatives who are knowledgeable concerning postsecondary education and training.
Contact: Melissa Lewis-Executive Director (202) 219-7009
The Council advises the Secretary and Congress on the funding and administration of any program, with respect to which the Secretary has jurisdiction and that includes Indian children or adults or that may benefit Indian children or adults. The council makes recommendations to the Secretary for the position of Director of Indian Education. The council includes 15 members appointed by the President and composed of Indians and Alaska Natives selected from lists furnished by Indian tribes and organizations.
Contact: Office of Indian Education (202) 401-3641
The National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) is an independent, bipartisan group whose members include governors, state legislators, local and state school officials, educators, business representatives, and members of the general public. Congress created the 26-member Governing Board in 1988 to set policy for the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)-commonly known as the "The Nation's Report Card."
The "Nation's Report Card" as NAEP is often called, is the only nationally representative and continuing assessment of what American students know and can do in various academic subjects. Since 1969, NAEP surveys have been conducted periodically on a national sample basis in reading, mathematics, science, writing, and other subjects. State-by-state assessments-also on a representative sample basis-began in 1990. By making available objective information on academic performance, NAEP is an important part of our nation's evaluation of the condition and progress of education. NAEP is administered by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the U.S. Department of Education. The Secretary appoints the Chairman. Members serve staggered 4-year terms with a 2-year limitation.
Contact: Cornelia Orr-Executive Director- (202) 357-6943
The Board is established as a part of the Institute of Education Sciences, (IES). The Board shall function as a "board of directors" for the Institute by approving or disapproving the Institute's priorities as proposed by the Director of the Institute, and ensuring that the priorities of the Institute and the National Education Centers are consistent with the mission of the Institute. Members are appointed by the President and with the consent of the Senate.
Contact: Monica Herk, Executive Director (202) 208-3491
The Board advises the Secretary, the Director of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), and the Assistant Secretary for Postsecondary Education on priorities for the improvement of postsecondary education and for the evaluation, dissemination, and adaptation of demonstrated improvements in postsecondary educational practice. The Board includes 15 members appointed by the Secretary including: at least 8 public-interest representatives, including a student, and not more than 7 educational representatives.
Contact: Ralph Hines (202) 502-7613
The function of this committee is to evaluate the standards of accreditation applied to applicant foreign medical schools and determine the comparability of those standards to standards for accreditation applied to U.S. medical schools. Membership consists of experts in medical education and accreditation, appointed by the Secretary, but the number is not established by statute. Currently the committee has 10 members. One member must be an enrolled student at an institution of higher education at the time of appointment. Members serve for 3-year terms with a 9-year limitation.
Contact: Melissa Lewis-Executive Director (202) 205-7009
The Board advises and makes recommendations to the Interagency Group, composed of the Secretaries of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services which administers the National Institute for Literacy. The Interagency Group considers the Board's recommendations in planning the goals of the Institute. The Board also consults with the Institute on awarding fellowships and internships. The board members are 10 individuals appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate including: literacy providers, organizations, students, businesses, research experts, state and local governments, and organized labor.
Contact: NIFL Office (202) 233-2025
The Council's purpose is to advise the Department on the design and implementation of state standards, assessments and accountability systems. The Council will provide guidance to help the Department ensure that the assessment and accountability components of state accountability systems are based on sound technical decisions. The Council consists of no more than 16 members, who are experts in assessment and accountability appointed by the Secretary. They include academicians, researchers, and national, state, and local policymakers; at least one-third must have experience working in or with state educational agencies or local educational agencies. Members serve terms of no more than three years.
Contact: David Harmon-Designated Federal Official (202) 205-3554
The Board issues an Annual Federal Plan for Assistance to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to the President on participation by HBCUs in federally-sponsored programs; provides advice to the Secretary of Education and makes recommendations in reports to the President on how to increase the private sector role in strengthening HBCUs, with particular emphasis on enhancing institutional infrastructure and facilitating planning, development, and the use of new technologies to ensure the goal of long-term viability and enhancement of these institutions. Members are appointed by the President and include representatives of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, other institutions of higher education, business and financial institutions, private foundations, and secondary education.
Contact: John Wilson-Executive Director (202) 205-4836
Submission of Nominations
Nominations should be submitted to the appointing official (Presidential, Secretarial or Congressional), the Committee Management Officer, or the contact person for the committee six months in advance of a scheduled vacancy.
U.S. Department of Education White House Liaison/Committee Management Office Contact InformationWhite House Liaison/Committee Management Office
U.S. Department of Education
400 Maryland Avenue, SW LBJ/Room 7C109
Washington, DC 20202
Phone: (202) 401-3677
Fax: (202) 205-0723
For additional information on advisory committees, including budget, charter, members, accomplishments, meetings, vacancies, and reports, click on to the GSA FACA Database at http://fido.gov/facadatabase/default.asp. Click to the "Public" icon. Click the icon for the appropriate year, and then scroll down to the "Department of Education" and select the appropriate committee.
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Dr. Emanuel Ringelblum Archives
Three of the ten metal boxes and two milk cans in which Dr. Emanuel Ringelblum hid documents and materials to preserve for future generations detailed information about life in the Warsaw ghetto. In September, 1946, the metal boxes were discovered under the ruins of a house. In December, 1950, the milk cans with the second part of the archives were recovered. These materials and documents are now in the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 150.
A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
College of Education, University of South Florida © 1997-2013.
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We all know that vitamins and minerals play an important role in maintaining our health and well being. There are 13 vitamins that our body requires to fight diseases and to function properly. Vitamin B has 8 different types of vitamins. One of them, vitamin B3 is also known as niacin or nicotinic acid.
Niacin is one of the most important vitamins in the vitamin B family. Vitamin B3 is one of the more stable water-soluble vitamins and is minimally susceptible to damage by air, light, and heat.
Niacin is very important to our well-being, it assists metabolism, digestion, energy production, improved blood circulation, it can help lower high cholesterol and is vital to a healthy nervous system, alleviating nervousness, mental disorders and suicidal tendencies, it enhances insulin secretion and has been reported to benefit new cases of diabetes.
Severe deficiencies can bring about symptoms of Pellagra ( rare nowadays). Milder deficiencies are common such as fatigue, indigestion, bad breath, arthritis, headaches, high cholesterol. Niacin has been used to successfully treat clinical depression and schizophrenia.
If you are pregnant, have diabetes, glaucoma, gout, liver disease or peptic ulcers use niacin supplements with caution they may elevate blood sugar levels and cause liver damage if taken for long periods. You are best to use natural sources.
Natural Sources include asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, courgettes, chicken, mackerel, mushrooms, salmon, spirulina, squash, sunflower seeds, tomatoes, tuna, turkey, whole wheat, almonds, seeds, beans, green leafy vegetables, carrots, turnips and celery.
Steam and eat the floret heads and juice the main stem as it’s where you’ll find all the nutrients. Hugely powerful vegetable and used at the Hippocrates Institute to help fight cancer. Great to eat as sprouts too!
Broccoli evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe. Indications point to the vegetable being known 2,000 years ago. Since the Roman Empire broccoli has been considered a valuable food among the Italians, it was brought to England by the sculptor Peter Sheemakers although the exact year is not known he was born in 1691 and died in 1781 so sometime between those dates.
Vitamins, minerals and extras
B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 B9 C, K, E, beta-carotene, folic acid, Calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium, zinc, selenium, sodium, copper, chorine, chromium The phytonutrients and anti-oxidants in broccoli help boost our defense mechanisms and stimulates production of antibodies to fight cancer. The vitamin K and calcium – help keep bones strong and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. The high levels of vitamin C. can improve energy. Tryptophan gives the feel good factor
High blood pressure; liver problems; constipation, birth defects; digestive system problems; eye disorders; stomach disorders; reducing tumors; heart disease, and cataracts while promoting a strong immune system and supporting optimal gastrointestinal function. Is antiviral, antibacterial and anti cancer. The high amount of Vitamin C content aids iron absorption, prevents cataracts and helps with common colds as an antihistamine. Rich fibre content enhance GI tract and helps reduce cholesterol levels. Helps prevent and control other conditions including Alzheimer’s, diabetes, arthritis and the ageing process, asthma, migraine, varicose veins, chrons, celiac, diverticulitis, IBS, sun damage by helping skin to detoxify and repair itself, COPD, SAD and depression.
For those who suffer from kidney problems ( stones etc ) it would be advisable to limit the amount of Broccoli consumed due to it’s moderate amount of oxalates.
Juice or smoothie?
Juice. Broccoli has got a spicy taste to it when juiced, so only use a small amount and mix with plenty of other ingredients.
You can juice the stem, have the florets raw in your salad or lightly stem, however you eat it – it is delicious so enjoy!
According to a study conducted by researchers from the University of Liverpool in collaboration with Scottish and Swedish researchers, Extracts from broccoli and plantain may help boost the stomach’s defences against infection,
A study conducted by researchers from the Institute of Food at Norwich in the United Kingdom, found that a chemical naturally occurring in broccoli may actually block the development of tumors in people with a certain genetic trait.
Bananas are the perfect snack, they come in their own handy wrapper and they are well known as one of the greatest sources of natural energy. Bananas are often eaten pre or post exercise as they are a terrific source of sodium and surprisingly contain 84% water. Eat greener bananas for quicker release energy and browner bananas for slower release energy
Vitamins, minerals and extras
A, B1, B2, B3, B6, C, E, K, Beta-carotene, Folate, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Chromium, Manganese, and small amounts of Copper, Iodine, Iron.
They contain sucrose, fructose and glucose which provide an instant energy boost as well as a sustained and controlled release of blood sugar; Great for the immune booster; Staving off symptoms of PMS; Helping lower cholesterol, and blood pressure, great for the stomach; They are also a fantastic source of amino acids, the building bricks of protein.
Eating bananas can help with constipation, relief of heartburn, morning sickness, stomach ulcers and cut the risk of strokes.
The Tryptophan in bananas can help improve mood, the Potassium has been found to assist students by making them more alert.
If you have a latex allergy, it may be wise to stay away from bananas. or ensure you only buy organic.
Juice or smoothie?
WARNING – Bananas do not juice! Bananas add thickness and fibre to smoothies
If you have some bananas that are looking a little brown, peal them and pop them in the freezer. Next time you make a smoothie add the frozen banana straight into the blender or eat them as a gorgeous natural ice cream!
For mosquito bites – rub the affected area with the underside of the banana skin.
For warts – take a small piece of banana, place underside on wart and secure with a plaster.
Run out of boot polish, try this, rub the inside of the banana skin directly onto the shoe – polish with a dry cloth.
A study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine also confirms that eating high fiber foods, such as bananas, helps prevent heart disease. Almost 10,000 American adults participated in this study and were followed for 19 years. People eating the most fiber, 21 grams per day, had 12% less coronary heart disease (CHD) and 11% less cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to those eating the least, 5 grams daily. Those eating the most water-soluble dietary fiber fared even better with a 15% reduction in risk of CHD and a 10% risk reduction in CVD.
Data reported in a study published in the Archives of Ophthalmology indicates that eating 3 or more servings of fruit per day may lower your risk of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), the primary cause of vision loss in older adults, by 36%, compared to persons who consume less than 1.5 servings of fruit daily.
In this study, which involved over over 100,000 women and men, researchers evaluated the effect of study participants’ consumption of fruits; vegetables; the antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E; and carotenoids on the development of early ARMD or neovascular ARMD, a more severe form of the illness associated with vision loss. Food intake information was collected periodically for up to 18 years for women and 12 years for men.
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The stars in a cluster known as NGC 188 are all billions of years old. Most of them are faint, cool, and fairly red. But a few look like youngsters: They're bright, hot, and blue. The stars aren't young, though. Instead, they've undergone a sort of rejuvenation.
The stars are known as blue stragglers. Although they have the characteristics of youth, they can't be young because they're members of a cluster of old stars. Hot, blue stars quickly burn out and fade from sight, so there shouldn't be any left in a cluster like NGC 188. But astronomers from the University of Wisconsin, who've studied the cluster for more than a decade, have found 21 of them.
Their observations support the idea that blue stragglers have been rejuvenated. Some of the stars are members of binary systems, so they have close companions. The blue stragglers may steal gas from these companions. As the gas piles up, it gets hotter, making the stragglers look blue. A straggler may also be born when the two stars in a binary ram together and merge to make a single star, or from the merger of two stars from different binaries. These encounters bring a bit of youthful spirit back to one of the galaxy's oldest star clusters.
NGC 188 circles close around Polaris, the North Star, which stands due north throughout every night of the year. The cluster contains hundreds of stars, but it's so far and faint that you need a good-sized telescope to see it.
Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2010
For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine.
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Physical therapists may be generalists or may specialize in various areas of patient care such as orthopedics, sports medicine, pediatrics, women’s health, and long-term rehabilitation. They direct continuing education programs, teach in universities, or may work as researchers, managers, entrepreneurs and consultants. The job outlook for physical therapists is projected to be excellent over the next decade.
Physical therapists are known for their expertise in treating disorders of movement caused by musculoskeletal or neurodevelopmental problems throughout the lifespan. Promoting health and wellness and treating patients with cardiac disorders are also part of physical therapy practice. Physical Therapists must have excellent observational, problem-solving, and communication skills and the ability to apply these skills when interacting with patients and other health care professionals. Possessing good psychomotor skills and spatial relationship abilities are special strengths for practicing physical therapy.
For more information on Physical Therapy in general and a career in health care as a physical therapist, visit the following web sites:
page last updated 5/22/2013 2:22 PM
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Composition: The Chain Rule
What is the derivative of the composition of two functions?
Try the following:
- The first example shows the composition of a line and a parabola. Here, f (x) = 2x, g (x) = x2, and h (x) = g (f (x)). The graphs are shown in purple, and each has a tangent line (hard to see for f, because f is also a line). On the graph of f (on the left) you will see a red square (which is draggable) and a red line. The length of the red line represent the x input to f, and the green vertical line represents the y output of f. Since f is the inner function of the composition, the green y output of f becomes the x input for g, and you can see a green horizontal line on the middle graph showing the x input for g (these two green line segments should be the same length, if you have equalized axes). The graph of g also shows a blue vertical line segment which represents the y output of g. The right hand graph shows the composition. Here, the x input is the original red input to f, and the output is the blue output of g. Click the "Equalize Axes" button, then move the slider and notice how the colored line segments illustrate the composition process. On this same example, now notice that the slope of the tangent line is shown in the upper right corner of each graph. What do you notice about the relationship between the slopes of the tangents to f and g, and the slope of the tangent to the composite function? Move the slider and see if your conjecture holds.
- Select the second example from the drop down menu, which changes g to an exponential function. Does the relationship between the slopes that you noticed above still hold? Examine some of the other examples in the drop down menu, which use different functions for f and g.
- Hopefully you saw that the slope of the tangent for the composite function was the product of the other two slopes. The slope of the tangent in the first graph is just f '(x), but notice that the slope in the middle graph is being evaluated at a different place (i.e., not at x but at y = f (x)). The slope in the middle graph is g ' (f (x)). Multiplying these two gives the shortcut for finding the derivative of a composite function, called the chain rule: . You can think of this rule as a process to do: multiply the derivative of the outside function (leaving the inside function alone) by the derivative of the inside function.
This work by Thomas S. Downey is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Birding in South Carolina
Hundreds of species for you to see year round!
Bring your binoculars and your birding list. South Carolina's many varied habitats are home to a diversity of birdlife unmatched by many larger Atlantic States. With over 375 species, birders from around the world flock to South Carolina to view migrating coastal birds, the South Carolina state bird, the Carolina Wren, the Bachman's sparrow, Swainson's warbler, swallow-tailed kite, Mississippi kite, red-cockaded woodpecker, painted bunting and other remarkable South Carolina birds.
Habitats of South Carolina Birds
The swamps and streams, maritime hardwood forest, upland pine stands, urban areas and agricultural tracts of the Palmetto State provide habitats for species as varied as the South Carolina state bird, the Carolina wren, the endangered wood stork, the tiny ruby-throated hummingbird and even the majestic bald eagle.
Premier Birding Destinations
With such great birding destinations as the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge, Huntington Beach State Park and Caesars Head, you won't find better birding on the Atlantic Coast of America. Guided field studies offer birders access to South Carolina birds in areas not regularly open to the public.
Use the links and South Carolina birding listings below for more information on birding in South Carolina. Click on a birding destination for more information on that location.
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The Art Of Film And Video Editing Part-3
Soviet Filmmakers Advance Editing
Filmmaking spread around the world and D.W. Griffith’s techniques were widely studied. In the 1920s Soviet filmmakers were fascinated with editing and the theory of film as a communications and propaganda tool. After the 1917 Russian revolution the Soviet Union was trying to grow its new film industry. The new filmmakers did not have enough cameras or film stock so instead of shooting their own footage, they experimented with editing existing footage from Russian melodramas and the occasional American film. Lev Kuleshov, a film teacher, smuggled a copy of Griffith’s “Intolerance” so his students could study it in detail. They re-edited part of the film and discovered what a radical difference they could make by changing a scene.
|The Art of Film & Video Editing|
Introduction & The Genesis of Editing Styles Part 2
Hollywood Style Continuity Editing & Characteristics of Continuity Editing
This led Kuleshov’s workshop to experiment with a shot from a Russian film. They had the shot of a man looking ahead without emotion. They used that same shot in three different sequences:
- 1. Intercut the man’s face with a bowl of soup
- 2. Intercut the man’s face with a little girl playing
- 3. Intercut the man’s face with a dead woman.
They showed the three sequences to audiences. Audiences praised the actor’s range! They said he felt hunger when he saw the soup, joy when seeing the girl play, and grief for his mother, but the shot of the actor had not changed, only what surrounded it. This powerful effect of juxtaposing different shots is called the Kuleshov Effect. It demonstrates that audience reaction is determined, not by one shot, but by the context and shots that surround it.
One of Kuleshov’s students was Vsevolod Pudovkin who wrote about the workshop’s techniques and produced films. His masterpiece is the 1926 film “The Mother.” This is the story of a mother’s personal revolution against the Tsar. It has one of the most rousing endings in movie history. It’s the editing that makes this film compelling. Many consider Pudovkin to be one of the fathers of the Hollywood movie.
Another of Kuleshov’s students was Sergei Eisenstein. His 1925 film “Battleship Potemkin” presents a dramatized version of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against their officers of the Tsarist regime. The film was political as it extolled the virtues of the working class people, called the proletariat, against the Tsar of Russia. It’s been called one of the most influential propaganda films of all time.
The most celebrated scene in the film demonstrates masterful editing. The scene is the massacre of civilians on the Odessa Steps. The Tsar’s soldiers march down a seemingly endless flight of steps firing rifles into a crowd of civilians. The edits of the march are regimented as if on a metronome. Many innocents are killed. A mother who is pushing her baby’s carriage is shot. The carriage continues down the steps on its own amidst the firing as the suspense mounts.
Notice the rhythmic edits and the use of close-ups for dramatic effect. This is one of the best known scenes in filmmaking. Many modern Hollywood films have imitated the scene either in homage or parody. This video shows some of the films that have used Odessa Steps as a take off.
The massacre depicted on the steps of Odessa never actually happened. It was created by Eisenstein for effect in his film. Roger Ebert, the film critic, writes, “That there was, in fact, no czarist massacre on the Odessa Steps scarcely diminishes the power of the scene … It is ironic that Eisenstein did it so well that today, the bloodshed on the Odessa steps is often referred to as if it really happened.”
There are over 150 cuts in that 7-minute scene, but it’s not the number of edits that matters. It’s the effect the scene has on viewers nearly 100 years later. They called this editing technique “montage,” but beware as this word means different things to different people. The word is French and translates as to “assemble.” The technique involves many short shots assembled into a sequence that advances the story or sets a mood. The shots do not necessarily have to be related. By juxtaposing different scenes and using quicker pacing, the editor could create suspense, for example. Two scenes assembled together can allow the audience to draw a conclusion, as with the actor’s face and the bowl of soup.
Early filmmakers, especially the Russians, used the montage technique to excess, sometimes confusing or overwhelming the audience. To Eisenstein, montage was an opportunity to create symbolic meaning by editing in shots that were “discontinuous.” Eisenstein’s techniques violated the classical Hollywood continuity system, breaking many of the rules of continuity editing.
In American filmmaking, montage is a particular technique of film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence that’s used to condense space, time, and information. A common montage in American film is the newspaper montage. It includes many shots of newspapers being printed, moving on a fast conveyor belt, through rollers, coming off the end where it is picked up and read by a pressman. The headline zooms out to fill the screen. This is a quick way to show that time has passed and there’s a new development.
You can see two examples in the 1934 film “It Happened One Night.” It’s a fun romantic comedy by Frank Capra, one of the great American directors. This was the first film to win all five major Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay.
In Soviet montage theory, montage means to create symbolic meaning. But it gets more complicated than that. For instance Eisenstein’s theory of montage is a style of editing which offers discontinuity, crossing the line as per the 180 degree rule, and other violations of the classical Hollywood continuity system.
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In the Czech Republic, the Masopust festival takes place from Epiphany (Den tří králů) through Ash Wednesday (Popeleční středa). The word masopust translates literally from old Czech to mean "meat fast", and the festival often includes a pork feast in preparation for Lent. The tradition is most common in Moravia but does occur in Bohemia as well. While practices vary from region to region, masks and costumes are present everywhere.
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Select one of the options below. Your feedback will help tell CNN producers what to do with this iReport. If you'd like, you can explain your choice in the comments below.
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Tell us in 50 words or less what your child wants to be when they grow up to win. more
Yes, it's true - breakfast is the most important meal of the day and yet too many adults and children leave the house each day with little, or nothing, in their stomachs. Not only does breakfast kick-start our metabolism, it feeds the body and brain and provides the energy and stamina your child needs to pay attention in class, get schoolwork done and participate in physical activities. Children who miss breakfast are often tired, irritable, restless and less focussed than their full-bellied classmates.
We all know the benefits of a healthy breakfast, but how do we get our kids to eat if they're 'not hungry', 'running late' or 'can't make up their mind'? Try some of these suggestions:
- A smoothie. Blended fruit, milk (and perhaps a dollop of yoghurt) and ice make a great breakfast.
- A toasted sandwich. Instead of boring old toast, make a cheese and tomato, or banana, toasted sandwich which, at a pinch, she can eat on the way to school.
- Offer toppings for cereal. Cereal out of the box day in and day out, can get really boring, so try adding fresh or tinned fruit slices, dried fruit, nuts, honey or golden syrup to spice things up.
- Go the savoury route. Anything can be breakfast - last night's leftover pasta, a toasted bagel with baked beans, toast with roast chicken on top. Don't get locked into offering only cereal, eggs or toast.
- Breakfast on the run. If your child really does have to leave the house four minutes after she's rolled out of bed, toss her a cereal bar, a tub of yoghurt, a banana, or a bag of cereal mixed with trail mix. She can eat these on the run and still arrive at school fuelled up.
Best snacking tips
- Snacks can be the quickest and most deadly way to kill good eating habits, so try to plan ahead for snacks in the same way you do for dinner.
- It's easy to undo all the work you put into providing a nutritious and balanced diet at mealtimes by offering highly salted and sugared snacks.
- A snack should be a small amount of food given to keep your child going until the next main meal - try to avoid presenting your child with a large plate of food at snack time, as this may then take the place of the next meal.
- Try cutting fruit for children who baulk at the idea of eating a whole apple or banana.
- For children who have a long day - school followed by extra-curricular activities - try including a snack in their bag for between-time. Snacks are a really important way that children refuel during the day.
- Snacks are a great way to make up the nutrients your child may be missing in her meals. Can't get her to eat cooked vegetables at dinner time? Try a mixed plate of veggie sticks with a dip.
- It's a great idea when offering a snack, to try to offer foods from at least two of the food groups - apple and cheese, yoghurt and dried fruit, peanut butter and crackers.
Find more information and related articles on healthy eating
- Get nutrition savvy with the healthy pyramid guide to what kids should eat
- Discover how much food your toddler should be eating
- Discover top tips for feeding toddlers
- Find healthy snack ideas toddlers will love
- Discover toddler-favourite recipes
- Read about the best milk for toddlers
- Learn how to encourage your toddler to eat
Last revised: Wednesday, 18 June 2008
This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional.
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Federal Benefits for Veterans, Dependents and Survivors
Veterans of the United States armed forces may be eligible for a broad range of programs and services provided by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). These benefits are legislated in Title 38 of the United States Code. This booklet contains a summary of these benefits effective Jan. 1, 2011. For additional information, visit the VA Web page at www.va.gov.La versión en español de este folleto se encuentra disponible en formato Adobe Acrobat a través de el link: www1.va.gov/opa/feature/index.asp.
Eligibility for most VA benefits is based upon discharge from active military service under other than dishonorable conditions. Active service means full-time service, other than active duty for training, as a member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, or as a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service, Environmental Science Services Administration or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or its predecessor, the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Generally, men and women veterans with similar service may be entitled to the same VA benefits.
Dishonorable and bad conduct discharges issued by general courts-martial may bar VA benefits. Veterans in prison and parolees must contact a VA regional office to determine eligibility. VA benefits will not be provided to any veteran or dependent wanted for an outstanding felony warrant.
Certain VA benefits require service during wartime. Under the law, VA recognizes these war periods:
Mexican Border Period: May 9, 1916, through April 5, 1917, for veterans who served in Mexico, on its borders or in adjacent waters.
World War I: April 6, 1917, through Nov. 11, 1918; for veterans who served in Russia, April 6, 1917, through April 1, 1920; extended through July 1, 1921, for veterans who had at least one day of service between April 6, 1917, and Nov. 11, 1918.
World War II: Dec. 7, 1941, through Dec. 31, 1946.
Korean War: June 27, 1950, through Jan. 31, 1955.
Vietnam War: Aug. 5, 1964 (Feb. 28, 1961, for veterans who served “in country” before Aug. 5, 1964), through May 7, 1975.
Gulf War: Aug. 2, 1990, through a date to be set by law or Presidential Proclamation. Important Documents Needed to Expedite
In order to expedite benefits delivery, veterans seeking a VA benefit for the first time must submit a copy of their service discharge form (DD-214, DD-215, or for World War II veterans, a WD form), which documents service dates and type of discharge, or give their full name, military service number, and branch and dates of service.
The veteran’s service discharge form should be kept in a safe location accessible to the veteran and next of kin or designated representative.
The following documents will be needed for claims processing related to a veteran’s death:
ALS – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
CHAMPVA – Civilian Health and Medical Program of VA
CLC – Community Living Center
C&P – Compensation and Pension
COE – Certificate of Eligibility
CRDP – Concurrent Retirement and Disability Payments
CRSC – Combat-Related Special Compensation
CWT – Compensated Work Therapy
CZTE – Combat Zone Tax Exclusion
DIC – Dependency and Indemnity Compensation
DoD -- Department of Defense
FHA – Federal Housing Administration
FSGLI – Family Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance
HUD – Department of Housing and Urban Development
IRR – Individual Ready Reserve
MGIB – Montgomery GI Bill
MIA – Missing in Action
NPRC – National Personnel Records Center
NSLI – National Service Life Insurance
OEF – Operation Enduring Freedom
OIF – Operation Iraqi Freedom
OPM – Office of Personnel Management
POW -- Prisoner of War
PTSD – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
SAH – Specially Adapted Housing
SBA – Small Business Administration
SSI – Supplemental Security Income
S-DVI – Service-Disabled Veterans’ Insurance
SGLI – Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance
SSB – Special Separation Benefits
TAP – Transition Assistance Program
TSGLI – Traumatic Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance
USCIS – U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
USDA – U.S. Department of Agriculture
VA – Department of Veterans Affairs
VEAP – Veterans Educational Assistance Program
VEOA – Veterans’ Employment Opportunities Act
VGLI – Veterans’ Group Life Insurance
VHA – Veterans Health Administration
VMET – Verification of Military Experience and Training
VMLI – Veterans’ Mortgage Life Insurance
VR&E – Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment
VSI – Voluntary Separation Incentive
WAAC – Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps
WASPs – Women Air Force Service Pilots
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As we enter the holiday season, several ornamental houseplants are purchased for home and office. Among the most popular are Christmas cacti and the poinsettias. These can be excellent plants if properly cared for.
Christmas cactus is a popular winter-flowering houseplant native to Brazil, available in a wide variety of colors, including red, purple, oranges, pinks and creams. Its long stems make it a great choice for hanging baskets.
The plant prefers brightly lit areas of indirect sunlight. Do not place in areas of cold or hot drafts of air. The soil should be kept moist but not water-logged and the plant needs to be misted weekly to increase humidity. Do not fertilize when the plants are in flower, but do fertilize once a month between April and September. The short, cool days of the fall initiate the onset of buds for winter flowers.
The secret of good flower bud production involves temperature and dark (photoperiod) control. To initiate flowering, the plants must have a combination of bright light, night temperatures between 55 and 65 degrees, and the long nights - 13 hours or more of continuous darkness each day is required before flowering will occur.
Long nights should be started about the middle of September and continued for eight weeks. After the flowers drop off, pinch back to promote more branching. The plants can be placed outside in a shady or part shade location after all danger of frost is past.
Poinsettias are the most popular and well known of the holiday plants.
The brightly colored bracts, that come in red, white, pink and cream colored, are among the most beautiful. The actual flowers of the poinsettia plant are the small, yellow blooms in the center of the colorful bracts.
Consider the following tips in selecting poinsettias:
· plants with fully mature, thoroughly colored bracts, having an abundance of dark, rich green foliage all the way down the stem
· the leaves and bracts should not be drooping
· the plants need to be balanced, full and attractive from all sides, with stiff stems, good bract and leaf retention, and showing no signs of wilting, breaking or drooping.
The poinsettia needs to be in a bright location, receiving at least 6 hours of bright, indirect sunlight each day. Avoid direct sunlight, since it may fade the color of the bracts. The daytime temperature should not be any more than 70 degrees and needs to be kept away from drafts, excessive heat or dry air from appliances, fireplaces or ventilating ducts. Temperatures that drop below 50 degrees cause chilling injuries, leading to premature leaf drop. Poinsettias require moderately moist soil, not too dry or too wet. Water them thoroughly when the soil surface feels dry to the touch. Water until it seeps out of the drainage hole and the soil is completely saturated. Never fertilize a poinsettia when it is in bloom.
In the spring, when the colorful bracts fade, prune the back the plant to about 8 inches in height. The plant will look bare after pruning; eventually new growth will emerge from the nodes up and down the stem.
Keep the plant near a sunny window and continue to water it regularly during its growing period. You can take the plant outdoors once the night temperature remains above 50 degrees. Fertilize the plant every two to three weeks during the spring, summer and fall with a well-balanced complete fertilizer such as 10-10-10. Bring them back indoors when the temperatures drop below 50 degrees in the fall.
Long nights (short days) initiate the flowering of poinsettias.
Starting in late September, the plants need to have 13 hours of uninterrupted darkness. The exposure to any light source, car lights, room lights, etc., will delay or prevent flowering. Place them in a dark closet or in a box for 13 hours and then bring out to a sunny window.
Timothy Daly, MS, is the Agricultural and Natural Resource Agent with Gwinnett County Extension. He can be reached at 678-377-4010 or at email@example.com.
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15 oral history interviews : 13 DVDs, 2005-2009; Fred Ross memorial : 2 DVDs, 1992; "The Leadership Lessons of the CSO" :
3 DVDs. Files pertaining to the history project, 1997-2009.
The Community Service Organization was an important California Latino civil rights organization, most famous for training
Cesar Chavez. It was founded in 1948 by Fred Ross and Edward Roybal and was a source of political support for Roybal during
his long political career.
All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. Consent
is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission
from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/pubserv/permissions.html.
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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Improving Palliative Care for Cancer
sources—health professionals, family, friends, religious leaders, printed materials, telephone hotlines, mail order, and increasingly, the World Wide Web. The materials available, however, emphasize curative treatment and living as a cancer survivor to the relative exclusion of information on palliative care and end-of-life issues. Kesselheim, in Chapter 4, analyzes the state of information available for those with advanced cancer who are likely to die from their disease.
Physicians are often the first, and remain the most important, source of information for a large proportion of patients about all aspects of a cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Information Producers: National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, and Others
NCI and the American Cancer Society (ACS) write the majority of educational materials for cancer patients, in the form of booklets, pamphlets, and fact sheets, and make them freely available in a variety of ways. Most of the materials deal with cancer prevention, descriptions of various cancers and their treatments, clinical trials, and survivorship concerns. Only recently have NCI and ACS begun publishing materials related to end-of-life issues.
NCI produces one publication, Advanced Cancer: Living Each Day (1998), aimed at dying patients and booklets for some specific end-of-life concerns: Eating Hints for Cancer Patients (1998), Get Relief from Cancer Pain (1994), and Pain Control (2000, published in conjunction with ACS). NCI’s Physician Data Query (PDQ) has a section dealing with “Supportive Care Topics,” covering the major symptoms at the end of life. There are also “Cancer Facts,” information sheets about hospice care and national and local cancer support organizations.
Finally, NCI’s Cancer Information Service (CIS) comprises 19 resource centers across the country that answer calls to “1–800–4-CANCER.” CIS representatives mail patients NCI-produced and other approved materials, according to the type and stage of cancer and the caller’s requests.
In addition to distributing NCI material, ACS offers its own booklets, including one directed at end-of-life care, called Caring for the Patient with Cancer at Home (1998).
Overall, the easily available information about palliative and end-of-life care is inadequate. The few publications mentioned are among hundreds of cancer-related publications that ignore the dimension of advanced disease and death from cancer. For instance, the NCI booklet What You Need to Know About Ovarian Cancer (1993) mentions nothing about the possibility that a patient might die of an ovarian tumor, despite the fact that this cancer often is diagnosed in late stages, with little hope for long-term
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Owens Findlay-area Campus Presents Free ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ Film Screening and Discussion, Feb. 19
FINDLAY, Ohio – Area residents are invited to explore diversity and its societal impact in the 1930s as Owens Community College Findlay-area Campus’ Office of Student Activities and Honors Program presents a free screening and discussion of the film “To Kill a Mockingbird” on Tuesday, Feb. 19.
The film, which is being presented in conjunction with the College’s celebration of Black History Month, will be shown at 11 a.m. in the College’s Education Center Room 111 on the Findlay-area Campus. Owens is located on Bright Road in Findlay. Admission to the event is free and the public is encouraged to attend.
Based on Harper Lee’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, “To Kill a Mockingbird” provides insight into the life of Atticus Finch, who serves as a lawyer in a racially-divided Alabama town in the 1930s. Racial tension escalates as Finch chooses to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman. The story is told through the eyes of Finch’s six-year-old daughter Scout and her older brother Jem. “To Kill a Mockingbird” garnered international acclaim highlighted by three Oscar Awards in 1963. The film was directed by Robert Mulligan.
Immediately following the film, Owens Assistant Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences Dr. Marian Moore and Interim Chair of English Ellen Sorg will offer insight into the historical and ethical significance of “To Kill a Mockingbird” as part of an open discussion.
For more information about the event, call (567) 429-3029 or 1-800-GO-OWENS, Ext. 3029.
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Heritage at Risk - Special Edition: "Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts"
This publication forms part of the ICOMOS Heritage at Risk series. Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk demonstrates the application of the principles of the 2001 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
With over 30 authors,the book canvasses a wide range of underwater cultural heritage sites from around the world. These include shipwrecks, fish traps and inundated offshore deposits in Asia, South America, the Pacific, North America, South Africa and Europe. The environments in which they are set range from tidal zones to the extreme depths of international oceanic waters.
In this book, heritage managers from government and private organisations share a wealth of experience in managing natural and human threats to these sites. Examples of natural threats include coping with the effects of marine borers, current and surge as well as metal corrosion. Risks arising from human activities are also addressed. These include direct impacts (such as those related to diving on wrecks as well as commercial salvage) and indirect impacts associated with development projects (including construction of harbour facilities and dredging programs). The solutions are varied, imaginative and effective.They highlight the real opportunities that exist for governments and organisations faced with similar challenges and make this publicationan invaluable reference work.
Go here to the Website for this book.
Go here to charge the full text of the book.
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Good Sense Eating | 10 nutrition myths debunked
Thursday, November 19, 2009
Myths about nutrition and health abound-even in the 21st
century. Let's take a look at 10 of my favorites.
Myth: Eat a low fat diet.
Reality: While many high fat foods-such as commercially fried foods, sausages and heavily marbled meats-are best eaten rarely, vegetable-based oils are generally healthful. Also, some foods actually need a little fat for their nutrients to be absorbed by the body. For example, the lycopene in tomatoes and tomato sauce, beta carotene in carrots and lutein in greens are nutrients that need fat to complete the process.
Grab 'n Go Raisin Bars
- 2 cups raisins
- 1 cup chopped walnuts
- 1 cup slivered almonds
- 2 teaspoons almond extract
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1. Preheat oven to 200 degrees.
- 2. Combine all ingredients in a blender or food processor, pulsing on and off until raisins and nuts are finely chopped, but not pureed (mixture should not be sticky).
- 3. Press firmly into a 10-by-4-inch rectangle on a parchment-lined baking sheet and cut crosswise into 10 bars, each 1-inch wide. Separate bars slightly to cook evenly.
- 4. Bake one hour. Let cool and wrap individually.
Myth: Raw vegetables provide more nutrition
than frozen or canned.
Reality: Frozen and canned vegetables are usually processed immediately after harvesting, preserving their nutrients. Just-picked veggies from your own garden or from a farmers market also keep their nutrition. But vegetables that have been trucked across the country-or imported-may have sustained some nutrient loss.
Myth: If you don't eat a well-balanced diet, a multivitamin will take care of that.
Reality: Vitamin pills are meant to supplement the diet, not provide all the nutrition needed. Some researchers estimate there are 20,000 nutrients found in whole foods, most of which have not yet been discovered. How many nutrients are in your vitamin pill? Mother Nature knew what she was doing by adding nutrients that work together synergistically in whole, unprocessed foods.
Myth: You can tell a hamburger is done by its color.
Reality: Meat color is not a reliable indicator of temperature and food safety. Surprisingly, ground beef can lose its pink color, but still not be thoroughly cooked. Use a food thermometer to ensure a burger's interior reaches at least 160 degrees Farhenheit.
Myth: Drinking plenty of water improves your teen's (and your) skin tone.
Reality: While water is an important part of anyone's diet, there is no research proving that it helps with the appearance of our skin. What does improve our skin? A diet rich in colorful vegetables and fruits and essential fatty acids such as those found in nuts and oils.
Myth: Reduced-fat peanut butter is better than the full-fat type.
Reality: Reduced-fat peanut butter is missing out on healthful peanut oil, rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acids. While it does have slightly fewer calories, it has more sugar and sodium to compensate for the loss of flavor. Luckily, neither variety has any appreciable trans fats.
Myth: Foods rated "100% natural" are healthier than those that are not.
Reality: While the term "natural" was the leading claim made about new products last year, it is largely unregulated and has no real meaning. One exception is for meats. The USDA recently set guidelines that say "natural" meat must now be raised without hormones, antibiotics or animal by-products. However, natural meat and poultry can still be "enhanced" or pumped with up to 15 percent added salt water.
Myth: Sugar-free foods have fewer calories than their sugared counterparts.
Reality: Some sugar-free foods are sweetened with sugar alcohols, which provide just as many calories as the original. Check the Nutrition Facts labels to be sure.
Myth: Multigrain is better than white.
Reality: Multigrain is not necessarily whole grain. It's just more than one grain. According to the Whole Grains Council, "multigrain" may describe several whole grains or several refined grains, or both. A better term to seek out is "100 percent whole grain."
Myth: Chewing gum that's swallowed will stay in the stomach forever.
Reality: Swallowed chewing gum typically passes through the digestive tract and is eliminated in the same way as other foods. However, there have been some case studies reported in the journal Pediatrics, as well as The American Journal of Diseases of Children, of small children who developed intestinal obstructions after swallowing five to seven pieces each day. Children should dispose of gum instead of swallowing it, especially when they chew more than one piece each day.
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The Northern Rockies region contains the northern portion of the internationally famous Rocky Mountains which extends from the Yukon down into New Mexico. Unlike the better known Rockies near Banff and Jasper, the Northern Rockies wilderness has remained relatively untouched, still much as it was centuries ago.
The Rocky Mountains are comprised of folded, uplifted, sedimentary rock and have a distinctly ragged feature compared to the great ice domes and high peaks of the Tatshenshini region. The western Rockies merge into a flat, featureless plain where boreal forest and muskeg predominate. To the south, the Peace River district is a prime grain and wheat production center much like the prairies. The scenic Alaska Highway runs through this vast northern part of British Columbia, connecting Dawson Creek in British Columbia with Fairbanks, Alaska.
Separating the western third of the Northern Rockies Region is the Kechika-Gataga Valley, also called the Great Valley, which is the northern extension of the Rocky Mountain trench. This geographic feature runs for almost 1600 km (1000 mi), from the US border all the way to the Yukon. The section of the trench which stretches through the Northern Rockies is among the wildest and most pristine portions.
Some of the most important wildlife populations in North America are found in this region, particularly in the Muskwa-Kechika. In fact, the Muskwa-Kechika is the largest wilderness area in North America south of 60 degrees parallel, and the most abundant in wildlife. It is one of the most important conservation regions in Canada.
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The human nervous system is made up of neurons or nerve cells, and these nerve cells function with electrical impulses and chemical signaling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron Our nervous system is very sensitive to our thoughts. Remember we said that a thought is an impulse of energy and intelligence. Due to energy it moves, and due to intelligence it takes a direction. Thoughts are basic to all other active levels of our life and everything we do – the level of speech, behaviour, intention, or action. Persons whose nervous systems can maintain tranquility, function much more efficiently than the ones who function with restlessness. Restlessness affects brain functioning, making us impulsive and causing wrong, erratic, or unwanted and antisocial behaviour. On the extreme level, this is the cause of criminal behaviour. That is why we were asked to “Be Still.” All we need is a few minutes of stillness morning and evening to make our day energetic, creative, peaceful, and productive, and our nights rejuvenating to mind and body. This prevents the accumulation of stress from day to day.
A nervous system that is functioning properly, will be able to allow energy to flow in the right way throughout the body. This will provide the proper quantity and quality of energy for the different organs and functions, and maintain perfect health. This is a natural law. The cells, functioning in the right way, will support proper levels of energy for the tissues, the organs and the entire body. The cells will also renew and repair themselves as needed, and the maintenance of perfect health is assured.
We see then, that we create our own energy. Pure thoughts are positive and they create the right energy which will be translated into chemical signals, which will become the building blocks for our moods, our behaviour and our life. They create bliss, happiness, joy and other positive emotions. When we experience the positive emotions, we are automatically more tolerant, altruistic, energetic, and creative. We live happier and more productive and peaceful lives. Our societies are more peaceful, and loving, and the light of God shines in our lives. Our environments are renewed. We intuitively know right from wrong, and we become stronger in right day by day and weaker in wrong. This is the basis of a peaceful society, which is the basis of a peaceful, powerful nation, the basis of a peaceful world.
We said before, that Natural Laws are laws of nature that keep the entire universe functioning in a proper and orderly way. Natural Laws keep the sun shining. Other natural laws keep the earth rotating on its axis, and the moon in its place for the proper lunar cycles on earth, ensuring proper seasons at the right times. This includes the proper functioning of our own bodies. http://www.maharishiayurvedaindia.com/ The violation of these natural laws creates resistance in the nervous system, and stress is the result.
When we make wrong choices, either from tiredness, exhaustion, negativity in any way, a stress is created in the nervous system. As habits are formed by repeated actions, we may keep doing the same thing over and over and make things worse. Example, we know that we are supposed to breathe fresh air, but for some reason or other, someone may start smoking. That smoke goes through the body in the same way as fresh air is supposed to, leaving nicotine and countless other toxins in every part of the body, in every cell. Nicotine is sticky and toxic, prevents the proper functioning of the lungs, brain and body as a whole. As like attracts like, the more nicotine in the body, the more the body craves it, the stronger the habit grows and an addiction is created. The nervous system functions better when it is rested, so if this person takes regular rest that is deep enough, or for example, if this person start the practice of Transcendental Meditation, the nervous system will try to eliminate the nicotine and restore the health of the body, freeing it from the addiction. http://www.t-m.org.uk/research/37.shtml
Another example is food. When one eats food that is not appropriate, or at the wrong time, example; just before going to sleep, the digestive system cannot digest and absorb it in the proper way. Toxins are created and the body stores it. We gain weight and feel the heaviness and apathy, lack of energy. The mind is dull, and thinking, focusing, and memory become difficult. This means that the body is not functioning as it should. Some natural law has been violated and part of the solution is to take rest and allow the body to restore balance.
When we are catching a cold, if we take rest, we automatically feel better. The cold goes away. Do we ask ourselves why and how the cold went away? We take it for granted. If we are tired and cannot go any further or cannot work anymore, we stop and go to rest or sleep. We wake up and feel much better. The mind is clearer, we can get back to work because we have more energy, memory is better, we are more tolerant and our ability to focus is better. These are everyday events. If we take deeper rest, the results are more dramatic.
Transcendental Meditation is deeper than just closed eyes rest and deeper than sleep. The best way to check this is by checking the consumption of Oxygen during the restful state. Several scientific studies have been conducted to check the consumption of Oxygen during Transcendental meditation. Transcendental Meditation is the meditation technique that has been the most researched to date. More than 600 scientific studies have been conducted at more than 250 independent research institutions and medical schools in more than 33 countries worldwide. It is a natural, effortless technique that allows the mind to settle down to deeper and deeper levels of rest and experience the state of silence, stillness within. After 15 to 20 minutes, we open the eyes and feel refreshed, happy, calm. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/167/3926/1751.short
Because of the deep rest experienced by the body and nervous system during the practice of Transcendental Meditation, the blood pressure normalizes after just a few months of regular daily practice for 15 to 20 minutes morning and evening. http://www.tmeducation.org/research-national-institutes-of-health
Diabetes also normalizes with the practice of Transcendental Meditation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzb0H2emtyw
“AmericanCollegeof Cardiology Symposium Highlights
Research on TM and Cardiovascular Disease
Speakers highlighted research on the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cardiovascular disease in a symposium entitled “Integrative Cardiology” during the annual meeting of theAmericanCollegeof Cardiology, which was attended by 30,000 cardiologists inAtlantafrom March 11 to 14, 2006. Speakers at the symposium, which was attended by over 300 people, included:
Robert Schneider, M.D., F.A.C.C., Director of the NIH-Funded Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention atMaharishiUniversity of Management inFairfield,Iowa
Brian Olshansky, M.D., F.A.C.C., Professor and Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and co-chair of the symposium
Noel Bairey Merz, M.D.,F.A.C.C., Director of the Women’s Heart Center and the Preventive and the Rehabilitative Cardiac Center at Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles
O.T. Randall, M.D., Professor of Cardiology atHowardUniversitySchool of Medicine inWashington,DC.”
This study was done to show the effectiveness of The TM Technique for reducing heart disease, hypertension, stroke cholesterol, atherosclerosis and heart failure.
There is one sure way to know that one is stressed – one feels tired and restless or even pain. Stress in the body, in the Nervous System, inhibits the functioning of the brain, central nervous system, and other important parts of the body. When nervousness is felt, the stress has already become strong enough to affect the physical and prevent the body from functioning properly. In other words, an imbalance has been created, preparing the way for what we call illness. In a future article, we will discuss Ayurveda, an ancient system of Natural Medicine which was safeguarded inIndiafor more than six thousand years.
The greater the number of persons in any society who are stressed, tired and ill, the greater the possibility of having persons who malfunction mentally, because when stress intensifies in individual nervous systems, collective stress is created. This is when we see outbreaks of wrong-doing and criminal behaviour, accidents, hospitalizations and abuse of weaker persons, and random crime. People who understand this should take the responsibility to lessen the stress in their own nervous systems and lead the way in becoming more peaceful, creative and productive. When the mind is calm, clear and rested, we are able to grasp the many opportunities that our country has to offer, and live more lucrative lives. If we can reduce collective stress, the abuse of children and women that we see today would become a thing of the past. Criminal tendencies would be greatly reduced and the society would return to a state of peaceful, happy and productive living.
Natural Healing leads to a return to normal functioning of body, mind and spirit in a normal, natural way. When we take proper rest, the body normalized itself, and we enjoy better health. We should practice natural healing everyday through taking herbs, fresh pure air, pure organic food, wholesome and inspiring music, massages, wholesome activity of the senses. This includes our spiritual practices regardless of our religion, creed, race or belief and even the healthy interactions we have with the people we meet everyday.
This knowledge is not new, it is as old as time, but every so often, knowledge is lost and then comes the revival.
In the not too distant past, everyone believed that the earth was flat because this is what we seem to see with our eyes. Anyone who dared say that it was otherwise would suffer dire consequences. When the truth was finally accepted, the entire civilization advanced. People were then free to explore this truth in their own way. We seem to be going through a similar phase in modern times. We seem to use 5 -10% of our mental thinking potential and we leave the other 90 to 95% unused. This is the basis of all the wrong-doing we see in the world today. We can develop 100%, full mental potential or the state of Enlightenment which we look upon as so exotic. Know that it is our birthright, everyone of us. This is what natural healing leads to in a natural, spontaneous way. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXneA6hHLGc
Persons wanting to know more about Natural Healing and or Transcendental Meditation may contact me for more information. If one can eliminate the stress on the nervous system when non-communicable chronic diseases are present in the body, the illness becomes much easier for the medical doctors to treat, because stress is the basis of most illnesses.
Copyright 2012 Dominica News Online, DURAVISION INC. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or distributed.
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|A USDA inspector looks at the feet|
of a Tennessee walking horse
(Dipti Vaidya, The Tennessean)
Earlier this month, USDA announced it would require organizations that inspect horses on its behalf to assess minimum penalties to violators of the Horse Protection Act, the 1970 law that makes it illegal to show or transport a sored horse. SHOW Inc. filed the lawsuit in Texas, claiming that the new rules violate the constitutional right to due process. The lawsuit seeks to prevent USDA from putting the rule into effect next Monday, July 9. In a statement, SHOW said the new rules punish organizations that are working to change the industry.
Gang explains: "Soring is the practice of using chemicals and other methods, including putting foreign objects in the horses’ hooves, to produce a higher gait. Dripping harsh chemicals on the horses’ front feet forces them, because of pain, to lift their legs higher. The walk is prized in walking horse competitions." In announcing the new rules this month, the government said it will now require horses found in violation of the act to be dismissed from the show. If a horse is sored, those responsible are to be suspended from participating in shows, exhibitions, sales or auctions.
A recent analysis by The Tennessean showed a significant difference between the number of violations issued by the industry when USDA officials are present and when they leave the inspections up to industry groups, notes Gang: "When the USDA was present, horse industry inspectors found seven times as many violations of the Horse Protection Act."
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Shasana means rules someone imposes on you. Anushasana is the rule you impose upon yourself. Do you see the difference? Now, why is yoga called a discipline? Where is the need for discipline? When does the need for discipline arise?
When you are thirsty and want to drink water, you do not say "Oh! This is a rule, I must drink water". When you are hungry, you just eat. When it comes to the question of enjoying oneself, no discipline is necessary.
Where does discipline come into the picture?
Discipline arises when something is not very charming to begin with. Isn't it? When you are happy, when you are in peace or happiness, then you are already in yourself. There is no discipline there. But when the mind is wagging its tail all the time, then discipline is essential to calm it down.
The fruit of it is eventually blissful, joyful. As a diabetic says, "I have the discipline not to eat sugar."
Celebrate every Wednesday as Patanjali Day!
Receive a fresh Patanjali knowledge sheet every
Wednesday with Sri Sri's commentaries on
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
There are three types of happiness.
Sattvic — happiness which is not pleasurable to begin with, but ends in joy
Rajasic — happiness that seems to begin well but ends in misery
Tamasic — there appears to be happiness but in reality there is only misery from beginning to end
No discipline is necessary for tamasic happiness. Wrong discipline results in rajasic happiness. For sattvic happiness, discipline is essential to begin with. It need not be uncomfortable all the time. But if it is uncomfortable, then you should be able to bear with it. You need discipline. That is why Patanjali begins with the present, when things are not clear and when your heart is not in the right place.
Now let us look into the discipline of yoga
It is nobody's imposition; it is self-imposed. There is a lot we impose on ourselves — every morning we wake up and brush our teeth, we then brush them again before going to bed. This is your discipline. However, these have been self-imposed from childhood. Haven't they?
When you were a child, your mother had to impose the discipline on you. Then, once it became a habit, you understood it was for your own good. Then you found it was no longer your mother's rule but your own.
In the same way, keeping yourself clean, hygienic, exercising, meditating, being kind, considerate etc. All these rules you have imposed on yourself are all discipline.. Isn't it?
Yoga means uniting with your source. When does that happen? This happens when the mind, which is chattering all the time, suddenly becomes silent.
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Today in History November 5
Today in History
1219 The port of Damietta falls to the Crusaders after a siege.
1556 The Emperor Akbar defeats the Hindus at Panipat and secures control of the Mogul Empire.
1605 Guy Fawkes is betrayed and arrested in an attempt to blow up the British Parliament in the "Gunpowder Plot." Ever since, England has celebrated Guy Fawkes Day.
1653 The Iroquois League signs a peace treaty with the French, vowing not to wage war with other tribes under French protection.
1757 Frederick II of Prussia defeats the French at Rosbach in the Seven Years War.
1768 William Johnson, the northern Indian Commissioner, signs a treaty with the Iroquois Indians to acquire much of the land between the Tennessee and Ohio rivers for future settlement.
1814 Having decided to abandon the Niagara frontier, the American army blows up Fort Erie.
1840 Afghanistan surrenders to the British army.
1854 British and French defeat the Russians at Inkerman, Crimea.
1862 President Abraham Lincoln relieves General George McClellan of command of the Union armies and names Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside commander of the Army of the Potomac.
1872 Susan B. Anthony is arrested for trying to vote.
1911 Calbraith P. Rodgers ends first transcontinental flight–49 days from New York to Pasadena, Calif.
1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected 28th president of the United States.
1914 France and Great Britain declare war on Turkey.
1917 General John Pershing leads U.S. troops into the first American action against German forces.
1930 Sinclair Lewis becomes the first American to win a Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel Babbit.
1935 Parker Brothers company launches "Monopoly," a game of real estate and capitalism.
1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt is re-elected for third term.
1968 Richard Nixon is elected 37th president of the United States.
1968 Shirley Chisholm of Brooklyn, New York, becomes the first elected African American woman to serve in the House of Representatives.
Born on November 5
1855 Eugene V. Debs, American Socialist leader and first president of the American Railway Union.
1885 Will Durant, historian and author.
1913 Vivien Leigh, British actress famous for her role as Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind.
1918 George Sheehan, cardiologist well known for his book Running and Being.
1942 Art Garfunkel, American singer, one half of "Simon and Garfunkel."
1943 Sam Shepard, American playwright and actor.
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Back to Menu
The area originally selected for a cemetery was known as Copley Knob, located in the southwestern part of town near Western Kentucky University. It was considered no longer a desirable site due to the Civil War. Trees were down, cannons were everywhere and bayonets lay all over the ground. In 1864, 30 acres were purchased from William McNeal for $100.00 per acre along Cemetery Pike. This is now known as Fairview Cemetery .Two Revolutionary War heroes are also buried here and the Confederate Monument was erected in 1875. The Bloch Memorial Chapel is a beautiful old English country church of the Gothic period. The City currently owns, maintains and operates 109 acres for burial rights.
1209 Fairview Ave.
Home / E-Newsletter /
THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL
Capital Plaza Tower 22nd Floor, 500 Mero Street, Frankfort, KY 40601
2013, Kentucky Department of Travel. All rights reserved.
Web Design & Search Engine Optimization by Aristotle ®
Kentucky State Parks
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As I write this at 2AM sitting under annoying fluorescent lights, am I increasing my risk of developing breast cancer? Maybe, according to a recent study showing that melatonin-depleted blood can spur the growth of mammary tumors:
The increased breast cancer risk in female night shift workers has been postulated to result from the suppression of pineal melatonin production by exposure to light at night.
Venous blood samples were collected from healthy, premenopausal female volunteers during either the daytime, nighttime, or nighttime following 90 minutes of ocular bright, white fluorescent light exposure at 580 µW/cm2 (i.e., 2,800 lx). Compared with tumors perfused with daytime-collected melatonin-deficient blood, human breast cancer xenografts and rat hepatomas perfused in situ, with nocturnal, physiologically melatonin-rich blood collected during the night, exhibited markedly suppressed proliferative activity and linoleic acid uptake/metabolism. Tumors perfused with melatonin-deficient blood collected following ocular exposure to light at night exhibited the daytime pattern of high tumor proliferative activity. These results are the first to show that the tumor growth response to exposure to light during darkness is intensity dependent and that the human nocturnal, circadian melatonin signal not only inhibits human breast cancer growth but that this effect is extinguished by short-term ocular exposure to bright, white light at night. These mechanistic studies are the first to provide a rational biological explanation for the increased breast cancer risk in female night shift workers.
While we know a good deal about factors that can contribute to breast cancer risk–including genetics (such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes) and lifestyle choices (late or no childbearing, high fat diet, lack of exercise), many environmental risks for breast cancer remain controversial. Even the effect of cigarette smoking on breast cancer development remains uncertain, as does the environmental light idea. This new study, however, provides stronger evidence than previous epidemiologic studies that had linked the number of hours under artificial light to the development of breast cancer.
This isn’t a new hypothesis; indeed, it’s been bounced around for a few decades, and has been supported by a number of studies carried out in animals. At the heart of the connection are sleep cycles and the production of melatonin, which they discuss briefly in the article:
The duration of melatonin production during the night is directly proportional to the length of the dark period. The alternating light/dark cycle entrains circadian melatonin production to a 24-hour cycle, whereas ocular exposure to light during darkness rapidly suppresses melatonin production depending on the intensity, wavelength, and duration of the light exposure. In experimental systems, melatonin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of seasonal reproduction, circadian rhythm activity, retinal physiology, cardiovascular effects, immune function, and cancer.
Many tumors are dependent on a fat called linoleic acid in order to grow. Melatonin, however, interferes with the tumor’s ability to use linoleic acid as a growth signal, which causes tumor metabolism and growth activity to shut down. In figure 5 of their paper, the authors showed that tumor growth was repressed when tumors were “fed” melatonin-rich blood, while neither melatonin-poor blood collected either during the day or during the night following 90 minutes of exposure to white light had this effect. They also determined this was due to the action of melatonin by adding melatonin to the melatonin-poor blood, and blocking melatonin in the melatonin-rich blood. As expected, adding melatonin suppressed tumor growth, and blocking melatonin increased it, suggesting this is indeed an effect mediated by this chemical.
They conclude with possible ways to modify this potential risk factor:
Thus, strategies to preserve the integrity of the circadian melatonin signal (i.e., avoidance of bright light at night, intelligent lighting design, circadian-timed physiologic melatonin supplementation) coupled with modifications in nocturnal dietary fat intake may offer a unique approach to the prevention of breast cancer, and perhaps other melatonin-sensitive cancers, in our increasingly 24-hour society.
A problem with this is that currently, melatonin supplements aren’t regulated by the FDA, since they are dietary supplements and not officially “drugs.” If this connection is supported by further research, perhaps womens’ health advocates will need to make this a priority. While I simply prefer to work at night (I’ve always been more productive after everyone else is asleep), many women don’t have the luxury of choosing their shift–and their health shouldn’t suffer because of it.
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Description: Postcard photograph of Patzcuaro Lake, also known as Atardecer Lake in Guadalajara, Mexico. The photograph is cast in relief from the setting sun disappearing behind a line of mountains that stretch across the photograph. Several clouds filter sunlight onto to the lake in an irregular pattern. A dock is just visible to the right of the photograph, slightly below where the mountain line meets the lake waters. A hand-written inscription on the front of the postcard reads "Atardecer Lago de Patzcuaro No. 19. A letter to Federica Abreu is addressed on the back.
Contributing Partner: Witte Museum
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Above: Cherry blossoms and the Jefferson Memorial, photo by Michael Foley (Flickr).
Spring in D.C. is traditionally marked by the blooming of the cherry trees that line the Tidal Basin and the Cherry Blossom Festival that marks the occasion. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, the cherry trees represent a long relationship with the government of Japan dating back to the original gift of 2000 trees from the City of Tokyo in 1910. Unfortunately those 2,000 trees arrived diseased and had to be burned to prevent the spread of the insects. However, private donors and the First Lady Helen Taft continued to support the planting of cherry trees in DC. Dr Jukichi Takamine, who had funded the original gift, again put up money for the purchase of the trees (the company he founded, Daiichi Sankyo is still a sponsor today). Taken from a variety of cherry trees lining the Arakawa River in Tokyo, 3,020 cuttings (or “scions”) arrived for planting in 1912.
Although the planting was marked with a ceremony involving First Lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda (wife of the Japanese Ambassador), the first true Cherry Blossom Festival did not occur until 1935. Since that time, the gift has been reciprocated several times, as clippings from the DC cherry trees have been sent back to Japan to repair damage (from World War II and other incidents of flooding) to trees that line the Arakawa River. Starting in 1997, the United States National Arboretum has helped to take clippings from the original 1912 cherry trees in order to preserve their genetic heritage. From 2002-2006, 400 trees bred from those clipping were planted to preserve the integrity of the grove.
The cherry trees have also been a site of protest over the years. In 1938, women chained themselves to the trees to protest the building of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial (which necessitated the cutting of some of the trees). The issue was resolved when the government promised to re-plant new trees. During World War II, four cherry trees were cut down on December 11th, in what was suspected to be a retaliatory protest against the Japanese following Pearl Harbor. The trees were renamed “Oriental” instead of “Japanese” for the duration of WWII in order to prevent further attacks.
The trees have become a central symbol of Washington DC and draw over a million tourists each year. There are dozens of events throughout the Festival that incorporate many local communities and groups. This year’s festival marks the 99th anniversary of the original planting and plans are already being developed for a centennial celebration next year.
- National Park Service “History of the Cherry Trees”, http://nps.gov/cherry/cherry-blossom-history.htm
Click here to read more about the history of the cherry blossoms on the National Museum of American History Blog, O Say Can You See?
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Energy-saving method checks refrigerant level in air conditioners
July 1, 2009
Engineers have developed a technique that saves energy and servicing costs by indicating when air conditioners are low on refrigerant, preventing the units from working overtime.
The new "virtual refrigerant charge sensor" is particularly practical for automotive air conditioners, which tend to leak refrigerant more than other types of units, and also for household central air conditioning units, said James Braun, a professor of mechanical engineering.
Maintaining the proper "charge," or amount of refrigerant in a system, saves energy because air conditioners low on refrigerant must operate longer to achieve the same degree of cooling as properly charged units.
"Not only does the energy efficiency go down, but you also reduce the lifetime of the unit because it has to work harder, causing parts to wear out faster," Braun said. "It's also very time consuming and costly to have a technician check the refrigerant and charge it up to specification. To accurately learn how much charge is in the system, you have to remove all of the refrigerant and weigh it, a procedure that requires a vacuum pump and is quite time consuming."
The new alternative works by using sensors to monitor the temperature of refrigerant at various points along the tubing in an air-conditioning unit. The technique is easy to use because the sensors are simply attached to the outside of the tubing, Braun said.
Researchers tested the system on various types of air conditioners running on conventional refrigerants, including R-22 and the more environmentally friendly R-410A, which is replacing R-22 in the latest units. The research has been funded by the California Energy Commission through its Public Interest Energy Research, or PIER, program.
Findings are detailed in a research paper presented June 22 during a meeting of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers in Louisville, Ky. The technique also was described in a paper published in the journal HVAC&R Research. The paper was written by Braun and former mechanical engineering doctoral student Haorong Li, who is now an assistant professor of architectural engineering at the University of Nebraska.
Another research project at Purdue is nearing completion and has involved a more extensive evaluation of the virtual charge sensor. The project, also funded through California's PIER program, has been led by graduate student Woohyun Kim.
Purdue has applied for a patent on the technique, developed in research based at the university's Ray W. Herrick Laboratories.
Li and Braun created a software algorithm that interprets temperature-sensor data to estimate the amount of refrigerant in the system. The four sensors are attached to tubing running into and out of components called heat exchangers.
In air conditioning and refrigeration systems, liquid refrigerant evaporates in a heat exchanger called an evaporator, cooling the air. The refrigerant vapor turns back into a liquid in another heat exchanger called a condenser. During these evaporation and condensing steps, the refrigerant undergoes dramatic temperature changes.
Automotive air conditioning units equipped with the new refrigerant-charge system could activate a warning light on a car's dashboard. Technicians servicing home air conditioners might simply plug a personal digital assistant into the unit to read the refrigerant-charge information, Braun said.
Researchers began developing the technique four years ago.
"The method could be commercialized if a company invested some time in the implementation side," Braun said.
- James Braun
May 10, 2013
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Researchers have created a new tool to detect flaws in lithium-ion batteries as they are being manufactured, a step toward reducing defects and inconsistencies in the thickness of electrodes that affect battery life and reliabiRead Full Story
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The summer Arctic ice cap is the smallest ever measured. If current trends continue, Arctic summers will be nearly ice-free within 30 years.
The northern Pacific loggerhead sea turtle is declared endangered.
Fishing regulations have reduced accidental sea turtle deaths in U.S. coastal waters by 90 percent since 1990.
Siemens, Europe's largest engineering firm and the builder of all Germany's nuclear plants,
abandons the nuclear energy business.
The 7 billionth human is born. Out of all the humans who have ever lived, 1 in 15 is alive today.
A federal appeals court reinstates the Roadless Rule, securing protections for 50 million acres of remote federal land.
California and Toronto ban the import, possession, and sale of shark fins.
The South Florida rainbow snake and the Florida fairy shrimp are extinct.
Eighteen endangered Bengal tigers, along with 30 other exotic animals, are shot and killed after their suicidal owner releases them from a private animal farm in Ohio.
More U.S. corn is now used for ethanol than for consumption by humans or animals.
California approves a cap-and-trade system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; it will go into effect in 2012.
Demolition begins on Washington State's Elwha Dam, which for 101 years has prevented the passage of salmon up the Elwha River.
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- The Western Mediterranean region is depicted with earthy tones such as Basque Brown, Pompeii Orange, and Mediterranean Sun.
- The Roman Empire's classical look is embodied with Roman Marble.
- San Juan Sand gives a hot and pale look for Caribbean.
- The Orient is exotic and bold colors like Bangkok Rust.
- Even general geographical features like glaciers are envisioned by a very pale blue, sea breezes are shown by a bluish green.
Try an experiments with yourself, others, or a class. Hold up colors and ask people what geographical feature or place they think of and then ask why. The answers help understand one's geographical bias just as mental maps do.
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Redistributed as a Service of the National Library for the Environment*
Conservation Reserve Payments
Marie B. Morris
May 1, 2000
The Conservation Reserve Program became law in the Food Security Act of 1985, P.L.99-198,§ 1231,etseq.,(codifiedml6U.S.C. §3831,etseq.). The current version of the program extends through calendar year 2002. It permits the Secretary of Agriculture to enroll up to 36.4 million acres in a conservation reserve program to assist farmers to conserve and improve the soil and water resources of their lands. The program is implemented by entering into 10 to 15 year contracts with farmers. Under the contract, the farmers agree to follow an approved conservation plan for converting lands normally devoted to agricultural production to a less intensive use. In exchange the Department of Agriculture (USDA) shares the cost of carrying out the conservation plan, provides technical assistance, and pays "an annual rental payment" for converting highly credible cropland to a less intensive use. The rental payments can be in cash or commodities. According to the facts presented in Wuebker v. Commissioner, 205 F.3d 897 (6* Cir. 2000), the USDA pays farmers approximately $1.8 billion each year under the CRP.
The tax treatment of CRP payments has been a bone of contention between the IRS and farmers. There is no disagreement that the payments should be included in income, but the IRS takes the position that if individuals are engaged in the trade or business of farming, the CRP payments are farm income which they must report on Schedule F. If the individuals are simply landlords, they report the CRP payments as farm-related income on Form 4835. This form is designed for land owners who rent their farms and who do not materially participate in the operation of the farm. Since the self-employment tax rate is currently 15.3%, farmers would like to follow the Tax Court opinion in Wuebker v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 31 (1998), reversed205 F.3d 897 (6* Cir. 2000), which viewed the CRP payments as rental income, which is excluded from the definition of self- employment income under IRC § 1402(a)(l).
When the exception was originally enacted, it was intended to provide social security self- employment coverage to share-farmers and to landowners participating in the production so that they would have some sort of guaranteed retirement income when they were too old or too disabled to continue farming. Because a large number of farmers would have been excluded from the social security provisions if they could not count their crop-share income as self-employment income, the exception language was added to the Code in 1956. The Senate Report associated with the Social Security Amendments of 1956, S. Rep. No. 2133, 84th Cong., 2d Sess, as reprinted in Vol. 3 1956 U.S. Code, Cong. & Admin. News at 3877, 3883-3884, indicates that the bill would remove any doubt as to whether a share-farmer was an employee or a self-employed person and that it would extend coverage to landowner/farmers who had income from working and who were at risk for the types of income loss against which the social security program was designed to protect.
According to Rev. Rul. 60-32, 1960-1 C.B. 23, which discussed payments made to farmers under an earlier acreage reserve program,
Without analysis, Rev. Rul. 60-32 concludes,
Rev. Rul. 60-32 did not address whether CRP payments should be considered rental income. According to the IRS, farm income (and farm income substitutes, such as CRP payments) are treated as farm self employment income if the recipient of the payments is a farmer, i.e., the recipient is in the trade or business of farming and "materially participates." If the recipient is a retired farmer, or if the recipient is strictly a landlord, the payments are not "self-employment income." The IRS analysis is that since the CRP payments are received in the trade or business of farming they are automatically farm/self- employment income. Use of the "materially participates" language is somewhat confusing since it derives from the arrangement exception to the rental income rule.
Wuebker v. Commissioner
Wuebker v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 31 (1998), was the first case to explicitly find that CRP payments were rental income, and, thus, not subject to self-employment tax. In Wuebker, the Special Trial Judge rejected the existing precedents and determined that CRP payments were rental income which did not come within the "arrangement" exception and, therefore, the farmer did not have to pay self-employment taxes on CRP payments. The Special Trial Judge rejected Rev. Rul. 60-32 as unpersuasive and rejected Ray v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-436, as precedent because the Ray court did not address whether the CRP payments qualified under the rental exclusion provisions of section 1402(a)(l).
The other cases dealing with this issue have not directly addressed the rental income exclusion from self-employment taxes applies to CRP payments. While Ray did not explicitly address the issue of whether the CRP payments were rental income, the Ray court did note that the taxpayers had reported the payments as rental income. The court said that taxability of the payments was not in question, the only question was whether they were self-employment income. In Ray the court followed Revenue Ruling 60-32 and found that the CRP payments were self-employment income because of the "nexus" of the payments and the trade or business from which they are derived. Dugan v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1994-578, set forth the IRC § 1402(a)(l) analysis when the income was derived from a sharecropping rental arrangement, but the court did not apply the analysis to the CRP payments since there was a net loss on the CRP payment land, meaning no self-employment taxes would be due. In Hasbrouck v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998- 249, which was a suit for attorneys' fees and costs and did not involve self-employment taxes, the facts showed the IRS and the taxpayers switched their usual sides. The IRS maintained that the CRP payments were not properly reported on Schedule F, but should have been treated as farm rental income, because the IRS did not believe the taxpayers were in the trade or business of farming. The taxpayers claimed the CRP payments were farm income because they wanted to deduct certain business expenses. Before the case went to trial, the IRS conceded the issue based on Ray.
The Tax Court decision in Wuebker is the only case in a line of precedent dating back to 1960 to have found the payments excludible from self-employment income taxes. The Tax Court was reversed in a 2-1 decision by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals on March 3,2000. Wuebker v. Commissioner, 205 F.3d 897. The Sixth Circuit's analysis was that the Wuebkers were in the trade or business of farming and that the CRP payments should be viewed as "derived" from the farming business. The Sixth Circuit did not attach as much significance to the fact that the CRP payments were termed rental payments by the statute as the Tax Court opinion did. Using the argument that substance should prevail over form, the Sixth Circuit rejected the idea that the payments were "rent" because the Department of Agriculture was not paying to use or occupy the property. The court acknowledged that the USDA was restricting the uses that the farmer could make of the land, but the court did not believe that such restrictions constituted "use" by the USDA. This analysis, along with prior precedents, convinced the majority that the Tax Court's decision should be reversed. The dissenting judge believed that the wide-ranging limitations on the use of the land did constitute "use" by the USDA.
Since the Sixth Circuit reversed the Tax Court in Wuebker, several bills have been introduced in the 106* Congress to overturn the Wuebker decision: H.R. 4064, S. 2344, H.R. 4212, and S.2422, §4. The House bills are identical. All the bills would amend the definition of net earnings from self-employment in IRC § 1402(a) to exclude amounts received as payments under the CRP program from such earnings. The House bills would add a new paragraph to the list of exclusions; the Senate bills would amend the existing paragraph dealing with rentals from real estate. The House bills would also amend a similar definition in section 2 II (a) of the Social Security Act. All the bills would apply to CRP payments received before, on, or after the date of enactment. The bills do not indicate whether the IRS would be required to refund self-employment taxes paid by farmers on CRP payments prior to the date of enactment, but presumably IRC § 6511 would authorize the IRS to pay refunds claimed within three years of the time a return was filed.
|National Council for Science and the Environment
1725 K Street, Suite 212 - Washington, DC 20006
202-530-5810 - info@NCSEonline.org
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The pocket-knife which we know today has its roots in the pen knife, or scribal knife, of the Middle Ages. But not only did those early knives not fold, few of them would safely or conveniently fit in a pocket, even in their protective leather sheaths. For centuries, people of lesser means might only have one knife, which they used for everything, including mending the nibs of their quill pens, while the wealthy, or professional scribes, would have specially-made pen or quill knives to be used for only that purpose.
By the Regency, most people owned a pen knife, and many of those knives did fold. They could therefore be safely carried in pockets or reticules. But there were also other knives which looked very like pen knives, but served different purposes. A bit about pen and other specialty folding knives of the Regency ...
From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the eighteenth century, most pen knives had blades which were fixed in the handle, or haft, of the knife. The blades were slightly curved and short, usually two inches or less. All pen knife blades were made of steel, in order to hold the sharp edge necessary to cut quills The haft was typically between three to four inches in length. The very wealthy had the hafts of their pen knives made of precious woods, horn, agate, tortoise shell, ivory, or mother-of-pearl, often encrusted with silver, gold and even semi-precious stones. The average person would have had a knife with a haft of more common hard woods, unadorned, sanded smooth and polished.
In the eighteenth century, cutlers
first made pen or quill knives with blades which could slide into the haft when not in use. By the middle of the century, they had also developed a folding version of the pen knife. These folding versions typically had blades of between 1 to 1½ inches in length. The blades of these folding knives were slightly shorter than the blades of the fixed or sliding-blade knives. The handles of these folding knives were made longer, however, which made the knife easier to hold. By the last decades of the eighteenth century, folding pen knives were made in increasingly larger numbers, and could be sold at prices many more people could afford. By the early nineteenth century, as both commerce and literacy steadily grew, the handles of these folding knives were often decorated in different ways to appeal to a wide range of literate customers.
Though folding knives became popular, pen knives with fixed blades were still made and used during the Regency. These fixed blade knives were sometimes made as part of a writing set, and were most commonly kept in a writing desk. As they had for most of the eighteenth century, by the Regency, extremely ornate pen knives, of the folding, sliding and fixed blade varieties, could be purchased from a cutler, or even a jeweler, but the more ordinary models were typically purchased from the better stationery shops. The majority of stationers in London could be found along Fleet Street
, or around Cornhill
and Charing Cross
. This is not surprising, since these locations were also the haunts of many who wrote for a living, including journalists, clerks, bankers and lawyers.
This same pen knife was also just the thing for sharpening the new wood-case pencils
which were being mass produced during the Regency. This was an advantage for both the pencil manufacturers and the pencil users. Pencil users most likely already had a pen knife, so they would not need to acquire yet another desk implement to sharpen their new, inexpensive pencils. The pencil manufacturers could advertise that no special tools were needed to maintain their pencils, thus ensuring their true low cost. The various types of pencil sharpeners with which we are familiar today were decades into the future even at the end of the Regency.
A curious practice, for which I can find no explanation, is that a second blade was added to some folding pen knives. This second, longer blade was usually attached at the opposite end of the handle and folded into the handle with its tip next to that of the short pen knife blade. This second blade was straight and wider than the pen knife blade. It was intended for use as a fruit knife. This was the beginning of the folding knife with multiple blades, which evolved beyond a simple, single purpose tool to become the multiplex pocket knife so popular today. But why those living in the Regency thought a fruit knife was an appropriate companion for a pen knife remains their secret.
A fad which had begun at the beginning of the nineteenth century continued into the Regency, that of making very small knives which were designed like pen knives. These miniature knives were originally made by cutlers to demonstrate their skill and creativity, but the public became quite enamored of them. Some of these diminutive knives had a small, fine pointed hook which folded into the handle alongside the blade. The handles of these knives were often made with silver, gold or mother-of-pearl incised with delicate decorative patterns. They might even be set with small precious or semi-precious stones. These ornate and elegant miniature knives were often intended for the work-basket of lady, who would use the tiny hook to unpick stitches in her needlework and the knife blade to cut threads as she plied her needle. Such bijou knives might be given as a gift from a gentleman to his lady, possibly even engraved with words of love.
At the other end of the scale from the miniature folding knives was the "Year Knife" made in 1822, by the Joseph Rodgers cutlery firm of Sheffield
. This huge knife had 1,822 separate folding blades, one for each year of the "Christian" era. This knife was made by the Rodgers firm on the dual occasions of opening their first London showroom, and their royal appointment as cutlers to the new king, George IV. This enormous knife was an effective publicity device for the Rodgers firm. They later made an even larger "knife" for the Great Exhibition
of 1851, which contained 75 different tools and specialty blades.
The links below will take you to the few images of pen or quill knives I was able to find online:
By the middle of the nineteenth century, as the use of steel pen nibs became more common, the use of the pen knife began to decline. Pocket versions were still carried by many for use in sharpening pencils, but gradually even that purpose became unnecessary as various types of pencil sharpeners were introduced during the second half of the nineteenth century. But the pocket knife did not fall completely out of favor. It had become too handy for too many different purposes. Over the years, it acquired more blades and other tools, and was a common gift to many a teenage boy as a token of his oncoming manhood. But its popularity as a pen knife ensured that nearly any folding knife, particularly those which fit conveniently in the pocket, would be called a "penknife," even two centuries later.
For more information about pen knives:
Nickell, Joe, Pen, Ink & Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman, Collector, and Document Detective. New Castle: Oak Grove Press, 2003.
Whalley, Joyce Irene, Writing Implements and Accessories: From the Roman Stylus to the Typewriter. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1975.
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Different Kinds of Reactions
Examples of phase diagrams and reactions in jpg, pdf and animated-pdf format are available.
A 5 page summary (Acrobat (PDF) 158kB Aug1 07) of this information is available, which can be used as a class handout.
Reactions among solid and fluid phases can be categorized in several different ways, based on what the reaction does, how the reaction progresses, or based on the nature of phases involved.
Categorization based on reaction effect
- Net-transfer reactions involve chemical components being "transferred" from one phase or set of phases to others (new phases are produced as old ones disappear). An example is:
anorthite = grossular + kyanite + quartz
Net-transfer reactions may be terminal reactions or tie-line flip reactions (discussed below).
- Exchange reactions involve chemical components being exchanged between phases, so compositions change, but modes remain the same (no phases disappear and no new phases are produced). An example is:
Fe (in garnet) + Mg (in biotite) = Mg (in garnet) + Fe (in biotite)
Categorization based on reaction progress
- Discontinuous reactions are those that occur at a particular temperature (for a particular pressure). For these, a curve (or line) can be drawn on a pressure-temperature (P-T) diagram. (See the kyanite=sillimanite reaction on the phase diagram shown below.) On either side of the curve, a different set of phases is stable. In a discontinuous reaction, products and reactants can only co-exist stably precisely at the equilibrium reaction conditions (on the reaction line in P-T space). Discontinuous reactions are always net-transfer reactions.
- Continuous reactions involve phases that may vary in composition. Such reactions are more common than discontinuous reactions because compositional variation, of either fluid or solid phases, is typical for geological materials. Continuous reactions occur over a range of conditions, so the products and reactants coexist stably over a range of conditions (but the compositions of the phases changes systematically as conditions change). Continuous reactions may be net-transfer reactions or exchange reactions.
Categorization based on phases involved
Kyanite inclusions (three tabular grains showing good cleavage and brown-pink interference colors) in andalusite (dark gray interference color, poorly developed cleavage) in a kyanite-andalusite-sillimanite (+ staurolite) quartz vein. This rock was "caught in the act" as kyanite reacted to form andalusite. The photo is from Donna Whitney. This sample is from Hamadan, Iran, and is discussed by Sepahi et al. (2004, J. Metam. Geology 22, 119-134).
Phase diagram for the Al2SiO5 polymorphs. The arrows show that kyanite will react to form sillimanite with increasing temperature or with decreasing pressure. Although not labeled, the pink triangular field at the bottom is the stability field for andalusite. This figure is from Donna Whitney.
- Solid-solid net transfer reactions (often just called solid-solid reactions) occur among solid phases of differing composition. These phases may include elements found in fluids (H, C), but those elements are conserved in the solid phases so that no fluid phases (H2O, CO2) are involved as reactants or products. Solid-solid net transfer reactions can be continuous or discontinuous, and they may be terminal, or tie-line flip reactions (discussed below).
- Polymorphic reactions are a special type of solid-solid reaction that involves phases of identical composition. Classic examples are the reactions among the aluminum silicates (kyanite-sillimanite-andalusite; see the photomicrograph and phase diagram shown at right), the conversion of graphite to diamond at high pressure, and calcium carbonate (calcite-aragonite) equilibria.
- P-T diagram showing the (dehydration) reaction of brucite to periclase + H2O. Figure from D. Perkins.Devolatilization reactions are net-transfer reactions that involve the liberation of a volatile phase (H2O for dehydration reactions or CO2 for decarbonation reactions). Examples of a dehydration and a decarbonation reaction are:
muscovite + quartz = K-feldspar + sillimanite + H2O, (dehydration)
calcite + quartz = wollastonite + CO2 (decarbonation)
Because the entropy of a fluid is generally greater than the entropy of solid phases, fluids appear on the high-temperature side of most such reactions. If the fluid composition is fixed (stays constant), then devolatilization reactions are discontinuous, but if the fluid composition can vary as a result of the liberation of H2O or CO2, then the reactions will be continuous.
Curvature: The curves for dehydration or decarbonation reactions on a P-T diagram will have shallow slopes at low pressure because the volume of a fluid phase is much larger than that of solid phases. However, the compressibility of a fluid leads to a rapid decrease in volume as pressure rises, so the slopes steepen with rising pressure, leading to substantial curvature. Some (rare) reactions curve around and gain a negative slope at high pressure.
Sensitivity to fluid composition: The P-T position of a decarbonation or dehydration reaction changes if fluid composition changes. For a dehydration reaction such as:
muscovite + quartz = K-feldspar + sillimanite + H2O,
if the rock contains an H2O-rich fluid, the right-hand side of the reaction will be stable over a smaller range of conditions than if the rock contains an H2O-poor fluid (either because the fluid is diluted with CO2, or the rock is ''dried out'' and not fluid saturated).
Mixed-volatile reactions involve the liberation and/or consumption of more than one volatile phase, typically H2O and CO2. An example is:
tremolite + calcite + quartz = diopside + H2O + CO2
Mixed volatile reactions have the same general shape as dehydration and decarbonation reactions on P-T diagrams. (However, they are generally plotted on T-X diagrams instead of P-T diagrams. Click here for more discussion of different types of phase diagrams.)
- Terminal reactions involve the creation of a new phase from two or three other phases, or (in the other direction) the decomposition of one phase into two or three others. They may be solid-solid reactions or they may involve a fluid phase. An example of a terminal reaction is:
chloritoid = staurolite + garnet + chlorite
At lower temperature (583°), chloritoid is stable for compositions that fall within the red, green and yellow 3-phase fields.
At higher temperature (584°), staurolite, garnet and chlorite are stable together and chloritoid is gone. So, the reaction takes place between 583° and 584° at 1 GPa.
AFM diagram projected from quartz, muscovite. Click for animated GIF showing loss of chloritoid. QuickTime version ( 67kB Apr2 07)
- Tie line flip reactions involve two phases becoming stable together that were previously unstable together, and vice versa. As with terminal reactions, they may be solid-solid reactions or may involve a fluid phase. An example of a tie-line flip reaction is:
chlorite + garnet = biotite + staurolite
AFM diagram projected from quartz, muscovite. Click for animated GIF showing tie-line flip. QuickTime version (Quicktime Video 261kB Aug8 07)
- Ion-exchange reactions (generally just called "exchange reactions") involve two phases that both share a solid solution exchange such as Na↔K or Fe+2↔Mg such as garnet, (Fe,Mg)3Al2(SiO4)3 and biotite, K(Fe,Mg)3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 (both formulas are simplified). Reactions of this type are all continuous, and differ from the others kinds of reactions discussed above in that there is no real product or a reactant. Instead, across the complete range of conditions over which the two minerals are stable, both are changing in composition. Curves for these reactions are straight on a P-T diagram (but can only be plotted for specific compositions) and very steep (because there is essentially no change in volume associated with the reaction.
For Fe+2 and Mg exchange between garnet and biotite, the reaction can be written:
almandine-in-garnet + phlogopite-in-biotite ↔ pyrope-in-garnet + annite-in-biotite, or:
Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 + KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2↔Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 + KFe3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2.
Most solid-solid reactions plot on a P-T diagram as essentially straight lines. This is because the ΔS and ΔV of reaction do not change much with varying pressure or temperature. To the extent that ΔS and ΔV do change with P and T, they change about the same amount for both the reactants and the products. (See the page on the Clapeyron Equation) for more discussion.
P-T projection with the position of the Grt-in reaction (curved line between the yellow and blue fields) shown in the FeO-MgO-A2O3 ternary animation.
FeO-MgO-Al2O3 diagram projected from quartz. Note that this is not the normal AFM diagram. Click for animated GIF showing variation in modes with temperature. QuickTime version ( 103kB Apr2 07)Many solid-solid reactions are continuous because they involve phases whose compositions are changing as their modes change. This occurs because the phases contain appreciable solid solution. Specific reactions are difficult to express, but schematically, one would be:
kyanite + orthopyroxene1 = orthopyroxene2 + garnet
This reaction is shown on the P-T diagram (left) and in the Al2O3-FeO-MgO diagram (right). The P-T diagram is a projection -- garnet and orthopyroxene compositions change along the reaction curve.
- Metamorphic Mineral Assemblages (more info)
- Metamorphic Reactions, Isograds, and Reaction Mechanisms (more info)
- QuickTime version ( 67kB Apr2 07) of Cld-out terminal reaction animation - Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University
- QuickTime version (Quicktime Video 261kB Aug8 07) of Grt+Chl=St+Bt tie line flip reaction animation - Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University
- QuickTime version ( 70kB Apr2 07) of continuous dehydration reaction animation - Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University
- QuickTime version ( 103kB Apr2 07) of continuous solid-solid net transfer reaction animation - Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University
Problem Sets / Lab Activities
- Lab Activity: Calculating a Simple Phase Diagram: Diamond=Graphite - Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota
- Introduction to Mineral Equilibria - Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota
- Mass Balance and Mineral Reactions - Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota
- Thermodynamic Calculation of Mineral Reactions I Lab (Microsoft Word 54kB Mar29 07) - This one week Excel-based exercise, provided by Dave Pattison at the University of Calgary, includes problems sets including the calculation of thermodynamic equilibria involving pure phases.
PDF version (Acrobat (PDF) 1.1MB Mar29 07)
Excel Key (Excel 51kB Mar29 07)
- Thermodynamic Calculation of Mineral Reactions II Lab (Microsoft Word 48kB Mar29 07) - This Excel-based one week exercise, provided by Dave Pattison at the University of Calgary, includes problems sets involving equilibrium constants, activities and calculation of thermodynamic equilibria involving impure phases, and 'conventional' thermobarometry using the GTB program.
- Metapelites Lab (Acrobat (PDF) 160kB Mar29 07) - This one week exercise, provided by Dave Pattison at the University of Calgary, includes problems sets involving petrogenetic grids, AFM diagrams, bulk compositions, mineral assemblages and isograds, as well as the use of program Gibbs.
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Germund Dahlquist's father was a minister in the Church of Sweden, the established Lutheran church in Sweden. Germund's mother was a poet, but also wrote a number of well-known hymns. Dahlquist entered Stockholm University in 1942 to begin his study of mathematics. The person who had the biggest influence on him was Harald Bohr who was teaching there having been forced to leave Denmark due to the German invasion during World War II. Björck, Gear and Söderlind write :-
Harald Bohr was remarkable not only as a mathematician, but also as a very humane and generous person. These are qualities that Dahlquist shared to a high degree. Bohr took the time to discuss mathematics with his young student and inspired Dahlquist's early interests, which centred on analytic number theory, complex analysis, and analytical mechanics. Dahlquist would later refer to the profound influence on his view of mathematics of that early time with Bohr.
Dahlquist received a first degree from Stockholm University in 1949 having written a thesis On the Analytic Continuation of Eulerian Products which he published in 1952. Deciding against continuing to undertake research for his doctorate, he joined the Swedish Board of Computer Machinery as an applied mathematician and programmer. In 1951 a decision was taken that Sweden should build its own digital computer. Named BESK (Binary Electronic Sequential Calculator), the computer was modelled on the ideas put forward by John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine in their ideas for the EDVAC (Electronic Differential Variable Computer) which they produced in the late 1940s. BESK came into operation in December 1953 and Dahlquist used the machine to solve differential equations. This led him to a deep study of numerical analysis. He also joined a group using BESK to solve problems relating to weather forecasting. Their methods led to a speeding up of the process of reducing the data and in September 1954 they produced the first 24 hour forecast produced on the day in which the input data was collected.
During this time Dahlquist wrote a number of papers such as The Monte Carlo-method (1954), Convergence and stability for a hyperbolic difference equation with analytic initial-values (1954), and Convergence and stability in the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations (1956). He submitted his doctoral thesis Stability and error bounds in the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations to Stockholm University in 1958, defending it in a viva in December. In the thesis he :-
.... introduced the logarithmic norm (also introduced independently by Lozinskii in 1958), which he used to derive differential inequalities that discriminated between forward and reverse time of integration. Dahlquist was now in a position to derive more realistic error bounds for problems that might not even be well-posed in reverse time. In such cases, the classic Lipschitz convergence analysis would have failed. Dahlquist was to use this idea throughout his research in stiff differential equations.
His thesis advisor was Fritz Carlson but he also received strong support from Lars Hörmander. The thesis was published in the following year.
From 1956 to 1959 Dahlquist had been head of Mathematical Analysis and Programming Development at the Swedish Board of Computer Machinery. Following the award of his doctorate in 1959 he was appointed to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. He spent the rest of his career at this institution where the Department of Numerical Analysis, an offshoot the Department of Applied Mathematics, was founded in 1962. In the following year Dahlquist became Sweden's first professorship in Numerical Analysis when he became the professorial head of the Department which at this stage had six members of the academic staff. In the same year of 1963 he published Stability questions for some numerical methods for ordinary differential equations, an expository paper on his fundamental results concerning stability of difference approximations for ordinary differential equations. In the same year he published A special stability problem for linear multistep methods which introduced A-stability and became one of the most cited papers in numerical analysis. It was published in BIT, a journal which Dahlquist had played a major role in founding in 1961. He served as an editor of BIT for over 30 years.
In 1969 a collaboration with Ake Björck led to the publication of Numeriska metoder (Numerical methods) published in Swedish:-
This is a substantial, detailed and rigorous textbook of numerical analysis, in which an excellent balance is struck between the theory, on the one hand, and the needs of practitioners (i.e., the selection of the best methods - for both large-scale and small-scale computing) on the other. The prerequisites are slight (calculus and linear algebra and preferably some acquaintance with computer programming) so that some of the finer theoretical points (those at which numerical analysis becomes applied functional analysis, for example) are outside the scope of the book. However, the class of readers for whom the book is intended are admirably served.
The importance of the book is easily seen from the fact that a German translation appeared in 1972 under the title Numerische Methoden, an English translation was published two years later under the title Numerical methods, and a Polish translation was published as Metody numeryczne in 1983. Several later editions and reprints of the various translations of the classic text continued to appear as well as a Chinese translation in 1990.
The book Numerical Methods in Scientific Computing, Volume 1 by Germund Dahlquist and Ake Björck was published in September 2008. Björck writes in the Preface:-
In 1984 the authors were invited by Prentice-Hall to prepare a new edition of [Numerical Methods]. After some attempts it soon became apparent that, because of the rapid development of the field, one volume would no longer suffice to cover the topics treated in the 1974 book. Thus a large part of the new book would have to be written more or less from scratch. This meant more work than we initially envisaged. Other commitments inevitably interfered, sometimes for years, and the project was delayed. The present volume is the result of several revisions worked out during the past 10 years. Tragically, my mentor, friend, and coauthor Germund Dahlquist died on February 8, 2005, before this first volume was finished. Fortunately the gaps left in his parts of the manuscript were relatively few. Encouraged by his family, I decided to carry on and I have tried to the best of my ability to fill in the missing parts. I hope that I have managed to convey some of his originality and enthusiasm for his subject. It was a great privilege for me to work with him over many years. It is sad that he could never enjoy the fruits of his labour on this book.
Nick Higham, in a review of the book, writes:-
This work is a monumental undertaking and represents the most comprehensive textbook survey of numerical analysis to date. It will be an important reference in the field for many years to come.
In 1990 Dahlquist retired from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, but remained very active in research. As an example let us note the publication of On summation formulas due to Plana, Lindelöf and Abel, and related Gauss-Christoffel rules in BIT in three parts (1997, 1997, 1999). Dahlquist writes:-
Three methods, old but not so well known, transform an infinite series into a complex integral over an infinite interval. Gauss quadrature rules are designed for each of them. Various questions concerning their construction and application are studied, theoretically or experimentally. They are so efficient that they should be considered for the development of software for special functions. Applications are made to slowly convergent alternating and positive series, to Fourier series, to the numerical analytic continuation of power series outside the circle of convergence, and to ill-conditioned power series. [The second part] is mainly concerned with the derivation, analysis and applications of a summation formula, due to Lindelöf, for alternating series and complex power series, including ill-conditioned power series.
The authors of tell of two other aspects of Dahlquist's life outside of mathematical research, namely his work for Amnesty International and his love of music. Let us quote from their paper the delightful stories they recount regarding these two interests:-
As an active member of Amnesty International during the 1970s, Dahlquist worked to help scientists who were politically persecuted, in some cases travelling to offer his encouragement and recognition in person. He used to tell the story of his intervention on behalf of a Russian mathematician who, in despair, had made a thoughtless public statement to the effect that the Soviet Union was "a land of alcoholics." Guriy I Marchuk, who had visited Stockholm University in the 1960s, was then president of the USSR Academy of Sciences and vice-chair of the USSR Council of Ministers. Dahlquist wrote to Marchuk pleading the dissident's case. After a long time with no response, two staff members of the Soviet Embassy called at Germund's office one day, bringing greetings from Marchuk and a package, that turned out to contain ... two bottles of vodka!
Next the story regarding his love of music:-
Germund had a keen interest in music, mainly classical but also jazz music. He would often happily sit down at the piano and entertain his colleagues with a few old standards, starting with "On the Sunny Side of the Street" and ending with "As Time Goes By." But his knowledge went much deeper. On one visit to the USA, with a few colleagues in a fine restaurant, Germund heard a female bar pianist whose music was obviously the highlight of the evening for him. When it was time to leave, Germund told the pianist how much he had enjoyed her stylish playing, adding that it had reminded him of one of his favourites, the great jazz pianist Art Tatum. The pianist was duly flattered, but it was Germund who was surprised when she answered: "Art Tatum was my father!"
Dahlquist received many honours for his outstanding contributions. He was elected into the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1965. He was a plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Berkeley in 1986. The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) named him their John von Neumann lecturer in 1988. In 1995, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, SIAM established the 'Germund Dahlquist Prize' to be awarded biennially:-
Awarded to a young scientist (normally under 45) for original contributions to fields associated with Germund Dahlquist, especially the numerical solution of differential equations and numerical methods for scientific computing.
He was awarded the Peter Henrici Prize in 1999. The following announcement of the award appeared:-
Yesterday, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics presented 'The 1999 Peter Henrici Prize' to Germund Dahlquist for his outstanding research and leadership in numerical analysis. He has created the fundamental concepts of stability, A-stability and the nonlinear G-stability for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. He succeeded, in an extraordinary way, to relate stability concepts to accuracy and proved the deep results which are nowadays called the first and second Dahlquist barrier. His interests, like Henrici's, are very broad, and he contributed significantly to many parts of numerical analysis. As a human being and scientist, he gives freely of his talent and knowledge to others and remains a model for many generations of scientists to come.
He received honorary doctorates from Hamburg University (1981), Helsinki University (1994), and Linköping University (1996).
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
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GEOG 1000 World Regional Geography (3L,3CR)[E][CS][G]:
An overview of the world’s major physical regions: the physical features, climates, and natural resources of each region, and how the people living in each region have adapted to, and are affected by, their physical environment.
GEOG 1010 Introduction to Physical Geography (3L,2LB,4CR)[E][SE]:
An introductory course that draws on many scientific fields to examine interactions between humans and their physical environment. Geology, meteorology, climatology, pedology, biology, and hydrology supply the background material, but the key word is interaction: how and why the weather affects our lives, food supply and soil formation, and where and how we can live within the limits imposed by the various environments of the earth. Because we live on the surface of the earth, the course will examine the major processes involved in shaping and landscape.
GEOG 1050 Introduction to Environmental and Natural Resources (3L,3CR):
Addresses the impact from natural and human interactions with the environment. Will discuss regional to global scales on issues such as: hazardous earth processes, human interaction with the environment, cultural and ethnic responses to the environment, minerals and energy extraction and use, land use and decision-making. The class will view both sides of environmental issues and approaches to environmental management.
GEOG 1080 Introduction to GPS and Maps (3L,3CR):
An introductory course in the use of GPS technology, maps and pre-GIS applications. The class was designed to compliment GEOL 2080 General Field Geology and for anyone interested in learning how to use a GPS hand-held unit in conjunction with all-topo digital mapping software and other map use.
GEOG 1100 Introduction to GIS (2L,4LB,4CR):
An introductory course in geographic information systems (GIS) and an accompanying laboratory session. The course will discuss different types of GIS and their capabilities; GIS data collection and input; GIS data types and basic mapping concepts. The laboratory session will introduce students to ArcView 8 software. (Cross-listed as ENTK 1505.)
GEOG 1110 Management and Implementation of GIS (2L,4LB,4CR):
This course addresses strategies for successful GIS management and implementation in an organization-wide context and is organized around three primary issues: implementation planning, data management, and GIS problem solving in the workforce. Prerequisite: GEOG 1100.
GEOG 2100 Advanced GIS (2L,4LB,4CR):
An advanced GIS course. The students will be split up into teams and will be given a case study from an outside client and solve the case study using GIS. At the end of the semester, the teams will present the solution to the client in a presentation. Prerequisite: GEOG 1100 and GEOG 1110 or concurrent enrollment in GEOG 1110.
GEOG 2150 Map Use and Analysis (3L,3CR):
Survey of the use of maps to communicate ideas and opinions about places, and the analysis and presentation of mapped data to solve spatial or geographic problems.
GEOG 2480 GIS Cooperative Work Experience (1-8CR) (Max. 8):
Students are afforded the opportunity to gain practical on-the-job experience in their specialties. The program coordinator and the student's employer will supervise the student. A minimum of 80 hours of on-the-job training represents one semester hour. Students must maintain 12 credit hours with at least a 2.0 GPA during the semester. Prerequisite: enrollment in GIS certificate, degree, or minor program; permission of the program director.
GEOG 2490 Topics: Subtitle (1-12CR) (Max. 12):
Investigations, discussions, and applications of current issues in GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Topics for consideration may include GIS applications to various fields such as business, law enforcement, public health, new software applications, as well as topics that may arise through local demand. Prerequisite: enrollment in GIS certificate, degree, or minor program; or permission of program director.
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By the year 2030, sixty-seven million Americans ages 18 years or older are projected to have doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Currently, there are more than thirty-one million people who are either diagnosed or suffering from arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two common types of arthritis, but both of these types of arthritis affect the joints, limit movement and cause pain and swelling. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the malfunctioning of the host’s immune system and instead of fighting off foreign intruders, such as bacteria or viruses, the host’s body attacks the synovial membranes, which facilitates the movement of joints and eventually destroys the cartilage and eroding bones. Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly found amongst people of an older nature, those who have immune systems that are no longer as robust or efficient as they used to be. Osteoarthritis is the arthritis of the bones and is primarily found to be frequent in those of the elderly community. The elderly have cartilage that has been worn away through many years of being used and abused. The manifestation of arthritis also appears sometimes as chronic inflammation of the joints as a result from some form of an injury.
Cannabis has been shown to have powerful immune-modulation and anti-inflammatory attributes, which suggests that it could play a great role in treating arthritis and not be limited to just symptom management. Throughout history ranging from 2000 B.C. to the 1700’s, the earliest records show medical use of marijuana in order to undo rheumatism, which notes it’s anti-inflammatory purposes.
Evidence from recent researches that have been conducted suggest that cannabis-based therapies are extremely effective in the treating of arthritis and other rheumatic and degenerative hip, joint and connective tissue disorders and diseases. The well-documented attributes of cannabis enable it to be entirely useful in treating the pain that is associated with arthritis. Studies have also shown cannabis to be an effective treatment method for rheumatoid arthritis, which is one of the many recognized conditions on an extensive list for states that allow legal medical marijuana. It has demonstrated an ability to improve mobility as well and reduce morning stiffness and inflammation. Research has also shown that patients prefer cannabis as an adjunct therapy due to its reduction of their potential use of harmful non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
A non-psychoactive component of cannabis, cannabidiol, has been found to suppress the immune response of mice and rats that is responsible for a disease that ever so closely resembles arthritis. It protects them from severe damage to their joints and improves their condition significantly. Researches at Hebrew University in Jerusalem found that when cannabidiol is metabolized, the result is the creation of an acid that has the same potent anti-inflammatory actions of the drug indomethacin, just without any of the considerable side effects that are associated with the drug. Indomethacin is also known as Indocid and Indocin.
Similarly enough, another non-psychoactive cannabinoid known as ajulemic acid has been found by medical researchers in Massachusetts to reduce joint tissue damage in rats that have adjuvant arthritis. Tests done on human body tissue in vitro showed a 50% suppression of one of the body’s chemicals central to the progression of inflammation and joint tissue injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The side effects of cannabis compared to an opiate painkiller are classified as “low risk”. The most frequent side effects associated with cannabis would be euphoric mood changes.
Story via MarijuanaDoctors.com
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