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To help introduce this lesson about conflicts within the body of Christ, enlist a volunteer to read the paragraph about trivial conflicts on page 74. Ask: What is the silliest conflict your family has ever had? How long did it take for you to realize it probably wasn’t worth the energy? Discuss responses.
Write the words “here” and “now” on a whiteboard or tear sheet, if available. Point out that many conflicts (even among believers) relate to how we see things playing out where we are (here) and when we are (now). Affirm the importance of the “10,000 foot view” that gives us the big picture.
Show parents the video of Toby Mac’s song “City on Our Knees.” After the video, remind them of the importance of “starting here” and “starting now” in dealing with conflicts and creating a resolution. Highlight lines such as “through the fog there is hope in the distance” and “we are one choice from together.”
Explain that today’s lesson focuses on a family conflict—two sisters whose different approaches created stress. Encourage parents to reflect on how Jesus urged the ladies to reject the conflict by using the “here” and “now” to build a vision for a greater future. Challenge them to find ways to apply these principles to their own lives and the way conflict is handled under their own roof.
We want to hear from you! How are you introducing the topic of conflict resolution with the parents in your class or small group?
The options for parents for the When Relationships Collide unit were written by Bob Bunn. Bob helps develop stewardship curriculum and resources for churches for Dave Ramsey’s Financial Peace University. He is the author of Indelible Parenting, a four week study for parents based on Deuteronomy 6. He and his wife, Mary, live in Nashville with their three teenagers.
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Rules on tax compromises
By Benedicta Du-Baladad
Posted on March 17, 2017 [ bworldonline.com ]
Can the President compromise taxes? NO. The Tax Code vests in the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (the Bureau of Internal Revenue Commissioner) the power and the authority to compromise tax liabilities. He alone can compromise taxes. Not the President. Not the Secretary of Finance.
In acts resulting in violations of the Tax Code, there are two aspects of liability involved -- the criminal aspect, and the civil aspect. These are two separate liabilities. One is not dependent on the other. A conviction of one does not imply a conviction of the other, neither is the acquittal of one a bar to the filing of a case on the other.
Thus, when we talk of tax compromise, we talk of two separate liabilities to compromise. And these are governed by separate and different rules.
All criminal violations of the Tax Code may be compromised by the Commissioner, with the exception of two instances: (a) those already filed in Court, and (b) those involving fraudulent acts. (Section 204, Tax Code)
Fraud is a willful intent to evade taxes. It consists of deception, intentional wrongdoing, willfully and deliberately done or resorted to in order to evade the payment of taxes. Fraud is a serious charge and therefore it must be actual, proven by clear and convincing evidence and never presumed.
Using fake stamps to evade the payment of excise taxes, if proven, is a fraudulent act that is beyond the authority of the BIR Commissioner to compromise. A mere signal to compromise a criminal liability for tax evasion will destroy order and discipline in the payment of taxes.
Civil liability, on the other hand, may be compromised but only on two instances -- when the assessment is of doubtful validity or when the taxpayer is financially incapable to pay the liability. Civil liability pertains to the amount of unpaid taxes plus surcharges and penalty interest that runs from 20% to 40% annually, in case of delinquency.
While the Tax Code allows civil compromises, there is a limitation as to how much the Commissioner can compromise. If due to doubtful validity, the minimum compromise rate is 40% of the basic tax assessed. If due to financial incapacity of the taxpayer, it is 10%.
Examples of doubtful validity are jeopardy (or harassment) assessments issued without the benefit of audit, or arbitrary assessments issued without any factual and legal basis. Examples of financial incapacity, on the other hand, are bankruptcy or the business has ceased to operate, or when there is impairment of capital by at least 50%, or when the taxpayer has no other source of income.
Civil cases may be compromised lower than the above rates but the approval of a collegial Board called the National Evaluation Board composed of the four deputy commissioners and the Commissioner is required. The same is true for all compromises where the basic tax involved exceeds P1 million.
Because compromises effectively condones, waives the collection of taxes, or gives away revenues belonging to the government, any tax compromise granted not in accordance with these rules is a ground for graft and corruption or even plunder.
In practice, notwithstanding the authority to compromise granted to the Commissioner, applications for compromises undergo a very strict and rigid process involving many layers of technical evaluation and approval. It is a long and tedious process, understandably, because it involves giving away government funds.
Thus, when an act constitutes a clear case of tax evasion, done willfully with intent to evade the payment of taxes, and the liability is clearly established, there is no room for tax compromise, both on the criminal aspect and the civil aspect. The taxpayer must be prosecuted and brought to court, and the amount due the government must be collected in full inclusive of penalties.
In the case of corporations, the penalty shall be imposed on the president, general manager, branch manager, treasurer, officer-in-charge, and the employees responsible for the violation. Likewise, any person who wilfully aids or abets in the commission of tax evasion shall be liable in the same manner.
The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of FINEX.
Atty. Benedicta Du-Baladad is the managing partner and CEO of Du-Baladad and Associates (BDB Law) and president of FINEX.
Revenue Regulations (RRs) are issuances signed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that specify, prescribe or define rules and regulations for the effective enforcement of the provisions of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) and related statutes
Revenue Memorandum Orders (RMOs) are issuances that provide directives or instructions; prescribe guidelines; and outline processes, operations, activities, workflows, methods and procedures necessary in the implementation of stated policies, goals, objectives, plans and programs of the Bureau in all areas of operations, except auditing.
Revenue Memorandum Rulings (RMRs) are rulings, opinions and interpretations of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue with respect to the provisions of the Tax Code and other tax laws, as applied to a specific set of facts, with or without established precedents, and which the Commissioner may issue from time to time for the purpose of providing taxpayers guidance on the tax consequences in specific situations. BIR Rulings, therefore, cannot contravene duly issued RMRs; otherwise, the Rulings are null and void ab initio
Revenue Memorandum Circular (RMCs) are issuances that publish pertinent and applicable portions, as well as amplifications, of laws, rules, regulations and precedents issued by the BIR and other agencies/offices.
Revenue Bulletins (RB) refer to periodic issuances, notices and official announcements of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that consolidate the Bureau of Internal Revenue's position on certain specific issues of law or administration in relation to the provisions of the Tax Code, relevant tax laws and other issuances for the guidance of the public.
BIR Rulings are official position of the Bureau to queries raised by taxpayers and other stakeholders relative to clarification and interpretation of tax laws.
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Each year, Friday 12th May is recognised as fibromyalgia awareness day and the international awareness day for other chronic immunological and neurological conditions, including myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). May 12th was chosen as the awareness day for ME, CFS and fibromyalgia as it is the birthday of Florence Nightingale, since it is believed that she herself lived with ME and CFS.
What is fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a chronic, long-term condition involving widespread pain, a heightened pain response, and overwhelming fatigue. The name fibromyalgia is derived from Latin: fibro for fibrous tissues such as tendons and ligaments; my for muscles; and algia for pain.
The severity, location and duration of pain varies for each person and between groups of people. The fatigue ranges from feeling tired to complete exhaustion. This may come and go, and people can suddenly feel drained of all energy, a bit like “pulling the plug”!
Besides pain and fatigue, fibromyalgia symptoms often include:
- Un-refreshing sleep, waking up tired and stiff;
- Cognitive disturbances, including a lack of concentration, temporary memory impairment and mixing up words, also known as “brain fog”;
- Clumsiness and dizziness;
- Headaches, ranging from ordinary types to migraines;
- Irritable bowel syndrome, alternating between diarrhoea and constipation, sometimes accompanied by nausea and abdominal gas;
- Sensitivity to changes in the weather and to noise, lights, smoke and other environmental factors.
Fibromyalgia is more common than you may think
To the surprise of many, fibromyalgia is a common condition, though few people are aware of it. A Europe survey of five counties estimated that 2.9% to 4.7% of Europeans were living with fibromyalgia. In the UK, this equates to nearly 2 million people, meaning that fibromyalgia is more common than Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis (MS), which affect approximately 1 million and 100,000 individuals, respectively. We also know that many people with fibromyalgia may either be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with another condition, so it is likely that this number is even greater.
Diagnosing fibromyalgia isn’t straight forward
Although fibromyalgia is not a new condition, it is difficult to diagnose because it cannot be identified in standard laboratory tests and investigations. Moreover, many of the signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia are found in other conditions, such as ME and rheumatoid arthritis. These conditions are often excluded first before a fibromyalgia diagnosis is made. When this point is reached, the diagnosis depends largely on two symptoms: pain in all four quadrants of the body for at least three months and pain in at least 11 out of 18 ‘tender’ points on the body when they are pressed.
Treating fibromyalgia is equally as difficult
Current treatment for fibromyalgia attempts to treat the symptoms of the condition, rather than the condition itself, as not enough is known about the underlying mechanisms that cause the condition. Treatment largely aims to reduce pain and improve sleep, leaving people to experiment with different self-management techniques to ease symptoms. A combination of heat, rest, exercise, relaxation techniques and measures to reduce stress can enable some people with fibromyalgia to maintain a productive life. Healthcare professionals may refer people to a physiotherapist or occupational therapist for further treatment and advice. People are sometimes referred to a pain clinic, which may not take the pain away, but it can help lessen the impact on daily life. Since pain can affect your mood and behaviour, psychological support may be useful. Therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have helpful to several people with fibromyalgia.
With fibromyalgia, there are certainly good and bad days. On a good day, it is easy to overdo things, which may simply make matters worse. We often feel guilty for taking time out to rest, but it’s essential that we listen to our bodies when it is telling us to slow down. I’ve learned this the hard way – by doing too much, and not prioritising my own health first!
Introducing Fibromyalgia Action UK
Fibromyalgia Action UK is a registered charity working to improve the lives of people with fibromyalgia by increasing awareness of the condition, improving access to fibromyalgia treatments and providing support to people living with fibromyalgia and their families. In addition, Fibromyalgia Action UK provides medical information for professionals, operates a national helpline, manages an online support forum and links up to a UK-wide system of support groups working at local and regional levels. In 2016, I was delighted to join the charity’s board of trustees, where I am committed to improving the awareness and support available for people living with fibromyalgia across the UK. I am particularly keen to help increase the support available to young people with fibromyalgia, having lived with the challenges of the condition for several years myself.
Support is available
Fibromyalgia Action UK operates a national helpline for people living with fibromyalgia (0300 999 3333). The charity also operates a benefits helpline (0300 999 0055). There’s lots of useful information on Fibromyalgia Action UK’s website, including patient information booklets and medical packs for healthcare professionals. In addition, Fibromyalgia Action UK has several local support groups around the UK. The charity’s regional coordinators can help to put you in touch with a group nearest to you. Simply visit support groups on the Fibromyalgia Action UK site, select the Regional Coordinator for your area and send a message including your post code.
Some of my top tips for dealing with fibromyalgia
If you live with fibromyalgia, there’s no doubt that you will have experienced patronising, derogatory or insulting comments and advice about the condition and how you should better manage it. If I had a pound for every time that someone has told me to pace myself more and do less things, I would be a millionaire by now! It is more about finding what works for you – what you can physically and mentally manage, while doing things that you love and enjoy. Therefore, here are some of my coping strategies which I try to do myself. Be warned though – one size doesn’t fit all, and what may work for me may not work for you!
- Make time for yourself each day. Fibromyalgia adds so many extra demands to our lives each day, on top of what the average ‘healthy’ person has to deal with. It is perfectly justifiable and necessary for you to make time each day for you – whether it be out in the garden, an afternoon nap, getting lost in a good book or a walk to the local park. Do something for you, and never feel guilty about doing so.
- Adjust your sleeping arrangements. Many people with fibromyalgia have problems related to sleep – I certainly do! I try to ensure that my body is ready for sleep by avoiding technology immediately before bedtime (which I am not particularly good at); reducing caffeine in the evening and by exercising when possible (which may simply be a gentle five minute walk near to where you live).
- Work smart, not hard. I’m pretty rubbish with mornings, especially towards the end of a busy working week. No matter how many hours I’ve slept, I still wake up feeling exhausted – I’d say it compares to running ten back-to-back marathons! As the day goes on, I tend to feel a little better, and so I may decide to work from 10.30 am until 6.30 pm, instead of the usual 9 to 5. Other people I’ve spoke to will work in the afternoon and evening instead. It’s all about finding what works for you. As long as you manage to do what you need to do, does it matter when you do it?
- Use mind and body techniques to help you to relax. There are lots of techniques that you can use to ease tension and anxiety. Examples include meditation, mindfulness, muscle relaxation and visualisations. Switching off from the busy world around us is so important!
- Soak in a warm bath or stand under a warm shower. This may help you to relax your muscles and reduce pain.
- Keep a journal. Writing can be a great way for you to express your feelings. It can also help you to observe patterns in how you feel, and you may begin to associate events with symptoms, and therefore adjust what you do accordingly. There are lots of ways to do this – from the good old pen and paper, to smartphone apps. It doesn’t necessarily have to be words either – lots of people take pictures and videos too! I keep my ‘reasons to be thankful’ book next to my bed, and each evening, I write three things that I am thankful for. It’s a small task that reminds me to love and live life to the full, despite the challenges that exist!
“Live your life while you have it. Life is a splendid gift – there is nothing small about it.” Florence Nightingale
Do your bit for people with fibromyalgia
Help to raise awareness about fibromyalgia simply by sharing this post online. Don’t forget to use the hashtags #FibromyalgiaAwarenessDay and #May12th!
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Landmark publication comes on the heels of completion of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas in March 2014.
Researchers from the Allen Institute for Brain Science have published the first comprehensive, large-scale data set on how the brain of a mammal is wired, providing a groundbreaking data resource and fresh insights into how the nervous system processes information. Their landmark paper in this week’s issue of the journal Nature both describes the publicly available Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas, and demonstrates the exciting knowledge that can be gleaned from this valuable resource.
“Understanding how the brain is wired is among the most crucial steps to understanding how the brain encodes information,” explains Hongkui Zeng, Senior Director of Research Science at the Allen Institute for Brain Science. “The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a standardized, quantitative, and comprehensive resource that will stimulate exciting investigations around the entire neuroscience community, and from which we have already gleaned unprecedented details into how structures are connected inside the brain.”
Using the data, Allen Institute scientists were able to demonstrate that there are highly specific patterns in the connections among different brain regions, and that the strengths of these connections vary with greater than five orders of magnitudes, balancing a small number of strong connections with a large number of weak connections. This publication comes just as the research team wraps up more than four years of work to collect and make publicly available the data behind the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas project, with the completion of the Atlas announced in March 2014.
Creating a Roadmap for the Brain
The human brain is among the most complex structures in the entire universe, containing roughly 100 billion neurons—as many stars as are in the Milky Way. The mouse brain’s 75 million neurons, arranged in a roughly similar structure to the human brain, provide a powerful model system by which to understand how nerve cells of the human brain connect, process and encode information. Despite the foundational need to understand how areas of the brain are connected, the only species for which we have a complete wiring diagram is the simple microscopic worm C. elegans — a far simpler system, with only 302 neurons, compared to the human or any other mammalian nervous system.
Scientists at the Allen Institute set out to create a wiring diagram of the brain — also known as a “connectome”— to illustrate short and long-range connections using genetically-engineered viruses that could trace and illuminate individual neurons. In order to get a truly comprehensive view, scientists collected imaging data at resolutions smaller than a micrometer from more than 1,700 mouse brains, each of which was divided into 140 serial sections. “The data for the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas was collected in a way that’s never been done before,” says Zeng. “Standardizing the data generation process allowed us to create a 3D common reference space, meaning we could put the data from all of our thousands of experiments next to each other and compare them all in a highly quantitative way at the same time.”
The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas contains more than 1.8 petabytes of data—the equivalent of 23.9 years of continuous HD video—all of which is freely available online to the entire community. The research team behind the Atlas has been steadily releasing new data since November 2011; and in March, they released the last major update to the Atlas, though the resource will continue to be updated as technology develops and researchers are able to add more new types of connectivity data. Like all of the Allen Brain Atlas resources, the data and the tools to browse and analyze them are freely available to the public.
The Global Power of the Atlas
As a freely available resource, the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is an invaluable tool for neuroscientists with questions about the nature of the brain’s connections.
“The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas provides an initial road-map of the brain, at the level of interstate highways and the major cities that they link,” explains David Anderson, Professor of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at the California Institute of Technology. “Smaller road networks and their intersections with the interstates will be the next step, followed by maps of local streets in different municipalities. This information will provide a framework for what we ultimately want to understand: ‘traffic patterns’ of information flow in the brain during various activities such as decision-making, mapping of the physical environment, learning and remembering, and other cognitive or emotional processes.”
With the Nature publication, Allen Institute scientists have already begun to demonstrate the power of analysis contained within the Atlas. By analyzing the data, Zeng and her team were able to discover several interesting properties of the mouse brain’s connectome. For example, there are extensive connections across the two hemispheres with mirror-image symmetry. Pathways belonging to different functional circuits in the brain can be identified and their relationships and intersections visualized in 3D. Finally, there is a great degree of variation in the strengths of all the connections–ranging beyond five orders of magnitude—and an intriguing balance between a small number of strong connections and a large number of weak connections.
These discoveries illustrate the need for a quantitative understanding and a global view of the brain’s connectivity patterns, since a quantitative approach can describe the relative strength of different connections instead of the simple presence or absence descriptions that are inherent to a more qualitative approach. These more accurate comparisons are uniquely enabled by the Atlas, Zeng says.
“The purpose of the Atlas is to create a new way to map the brain’s vast connections systematically and rapidly, and to develop a platform to present the data to users and help them navigate in the friendliest possible way,” explains Zeng. “But the kind of analysis we have done so far is just the beginning of the deep analysis of the wiring patterns of different brain circuits made possible by this unique collection of data.”
The Future of the Connectivity Atlas
Maintaining the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a continuous effort. After the completion of the Atlas as originally scoped in March 2014, scientists will continue to update the Atlas with profiles of more individual nerve cell types as they become available. Researchers at the Allen Institute are also poised to dive more deeply into the data they have already collected, and will focus more intently on studying the connections between different types of neurons in the same or neighboring regions – the city roads and local streets that, together with the interstates, form the hierarchical neural networks.
The Atlas promises to serve as an invaluable tool for neuroscientists all over the world long into the future. “Previously, the scientific community had to rely on incomplete, fragmented data sets, like small pieces of a map but at different scales and resolutions, so it was impossible to see the bigger picture,” explains Ed Callaway, Professor in the Systems Neurobiology Laboratories at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. “Now, we have instant access to complete and consistent data across the entire brain, and the suite of web-based analytic and display tools make it easy to find what you need and to see it in 3D.
“Who you are—all your thoughts and actions your entire life—is based on connections between neurons,” Callaway continues. “So if we want to understand any of these processes or how they go wrong in disease, we have to understand how those circuits function. Without an atlas, we couldn’t hope to gain that understanding.”
Contact: Hongkui Zeng – Allen Institute for Brain Science
Source: Allen Institute for Brain Science press release
Image Source: The image is adapted from the Allen Institute for Brain Science video.
Video Source: The video “Connectivity Dot-o-Gram” is available at the Allen Institute for Brain Science YouTube page.
Original Research: Abstract for “A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain” by Seung Wook Oh, Julie A. Harris, Lydia Ng, Brent Winslow, Nicholas Cain, Stefan Mihalas, Quanxin Wang, Chris Lau,Leonard Kuan, Alex M. Henry, Marty T. Mortrud, Benjamin Ouellette, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Staci A. Sorensen, Clifford R. Slaughterbeck, Wayne Wakeman, Yang Li, David Feng, Anh Ho, Eric Nicholas, Karla E. Hirokawa, Phillip Bohn, Kevin M. Joines, Hanchuan Peng, Michael J. Hawrylycz, John W. Phillips,John G. Hohmann, Paul Wohnoutka, Charles R. Gerfen, Christof Koch, Amy Bernard, Chinh Dang, Allan R. Jones and Hongkui Zeng in Nature. Published online April 2 2014 doi:11038/nature13186
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Components of species diversity: species richness and relative abundance
Species diversity is determined not only by the number of species within a biological community—i.e., species richness—but also by the relative abundance of individuals in that community. Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and relative abundance refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community. Two communities may be equally rich in species but differ in relative abundance. For example, each community may contain 5 species and 300 individuals, but in one community all species are equally common (e.g., 60 individuals of each species), while in the second community one species significantly outnumbers the other four.
These components of species diversity respond differently to various environmental conditions. A region that does not have a wide variety of habitats usually is species-poor; however, the few species that are able to occupy the region may be abundant because competition with other species for resources will be reduced.
Trends in species richness may reveal a good deal about both past and present conditions of a region. The Antarctic continent has few species because its environment is so inhospitable; however, oceanic islands are species-poor because they are hard to reach, or, as is the case with the Lesser Sunda Islands in south-central Indonesia, because they are of rather recent origin and organisms have not had enough time to establish themselves.
Global gradients also affect species richness. The most obvious gradient is latitudinal: there are more species in the tropics than in the temperate or polar zones. Ecological factors commonly are used to account for this gradation. Higher temperatures, greater climate predictability, and longer growing seasons all conspire to create a more inviting habitat, permitting a greater diversity of species. Tropical rainforests are the richest habitat of all, tropical grasslands exhibit more diversity than temperate grasslands, and deserts in tropical or subtropical regions are populated by a wider range of species than are temperate deserts.
Another factor affecting the species richness of a given area is the distance or barrier that separates the area from potential sources of species. The probability that species will reach remote oceanic islands or isolated valleys is slight. Animal species, especially those that do not fly, are less likely than plant species to do so. The Lesser Sunda Islands are similar to eastern Java in climate and vegetation, but they have far fewer strictly terrestrial animals. This situation is attributed to the fact that, whereas Java has been connected to a larger landmass in the past, the Lesser Sundas have not. While plants and seeds have been blown across intervening seas, few species of animals that do not have wings have reached these islands.
Species adaptations to ecological habitats
Neither an environment nor an organism is a static entity. Hence, changes in either will disrupt the relationship that has evolved between the two. Small changes in an organism may actually improve the interaction—a random genetic mutation allowing a plant to utilize a nutrient that has been present but previously unusable by the plant will increase the organism’s ability to survive. Changes of an extreme nature, however, are almost always maladaptive. Small environmental variations may present a challenge that organisms can meet by mounting a physiological response or, if they are mobile, by removing themselves to a less stressful area. Catastrophic disruptions, however, may create an environment no longer hospitable to the organisms, and they may die out as a result.
Although the distribution patterns of species are dictated by environmental conditions, the actual range of a species is not identical to its potential range—namely, the area that is ecologically compatible with its needs. For example, the biogeographic regions of the world are related to climatic factors, but they are not coterminous with them. Thus, desert biomes, which are located at latitudes of 30° N and S, and tropical rainforest biomes, which arise around the Equator, can be found in most phytogeographic kingdoms and zoogeographic realms.
The effects of geologic changes on biotic distributions
The theory of plate tectonics, formulated in the 1960s, is now firmly established. Its explanation of the dynamic nature of continental landmasses has been important not only within the field of geology but also within the field of biogeography; it has entirely revolutionized the interpretion of the dispersal of flora and fauna (see also plate tectonics: Plate tectonics as an explanation for Earth processes). The slow movement of continents has been used to explain both the isolation and intermingling of populations. Prior to the acceptance of this idea, land bridges and sunken continents were invoked as the means by which continents were linked in the geologic past. While land bridges, such as the Bering Strait land bridge that connected western North America to Asia, have existed and contributed to the dispersal of organisms, they no longer are believed to have been as ubiquitous and instrumental in this process as once was thought. Such hypothetical land bridges as Archhelenis, which purportedly connected South America and southwestern Africa, are now regarded by most experts as relics of the fertile imaginations of early biogeographers.
Test Your Knowledge
During much of the Mesozoic Era (251 million to 65.5 million years ago), the continents formed a single mass that has been named Pangaea. In the Early Cretaceous Epoch (145.5 million to 99.6 million years ago), the Tethys seaway formed and split Pangaea into a northern continent, Laurasia (encompassing Eurasia and North America), and a southern continent, Gondwanaland (including South America, Antarctica, Africa, India, and Australia). Notwithstanding transient and shifting epicontinental seaways, flora and fauna essentially were able to move freely within the Northern and Southern hemispheres but not between them. During the Late Cretaceous and throughout much of the Cenozoic, Gondwanaland split up and its component parts drifted apart, some of them forming connections with Laurasia, which remained more or less a continuous landmass. According to this model, Australia has remained separate from other continents since the Eocene Epoch (55.8 million to 33.9 million years ago) and had been in contact only with an already polar Antarctica from the Late Cretaceous onward, which helps to explain its remarkably distinct flora and fauna. The life-forms of South America are only less distinctive than those of Australia. Separated from other continents since the Eocene, South America did not have a permanently established connection with North America until the Pliocene (5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago). Only then was some interchange, especially of faunas, permitted. Africa had achieved proximity to Laurasia by the Paleocene Epoch (65.5 million to 55.8 million years ago) and has remained in tenuous connection to Eurasia ever since, so that its present flora and fauna are much more similar to the rest of the Old World tropics. India had formed a broad connection with Laurasia in the Paleogene Period and so has no strongly distinctive (paleoendemic) organisms.
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Ireland – A Brief Introduction
Ireland is one of the largest islands on earth, situated in Europe neighboring Great Britain and separated by the Irish Sea. The nation has a great tradition and history that dates back centuries. Geographically there is a diverse amount of regions throughout, with a great deal of climate changes, woodlands, beach, and much more. The country has a significant history through the middle ages and won independence as a free state in the 20th century. Even though there has been a political divide in the area, it is still one of the more prominent countries in the European continent.
There are a several major points of interest in terms of this nation’s great history, and it goes through several levels from prehistoric eras through antiquity, medieval times, the Norman Invasion, and through the Union of Great Britain and beyond. Historians have tracked the roots of the nation to date back centuries. Part of the art, culture, and languages stem from the roots that were initially planted in the prehistorical period, and kept alive through the years.
Ireland has a great number of urban and metropolitan cities, each one has a diverse array of settlers and residents. Some of the largest cities in the nation include Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Derry, and Limerick. Each one maintains a great population density. Dublin has the largest population reaching nearly 2 million in the overall metropolitan divides. The population has been increasing exponentially in modern times and continues to grow in the larger more urban areas.
The culture of Ireland has a great deal of influences that play on religion, and indigenous religious leanings. The history of the nation dates back to the cultures that were originally in the area such as Gaelic. That still sews a thread throughout the art and culture, even though English is spoken as one of the main languages.
Tourism is a huge part of the economic growth of the area with many historical sites and interesting locations to explore. One of the largest areas for tourism is of course Dublin, which is visited by millions annually, but there are also a great deal of other spots to explore including Giant’s Causeway County Antrim, Castle Ward, Dromoland Castle, and much more.
There is a great deal of tradition that comes with the country, and to sum it up into a brief introduction is a difficult task. You’ll find that there is a rich history that deserves further and deeper exploration to get a handle on.
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French Impressionist Painter, 1841-1919
French painter, printmaker and sculptor. He was one of the founders and leading exponents of IMPRESSIONISM from the late 1860s, producing some of the movement's most famous images of carefree leisure. He broke with his Impressionist colleagues to exhibit at the Salon from 1878, and from c. 1884 he adopted a more linear style indebted to the Old Masters.
His critical reputation has suffered from the many minor works he produced during his later years. Related Paintings of Pierre-Auguste Renoir :. | Jules le Coeur et ses chiens dans la foret de Fontainebleau | Conversation with the Gardener | Portrat des Charles und Georges Durand-Ruel | Portrat der Tochter von Catulle-Mendes am Klavier | Hapiness by Durdy Bayramov |
Related Artists:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Italian Rococo Era Painter, 1696-1770
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was born in Venice on March 5, 1696. His father, who was part owner of a ship, died when Tiepolo was scarcely a year old, but the family was left in comfortable circumstances. As a youth, he was apprenticed to Gregorio Lazzarini, a mediocre but fashionable painter known for his elaborately theatrical, rather grandiose compositions.
Tiepolo soon evolved a more spirited style of his own. By the time he was 20, he had exhibited his work independently, and won plaudits, at an exhibition held at the church of S. Rocco. The next year he became a member of the Fraglia, or painters guild. In 1719 he married Cecilia Guardi, whose brother Francesco was to become famous as a painter of the Venetian scene. They had nine children, among them Giovanni Domenico and Lorenzo Baldassare, who were also painters.
In the 1720s Tiepolo carried out many large-scale commissions on the northern Italian mainland. Of these the most important is the cycle of Old Testament scenes done for the patriarch of Aquileia, Daniele Dolfin, in the new Archbishop Palace at Udine. Here Tiepolo abandoned the dark hues that had characterized his early style and turned instead to the bright, sparkling colors that were to make him famous.Neroccio di Bartolomeo
1447 - 1500
was an Italian painter and sculptor of the early-Renaissance or Quattrocento period in Siena. He was a student of Vecchietta, and then he shared a workshop with Francesco di Giorgio from 1468. He painted Scenes from the life of St Benedict, now in the Uffizi, probably in collaboration with di Giorgio, and a Madonna and Child between Saint Jerome and Saint Bernard, which is in the Pinacoteca of Siena. In 1472 he painted an Assumption for the abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore, and in 1475 he created a statue of Saint Catherine of Siena for the Sienese church dedicated to her. He separated from di Giorgio in 1475. In 1483, he designed the Hellespontine Sybil for the mosaic pavement of the Cathedral of Siena,John Frederick Kensett
American Hudson River School Painter, 1816-1872
He attended school at Cheshire Academy, and studied engraving with his immigrant father, Thomas Kensett, and later with his uncle, Alfred Dagget. He worked as engraver in the New Haven area until about 1838, after which he went to work as a bank note engraver in New York City. In 1840, along with Asher Durand and John William Casilear, Kensett traveled to Europe in order to study painting. There he met and traveled with Benjamin Champney. The two sketched and painted throughout Europe, refining their talents. During this period, Kensett developed an appreciation and affinity for 17th century Dutch landscape painting. Kensett and Champney returned to the United States in 1847. After establishing his studio and settling in New York, Kensett traveled extensively throughout the Northeast and the Colorado Rockies as well as making several trips back to Europe. Kensett is best known for his landscape of upstate New York and New England and seascapes of coastal New Jersey, Long Island and New England. He is most closely associated with the so-called "second generation" of the Hudson River School. Along with Sanford Robinson Gifford, Fitz Hugh Lane, Jasper Francis Cropsey, Martin Johnson Heade and others, the works of the "Luminists," as they came to be known, were characterized by unselfconscious, nearly invisible brushstrokes used to convey the qualities and effects of atmospheric light. It could be considered the spiritual, if not stylistic, cousin to Impressionism. Such spiritualism stemmed from Transcendentalist philosophies of sublime nature and contemplation bringing one closer to a spiritual truth.
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Oxygen makes up 65 percent of the mass of the human body because at least 60 percent of a normal human's mass is water. Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, and the oxygen atom weighs eight times that of both hydrogen atoms combined.Continue Reading
Most of the oxygen at any given time in the human body is bound to water, and water comprises anywhere from 60 percent to 90 percent of individual cells. Just six elements make 99 percent of a human body's weight. After oxygen, hydrogen makes up 10 percent of the human body by weight and carbon comprises 18 percent, nitrogen 3 percent, calcium 1.5 percent and phosphorus 1 percent. The rest of the body's weight is comprised of trace minerals. Carbon is responsible for the organic chemistry in the human body. Nitrogen is part of DNA, and calcium is necessary for bone growth.
Humans breathe in about 19 cubic feet of oxygen per day, which weighs about 1.43 ounces per cubic foot. On average, a human breathes less than 2 pounds of oxygen per day, so the amount of gaseous oxygen in the body at any given time is negligible compared to a 150-pound person who is comprised of nearly 98 pounds of oxygen.Learn more about Blood
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The Bite-Sized Pear with Big Flavor
Forelle pears are one of the oldest European varieties, and are believed to have originated in the 1600s in northern Saxony, Germany. The name Forelle means “trout” in German, and was likely given to the pear because it has similar coloring as a Rainbow trout. German immigrants brought Forelle pears to the U.S. in the 1800s.
Forelle pears are a specialty variety and only available for a short time each year. You’ll want to enjoy this sweet pear fresh, or with gourmet cheese.
Exterior: Green in color or with red lenticels. The green turns to yellow as they ripen. Their red lenticels appear in bright contrast to their brilliant yellow skin when the fruit is ripe. Symmetrical bell-shaped body with a small, round base that tapers evenly to a short neck.
Interior: White to off-white flesh is slightly more dense and coarse than most other pears
Experience: Bite-sized pear with a smooth texture and distinct cinnamon spice flavor that is enhanced when matched with cheese or tart foods
Stemilt grows organic Forelle pears under our Artisan OrganicsTM label.
Look for the Ladybug!
When can I find Forelle ?
Look for this specialty variety from September through December.
- You’ll know a Forelle pear is ripe when the green part of the pear turns to yellow, and the red lenticels brighten.
- Forelle pears are not recommended for baking or cooking because of their small size.
- The unique color of Forelle pears makes them a great edible centerpiece during the holidays.
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Reshaping the world
When you think of maps, what comes to mind? An informative document used by travelers? Demarcations of national borders and geographic features? At the very least, we might think of some factual representation of the world, not one that is fictitious or subjective.
Imagine a map of the world. Now take a moment to examine the following map, created by members of the Surrealist movement and published in the Belgian journal Variétés in June 1929.
This anonymous map might seem unsettling; it emphasizes certain areas while removing others, and changes dramatically the size of landmasses. How is this map different from the world we know? And, although it might seem like an odd place to begin, what can it tell us about the ideas and approaches of the Surrealists?
Historians typically introduce Surrealism as an offshoot of Dada. In the early 1920s, writers such as André Breton and Louis Aragon became involved with Parisian Dada. Although they shared the group’s interest in anarchy and revolution, they felt Dada lacked clear direction for political action. So in late 1922, this growing group of radicals left Dada, and began looking to the mind as a source of social liberation. Influenced by French psychology and the work of Sigmund Freud, they experimented with practices that allowed them to explore subconscious thought and identity and bypass restrictions placed on people by social convention. For example, societal norms mandate that suddenly screaming expletives at a group of strangers—unprovoked, is completely unacceptable.
Surrealist practices included “waking dream” seances and automatism. During waking dream seances, group members placed themselves into a trance state and recited visions and poetic passages with an immediacy that denied any fakery. (The Surrealists insisted theirs was a scientific pursuit, and not like similar techniques used by Spiritualists claiming to communicate with the dead.) The waking dream sessions allowed members to say and do things unburdened by societal expectations; however, this practice ended abruptly when one of the “dreamers” attempted to stab another group member with a kitchen knife. Automatic writing allowed highly trained poets to circumvent their own training, and create raw, fresh poetry. They used this technique to compose poems without forethought, and it resulted in beautiful and startling passages the writers would not have consciously conceived.
Envisioning Surrealism: automatic drawing and the exquisite corpse
In the autumn of 1924, Surrealism was announced to the public through the publication of André Breton’s first “Manifesto of Surrealism,” the founding of a journal (La Révolution surréaliste), and the formation of a Bureau of Surrealist Research. The literary focus of the movement soon expanded when Max Ernst and other visual artists joined and began applying Surrealist ideas to their work. These artists drew on many stylistic sources including scientific journals, found objects, mass media, and non-western visual traditions. (Early Surrealist exhibitions tended to pair an artist’s work with non-Western art objects). They also found inspiration in automatism and other activities designed to circumvent conscious intention.
Surrealist artist André Masson began creating automatic drawings, essentially applying the same unfettered, unplanned process used by Surrealist writers, but to create visual images. In Automatic Drawing (left), the hands, torsos, and genitalia seen within the mass of swirling lines suggest that, as the artist dives deeper into his own subconscious, recognizable forms appear on the page.
Another technique, the exquisite corpse, developed from a writing game the Surrealists created. First, a piece of paper is folded as many times as there are players. Each player takes one side of the folded sheet and, starting from the top, draws the head of a body, continuing the lines at the bottom of their fold to the other side of the fold, then handing that blank folded side to the next person to continue drawing the figure. Once everyone has drawn her or his “part” of the body, the last person unfolds the sheet to reveal a strange composite creature, made of unrelated forms that are now merged. A Surrealist Frankenstein’s monster, of sorts.
Whereas automatic drawing often results in vague images emerging from a chaotic background of lines and shapes, exquisite corpse drawings show precisely rendered objects juxtaposed with others, often in strange combinations. These two distinct “styles,” represent two contrasting approaches characteristic of Surrealists art, and exemplified in the early work of Yves Tanguy and René Magritte.
Tanguy began his painting Apparitions (left) using an automatic technique to apply unplanned areas of color. He then methodically clarified forms by defining biomorphic shapes populating a barren landscape. However, Magritte, employed carefully chosen, naturalistically-presented objects in his haunting painting, The Central Story. The juxtaposition of seemingly unrelated objects suggests a cryptic meaning and otherworldliness, similar to the hybrid creatures common to exquisite corpse drawings. These two visual styles extend to other Surrealist media, including photography, sculpture, and film.
The Surrealist experience
Today, we tend to think of Surrealism primarily as a visual arts movement, but the group’s activity stemmed from much larger aspirations. By teaching how to circumvent restrictions that society imposed, the Surrealists saw themselves as agents of social change. The desire for revolution was such a central tenet that through much of the late 1920s, the Surrealists attempted to ally their cause with the French Communist party, seeking to be the artistic and cultural arm. Unsurprisingly, the incompatibility of the two groups prevented any alliance, but the Surrealists’ effort speaks to their political goals.
In its purest form, Surrealism was a way of life. Members advocated becoming flâneurs–urban explorers who traversed cities without plan or intent, and they sought moments of objective chance—seemingly random encounters actually fraught with import and meaning. They disrupted cultural norms with shocking actions, such as verbally assaulting priests in the street. They sought in their lives what Breton dubbed surreality, where one’s internal reality merged with the external reality we all share. Such experiences, which could be represented by a painting, photograph, or sculpture, are the true core of Surrealism.
The “Nonnational boundaries of Surrealism”*
Returning to The Surrealist Map of the World, let’s reconsider what it tells us about the movement. Shifts in scale are evident, as Russia dominates (likely a nod to the importance of the Russian Revolution). Africa and China are far too small, but Greenland is huge. The Americas are comprised of Alaska (perhaps another sly reference to Russia’s former control of this territory), Labrador, and Mexico, with a very small South America attached beneath. The United States and the rest of Canada are removed entirely. Much of Europe is also gone. France is reduced to the city of Paris, and Ireland appears without the rest of Great Britain. The only other city clearly indicated is Constantinople, pointedly not called by its modern name Istanbul. An anti-colonial diatribe, the Surrealists’s map removes colonial powers to create a world dominated by cultures untouched by western influence and participants in the Communist experiment. It is part utopian vision, part promotion of their own agenda, and part homage to their influences.
It also reminds us that Surrealism was an international movement. Although it was founded in Paris, pockets of Surrealist activity emerged in Belgium, England, Czechoslovakia, Mexico, the United States, other parts of Latin America, and Japan. Although Surrealism’s heyday was 1924 to the end of the 1940s, the group stayed active under Breton’s efforts until his death in 1966. An important influence on later artists within Abstract Expressionism, Art Brut, and the Situationists, Surrealism continues to be relevant to art history today.
*André Breton, “Nonnational Boundaries of Surrealism,” in Free Rein, trans. Michel Parameter and Jacqueline d’Amboise (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), pp. 7-18.
André Breton, First Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)
Surrealism Reviewed: a selection of audio interviews and music (UbuWeb)
Four Surrealist films by Man Ray
Digital archive of Surrealist journals from Spain, Chile, and Argentina (in Spanish)
Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
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Welcome to the What Causes Addiction? topic center
In this topic center, you will find information in the following categories in regards to the causes of addiction:
- Biological Perspectives.
- Psychological Perspectives.
- Moral & Spiritual Perspectives.
- 12-Step Perspectives.
- Cognitive-Behavioral/Social Learning Theories.
- Other Theories.
There are many theories on what causes addiction. Some contend that it is genetically determined, while at the other end of the spectrum, others argue that it is caused by purely environmental factors, like a turbulent childhood.
The dominant model in the United States is called the disease model, originally proposed by Alan Leshner at the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). The disease model views addiction as a biological “disease” whereby the drug essentially hijacks the brain, leading to enduring biochemical changes and making addiction inevitable.
There are, however, several other competing theories. For example, some propose that addiction is more contingent upon dysfunctional thoughts and conditioned behaviors; that addiction is a moral or spiritual problem; or that addiction results from a lack of social connection.
Today, a large portion of psychologists accept that addiction results from the complex interaction of many factors, including biological, psychological, social, and even (for some) spiritual factors. This is referred to as the Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual (BPSS) Model.
Use the side bar to navigate through these articles.
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The key to making your small, differentiated reading groups run smoothly is making sure that the students understand exactly what they are responsible for when they are not meeting with you (the teacher). Nothing is more distracting than having students interrupt you and the group you are working with because they are confused about the work they should complete or the order that it should be completed. This chart answers all of those questions. I have been using this organizational chart in my own classroom for over14 years. I begin by placing my students in small ability based reading groups. I try not to have more than 3 groups, but knowing that that is not always possible I have included labels for 6 groups in this packet. I usually name my groups color names, so I have included the following labels: Green, Red, Orange, Blue, Yellow, and Purple. Along with the groups’ labels, I have created work tags that include the descriptions of work that I typically ask my students to complete independently, such as story comprehension, handwriting practice, and computer time. I even included tags to indicate when the groups of students will meet with you (the teacher) or your assistant. These tags are especially helpful because they allow the students to understand what they are responsible for before meeting with the teacher, as well as after. Both the “Meet the teacher” tags and the “Meet the assistant” tags are offered with a choice of gender and ethnicity so that you can print that tags that best represent your classroom. Once all of the labels and tags are printed and laminated they will last you for years to come!
The following label / tags are included in this resource:
Group Labels: Green, Red, Orange, Blue, Yellow, and Purple
Work Tags: Meet with the teacher, Meet with the assistant, Computer, Early Finisher Folder, Read to yourself, Read with someone, Spelling (also labeled as Word Work), Journal, Process Writing, Comprehension, Morning Work, Worksheet, Go to a Center
I organize all of these labels and tags in a large hanging pocket chart (pocket chart not included), but you use these just as easily by laminating them and putting magnetic tape on the back. You just need a way that you can order and display the cards each day depending on the work that you want each group to complete and the order which you want it completed.
Please download the preview for a closer look!
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Evolution isn’t the only problem for creation science. There are also some troublesome passages in Genesis relating to cosmology:
“And God made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament. And it was so.
And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.
And God said, “Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.” And it was so.
God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas. And God saw that it was good.”
What are the “waters above the firmament”? For that matter, what is the firmament? It seems to mean the sky, and the idea seems to be that the firmament is something solid holding the stars in place, and that water was above the firmament, just as water surrounds the earth and is below it.
The problem is that this seems to have nothing to do with the astronomical system we know about and live in. Not only liberal Christians, but most Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians give this (and many other passages in scripture) figurative or metaphorical rather than literal interpretations.
Unfortunately, the first principle of the majority of American conservative Christians is that every word of the Bible is literally true, and as a result fundamentalists are forced to come up with some kind of explanation for “the waters above the firmament”. Even a century ago (or as far as that goes, 1400 years ago at the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes) this concept was pretty far-fetched, but when men walked on the moon in 1969 the idea became ludicrous. But the fundamentalists soldier on, retranslating the Hebrew, postulating massive changes for which there is no evidence, and finding signs of water on Mars. They might just as well try to prove that the earth is flat, too, while they’re at it, but they never seem go quite that far any more — God knows why.
(There’s also the theory that the waters above the firmament are sentient beings, though few fundamentalists seem to have involved themselves in this aspect fo the question either: “Let the waters that are above the heavens praise the name of the Lord” — Psalm 148:4; “Ye waters that are above the heavens, bless the Lord.”– Deuteronomy 3:60).
And then there’s the seven-headed dragon rising from the sea. A lot of our fundamentalist friends not only believe that Armageddon is nigh, but they are praying that it will come soon, so that they can see their enemies (us) dying horrible deaths.
Many of the fundamentalists I have known have been kindly, decent people, but they were also terribly fearful people who live in a very small world, and the mandates of their belief essentially required them to reject most of science. It’s not just evolution — anything that goes against the literal word of the Bible must be rejected. Granted what we know about their approach to science, it’s not hard to understand how they could believe George W. Bush on WMD and al Qaeda. Essentially, they have made a principled rejection of all rational and critical thought, and for them Science is an enemy, an adversary of religion which must be resisted or destroyed.
Recently the odious George Will and the egregious twit David Brooks have been happily explaining to us that our failure to respect the deeply-held religious beliefs of a big chunk of the Republican core constituency proves that we are elitists. You have to give these guys credit for not bursting out laughing when they make these pronouncements. Brooks and Will are plump, prosperous scam artists who make their living suckering the Republican core constituency, among others, and nobody in the world has less respect for their victims than these two do.
All in all, while I recognize the political problem for the Democratic Party in trying to win elections when so many voters hold these irrational, cruel beliefs, it is hard for me to understand why why these voters should be respected. And (going a little further, and speaking a language that Christians can understand) it seems clear to me that the Armageddon Christians are doing harm, and that instead of relying on the mercy of Christ to rescue them from the consequences of their actions, they should stop and think.
For Christians will be judged too.
PS: This is double-posted from my other, less-political site, Idiocentrism, where you also will find a number of links to creation scientists, etc. While I actually think that Democrats should make overtures to moderate Christians, this whole debate has been given an obnoxious conservative Christian spin. The Armageddon Christians speak of their enemies as evil and of themselves as good, but they suffer from a desperate need for self-examination, and until they look at themselves, they are at risk of continuing to function as evildoers.
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Scientists at the University of Essex are hoping to work out how we see 3D movies.
The researchers have been awarded a £369,000 research grant to get a better idea of how the brain transforms the flat 2D image into a 3D one using the special glasses.
The research could help 3D movie-makers and designers of virtual reality systems make their products as “real” as possible.
3D film audiences experience a vivid awareness of three-dimensional objects and people because the special glasses present two slightly different versions of the movie to the left and right eye.
The three-year research project funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, is to determine how the brain interprets these differences.
Dr Paul Hibbard explained: “We know a 3D understanding is achieved by neurons at the back of the brain responding to the different images from each eye to make a 3D model. What we don’t know, and are trying to understand, is how the neurons are achieving this.”
It could also give a better insight into the binocular image differences that our brains respond to, and how it uses these to determine three-dimensional shape. The research could help the development of artificial computer vision , important for robotic and artificial intelligence systems.
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Recently I came across this line of code:
$number = $object->getNumber() . '-' . substr(('000' . $object->getCounter()), -4, 4);
It is not very intuitive but if you look at it a little closer it becomes clear that the intent of the programmer was to pad the counter with ‘0’ limiting the size to 4. It does this by starting at the 4th character from the end(-4) and then extracting 4 characters from that point. So if the counter was 77 making the concatenated number 00077, it would extract 0077. Basically the last four. This is not very good use of string functions:-)
A simple rule to remember is whenever a particular format is required is to use sprintf or one its variants. That’s what the function is intended to do. I have demonstrated the code both ways.
$dateString = '11122010'; $counter = 5; //non intuitive $number = $dateString . '-' . substr(('000' . $counter), -4, 4); echo $number; //intuitive $number = sprintf('%s-%04s', $dateString, $counter); echo $number;
Nice and simple!
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1. Mosfiloti is a thoroughly Greek village of the Larnaca district and it is located at the “heart” of the three big cities, Nicosia, Limassol, and Larnaca. The Community of Mosfiloti has a distance of about 21 kilometres from Larnaca, 22 kilometres from Nicosia, and 44 kilometres from Limassol. These are distances that one can cover by car in 25 minutes.
2. The name of the village Mosfiloti (as well as that of the village “Mosfileri”) is synonymous and relates to the “mosfilia” tree (“crataegus azarolus”, loquat). The name indicates an area full of such trees. It is worth noting that the name used in Cyprus until today has ancient Greek origins. Not many loquat trees are extant today because, during the British rule and due to the poverty and the scarce jobs, there were plenty of woodcutters that cut down various trees, including the loquat trees, and sold their timber to the British for their fireplaces. They also used the timber for the construction of their manors.
The British had a good relationship with the inhabitants of Mosfiloti because they bought timber from them and the Governor visited the village every weekend for hunting. There were several inhabitants that assisted him in the hunt and offered would be his hosts for a meal in their houses.
3. Mosfiloti is served by a good road network. It is adjacent to the old Nicosia – Limassol road and has a distance of 500 metres from the new highway. Through turnpike roads, it connects to the village Sia in the west (about 2.5 km), to the village Psevdas in the east (about 3.5 km), to the village Lympia in the north-east (about 7 km), and to the village Pyrga in the south (about 3 km).
The village of Mosfiloti existed in the Mediaeval times. According to Nearchos Clerides, the village was constructed around the monastery of “Agia Thekla” that pre-existed. This monastery was established by Saint Helen in 330 AD, along with that of “Stavrovouni”. The founding of the village around the monastery must be placed around the Byzantine times. During the Frank and Venetian domination eras, the village was a feud but we do not know to which family of noblemen it belonged. In old maps it is found marked under the name Mesfolot and/or Mesfelot.
Under the monastery there was a spring with holy water, which was used by the faithful for the healing of skin diseases and cases of eczema.
The Holy Monastery of Agia Thekla celebrates on the 24th of September, the day that our church honours the memory of the great martyr and equal to apostle, Saint Thekla. It is one of the biggest fairs of the Larnaca district.
Henry Lite, the British traveller and military man, who -during his visit to the Monastery of Saint Thekla -stayed there for a night on the day of the fair, mentions in a relevant text of his that he was profoundly impressed by the poverty and misery that prevailed amongst the rural population of the village, something indicative of the ordeals and the hardships that the Greeks of Cyprus suffered during the Turkish domination (1571-1878).
4. Mosfiloti is built at an average altitude of 250 metres, with its north and west borders being a part of the administrative limits of the Nicosia and Larnaca districts. It is the village of the Larnaca district that is closest to Nicosia. It is a part of the administrative area of Larnaca but comes under Nicosia in terms of education and telecommunications. It borders with three villages of the Nicosia district, in the west with the village Sia, north with the village Alampra, and north-east with the village Lympia.
5. The village is surrounded by the Pipis, Vizakeri, Petromoutos, and Kalogeros mountains. The Pipis and Kalogeros mountains were reforested in 1981 with pine-trees and today they are considered as the “lungs” of the village. The green and the variety of the mountains’ vegetation provide the village’s natural beauty
From a geological point of view, what predominates is the lava of Troodos’s igneous complex, upon which dark coloured soils developed. They are the mild knolls of lava, upon which sparse pine-trees, thyme, and cistuses (ladaniferous) grow.
The Mosfiloti village, like the villages Pyrga and Sia, is located in a mining area due to its richness in minerals. A large mine for the processing of concrete and a work-site for the processing of asphalt operate at its boundaries.
In previous times, excavations for the detection of copper and gold were made. Two of them, which are extant until today and are of a significant depth, were made by a Greek person named Prompona. Ever since then the excavations received the name ‹‹Prompona’s hole››. One of them is located at the foot of the Pipis mountain and the other at the foot of the Vizakeri mountain. Promponas, who was a geologist, transferred on donkeys the material that he extracted from the two excavations to a venue close to Agia Thekla for processing. Until today, there are two small ponds in this venue, which he used for the purpose mentioned above.
The village is crossed by a tributary of the Tremithos river, which has water in its riverbed also during the months of Spring. This is something that justifies the existence of people here back in older times, since in those days irrigation of the various crops was done directly from rivers. In various pints of the river there were small dams. Even until today there is one of them near the Monastery of Agia Thekla, along with the part of a raceway that was formerly used to transfer water for the needs of the village and the operation of a flourmill, which however is not extant today. The region where the flourmill operated took the name ‹‹Paliomylos›› (Old Mill). South of the “Agia Thekla” Monastery there was also a small dam, serving the agricultural needs of a region named ‹‹Vasileies››. The water ran through the raceway and -at a point where crossing was made impossible because of a small stream -an arch with a spout was constructed. Part of it is extant today and it is called ‹‹The Spout of the Vasileies››.
The river “Tremithos” crosses north of the village and constitutes the village’s natural borders with the village Lympia. There also were small dams there in previous times, serving the needs of agriculture and the operation of two flourmills. Out of these two mills, of which small parts are still extant, one can also be found marked in the maps of the Land & Surveys Department and it is located within the limits of Mosfiloti, lending its name to the region that is called ‹‹Mylos›› (mill); the other is located within the limits of the Lympia community. In 1945 a bigger dam was built in the area of the small one, being of the stone-made type and having a capacity of 18,000 m³, which was then demolished in 1976 so that an even bigger dam would be constructed in its place (220,000 m³). Most of it is within the limits of the Mosfiloti community.
6. Ancient items, caves, and a common (group) grave were found -from time to time -in various venues of Mosfiloti.
South of the Agia Thekla Monastery, at a distance of 1 kilometre, some caves are extant until today that are separated into “rooms” and it is believed that they were inhabited up to the mediaeval times. This region took the name “Spilioi” (Caves). Testimonies of local people report that the elders found in the caves clay pots, many of which they destroyed because they were unaware of their value. In one of those pots they also discovered the skeleton of a young child. It is believed that -during the first years of people settling in the area and during the conquerors’ raids -the inhabitants took refuge in the caves for their protection. They hid the young children and the infants, covering them with a cloth so that their cries would not be heard and reveal their presence.
In the area where the offices of the Community Council are housed, there is -until today -a well. Until 1966, when a water supply system started operating in the community, all the inhabitants of the village used to pump water out of this well for their daily needs, carrying it home in clay vessels.
In the road leading from Mosfiloti to Lympia, a stone-made bridge was constructed in 1944 over the Tremithos river. At a distance of 1300 metres north of the bridge, towards the Lympia village, there is a small chapel dedicated to Saint Marina. Next to it there was a shepherds’ settlement. When the Turkish army arrived in these areas from Lefkara, during the year 1570, it attacked the settlement with canons, which the Turks were trying out for the first time. They started firing against the houses with stone-made shells and the settlement was destroyed along with the church. Those inhabitants that survived took refuge in the Lympia village. The day that “Agia Marina” was destroyed was a Tuesday and ever since then the region was named ‹‹ Kakotriti››› (Bad Tuesday).
The church of Saint Marina was reconditioned, while signs of caves can be found in the area of the settlement until today.
The area of ‹‹ Kakotriti›› was full of thick forests. According to tradition, that is where a large fire broke out and -with the aid of the winds -the flames rapidly moved on towards the village of Alampra, which is located about three kilometres west of ‹‹Kakotriti››. Feeling scared, the people of Alampra gathered in their village’s church, “Agia Marina”, and in tears they fell on their knees and begged the Saint to save them. And so the miracle happened. They saw the shadow of a female leaving the church, followed it, and saw Her guiding them there where the fire was raging. They saw her kneeling and praying to God. In a little while the fire died down and their village remained untouched by the flames. It is ever since then that the village received the name “Alampra”, generated by the privative prefix “a” and the Cypriot word “lampro”, which means “fire”.
During the year 1426, the Frank ruler of Cyprus, Giannos, learned that the Mamluks had landed in Limasool and had started looting. He then took his army from Potamia and proceeded toward Limassol. He crossed through Mosfiloti and made a stop further south, in Pyrga, where he gathered his entire army. From there on he moved toward Choirokitia where he was defeated and captured.
7. Mosfiloti receives an annual rainfall of about 410 millimetres. A great variety of seasonal vegetables such as potatoes, cabbages, watermelons, melons, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, (Jerusalem) artichokes, lettuces, okras, peppers, collards, eggplants and many others are cultivated in its region. Olive and citrus trees, legumes (French peas, broad beans, and chickpeas), cereals (mainly barley), forage plants (tare and clover), locust trees, as well as a few fig, loquats, and apricot trees are also cultivated.
Till now there still are several olive trees from the Frank domination era and so they are named ‹‹Frangkoelies›› (Frank Olives). In previous times, there were several vineyards south of the village and for that reason the area bears the name ‹‹paliampela›› (old vines). There is also a region named ‹‹Kaminia››, in which there used to be Kilns for the processing of grapes, used for the production of wine and “Zivania” (strong, transparent alcoholic beverage).
The village’s inhabitants were formerly occupied with embroidery, weaving, and knitting. These things slowly disappeared as industrial units developed.
Because of the village’s extensive development, large scale reforestation, and the limited land, a stockbreeding zone was created in a non-developed region next to the mine. This is where the few remaining stockbreeders were transferred. They raise sheep, goats, and rabbits. There also are three large farms for the breeding of poultry.
598 goats, 252 sheep, 270 pigs, 6 cows, and 677 poultry were being raised in 1985.
8. The village’s original core is densely built, the houses preserving elements of the traditional folkloric architecture to a great extent. Gradually the settlement abandoned its original core and spread along the main turnpike road that crosses it.
From 1881 until 1921, Mosfiloti has gone through fluctuations of its population. In 1881 the inhabitants were 162, decreasing to 161 in 1891, increasing to 178 in 1901, to 200 in 1911, yet decreasing to 169 in 1921. Since 1931 and onwards the population had a steady increase. The large increase of population in the village occurred after 1976 and it was due to the settlement here of a large number of Greek-Cypriot refugees after the 1974 Turkish invasion. So, according to the official population census, in 1982 the population increased to 803 inhabitants. In the last official population census, conducted in 2002, the inhabitants numbered 1095.
The village’s church is dedicated to Saint Marina. R Gunnis (1935) reports that he had seen in it a beautiful 16th century icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as a 1684 icon of St. Tryfonas.
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Life cycle of dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are born as precursors in the bone marrow, from there they distribute via the blood into the tissues, where they differentiate into resting immature DCs. Upon activation by encountering pathogens (or tumor cells) immature DCs, take up antigen, become activated and mature which leads to a dramatic phenotypical change into a highly migratory cell. Antigen loaded mature DCs migrate to the lymph nodes through the lymphatics where they present antigen to B cells and T cells.
For Further reading:
Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Melief CJ. Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way. Nat Med, 2004. 10(5): 475-80.
Hartgers FC, Figdor CG, Adema GJ. Towards a molecular understanding of dendritic cell immunobiology. Immunol Today, 2000. 21(11): 542-5.
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Battles are often remembered for the major military figures involved and how the actions that took place on the battlefield contributed to the greater outcome of a war. Usually when discussed today, battles are described in terms of tactics, commanders, and remarkable feats of heroism. Casualty numbers are generally known, and people understand very well that war can have a dramatic effect on the lives of soldiers and their families. But very little information tends to survive from the 18th century, especially the French & Indian War, to really describe what the effects of war were on individual soldiers, let along who they were as individuals. Here is an example of one such soldier’s story, a story that deserves to be told.
Abraham Tyler was born September 23, 1739 in Scarborough, Maine. He was an illegitimate son of Abraham Tyler (1712-1807) and Mary Sawyer (1714 – ). Abraham grew up in Scarborough and in the spring of 1758 at the age of 18 joined the ranks of Captain John Libbie’s Company of Colonel Jedidiah Preble’s Massachusetts provincial regiment bound for a planned invasion of Canada. Tyler and his company reached the British camp at the south of Lake George in the early summer awaiting orders for the embarkation of the army. On July 4, 1758 the army of 17,000 British regular and American provincial troops set sail down the lake towards Ticonderoga. The army landed on July 6th. Two days later on July 8th the largest military force assembled in American to that time attacked the French army at their breastworks a half-mile from Fort Ticonderoga. On that day Abraham Tyler experienced first hand, and for probably the first and only time, the horrors of battle. In the early afternoon several hours after failing British efforts, the order came for the Massachusetts troops to “run to the breastork and get in if [they] could.” The provincials were met with a storm of French musket fire so intense that one soldier reported “a man could not stand erect without being hit any more than he could stand out in a shower without having drops of rain fall on him, for the balls come like hands full.” In the rush towards the breastwork, Tyler was struck by a ball in his right arm above his shoulder giving him a debilitating injury; an injury that would apparently plague him for the remainder of his life.
By the end of the day, the British had suffered tremendous casualties; nearly 2,000 men killed and wounded. The army retreated up the lake to their camps at the south end of Lake George. Eventually, many soldiers including Abraham Tyler were released from their duty due to the severity of their wounds and they made their way back home.
In the following winter Abraham Tyler submitted a petition to the Massachusetts House of Representatives seeking compensation for the expenses associated with his journey home after Ticonderoga. His petition provides rare insight into just what happened to Tyler, his struggle to get home, and the long-term effects of the wound he suffered during the ill-fated attack on Ticonderoga.
Province of the Massachusetts Bay
To His Excellency Thomas Pownal Esqr To the honorable his Majesty’s Council and the honorable the House of Representatives humbly sheweth Abraham Tyler that your Petitioner was a Soldier in Capt Libbeys Company & Colo Preeble’s Regiment in the Service this last Summer & was in the battle at Ticonderoga, where your Petitioner received a shot which broke his right Arm above the Elbow; that while your Petr. was sick of his Wounds at the Lake, there being no hospital Stores there, he was obliged to take up eighteen shillings of the Sutler & sixteen Shillings of the Quarter -master & expended the further Sum of thirty Shillings in cash & all for necesarys; that your Petitioner was at the further expense of twenty six shillings & eight pence for his horse to come home; that your Petitioner has suffered greatly by reason of the Wounds aforesaid
& is in danger of loosing & has Lost the use of his Arm and a great part of the bone is intirely gone so that your Petitioner has no prospect of being able to do any thing for his support for a long time as his Wound is not yet healed up; Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that Your Excellency & Honours would grant him the money which he expended & also such further relief as to you in your great Wisdom Shall Seem most sutable to the damage he has Suffered & will always continue by reason of the wound aforesaid and your Petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray.
[Transcript of the original petition in the collection of the Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 78, pp. 159-160.]
On February 2, 1759 the House resolved to pay Tyler “the sum of Eight pounds ten shillings and eight pence in Consideration of his Expenses & Sufferings.” His expenses were reimbursed and it appears the additional four pounds were awarded in consideration of his suffering. This was however a one-time payment and not an annual pension.
By about 1768 Abraham married Martha Smith (1740-1807). They had at least one child, a daughter, Sarah born in 1768. To what degree Tyler’s arm eventually healed is unknown. While his father and several relatives are documented as having served in the American Revolution, there is no indication that Abraham served. It is likely that the after effects of his wound were debilitating to the point where it was impossible for him to use a musket and fight during the Revolution.
Abraham and his wife Martha continued to reside in Scarborough, Maine where Martha died on March 24, 1807. Two years later Abraham married his second wife Sarah Trundy Jordan on January 21, 1809 and the two apparently lived happily until Abraham’s death June 26, 1816 at the age of 76.
Abraham Tyler’s story is just one of many that Fort Ticonderoga preserves. These are the people who made history at Ticonderoga. It is important that the memory of what they did never fade. It is also important that we always remember that Ticonderoga had a profound effect on a great many lives and and those effects changed many families forever.
Blog Post by Christopher D. Fox, Curator Fort Ticonderoga
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Zoology is a branch of biology related to the animal kingdom. Like biology, it attracts people who want to study and learn more about the natural world, but with a focus on animals, both living and extinct. Someone who wants to study animals in their natural environment, breed, manage, or care for them would be drawn to the field. Also, students looking to conduct research, are mathematically and scientifically inclined, want to travel or be out in the field, and are curious would also be well-suited for zoology.
Through studying zoology, students will learn about animals and how they live in their environment, including how they interact with other members of their species, other animals, and their natural surroundings. Students generally will start off with basic concepts about nature and biology and gradually move on to more advanced ones. They will also learn about various animal groups, such as reptiles, mammals, and fish, and may even specialize and study one specific species. Through laboratory work, they will learn research methods, such as the scientific method, and laboratory tools. They may also develop their analytical and problem-solving skills.
Classes and Assignments of a Zoology Major
Zoology has a strong biology base, so students can expect to take courses in the natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and anatomy and physiology, as well as mathematics, statistics, and computer technology. Core zoology classes will cover animal science, veterinary science, animal behavior, animal husbandry, and ecology. In advanced zoology study, students may focus on a specific area, such as fisheries and aquaculture, environmental toxicology, or wildlife ecology and management. They may also further specialize in a specific group, such as mammals, reptiles, fish, or birds, or a single species.
Zoology classes have intensive lectures and laboratory sessions. Student can expect to spend significant hours in the lab conducting research, and even dissecting dead animals. Programs tend to be very hands-on, and there are limited opportunities to earn a zoology degree online completely for those interested in distance learning. Undergraduate research, internships, and work at facilities such as zoos are also highly stressed during your education to gain real-world experience, build up your resume, and make contacts.
Degree Levels for a Zoology Major
- Associate. Online associate zoology degrees would primarily serve as a preparatory program for continued study at the bachelor’s level. An associate degree on its own is not how to become a zoologist and wildlife biologist, as it doesn’t provident a sufficient background in animal science and biology.
- Bachelor’s. Zoologists typically need online bachelors zoology degrees to go into the field. Graduate level degrees like online masters zoology degrees, however, are generally preferred, if not required for certain research or teaching positions, so a bachelor’s degree would prepare students for continued study at the master’s or doctorate level in areas such as animal anatomy, ecology, evolution, genetics, or physiology, where they can further develop the zoology skills needed for research or education. Others may go into related professional programs, such as medical or veterinary medicine, or find work with conservation agencies.
- Master’s. As mentioned earlier, graduate-level degrees, such as a master’s degree, is generally required for advanced research and teaching positions. Some students may have studied biology as an undergraduate and now learning the specific skills needed to be zoologist, or they want to specialize in a specific field, such as wildlife ecology or population biology. Upon graduating, students may go into government service, research, or teaching.
- Doctoral. Students interested in teaching at the university level or conducting original research would pursue a Ph.D. in zoology. At this level, you can also further specialize in a specific area, such as wildlife ecology and management, genetics, environmental toxicology, or fisheries and aquaculture, or a specific species.
A Future as a Zoology Major
Zoologists manage animals both in captivity and in the wild. They may find employment with zoos, naturally, as well as aquariums and marine parks, state or federal governmental agencies, laboratories, educational institutions, museums, or environmental conservation groups. Advanced research or professorial teaching positions are generally jobs for a zoologist with a PhD. Other zoologist may go into careers not directly related to working with animals, such as teaching biology to high school students, leading field trips in a park, or regulating environmental laws. Those who do work closely with animals may do so as zookeepers, managing zoo populations; wildlife rehabilitators, tending to sick animals; or researchers, where could do anything from breed and raise animals to study them in their natural surroundings.
Employment of zoologists is expected to grow due to continued demand, though there will be limited opportunities due to the small size of the field. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of zoologists is expected to grow 13% through 2018, which is faster than the average for all occupations. The industries with the highest level s of employment of zoologists, as well as wildlife biologists, are the state government, federal government, scientific consulting services, and scientific research services. Salary will vary by education level, location, field, and employer, though the mean annual salary for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $61,660, according to the BLS.
Students with a degree in Zoology are considered well prepared for
becoming Zoologists and wildlife biologists.
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German-born American Hudson River School Painter, 1830-1902
Bierstadt was born in Solingen, Germany. His family moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, in 1833. He studied painting with the members of the D??sseldorf School in D??sseldorf, Germany from 1853 to 1857. He taught drawing and painting briefly before devoting himself to painting.
Bierstadt began making paintings in New England and upstate New York. In 1859, he traveled westward in the company of a Land Surveyor for the U.S. government, returning with sketches that would result in numerous finished paintings. In 1863 he returned west again, in the company of the author Fitz Hugh Ludlow, whose wife he would later marry. He continued to visit the American West throughout his career.
Though his paintings sold for princely sums, Bierstadt was not held in particularly high esteem by critics of his day. His use of uncommonly large canvases was thought to be an egotistical indulgence, as his paintings would invariably dwarf those of his contemporaries when they were displayed together. The romanticism evident in his choices of subject and in his use of light was felt to be excessive by contemporary critics. His paintings emphasized atmospheric elements like fog, clouds and mist to accentuate and complement the feel of his work. Bierstadt sometimes changed details of the landscape to inspire awe. The colors he used are also not always true. He painted what he believed is the way things should be: water is ultramarine, vegetation is lush and green, etc. The shift from foreground to background was very dramatic and there was almost no middle distance
Nonetheless, his paintings remain popular. He was a prolific artist, having completed over 500 (possibly as many as 4000) paintings during his lifetime, most of which have survived. Many are scattered through museums around the United States. Prints are available commercially for many. Original paintings themselves do occasionally come up for sale, at ever increasing prices. Related Paintings of Albert Bierstadt :. | Valley of the Yosemite | Bahama Cove | Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt Rosalie | Landscape Study, Yosemite California | View of Chimney Rock, Ogalillalh Sioux Village in Foreground |
Related Artists:Mosler, Henry
American Painter, 1841-1920
United States artist, was born in New York, the family removing to Cincinnati when he was about ten years old. Studying drawing by himself, he became a draughtsman for a comic paper, the Omnibus (Cincinnati), in 1855; in 1859-1861 he studied under James Henry Beard, and in 1862-63, during the Civil War, was an art correspondent of Harper's Weekly. In 1863 he went to Desseldorf, where for almost three years he was at the Royal Academy schools; he subsequently went to Paris, where he studied for a short time under Ernest Hebert. His "Le Retour," from the Paris Salon of 1879, was the first American picture ever bought for the Luxembourg. He received a silver medal in Paris 1889, and gold medals at Paris, 1888, and Vienna, 1893. Albertinelli, Mariotto
Italian Early Renaissance Painter, 1474-1515] Studied under Cosimo Rosselli. Albertinelli's students included Pontormo . Italian painter. Albertinelli's contribution to the Florentine High Renaissance was inspired by the work of FRA BARTOLOMMEO, and the two artists worked together in a partnership, their paintings appearing to be the product of a single hand. Albertinelli, however, always retained artistic independence, as is revealed in certain paintings that are eccentrically archaic and in others that show a preference for conventions more typical of the early Renaissance. Reixach Juan
active 1431-1484 in Valencia
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Here’s A Guide to the Good Life summary. Learn how the ancient philosophy Stoicism can help you live a better life.
A Guide to the Good Life author William Irvine explains how Stoic philosophy can improve your living. He provides practical insights to minimizing worries, dealing with insults, and more.
He also provides tips that are relevant to our modern lives. He shows how the ancient philosophy of Stoicism can help us navigate our work and personal journey.
About the Author
William Irvine has been teaching at the Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio since 1983. He specializes in writing for readers who are interested in philosophy and everyday life.
He got his MA and PhD in Philosophy at UCLA. He got his BA in Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Michigan.
Main takeaways: A Guide to the Good Life Summary
Let’s discuss the key takeaways from his book:
- You should adopt a philosophy of life.
- Do the negative visualization.
- Focus on the things that you have control.
You should adopt a philosophy of life
This is important. If you don’t have a philosophy of life, you won’t feel a sense of direction. At the end of the day or your life, you’ll feel that you’ve wasted it all.
You should set a grand goal for living. That goal will determine your everyday actions. Each day you wake up you’ll feel a sense of direction. That will also guide your responses to your everyday living.
Then you should also set a strategy for achieving that grand goal. It’s common sense. But we often forget it. We continue living our lives chasing one shiny thing to the next.
The key here is to have a focus. Your philosophy of life will help you with that. You’ll know what to do when things happen. You’ll know each day how to achieve your goal. Then you will keep moving towards that.
One helpful philosophy to help you achieve your grand goal is Stoicism. For many they think Stoicism is about removing all emotions. But it’s actually the removal of negative emotions.
That ancient philosophy will guide you to living a good life. You have a set of guidelines you can follow each moment. It will also help you focus on what matters.
Another thing that Stoic philosophy can help you with is minimizing worries. Let’s discuss that next.
Do the negative visualization
If you want to minimize worries, visualize the negative outcomes. This is actually more helpful than thinking in abstract. Instead of avoiding thinking of the negative, spend some time with it.
Why? It will make you realize that it’s not that bad. What you fear may just be tolerable. Maybe you can easily live with it. Or you can just get back to where you used to in case it actually happens.
What’s the worst that can happen? Ask yourself that when you’re making decisions. If the outcomes are tolerable or reversible, you’ll realize it’s not a big deal after all.
What will happen if you lose all your wealth? Visualize the outcome. Imagine what will happen. Then you’ll realize you can easily get it all back. If you got it through hard work and some luck, you’ll be able to do it all over again.
Maybe you will feel shame. Your friends will leave you. But it might be a good thing. Your true friends will be left. Or you will be more resourceful. You’ll realize that most things don’t matter.
Today spend some time with negative visualization. Imagine the worst outcome. Then you will feel peace. And you will also make some preparations to avoid it. That’s actually more productive than worrying about something you don’t know yet.
Focus on the things that you have control
This is also a great way to minimize worries. If you focus only on the things under your control, you’ll have much less to think about.
What are the things under your control? Effort and behavior are sure things. For example you’re preparing for a chess match. As usual you’ll give your best. But you don’t actually control the outcome.
Maybe your opponent is just better than you. Maybe you made a wrong move. Or maybe you didn’t anticipate his plans. You might lose. You have no complete control over that.
But you have complete control over your effort. You can practice several hours a day. You can get a coach to help you. You can read books written by the masters.
If you lost, you have complete control over your behavior. You can feel down and get angry. Or you can feel happy about the great match. You can think of the chess match as a great learning experience.
We don’t usually control the outcomes. Don’t think too much about them. They’re a main source of worries. We get attached and we feel the fear. That actually is counterproductive.
Focus on your effort instead. You can control it. You can figure out how to give your best. You can figure out how to make better moves. It will give you peace of mind. And you will find greater focus.
Aside from adopting a philosophy in life, doing the negative visualization, and focusing on things that you have control, you’ll also learn the following from the A Guide to the Good Life book:
- Why you should focus on helping others
- How to deal with insults
- Instead of thinking what you’ve lost, think of what you’ve had
- Not caring about wealth makes it more likely that you’ll end up wealthy
- How to achieve tranquility
My personal takeaways
I never thought that an ancient philosophy has modern applications. Stoicism might actually be more relevant today than during the old times.
Why? It might be because of abundance in food and wealth. We can get easy access to anything. We take almost anything for granted. But that abundance is also the cause of our worries.
We fear that we might be losing it all. Or we always aim for something better or more expensive. Stoicism can help in minimizing worries and gaining peace from what we already have.
You might also like these summaries:
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In the words of the former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, “You are not healthy without good oral health.” Oral health problems can cause pain and suffering and make speaking, chewing and swallowing difficult. Pain from oral disease can restrict normal activities of daily life and disturb sleep. Oral pain is a sign of an advanced problem with your teeth or gums that requires a visit to a dentist or other oral health professional. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 7 percent of adults 65 years and older reported tooth pain at least twice during the last 6 months.
Untreated oral disease can lead to abscesses and ulcerations that cause swelling, bleeding and pain and eventually lead to tooth loss. Tooth loss may also affect speech, which can lead older adults to isolate themselves due to lower self-esteem or to hide the fact that they have problems with their teeth. In addition to causing social problems, untreated oral health problems can also lead to other health issues, including an increased risk of stroke and heart attack.
Eating healthy foods becomes increasingly difficult for older adults with oral health problems, which includes missing teeth, poorly fitting dentures, cavities, gum disease or infection. Pain and difficulty chewing force people to choose softer, easier to chew foods. These foods are often high in saturated fats and cholesterol and lacking nutrients, especially when compared to fresh fruits and vegetables, which are healthier but harder to chew.
The good news is that poor oral health is largely preventable. Regular visits to a dentist or hygienist can prevent many oral health problems and treat cavities and other oral health issues before they start to cause pain. Fluoride treatments, whether done by a dentist or at home with a fluoride rinse, can help strengthen teeth and prevent decay, as can antimicrobial rinses, which are prescribed by a dentist. Practicing good oral healthcare at home is also essential, including brushing twice daily, flossing every day and eating healthy foods. Tobacco use can cause multiple oral health issues as well, including oral cancer, so stopping any cigarette or smokeless tobacco use is very important for improved oral health.
In addition to impacting physical quality of life, oral health problems can cause financial hardships for many older adults due to lack of dental insurance. More older adults are paying for more services out-of-pocket, which is especially difficult for those who are retired and living on fixed incomes. Older adults and caregivers can find resources for access to affordable dental care through the toothwisdom.org Find Care page—just click on your state to get started.
Good oral health is essential to healthy aging and with regular preventative care both at home and through dental professionals, all older adults can have a healthy mouth.
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Remember when video games used to come in cartridges? Everyone born in the ’80s or early ’90s remembers the satisfying click of putting their favorite game into their NES, Super Nintendo or Nintendo 64. Everyone remembers going to their one rich friend’s house and seeing his jumbled crate of 100 games that they could organize better than he ever could. And of course everyone remembers when they put their cartridge into the machine and nothing would happen for a while — so they’d take the cartridge out and for some reason instinctively blow into it and then it would magically work. (FYI: it really worked because you took the game out and put it back in.) You have Jerry Lawson to thank for all of those childhood memories. Lawson was a video game pioneer who headed the team that invented the first video game cartridge. He was 70-years-old and died on Saturday after suffering a heart attack. He’s one of the genre’s only black pioneers and leaves behind a huge legacy.
Jerry Lawson was originally a Queens native who moved out to Silicon Valley in the ’70s. He grew up in a Jamaica housing project and went to Queens College and CCNY. He moved out to Silicon Valley where he was a major part of the early tech scene. He was part of a group of young hackers called the Homebrew Computer Club, which counted Apple co-founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak among its members. He worked for a company called Fairchild that developed the first home console that used cartridges.
Although he was a video game pioneer, it seems that Lawson lost some respect for the genre in recent years. In a lengthy interview with VintageComputing.com, he says:
I don’t play video games that often; I really don’t. First of all, most of the games that are out now — I’m appalled by them. They’re all scenario games considered with shooting somebody and killing somebody. To me, a game should be something like a skill you should develop — if you play this game, you walk away with something of value. That’s what a game is to me.
Lawson had apparently developed diabetes in the past few years and was confined to a wheelchair. His family friend David Erhart said, “He continued building devices to control telescopes, lasers, tools, etc. up until the day he went to the hospital. His workbench had more tools than most people would even know what to do with. He taught me quite a bit and I’ll miss him sorely.”
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Pulse Diagnosis is a very important tool used by all
Oriental Medical Practitioners. It is a very important tool used by Chinese and Tibetan
Health Practitioners as well as Conventional medical doctors. To a skilled practitioner,
taking your pulse is more than counting the beats. The functioning and health of the
entire mind body constitution can be determined from the pulse, including the balance of
the doshas, the health of the various organs, advance warning signs of potential problems
that may crop up later etc. By detecting early symptoms of imbalance and disease reaction
in the body, one can take preventive steps to correct the problem before it manifests into
a major one.
Radial pulse is felt with the first three fingers, the
index, middle and ring fingers. Pulse from both wrists are taken. To get an accurate
pulse, the patient should be as close to his norm as possible. Taking pulse after strong
exertion, after exposure to a severe environment etc. will give wrong indications.
The position of the index finger denotes the Vata dosha.
When vata is strong in the constitution, the index finger will feel the pulse strongly.
The pulse will be irregular and thin moving in waves like the motion of a serpent. This
type of pulse is called a snake pulse.
The middle finger denotes the pulse corresponding to the
Pitta dosha. When the person has a predominant pitta constitution, the pulse under the
middle finger will be stronger. Ayurveda describes this pulse as "active, excited, and
move like jumping of a frog." This pulse is called frog
When the throbbing of the pulse under the ring finger is
most noticeable, it is a sign of Kapha constitution. The pulse feels strong and its
movement resembles the floating of a swan. Hence, this pulse is called swan pulse.
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Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions
More Lessons for Grade 9 Math
Videos, worksheets, games and activities to help Algebra students learn how to simplify complex rational expressions.
Complex rational expressions
How to simplify complex rational expressions
Simplify Complex Rational Expressions
This video shows how to simplify fractions within fractions (known as "complex rational expressions). Just find the Lowest Common Denominator (LCD) and multiply all the fractions by it.
This video shows how to simplify an expression containing complex fractions.
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
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In his work “Ner Mitzva,” which purports to deal with Chanuka, the Maharal actually discusses this holiday very little. Rather, the significance of the book lies in the broad perspective which it affords us concerning the holiday, elucidating themes which remain meaningful to us today. The background of his analysis is the midrash regarding the four empires which ruled over the Jewish people (patterned after the vision of the four beasts in the Book of Daniel): Babylonia, Persia, Greece and Rome.
At the heart of this discussion lies the question of the inner meaning of the miracle of Chanuka. The straightforward answer recounts the persecution of the Jewish people at the hands of their Greek overlords, the desecration of the Temple, and God’s miraculous intervention. Nevertheless, the essential question remains: in what way did the Jewish people become more enriched as a result of this trial and salvation?
A similar question exists with respect to the exodus from Egypt, from whence God took us out with signs and wonders. It is true that God caused us to descend to Egypt because of our transgressions, but this explanation is certainly insufficient. The sojourn in Egypt, the struggle to be free, and the redemption from there are recalled as essential experiences which shaped and formed the Jewish nation. The Jewish people become a unified whole as a result of having passed through the proverbial crucible of suffering. If, however, we relate to the exodus from Egypt as simply a tale of suffering and redemption, we shall not have understood its profundity.
For this very reason, our sages explained in various midrashim the additional dimension which accrued to the Jewish people as a result of the exodus. The Maharal discusses this same dimension, namely the spiritual enrichment of the Jewish nation, with respect to the salvation brought about by the Maccabees. The struggle with Greece has a particular meaning for us which is expressed in the midrashic reading of the verse (Bereishit 9:27): “Yaft Elokim li-Yefet” – may God beautify Yefet (Greece), “ve-yishkon be-ohalei Shem” – and cause that beauty to rest among the Jews.
Every person contains hidden strengths and weaknesses. All of us pass years of our lives in routine and habit, which are punctuated by periods of challenge. During such testing times, many of one’s latent abilities are revealed. When a person faces the danger of death, for instance, hidden reserves of strength come to the fore. Insights and leadership talents are suddenly revealed which are not at all expressed during normal life. There are those who find God precisely at times of struggle, and during trials of faith. This applies to the individual as well as to the nation. One may witness exceptional spiritual strength and courage during the course of a battle waged against persecution and the imposition of alien values and ideas. When salvation does not occur at the end, however, there is a genuine danger that those spiritual gains will be ephemeral. Human beings need time to translate sudden insights and unexpected abilities into well-paved paths of living, and the repose of salvation affords us this opportunity.
By relating to salvation in this light, we begin to understand how the messianic redemption can only come about after the Jewish people undergo a series of preparatory steps.
The battles of Chanuka are not only great historical events but also important markers in the process of the building of the Jewish nation. They represent additional stages in the realization of our national destiny. According to the Maharal’s reading, the building of the Jewish people does not imply the relegation of other nations to the periphery of history, but on the contrary reflects the striving of all of humanity to eventually realize its latent spiritual potential.
This explains the Maharal’s fundamental thesis in Ner Mitzva. The world was initially created lacking completion, and must therefore undergo a process to bring it to wholeness. The deficiency of the world finds expression in human history, in the development of four great empires each of which presents a worldview irreconcilable with the notion of God’s oneness. A midrash which the Maharal mentions at the beginning of his work amplifies this theme:
Thus, the world is initially incomplete and becomes whole only at the time of the King Messiah. Between these two points in time is a lengthy historical process which brings eventual completion to the world. This process, however, involves conflicts between the four empires and the Jewish People. Each one of the four presents a culture, a set of values and a worldview which is antithetical to the desired state of completion. However, out of the struggle between these ideas and the Jewish People, the completed state can emerge.
Thus, the events of Chanuka represent the advancement of the process of completion stemming from the confrontation between Israel and Greece. The Greek empire bequeathed values which transformed humanity, indicating the great spiritual vitality which they possessed. However, their spiritual underpinnings were incomplete, and only through confrontation with the Jewish People could they be integrated into their proper place in the service of God. With the removal of imperfection from the world, as represented by the downfall of the four empires and their flawed spiritual legacy, the world will finally achieve its unity and completion.
In order to understand the miracle of the cruse of oil, we must consider the historical period in which the events occurred. In particular, we must examine the four empires which the Maharal (following Chazal) saw as focal points for historical development.
Babylonia, the first of the four, represents the power of ruling and the unbridled desire to extend one’s rule over all. It is dominion for its own sake. Persia expresses the pursuit of materialism and worldly desire. Greece, in contrast to the first two, represents an intellectual and rational approach in which ideas overpower and conquer. Rome is the conglomeration of the other three, and therefore the struggle with the legacy of that empire is the most difficult.
According to the Maharal, the Greek empire, which fought with its wisdom and ideas, was an outgrowth of Jewish influences. Much of Greek wisdom originated in Judaism and that is why the struggle against Greek cultural domination was particularly difficult. During the Babylonian and Persian periods, Judaism was still insular and had not yet begun to shed its light among the nations of the world. Its struggles with these empires were thus conducted against something external. Later, though, Judaism began to fulfill its purpose of radiating its teachings throughout the world, and the Greek empire grew out of this backdrop. This is why the struggle against Greece exacted many casualties: many were swayed by the attractions of Hellenism precisely because its philosophy was predicated upon some genuinely enlightened ideas. Many Jews felt that Greek culture was in fact superior to our own and therefore the ideal of spreading the light of Torah was abandoned.
This is the unique meaning of the Chanuka miracle. The emphasis on tsingle cruse of oil that was sealed by the High Priest represents the remaining pure ideas which were not tainted by Hellenistic thought, and were thus the source of the eventual light which illumined the darkness of the world. A miracle was wrought and the laws of nature were suspended in order to demonstrate that the Jewish approach was both necessary and would eventually triumph. The halakha states that we must light the menora publicly until the marketplace empties of people (“ad she-tikhleh regel min ha-shuk”). Homiletically, we may interpret that to mean that the light must be kindled until “hergel,” namely spiritual rote and the malaise which it breeds, are expelled from the world and the holy light of God’s teaching takes its place. This light stems from an inner source which must be nurtured and then can radiate outwards.
At a time of persecution, the halakha maintains, it is sufficient to place the lights on one’s table inside the home. Rabbi Zadok of Lublin explained this to mean that at a time of danger when the light cannot brighten the darkness of the world, it must at least brighten the interior of the soul. When the internal spiritual light is kindled and nurtured, it will eventually radiate outwards so that all will realize “that out of Zion shall teaching go forth, and the word of God from Jerusalem.”
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For today’s Wellness Wednesday (formerly Wake-up Wednesday) I have a list of 10 foods to include in your diet to assist with diabetes control. They aren’t just healthy for diabetics, but foods everyone should include in their diet. Many of these foods are anti-inflammatory, which help reduce risk factors for heart disease and stroke. These foods are from a list by AuthorityNutrition.com of 16 different foods for diabetes control.
Included with each food is nutrient information. My source for all nutrient information is the website whfoods.com, The World’s Healthiest Foods, one of the most comprehensive sites for food information and nutrition I’ve ever found. This site also has tons of recipes and cooking tips as well. I highly recommend you check them out!
Onto the list!
- Fatty Fish– Fatty fish are a must for a healthy diet because they one of the best sources of all important omega-3 fats. We’re not just talking Salmon here, but others such as Sardines, Herring, Anchovies and Mackerel. In fact, Sardines are among the healthiest foods you can eat. Take a look at their nutrient content. You’ll be hard pressed to find a better source of vitamin B12 or Selenium:
- Leafy Greens– Leafy greens are packed with nutrients and you really can’t eat too many of these nutrient dense foods. Spinach is one of the best sources of anti-oxidants, vitamin K, vitamin A, manganese and folate. Don’t like spinach? Add it to a smoothie…it’ll turn it green, other wise, you’ll never know it’s there.
- Eggs– are an amazing source of B vitamins, especially Choline. They are also great source of high quality protein and will keep you full for hours, which helps to maintain blood sugar levels. Eggs will also decrease inflammation and improve eye health.
- Greek Yogurt– While yogurt, in general, is a healthy food choice, greek yogurt is a better choice for diabetics, due to the lower sugar/carbohydrate content. Yogurt helps control blood sugar, lowers risk for heart disease and provides all important pro-biotics for a healthy digestive system.
- Nuts– Nuts are high in fiber and low in carbohydrates, making them perfect for a healthy diet. Walnuts are a phenomenal source of omega-3 fat, which helps reduce inflammation, as well as improves heart and brain health.
- Broccoli– As you can see, by the nutrients listed below, broccoli is a phenomenal food to include in the daily diet. It is a great source of vitamin K, which is vital for bone and blood health, as well as vitamin C, a potent anti-oxidant and immune system booster. Some studies show that a daily serving can help lower insulin levels.
- Flaxseeds– Flax is high in fiber with 5.6 grams per 2 tablespoon serving. They are also a great source of anti-inflammatory fighting omega-3. Studies show that flax helps decrease the risk of heart disease, provides a feeling of fullness, improves blood sugar and gut health, as well as insulin sensitivity.
- Strawberries– Strawberries are low in sugar and high in potent anti-oxidants, including vitamin C, which provide anti-inflammatory and heart health benefits.
- Garlic– This great herb has been shown to reduce blood pressure, blood sugar, inflammation and cholesterol.
- Squash– Both summer and winter squash are excellent foods to include in a daily diet. Like most vegetables, they are both high in anti-oxidants, which help fight inflammation in the body. Studies indicate they can help lower blood sugar and insulin levels.
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Portable band saws are ideal for cold cutting decommissioning projects. Read on and watch the video to see the BS1636-H Mirage Band Saw cutting through Super Duplex and a 30” diameter pipe.
Band saw development
Band Saws have come a long way since William Newberry invented the first one back in the year 1809. The very first machines were rarely used because of difficulties with the blades, which were not flexible enough to withstand the tension applied to them. It was only much later in 1846, when band saw blade engineering improved allowing more viable blades to be manufactured.
The development of bands saws and blade technology has now progressed much further, making it possible to cut through a wide range of very tough materials.
At the Mirage factory we recently carried out product trials on the BS1636-H band saw, to prove the machine’s capability to a new customer. You can view the video above to see how it performed.
The BS1636-H performed very well on two different tests:
- The first challenge was to cut through a 30” diameter steel mild steel pipe. A carbide inserted blade with 2/3 teeth per inch was used with a feed rate set at 45mm per minute and the blade speed for was around 50 metres per minute.
- For test 2, to simulate the needs of the customer, the machine cut through a ‘Super Duplex’ block. For this task the feed rate was much lower at 8mm per minute.
Band saw and diamond wire saw comparison
Diamond wire saws are also used for heavy duty cold cutting applications, but these are more commonly used for subsea oil and gas decommissioning projects.
The band saw differs by using saw teeth for cutting, unlike the diamond wire saw which uses abrasion. Typical applications for Mirage band saws are on decommissioning projects, including cutting through tubular items such as conductors, caissons and multiple grouted strings. Band saws are more commonly used ‘topside,’ but can also be easily adapted for subsea cutting applications.
Benefits of using a band saw
- Fast efficient cold cutting method
- Low cost per cut
- Quick swing clamp and set up
- Low height for minimum clearance
- Extensive blade selection for a wide range of materials
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Here is the text of an interesting article on story telling. I’ll be using these concepts to craft arcs for videos in the near future, stay tuned!
How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point Arc
One of my favourite “how to write” books is Nigel Watts’ Writing A Novel and Getting Published.
My battered, torn and heavily-pencil-marked copy is a testament to how useful I’ve found it over the years. Although the cover appears to be on the verge of falling off altogether, I’ve risked opening the book once more to bring you Watts’ very useful “Eight-Point Story Arc” – a fool-proof, fail-safe and time-honoured way to structure a story.
(Even if you’re a short story writer or flash fiction writer rather than a novelist, this structure still applies, so don’t be put off by the title of Watts’ book.)
The eight points which Watts lists are, in order:
- The quest
- Critical choice
He explains that every classic plot passes through these stages and that he doesn’t tend to use them to plan a story, but instead uses the points during the writing process:
I find [the eight-point arc] most useful as a checklist against which to measure a work in progress. If I sense a story is going wrong, I see if I’ve unwittingly missed out a stage of the eight-point arc. It may not guarantee you write a brilliant story, but it will help you avoid some of the pitfalls of a brilliant idea gone wrong.
So, what do the eight points mean?
This is the “every day life” in which the story is set. Think of Cinderella sweeping the ashes, Jack (of Beanstalk fame) living in poverty with his mum and a cow, or Harry Potter living with the Dursley’s.
Something beyond the control of the protagonist (hero/heroine) is the trigger which sparks off the story. A fairy godmother appears, someone pays in magic beans not gold, a mysterious letter arrives … you get the picture.
The trigger results in a quest – an unpleasant trigger (e.g. a protagonist losing his job) might involve a quest to return to the status quo; a pleasant trigger (e.g. finding a treasure map) means a quest to maintain or increase the new pleasant state.
This stage involves not one but several elements, and takes up most of the middle part of the story. “Surprise” includes pleasant events, but more often means obstacles, complications, conflict and trouble for the protagonist.
Watts emphasises that surprises shouldn’t be too random or too predictable – they need to be unexpected, but plausible. The reader has to think “I should have seen that coming!”
At some stage, your protagonist needs to make a crucial decision; a critical choice. This is often when we find out exactly who a character is, as real personalities are revealed at moments of high stress. Watts stresses that this has to be a decision by the character to take a particular path – not just something that happens by chance.
In many classic stories, the “critical choice” involves choosing between a good, but hard, path and a bad, but easy, one.
In tragedies, the unhappy ending often stems from a character making the wrong choice at this point – Romeo poisoning himself on seeing Juliet supposedly dead, for example.
The critical choice(s) made by your protagonist need to result in the climax, the highest peak of tension, in your story.
For some stories, this could be the firing squad levelling their guns to shoot, a battle commencing, a high-speed chase or something equally dramatic. In other stories, the climax could be a huge argument between a husband and wife, or a playground fight between children, or Cinderella and the Ugly Sisters trying on the glass slipper.
The reversal should be the consequence of the critical choice and the climax, and it should change the status of the characters – especially your protagonist. For example, a downtrodden wife might leave her husband after a row; a bullied child might stand up for a fellow victim and realise that the bully no longer has any power over him; Cinderella might be recognised by the prince.
Your story reversals should be inevitable and probable. Nothing should happen for no reason, changes in status should not fall out of the sky. The story should unfold as life unfolds: relentlessly, implacably, and plausibly.
The resolution is a return to a fresh stasis – one where the characters should be changed, wiser and enlightened, but where the story being told is complete.
(You can always start off a new story, a sequel, with another trigger…)
I’ve only covered Watts’ eight-point arc in brief here. In the book, he gives several examples of how the eight-point arc applies to various stories. He also explains how a longer story (such as a novel) should include arcs-within-arcs – subplots and scenes where the same eight-point structure is followed, but at a more minor level than for the arc of the entire story.
You can buy Writing a Novel from Amazon.com – and I highly recommend that you do, as it’s an excellent book for any writer of fiction, and deals with all aspects of the craft (not just eight-point arcs!)
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Nervous System Repair – Reversing Damage to Regain Function
Repairing the nervous system, in particular myelin, the coating that surrounds and protects axons (nerve wires) and which is damaged by MS, was just a dream just a few years ago. Today it holds significant promise as a strategy to restore the function that MS has taken from people; and reducing or stopping MS progression. This remarkable progress is due to the National MS Society’s comprehensive efforts and multi-million dollar research investments.
We are at a pivotal moment in time where breakthrough solutions can change the world for everyone with MS. Among the approaches being taken are:
• Clinical trials to stimulate the natural capacity of the brain to repair itself.
• Tests of the ability of stem cells to treat MS damage.
• Finding ways to protect the nervous system to allow natural myelin repair to occur.
• Developing better ways to track successful repair.
This exciting research area has been gaining momentum since the Society’s 2005 global initiative funded four collaborative teams who were focused on nervous system protection and repair. Over five years, the teams engaged more than 100 investigators, produced over 180 research papers, identified new therapeutic targets and launched clinical trials to test neuroprotective strategies. Today the Society is supporting 87 research projects in nervous system repair, with multi-year commitments totaling over $35 million.
Promoting natural capacity for repair
Research shows that the brain does repair myelin to some extent, but myelin repair may stall. While we don’t fully understand why repair fails in MS, early clinical trials are now underway to test their ability to stimulate myelin repair. The Society is supporting research looking at key molecules that are important to the cells that make myelin (oligodendrocytes) and that may serve as targets for promoting myelin repair. Promising solutions to restore function are now at our fingertips:
• Jonah Chan, PhD (University of California, San Francisco) won the Society’s first Barancik Prize for Innovation in MS research for creating novel technology that enables screening of thousands of molecules for their myelin repair potential. The strategy identified one drug that is now in clinical trials, possibly bringing potential treatments to market more quickly.
• Acorda Therapeutics is conducting a Phase I clinical trial to test an antibody called “rHIgM22,” which promotes myelin repair in mice. Early Society support to Dr. Moses Rodriguez at the Mayo Clinic helped his team to uncover this antibody’s myelin repair properties.
• Several Society-supported commercial research initiatives are exploring ways to enhance the ability of oligodendrocytes to proliferate in areas of myelin damage to facilitate repair. For example, we’re supporting ENDECE Neural to further develop NDC-1308, a form of hormone that has shown early potential to promote nerve repair.
The Society has been supporting research for over a decade into the potential of different types of stem cells, including adult cells derived from bone marrow, fat and skin. Additional research is needed to determine whether this approach will help people with MS, but exciting progress has been made already:
• A team led by Steven A. Goldman, MD, PhD (University of Rochester) successfully transplanted stem cells derived from human skin into the brains of mice. The cells developed into myelin-making cells that formed new myelin quickly and efficiently. This work continues with additional Society funding.
• Researchers in Italy led by Gianvito Martino, MD (Ospedale di San Raffaele in Milan) have forced mouse skin stem cells to become myelin-making cells and put them into the spinal cord. The cells promoted recovery in mice with MS-like disease, but didn’t actually make myelin. The cells appear to release growth chemicals that stimulate natural repair processes and reduce inflammation.
• A Phase I clinical trial at Cleveland Clinic tested individuals’ own adult stem cells isolated from the bone marrow to both inhibit immune activity and improve natural repair processes in people with relapsing MS. Early results suggest this approach was safe and warrants a phase 2 trial, now in planning stages. The Society is funding tests of a new way to label and detect these cells with MRI.
• Stanford University researchers led by Marius Wernig, PhD, are transforming skin cells into myelinating cells for transplantation in mice, as a prelude to their possible use in people with MS.
Read about National MS Society Research in Stem Cells
Read more about stem cells in MS
Read more about stem cells
Protecting the nervous system
To stop further damage and allow natural myelin repair to occur, the Society funds clinical trials of potential therapies that will protect the nervous system. For example:
• Ibudilast – a repurposed drug with protective potential for progressive forms of MS (funded with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and National Institutes of Health’s NeuroNEXT Network)
• Lipoic acid – antioxidant may help block nerve fiber damage in MS
• Phenytoin – A trial funded in part by the MS Societies of the U.S. and the U.K., showed that people with optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve and often the first symptom of MS, who were taking this epilepsy treatment had 30% less damage to the nerve fiber layer compared to those who received placebo. The results need confirmation in a larger study
• The MS-SMART trial which is testing three therapies that may have nerve-protecting properties in secondary-progressive MS (funded in collaboration with the United Kingdom MS Society)
The Society fuels research to find ways to detect whether the nervous system is being repaired or protected by therapies in future clinical trials. Approaches include:
• Non-conventional brain imaging and scanning nerves at the back of the eye
• Biomarkers in the blood or spinal fluid – which could be “footprints” that indirectly indicate the success of a repair therapy
• Better clinical readouts – called outcome measurements -- that can determine whether a repair or protection therapy is working, without waiting years to watch the disease course
Achieving success in the Society’s priority area of nervous system repair would provide life-changing advances for people with MS. It could allow us to restore neurological function for people with all types of MS, including progressive forms of the disease.
Download this information in .pdf format.
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This blog is the last of a four-part series highlighting themes from “
The Last Mile in Ending Extreme Poverty
a book published this month by Brookings Institution Press.
India today is already richer than Germany was when it introduced social insurance for all workers in the late 1880s. Indonesia is richer than the United States was in 1935, when the Social Security Act was passed. And China is richer than Britain was in 1948, when the National Health Service was introduced. So what can we learn from comparing developing countries today to richer countries when those countries were at equivalent levels of economic development?
Although the industrial revolution had dramatic effects on poverty in today’s rich countries, the end of extreme poverty only occurred in those countries after the creation of modern welfare states in the post-World War II period. These welfare programs raised the living standards of the most destitute citizens while establishing a “social floor” that protected all members of society.
Today’s lower and middle-income countries, despite their significant progress, are actually lagging behind in their fight against poverty when compared to countries that industrialized before the 20th century. In Table 1, I’ve compared the extreme poverty rates of today’s developing countries—China, India, Indonesia, and Nigeria—to the extreme poverty rates of today’s rich countries—the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, and Spain—when those countries were similarly “developing.”
Table 1. Extreme poverty rates of today’s rich countries, when they were at similar levels of development (%)
Note: table compares extreme poverty rates in the four countries across the first row (2010 data, in parentheses) to those of the seven advanced, industrialized countries in the first column in the approximate year in which the per capita incomes of the matched countries were approximately equal. All rates represent the percentage of the population living below $1.25 per day in 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars. Per capita incomes used to match country pairs are also in constant 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars. Poverty rates are generated from parameterized Lorenz curves based on data from François Bourguignon and Christian Morrisson (2002), “Inequality Among World Citizens: 1820-1992,” American Economic Review 92, 4: 727-744.
Take India, for example. In 2010, India’s extreme poverty rate stood at 33 percent, and its per capita income was just above $3,000. The U.K., U.S., and Germany passed the $3,000 per capita mark in 1870s, 1890s, and early 1900s, respectively. Their extreme poverty rates in those decades were 12 percent, 10 percent, and 5 percent, respectively. A similar gap can be seen when comparing India with France, Japan, and Italy, all of which had extreme poverty rates at or below 15 percent when they were at the $3,000 per capita mark. Even Spain, which did not cross the $3,000 mark until the late 1950s, kept extreme poverty to less than half the Indian rate at the time.
One explanation—that today’s rich countries grew more “inclusively” a century ago than developing countries today—cannot be the whole story. In the first place, there is considerable variation in income inequality across low and middle-income countries. Moreover, as described by everyone from Charles Dickens to Karl Marx to Thomas Piketty, the beginnings of industrialization plunged large numbers of landless working people throughout Europe into (mostly urban) poverty. And just as today’s richer countries were transitioning from lower to upper-middle income countries, they were also experiencing peak inequities—during the “Gilded Age,” when private wealth exceeded national income and was concentrated among a small group of wealth-holders. Yet all of these countries managed to eliminate extreme poverty within a few decades.
The gap in reducing poverty is more likely due to very different trajectories of social protection. The earliest social protection programs in Western Europe were of the contributory variety—financed out of taxes on wages—as a way of preventing social conflict. Otto von Bismarck’s pension, sickness insurance, and worker compensation programs were, after all, created to pre-empt a Social Democratic victory in Germany. These systems, combined with the political changes taking place in the continent, would lead to dramatic expansions in social protection in later decades. Even as industrialization initially caused poverty, it also created rising wages for workers. Eventually, organized working classes formed a strong alliance with the fast-growing, urban middle class. This political coalition sought policies that would protect itself from economic cycles—especially after the economic turmoil of the 1920s and 1930s—that would eventually result in the postwar welfare system. Indeed, the durability of these welfare programs may be attributed to the participation of the middle class, which shaped program design: welfare programs provided universal coverage so that the middle class itself was not excluded from benefits.
Many of today’s developing countries have followed a very different path. Labor tends to be less organized and have weaker relative bargaining strength. Much of the labor force remains in the informal sector and is left out of any contributory schemes, which tend to have limited scope. Social protection is more reliant on a fragmented system consisting of a large number of non-contributory programs financed out of general revenues. More importantly, the preferences of both governments and donors are mainly for programs that target particular sub-populations to achieve cost efficiency.
Consequently, an opposite political dynamic appears to be playing out in developing countries. Instead of middle class “buy-in” resulting in broader and more comprehensive programs, targeted and fragmented programs are inhibiting median-voter support for social protection and leading to middle-class exit. The consequences are familiar to designers of targeted social protection—their vulnerability to shifts in political winds, their susceptibility to abuse or capture by elites, and their occasional failure to outlive the aid programs that may finance them.
The overall result is that the demand for comprehensive welfare programs in middle-income countries remains weak.
Of course, this may be changing as countries such as India begin to recognize the political as well as economic benefit of programs in which all citizens have a stake. Indeed, the Modi government has unveiled a universal social security program in its latest budget, perhaps recognizing that the last mile in poverty reduction is more likely to be achieved and sustained through social policies that garner broader political support by including the nonpoor as beneficiaries.
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A school for the blind in Massachusetts has announced an effort to train one million teachers for disabled children around the world.
The Perkins School for the Blind launched the effort as United Nations members gathered this week for a meeting on the rights of disabled persons.
The goal of the meeting was to bring attention to the issue of including and educating people with disabilities—especially children.
Experts say more than six million children with more than one disability are not being served by education systems around the world. A disability could be blindness, deafness or other inabilities to do things.
Educating disabled children important for society
Dave Power is the president of Perkins School for the Blind. The school is the oldest academic institution for people who cannot see or who are blind and cannot hear.
He said children with more than one disability often do not receive an education.
“These children for the most part don’t get an education – something on the order of 90 percent,” said Power.
He and other experts say children with more than one disability have a lot of potential. But, they need the right education to realize it.
Gopal Mitra is an expert on disabilities at UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund. He says there are many barriers to disabled children.
“The stigma and discrimination that exists around disabilities – it is the attitudinal barrier – it has a wide ranging impact,” he said.
A lack of resources is another problem. Governments do not set aside enough money for people with disabilities. Also, families often lack the ability to provide an education for disabled children.
Mitra said, “Within the family, often parents do not see the value of educating the child who cannot see or cannot hear.”
Roseanne Silberman is an educator. She said, “I think that the greatest challenge across the world is to get the government involved in the need for teacher training.”
School seeks to standardize its programs to train teachers
This week, Perkins School for the Blind announced its effort to train one million teachers by 2030 to educate children with multiple disabilities.
Michael Delaney is the executive director of Perkins International, a division of Perkins School for the Blind. He described the effort as providing important training to teachers.
“We want to do that in a way that supports teachers who are in public schools and teachers that are in special schools, so all children will have a quality education,” Delaney said.
He noted the program will have three levels with courses lasting from two days to nine months. These classes would train teachers in international standards.
Perkins School for the Blind has a history of training teachers from other countries to work with blind, deaf and blind, and low-vision children. Dave Power now says the school wants to standardize its program to reach more people.
The school is seeking to fund the program by combining government support with private donations.
“Because we already have the knowledge and know-how and have done it, we can do it very efficiently,” he said.
UN also brings attention to women with disabilities
Another issue discussed at the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was women with disabilities.
The World Report on Disability estimates that one in five women are likely to experience a disability in their lifetimes. It says disabled women and girls face many barriers and discrimination that prevent them from getting education, economic opportunities and from taking part in politics.
One success story is Maricar Marquez who was born deaf. At the age of seven, doctors said she had Usher syndrome, a disease that causes a loss of sight over time.
Today she is deaf and blind. Her sister has the same condition.
Although she was born in the Philippines, Marquez’ family moved to Canada. There, both girls received specialized education.
Marquez did not listen to people who said people with disabilities cannot learn. She went to college and earned a Master’s Degree.
“Had I not gotten the services I did, I would not be where I am,” she said using sign language.
I’m Mario Ritter.
Margaret Besheer reported this story for VOA News. Mario Ritter adapted it for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor.
Words in This Story
potential – n. a possibility that something can be developed and made better
stigma – n. unfair negative beliefs
attitudinal – adj. related to attitudes or demonstrated feelings people have
challenge – n. something that is difficult to do
standard – n. a level of quality that is considered acceptable
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Americans are wearing out their joints, Consumer Reports notes. Knee replacement is now among the most common major surgeries, up 162 percent in the last two decades, according to an analysis of Medicare data published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The increase is partly due to the population growth of aging baby boomers. It also reflects rising rates of obesity and the fact that a more active group of people is unwilling to live with the pain of osteoarthritis.
Surgery to replace joints is a good option if your condition has become disabling, but it’s possible to delay or prevent the need for surgery. Consumer Reports offers this roundup of evidence-based approaches that can help protect joints and minimize the painful symptoms of arthritis.
•Achieve a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the stress on joints and might even hasten the breakdown of cartilage. Obesity can have systemic effects that are not well understood. Research suggests that it even increases the risk of developing arthritis in joints that don’t bear weight.
Fortunately, even modest weight loss — as little as 5 percent of body weight — has been shown to reduce the risk of arthritis later. Research suggests that losing weight reduces pain in people who already have the disease.
•Stay active. Because osteoarthritis can arise from the overuse of joints or sports injuries, some people who have the condition worry that exercise will make it worse. In fact, the opposite may be true. Limited evidence suggests that routine physical activity is linked to healthier cartilage in the knees, according to a 2011 review of 28 studies. People have a higher likelihood of ending up disabled from arthritis if they’re sedentary.
•Treat injuries promptly. Left untreated, injuries such as a small tear in the knee cartilage or a shoulder tendon can set in motion a wear-and-tear process that leads to joint deterioration. See a doctor for any injury that causes severe pain or swelling, or minor pain that doesn’t resolve after a week or so. Take steps to minimize the risk of injury in the first place. For example, don’t wear running shoes, which are designed to keep your weight from shifting sideways, to play tennis.
•Consider nondrug options. Finding effective ways to alleviate pain, swelling and stiffness is critical to staying active. Many people find that one or more of these nondrug measures can reduce the need for pain medication: acupuncture; heat and cold, including moist heating pads for stiff joints and ice packs for acute pain and swelling; massage; and mechanical aids such as a cane, crutch or walker.
•Simplify drug treatment. Newer, heavily advertised name-brand drugs such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) — which is approved for treating chronic musculoskeletal osteoarthritis pain — often don’t work better than basic pain relievers, but they cost more and can carry a greater risk of side effects. Instead, start with a tried-and-true pain reliever, such as over-the-counter acetaminophen (Tylenol and generic). Consumer Reports also suggests talking with your doctor about the topical version of the NSAID diclofenac (Pennsaid and Voltaren Gel). Finally, shots of anti-inflammatory steroids are an effective short-term remedy for moderate to severe pain and swelling in the knees and hips.
•Use supplements wisely. Despite mixed evidence and a lack of support from major health groups about the role of the supplements glucosamine and chondroitin in treating osteoarthritis, some people think they help. But if you don’t experience relief within three months, there’s no point in continuing to take them.
•Skip unproven treatments. In particular, the most recent data suggests that injections of hyaluronic acid (Synvisc) directly into a joint, known as viscosupplementation, isn’t worth the risk. In an August 2012 review of 89 clinical trials involving more than 12,000 patients, the authors concluded that viscosupplementation did little or nothing to relieve pain or increase function in people with knee osteoarthritis.
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Schools of Fiqh in Pakistan: The predominant madhhab in Pakistan is the Hanafi, and there are sizeable Ja’fari and Isma’ili minorities. The legal status of the Ahmadis is somewhat unclear. They self-identify as Sunni Muslims, but were declared non-Muslims’ by the state. In 1974, then-Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto finally conceded to a long-standing campaign waged by conservative religious elements agitating for the official designation of Ahmadis as non-Muslims. There have been Ahmadi initiatives to adopt a modified version of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 to be applied to Ahmadi personal status cases. There are also Christian, Zoroastrian, Hindu, Sikh and Jewish minorities in Pakistan.
Constitutional Status of Islamic Law in Pakistan: The third Constitution was adopted on 10th April 1973, suspended in 1977, and re-instituted in 1985; it has undergone numerous amendments over time. It was suspended again in 1999 and remained suspended at the time of writing.
Article 1 of the Constitution declares that Pakistan shall be known as “the Islamic Republic of Pakistan” and Article 2 declares Islam the state religion. In 1985, the Objectives Resolution contained in the preamble of the Constitution was made a substantive provision by the insertion of Article 2A, thereby requiring all laws to be brought into consonance with the Qur’an and sunnah. Chapter 3A establishes the Federal Shari’at Court and stipulates that the Court shall take up the examination of any law or provision of law that may be repugnant to the “[i]njunctions of Islam, as laid down in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah“. If a law or provision is determined to be repugnant the Court is to provide notice to the federal or provincial government specifying the reasons for the decision. The Court may also examine any decisions relating to the application of the hudud penalties which have been decided by any criminal court, and may suspend the sentence if there is any question as to the correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order or the regularity of the proceedings. The Supreme Court also has a Shariat Appellate Bench empowered to review the decisions of the Federal Shariat Court and consisting of three Muslim Supreme Court judges and up to two ulama. Part IX of the Constitution is entitled Islamic Provisions and provides for the Islamization of all existing laws, reiterating that no laws shall be enacted which are repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. An explanation appended to Part IX clarifies that, with respect to personal law, the expression “Quran and Sunnah” means the laws of any sect as interpreted by that sect.
The Islamic provisions also provide for the creation of an Islamic Ideology Council of 8 to 20 members appointed by the President. They must have “knowledge of the principles and philosophy of Islam as enunciated in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, or understanding of the economic, political, legal or administrative problems of Pakistan.” The Islamic Council is meant to represent various schools of thought as far as that may be practical, and at least one woman should be appointed. Its function is to make recommendations to the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) and the Provincial Assemblies “as to the ways and means of enabling and encouraging the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives individually and collectively in all respects in accordance with the principles and concepts of Islam as enunciated in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah.” The Council also determines for the federal and provincial governments whether or not proposed laws are ‘repugnant’, and compiles for them in suitable form “such Injunctions of Islam as can be given legislative effect.”
Court System: The judiciary is composed of three levels of federal courts, three divisions of lower courts, and a Supreme Judicial Council. There are district courts in every district of each province, having both civil and criminal jurisdiction though they deal mainly with civil matters. The High Court of each province has jurisdiction over civil and criminal appeals from lower courts within the provinces. The Supreme Court sits in Islamabad and has exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between or among federal and provincial governments, and appellate jurisdiction over High Court decisions. There is also a Federal Shari’at Court established by Presidential Order on 26th May 1980. This Court has exclusive jurisdiction to determine, upon petition by any citizen or the federal or provincial governments or on its own motion, whether or not a law conforms to the injunctions of Islam. An Islamic advisory council of ulama assists the Federal Shari’at Court in this capacity.
The West Pakistan Family Courts Act 1964 continues to govern the jurisdiction and functioning of the Pakistani Family Courts; the Act was never applied to East Pakistan before Bangladeshi independence. Appeals from the Family Courts lie with the High Court only. The Family Courts have exclusive jurisdiction over matters pertaining to the dissolution of marriage, dower, maintenance, the restitution of conjugal rights, the custody of children, and guardianship.
The West Pakistan Muslim Personal Law (Shari’at) Application Act 1962 repealed the 1937 Muslim Personal Law (Shari’at) Application Act as well as provincial legislation on the application of Muslim personal law. The new Act directs the application of Muslim personal law, notwithstanding any custom or usage, to all questions of personal status and succession where the parties are Muslims. One particular provision of the new legislation states that, “[t]he limited estates in respect of immovable property held by Muslim females under the customary law are hereby terminated”; this constitutes the opposite stance to customary land law to the 1937 enactment, and so the new Act provides that it will not apply retrospectively.
The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 introduced penal sanctions for contracting child marriages. The minimum marriage age as the Act currently stands is 18 for males and 16 for females. Despite the provision of penalties for contracting under-age marriages, such unions are not rendered invalid. The issue of marriage guardianship is governed by classical law; according to the Hanafi school, an adult woman may contract her marriage without a wali, but the influence of custom is strong, as shown by the events surrounding the Saima Waheed case. In Abdul Waheed v. Asma Jehangir (PLD 1997 Lah 331), the question put before the Court was whether or not an adult Hanafi Muslim woman may contract herself in marriage without the consent of her wali. In this particular case, the woman was an adult Hanafi Muslim of 22 years of age who contracted a marriage with a college lecturer without the knowledge of her parents. Her father disapproved of her choice and attempted to file a suit under the Zina Ordinance 1979. The majority judgement of the Lahore High Court held that the basic essential requirement for the validity of the contract was the woman’s consent to the marriage, and not that of the wali. However, the tone of the discussion, including the recognition of the customary role of the wali, the endorsement of purdah (i.e., separation of men and women in public life), the focus on moral decline, the setting of the judgement (largely in terms of shari’a law, with little reference to the Constitution) and the call for legislation on the matter, all indicate that the classical Hanafi position and customary dictates are not in full accordance. As well, the decisions of the Federal Shari’a Court on matters relative to family law were held to be binding on the High Courts, while the Constitution had expressly barred the Federal Shari’a Court from interfering with Muslim personal law. Some commentators predict this may lead to a “gradual erosion of the protective features of the MFLO 1961”.
The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 introduced reforms to various aspects of the classical law. The reforms concern the registration of marriage and divorce, inheritance rights of orphaned grandchildren, restrictions on polygamy, consideration of every talaq (except the third of three) as single and revocable, formalisation of reconciliation procedures in disputes relating to maintenance or dissolution of marriage, and recovery of mahr, along with specified penalties for non-compliance.
The MFLO introduced marriage registration and provides for penalties of fines or imprisonment for failure to register. However, a Muslim marriage is still legal if it is contracted only according to the religious requisites. The MFLO also instituted some limited reforms in the law relating to polygamy, with the introduction of the requirement that the husband must submit an application and pay a fee to the local Union Council in order to obtain prior written permission for contracting a polygamous marriage. The application must state the reasons for the proposed marriage and indicate whether the applicant has obtained the consent of the existing wife or wives. The chairman of the Union Council forms an Arbitration Council with representatives of the existing wife or wives and the applicant in order to determine the necessity of the proposed marriage. The penalty for contracting a polygamous marriage without prior permission is that the husband must immediately pay the entire dower to the existing wife or wives as well as being subject to a fine and/or imprisonment; any polygamous marriage contracted without the Union Council’s approval cannot be registered under the MFLO. Nevertheless, if a man does not seek the permission of his existing wife or the Union Council, his subsequent marriage remains valid. Furthermore, the difficulty in enforcing resort to the application process to the Union Council, combined with the judiciary’s reluctance to apply the penalties contained in the MFLO (as indicated by the case law), tend to restrict the efficacy of the reform provisions. This has led some observers to describe the provisions requiring the permission of the Arbitration Council as a mere formality.
Efforts were also made to reform the classical law as it relates to the exercise of talaq. The MFLO requires that the divorcing husband shall, as soon as possible after a talaq pronounced “in any form whatsoever”, give the chairman of the Union Council notice in writing. The chairman is to supply a copy of the notice to the wife. Non-compliance is punishable by imprisonment and/or a fine. Within thirty days of receipt of the notice of repudiation, the chairman must constitute an Arbitration Council in order to take steps to bring about a reconciliation. Should that fail, a talaq that is not revoked, either expressly or implicitly, takes effect after the expiry of ninety days from the day on which the notice of repudiation was delivered to the chairman. If the wife is pregnant at the time of the pronouncement of talaq, the talaq does not take effect until ninety days have elapsed or the end of the pregnancy, whichever is later. The classical law regarding the requirement of an intervening marriage in order to remarry a former husband who has repudiated the same woman three times is retained. Failure to notify invalidated the talaq until the late 1970s and early 1980s, but the introduction of the Zina Ordinance allowed scope for abuse as repudiated wives were left open to charges of zina if their husbands had not followed the MFLO’s notification procedure. Thus, judicial practice has, since the early 1980s, recognised as valid repudiations in contravention of the notification procedure. The rules regarding notification and arbitration apply, mutatis mutandis and so far as applicable, to delegated divorce (talaq al-tafwid), or to marriage dissolved other than by talaq. The chairman of the Union Council will also constitute an Arbitration Council to determine the matter in cases where a husband fails to maintain his wife or wives, or fails to maintain co-wives equitably (at the application of one or more wife or wives, and in addition to their seeking any other legal remedy). Any outstanding dower or maintenance not paid in due time is recoverable as arrears of land revenue. Also, where no details regarding the mode of payment of mahr are recorded in the marriage contract, the entire sum of the dower stipulated therein is presumed to be payable as prompt dower.
The MFLO also introduced a significant reform to the classical law of inheritance by allowing for orphaned grandchildren by predeceased sons or daughters to inherit from their maternal or paternal grandparents.
The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939 continues to govern divorce in Pakistan. The Act has been amended by the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 to include the contracting of a polygamous marriage in contravention of the MFLO in the grounds entitling a woman to a decree for the dissolution of her marriage. Another amendment raises the age at which a woman has to have been married by her father or other guardian to exercise her option of puberty from 15 to 16; thus, the option of puberty may be exercised if the girl was married before the age of 16 if she repudiates the marriage before the age of 18 so long as the marriage was not consummated. The “judicial khula” is a significant feature of divorce law in Pakistan. It is welcomed by some as giving women the right to divorce regardless of grounds, provided that she is prepared to forgo her financial rights (i.e., repaying her dower). It is criticised by others who point out that judges may rule for a judicial khula in cases where women are clearly entitled to a judicial divorce under the terms of the DMMA without losing their financial rights. In Khurshid Bibi v. Mohd. Amin (PLD 1967 SC 97), the question for the Supreme Court to determine was stated as follows: “(Is) a wife, under the Muslim law, entitled, as of right, to claim khula despite the unwillingness of the husband to release her from the matrimonial tie, if she satisfies the Court that there is no possibility of their living together consistently with their conjugal duties and obligations.” The Supreme Court stated that the Muslim wife is indeed entitled to khua as of right, if she satisfies the Court that she would be forced into a hateful union if the option of khula was denied her by her husband.
In terms of maintenance during and after marriage, the classical law is applied. The post-independence changes to the Indian Criminal Procedure Code that allow a divorced wife who is unable to support herself to claim maintenance from her former husband have not been reflected in the Criminal Procedure Code of Pakistan. While the Indian Criminal Procedure Code was extended so as to apply to divorces, no such reforms have been made to section 488 of the Criminal Procedure Codes of either Pakistan or Bangladesh.
Child custody continues to be governed by the Guardians and Wards Act 1890. The Act stipulates that the courts are to be guided by the personal law to which the minor is subject. The general rule for Muslims is that the divorce is entitled to custody until 7 years for males (classical Hanafi position) and puberty for females. The courts are also directed to consider the age, sex and religion of the minor and the character and capacity of the proposed guardian, as well as considering the minor’s own opinion if s/he is old enough to form an intelligent preference. If the minor is very young or is a female, the courts are directed to give preference to the mother. In all cases, the interests of the ward are paramount.
The Qanun-e-Shahadat (law of evidence) Order 1984 replaced the Evidence Act 1872, though it essentially restates the original legislation, but as it was intended to bring the law of evidence closer to Islamic injunctions, there were changes which specifically impacted upon women. The Order introduced changes to the law as it relates to the presumption of legitimacy. The original Evidence Act did not provide for a minimum period of gestation, and the maximum was 280 days. Now, the minimum gestation period is set at six months and the maximum at two years, bringing the provision into accordance with the majority position in classical Hanafi fiqh. With regard to the changes introduced relating to women’s testimony, practice since the Order’s issuance has been for instruments pertaining to financial or future obligations to be attested by two men, or one man and two women while courts may accept or act on the testimony of one man or one woman in all other cases.
The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance 1979 introduced the concepts of fornication and adultery into criminal law. The Pakistani Penal Code had not afforded any recognition to fornication as a crime, and adultery was only defined as an offence under section 497 if a man had intercourse with the wife of another man without his permission; the woman involved bore no criminal liability. The Zina Ordinance provides for severe penalties for committing adultery or fornication, and reiterates the classical distinction between married and unmarried parties in determining punishments. Thus, the hadd punishment for a married person convicted of zina is rajm, stoning to death, a penalty that has not been carried out by the state, and the hadd for an unmarried person found guilty of zina is one hundred lashes in a public place. The Ordinance also makes a distinction between ta’zir and hadd punishments for zina, as hadd punishments are generally more severe and require a more rigorous standard of proof. If the accused confesses to the crime, or if there are four pious adult Muslim male eye-witnesses to the actual act of penetration, the hadd penalty may be applied. Often the higher standard of evidentiary requirements is not met, and if there are other complications as well (appeals, retractions of confessions, etc.), the usual course has been to apply ta’zir punishments, defined as imprisonment for up to ten years, thirty lashes, and a fine.
The Enforcement of Sharia Act 1991 affirms the supremacy of the sharia, (defined in the Act as the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah) as the supreme law of Pakistan. The Act states that all statute law is to be interpreted in light of the sharia and that all Muslim citizens of Pakistan shall observe the sharia and act accordingly. Section 20 of the Act states that “[n]otwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the rights of women as guaranteed by the Constitution shall not be affected.”_
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Description - Evolutionary Ecology of Birds by Ian Owens
Birds show bewildering diversity in their life histories, mating systems and risk of extinction. Why do albatrosses delay reproduction for the first 12 years of their life while zebra finches breed in their first year ? Why are fairy-wrens so sexually promiscuous while swans show lifelong monogamy? Why are over a quarter of parrot species threatened with global extinction while woodpeckers and cuckoos remain secure? Some of these topics, such as delayed onset of breeding in seabirds, are classic problems in evolutionary ecology, while others have arisen in the last decade, such as genetic mating systems and extinction. Birds offer a unique opportunity for investigating these questions because they are exceptionally well-studied in the wild. By employing phylogenetic comparative methods and a database of up to 3,000 species, the authors identify the ecological and evolutionary basis of many of these intriguing questions. They also highlight remaining puzzles and identify a series of challenges for future investigation. This is the most comprehensive reappraisal of avian diversity since David Lack's classic "Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds".
It is also the most extensive application of modern comparative methods yet undertaken. This novel approach demonstrates how an evolutionary perspective can reveal the general ecological processes that underpin contemporary avian diversity on a global scale.
Buy Evolutionary Ecology of Birds by Ian Owens from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(233mm x 156mm x 15mm)
Oxford University Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - Evolutionary Ecology of Birds by Ian Owens
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A coaxial cable is a common type of data communication cable. There are many different types of coaxial cables. In hooking up a Comcast cable box, the Comcast manual specifies that you need a 75 ohm coaxial cable with F-type connectors.
Ohm is the unit of measurement used to indicate the amount of resistance acting upon an electric current as it flows through a circuit. "F-type connectors" are screw-on connectors.
Another thing to consider is the RG value of the coaxial cable—such as "RG-6." "RG" stands for Radio Guide. The value that follows it is a reference to the diameter and internal characteristics of that particular type of coaxial cable. Comcast does not specify a standard RG value for the best type of coaxial cable to use with their products.
Common Coaxial Cables for Cable TV
"RG-6" and "RG-59" are two common types of coaxial cables used in homes for cable TV.
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New gTLD’s Explained
ICANN, the organization that administers (rather than registers) domain names has been working for several years on extending the Top Level Domain names (TLD’s). TLDs are extensions such as .com, .org or .net. At the start of the process there were 22 TLD’s. This is going to be expanded to upwards of 1400, over the next few years. For the first time, domain names can also be in non- Latin scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese. As of January 2014, over 100 new generic -TLD’s have been added to the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Root Zone Database. From February 2014, the new gTLD’s were rolled out to the general public, to register as second-level domains, including:
There are 3 categories of new generic TLD, Open, Restricted and Closed: Open TLD’s are available for registration in the same way as .com, .net or .biz. Restricted TLD’s are mainly community based, for example .la, or .berlin – where you will need to live or own a business in the location, in order to use it. Closed TLDs are ones that are owned by companies, and relate to a brand or trademark – .google or .microsoft. If these gTLDs are offered to the public, it will be done via the corporation or organization – the same way as you get shortened URLs on Linkedin or Google+. So, Gmail users may be able to get a .gmail, instead of .com extension for their account.
Whatever category they come in, they are all classified as generic TLDs. Companies such as Amazon also applied for domains such as .book or .app. However, ICANN decided that these needed to be public TLDs, as they are non-exclusive, not linking to just one brand.
There is a difference between buying a gTLD and registering a domain name which uses a gTLD extension. Companies could purchase a gTLD for $185,000, directly from ICANN (the process is currently closed). For example, Donut.com, a start-up created to apply for and manage new gTLDs, applied to buy 307 gTLDs. After purchasing the top-level domain names, Donut offers the gTLD for registration, as second-level domains, both on their website and via the existing Domain Name Registration Services (like GoDaddy, Enom or Tucows).
Before the gTLD extensions are available to the public to register (as second-level domains), there is a Sunrise period of at least 30 days, where companies can register their trademark second-level domains. Amazon has registered amazon.bike, amazon.clothing, amazon.guru and amazon.holdings. Companies can also apply for blocks (DPML) on new gTLD second-level domains. A permitted block would be apple.bike, or microsoft.holdings, but you cannot block spelling differences or typos – app1e.bike or micrsoft.holdings could not be blocked.
After the Sunrise period, the Open and Restricted second-level domains are available for pre-registration by the general public, before going live. Go live dates, for the different gTLDs, can be found on the various registration sites.
The new gTLDs widens the domain name market – allowing new start-ups to have meaningful domain names, and for companies to have domain names that are more closely aligned with their areas of business. A company with the existing domain of acmephotography.com, could register the domain of acme.photography. This will improve the ease of use of URLs, especially on social media, such as Twitter, where short URLs are a necessity. ICANN also believes it will lead to the development of new on-line communities based on common interests or geography (the restricted gTLDs).
The new gTLDs will bring additional costs for trademark owners – due to fees for registering or protecting brand names and trademarks. They also open up the danger of fraud, cybersquatting and confusion for consumers. For large companies, registering a series of trademarks and brands, as second-level domains, may be cost effective. Conversely, for SME’s, it may be cost prohibitive to register or block every variation of their brand or trademark. Leaving it wide open for fraudsters to register and use the second-level domains. Companies will need to educate consumers about the new ‘brand’ gTLDs, so that they are aware they can trust the new names. There is also the risk that consumers may not view the new ‘universal’ gTLds (.music, .bike, .app etc.) as legitimate.
How the search engines will handle the gTLds is not yet known. Given that both Microsoft and Google have purchased gTLDs, it is a good bet that having a gTLD, that is relevant to a company, will help in the search rankings. However, there is no guarantee this will be the case, and the possibility remains that having a gTLD may negatively impact a company’s search ranking. It may also change the way search works – in the future people may look for local suppliers, using a geographic reference – such as , .la, .nyc or .london. If this occurs, location based domain names may become highly desirable (and expensive) in the way .com is today.
Protection in the Age of gTLDs
Security solutions companies are not to be left behind with the release of the new gTLDs. Whois API specializes in providing Whois database access that can be used in tracking cybercriminals and hackers. Whois API enhanced its scalability and product suite in preparation for the launch of the new gTLDs, and provides critical data and tools to combat cybercrimes relating to the new gTLDs. Whois API’s three major products are for businesses and companies with the infrastructure and expertise to carry out Whois database searches to track malicious activity on their sites.
The Hosted Whois Webservice is an online-based service that returns well-parsed Whois fields for every URL request made in common formats, such as the XML and JSON.
Whois API also provides an offline alternative to the hosted webservice in the form of the Whois Database Download. Organizations can opt to have access to downloadable archived historic Whois database. Records can be displayed in raw text or raw text and parsed formats, and are downloaded as database dumps (MYSQL or MYSSQL dump) or CSV files (Office Excel-based). This service offers Whois archived records for most of the major GTLDs (generic top-level domains) such as, .com, .net, .org, .us, .biz, .mobi, .info, .pro, .coop, and .asia.
Besides cybercrime investigation, the database download can also be used in statistical research analysis and in extracting fine-grained information even from archived Whois records.
Tracking and investigating online crimes can also be a game of trial and error and random searches. In other cases, “inactive” cybercriminals and hackers may even be identified by a simple random search on the Whois database. And yet, in a few more cases, searches made on the Whois database are not to purposely track and investigate cybercriminals, but to simply look up and research on a domain name for business purposes.
Whether you’re a company looking for a domain name for your site, or you’re out to catch that hacker, the Reverse Whois allows one to make a search on the Whois database with a single piece of data to yield a wealth of information using the principle of keyword matching.
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Can you taste the fuels in your food?
If you pinned a map of the United States to a dartboard, Kansas would be the bull’s-eye. Smack dab in the center of the country, the Sunflower State is one of America’s most productive agricultural hotbeds — the fifth-biggest producer of crops and livestock in the country. More than 90 percent of the state consists of farmland endowed thousands of years ago with rich glacial loam. This fertile topsoil is no longer as robust as it once was, having offered up its nutrients season after season, decade after decade, century after century, to produce great bounties of wheat, corn, soybeans, sorghum, hay, and sunflowers. I could almost sense the exhaustion of the land as I drove through the back roads of northeastern Kansas one chilly November morning — past sagging wooden farmhouses silvered by age and weather, barbed-wire fences with listing wooden posts, general stores and swinging-door saloons, a Native American heritage museum commemorating the Kansa tribes that once roamed and tilled these prairies, and mile after desolate mile of denuded farmland.
It wasn’t that this dormant soil was incapable of producing — on the contrary, during the previous summer and fall it had yielded one of the most plentiful harvests in Kansas history, many times greater than the bounty of a century earlier, when the land was more inherently fertile. But now, like an aging bull receiving shots of testosterone, this well-worn ground reaps the benefits of modern chemistry — and good old-fashioned fossil fuels.
That late fall morning, thousands of tractors combed the Kansas countryside, priming the soil for next spring’s planting with a “booster shot” of nutrients that would turn the weary earth into some of the world’s highest-producing farmland. That chemical nourishment, also known as fertilizer, has transformed America’s economy over the last century, and expanded the global population, too, by vastly increasing the food supply.
Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous are the three most common nutrients in the fertilizers applied to American farmlands, nitrogen being by far the most prevalent. The main form of nitrogen fertilizer is known as anhydrous ammonia, and natural gas is its primary feedstock. Nitrogen fertilizers take many forms, ranging from the Miracle-Gro sold at your local Home Depot to the industrial-strength anhydrous ammonia that’s used on tens of millions of acres of U.S. corn and wheat crops. Each year, American farmers apply 6.2 billion pounds of fossil-fuel-based fertilizers to their croplands.
To see fossil fuels in action on the farm, I paid a visit to Kansas corn grower Ken McCauley. His vast tracts of land—rolling stretches of bone-colored soil—reminded me of nothing so much as the ocean with their sheer expanse.
To distribute his fertilizer, Ken hitched a 2.2-ton canister of nitrogen to the back of his apple-green John Deere tractor. A series of tubes and wires connected the tractor and fertilizer tank to a mechanism that looked like a giant rake spanning eight rows of corn. The dozens of prongs at the end of the rake were tipped with knifelike cutters that would pierce into the soil, opening it up so that hoses embedded within the blades could blast the chemical nutrients six inches into the ground. The liquid fertilizer freezes into golf ball–sized lumps in the wintertime that then thaw and release into the soil in the spring. It’s best to inject the fertilizer in the late fall or early winter, Ken explained, so that the soil doesn’t have to be opened up in the spring, which would release precious moisture.
I climbed up into a plush passenger seat in the tractor cab next to Ken’s foreman, Nick James. Though the seats were mounted on shock absorbers, they still bounced and pitched as we trundled over the rough, hilly ground. I grabbed the dash to steady myself as we began to move slowly down the field.
Maneuvering a tractor throughout a cornfield is a little like steering a ship through waves — it’s hard to keep the vessel in a straight line on the sloping, bumpy earth and then to repeat that straight line exactly as you traverse the rest of the field, without overlapping any areas on which you’ve already sprayed nitrogen. Conventional tractors routinely overlap on fertilizer application, wasting precious resources. Ken is able to overcome this costly human error because his tractor drives itself. “See the GPS system?” Nick asked, pointing to a small round blinking device on the dashboard. That device was feeding signals to a satellite monitoring the position of the tractor on the field. The satellite was then automatically feeding those location coordinates into an autopilot system that steers the tractor on a precise course, never double-applying fertilizer to the same patch of soil.
Ken’s tractor is also outfitted with new computer software that enables him to vary the distribution of nutrients according to soil quality. Ken estimates that about 10 to 15 percent of the fertilizers applied on U.S. farms actually go to waste because they’re blindly doused on areas of soil that in fact have sufficient levels of nitrogen. Other agriculture experts I interviewed put that number even higher, saying that up to 35 percent of the nitrogen typically sprayed on farmland goes to waste, draining out of the soil and polluting nearby bodies of water.
As natural gas and oil prices surged in recent years, the costs of fertilizers nearly quadrupled. In 2005, when natural gas prices were low, a 2.2-ton tank of anhydrous ammonia cost under $400. When gas prices shot up in 2008, that same tank of fertilizer cost nearly $2,000. To fertilize Ken’s 4,000 acres, that added up to an expense of roughly $500,000 a year — about 40 percent of his total operating costs of $1.2 million a year. Even with soaring costs, he explained, “fertilizer is the most economical thing we do because it gives you your production on the top end.” In other words, while Ken spent nearly half a million dollars on fertilizers in 2008, these additives still created significantly more value in enhanced crop production.
What would happen if Ken cut out chemical fertilizers altogether? “If you don’t put your fertilizer on,” he told me, “you’ll cut your yields by half or more. No farmer is going to stop using nitrogen altogether. Look at the poor countries — when you travel to places that don’t use the fertilizer you’ll see they’re raising a third of the yield.” He boiled the issue down to six words: “Nitrogen is yield. Yield is nitrogen.” And yield, he added, is everything. “Worst thing that can happen to a farmer is getting a reputation for having a low yield. It’s like being a race car with a lawnmower engine or a newspaper that’s always a week behind.”
Sustainable farming advocates such as author Michael Pollan put forth a different vision for agriculture in America: total reform of the food system, beginning with the dismantling of large single-crop farms and the end of fossil fuel–based inputs. They argue that farmland can be naturally replenished through farming practices including the application of animal manure, which is high in nitrogen. Pollan describes a virtuous cycle of nutrient recycling between crops and animals:
Sunlight nourishes the grasses and grains, the plants nourish the animals, the animals then nourish the soil, which in turn nourishes the next season’s grasses and grains. Animals on pasture can also harvest their own feed and dispose of their own waste–all without help of fossil fuel.
But, he maintains, simply removing fertilizers and other petrochemical additives from industrial farming is not the whole answer: “Only a fifth of the total energy used to feed us is consumed on the farm; the rest is spent processing the food and moving it around,” Pollan wrote in his book The Omnivore’s Dilemma. For that reason, he added, the large-scale organic farms that produce most of the organic products in your grocery store are, just like conventional megafarms, “floating on a sinking sea of petroleum.”
Reformers want to see a network of small and midsized organic farms that is organized into regional cooperatives. These aggregates would enable small farms to serve local markets but think like big farms, working together to make bulk purchases of equipment and aggregate distribution systems. They want to see crops and animals reintegrated into the same farms, naturally feeding and fertilizing one another, correcting the current system in which cattle, chickens, and pigs are concentrated on huge feedlots, producing an oversupply of nitrogen-rich manure far removed from croplands.
On the other hand, most agronomists will tell you that we can’t rapidly shift to growing food on a global level without chemical fertilizer and fossil fuel–powered machinery. The United Nations has predicted an increase in fertilizer use worldwide of roughly 35 percent by 2030. Jeffrey Sachs, the United Nations special advisor who wrote The End of Poverty, told me plainly that fertilizers will be necessary to human survival for the foreseeable future: “We will not feed 6.7 billion people on the planet without chemical fertilizers.” On weathered tropical soils like those of farmlands in large portions of Africa, says Sachs, fertilizers will play a key role. “In all the world but Africa, farmers are using around 100 kilograms per hectare on average of fertilizer. In Africa it’s essentially zero, which is one of the real reasons for the massive hunger there.”
Perhaps the challenge, then, is not so much to go cold turkey on modern farming methods as it is to significantly improve methods for getting the greatest amount of food production using the least amount of fuel and fertilizer. With the world’s population poised to hit 7 billion by 2012, we can’t get started soon enough.
This piece was excerpted from Amanda Little’s book Power Trip: From Oil Wells to Solar Cells—Our Ride to the Renewable Future.
More stories in this series:
The power grid: more feeble than you think.The trouble started on an August afternoon in a remote field in northern Ohio, miles from any town large enough to be marked on a standard road atlas. The only trace of humanity …
The “Cajun Express” oil rig, tapping the black gold deep beneath the Gulf of Mexico.The oil field known as “Jack” is located 175 miles off the coast of Louisiana, below 7,200 feet of water and another 30,000 feet of seabed, …
The action at the Talladega Superspeedway.At dawn on a hazy autumn morning, the rising sun spilled over the steel grandstands of the Talladega Superspeedway like foam from a cracked can of Bud. This image likely came to mind because I …
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Someone recently asked the question "What causes a cat to have six toes? What is a Hemingway cat like Six Toes and how is he different?"
I'll explain. Six Toes and cats like him are genetically challenged due to an inherited genetic trait that gives them six (or more) toes. The condition is called Polydactylism. Cats with this condition exceed the normal toe count of five toes on the front paws and four toes in back. In the case of Six Toes, he has six toes on his front paws and five on his back paws. Polydactyl cats can also have as many as seven toes on their paws, depending on the genetic mutation. It seems to occur most often in cats living in the east coast of the United States and southern England, although the reason for that is unclear. The polydactyl cats became more commonly referred to as "Hemingway cats" because famous author Ernest Hemingway collected polydactyl cats and kept them as pets in his home in Key West, Florida.
Polydactyl cats have great difficulty as kittens learning to walk and groom themselves as they tend to be clumsy with their big feet. It took Six Toes a while to learn to walk and groom himself without constantly hitting himself in the head.
Because of the abnormality, some Hemingway cats have other genetic deficits as Six Toes has. My Six Toes has in addition to his polydactylism deformed eyelid margins (half of his eyelashes didn't form) and a heart that does not function correctly. His brother, Buddha, is NOT a polydactyl cat, but has other genetic malformations of the skull and feet which have been difficult for him to master.
Despite their differences and challenges, Hemingway cats are still lovable companions and great cats to snuggle with. And some folks say they'll bring you luck. I don't know. I just know I love my Six Toes!
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This article highlights two highly celebrated poets of Russia-Vladimir Mayakovsky and Sergei Yesenin. The suicidal propensity of these poets is reflected through some of their poems. Different disappointments in personal lives and some other inauspicious matters compelled them to put suicidal ends to their own lives.
Sergei Yesenin was born on 3rd October 1895 and reportedly committed suicide on 28th December 1925. He was one of the most esteemed poets in Russia during the 20th century. He attained fame for the lyrical beauty of his poems. Sergio Novikoff wrote in his book Sergei Yesenin's Poems: A Russian Reader with Explanatory Notes in English "Yesenin obtained inspiration from Russian folklore which is reflected in most of his earlier poems and allusions to the mythical characters and themes of ancient Russian fables made his poetry intensely rich and adorable to his native readers". Like Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin also initially appreciated the Great October Revolution, but in course of time the direness of the Russian Civil War disenchanted him which is movingly expressed in his poem "The Stern October Has Deceived Me."
Sergei Yesenin got embroiled in a number of amorous affairs during his brief lifespan. He married Anna Izryadnova in 1913 but broke off with her in 1916. He fell in love once again with another woman named Zinaida Reich and married her too. However, Sergei Yesenin could not retain his relationship with Zinaida Reich for a long time either and the couple left each other in 1921. In 1922, Yesenin developed a love affair with an American-born French dancer named Isadora Duncan and soon they got into wedlock. The marriage lasted up to 1925. All these frustrated affairs depressed Sergei Yesenin remarkably. According to Sergio Novikoff's book Sergei Yesenin's Poems: A Russian Reader with Explanatory Notes in English "Yesenin spent almost a year in a mental asylum of St. Petersburg to recover from an insidious psychological despondency, but the asylum's treatment failed to cure him". In the same book Sergio Novikoff wrote "Yesenin, one of the greatest ever Russian bards, was found dead in Hotel Angleterre, St. Petersburg on 28th October 1925. As it appeared, he had hanged himself from the ceiling of the hotel room". His last poem "Goodbye My Friend, Goodbye", as viewed by Sergio Novikoff echoed his "sinister longing" to slay himself. Sergio Novikoff further wrote in his book that "Yesenin's suicide spurred a suicidal spree among his devoted fans, especially the female ones". It shows how immensely popular a poet Sergei Yesenin used to be while he was alive and he is still remembered with adoration by lovers of poetry in Russia and beyond. The following lines are extracted from a couple of poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky, one of the most luminous and famed Russian poets.
If I were dim as the sun,
at night I'd drill
with the rays of my eyes,
all by my lonesome,
build up the earth's shriveled bosom.
(''To His Own Beloved Self'')
I pull out
of my wide trouser-pockets
of a priceless cargo.
I'm a citizen
of the Soviet Socialist Union!
(''My Soviet Passport'')
Born in 1893 in a Georgian village which was renamed Mayakovsky after his death, Vladimir Mayakovsky was the son of a forestry officer. While the anti-monarchy revolution was going on in 1905 Mayakovsky was politically involved with the local Social Democrats and when his family shifted to Moscow a few years later he joined the Bolsheviks. He publicized the principles and aims of his party until his arrest in 1908 which put him behind the bars for almost a year. The imprisonment turned out to be crucial to his literary and political growth, as he spent all his time within the four walls of the prison reading the classics of world literature. As he left prison he became a pioneer of the modern literary movement of Russia. He started to claim himself to be a futurist, embroiling himself in an artistic movement that opposed all that was old and hackneyed. The futurist literary trend of Russia spoke high of pace and progress as exposed by a famous saying by Mayakovsky "speed is our God", as quoted in Victor Terras's book Vladimir Mayakovsky. Vladimir Mayakovsky envisioned himself and the other literary figures who were his companions during those years as the visage of their time. From that period until the revolution of 1917 Mayakovsky remained one of the most vigorous poets of Russian literature. He wrote rebellious, turbulent verses and portrayed an anti-establishment image of himself and the poems he wrote during those days like "The Cloud in Trousers" and "To His Own Beloved Self" can be cited as the most significant ones of that time. He welcomed the October Revolution and produced posters, films and political poems in order to motivate the masses in favor of the socialist upheaval. Lenin's death deeply moved him and he recited his poem "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" countless times to audiences in factories, clubs and at party meetings all over the Soviet Union.
Vladimir Mayakovsky visited Europe and the United States during 1925-1926 and it was the time that gave birth to his poem "Back Home". However, the authoritarianism of the Soviet regime gradually started to disappoint him to some extent. He wrote a play titled The Bedbug at that time expressing hope for a lovely communist future, but it was rejected by the Soviet censor board. Nevertheless, he continued to write poems about equity for all, about the true spirit of socialism and most of his poems were bolstered with a strong patriotic spirit. He also had an emotionally tempestuous romantic life, including a long and intense affair with Lily Brik, a married woman whose sister Elsa afterwards got married to the French communist poet Louis Aragon. An acute despondency got hold of Mayakovsky in the following years and after a short stay in a rest home he, who had sharply slated another Russian poet Sergei Esenin for killing himself in 1925, committed suicide on April 14, 1930. As quoted in Victor Terras's book Vladimir Mayakovsky, in his suicide note Mayakovsky wrote: "Do not blame anyone for my death and please do not gossip. The deceased terribly dislike this sort of thing. Mama, sisters and comrades, forgive me - this is not a way out, but I have no choice. Lily - love me…..comrades - do not think I am weak-spirited. Seriously - there was nothing else I could do. Greetings."
Millions of readers around the world still feel thrilled as they read Vladimir Mayakovsky's poems and visualize the dreams he had cherished, which continue to exist till today through the perennial love of his admirers. Suicide cannot reverse tough times. All pessimist litterateurs don't annihilate themselves. However, it's shockingly true that, the poets named and addressed above became disenchanted with the world around them following various failures in personal lives, both deciphered and unexplored, but perhaps they could have made further contributions to the arena of poetry if they did not commit suicide.
The writer is a literary analyst for The Asian Age
Leave Your Comments
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(JTA) — Tom Lantos, a Holocaust survivor and longtime U.S. congressman, was honored outside the Budapest house where he lived during World War II.
The ceremony coincided with the 70th anniversary of a Nazi decree that forced Budapest Jews to live in houses marked with a yellow Star of David until the city’s ghetto was established several months later, the Times of Israel reported.
Lantos was arrested by the Nazis in 1944, at age 16, and taken to a forced labor camp outside the city. After escaping, he lived for six months in a yellow-star house along with another 70 Jews.
Lantos participated in the anti-Nazi resistance until the end of the war in 1945; two years later he moved to the United States. In 1980, he was elected to the House of Representatives.
The northern California Democrat served 14 terms and is the only Holocaust survivor to have served in the Congress. Lantos died in 2008.
The June 21 ceremony was hosted by the Yellow Star Houses Project of the Open Society Archives.
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As the song notes, elected President in 1844, James K Polk of Tennessee came into office with four goals each of which he accomplished over the next four years:
Acquiring the territory that became the American Southwest which he did by provoking and winning a war with Mexico.
Getting Britain to give up its claims in the Pacific Northwest, an area it was jointly administering with the United States, adding what became the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho to the country and ensuring that Microsoft and Starbucks are not Canadian companies.
Lowering tariffs, paving the way for a flood of low-cost transistor radios from Japan in the 1950s and 1960s.
Establishing an independent treasury to fund the operations of the government, a solution which stayed in place until the establishment of the Federal Reserve in the early 20th century, a move which its proponents said would bring an end to the wide fluctuations in economic conditions seen in 19th century America which is why . . . oh, sorry about that.
Having accomplished his goals, Polk declined to seek a second term, returned home to Tennessee and died three months later.
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May 24, 2017
WASHINGTON D.C., May 24—Research hydrologist Dr. Michael H. Cosh with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, was honored today with an Arthur S. Flemming Award for using satellites to improve soil moisture measurements. The enhanced accuracy stemming from Cosh's work allows for better crop yield projections. It also improves weather forecasting, drought and flood predictions, and wildfire and landslide projections.
The top two inches of top soil contains less than one-thousandth of a percent of the Earth's water. Because the evaporation of that moisture transfers large amounts of energy between the ground and the atmosphere, that tiny layer plays a crucial role in agriculture, weather and the spread of disease.
In the past, soil moisture levels were hard to measure. To solve that, Cosh integrated satellite radar data, which provides accurate location information, with radiometer data, which provides accurate soil moisture measurements.
"Michael Cosh's pioneering work is extraordinary and demonstrates that the impact of ARS research extends far beyond direct benefits to agriculture," said Dr. Chavonda Jacobs-Young, ARS administrator. "I am proud to lead an agency filled with pioneering researchers like Dr. Cosh."
NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) launched the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite in 2015 to provide more accurate global land soil moisture readings. Precise information about soil moisture specifically impacts crop production by allowing some farmers to change irrigation patterns in response to water availability variations like drought. It allows other farmers to plant or harvest crops when soil moisture levels will provide the best yield. In the past, such modifications were based mostly on growers' observations and experience.
The National Drought Mitigation Center, which develops measures to reduce drought vulnerability, is using this new accuracy to shift drought forecasting from "crisis" to "preparedness and risk" management mode. SMAP's accurate soil moisture measurements will also improve flood warnings by assessing how wet the soil is in locations before rainstorms even begin.
The Arthur S. Flemming Awards honor outstanding federal employees with three to 15 years of federal service for their exceptional contributions to the federal government.
For more information contact Kim Kaplan, ARS Office of Communications.
The Agricultural Research Service is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific in-house research agency. Daily, ARS focuses on solutions to agricultural problems affecting America. Each dollar invested in agricultural research results in $17 of economic impact.
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Create a VSP.COM Member Account and get instant access to your personal benefit information. Check out your coverage, find a doctor, see past visits and more.CREATE AN ACCOUNT
Dr. Michelle Calder-Cardwell is the owner and lead optometrist at Urban Optiques Vision & Eyewear in Northville, MI.
Q. My wife is expecting. Is it likely our baby will inherit my color blindness?
A. Often referred to as "color blindness," color vision deficiency is when a person has a hard time distinguishing between colors, typically shades of red, green, blue, or a mix of these colors. The rarest form of color vision deficiency is when you can't see colors at all. Red-green deficiency, the inability to distinguish certain shades of red and green, is the most common type.
A whopping one out of twelve men, and one out of two hundred women are born color blind. Before you get too concerned, you should know that just because you're color vision deficient, doesn't mean your child will be—it depends on the cause of the deficiency and certain genetic factors.
Injuries to the eye, some medications, or eye disease can cause color vision deficiency, but genetics are usually the reason. The culprit is a gene that's located on the sex-linked X chromosomes, which cause the trait to pass from parent to child.
According to the American Optometric Association (AOA), "Early detection of color deficiency is vital since many learning materials rely heavily on color perception or color coding." The AOA recommends a comprehensive optometric examination before your child begins school. Make sure to schedule annual eye exams for your child starting as early as six months of age. Tell your child's eye doctor about your color vision deficiency, so they can perform the appropriate vision tests.
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As an ecologist and biodiversity researcher and recorder, the author visits a wide range of rural and urban habitats mainly close to his home in Sedlescombe near Hastings, East Sussex, UK. The weblog covers the full spectrum of wildlife, from mammals to microbes. As well as details of encounters with England’s flora and fauna, information on where to see species of interest is often given.
Note: House Circuit posts are drawn from the many 50 metre walks I make every day around our house.
On August 10th 2016 I saw a solitary wasp attacking a solitary bee as big as itself in
a flower of Geranium ‘Claridge
Druce’. I grabbed both plus flower; one
stung me in the palm, but later I managed to identify the wasp as Cerceris rybyensis, the ornate tailed digger wasp. This makes a burrow in the ground which it
stocks with paralyzed solitary bees to feed its young.
The wasp was named by Linnaeus after a place called Ryby near Stockholm in Sweden which the great taxonomist visited with his friends.
The above is an Anthomyiid fly, Anthomyia ? procellaris I think, though there are a number of lookalikes. I once bred several from an old cormorants nest that was kindly donated to me from the Rye Harbour Nature Reserve and contained many invertebrates. For a full account see here:
I recently found a rather strange and distinctive fly in our garden that turned out to be Stomorhina lunata a member of the Calliphoridae, the bluebottle family, though it does not look anything like a bluebottle and has been compared to some of the hoverflies.
(There are many better pictures on line).
Widespread in England, especially the south, it is said to be scarce, though Steven Falk has found it in many locations on the South Downs in recent years. Most accounts say that it is probably a migrant from mainland Europe or even further afield.
In Africa the species is known to breed in the egg cases of locusts and some suggest that it turns up in Britain when large swarms of locusts are on the march in Africa. This hypothesis has metamorphosed into the idea that since the early stages have only ever been found in locust egg cases, the adults must be migrants in the cooler parts of Europe - a good example of the absence of evidence being taken as the evidence of absence (in this case of the fly breeding in Europe).
In this Internet age, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations monitors locust swarms and there does not appear to have been anything exceptional, or close to Europe, in 2015 or 2016 (http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/index.html). I therefore suggest that Stomorhina lunata can breed in places other than locust egg cases, though maybe in mainland Europe rather than the UK, so our records could still be of migrants.
small fruit fly (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Drosophila
suzukii, was found by the author of this blog in his garden in
Sedlescombe, East Sussex (OS grid ref. TQ782188) on 10 September 2016. It was the first Sussex record submitted to
the Sussex Biodiversity Record Centre of this species which is spreading
globally from its original home in the Far East. It was first recorded in the UK in 2012.
general appearance it closely resembles the Drosophila
species associated with overripe fruit, vinegar and wine bottles but is
distinctive on account of the dark area at the tip of the wings in the male
(hence its English name -. this name is
often abbreviated to SWD).
female lays her eggs within a wide range of ripening fruit and the larvae then
develop inside the fruit. Because of
this it is regarded as a major pest, or potential pest, of soft and stone fruit
both on a commercial scale and in gardens.
It can also attack blackberries and other wild fruits so it may have an
effect on the wider countryside.
research into this newly arrived species is being done by the Agriculture and
Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) and East Malling Research (EMR). Details of the fly and
its habits are summarised here: http://horticulture.ahdb.org.uk/swd-identifying-pest One of the problems
of identification is that it is not featured in any of the European pre-2012
literature dealing with the Drosophilidae.
The females in particular are likely to be overlooked or misidentified
because they do not have spotted wings.
Raffle of AHDB currently works as the industry co-ordinator for much of the SWD
work that AHDB fund and says (September 2016) “the pest has been present in the
South of England since 2012. It can be found everywhere in the South
irrespective of whether the location is near to commercial fruit growing farms.” Accounts of the spread of the species have been published in Dipterists Digest,
but few records seem to have got through to the National Biodiversity Network (NBN)
and other national and regional wildlife recording agencies.
new species may not be very tolerant of winter cold, so its survival here could
be of limited duration. Records are however
important in showing how far north it might have reached thus indicating areas
that are (so far) free of the pest.
Martin Drake, C.
& Stubbs, A.E. (2014) First record of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera,
Drosophilidae) in Great Britain. Dipterists
Digest 21 (2) 189-192. Note, pages 192
to 195 contain notes from various authors on the species in London, Suffolk,
Kent, Essex, Northamptonshire, Norfolk and Middlesex.
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Forming raised beds, can allow the gardener to improve their soil resulting in he/she being able to grow a greater range of plants at a more convenient level.
This is particularly useful for invalided gardeners who find they are unable to bend down to tend beds at ground level.
Another advantage is, as well as adding height and interest through changes in levels, raised beds can also incorporate design elements such as a water feature, or seating.
Their greatest advantage apart from reducing the need to bend down is the ability to produce growing conditions suited to what the gardener wants to grow e.g.
Heavy soils can be made much lighter and better drained.
Alkaline or acid soil pH’s can quite easily be reversed.
Soils can be made to warm up earlier in spring, resulting in earlier plantings and or flowering.
The raised beds discussed here are somewhat different from the contained beds that are often referred to as raised beds.
Contained beds, are where some form of kerb is laid to contain soil in the bed and prevent it encroaching on to the access footpaths.
Quite often these kerbs are made of building blocks / bricks or scaffolding boards and are usually around 150-225mmm (6"-9") high.
As with the raised beds the soil contained within the boundaries can be be improved or replaced as necessary, but they will not necessarily help the wheelchair bound gardener apart from keeping the access footpaths clear.
The choice of materials required to construct raised beds are many.
For relative cheapness, one can adopt a DIY approach and use re-cycled materials or have more expensive stone/brick walls built by a builder.
A few things to remember are;
Oak and western red cedar will last for many years but are quite expensive.
Untreated softwood is cheaper but sadly has a shorter life which in the long term could make this approach more expensive.
In the end the choice is with the you!
Timber treated with a wood preservative, should be lined with pvc sheeting to reduce the risk of the preservative leaching into the soil.(old compost bags make a cheap effective liner)
Similarly, if the bed is to be used for ericaceous (lime-hating) plants, it is best to seal the mortar or line the sides of the bed with pvc to separate the lime mortar from the plant roots.
Form drainage holes at the base of walls to prevent a build up of water forming in what now is effectively a tank.
When forming raised beds it is worth taking a long term view of their eventual use. e.g.
Do you want them to fit in with an overall layout plan for the garden?
Do you want them to be contoured, terraced or just some rectangular bed to grow vegetables in?
Once you have decided this here are a few guidelines to suit a few of those mentioned.
Vegetable beds are best situated with the longitudinal axis running north to south.
This allows the sun from the east and west to shine across the bed.
Beds should be roughly 1000-1200mm (3’-4’) wide to ensure the centre of the bed is easily accessible from either side of the bed.
The height should be approximately 600mm (24”) high.
These widths/heights should be made to suit the reach or particular ability / disability of the user.
Access should also be considered e.g.
Minimum width for barrow access should be 1000mm (39”)wide, and 1200mm (48”) for wheelchair access.
Paths should be constructed of some material that will be suited to the prevailing weather conditions, i.e non-slip in winter, free draining when wet, solid enough to avoid wheelchairs sinking into it, and relatively maintenance free.
Filling the beds will be governed to a large extent as to what is going to be grown in them, e.g. Vegetables, flowers or shrubs that require soil pH’s +/- of neutral(7)
Prior to filling, fork over and loosen the existing soil in the base of the bed, then add sufficient soil to fill the bed to within 150-200 mm (6”-8”) from the top.
Top off with a good quality soil mixed with copious amounts of organic matter.
For other subjects, fill the beds as described above but design the top layer to suit ericaceous or non-ericaceous plants as required.
Once the bed is filled, allow the soil to settle naturally for at least two weeks before planting.
Top up the beds after any settlement has taken place and before planting!
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In this tutorial, i will be making a mini portable fridge using a PELTIER module beetting started one should know about the thermoelectric effect. The thermoelectric effect is the conversion of electrical energy into heat energy and vice versa, this is also called seeback effect.
In this project i have used a Peltier module. The peltier module converts the voltage difference into temperature difference i.e. when we apply the voltage to the peltier module, the one side of the peltier module will be cold and the other side will be hot.
Step 1: Collecting the Components and Modules
First of all i bought all the necessary module and components
below is the list
CPU heatsink with fan
12V small fan
12V 5 amp Power supply
Adhesive and Double sided tape
Step 2: Mounting the Peltier Module on Heatsink
As i earlier said that when we apply voltage to the peltier module, the one side becomes hot and the other side becomes cool, there is a max fixed temperature difference between hot side and cold side, so to make the cold side more colder we need to remove the heat from the hot side.
In order to achieve that i used an old cpu heatsink with fan and mounted the heatsink on the hot side of the peltier module using thermal paste.
Step 3: Making the Enclosure
I decided to use the thermocol sheet t make the enclosure, because it was easy to do that and also it was white in color so was more thermal efficient.
I cut the thermocol from a single sheet and made a cubicle type structure using DST and adhesive.
Then i measured the dimension of the peltier module and cut the same portion on the top of the enclosure.
After that i fitted an aluminium sheet into that rectangular hole on the top of the enclosure.
I also secured a fan on the ceiling of the enclosure in order to circulate the cold air.
Step 4: Securing Peltier Module on the Enclosure
After that i secured the peltier module (cold side) on the top of that aluminium sheet.
The only thing that left was wiring the peltier module and fan.
I used a 12V 5 ampere power supply and connected the peltier module and fan.
By this time the project was complete and after one hour of running the temperature inside the fridge was 9.8 degree Celsius, which was descent enough to chill a can of any beverage.
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“Everyone has the right to work, to free choice, to employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.” – The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 23.1)
Everybody may have the right to work, but sadly at this juncture globalization has made employment opportunities fewer than was the case when the authors of the Declaration of Human Rights penned that document. Huge multinational companies now hold the power to control wages and working conditions around the world. Thankfully here in Canada there are regulations that govern the safety of workers. I fear though that as employment becomes more difficult for people to obtain that safety rules may be ignored.
I am also concerned about working conditions internationally. Developing countries are dealing with issues of government corruption and desperation for jobs that have led to such tragedies as the Bangladesh garment factory collapse in 2013, which caused the deaths of over a thousand workers. The power of unions has been reduced with the reality of a global economy whereby powerful multinational industries can pick up and move to where wages are more cost efficient. This leaves workers, both nationally and internationally, at the mercy of corporate giants. Fear of poverty is very real in today’s world. So as we celebrate Labour Day I hope we will stop and remember it is only in unity and solidarity with all workers that we have any hope of a better world for all.
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Chronic diseases, like asthma, heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes are far more common today than infectious diseases. Chronic diseases usually need to be managed over a long period of time. In many cases, chronic diseases are incurable. Long-term prescription medications to reduce or control symptoms are usually the course of treatment.
Medication non-adherence is when you do not take medication as prescribed. Some examples of this include:
- Not filling the prescription
- Not getting refills
- Taking a different dose than prescribed
- Not taking the medication as often as you should
What Are the Consequences?
Unfortunately, statistics show that many Americans with chronic conditions do not take their medications as prescribed.
This can result in serious consequences. For example, your condition could worsen, leading to more intense treatment, more medications, and even hospitalization. Medication non-adherence can also be a financial burden since it may cause you to miss work, and have more doctor appointments and more costly prescriptions. In extreme cases, not taking your medication can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or even death.
What Are the Reasons for Non-Adherence? What Can You Do?
There are many reasons why people do not take their medications. Here are some common reasons and ways to counter these concerns.
I do not understand how to take the medication.
Make an appointment to talk to your doctor. Write down any questions you have. Make sure you are clear about:
- The dose—How much medication do you need to take at one time?
- The daily schedule—How many times during the day do you need to take the medication?
- The duration—How long do you need to continue taking it?
- Steps to take if you miss a dose—Do you need to take the medication as soon as possible or should you wait until the next day?
- Special instructions—For example, should you take the medication with food?
Your pharmacist is another resource. Don't be shy when it comes to asking questions about your medication, possible drug interactions, and side effects. Don't be afraid to write the instructions down.
I am afraid of the side effects.
Remember to tell all your doctors about all the medications you are taking, especially if you see more than one doctor. It is also important for them to know if you are taking any supplements or herbal medications.Your doctor can explain which side effects are common and what you should do if you have any problems. In some cases, a doctor can consider another medication with different side effects that may be more acceptable.
When you get home from the pharmacy, take some time to read the paperwork that comes with the prescription. The most common side effects are generally listed first. Keep in mind that some of the side effects listed occurred in a very small number of people, and that no one has all the side effects. In most cases, your body will adjust to them in a short amount of time and they won't even be noticeable. Knowing the potential side effects and how to handle them can help ease your fears.
The medication is too expensive.
Before you decide not to take the medication because it is too costly, explore your options:
- Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you can use a less expensive generic drug. Many states require pharmacists to dispense generic drugs unless otherwise specified.
- If you have prescription drug coverage, contact your insurance company to find out which drugs are covered under your plan.
- Learn about patient assistance programs. If you are eligible, you may be able to get your medication at a lower cost. You can find more information online or through your pharmacist.
I feel fine. Why do I need to keep taking the medication?
Some conditions, such as high blood pressure, do not have symptoms that you notice, but that does not mean your health is fine. In other cases, such as asthma, the symptoms go away because of the medication and if you were to stop taking it, your symptoms would return.
If you are not sure how the medication works in your body or why you are taking it, talk to your doctor. It is important to understand the purpose of the medication and what could happen if the condition goes untreated.
Untreated chronic diseases can often lead to serious health complications. Keep in mind that you may feel well because your medications are working.
It is hard to remember to take my medication!
There are a number of strategies to try:
- If you own a smartphone, there are several apps to choose from. Some will even remind you when it is time to refill your prescription. While you're virtual shopping in your app store, look to see if your drug store or pharmacy has an app.
- Other technologies include talking alarm clocks, watches, and timers that have a section to hold pills.
- If you take a lot of medications, and prefer to use paper and a pen, create a chart. List the names of the medications, the dosages, and the time of day when you need to take them.
- Have a set routine, like taking your medication when you make coffee in the morning.
- Use a pill organizer. This is a plastic container that has a section for each day of the week.
- Let your family members or friends know when you have to take a pill so they can remind you in case you forget.
- Check with your pharmacy to see if they will automatically refill your prescription, then contact you by phone or text message when it is ready for pick up. This is also a great time saver and eliminates waiting at the pharmacy for a refill.
- If you have to take a lot of medications each day, talk to your doctor. New treatment regimens become available all the time. Maybe a pill you have been taking 3 times a day can now be taken once a day or some of your medicines now come in a combination pill.
If you are facing challenges when it comes to taking your medication, get help from your doctor and pharmacist. The steps that you take now to care for your chronic condition can have a huge impact on the rest of your life.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 07/2015 -
- Update Date: 10/18/2013 -
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Creating realistic and accurate schedules is the first step towards project success. In Project Scheduling, PERT and Critical Path Method (CPM) are widely known methods. Using CPM, early Start and Finish dates and Late Start and Finish dates are calculated by forward & backward analysis of the project network diagram paths. But this method, does not take resource limitation into consideration. After identifying the path, resources are picked up & leveled. In general, activity owners add safety margin (buffers) to each of the activities in order to cope up with uncertainties. But this cause time waste when activities can be completed well before the estimated finish date.
Critical Chain Method, developed by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt (1997), is a schedule network analysis technique that takes account of task dependencies, limited resource availability & buffers. First step in this method is identifying set of activities that results in longest path to project completion which are called critical chains. As it includes resources into consideration, it may be longer than CPM schedule. Resources used in those critical chain activities are critical resources. Set of activities that are in non-critical chain but converging to critical chain are feeders. Next step is shortening the project schedule by reducing the activity duration estimates with effective buffer management. CCM focuses on eliminating project schedule delays due to uncertainties, overestimation of task duration and wasted internal buffers.
In CPM, even a resource completes an activity before the planned finish date, the time gain is not propagated to next activity as he needs to wait till early start date of next activity. But delays are propagated which may even change the existing critical path. In the below example, I showed activity dependency & resource dependency across activities in a small project.
Any delay in Activity 1 (upper part of fig), will delay the entire project. Also if you see, the critical path is Activity 1 – Activity 3, though activity 2 is completed long before, Activity 3 has to wait till activity 1 is completed.
In the resource-leveled project(lower part of fig), same resource R1 used in two different activities A3 & A2. Though A1 is completed in 2 time units, but A2 has to wait till R1 finishes up A3 which 7 time units. Though A3-A4-Activity 3 is the critical path, but any delay in A3 or A2 will surely delay the entire project & due to Resource dependency another longest path comes into picture A3 – A2 – Activity 3 (15 time units). Hence, optimization of duration is required to concentrate not only on the activity dependencies but also on resource dependency.
Another important factor one need to deal in project scheduling is – safety margins(buffers) to beat the uncertainty. Due to addition of buffers at different activity level, it is very difficult to calculate exact time of project execution & this safety margin will go waste due to Student Syndrome or Parkinson’s Law.
In CCM, as calculation is based on set of activities in the critical chain, hence estimated finish dates for each activity is not of much use. Also, time gain or delay in an activity is fully passed throughout the chain activities. The internal buffers added to tasks are made explicit and summed up. The summed up value is called project buffer. As per CCPM, project buffer is part of project, hence project duration remain unchanged even after stripping off all the activity safety margins. And keeping them improves protection against uncertainties.
Also, 50% probability time estimates are used in calculating the activity durations in CCM instead of traditional 95% probability. Difference between original schedule estimates and new schedule estimates gives the project buffer. In general project scenario, there is 100% chance that activity-wise safety margin get exhausted by poor buffer management. In CCM, pooled project buffer is used as safeguard the entire project & even it is utilized up to 50% allows project completion well within the schedule.
CCM introduces 3 different buffers. 1. Resource buffer, 2. Feeding buffer, 3. Project buffer. Out of these, I discussed about project buffer previously. Let me give gist of other two buffers next.
Resource buffer is inserted just before critical chain activity where ever a critical resource required. This is used to give a signal to the critical resource that a critical chain activity to which they are assigned is due to start shortly. According to CCPM, this wake-up call will cause the critical resource to wrap up any non-critical work and be ready to start work on the critical chain task as soon as its predecessors are completed. The resource buffer does not actually consume any resource, and it adds neither time nor cost to the project.
Same like project buffer, pooling of activity safety margins in a non-critical chain & applying them at the end of those chain.Because this buffer is placed where the path feeds back into the critical chain path, it is called a feeding buffer. See the placement of feeding buffer in the fig.
1.OVERVIEW OF CRITICAL CHAIN PROJECT MANAGEMENT by Francois Retief, Critical Chain Symposium 2002. http://www.hetproject.com/Francois_Retief_paper_Overview_of_Critical_Chain.pdf
2. A CRITICAL LOOK AT CRITICAL CHAIN PROJECT MANAGEMENT By Barnes, Robert, Publication: Project Management Journal, Date: Monday, December 1 2003 http://www.allbusiness.com/management/951030-1.html
3. 1. Critical Chain Project Scheduling By Kailash Awati & Arati Apte. http://www.orafusion.com/pm_cc.htm
4. Critical Chain Project Management Improves Project Performance by Larry P. Leach, Advanced Projects Institute, 1997. http://www.advanced-projects.com/CCPM/PMJOURN_R8.PDF
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I’ve mentioned before that Edutopia has some great information on project-based learning. What I haven’t mentioned is that the Edutopia website conveniently indexes content from multiple blogs according to topic. On the index page for game-based learning, I found a July 2013 post by Matthew Farber on gaming for social good. His post has links to several interesting free online games, such as Ayiti: The Cost of Life (which we’ve talked about here and here). A similar game about rural poverty, but with what some might regard as a more elegant user interface, is 3rd World Farmer.
Farber’s post led me to the Half the Sky Movement, a partnership between USAID and fhi 360‘s Communication for Change (C-Change) project that is focused on women’s empowerment in the developing world. Half the Sky has a simple Facebook adventure game, three mobile phone-based games, a full-length documentary (George Clooney fans, take note), and eighteen free online videos about the lives of women in Kenya, India, Liberia, and Somaliland. The games and films engagingly present topics such as:
- Family planning/reproductive health
- Girls’ education
- Women and children’s health
- Economic empowerment
- Sex trafficking
- Domestic violence
These resources are quite worthy of your consideration if you are teaching about economics, international development, public health, women and politics, and education.
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Holiday Travel presents christian tourism in India, India houses many ancient churches all over the country which reveal a fusion of European and British architecture.India has Churches of all kinds depicting different forms of Christainity. There are Syrian Churches, Catholic Churches, Protestant Churches and various others.
According to the legends St. Thomas or Doubting Thomas sailed to India from Eastern Asia in 52 AD. He spent 12 years in India, the last eight of his life in Mylapore in Chennai. Several shrines have been created in the places associated with him. Apart from this, the advent of Europeans in India from 15th century onwards led to the mass influx of Christians and subsequent development of Christianity. Some of the churches of the Colonial India are comparable to the best in the world and are as much the heritage of India as the temples of ancient India. Visit these churches and explore the fascinating world of Christianity in India. India has some unique Christian pilgrimage sites. The interesting thing about the Indian Churches is that, they reflect distinct archaeological designs. Here one can see Churches in British style, Portuguese style, French style and of late many Churches according to Indian style were also constructed.
The major churches in India are:
Goa on India's west coast was once a Portuguese enclave. The legacy of Christianity and of the Gothic architectural style popular in Portugal during previous centuries, can still be seen in the churches of Goa toda. Old Goa Churches: The holy Basilica of Bom Jesus, houses the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier. It is a famous pilgrimage center among Roman Catholics. Other well-known churches are the Convent and Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Church of St. Cajetan, Church of St. Augustine Ruins, Church and Convent of St. Monica, Church of Our Lady of Rosary, Chapel of St. Anthony and Chapel of St. Catherine.
Panajim: Panaji Goa's capital has many renowned Churches and buildings constructed in Gothic style, these are Lady of Immaculate Conception, the Chapel of St. Sebastian and the statue of Abbe Faria
Churches in Himachal Pradesh: Christ Church and St Michael's Cathedral, The Catholic Church of St. Francis, St. John's Church-In-Wilderness, and the Christ Church
South India Churches
Christianity has taken its root in India in the first century itself. i.e., three centuries before it gained official recognition in Europe or became the established religion in Rome. St Thomas, one of the Apostles of Jesus Christ landed in Muzris (Kodungallur), the famous ancient ports on the West Coast of India during the year 52 A.D. He founded seven Churches on the Kerala coast in Palayur, Kodungallur (Maliankara), Quilon (Kollam), Kokkamangalam, Niranam, Nilakkal, and Paravoor. The present St Thomas Archdiocesan Shrine, Palayur is believed to be the first Christian Church established on the Indian soil.
Kerala Churches : Tthe Malayatoor Church, Valiya Palli Church, Santa Cruz Basilica and St. Francis Church.
Tamil Nadu Churches: Christ The King Church, Kandal Cross Shrine, Luz Church, Manappad Church, Santhome Cathedral Basilica, St. Andrew's Church, St. Mary's Church In The Fort, St. Thomas Mount and Velankanni Church.
North India Churches
Delhi Churches worth visiting are the Church of the Sacred Heart and the Cathedral Church of the Redemption, The Roman Catholic Church Sardhana, in Shimla Christ Church & St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church Gorakhpur and Kanpur Memorial Church in U.P.
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backpressure(bak´presh-&r) (n.) Also referred to as backpressure flow control, a condition wherein a switch causes a transmitting device to hold off on sending data packets until the switch��s bottleneck has been eliminated (i.e., when its buffers holding data have been emptied). In order to create backpressure, the switch either broadcasts false collision detection signals or sends packets back to the originating device if the buffer is full.
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The entire vowelled-Hebrew text of the Bible has been inscribed by Technion scientists on a gold-coated silicon surface smaller than the head of a pin.
This is not an attempt to make the holy book more portable, but an exercise meant to arouse public interest in nanotechnology. It was part of an educational program developed at the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute at Haifa's Technion-Israel Institute of Technology aimed especially at young people.
The idea to inscribe the whole biblical text using a focussed-ion device was that of Prof. Uri Sivan, director of the Berrie
Institute, and the project was carried out by Ohad Zohar, the center's physics education adviser, along with Dr. Alex Lahav, formerly lab director of the Wolfson Center for Microelectronics.
The device shoots gallium ions toward a solid object, causing atoms to erode and thus creating an inscription, the way holes are
formed in the ground when a rubber hose splashes water on it with great force.
When the ions are shot at the surface, gold ions are removed from a 20-nanometer-wide spot to expose the darker silicon
substrate underneath. A nanometer is equal to one billionth of meter or one millionth of a millimeter. The resulting letters can be observed only with a scanning electron microscope.
The nano-Bible was produced at the Technion with a special computer program that can create any text on a tiny surface.
The question of "How small can the Bible be?" is really about the larger
question of how to store data in a very small space. In the future, nanotechnology experts hope to inscribe data on DNA or other bio-molecules.
The fact that the Bible contains a large amount of text - about 10 million bits - was a major factor in choosing to store it at high
density on silicon, the researchers said. "The nano-Bible project was aimed at displaying the miniaturization ability we have," said Sivan.
The nano-Bible will be photographed and expanded 10,000 times, and still be able to fit into a seven-by-seven-meter frame, to be hung
in the Technion's physics faculty. The photograph will make it possible to read the entire Bible with the naked eye, and the height of each letter will be three millimeters.
Zohar said the original nano-Bible, the size of a crystal of sugar, would be displayed next to the photograph.
A part of the nano-Bible.From> Jpost.com
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Measuring and trying to understand the reasons for changes in school segregation in England is central to the evaluation of policies designed to increase choice and competition both in and since the 1988 Education Reform Act. Many argued these policies would have unintended sorting consequences in terms of changes in the distribution of pupils from low income families across schools.
The central hypothesis is that greater school choice will lead to higher socio-economic status (SES) parents being more successful than those from lower socio-economic groups in choosing the higher performing schools, either because higher SES parents are more active in exercising choice or because some schools ‘cream-skim’ the higher ability and easier to teach pupils. This will cause these high performing schools to improve still further due to positive peer effects from their advantaged intake. This so called virtuous cycle would, it is suggested, lead to increasing polarisation between schools in terms of the ability and socio-economic background of their intakes.
However, this argument for increasing polarisation of English schools needs to be set against the alternative proposition that the principal beneficiaries of a school choice system would be those who were previously the most constrained by a neighbourhood allocation system, i.e. families on low incomes who were unable to move house to access the best schools.
Whether this increased polarisation is actually happening is an empirical question and a sizeable body of evidence has been accumulated on this issue. Until relatively recently in England, the only data collected on the demographic composition of schools was via an Annual Schools Census, where schools declared the number of pupils known to be eligible for free school meals (FSM). This was used as a proxy for social disadvantage to compare the distribution of pupils who were eligible for FSM, versus those who were not, across state schools.
The first major research programme using large-scale longitudinal quantitative data measured secondary school segregation in the years 1989 to 1999. It claimed to show that, contrary to popular opinion, school segregation actually fell in the period immediately following the Act and has risen slightly since then (Gorard et al. 2002, 2003).
Was the large fall in segregation between 1991 and 1993 attributable to choice policies ‘unlocking the iron cage’ of neighbourhood catchment areas, or is there another explanation for this fall? Finding an answer to this question is somewhat linked to the fierce (and continuing) debate about how best to measure school segregation. For example, Allen and Vignoles (2007) argue that Gorard’s choice of segregation index overstates the magnitude of the fall in segregation by 100%, compared to a relative index such as the Dissimilarity index. However, on most indices segregation did fall over this two year period.
An important aspect of the pattern of the fall in segregation is that two years of falling segregation up to 1993 is followed by a rapid levelling out of the level of segregation. This particular pattern of data seems inconsistent with an explanation whereby a policy change produces a change in the sorting of pupils into secondary schools because secondary schools have five cohorts of pupils at any one time. Therefore, a one-off policy change should produce five years of falling segregation (at roughly the same rate) as the cohorts of pupils who entered the school under the previous regime gradually reach the age of 16 and leave the Census.
The large fall in FSM segregation between schools between 1991 and 1993 coincided with a serious recession in England, and most researchers now agree that this was responsible for the changes in segregation in schools. The problem with the FSM measure is that FSM eligibility is not a fixed attribute of the child, but changes as the economic circumstances of the family change. So, it is possible that segregation can change from one year to the next as pupils switch their status from NONFSM to FSM, and vice versa, even if there is no change in the actual composition of the school. A recession would produce falling school segregation, for example, if the incidence of unemployment disproportionately affected schools with low pre-existing unemployment levels.
All researchers, using very different measures of segregation, agree that secondary school segregation, measured using FSM, has been increasing very slowly from 1994 to 2004 (Allen and Vignoles, 2007; Goldstein and Noden, 2003; Noden, 2000). However, given the susceptibility of the FSM status indicator to changes in economic circumstances it is impossible for us to attribute this slight rise in school segregation to any education policy changes. Just as the recession lowered school segregation, it is possible that an improving economic environment raises segregation.
The new Pupil-Level Annual Schools Census makes it possible to overcome the problems with the FSM measure. Gibbons and Telhaj (2006) used this data to show that there was very little change in ability segregation between 1996 and 2002. Allen (2007) showed that school segregation is significantly higher today than it would be if all pupils were reallocated to their nearest school (via a simulation that mimics the implementation of catchment areas), but that grammar schools and voluntary-aided faith schools are responsible for much of this ‘post-residential sorting’: these school types existed in England prior to 1988. Both these studies lend weight to the argument that school segregation in England has changed very little recently.
So, should the English experience of school choice reforms be used to argue that choice is possible without increasing school segregation? This would be too strong a claim from the data we currently have since there are alternative explanations for the absence of a recent rise in segregation. Most importantly, it may be that de facto school choice did not in fact increase during this period. This would be the case for example, if school choice was already being exercised through parents’ choices of residential location and if capacity constraints prevented the further exercise of choice. An important part of this alternative explanation is the fact that the secondary school population rose significantly from a deep trough in 1988 to a peak in 2005. This meant that schools lower down the LEA league tables were protected from a serious deterioration in their intake as popular schools quickly became full to capacity and mostly chose not to expand. Legislation giving parents a say over which schools their child attended was in place in England as part of the 1944 and 1980 Education Acts, though choice was difficult in many parts of the country. With this in mind, it is even possible that the dip in the secondary school population in the late 1980s allowed parents of children entering secondary school in 1988 to have more genuine and achievable choice of secondary school than those in 2005!
Secondary school rolls in England are set to fall from 2005 onwards, thereby freeing up spare capacity. Thus, the era of schools admissions we are currently in may actually be the most interesting period to look at the effects of increased parental choice on school segregation.
Allen, R. (2007) ‘Allocating Pupils to their Nearest Secondary School: The Consequences for Social and Ability Stratification’. Urban Studies 44(4) pp. 751-770.
Allen, R. and Vignoles, A. (Nov 2007, forthcoming) ‘What should an index of school segregation measure?. Oxford Review of Education 33(5).
Gibbons, S., & Telhaj, S. (2006) Peer effects and pupil attainment: evidence from secondary school transition. Centre for the Economics of Education Discussion Paper.
Goldstein, H. & Noden, P. (2003) Modelling Social Segregation. Oxford Review of Education 29, pp. 225-237.
Gorard, S., Taylor, C. & Fitz, J. (2003) Schools, Markets and Choice Policies, London: RoutledgeFalmer
Gorard, S., Taylor, C. and Fitz, J. (2002) Markets in public policy: the case of the United Kingdom Education Reform Act 1988, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 12, pp. 23-41.
Noden, P. (2000) Rediscovering the impact of marketisation: dimensions of social segregation in England’s secondary schools, 1994-99, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21, pp. 371-390.
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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882). -- Philosopher, was b. at Boston, Massachusetts. His f. was a minister there, who had become a Unitarian, and who d. in 1811, leaving a widow with six children, of whom Ralph, then aged 8, was the second. Mrs. E. was, however, a woman of energy, and by means of taking boarders managed to give all her sons a good education. E. entered Harvard in 1817 and, after passing through the usual course there, studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained in 1827, and settled over a congregation in his native city. There he remained until 1832, when he resigned, ostensibly on a difference of opinion with his brethren on the permanent nature of the Lord's Supper as a rite, but really on a radical change of view in regard to religion in general, expressed in the maxim that "the day of formal religion is past." About the same time he lost his young wife, and his health, which had never been robust, showed signs of failing. In search of recovery he visited Europe, where he met many eminent men and formed a life-long friendship with Carlyle. On his return in 1834 he settled at Concord, and took up lecturing. In 1836 he pub. Nature, a somewhat transcendental little book which, though containing much fine thought, did not appeal to a wide circle. The American Scholar followed in 1837. Two years previously he had entered into a second marriage. His influence as a thinker rapidly extended, he was regarded as the leader of the transcendentalists, and was one of the chief contributors to their organ, The Dial. The remainder of his life, though happy, busy, and influential, was singularly uneventful. In 1847 he paid a second visit to England, when he spent a week with Carlyle, and delivered a course of lectures in England and Scotland on "Representative Men," which he subsequently pub. English Traits appeared in 1856. In 1857 The Atlantic Monthly was started, and to it he became a frequent contributor. In 1874 he was nominated for the Lord Rectorship of the Univ. of Glasgow, but was defeated by Disraeli. He, however, regarded his nomination as the greatest honour of his life. After 1867 he wrote little. He d. on April 27, 1882. His works were coll. in 11 vols., and in addition to those above mentioned include Essays (two series), Conduct of Life, Society and Solitude, Natural History of Intellect, and Poems. The intellect of E. was subtle rather than robust, and suggestive rather than systematic. He wrote down the intuitions and suggestions of the moment, and was entirely careless as to whether these harmonised with previous statements. He was an original and stimulating thinker and writer, and wielded a style of much beauty and fascination. His religious views approached more nearly to Pantheism than to any other known system of belief. He was a man of singular elevation and purity of character.
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WHAT IS FENCING?
Fencing is the sport of swordplay, it is one of only four sports to be contested at every modern Olympic Games. Fondly referred to as “physical chess,” fencing is a contest of mental agility that involves the mind, body, and spirit of the player.
IS IT SAFE?
YES! Modern fencing has rigorous safety standards for equipment. Even more importantly, fencing technique strengthens bones and muscles while minimizing stress on tissues, making fencing one of the safest and healthiest Olympic sports. Fencing in the Schools uses specialized ‘Instant Fencing ’ fencing equipment to further improve the ease and safety of the equipment, and create an even more enjoyable experience for young fencers.
HOW DOES OUR PROGRAM WORK?
In order to be highly scalable, the Fencing in the Schools introductory program does not provide teachers. Instead, we provide professional development for one or more teachers on-site at a school to teach fencing using our FITS guidebook and our specially designed ‘Instant Fencing’ equipment so that fencing can become a safe and fun part of the school’s curriculum long-term. We pair each school with an Olympian, who conducts a program kick-off that includes motivational messages for students on ‘going for the Gold’ in sports, school, and life. The program is designed as a 6 week unit on fencing, with 8 lessons taught by a physical education teacher, an opening assembly by a member of the US Olympic team, and a closing tournament. We provide all equipment, including shipping costs. Equipment is returned to us at the end of the program, refitted, repaired, and replaced if necessary, and will be shipped back to the school the following year.
What Ages/grades is the FITS program for?
The curriculum is appropriate and adaptable for grades 3-12.
HOW LONG IS THE PROGRAM?
The program is designed as 8 lessons in fencing taught over the course of 6 weeks. The lessons are divided up into discrete skills with associated exercises and activities so that the curriculum can be easily adapted to the needs of individual schools, teachers, and classes. The curriculum can be repeated over multiple years with new students, and second and third year curricula are also available.
HOW MUCH DOES THE PROGRAM COST?
The Fencing in the Schools introductory program costs $5,000 for the initial year, and $3,500 for all subsequent years. Additional fees apply for schools with more than 500 participating students, class sizes larger than 32 students, and programs that run longer than 6 weeks. This price includes all equipment for the duration of the program, professional development for teachers, access to the curriculum and supplementary materials, a Go for the Gold Olympic Assembly by a designated Athlete Ambassador, access to Fencing in the Schools support staff, and introduction and access to the local fencing community.
Fencing in the Schools has established a Regions program that can bring these costs down by as much as half. Joining a Fencing in the Schools Region allows schools to distribute equipment and travel costs by sharing equipment and training sessions. Each designated Fencing in the Schools Region will have a local coordinator hired by Fencing in the Schools to manage these logistics.
We also offer discounts for pairs of schools in the same area that coordinate dates for assemblies and training.
WHAT IF MY SCHOOL CAN’T AFFORD THE PROGRAM?
Fencing in the Schools is committed to bringing fencing to children across the country regardless of their financial resources or that of their school. We partner with schools to create effective fundraising campaigns through the school’s local networks, the national fencing community, and, potentially, large donors. If you would like to apply for a fundraising campaign, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Additionally, we have seen great success with independent crowd sourcing fundraisers. Fencing in the Schools uses crowdrise.com to run drives to fund individual programs.
DOES FENCING HELP IN COLLEGE?
YES! Fencing demonstrates the kind of discipline and commitment looked for by college admissions officers, so fencing on all levels can help you get into college. For the competitively minded, there are 42 Schools with NCAA varsity fencing programs (full list), and a similar number of competitive club programs. Institutions with NCAA fencing teams include top schools such as Stanford, Nortre Dame, Duke, and most of the Ivy League. There are also many scholarships available for fencing, so it can not only help students get into college, it can also help pay for it!
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Background. Pancreatic islet transplantation has shown great success in the treatment of diabetic patients. However, the required immunosuppressive therapy exposes patients to serious side effects.
Methods. We have designed a novel five-component/three-membrane capsule and encapsulation system to protect the transplanted islet cells from immune system attack while allowing the influx of molecules and nutrients necessary for cell function/survival and efflux of the desired cellular product, specifically insulin, for making recipients healthy.
Results. We transplanted encapsulated canine pancreatic islets into the peritoneal cavity of pancreatectomized canines. Transplantation normalized fasting blood glucose levels in nine out of nine dogs for up to 214 days with a single transplantation. Retransplantation was assessed in three animals and encapsulated islets were effective in providing fasting glycemic control after the initial transplantation had run its course. No immunosuppression or anti-inflammatory therapy was used.
Conclusion. This advancement in transplantation may lead to an alternative approach for islet transplantation treatment for diabetic patients. This approach may also benefit patients suffering from other hormone deficiency diseases including liver disease and Parkinson’s disease.
1 Applied Physics Program, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN.
2 Department of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
3 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
4 Division of Animal Care, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
This study was supported by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Immunoisolation of Living Islets as a Function Cure for Diabetes), the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (Optimization Studies of PMCG Capsules Toward a Functional Cure for Diabetes), the Evans-Gilruth Foundation, Children’s Miracle Foundation, Ronald McDonald Children’s Charities, and the Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center (NIH DK20593).
5 Address correspondence to: Taylor Wang, Ph.D., Applied Physics Program, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37235.
Received 18 June 2007. Revision requested 5 July 2007.
Accepted 9 November 2007.
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Leviticus: Provisions For Holy Living (6 of 54) by Stan Coffey
This content is part of a series.Leviticus: Provisions For Holy Living (6 of 54)
Through the Bible Survey
Pastor Stan Coffey
May 20, 1990
AUTHORSHIP: The Biblical evidence supports the traditional position that Moses is the responsible author of Leviticus.
DATE: A comparison of Exodus 40:17 with Numbers 1:1 indicates that the legislation found in Leviticus was given in its entirety during the first month of the second year after the Exodus from Egypt (1445BC).
THEME: The theme of the Book of Leviticus is actually two-fold: Atonement and Holiness.
(1) Atonement - The basic idea inherent in these words is "to cover, to make a covering."
(2) Holiness - "Ye shall be holy for I am holy" is also a recurring theme in Leviticus (Lev. 11:44; 19:2; 20:7). The various words translated "holy" occur over a 100 times. W'hen applied to God, the word "holy" denotes His uniqueness and separateness from everything earthly; when applied to man, the word "holy' denotes a life of purity and obedience to God. Thus, atonement and holiness blend together - those who are redeemed by the blood of Christ are to live a separated and holy life. (I Peter 1:15-19)
PURPOSE OF THE BOOK: In Exodus, we see how God gets His people out of Egypt. In
Leviticus, we see how God gets Egypt out of His people. Exodus shows the way out of the land of bondage, while Leviticus shows us the way into the sanctuary of God. Exodus is the book of deliverance and Leviticus is the book of dedication.
STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK: "Get right," say the offerings (Chapter 1-17). "Stay right," says the feasts (Chapters 18-27).
I. THE WAY TO GOD - Leviticus 1-10
A. The Sacrifices of the People - Leviticus 1-7
There can be no fellowship with God until sin has been dealt with and sacrifice has been made. There are five offerings described in Leviticus.
1. The Burnt Offering - "Surrender - Daily surrender to Christ." (Lev. 1:3) This offering was a bullock without blemish (1:3-9) or male sheep or goat without blemish (1: 10-13) or turtle d ...
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‘Sermons’ is a broad category that includes a wide range of records of sermons, including full texts of sermons, sermon notes and outlines of the main points of sermons. Any record that notes at least the main points of a sermon is included in this category, and most of the manuscripts included in the database will contain sermons. Incomplete sermons also are included in this category as sermon fragments. Each sermon will be entered as a separate record in the database.
Types of Sermons
‘Auditor’s Notes’: notes taken by an auditor of a sermon.
‘Auditor’s Outline’: a list of the heads or main points of a sermon written by an auditor.
‘Preacher’s Notes’: notes written by a preacher, rather than a fully written out sermon.
‘Preacher’s Outline’: a list of the heads or main points of a sermon written by the preacher.
‘Reader’s Notes’: notes taken by a reader of a sermon.
‘Reader’s Outline’: a list of the heads or main points of a sermon written by a reader.
‘Sermon’: a sermon written out in full, though it may contain minor corrections or revisions, such as changing the occasional word or phrase. It may have been written either by the preacher or another person.
‘Sermon Draft’: a fully written out sermon with substantial revisions or corrections, not just changes to the occasional word or phrase. The revisions may have been made at any time, including for a subsequent preaching of a sermon. Sermon drafts will almost always have been written by the preacher, but someone else may have later revised the sermon.
‘Sermon Fragment’: a part of a sermon, either written by the preacher or someone else.
‘Sermon Notes’: notes of a sermon when it is not known whether they were written by the preacher or someone else.
‘Sermon Outline’: an outline of the heads or main points of a sermon when it is not known whether it was written by the preacher or someone else.
‘Transcription of Manuscript Sermon’: a copy of a sermon known to be transcribed from a manuscript sermon.
‘Transcription of Printed Sermon’: a copy of a sermon known to be transcribed from a print edition.
‘Transcription of Sermon (Unknown Source)’: a sermon that has been copied from another source, but it is unclear whether that source sermon was from a manuscript or a printed text.
‘Sermon Reports’ includes other types of manuscript records of sermons that only briefly mention sermons. The most common types of sermon reports are sermon diaries, commonplace books, lists of sermons and letters. Some sermon diaries contain both sermons and sermon reports because a diarist might have made brief mentions of most of the sermons he heard, but included a longer description of a few sermons he heard. Many sermon reports mention multiple sermons, but, unlike sermons, only one record is entered for each report with a brief summary of the range of sermons recorded.
Types of Sermons Reports
‘Commonplace Book’: a compilation of various materials that includes references to sermons, short extracts from sermons, or materials used for sermons. If the author includes more than a few sentences about the contents of the sermon, that sermon will be included in a separate ‘Sermon’ record.
If the author of a commonplace book is known, select the appropriate category from ‘Auditor's Commonplace Book’, ‘Preacher’s Commonplace Book’, or ‘Reader’s Commonplace Book’. Otherwise, use the generic category, ‘Commonplace Book’.
‘Letter(s)’: a letter or series of related letters that provide a brief description, or mention, of a sermon or sermons.
‘List of Sermons‘: any sort of list of sermons preached, including lists in parish registers, church books and minute books; lists of parliamentary sermons; registers of preachers, etc.
‘Note of Sermon(s)’: any mention of sermon(s) that does not fit into the other categories, such as a note about sermons missing from a manuscript, or a note about the occasion of, audience for, text of, etc. a different sermon at the end of a manuscript sermon.
‘Sermon Diary’: a diary, journal or notebook that provides brief descriptions of sermons. Often all that will be given is the place, date, and possibly the preacher and/or Biblical text of the sermon. If the author includes more than a few sentences about the contents of the sermon, that sermon will be included in a separate ‘Sermon’ record.
If the author of a sermon diary is known, select the appropriate category from ‘Auditor’s Sermon Diary’, ‘Preacher’s Sermon Diary’, or ‘Reader’s Sermon Diary’. Otherwise, use the generic category, ‘Sermon Diary’. A diary may be of more than one type, such as a diary written by a preacher may record his own sermons and sermons he heard, which would be categorized as a ‘Preacher’s Sermon Diary’ and an ‘Auditor’s Sermon Diary’.
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Alternate Activity 2: A Sound of Thunder
Activity time: 30 minutes
Materials for Activity
- An audio recording of the Ray Bradbury short story, "A Sound of Thunder"
- A computer with Internet connection, and an audio player
Preparation for Activity
- Obtain an audio recording of the story "A Sound of Thunder," included in R is for Rocket by Ray Bradbury. You can access an audio version on YouTube, in three parts, with a total run-time of about 25 minutes. Your local library might have another version, such as Something Wicked This Way Comes and A Sound of Thunder [Unabridged] [Audible Audio Edition] by Ray Bradbury, narrated by Stefan Rudnicki (Blackstone Audiobooks, 2006). This story was the basis of a 2004 movie, but the movie is not recommended.
- Test audio equipment and queue the story. If using the YouTube version, open three screens and queue all three segments before you begin.
Description of Activity
Participants reflect on interconnectedness by hearing a story.
Tell the group they will hear a story whose author, Ray Bradbury, is a well-known science fiction writer and a Unitarian Universalist.
Play the audio. Discuss the story afterward. Ask:
- What does this story have to do with responsibility?
- Ray Bradbury writes mostly science fiction, but sometimes his stories are dark fantasy, more horrific. Does the premise of this story-that the death of a single butterfly could change human history-frighten you? Why or why not?
- Why do you think Bradbury wrote this story? What seems Unitarian Universalist about it? Does it connect with any of our Principles? How?
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I want to plot a histogram with three columns with heights
plt.hist([5, 10, 20], bins=range(0,4,1))
hist computes the number of data samples that lies within a given bin and then displays the resulting frequencies as a bar plot. You don't actually need
hist because you already have the frequencies. You simply need
bar to display these frequencies as a bar plot. The first input specifies the left edge location of each bar and then we can use the
width kwarg to specify the width of each bar.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.bar([0, 1, 2], [5, 10, 20], width=1)
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Do you have problem digesting the same old, fried foods? Are you looking for some snack that should be healthy, tasty and delicious? Why wait ?…try this healthy veggie recipe that contains two of the most healthiest plants – Spinach and broccoli.
Both spinach and broccoli are rich with nutrients, vitamins and known to reduce cholesterol. Both have soluble fiber and rich source of iron and vitamin K. Kids does not like to eat broccoli or spinach because they feel both are tasteless. This recipe is a kid’s friendly recipe, can be served with bread rolls, and is good fit for the lunch box too.
What ingredients you need?
- Finely chopped spinach – baby spinach or regular – 1 & 1/2 cup
- Chopped broccoli florets – 1/2 cup
- Carrot grated – 1/4 cup
- Ginger grated – 1 tsp
- Cumin seeds -1/2 tsp
- Green chilies chopped – 2
- Chickpea flour or basin – 1/2 cup
- Red chilly powder – 1/2 tsp (optional)
- Turmeric powder – 1/2 tsp
- Oats -1/2 cup
- Garam masala powder – 1/2 tsp (optional – one can replace this with cumin and asafetida)
- Lemon juice – 1& 1/2 tsp (optional)
- Salt – to taste
- Chopped cilantro – for garnishing
- In a bowl add all the above ingredients , mix and knead. Then tightly squeeze till you get a nice ball or dough.
- Make patties using your palms.
- Heat a frying pan on medium heat and add very little oil (vegetable oil is preferred for kids)
- Once the oil is heated, place the patties in the pan and cook them on medium flame. When patties turns golden brown on both sides remove them and place in a hot box.
- Place the patties on plates, garnish with grated carrots, and chopped cilantro.
- Serve patties with ketchup or green chutney.
- For lunch box – place patties between the bread rolls along with little ketchup!
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An automated teller machine, or ATM, is a convenient way to quickly make cash withdrawals and other banking transactions, such as deposits and balance inquiries. Most banks have ATMs located inside or outside. Some gas stations, grocery stores and shopping malls also have ATM machines. The machines will display step-by-step instructions on how to complete your transactions.
Verify the network logos located on the back of your bank, credit, EBT or debit card. The ATM machine will have a list of accepted network logos posted on the machine. Compare the logos on both your card and the ATM machine to ensure that your card will work. If the logo on your card is not listed on the machine, you will need to find an ATM with the same logo listed on the back of your card.
Insert your ATM card in the designated area. Make sure you put the card in the ATM machine correctly or the machine will not accept it. A diagram showing the correct way to insert the card is displayed on the machine. Some ATM machines require you to swipe your card.
Select the language in which you would like to have the information displayed. ATM machines offer several language choices. The most popular options are Spanish and English.
Use the keypad to enter your personal identification number, or PIN, and press "Enter". You should have selected a PIN when you activated your card. Some credit or debit card companies mail your PIN separately for security reasons. A PIN is required to begin ATM machine transactions.
Select a transaction and press "Enter". Many transaction options are available at most ATMs, such as withdraw, deposit, balance inquiry and transfer. If you select withdraw, you will have to enter a dollar amount. Most ATMs allow you to withdraw dollar amounts in increments of $20 ($20, $40, $60). For a balance inquiry, you can choose the option to have the amount displayed on the screen or a printed receipt. Transfer and deposit instructions are displayed on the screen as well.
Wait while the ATM machine processes your transaction. Most transactions are processed within a few minutes.
Take your cash from the machine. If making a deposit, insert your deposit envelope as instructed. Most banks provide complimentary deposit envelopes at the ATM machine. Deposits made on weekdays won't update or be available for withdrawal until the end of the next business day. Friday and weekend deposits won't update until the end-of-day Monday.
Choose whether or not you would like another transaction. Most ATMs display the question on the screen and you have to choose "Yes" or "No".
Choose whether or not you would like a receipt printed, once you complete all transactions. A receipt is verification of transactions for your personal records.
Take your receipt, if requested. Remove your ATM card, if you inserted the card at the beginning of the transaction.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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I had a friend who lost 14 pounds recently and was really proud about it (as you might imagine). I jokingly asked her “what was your secret?”.
“It was simple”, she said, “I just stopped eating bread”.
This would normally surprise people because bread is considered sacred in our society. It is even closely associated with many cultures’ heritages and beliefs. Yet bread is not the best source of nutrients and it has been known for some time in the scientific community that bread makes you fat and is not among the best foods for weight loss.
Bread is wrongly placed at the bottom of our food pyramid which gets passed around all our schools despite many respected health professionals claiming bread and other sources of grains are unnecessary and potentially harmful. Here are some alarming facts about bread.
1. Whole Grain Bread Can Spike Blood Sugar Levels More Than A Snickers Bar
Whole grain bread does not actually have whole grains in it. Flour is formed in a process where grains are broken down into a powder form like flour. Since it is in a powder form, the body can rapidly digest the bread and let it enter the bloodstream as glucose. This raises the fat-producing hormone known as insulin. Whole grain bread even has a higher G.I (Glycemic Index) score than most candy bars such as snickers.
When blood sugar goes up quickly, it can actually come crashing down just as fast causing us to get desperately hungry. This causes a perpetual cycle of eating, getting hungry then eating again. This is the downside of an the high carbohydrate diet that many misinformed authorities try to peddle us.
As a resolution of this cycle, some scientists suggest eating a carb-restricted diet if a person suffers from diabetes or if they are overweight.
Conclusion: Since the whole grains in the bread are broken down into a small refined powder, it is absorbed quickly by the body causing a spike in blood sugar levels. This why bread has such a high G.I score and it’s exactly why it scores higher than many candy bars.
2. Bread Has Lots of Gluten
The main ingredient in bread is generally wheat (although there are variations of bread). Wheat contains a protein called gluten. You may have heard of people being “celiac” or having “gluten intolerance”. There is evidence to suggest that a significant percentage of the population is sensitive to gluten.
Gluten has glue-like properties which gives it that elastic qualities which allow you to stretch the material when you are baking or kneading bread (perfect for making cupcakes!).
Although gluten can be great for baking, studies show there many adverse effects including bloating, stool inconsistency, damage to the wall of the intestinal tract and tiredness.
Even more alarming is that gluten has been linked with schizophrenia and can be addictive as certain opiates.
Conclusion: Most bread contains gluten which can be harmful to your health. To find out if gluten is affecting you, simply remove it from your diet for 30 days and then reintroduce it. You should see a difference in your general mood. In many peoples’ experience, they report being less sluggish. If you’d like to do this, see our gluten free bread recipes.
3. Bread Contains Other Harmful Substances
If you ever looked at the ingredients listed on the back of a packet of bread, you may wonder if you need a degree in chemistry to work out what is in it. Most bread contains sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
This sugar, the grains and the many other substances will send your pancreas into overdrive when you swallow them. A lot of these chemicals are preservatives that can stay lodged in your stomach for years.
Conclusion: Most bread has sugar in it which causes your blood sugar to spike even higher. When your blood sugar goes up, your body has to compensate by storing that extra energy in the form of fat.
4. Bread is Low in Essential Nutrients
Even if we turn a blind eye to the problems with bread and focus on the nutrition, we are left disappointed. Bread is not as nutritious as other sources of food such as fresh vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs or meat.
Even whole wheat grain bread is disappointing on the nutrition front. Not only is it low in nutrients, it also reduces the absorption of other real food. It does this for two reasons. First, the phytic acid found in whole wheat blocks minerals such as iron, zinc and calcium from being absorbed. Secondly, since gluten damages the intestinal lining, less nutrients are absorbed.
Grains do not even have all the essential amino acids that humans need for muscle building and maintenance (unlike bananas which are an excellent source of amino acids).
Conclusion: Bread was traditionally a poor man’s food and is not as nutritious as it is made out to be. In fact, the grains in bread block nutrient absorption in the body. Instead of focusing on bread for your primary meal, it would be more efficient to eat other foods.
5. Whole Wheat Raises Bad Cholesterol
In many studies, whole wheat bread has been found to increase the small dense LDL cholesterol by 60% over a 12 week period (Small dense LDL has been associated with heart disease).
Cholesterol is a controversial topic because of the myths surrounding fat. We are led to believe it is fat that causes “bad” cholesterol (another debatable topic) when in fact the culprit could well be wheat.
Bread is one of the most consumed products in the western world. It is everywhere you look. It is in burgers, sandwiches, wraps and bread rolls. We are often told that whole grain bread is the healthiest part of the day but this could not be further from the truth. Bread in general is just a poor source of nutrients when compared to fresh vegetables, fruit, meat and fish.
The main problem with bread is the fact that wheat has undergone such a change in the last 50 years and our bodies have not adapted to it. Even though bread dominates whole shopping cart aisles, there are many good reasons not to pick it up at all.
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While evaluating the performance of a solar power plant, it is important to review problems arising both from unavoidable as well as avoidable reasons.
The efficiency of solar power plants can be indicated with the help of the Performance Ratio it has achieved for each year, similarly the CUF achieved and one can also make use of the actual generation data available for the power plant to understand the effectiveness of the power plant.
But you must also know about the losses incurred by the power plant, before making your investment decisions. Like any other system, power plants are also subject to unavoidable losses and an evaluation of the power plant performance should be done keeping these in mind. But a generation loss owing to situations that were avoidable should be a red alert for the investor.
You, as an investor, must check out with the current EPC installer as to what are the kind of problems and generation losses the plant has seen over the years. You must also try and understand the methods and effectiveness with which these problems have been mitigated.
We have listed below the probable causes for generation failures in a power plant and the extent of losses that are usually caused by it. This can serve you as a guideline against which you can evaluate the loss pattern in your power plant.
Major losses, their causes and suggestions to reduce them for an existing power plant
- Losses owing to temperature de-rating:
Power plant components like the panels and inverters perform negatively at high temperatures. And this loss can be higher than the simulated results at the design stage. This is owing to the fact that temperatures at the actual site can vary from that recorded based on meteorological data. It has been found that in hot and humid regions, the losses due to high temperatures can be anywhere is the range of 6-8%.The only way to minimize these losses is by going for inverters that a have high ambient(outside) temperature tolerance and also panels with a low temperature dependence. You might want to check on these parameters for the inverters and panels. A high-quality power plant will already have considered these in the design stage and would have limited the temperature related losses to around 5%
- Losses owing to shading:
Panel shading can occur even after careful layout. This shading can be usually caused by cloud covers, in which case it is an uncontrollable factor. This shading can be more prominent during winters and rainy seasons. Additional shading losses can occur due to the growth of vegetation near and around the modules. This shows negligence on the part of solar installers and you might want to look more into the cleaning practices followed by him/her
- Losses owing to inverter breakdowns:
Make sure to track the inverter breakdowns faced in a year. If the inverter was chosen wisely, the breakdown rates associated with the plant should be a maximum of once a year and the downtime for it should have been a maximum of two days.
- Soiling losses:
Soiling of solar panels can occur as a result of dust and dirt accumulation. In most cases, the material is washed off the panel surface by rainfall; however dirt like bird droppings may stay even after heavy rains. The most critical part of a module is the lower edge. In a well-maintained plant, with a cleaning frequency of about once in two weeks and rigorous cleaning pattern, the losses owing to soiling can be held at less than 2%. Solar Mango has seen cases where the solar power plants, left uncleaned for months together, have seen a generation loss up to 15%
- Cabling losses:
Most installers claim this as the major contributor to generation loss. But however a carefully designed plant, with optimal cable size selection, optimal design layout to ensure minimalistic use of cable length, optimal cable choice, etc. can help reduce cabling losses in a power plant. A high-quality solar power plant should limit the cabling losses to less than 3%. There have been cases where the cable losses have reached up to 6% merely due to improper choice of the thickness of cable insulation along with increased length between the panels and inverter rooms
- Monitoring Deficiency:
Do check out the level of monitoring implemented in the power plant. The basic inverter tied monitoring systems do not come with a string level monitoring solution. As the monitoring of data is not on string level, it becomes difficult to identify the location of under- rated string, this monitoring deficiency will affect the plant output as the fault clearing time is increased which ultimately affect the generation from the plant. Installers are known to struggle with this problem due to lack of foresight shown in the plant implementation.
- Under-Performance of Trackers:
A wrong decision in the choice of trackers can lead to additional losses. Today’s technologies ensure that the trackers deployed are robust and cause little issues to the solar power plant. However, trackers are the only solar power plant components that have moving parts, and a poor tracker could be affected due to a defect in one of its motors. But these ideally should not cause any damage to the power plant, it should only be contributing to the loss of the additional generation that would otherwise have been obtained from using it.
- Theft and Vandalism:
Some EPCs are known to cite these reasons for unanticipated generation losses associated with the power plants. The only way to mitigate these issues is through provisions for security systems. Had they been deployed, generation loss due to theft and other activities by miscreants, could have been limited, if not completely resolved.
You might want to check these questions on Solar Power Plant Evaluation- Plant Performance
- What is the average CUF (Capacity Utilisation Factor) of the power plant?-Here
- What are the performance guarantees provided by the installer?-Here
- What is the generation data from the power plant? Is it according to the industry standards?-Here
- What have been the cleaning practices for the panels over the years?-Here
- What are the O&M practices followed?-Here
- How do you check the quality of the O&M company and personnel? – Here
- What are the innovations employed in the power plant? How can they impact your financial returns?-Here
- Is there scope for expansion of the power plant, in terms of scale?-Here
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The oil company Surgutneftegas already extracts oil from the park but now they want access to one of its most vulnerable areas: the wetlands, where industrial development is currently prohibited.
Founded in 1997 to help protect the fragile Siberian Uvaly ecosystem, Numto park also has significance for Indigenous peoples of northern Russia. It is here, on the border of Yamal and Khanty-Mansy region, where two ancient Taiga cultures come together:
For generations, the Nenets and the Khanty people have bred reindeer, fished, picked berries and gathered. They travel hundreds of kilometers to come together and conduct sacred rituals at lake Numto. ‘Num’ holds a special place in Indigenous mythology and is often equated with the sky itself. Lake Numto means heavenly lake.
The heavenly lake of Numto is threatened by an oil company Surgutneftegas; oil operations would wreck local communities and spell disaster for its wildlife and ecosystems.
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A new study suggests that thinking about family matters throughout the day is associated with increased stress and negative emotions in mothers more than dads.
Study author Shira Offer, an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Bar-Ilan University in Israel said that the reason behind such behaviour is that because mothers bear the major responsibility for childcare and family life, when they think about family matters, they tend to think about the less pleasant aspects of it and are more likely to be worried.
The study, which focuses on mental labour, used a subsample from the 500 Family Study, consisting of 402 mothers and 291 fathers in dual-earner families who completed a survey and a time diary that collects information about the content and context of individuals' daily experiences, as well as the emotions associated with them, in the course of a week.
Offer found that working mothers engaged in mental labour in about one fourth, and working fathers in one fifth, of their waking time.
This amounts to approximately 29 and 24 hours per week of mental labour for mothers and fathers, respectively. However, mothers and fathers both spent about 30 percent of the time they were engaged in mental labour thinking about family matters.
As for why, engaging in family-specific mental labour negatively affected the well-being of mothers, but not fathers.
Offer also found that twenty-five percent of the time fathers engaged in job-specific mental labour, they did so in non-work contexts, compared to 34 percent among mothers.
The research is to be presented at the 108th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.
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a member of the royal or warrior Hindu caste
The second-highest of the four castes or varnas in traditional Indian society: the warrior or military caste. (Plural: kshatriya.)
A member of this caste.
Origin: From क्षत्रिय, from क्षत्र. Related to satrap.
alt. of Kshatruya
Kshatriya, from Kshatra, is one of the four varnas in Hinduism. Traditionally, Kshatriya constitute the ruling and military elite of the Vedic-Hindu social system, as outlined by the Vedas and the Laws of Manu. They were in charge of the protection of the Hindu society by fighting in wartime and governing in peacetime.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
kshat′ri-ya, n. the second or military caste among the Brahmanic Hindus.
The numerical value of kshatriya in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
The numerical value of kshatriya in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Images & Illustrations of kshatriya
Translations for kshatriya
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for kshatriya »
Find a translation for the kshatriya definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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The United Nations recently released the results of a comprehensive decade-long study ranking 188 countries according to their success in meeting 33 health goals, and found that Iceland took the top spot (the U.S. came in at number 28). But while Iceland might technically be the world’s healthiest country, their most distinctive native dish might well make non-Icelanders sick to their stomach.
Kæstur hákarl, which translates to “treated shark,” is considered the national dish of Iceland. The Norse settlers who migrated to the island from mainland Scandinavia in the ninth century relied on an abundant supply of Greenland shark to survive the agriculturally barren winters. The shark's flesh is naturally poisonous when consumed fresh due to the high amounts of urea and trimethylamine oxide it contains. To detoxify it, Icelandic settlers developed a method of curing and fermentation. The shark is first buried underground, beneath heavy stones, for up to three months, to press out the moisture. Afterwards, the shark is sliced into chunks, hung, and dried for another four to five months, until it is sufficiently preserved. At this point it is safe to eat — but whether it's palatable is a matter of taste.
After its processing, the shark smells of ammonia, which non-locals find repulsive. Even culinarians have difficulty choking the stuff down. Television personality Anthony Bourdain, who has been known to eat cobra heart and maggot fried rice, once called hákarl “the single worst, most disgusting and terrible tasting thing,” and Travel Channel’s Andrew Zimmerman, no stranger to bizarre foods himself, said that the smell reminded him of, “some of the most horrific things I’ve ever breathed in my life.”
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New data presented by researchers at Lund University and others in the journal Oceanologia show that the air along the coasts is full of hazardous nanoparticles from sea traffic. Almost half of the measured particles stem from sea traffic emissions, while the rest is deemed to be mainly from cars but also biomass combustion, industries and natural particles from the sea.
"This is the first time an attempt has been made to estimate the proportion of nanoparticles stemming from sea traffic. The different types of nanoparticles have previously not been distinguished, but this new method makes it possible", says Adam Kristensson, researcher in Aerosol Technology at the Lund University Faculty of Engineering in Sweden.
"Previously, we thought that land-based pollution from northern European countries and emissions of natural particles from the surface of the sea accounted for a much larger proportion", he says.
Nanoparticles can be hazardous to our health as they, because of their small size, can penetrate deeper into the lungs than larger particles contributing to both cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. A cubic centimetre can contain several thousand nanoparticles.
To arrive at these results, he and his colleagues have studied the air flow from their measuring station in southern Sweden as it passes over the Baltic Sea, all the way to the measuring station on the Lithuanian coast. The wind often travels towards the east, and the particles can travel long distances before they are trapped in our lungs or washed away by the rain. They have also studied the air flow from a station in the Finnish archipelago towards the Lithuanian station.
By comparing levels of nanoparticles, the researchers can draw conclusions about the respective proportions that stem from cars and other emissions, and sea traffic.
Particles from sea traffic in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea are expected to contribute to 10 000 premature deaths every year, but Adam Kristensson stresses that this estimate is very uncertain, and believes that it is important to continue to conduct these types of measurements.
He also advocates stricter legislation. "It is especially important to continue to set stricter caps on nitrogen oxides and sulphate content from ship fuel."
"It is especially important to continue to raise the caps on emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulphate content from ship fuel.
Future regulations will hopefully reduce the emissions of harmful nanoparticles, especially soot particles, which are considered the most hazardous.
"This year a new regulation was introduced for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea that limits the sulphate content in fuel to 0.1%. As researchers, we still have to look at what positive effects this has had so far with regard to the particle levels."
Watch research video: Sea traffic pollutes more than previously thought - https:/
Adam Kristensson, Reader in Aerosol technology
Simonas Kecorius, Niku Kivekäs, Adam Kristensson, Thomas Tuch, David S. Covert, Wolfram Birmili, Heikki Lihavainen, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Johan Martinsson, Moa K. Sporre, Erik Swietlicki, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Vidmantas Ulevicius. 2015.Significant increase of aerosol number concentrations in air masses crossing a densely trafficked sea area. Oceanologia
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Print, project, annotate and reveal answers all from your whiteboard. Our worksheets are more than a simple piece of paper.
Get more out of this worksheet by using it together with its whiteboard resource - It's quiz show time. An incomplete sum is displayed along with a lot of numbers in boxes. Look carefully and decide which number will complete the sum. When the doors close on the boxes try to remember where the right answer is, click a door to open it and check if you made the right choice.
Preview the Sum in a Box iPad and Android tablet pupil activity that's available to accompany this IWB resource.
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In October 2006, some beekeepers began reporting losses of 30-90 percent of their hives, a magnitude of loss that is highly unusual. The ongoing massive loss of Western honeybees has been attributed to colony collapse disorder, a phenomenon that doesn’t currently have a recognizable underlying cause. Scientists have speculated that CCD could be caused by pesticide use, air pollution, parasites or a combination of these factors, and they say CCD may also threaten wild bees and other insects that pollinate crops. Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies and beetles, are estimated to do pollination work worth $212.3 billion to the economy. Of the 100 crop species that provide 90 percent of the world’s food, more than 70 are pollinated by bees, according to the U.N.
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As a homeschooling mother, summer is the greatest of seasons. While winter and spring see us fill up with math, science experiments and tons of reading, summer is where we take all that we have learned in the months past, and put it into application.
I consider the outdoors to be my children’s summer classroom, and the herbs under their feet, the trees that surround them, and the stars and planets above them their teachers. Nature is by far every child’s greatest educator. We can learn almost everything outdoors, from poetry to biology, physics to English, and with the biggest of laboratories always at their fingertips.
Every summer I try and plan a theme for each month of our studies. This year June is focused on herbal education, July trees and plants, and August birds, bees and insects. The three subjects tie together well, and are easy to study almost anywhere we might be. The planning is done a few weeks in advance, with books checked out, games gathered, field trips planned, and craft projects picked out.
There are so many farmers, bee keepers, bird specialists, wildlife experts and garden enthusiasts who are willing to stop and spend time talking with us, and it is great for the kids to have hands-on experiences. While it takes a bit of time to research everyone in our area who may be involved in the subjects we are learning about, it is always worth it to seek those individuals out.
There are no real rules of creating an outdoor classroom, but there are helpful tips for getting out and studying nature.
:: Let your children guide the subjects that they are most interested in.
:: Try and combine your themes for the summer together so that the learning is continuous and not choppy.
:: Find local aviaries, apiaries, farms, herbal walks, park talks, etc. to plan field trips around.
:: Volunteer at your local farm and let your children work the land right along side you.
:: Call your local garden centers and see if they offer workshops or garden classes for children. There are a lot of children’s gardens that offer free workshops once or twice a month on subjects you might be studying.
:: Create an outdoor classroom kit that consists of small jars and bags for collecting specimens, a magnifying glass, nature journals, pens and paints.
:: Give your children a small digital camera and play such games as “take a picture of everything alive in our backyard” or “how many bugs can you capture.” Create albums of their best shots, and see how delighted they are at their very own portfolio.
:: Do as much of your reading time as you can under a big tree, next to a creek, or in your garden.
:: Encourage your children to collect and study the bugs around them. If the bugs are alive, have them observe for no more than ten minutes before they release them.
:: Paint, draw and sketch outside every day. Ask your children to find a different part of your yard, park, local creek, etc. to sketch and see how it changes through the season.
:: Create a nature journal, track the movement of the sun, the changes in your garden, the temperature everyday.
There are thousands of ideas for bringing your child’s education out of doors, and I hope that this is only the beginning of your exploration. There is no place that children like to be more than out in the sunshine (or playing in puddles, sledding down snow…..) and allowing them a summer filled with nature guarantees that their love of learning will only continue to thrive.
Heather Fontenot, co-editor and publisher of Rhythm of The Home, lives with her family on the Front Range of NorthernColorado. She has a passion for natural and creative living, and spends as much of her time outdoors as possible. She loves to knit, sew, garden, photograph, read and homeschool her three sweet little ones. She writes the blog Shivaya Naturals, where she chronicles her life as a mother, artist, and gluten-free baker.
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Air filters are one of those small vehicle parts that can have a huge effect on vehicle performance. Generally, air filters should be replaced every 15,000 to 30,000 miles. All those disposable air filters add up, and some companies are now producing air filters that can be washed and re-used.
Reusable air filter basics
Reusable air filters are made of one of two materials. Oiled-gauze air filters must be washed and re-oiled when dirty and work best with flat-style air filter setups. Metal air filters can be simply rinsed out and dried, then re-used. These filters can work with both flat and cone shaped filter setups. These filters are designed to last for between 10 and 15 re-uses. In an average vehicle, that means these air filters last for 150,000 to 450,000 miles.
The dangers of reusable air filters
Reusable air filters can be very effective at doing their job and reducing waste. These filters, however, are not without their pitfalls. The oiled-gauze air filters require cleaning and “recharging,” which can be done with kits that contain cleaning solvent and recharging oil, both of which are separately packaged and must be purchased, used and thrown away. Over-oiling the air filter can get oil into the air system, which can cause a burning smell and gunk build-up. Metal air filters, on the other hand, must be carefully washed clean and dried every 15,000 to 30,000 miles.
Reusing stock air filters
Air filters that are not specifically created for reusing can, in a pinch, be re-used to an extent. Using hot, soapy water on a paper air filter and letting it dry thoroughly can extend the life of the filter by a few thousand miles. Most stock air filters are made with heavy-grade paper, which is not designed to withstand the pressure of much more than air flowing over it. Re-washing a stock air filter can reduce performance and vehicle mileage, so it is a trade-off decision that you should make carefully.
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Pallas (tight "PAH-las") is a multi-faceted Greek unisex name. It is scruffy by an assortment of lettering in mythology. One of the top figure historic ones was a Titan. He is united with war, and was killed by Athena in a struggle. Pallas was sometimes described as a immense or as "goat-like." It was above and beyond the name of two (mythical?) kings and Athena's tutor. As a boy's name, Pallas method "to display."
For girls, the story is discrete, even as it is serene very closely united with Athena. I've seen the meaning out of order as what's more "maiden" and "wisdom." As soon as Athena was untrained, Zeus couldn't carry inconvenience of her for anything tell and dumped her on Triton, the minion of the sea and son of Poseiden, who raised her. Triton had a newborn, Pallas. Pallas and Athena grew up together and loved each other at the same time as sisters. But, as with all best friends, hand over was a time being they had a dipping out. All girls were well versed in the art of war and solemn to manipulate a deul. Zeus chose this second to intervene and self-assured Athena, but Athena unsuspectingly killed Pallas. As part of grieving for the loss of her friend, Athena took Pallas's name. So sometimes she is refered to as Pallas Athena, or sometimes just so Pallas. Pallas recycled to be an increadibly common a name for Athena, if you've read "The Raven" by Edgar Allen Poe you would separate that it mentions a statuette of Pallas. I'm arrange to weigh up that the "wisdom" tag has energy to do with the etymological beginning of the name and chief to do with the likeness with the goddess.
Communicate are amply a few real life Pallas's, but top figure wear the name as a dub. The upper classes very well versed in animals clout know that Pallas is the name of an assortment of individual of birds and mammals. They are named in the wake of German environmentalist Peter Simon Pallas. Pallas was above and beyond the name of the ensemble of Herod the Subconscious, the prominent Roman purchaser king of Judea who killed a whole bunch of the population.
I'm actually flabbergasted that hand over aren't chief blue Pallas's consecutive about. It's a tall unconventional for the population who love Paris but not the Hilton likeness or the persuasive bring round towards girls. It's above and beyond a dazzling alike for Dallas, fresh very in the sphere of name for what's more genders.
So Pallas is ever-increasing on me. I wouldn't do as you are told having a child with this name.
Get Your Love Back By Black Magic Vashikaran Mantra In Hindi 91 87690 90094Tons country ask: For instance is Black Magic? It is accurate as the belief of practices of magic that draws on unspecified malevolent powers.
As a look, it is rationally hand-me-down by persons who turn down of its uses, generally in a ritualistic setting; the statement of "magic having no color, and it is gracefully the statement and use by its sponge...
Extra Solar Spheres Using The Enochian TempleAt ease of these disks:
ameth.zip -- aPagemaker document with a picture of the Sigil of Ameth as an ingrained Encapsulated Afterthought file.
calls.zip -- aPagemaker document with the Calls laid out as a
grimoire, with an Enochian Statement and style on the left-hand page, and a picture of the appropriate Obstruct or Lesser Take on the
enochdb.zip -- afile of Enochian words with their gematria
The Ten MahavidyasThe Ten Mahavidyas are an solemn classification of lady Hindu deities who are manifestations of the Uppermost Divine being. They are not routinely described, and quite a lot of of the goddesses, such as Kali and Tara are individually solemn and delimit several manifestations themselves. The trice similes are sales rep of the way in which each one of the forms is described.
Kali has a unkind river, is bare and dwells in the cash estate...
Mari Basque Goddess Of The Moon"MARI "is the basqueGod of the moon. she is theSupreme God of the basque pantheon. mari isAllied As well as THE Changed Armed forces OF Makeup Together with THE Twist, storms, and lightning. she creates storms toCensure Difficult Relatives. SHE Habitually Actions Creatively the sky as a fireball or as aBlazing Falcate Goodbye FROM ONE Greatest Summit TO Another. sometimes her chariot isWhen pulled by fourWhitish Provide AND Last Grow old...
The Killing Of Witches Was CommonOne such bit of history which is not discussed further was of the slaughter of witches in Europe and North America. This act was very agreed very soon a hook of centuries ago. In a way this persecution was adjacent how we claim today with our assemble on Terrorists. It was an act of alarm, so to speak, accumulate most witches if the were witches in the crown place, were not causing harm onto others, very soon the alarm that they would....
Role Of Medieval Women As PatronsCarrying out by Erin Lambert @ Medievalists on The Room of Medieval Women as Monastic Patrons:
Studies of the medieval world reveal a sturdily hierarchical union in which wealth, liberate, and affection were in the company of the roadway of an individual's situate...
Introduccin A Las Herramientas"
"?para que se usan las herramientas en la magia?
En la magia, trabajamos con lo que com'unmente se denomina "herramientas", instrumentos que simbolizan la energ'ia de un elemento espec'ifico. Se suelen colocar sobre los altares m'agicos para utilizarlos durante las pr'acticas de la magia. En conjunto, simbolizan el equilibrio y la totalidad. Se pueden usar para dirigir las energ'ias m'agicas o para bendecir a personas...
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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
How Music Works: The Science and Psychology of Beautiful Sounds, from… (edition 2010)
by John Powell
How Music Works: The Science and Psychology of Beautiful Sounds, from Beethoven to the Beatles and Beyond by John Powell
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0316098302, Hardcover)What makes a musical note different from any other sound? How can you tell if you have perfect pitch? Why do 10 violins sound only twice as loud as one? Do your Bob Dylan albums sound better on CD or vinyl? John Powell, a scientist and musician, answers these questions and many more in HOW MUSIC WORKS, an intriguing and original guide to acoustics. In a clear, accessible, and engaging voice, Powell fascinates the reader with his delightful descriptions of the science and psychology lurking beneath the surface of music. With lively discussions of the secrets behind harmony, timbre, keys, chords, loudness, musical composition, and more, HOW MUSIC WORKS will be treasured by music lovers everywhere. The book also includes a CD of examples and exercises from the book.
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:16:10 -0400)
John Powell, a scientist and musician, answers questions about harmony, timbre, keys, chords, loudness, musical composition, and many more in this intriguing and original guide to acoustics.
(summary from another edition)
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Newport News, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
In 1626, William Claiborne patented 500 acres along the Warwick River above Denbign. Captain Samuel Stevens acquired the estate, called Balthrope or Boldrup, in 1631. Stevens married Frances Culpeper who inherited the estate upon his death. Governor Sir William Berkeley married the wealthy widow and sold the 1,350-acre plantation to his close advisor Colonel William Cole in 1671.
William Cole (1638-1694) served as an attorney in Warwick County and commanded the countyís militia. He was a member of the Council of the State from 1674 until 1692. During Baconís Rebellion, Cole negotiated unsuccessfully with Nathaniel Bacon to end the conflict and later fled with Governor Berkley to the Eastern Shore. After Baconís death, Cole resumed his political career, serving as the colonial secretary of state from 1689 to 1692 and as a trustee for the College of William and Mary. He also acquired more land in York County, Elizabeth City County, and Warwick County. Cole left his heirs
Erected 2007 by Newport News Foundersí Trail.
Location. 37° 10.657′ N, 76° 34.55′ W. Marker is in Newport News, Virginia. Marker is on Enterprise Drive, on the left when traveling west. Touch for map. Marker is located in Skiffes Creek Historic Park. Marker is in this post office area: Newport News VA 23603, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within one mile of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Stanley Hundred (here, next to this marker); Skiffes Creek (a few steps from this marker); Mulberry Point (approx. 0.4 miles away); Fort Eustis (approx. 0.4 miles away); Leeís Mill Earthworks (approx. 0.9 miles away); Glebe Lands (approx. one mile away); Battle of Leeís Mill (approx. one mile away); Leeís Mill (approx. one mile away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Newport News.
More about this marker.
Categories. • Colonial Era •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on November 29, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 2,220 times since then and 83 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on November 29, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.
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Zebra mussels, lake trout, didymo, northern snakehead, and myxobolus cerebralis- what do these have in common? They are all referred to as “exotic species” or “watershed invasives”. The US Watershed Council defines an invasive as “a non–native species introduced to an aquatic ecosystem that causes environmental and/or economic harm”. Once transplanted into a new environment there is a lack of natural predators or conditions that serve to limit the invasive species growth and spread. Consequently, they often become harmful, as they overwhelm native species.
There are many more such invasives, but perhaps none has had as dramatic effect on trout fishing in the US as the parasite myxobolus cerebralis. Better known as “whirling disease”, it spread through the Rocky Mountain watersheds during the 1980’s like a fire in front of the Santa Anna winds. It is estimated to have wiped out 80-90% of the cutthroat and rainbow trout. It’s difficult to determine the economic damage that ensued, or the impact on the future of these watersheds. Changes in specie domination occurred that are still present today, some 20-25 years later.
In the midst of this epidemic, there has been a conservation controversy over the causes of the rapid spread of whirling disease. But early on, fishermen were identified as major contributors to its spread, and in particular, their use of felt soled wading boots, or “felts”.
Flash forward to the present. As of January 2014, seven states (Alaska, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Vermont) have banned the use of felts. Five additional states (Idaho, Maine, Montana, New Mexico and Oregon) as well as New York City have considered doing so. Fly fishing equipment manufacturers have of course responded to this, and now make predominantly rubber soled wading boots. It all seemed so simple- felt soled boots transfer invasives from one watershed to another. The solution- switch from felt soled to rubber soled boots; problem solved!
If only anything in life were so simple! Let’s revisit the logic of this response. We have learned a great deal about whirling disease since it was first recognized. For starters, the myxobolus parasite is not native to North America. It was introduced to this continent from the Eurasian continent in the 1950’s with the importation of infected fish by “fish culturalists”. For any who are unfamiliar with this old term, it refers to those who “enhance” our fishing opportunities through the use of hatcheries and stocking. Once here, the myxobolus parasite spread from hatchery to hatchery, and hatchery to watershed with the release of infected fish.
The myxobolus cerebralis parasite has a two-host life cycle, involving tubifex worms and salmonids, mainly trout and salmon. Briefly, myxospores of the parasite present in the water are ingested by tubifex worms, which are a common worm found in muddy stream bottoms. Once ingested, the myxospores multiply and transform to the next stage, the triactinomyxon spore, or TAM spore. TAM spores are released into the water, where they infect salmonids by entering through the skin. Fish can also become infected by eating an infected tubifex worm.
Fingerling salmonids are most susceptible. The parasites quickly spread to the brain and spinal cartilage, causing spinal deformities and difficulties with equilibrium. This causes a peculiar whirling, swimming motion. It is this abnormal swimming motion that has given rise to the popular name, “whirling disease”. The impaired fish die, and release myxospores, starting the cycle all over again. Rainbow and cutthroat trout are most susceptible, while brown trout, grayling, salmon and bull trout are least susceptible.
Let’s return to the original problem, the spread or transport of organisms. According to the Whirling Disease Foundation, INFECTED FISH are the primary vector! This can occur naturally through migration, but more commonly through stocking of infected fish. Other means of spread include the transport of infected fish-parts by birds or other predators.Fishermen contribute with the use of fish parts for bait, disposal of cleaned fish-parts in or near streams and the transfer of water from one watershed to another, mostly in boats. The transport of spores on equipment such as felts plays a minimal role.
Enter rubber soled wading boots. We have now gone through multiple generations of rubber soled boots, using abrasive materials in the rubber, and a variety of tread designs. Most now also come with metal studs or steel plates, all in an effort to provide a stable platform for the wading fisherman.
What is the trade off when switching from felts to rubber? My own observation is that rubber soles may be safer if wading in snowy conditions, and they are more comfortable if hiking a distance while fishing. However, in all other regards they perform less adequately, especially from mid-summer until winter, when most fishermen are on the streams. It is during this period that rocks in the streams become coated with a bit of algae, making them quite slippery. This of course is why felt soles were created in the first place, to make it safer to wade in streams with slippery rocks and other hazards. Simply put, the continued use of felts will help prevent falls, broken rods and broken bones. Every time I read of a fly fisherman who has drowned, I wonder whether they had a heart attack or stroke, or whether they slipped and fell, resulting in a concussion that disabled them sufficiently to drown.
So then, is there anything magical about rubber soled boots that prevents the spread of whirling disease? The answer is a resounding NO! Again according to the Whirling Disease Foundation, the principle means of mitigating the spread of whirling disease by wading fishermen is to thoroughly clean and dry their wading equipment. It is simply easier to wash rubber soles than felt soles, and they dry more quickly.
So what are we to do? I personally place a very high value on my safety, but I also want to protect and preserve our watersheds. I think the solution is to better educate all involved in the sport of fly fishing, including those who regulate the equipment we use. Felts provide the safest foot wear for wading in almost all conditions, and hopefully they will not be phased out. To protect our watersheds, they should be washed and thoroughly dried before being used in a different watershed. This becomes a challenge only when changing watersheds during a single day, or before the felts have had a chance to dry completely. The solution to this is to have more than one pair of felt-soled boots available. It would also be helpful if heavily used stream access areas had a tub of chlorinated water with a scrubbing brush for cleaning wading equipment and killing the TAM stage spore.
I personally think that the “environmental risk/fly fisherman safety equation” lies heavily in favor of the continued use of felts. Wading fishermen have at worst contributed minimally to the spread of whirling disease. With appropriate measures that assure the use of clean, disinfected and/or dry wading equipment, even this minimal contribution can be eliminated.
Felts were created to help assure the safety of the wading fisherman, and I think that this should not be forgotten as we address the problem of watershed invasives.
Written by Al Simpson, February, 2014. Edited November, 2016.
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«Kelvin water dropper is a type of electrostatic generator.
It was invented in 1867 by William Thomson, better known as Lord Kelvin.
This is a very simple device that can generate voltage of up to 10,000 Volt.
The water dropper is built using two pairs of metal buckets located on top one another and connected crosswise by wires. The upper pair is connected to the metal tube that is hung above the buckets and has water dropping from it. The bottom of the upper metal buckets is partially removed so that the water drops could also reach the bottom buckets.
The water used in this apparatus is non-distilled, as the distilled water is a dielectric.
This generator works based on the regenerative feedback principle.
Two metal tubes create an electric field that polarizes the upper bucket. That’s why, due to the electrostatic induction, the drops on the left and on the right have different charges.
The drops fall into the buckets that correspond to their charge and this increase the charge of the buckets creating an even stronger electric field around the tubes and intensifying charge separation in the upper bucket.
That’s how Kelvin water dropper converts the potential energy of the water in the upper bucket into the electric energy between the two bottom ones.
The efficiency of this process is, however, very low.»
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23 March 2012 Last updated at 08:15 ET
By Paul Rincon
Science editor, BBC News website, The Woodlands, Texas
Dawn’s view of the south pole of the giant asteroid Vesta
The giant asteroid Vesta possesses many features usually associated with rocky planets like Earth, according to data from a Nasa probe.
Vesta has been viewed as a massive asteroid, but after studying the surface in detail, scientists are describing it as “transitional”.
The Dawn spacecraft has been orbiting Vesta – one of the Solar System’s most primitive objects – since July 2011.
They have documented many unexpected features on its battered surface.
Mission scientists presented their latest results at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in The Woodlands, Texas.
Dawn’s principal investigator, Christopher T Russell, told the meeting that the science team found it hard not to refer to the object as a planet.
He said the rounded asteroid showed evidence of geological processes that characterise rocky worlds like Earth and the Moon.
Vesta is the second most massive of the asteroids, measuring some 530km (330mi) in diameter. It is dominated by a huge crater called Rheasilvia and bears many other scars left by the hammering it has received at the hands of other asteroid belt denizens.
One important transitional feature of Vesta can be found in its topography, or elevation. Vertical elevation on the Moon or Mars might reach tens of kilometres, but these objects are also very large.
“This means the topography is about 1% of the radius,” Dr Ralf Jaumann, from the German Aerospace Center (DLR), told BBC News, “If you go to Vesta, it is 15%, and if you go to the largest outer asteroid – Lutetia – it is 40%.”
In short, this mathematical relationship between topography and radius (half an object’s diameter), puts Vesta in an intermediate position between small asteroids and rocky planets.
Another aspect concerns the way its surface has been modified, or “processed”, by the many collisions. This is evident in dark material that can be seen in images of its terrain.
The dark material seems to be related to impacts and their aftermath. Scientists think carbon-rich asteroids could have hit Vesta at speeds low enough to produce some of the smaller deposits without blasting away the surface.
Higher-speed asteroids could also have collided with Vesta’s surface and melted the volcanic basaltic crust, darkening existing surface material.
Scientists are confident there has been volcanism on the asteroid during its history. This is because there are hundreds of pieces of Vesta sitting in museums around the world.
They form a particular class of meteorite called the HEDs; more of these objects have fallen to Earth than all the meteorites from the Moon and Mars put together. Studies of HED meteorites have revealed telling chemical signatures of volcanic activity.
Dave Williams, from Arizona State University, told BBC News: “We know [from the HED meteorites] there were lava flows at some point in history, so I expected there to be at least a few lava flows, maybe a few channels, shields or cones. Looking at all the images in places that have been illuminated thus far, we don’t see any evidence of that.
“That’s because of all the impact processing over Solar System history. It has destroyed all the evidence.”
Mission scientist Brett Denevi, from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Maryland, explained why she thought some of the collisions that have pounded Vesta were intense enough to melt its surface.
Referring to observations of a crater called Marcia, in Vesta’s northern hemisphere, Dr Denevi commented: “We think what we’re seeing here is at least a portion of this target rock has melted and flowed. The impact velocities were high enough – at least in this one case.”
She added: “Impact melt hasn’t really been observed on asteroids before. It wasn’t really expected because the speed of collisions in the asteroid belt are pretty low compared with the inner Solar System. So it wasn’t known whether you’d have enough energy to melt the target rock.”
Dawn is set to depart Vesta for an even bigger object – the spherical “dwarf planet” Ceres – in August for an arrival in 2015.
Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter
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From Common Isotopic Elements and their Properties
Applications of Isotopes
Isotopes have different sets of properties. Their chemical properties do not vary while the physical properties may vary. Isotopes also exhibit different nuclear properties.
Applications Based on Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical properties of isotopes vary due to their nuclear structure but the chemical properties do not show much variance.
The popular uses based on these properties are discussed below.
Radio Isotopic Labeling
The use of isotopes is very common in Isotopic Labeling. Unusual isotopes are used as tracers or markers in chemical reactions. Atoms of an element generally cannot be distinguished from one another. These atoms can be distinguished using Mass Spectrometry or Infrared Spectroscopy, where isotopes of different masses are used. Radiations of radioactive isotopes can be used for detecting various reactants, rates, and so on in chemistry.
Isotopes are used in Radiometric Dating, which is similar to Radio Isotopic Labeling or Radiocarbon Dating. Radiometric Dating is also used to study chemical processes by using naturally occurring isotopic tracers.
Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the mechanism of a reaction using Kinetic Isotope Effect.
Applications Based on Nuclear Properties
Isotopes exhibit different nuclear properties because they have varied numbers of neutrons. This also affects their physical properties.
Spectroscopy uses many unique nuclear properties of specific isotopes. For example, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used only for isotopes with a nonzero nuclear spin. Isotopes commonly used for NMR spectroscopy are 1H, 2D, 15N, 13C, and 31P. Another...
Products & Services
Topics of Interest
3. ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES [*] 3.1 Chemical elements and their properties The chemical elements are uniquely distinguished by their atomic number, Z, which is the number of protons in an atom.
Properties of Isotopes The number of electrons present inside an atom or element determines the chemical properties of the atom or element. Because the number of electrons in an atom and its isotopes...
Jain Himanshu Himanshu Jain is Computer Science Engineer and an entrepreneur. He has written a number of e-books on various topics for global clientele. He also runs a publishing company. Overview...
Scientists have used stable isotopes to trace the isotopic provenance of natural materials for decades, via isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. In just the last few years, multiple...
W.A.Van Hook Chemistry Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996 1600 USA SUMMARY Methods of isotope enrichment and isotope separation are reviewed. Several examples of commercially...
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This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
Father Aeneas and Achates brave
to cast aside the cloud that wrapped them round
yearned greatly; and Achates to his King
spoke thus: “O goddess-born, in thy wise heart
what purpose rises now? Lo! All is well!
Thy fleet and followers are safe at land.
One only comes not, who before our eyes
sank in the soundless sea. All else fulfils
thy mother's prophecy.” Scarce had he spoke
when suddenly that overmantling cloud
was cloven, and dissolved in lucent air;
forth stood Aeneas. A clear sunbeam smote
his god-like head and shoulders. Venus' son
of his own heavenly mother now received
youth's glowing rose, an eye of joyful fire,
and tresses clustering fair. 'T is even so
the cunning craftsman unto ivory gives
new beauty, or with circlet of bright gold
encloses silver or the Parian stone.
Thus of the Queen he sued, while wonderment
fell on all hearts. “Behold the man ye seek,
for I am here! Aeneas, Trojan-born,
brought safely hither from yon Libyan seas!
O thou who first hast looked with pitying eye
on Troy's unutterable grief, who even to us
(escaped our Grecian victor, and outworn
by all the perils land and ocean know),
to us, bereft and ruined, dost extend
such welcome to thy kingdom and thy home!
I have no power, Dido, to give thanks
to match thine ample grace; nor is there power
in any remnant of our Dardan blood,
now fled in exile o'er the whole wide world.
May gods on high (if influence divine
bless faithful lives, or recompense be found
in justice and thy self-approving mind)
give thee thy due reward. What age was blest
by such a birth as thine? What parents proud
such offspring bore? O, while the rivers run
to mingle with the sea, while shadows pass
along yon rounded hills from vale to vale,
and while from heaven's unextinguished fire
the stars be fed—so Iong thy glorious name,
thy place illustrious and thy virtue's praise,
abide undimmed.—Yet I myself must go
to lands I know not where.” After this word
his right hand clasped his Ioved Ilioneus,
his left Serestus; then the comrades all,
brave Gyas, brave Cloanthus, and their peers.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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BASIC ELECTRONICS - OD1633 - LESSON 1/TASK 2
To solve the problem, a circuit diagram is first drawn and labeled (figure
24, on the following page).
R1 = 20 Ohms
R2 = 30 Ohms
R3 = 50 Ohms
I = 2 amperes
ET = E1 + E2 + E3
SOLVING FOR APPLIED VOLTAGE IN A SERIES CIRCUIT.
E1 = R1 x I1 (I1 = The current through resistor Rl)
E2 = R2 x I2
E3 = R3 x I3
ET = (R1 x I1) + (R2 x I2) + (R3 x I3)
ET = (20 Ohms x 2 amps) + (30 Ohms x 2 amps) + (50 Ohms x 2 amps)
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IntroductionThe Republic of Uganda is located in East Africa, and is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania. The total area of Uganda is 236,040 km2 (91,136 sq mi) and the 2009 estimated population was 32,369,558. The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. The United Kingdom placed the area under the charter of the British East Africa Company in 1888, and ruled it as a protectorate from 1894. As several other territories and chiefdoms were integrated, the final protectorate called Uganda took shape in 1914. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962. In 1971 Idi Amin seized power, and ruled the country with the military for the next eight years. Amin's rule cost an estimated 300,000 Ugandans' lives.
Africans of three main families of ethnic groups – Bantu, Nilotic, and Central-Sudanic (traditionally called Nilo-Hamitic) – constitute most of the population. According to the 2002 census, the following ethnic groups were reported: Ganda 16.9%, Nkole 9.5%, Soga 8.4%, Kiga 6.9%, Teso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Gisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%, Nyoro 2.7%, other 29.6%.
The religious affiliation of the Ugandan population was as follows: Roman Catholic 41.9%, Anglican 35.9%, Pentecostal 4.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.5%, Muslim 12.1%, Sikhism & other 3.1%, Baha'i 0.3%, None 0.9%.
Mennonite Activity in UgandaMennonite Central Committee (MCC) began work in Uganda in 1979 in what was intended as a short-term war reconstruction effort. It related primarily to the Church of Uganda because there was no Mennonite or Brethren in Christ Church in Uganda, and because, until late in 1986, there was no active ecumenical council. The MCC program then shifted from war reconstruction to a reconciliation effort. It spread to various parts of the country working with a variety of ethnic and church groups in an attempt to manifest a peace witness in a society wracked by unending conflict.
In 1986 there were six MCC workers in Uganda. Six others had to be reassigned to other countries because of unsafe conditions. Administration of the Uganda program, previously centered in Nairobi, Kenya, was transferred to Uganda in 1986, with full-time program administrators based in Kampala.
In June 2004, the Kenya Mennonite Church sent John Otieno, their first international missionary, to southwestern Uganda. By December 2006 four congregations had been established in unchurched areas of Uganda, and a national Mennonite conference was formed.
In 2009 the following Anabaptist denominations were active in Uganda:
|Denominations||Congregations in 2009||Membership in 2009|
|Church of God in Christ, Mennonite||1||29|
|Uganda Mennonite Church||4||80|
Mennonite World Conference. "Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches Worldwide, 2009: Africa." Web. 2 March 2011. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en15/files/Members%202009/Africa%20Summary.doc.
Showalter, Jewel. First Ugandan Mennonite Church Seeks Registration. Mennonite World Conference. Web. 10 October 2008. http://www.mwc-cmm.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=142&Itemid=108.
Wikipedia. "Demographics of Uganda." Web. 24 April 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda.
Wikipedia. "Uganda." Web. 24 April 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda.
|Author(s)||Daniel and Joyce Maxwell|
|Richard D. Thiessen|
|Date Published||April 2011|
Cite This Article
Maxwell, Daniel and Joyce and Richard D. Thiessen. "Uganda." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. April 2011. Web. 24 Jun 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Uganda&oldid=93781.
Maxwell, Daniel and Joyce and Richard D. Thiessen. (April 2011). Uganda. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 24 June 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Uganda&oldid=93781.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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HUMANS ARE UNLIKELY to win the animal kingdom’s prize for fastest, strongest or largest, but we are world champions at understanding one another. This interpersonal prowess is fueled, at least in part, by empathy: our tendency to care about and share other people’s emotional experiences. Empathy is a cornerstone of human behavior and has long been considered innate. A forthcoming study, however, challenges this assumption by demonstrating that empathy levels have been declining over the past 30 years.
The research, led by Sara H. Konrath of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and published online in August in Personality and Social Psychology Review, found that college students’ self-reported empathy has declined since 1980, with an especially steep drop in the past 10 years. To make matters worse, during this same period students’ self-reported narcissism has reached new heights, according to research by Jean M. Twenge, a psychologist at San Diego State University.
An individual’s empathy can be assessed in many ways, but one of the most popular is simply asking people what they think of themselves. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a well-known questionnaire, taps empathy by asking whether responders agree to statements such as “I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me” and “I try to look at everybody’s side of a disagreement before I make a decision.” People vary a great deal in how empathic they consider themselves. Moreover, research confirms that the people who say they are empathic actually demonstrate empathy in discernible ways, ranging from mimicking others’ postures to helping people in need (for example, offering to take notes for a sick fellow student).
Since the creation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index in 1979, tens of thousands of students have filled out this questionnaire while participating in studies examining everything from neural responses to others’ pain to levels of social conservatism. Konrath and her colleagues took advantage of this wealth of data by collating self-reported empathy scores of nearly 14,000 students. She then used a technique known as cross-temporal meta-analysis to measure whether scores have changed over the years. The results were startling: almost 75 percent of students today rate themselves as less empathic than the average student 30 years ago.
What’s to Blame?
This information seems to conflict with studies suggesting that empathy is a trait people are born with. For example, in a 2007 study Yale University developmental psychologists found that six-month-old infants demonstrate an affinity for empathic behavior, preferring simple dolls they have seen helping others over visually similar bullies. And investigators at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig have shown that even when given no incentive, toddlers help experimenters and share rewards with others. Empathic behavior is not confined to humans or even to primates. In a recent study mice reacted more strongly to painful stimuli when they saw another mouse suffering, suggesting that they “share” the pain of their cage mates.
But the new finding that empathy is on the decline indicates that even when a trait is hardwired, social context can exert a profound effect, changing even our most basic emotional responses. Precisely what is sapping young people of their natural impulse to feel for others remains mysterious, however, because scientists cannot design a study to evaluate changes that occurred in the past. As Twenge puts it, “you can’t randomly assign people to a generation.”
There are theories, however. Konrath cites the increase in social isolation, which has coincided with the drop in empathy. In the past 30 years Americans have become more likely to live alone and less likely to join groups—ranging from PTAs to political parties to casual sports teams. Several studies hint that this type of isolation can take a toll on people’s attitudes toward others. Steve Duck of the University of Iowa has found that socially isolated, as compared with integrated, individuals evaluate others less generously after interacting with them, and Kenneth J. Rotenberg of Keele University in England has shown that lonely people are more likely to take advantage of others’ trust to cheat them in laboratory games.[break]
The types of information we consume have also shifted in recent decades; specifically, Americans have abandoned reading in droves. The number of adults who read literature for pleasure sank below 50 percent for the first time ever in the past 10 years, with the decrease occurring most sharply among college-age adults. And reading may be linked to empathy. In a study published earlier this year psychologist Raymond A. Mar of York University in Toronto and others demonstrated that the number of stories preschoolers read predicts their ability to understand the emotions of others. Mar has also shown that adults who read less fiction report themselves to be less empathic.
Whereas the sources of empathic decline are impossible to pinpoint, the work of Konrath and Twenge demonstrates that the American personality is shifting in an ominous direction. Still, we are not doomed to become a society of self-obsessed loners. Konrath points out that if life choices can drive empathy down, then making different choices could nurture it. “The fact that empathy is declining means that there’s more fluidity to it than previously thought,” she says. “It means that empathy can change. It can go up.”
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Manna (Hebrew: מָן) or al-Mann (Arabic: المَنّ , Kurdish: gezo, Persian: گزانگبین), sometimes or archaically spelled mana, is an edible substance which, according to the Bible and the Quran, God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty-year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan.
Biblical / canonical descriptionEdit
In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice: once in Exodus 16:1-36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11:1-9 as a part of a separate narrative. In the description in the Book of Exodus, manna is described as being "a fine, flake-like thing" like the frost on the ground. It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night. Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in size, similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun, and was like a coriander seed that is white. Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium, adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes, which were then baked, resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil. Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey. The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day. Stored manna "bred worms and stank": the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath (Preparation Day), when twice the amount of manna was gathered. This manna did not spoil overnight, because, Exodus 16:23-24 states:
This is what the Lord commanded: "Tomorrow is to be a day of rest, a holy Sabbath to the Lord. So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil. Save whatever is left and keep it until morning." So they saved it until morning, as Moses commanded, and it did not stink or get maggots in it.
In the Bread of Life Discourse in John's Gospel, the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews' ancestors ate in the desert: the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God's promised covenant, and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses, and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died. In contrast, according to the gospel, Jesus offered living bread, and whoever ate this bread would never die.
Manna in the QurʾānEdit
The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān, in Quran 2:57, 7:160 and 20:80. It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the prophet Mohammad said "Truffles are part of the 'manna' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses, and its juice is a medicine for the eye."
Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu, meaning "food". At the turn of the twentieth century, Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es-simma, roughly meaning "heavenly manna". Tamarisk trees (particularly Tamarix gallica) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai, and their resin is similar to wax, melts in the sun, is sweet and aromatic (like honey), and has a dirty-yellow color, fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna. However, this resin is mostly composed of sugar, so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time, and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes.
Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large "sail area." In particular, Lecanora esculenta has been postulated. Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible. "In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that, according to Parrot, it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick."
In the Biblical account, the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu, seemingly meaning "What is it?"; this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology, not a Hebrew one. Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man, meaning plant lice, with man hu thus meaning "this is plant lice", which fits one widespread modern identification of manna, the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects. In the environment of a desert, such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content, becoming a sticky solid, and later turning whitish, yellowish, or brownish; honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East, and is a good source of carbohydrates. In particular, there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk, the Tamarisk manna scale (Trabutina mannipara), which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna.
Another type is turkey oak manna, also called Persian gezengevi- gezo, men, Turkish Kudret helvasi, man-es-simma, also Diarbekir manna, or Kurdish manna. It is formed by aphids and appears white. It was common in western Iran, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey. When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone. They are pounded before inclusion in breads.
A number of ethnomycologists, including Terence McKenna, have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, notorious breeding grounds for insects, which decompose rapidly. These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals, and first appear as small fibres (mycelia) that resemble hoarfrost. Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive molecule in the "Psilocybe cubensis" mushroom, has been shown to produce spiritual experiences, with "personal meaning and spiritual significance" when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later. The speculation that manna was an entheogen, also paralleled in Philip K. Dick's posthumously published The Transmigration of Timothy Archer, is supported in a wider cultural context when compared with the praise of soma in the Rigveda, Mexican praise of teonanácatl, the peyote sacrament of the Native American Church, and the holy ayahuasca used in the ritual of the União do Vegetal and Santo Daime churches.
Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust, or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants (such as those of the genus Alhagi, which have an appetite-suppressing effect).
Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore, with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition, and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition. The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it, with it tasting like honey for small children, like bread for youths, and like oil for the elderly. Similarly, classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew, by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew, one falling before the manna, and the other after.
Manna is from Heaven, according to the Hebrew Bible and to Jesus in the New Testament, but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic. In the Mishnah, manna is treated as a natural but unique substance, "created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation", and ensured to be clean, before it arrives, by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains. According to classical rabbinical literature, manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous, but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves.
Use and functionEdit
Until they reached Canaan, the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn, despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled, and the references to provisions of fine flour, oil, and meat, in parts of the journey's narrative.
As a natural food substance, manna would produce waste products; but in classical rabbinical literature, as a supernatural substance, it was held that manna produced no waste, resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later, when the manna had ceased to fall. Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems, especially when other food later began to be consumed again. Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation, and were concerned about potential bowel problems.
Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants cannot move and killing them would not be sinful: manna, a nonmeat substance, is used to support this theory. Further, when the people complained and wished for quail, God gave it to them, but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail. "While the meat was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people."
Food was not manna's only use; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume.
Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member (about 3.64 litres), and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it; a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna, others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands. The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves, since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household; the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners, and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna.
According to the Talmud, manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God, and far from the homes of those with doubts; indeed, one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles, as it would inevitably slip from their hands. The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted, formed liquid streams, was drunk by animals, flavored the animal flesh, and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles, this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna. Despite these hints of uneven distribution, classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day. It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square, between 50 and 60 cubits in height, enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West. This is probably a metaphorical statement.
According to Exodus, Shabbat (Sabbath) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared. It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week, and none at all could be found on the seventh day; although manna usually rotted and became maggot-infested after a single night, that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night. Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat; and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat, so that the people could rest during it.
Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions, with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat, while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists, implying that the meaning of "Shabbat" was already known. These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance, which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic.
Duration of supplyEdit
Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years, starting from the fifteenth day of the second month (Iyar 15), but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land, and once they had reached the borders of Canaan (inhabited by the Canaanites). Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore; the "settled land" is attributed to the Priestly tradition, and "Canaan's borders" to the Yahwist tradition, or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua, which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival (Nisan 14), when the Israelites had reached Gilgal. The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14, taken literally, is forty years less one month.
There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased, particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days, seventy days, or fourteen years; indeed, according to Joshua ben Levi, the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died.
Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna, Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer-sized pot or jar, which was kept facing the Testimony (possibly, adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant); it indicates that God instructed this of Moses, who delegated it to Aaron. The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark. Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses, and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah. However, the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah, during Solomon's reign in the tenth century B.C. Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition, concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C.
Later cultural referencesEdit
By extension, "manna" has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment.
At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari, Italy, there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas; legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil, and it is sold to pilgrims as "the Manna of Saint Nicholas". The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbor, and the tomb is below sea level, there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid, including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action.
In the seventeenth century, a woman marketed a clear, tasteless product as a cosmetic, "the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari". After the deaths of some 600 men, Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic, used by their wives.
In a modern botanical context, manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants, especially of certain shrubs and trees, and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash, extracted by making small cuts in the bark. The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue-green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative, demulcent, and weak expectorant.
- Arthur, James (2000). Mushrooms and Mankind: The Impact of Mushrooms on Human Consciousness and Religion. Escondido, CA: Book Tree. ISBN 1-58509-151-0.
- Heinrich, Clark (2002). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press. ISBN 0-89281-997-9.
- Merkur, Dan (2000). The Mystery of Manna: The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press. ISBN 0-89281-772-0.
- McKenna, Terence (1993). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge, A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York, NY: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-37130-4.
- "Quran 2:57".
- Rashi on Exodus 16:31
- Exodus 16:14
- Numbers 11:9
- Exodus 16:21
- Exodus 16:31
- Numbers 11:7 However, commentators such as John Gill prefer to interpret the word translated "bdellium" as "bdeloah", meaning a white precious stone (John Gill, Commentary on Numbers 11:7).
- Numbers 11:8
- Exodus 16:20
- New International Version
- John 6:30-58
- Rippin, Andrew (24 April 2017). Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-118-96480-4. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
- George Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai, p. 236
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- Exodus 16:15
- "Manna Sinai".
- "tamarisk manna scale - insect". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- "Sherbet&Spice: The complete story of Turkish sweets & deserts" by Mary Isin, publisher I.B.Tauris, ISBN 9781848858985
- "Manna From Heaven". deoxy.org.
- Griffiths, Roland R. "Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later".
- Terence McKenna, Food of the Gods, New York, Harper Collins, p. 84
- "Pancakes or Locusts". gottnotes.com.
- "Plants For A Future Search Error".
- Peake's Commentary on the Bible
- Jewish Encyclopedia, "Book of Exodus", "Book of Numbers"
- Yoma 75b
- Psalm 78:24-25, 105:40
- John 6:31
- Pirkei Avot 5:9
- Mekhilta, Beshalah, Wayassa, 3
- Numbers 21:5
- Sifre (on Numbers) 87-89
- Soler, Jean, The Semiotics of Food in the Bible
- Numbers 11:4-11:35
- Exodus 16:16
- Exodus 16:17-18
- Tanhuma, Beshalah 22
- Yoma 75a
- Midrash Abkir (on Exodus) 258
- Midrash Tanhuma
- Yoma 76a
- Exodus 16:23
- Exodus 16:5, 16:22, 16:26-27
- Exodus 16:24
- Exodus 16:27-29
- Exodus 16:30
- Jewish Encyclopedia, "Book of Exodus"
- Exodus 16:1-4
- Exodus 16:35
- Joshua 5:10-12
- Jewish Encyclopedia, "Manna"
- Exodus 16:34
- Exodus 16:32-33
- Hebrews 9:4
- 1 Kings 8:9
- Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas, St. Nicholas Center
- Carroll, Rory, 2000-12-22, Bones of contention, The Guardian
- Girling, Richard, 2004-12-12, Talking Point: Now do you believe in Santa Claus?, The Times
- Manna, Time magazine, 1927-08-29
- Rushforth, K., 1999, Trees of Britain and Europe, Collins, ISBN 0-00-220013-9
- Grieve, Mrs. M., Ash, Manna
- Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, 6th ed. (1880)
- Feser, Edward. "Robert Nozick (1938—2002)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Prunes have an enviable reputation as a laxative and it now seems they may protect you from colon cancer, too.
Researchers from Texas A&M University and the University of North Carolina have found that consuming dried plums maintains a healthy balance of bacteria within the lower colon which is associated with a lower bowel cancer risk.
Despite their unattractive brown, wrinkled appearance, prunes have one of the highest antioxidant levels of all fruit. Made by drying certain varieties of plum, of which the most popular is the d’Agen sugar plum, it takes around 3.5kg fresh plums to produce 1kg prunes.
As a result, prunes are a concentrated powerhouse of antioxidants originally present in the fresh plums. They are also an excellent source of soluble fiber, which fuels the growth of beneficial, probiotic bowel bacteria.
The latest research, presented at the September 2015 Experimental Biology conference in Boston, suggests that prunes boost the growth of one particular group of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes) while, at the same time, suppressing the growth of another type (Firmicutes) associated with bowel inflammation. By promoting a healthier balance of bowel bacteria, eating prunes is associated with fewer precancerous cell changes in the colon linings.
Interestingly, the laxative action of prunes doesn’t come from its fiber, but from a substance called hydroxyphenyl isatin (once prescribed as a laxative drug) which stimulates secretion of fluid into the bowel and stimulates intestinal contraction. So, if you want the laxative action – drink prune juice or eat whole prunes; if you want the bowel cancer protection, stick to whole prunes.
We suggest another natural remedy, the jam that was made by The VA hospital in Quebec. It is also called the hospital jam because it has been tested on patients who have had a severe form of constipation. It is so effective that you can get a prescription for it.
YOU WILL NEED:
- 150 g date palm (1 cup)
• 150 g prunes (1 cup)
• 1.5 cups of boiled water (for thicker jam less)
Cut the dates and prunes into small pieces. Put them in boiling water and cook until the mixture thickens.
The resulting quantity should be 20 servings 1 tbsp. This jam is suitable for all ages.
You can eat it alone, smear on bread, add the yogurt, cereal.
Sorbitol is a type of sugar alcohol that can be consumed by diabetics because it does not require the secretion of insulin. They are processed very slowly and they reach the colon usually half-processed, therefore, leads to softer stools.
Date palm some call the healthiest fruit on the ground. They are a good source of natural fiber that is essential for a good bowel movement. Anemia, high blood pressure over, cholesterol, to cancer, all these diseases can be prevented with dates
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GCSE and iGCSE Drama Tuition in London
It’s what I learn from the great actors that I work with. Stillness. That’s all and that’s the hardest thing.
Tutor House supplies creative and professional GCSE Drama Tutors to help students get excited about their learning, inspire them with new ideas and provide them with expert guidance to develop their skills, engage with their subject, and tackle any areas they are struggling with or worried about.
GCSE/ iGCSE Drama is great way for students to really express themselves creatively, independently and in a team. GCSE/ iGCSE drama allows students to develop their critical thinking skills and to become independent learners. GCSE/ iGCSE Drama revolves around working imaginatively, creatively and communicating effectively, GCSE/ iGCSE Drama gives student a foundation for either Drama studies and future career possibilities.
Breakdown of the core GCSE Drama modules:
Studying Drama at GCSE level requires skill, creativity, talent and attention to details. Students will be required to undertake practical and written work such as presentations, researching and studying drama productions and of course live performance as well. There are of course behind the scenes options as well which are detailed below.
- Written Paper – 1 hour 30 mins 80 marks – 40%
- The written paper comprises three sections:
- Practical work completed during the course
- Study and performance of a scripted play
- Study of a live theatre production seen
- Candidates must answer Question 1 from Section A and choose one further question from either Section B or Section C.
- The written paper assesses Assessment Objectives 1 and 3, with relative weightings of 20% and 20% respectively.
- Externally set and marked
- Practical Work 120 marks – 60%
- Candidates are required to present practical work for two controlled assessment options, each with a weighting of 30% (60 marks each).
- Controlled assessment options:
- Devised Thematic Work
- Theatre in Education
- Physical Theatre
- Set Design
- Stage Management
Benefits of studying GCSE/ iGCSE Drama
According to AQA, students have a number of reasons they loved studying GCSE/ iGCSE Drama such as:
- having a say about which texts to study
- being assessed for contribution and ability during the preparation period of their final piece, as well as the design or performance itself
- opportunity to communicate creatively
- getting the chance to watch live theatre to prepare for the written paper
Why it’s worth studying GCSE/ iGCSE Drama?
Not many students realise how many different skills they can develop when
studying GCSE/ iGCSE Drama. Building confidence is a huge skill that helps many students to go on to do something they never knew they could do, such as public speaking! Some of the skills students will gain from a GCSE or iGCSE Drama qualification include independent thinking and working , enquiring and reflective minds, collaboration and communication skills, practical skills- from making masks and puppets to make-up, design skills, and technical abilities.
Drama students may go on to study at A-Level and eventually at university. A drama degree is perfect for aspiring artists who are hoping for a glittering career, however there are plenty of options for behind the scenes work as well.
Performing Arts/Drama careers include:
- Community arts worker
- Drama therapist
- Music therapist
- Theatre director
- Broadcast presenter
- Theatre stage manage
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A diet rich in omega-3s and other healthy fats may help keep skin supple and hydrated.
If you have dry skin, you know that lotions and moisturizers help. But can certain dietary choices combat dry, itchy, scaly skin?
“The most important part of the skin barrier is lipids, including phospholipids, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides,” says Amy Newburger, MD, an attending physician in the Dermatology Department at St. Luke’s Roosevelt Medical Center. “Skin without enough fat in it has a protein predominance and is kind of like a mess made just of twigs with no glue between them.” Water easily escapes through a barrier without lipids, allowing skin to become dehydrated.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are necessary for the production of intercellular lipids — the “glue” between the “twigs” in the stratum corneum, or surface of the skin. They also have an anti-inflammatory effect on irritated skin. Two types of fatty acids that are “essential” — that is, they must be obtained through the diet — are omega-3s, and omega-6s.
Foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids include fatty fish like salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines, as well as flaxseed oil, some types of eggs, and grass-fed beef. Evening primrose oil and borage seed oil, which are high in omega-6s, help hydrate the skin and prevent water from evaporating, says Leslie Baumann, director of the University of Miami Cosmetic Medicine and Research Institute. “If you don’t like fish or are pregnant and can’t eat it, omega-3 supplements are a good option.” Most Americans get enough omega-6s through their diet because they’re contained in corn and safflower oils.
While anecdotal success of fatty acids for alleviating dry skin has not been conclusively bolstered by research, several studies have shown significant positive effects: In a 2006 study of 50 patients with atopic dermatitis, 96 percent of those given capsules of evening primrose oil for five months showed notable reduction in intensity, itching, and dryness of the skin. In another study, of 29 elderly patients, borage seed oil supplements taken in pill form helped reduce water loss from the skin by 10.8 percent. And in a study of 118 infants with high risk of developing atopic dermatitis, those who were given borage seed oil and went on to develop the condition experienced a lower severity of the disorder than those in a placebo group. On the other hand, a 2006 meta-analysis of 22 studies that tested the effects of essential fatty acid supplementation found that no significant benefit was conferred on people with atopic dematitis by plant and fish oil supplements. More studies must be conducted before conclusions can be reached.
Vitamins and Minerals for Dry Skin..
“Vitamin C is necessary for the function of the enzyme that causes collagen to form,” says Dr. Newburger, “and collagen acts as a sponge for moisture.”
Newburger adds that copper and zinc are also necessary. Together, vitamin C, zinc, and copper keep collagen denser, which in turn allows for plump, hydrated skin. “Any good multivitamin with trace minerals in it contains zinc and copper,” says Newburger. Zinc has also been found to have anti-inflammatory effects, which is vital for maintaining smooth skin.
Caffeine, Alcohol, and Dry Skin
While consuming caffeine is unlikely to dehydrate you, it does make the blood vessels constrict, which is why it’s used in eye creams (to reduce puffiness). “Long term, this means a reduced amount of blood flow and nutrients though the tissues,” warns Newburger. “And if you don’t have healthy circulation, you won’t have age-appropriate cell turnover.”
In the case of alcohol, Michele Murphy, a registered dietitian at NewYork Presbyterian–Weill Cornell Medical Center, explains that although it’s a diuretic, you’d need to be severely dehydrated to experience any noticeable changes. “The average person having a glass of wine with dinner every night and maintaining adequate fluid intake is unlikely to see any real difference,” she says. Contrary to popular belief, drinking large amounts of water does not affect skin. “The water we drink that’s processed internally isn’t going to impact the external look or feel of the skin,” Murphy says. Instead, it’s the skin’s outer layer that is essential for keeping moisture in.
Don’t Overdo It
If you’re already eating a balanced diet with sufficient fats, adding more fats or taking supplements is not necessarily a quick fix for dry skin. “If you’re deficient in fat or certain vitamins, it does have the potential to affect the look or feel of your skin,” says Murphy. “But supplementing beyond what the body needs has not been shown to improve skin.”
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The Past Is Still Anticipated
Facts about Mary Anning:
When Mary is twelve, she does her sewing sloppily,
she doesn’t brush her hair, and she digs
an ichthyosaurus out of the ocean.
When Mary’s eyes wander, they find
dorsal fins of extinct sharks.
When Mary comes across a beach body
half-drowned, she replaces the seaweed in her hair with seaflowers.
Father deceased. Mother worn away, brother apprenticed.
And the full sea.
Mary can pinch a skeleton out of a vertical cliff with a hammer.
Sometimes it takes 10 years.
Mary’s neighbors think a flying serpent ravishes
their blackberry patches and may also have the power to destroy
teenagers and twentysomethings.
Ammonite (snakestone): good
for preventing snake bite, for impotence,
and, if placed under your pillow, insomnia.
The ichthyosaurus is as tall as a steeple.
It has kickers like a dolphin, the jaw of a crocodile, spine of a fish.
The name means “fish lizard,” though it is neither
fish nor lizard. The stories only look like fables.
There the monsters are: with beaks like the bill of a woodcock,
scaly armor of an iguana, flexible finger bones of a bat,
fins like wings, head like
a pair of scissors.
(What rules the world? The stomach.)
Mary’s name is often omitted. Mary’s name is
often replaced by a pronoun. A unique fossil
analogous to nothing.
Mary complains that the information she receives
from stodgy professors is “one-half intelligible.”
Mary is sometimes accused of forgery.
George Cumberland once came to Mary “Hanning’s” defense.
He spelled her name
the way the locals pronounce it.
In her spare time, Mary reads Lord Byron.
She paints prehistoric beasts with the ink found inside
other prehistoric beasts. Fish with straight teeth.
Fish with crooked teeth.
The controversial hypothesis about “In the beginning”—
beginning could express an undefined period of time.
Each year the leading rivals of the day
dine in the unfinished hollow of the iguanodon skeleton.
Pass the wine and count the bones.
Mary has never been inside a museum. Mary’s angry name is WOMAN.
In 1835, Mary loses her life
savings—more than £300.
Mary asks, What is the matter of me?
I stand still, she says, and the world flows by me in a stream
A distant blue still blueing.
The small bathroom holds
a small view of water
I might have closed.
Have you noticed that I give myself to you
in pieces, never in, never
out of body, dismantled?
Two hands are all I know
and in bathwater
ascends a toe
Notes Toward a Supreme Dish
Reached into the wrong way again.
Ate second egg out of winter coat pocket.
Cancelled when should have cut
with an accident-sized kitchen knife.
Memorized most bowls. Forgot bright orange
like the recipe had warned against lovers.
Realized had forgotten the night before so could (forget celery).
Back at home, put six eggs in a pot and got that right at least.
Began adding other ingredients from internet.
Thought might have added too much bedroom and Googled “roaring boil.”
Also “spicy mustard.”
Ate Miracle on the stove.
Wondered if everyone eventually regrets shaved-leg decision.
Shell scraps under fingernail,
they could be peeled away like this
the skin of an island or an intricate clementine.
Went back into teaspoons. Kept sneaking back
into kitchen to stare at pot.
Pia Aliperti is an editor and teacher based in the Inwood neighborhood of NYC. Her poems appear in Valley Voices, Rattle, and The Best American Poetry blog, among other spaces. She is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and of The New School's MFA program. You can read excerpts of her erasure of the novel Jane Eyre online at Tinderbox Poetry Journal, Luna Luna, and the Augury Books blog.
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Fast fun whale facts for kids to make the learning process easy, funny and great fun! Find out more about our sea friend, the whale. You will find the answer to questions like how quick they swim, what they eat and how fast they can swim. Did you know that there are 79 to 84 different species of whale on the world?
- To breathe, whales have a blowhole in the top of their heads.
- Since they need to rise to surface to breath, only one half of their brain sleeps at a time.
- Wales are mammals that are fully adapted to aquatic life.
- Whales can swim as fast as 30 miles per hour.
- Some whales can stay underwater for as long as 90 minutes.
- There are two types of whales, Baleen Whales and Toothed Whales.
- Baleen whales feed from krill and plankton.
- Toothed whales eat several kind of fish, like tuna, cod and salmon among others and seals.
- Whales do not drink seawater; instead, they extract water from their food by metabolizing the fat.
- The Blue whale is the largest animal in the world, they can weigh over 200 tons.
- Some baleen whales sing.
- Baleen whales use sonar to communicate with one another.
- A baby whale is called a calf.
- The most famous story about whales is Moby Dick.
Check out some interesting facts about sharks!
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Rabbis Without Borders
Rabbis Without Borders is a dynamic forum for exploring contemporary issues in the Jewish world and beyond. Written by rabbis of different denominations, viewpoints, and parts of the country, Rabbis Without Borders is a project of Clal – The National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership.
Today is International Women’s Day, and we have a confluence, as we sometimes do, between secular observances and our Jewish calendar. For just three days after International Women’s Day we celebrate Purim, a holiday in which the accomplishments of women are pivotal to the story.
International Women’s Day was made formal by the United Nations in the 1970s in order to mark women’s contribution to global society, but its roots go deeper, stemming from an initial observance in New York marking a strike of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union. It was then observed primarily through Socialist and Communist sponsorship throughout the world, linked up with women’s labor. When the UN made it official, that body offered a theme as a focus each year; this year’s theme is women and work.
Today it is an opportunity to celebrate and uphold the contribution women make to our world, especially in the field of political advocacy. In this day in which the political awareness of so many, especially women, has been reignited, it is fitting that this day be marked as such. With the recent defeat of the first woman to potentially become US President, we are reminded how far we have come and how far we have yet to go.
Indeed, the organizers of the Women’s March, which took place in Washington DC and across the country the day after the inauguration, have adopted International Women’s Day as a Day Without A Women general strike, in which women are meant to refrain from going to work and engaging in commerce in society in order to demonstrate the great role women play in society and the impact such an absence will have on communities.
The holiday of Purim, that we celebrate beginning on sundown on Saturday night, is, perhaps, the first International Women’s Day, as the story contains two women who act in defiance of the existing political structures in order to bring about systematic change. The first of course is Esther, for whom the biblical book in which we find the story of Purim is named. In the story, the King of Persia, Ahasuerus, is convinced by his adviser Haman that the Jews of the kingdom are a threat and must be destroyed. The King is agreeable to the plan and proceeds until his Queen, Esther, intervenes. She herself is Jewish, and she pleads that her people should be spared.
The scene in the text is fraught with tension, and Esther must defy certain conventions to even talk to the king. She here is an example of defying the odds and making demands of humanity and justice to a government that is seemingly oriented in the opposite way.
But we also remember that Esther became queen only after Vashti, the king’s previous wife, was banished from the kingdom. Ahasuerus had demanded that Vashti make an appearance at a royal banquet in order to show her off to those assembled, and Vashti refused to go.
Vashti stood up to an unjust and demeaning order by refusing to adhere to it, and instead absented herself despite the risk of punishment. (Day Without A Woman general strike?) While Esther enacted her defiance through her speaking out, Vashti enacted her defiance through her civil disobedience.
Both the these women’s actions advance the story of Purim, and have the effect of, in specific, saving the Jewish people from certain destruction, and, in general, bringing to the kingdom a greater sense of justice and respect for all of its citizens.
As we mark International Women’s Day, and we celebrate Purim, we honor the role these two women Vashti and Esther played in the story. And they serve as an inspiration to us, not only in our need to recognize the role women play in the advancement of society, but in recognizing that both of the actions of these women—absence and presence, silent civil disobedience and vocal appeals to power—are tactics that we can employ in working to make a more just world.
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French battleship Jean Bart (1911)
Jean Bart in 1914
|Awarded:||11 August 1910|
|Builder:||Arsenal de Brest, Brest|
|Laid down:||15 November 1910|
|Launched:||23 September 1911|
|Completed:||19 November 1913|
|Reclassified:||disarmed and became a school ship in 1936|
|Fate:||Scrapped beginning 14 December 1945|
|Class and type:||Courbet-class battleship|
|Length:||166 m (544 ft 7 in)|
|Beam:||27 m (88 ft 7 in)|
|Draught:||9.04 m (29 ft 8 in) at normal load|
|Installed power:||28,000 shp (20,880 kW)|
|Propulsion:||4-shaft Parsons steam turbines, 24 boilers|
|Speed:||21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) (trials)|
|Endurance:||4,200 nmi (7,780 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)|
Jean Bart was the second ship of the Courbet-class battleships, the first dreadnoughts built for the French Navy. She was completed before World War I as part of the 1910 naval building programme. She spent the war in the Mediterranean and helped to sink the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser Zenta on 16 August 1914. She spent most of the rest of 1914 providing gunfire support for the Montenegrin Army until she was torpedoed by the submarine U-12 on 21 December. Even with three compartments flooded, she was able to steam to Malta on her own for repairs that required three and a half months. Upon her return she spent the remainder of the war participating in the Otranto Barrage, in the Adriatic.
After the end of World War I she and her sister ship France were sent to the Black Sea to support Allied troops in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. Jean Bart's crew mutinied out of sympathy for the Bolsheviks, but the mutiny was put down and she returned to the Mediterranean in 1920. She was partially modernized twice during the 1920s, but was deemed in too poor condition to be refitted again in the 1930s. Therefore, she was renamed Océan, disarmed and hulked in 1936 and became a harbour training ship in Toulon. The Germans captured her intact when they occupied Toulon in 1942 and used her for testing large shaped charge warheads. She was sunk by Allied bombing in 1944, but was raised and scrapped in 1945.
Jean Bart was 166 metres (544 ft 7 in) long overall. She had a beam of 27 metres (88 ft 7 in) and at full load a draft of 9.04 metres (29 ft 8 in) at the bow. She displaced 23,475 tonnes (23,100 long tons) at standard load and 25,579 tonnes (25,180 long tons) at full load. She proved to be rather wet in service as she was bow-heavy because of her superimposed turrets forward.
Jean Bart had four propellers powered by four Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, rated at 28,000 shaft horsepower (20,880 kW); twenty-four Belleville water-tube boilers provided steam for her turbines. These boilers were coal-burning with auxiliary oil sprayers. She had a designed speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). She carried up to 2,700 long tons (2,700 t) of coal and 906 long tons (921 t) of oil and could steam for 4,200 nautical miles (7,800 km) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).
Jean Bart's main armament consisted of twelve 305-millimetre (12 in) Mle 1910 45-calibre guns mounted in six twin gun turrets, with two turrets superimposed fore and aft, and one on each flank of the ship. For anti-torpedo boat defence she carried twenty-two 138-millimetre (5.4 in) Mle 1910 guns, which were mounted in casemates. Four 47-millimetre (1.9 in) Modèle 1902 Hotchkiss guns were fitted, two on each beam. She was also armed with four 450-millimetre (18 in) submerged Modèle 1909 torpedo tubes with twelve torpedoes.
Jean Bart's waterline armoured belt extended well below the waterline as the French were concerned about protection from underwater hits. Her main armour was also thinner than that of her British or German counterparts, but covered more area. It was 270 millimetres (10.6 in) thick between the fore and aft turrets and tapered to 180 mm (7.1 in) towards the bow and stern. It extended 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) below the normal waterline. Above the main belt was another belt, 180 mm thick, that covered the sides, and the secondary armament, up to the forecastle deck, 4.5 metres (14 ft 9 in) deep, between the fore and aft turrets. The conning tower had armour 300 mm (11.8 in) thick. The main gun turrets had 290 millimetres (11.4 in) of armour on their faces, 250 millimetres (9.8 in) on their sides and roofs 100 millimetres (3.9 in) thick. Their barbettes had 280 millimetres (11.0 in) of armour. There was no anti-torpedo bulkhead although there was a longitudinal bulkhead abreast the machinery spaces that was used either as a coal bunker or left as a void.
Jean Bart was built by the Arsenal de Brest at Brest. Her keel was laid down on 15 October 1910 and was launched on 22 September 1911. She was completed on 19 November 1913 and finished her trials before World War I began the following year. Jean Bart escorted France, which was carrying the President of the French Republic, Raymond Poincaré, on a state visit to Saint Petersburg, Russia in July 1914. They were returning from Russia when World War I began, but made it to France without encountering German ships.
Shortly after the start of the war, the commander of the Allied naval forces in the Mediterranean decided to sweep the Adriatic, to surprise the Austrian vessels enforcing a blockade of Montenegro. The Anglo-French force, which included Jean Bart, succeeded in cutting off and sinking the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser Zenta in an engagement off Antivari on 16 August 1914, although her accompanying destroyer managed to escape. Jean Bart spent most of the rest of 1914 providing gunfire support for the Montenegrin Army until she was torpedoed by the submarine U-12 off Sazan Island on 21 December. The one torpedo struck her in the wine store just before the forward magazine. She was able to steam to Malta on her own for repairs that required three and a half months, but this attack forced the battleships to fall back to either Malta or Bizerte. After the French occupied the neutral Greek island of Corfu in 1916 the ships moved forward to Corfu and Argostoli, but their activities were very limited as many of their crews were used to man anti-submarine ships. In 1918, she served off Greece. Before the end of the war she was fitted with seven 75-millimetre (3 in) Mle 1897 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in single mounts. These guns were adaptations of the famous French Mle 97 75 mm field gun.
In April 1919, while Jean Bart was helping to defend Sevastopol from the advancing Bolsheviks, her crew mutinied, along with that of the France, but the mutiny collapsed when Vice-Admiral Jean-Françoise-Charles Amet agreed to meet the mutineers' main demand to take the ships home. Three crewmen were sentenced to prison terms upon her return, although the sentences were commuted in 1922 as part of a bargain between Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré and the parties of the Left. The ship returned to Toulon in 1920 and received the first of her two refits between 12 October 1923 and 29 January 1925. This included replacing one set of boilers with oil-fired boilers, trunking together her two forward funnels, increasing the maximum elevation of the main armament from 12° to 23°, removal of her bow armour to make her more seaworthy, the installation of a fire-control director, with a 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) rangefinder, atop the new tripod foremast, and the replacement of her Mle 1897 AA guns with four Mle 1918 guns and 24 8-millimetre (0.31 in) machine guns.
Jean Bart was refitted again between 7 August 1929 and 29 September 1931. This was much more extensive than her earlier refit as another set of boilers was converted to oil-firing, her direct-drive cruising turbines were replaced by geared turbines and her fire-control systems were comprehensively upgraded. A large cruiser-type fire-control director was added atop the foremast with a 4.57-m coincidence rangefinder and a 3-metre (9 ft 10 in) stereo rangefinder. The rangefinder above the conning tower was replaced by a duplex unit carrying two 4.57-m rangefinders and another 4.57-m rangefinder was added in an armoured hood next to the main mast. Two directors for the secondary guns were added on the navigation bridge, each with a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) coincidence rangefinder. A 8.2 metres (26 ft 11 in) rangefinder was added to the roof of 'B' turret, the second one from the bow. Her Mle 1897 AA guns were exchanged for Mle 1918 guns and they were provided with three 1.5-metre (4 ft 11 in) rangefinders, one on top of the duplex unit on the conning tower, one on 'B' turret and one in the aft superstructure. Her condition was poor enough that she was not thought to be worth the expense of a third refit like those her sisters were given. She was hulked, disarmed and became a harbour training ship in 1936. She was renamed Océan that year to free her name for use by the new Richelieu-class battleship Jean Bart then being constructed.
The new Océan was captured intact by the Germans on 27 November 1942, the day the French Fleet was scuttled. The Germans used her for experiments with very large shaped charge warheads as delivered by the Mistel composite aircraft. She was sunk by Allied aircraft in 1944 and later raised for scrapping beginning on 14 December 1945.
- Gardiner & Gray, p. 197
- Dumas, p. 223
- Whitley, p. 36
- Whitley, p. 35
- Wikisource:Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War/Chapter 1
- Sieche, Erwin. "French Naval Operations, Engagements and Ship Losses in the Adriatic in World War One". Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- Whitley, p. 38
- Dumas, p. 226
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 306. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Masson, Philippe (2003). "The French Naval Mutinies, 1919". In Bell, Christopher M.; Elleman, Bruce A. Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. 19. London: Frank Cass. pp. 106–122. ISBN 0-7146-5456-6.
- Dumas, p. 229
- Le Masson, Henri (1969). The French Navy 1. Navies of the Second World War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 65.
- Dumas, p. 231
- Dumas, Robert (1985). "The French Dreadnoughts: The 23,500 ton Courbet Class". In John Roberts. Warship. IX. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 154–164, 223–231. ISBN 0-87021-984-7. OCLC 26058427.
- Dumas, Robert; Guiglini, Jean (1980). Les cuirassés français de 23,500 tonnes. Grenoble, France: Editions de 4 Seigneurs. OCLC 7836734.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
- Jordan, John; Dumas, Robert (2009). French Battleships 1922–1956. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-416-8.
- Whitley, M. J. (1998). Battleships of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.
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Step 2: Teach Lesson
un- dis- -ful
1. Read the definition of each affix to the student and give sample words and sentences to build meaning.
- This prefix means “not.” If a camper is not afraid of the dark, he is unafraid.
- This prefix means “not.” If a chef is not pleased with the taste of a dish, she is displeased with it.
This suffix means “full of” or “with a lot of.” If an insect bite causes a lot of pain, it is a painful bite.
2. Have the student create words by adding affixes to the base words tie, like, and fear. Ask s/he to check a dictionary to make sure
that the combinations they create are all real words. Then have the student write sentences using the words they make.
Sometimes when reading, you might come across a word that looks long and difficult. It can be tempting to pass right over
it. But it might be an important word. It might relate to an important idea.
To figure out what the word means, think of it as a puzzle. Many longer words have built-in clues. These clues are special
parts that have their own special meanings.
Give the student a copy of “Word Parts,” Student Page 1(Step 3)
. Direct the student’s attention to the word in the top box. This word
looks long and complicated. But we can break it down into parts. Doing so will help us figure out what the word means.
The first part of the word is un-. Have the student point to the box containing un-. Un- is a prefix meaning “not.” A prefix is
added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Have the student point to the box containing success. What is the
second part? (success) Success is the base word. What does success mean? (Possible response: victory) Have the student
write this word in the box under success. The last part of this word is -ful. A suffix is added to the end of a word. The suffix -ful
means “full of.” When we put the meaning of un- and the meaning of -ful together with the meaning of success, we have a
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The national debt held by any government is typically measured as a percentage of its gross domestic product. This ensures that the debt is measured not in absolute dollar terms, but in comparison to the creditworthiness of the country, and its ability to repay past and future debts.
The gross domestic product of a nation is the sum total of the economy generated by its residents over a given period of time, usually calculated by calendar or fiscal year. It differs from gross national product, in that gross domestic product refers to all residents of a country, while gross national product measures all citizens of a country, regardless of where they reside. The national debt of a country is the total amount of money it has borrowed over time which has not been repaid, and should not be confused with the term “deficit,” which instead refers to the amount a country needs to borrow in a single year to balance its budget.
National debt in GDP terms is used by other governments and major international lenders to determine the credit rating of nations, much in the same way that a credit score is used for a household applying for credit, which is its own way of acquiring debt. For example, in 2009 the United States had a GDP of $14.2 trillion, and had to issue bonds to cover a deficit for that year equal to 12.9 percent of its GDP, or $1.8 trillion in new debt. However, as the American economy is so strong, and its prior public debt only totaled 52.9 percent of GDP, purchasing American public debt is still considered to be a safe investment, and money is made available to the United States as it is needed.
As of 2009, the American public debt and deficit reached all-time highs by absolute dollar value, but not in relation to its GDP. Higher deficits were run by GDP figures in 1943 during World War II, and a higher debt burden by GDP was carried by the United States at the end of that war.
In 2009, Zimbabwe had the highest debt burden in the world as measured by percentage of GDP, with a public debt of 304.3 percent of its GDP. Japan, a very different economy, holds second place with a public debt of 192.1 percent of GDP. The United States ranks 42nd on this list, although this figure does not include the debt issued in 2009 in response to the economic recession.
It is not entirely correct to think of a country as being in the same situation as a household when its credit is no longer good, and they cannot borrow additional money. This is not true of countries that issue widely traded currencies and securities, including the United States, the European Union and Japan. The issuance of bonds by these governments--which raises the debt level every time they are purchased--also serve as the safest investments within their own economy, and can disrupt investment strategies when they are not made available. As a result, government debt is issued for reasons aside from raising money, and is purchased, in many cases, regardless of the nation’s outstanding debt burden.
- Digital Vision./Photodisc/Getty Images
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Infection control is an essential component of health care settings such as hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. Infection control measures can be as easy as washing hands and as complicated as high-level disinfection of surgical instruments in a healthcare setting. Implementing infection control measures can prevent transmission of diseases in healthcare settings and the community. Sterilization is a component of the infection control procedure. It is a process to remove or destroy infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials or surfaces. All reusable items that come in contact with the patient’s blood, saliva, or mucous membranes must be sterilized to prevent infection. To ensure minimal instrument damage during sterilization, microorganisms are killed by oxidation, disruption of cell membranes, interruption of DNA synthesis, and interference with protein synthesis. To sterilize an instrument three definite stages: pre-sterilization cleaning, sterilization process, and aseptic storage need to be completed. Pre-sterilization cleaning is removal of organic matter, blood, and saliva using cleaning methods, such as mechanical washing, manual cleaning, and ultrasonic cleaning.
A sample of this report is available upon request @ www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/4184
Sterilization can be classified as physical and chemical sterilization. Physical sterilization includes the use of heat (dry or moist), sunlight, gas, filtration, ultrasonic cleaning, and radiation. Chemical sterilization includes the use of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, benzoyol peroxide, phenol derivatives such as phenol, cresol, and chloroxylenol, aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, metallic salts, biguanide, dyes, furan derivatives, and halogens. Aseptic storage is maintenance of sterility during transportation and storage, and instruments are kept wrapped with perforated instrument cassettes, peel pouches of plastic or paper, until ready for use. Sterilization is used in microbiology laboratories, diagnostic and surgical procedures, and drug and food manufacturing to ensure safety from contaminating organisms.
North America dominates the global market for sterilization technologies due to rise in number of hospital acquired infections and increasing geriatric population in the region. Asia is expected to experience high growth rate over the next five years in the global sterilization technologies market. China and India are projected to be the fastest growing markets in the region. The key driving forces for the sterilization technologies market in developing countries are the large pool of patients, increasing awareness about diseases, rising prevalence of infectious diseases, improving healthcare infrastructure, and rising number of surgeries.
Rise in number of hospital acquired infections, increasing geriatric population, rising number of surgeries, increasing prevalence of various diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis, increase in healthcare expenditure, increasing demand of sterilization in various industries such as the food industry are some of the key factors driving the growth of the global sterilization technologies market. However, complex regulatory frameworks, shifting trend towards utilization of disposable medical devices, high cost of sterilization equipments, and economic slowdown are major restraints for the growth of the global sterilization technologies market.
Technological advancements such as E-beam radiation and gamma sterilization are anticipated to create opportunities for the global sterilization technologies market. Contract sterilization service is a major trend in the global sterilization technologies market.
To view TOC of this report is available upon request @ www.persistencemarketresearch.com/toc/4184
Major companies operating in the global sterilization technologies market are Matachana Group, Honeywell International Inc., Getinge Group, 3M Company, Belimed AG, CISA Group, Advanced Sterilization Products, Synergy Health, plc, Sterigenics International LLC, Nordion, Inc., and STERIS Corporation.
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our show farm
Our 'show' farm, on a half-hectare block, is a great example of permaculture at work.
Our cows and fish work together to cycle nutrients. Our swales, ponds and rich organic matter assist in the management of rainfall and irrigation run-off. Our ducks, biodigester, food forest and playground all contribute to the system. There are cycles throughout. There are relationships everywhere.
We have researched, selected and modified solutions to match the local farming culture. We have largely incorporated locally-taught techniques and have combined these with the knowledge and international experience of our volunteers and designers.
Although nothing replaces seeing this project first-hand and experiencing all the interactions, here is an outline of some of the basic interactions on this farm:
- Our livestock sheds are located at the top of the cyclic system.
- The manure from these feeds our biodigesters that produces methane that will be used in our kitchen for cooking.
- The organic slurry from the biodigester is then either composted with other farm material, or is directed down a series of swales to apply natural fertiliser to our farm on it’s way to our fish ponds.
- Our swales are planted with perennial plants that provide nutrients and protection to our organic garden beds.
- Once in the fish ponds, the nutrients within the composted slurry provides a source of fish food.
- Any nutrients and soil that is carried off our gardens with rainfall ends up in our fish ponds, where it is captured, or converted into food by our fish and aquatic plants. Although there’ll obviously be a certain volume of overflow from our ponds and off down the catchment, we aim to let as few nutrients and soil as possible leave our land.
- From the fish ponds, soil, water and nutrients can easily be transferred back to the top of the system as livestock fodder, food for our residents or through irrigation.
These cyclic systems are supported in their work by:
- Ducks that share the fish pond
- Food forests that productively manage the use of the biodigesters slurry
- Chicken tractors that are used to reduce the labour requirement of pest control and turning the soil
- Agroforestry that provides an alternative cooking fuel and the replacement of the timber used to construct the Kesho Leo buildings.
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How To Make Your Research Paper More Interesting
While you may feel that your teacher wants to read boring essay after boring essay, this is not necessarily true. Everyone (even teachers) enjoys reading an interesting piece of writing. The key, in this case, is to know the difference between making your paper interesting and going off topic. By following these four tips, you can easily make your essay one that your teacher will remember.
Tip #1: Choosing from a List of Topics
One of the worst things you can do is choose a boring topic for your paper. This makes it almost impossible to write an interesting essay. First, if you must choose from a list of topics, choose some that seem promising and put a spin on them. Then, ask your professor if it is okay to alter the topic a little. Remember that your paper can only be as interesting as the subject that it is written on.
Tip #2: Choosing Your Own Topic
When you choose your own topic, you have the freedom to make your paper interesting. Do not take this freedom lightly. Begin by choosing a general topic, and then narrow it down until you have a manageable topic. Once your topic is manageable, ask yourself if you will be able to enjoy writing about it. If you cannot enjoy writing about your topic, it is unlikely that someone will enjoy reading it.
Tip #3: Find Interesting Facts about Your Topic
Whether you are writing about the French Revolution or the Physiological Changes of an Elephant, every topic has at least one interesting fact. Find at least one interesting fact about your topic that can spice up your paper. If you find more that one, make a list! You can decide which tidbits of information to include later- after you have found all of the other facts that you need.
Tip #4: Include the Fact in Your Introduction
Once you know the interesting information that you would like to include, it is important that you write about it in the appropriate area. Remember that the body of your research paper is to prove your thesis- not entertain your reader. Unless your interesting fact actually proves a point about your thesis, it belongs in the introduction or conclusion of your paper. In fact, including something interesting is a great way to introduce the general topic of your paper, as well as get your reader interested for the information that is to come.
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Washington, Nov 27 : New research has indicated that land-dwelling iguanas are under continuing threat on the Galapagos archipelago, and more must be done to insure their long-term survival.
Since man first visited the archipelago in the 16th century, the islands' native plants and animals have faced grave challenges, including severe pressures from introduced species, habitat destruction and predation by man himself.
In some instances, this has led to reduced populations and even extinction.
Though conservation efforts began in the 20th century, but according to new research, published in the scientific journal Molecular Ecology, more must be done to insure the long-term survival of land-dwelling iguanas on the archipelago.
Led by Michel Milinkovitch, from the University of Geneva, Switzerland, the international coalition of scientists, have detailed their near-decade-long effort to assess the population genetics of land iguanas on the six islands where the reptiles occur today.
Galapagos land iguanas diverged from the famous Galapagos marine iguanas 10 to 20 million years ago, and there are currently two recognized species of terrestrial iguanas: Conolophus subcristatus and C. pallidus.
Beginning in the 1930s, and continuing through the 1980s, various threatened populations of land iguanas were relocated from one island habitat to another, or were subject to captive breeding and reintroduction programs.
Combined with the eradication of invasive species at some locations, this patchwork of dedicated conservation efforts by the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galapagos National Park Service did preserve some native species from extinction, but unfortunately the records of these activities were not always detailed.
As a result, the genetic diversity of captive and reintroduced populations is uncertain. Given that genetic diversity within - and relationships among - populations are crucial for long-term species survival, the authors investigated genetic variation at nine nuclear micro satellite loci among more than 700 land iguanas from six island habitats.
For comparison, the information obtained was compared with similar information gathered from 20 marine iguanas.
This represents the first time that extensive and modern molecular genetic analyses have been applied to the study of these unique terrestrial reptiles.
Results revealed four distinct "clusters" of iguanas, including two potential new species.
Results also revealed that, while some populations enjoy robust genetic diversity, others do not. As such, they are at increased risk from any future changes in environmental pressures.
According to the researchers, "Molecular data could prove of paramount interest for improving management of (off-site) captive populations and for guiding the development of proper (natural habitat) population survival and habitat management plans for this spectacular reptile."
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