id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 12 184 | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 12 184 | query_embedding list |
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295a8 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | All the forces in what are based on three fundamental interactions? | {
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} | All the forces in what are based on [MASK] fundamental interactions? | [
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295a9 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | Most of the forces in the universe are based on how many fundamental interactions? | {
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} | Most of the forces in the universe are based on how many fundamental interactions? | [
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295aa | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What type of forces act at very long distances? | {
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} | What type of forces act at very long distances? | [
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295ab | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What forces are responsible for the interactions between atomic particles? | {
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} | What forces are responsible for the interactions between atomic particles? | [
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c2 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | What proceeded along the lines of unification of similar ideas? | {
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} | What proceeded along the lines of unification of similar ideas? | [
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c3 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | Who unified the force responsible for atoms falling at the surface of the Earth? | {
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} | Who unified the force responsible for atoms falling at the surface of the [MASK]? | [
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c4 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through two consistent theories? | {
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} | Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through [MASK] consistent theories? | [
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c5 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | In the 19th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to what? | {
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} | In [MASK], the development of quantum mechanics led to what? | [
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fa | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Until the work of Galileo, what was not identified as a universal force? | {
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} | Until the work of [MASK], what was not identified as a universal force? | [
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fb | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Newton was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling what? | {
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} | [MASK] was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling what? | [
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fc | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | What has a magnitude of about 8.81 meters per second squared? | {
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} | What has a magnitude of [MASK] squared? | [
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fd | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | What was identified as a universal force after the work of Galileo? | {
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} | What was identified as a universal force after the work of [MASK]? | [
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429700 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Who realized that the effects of gravity might be observed differently at smaller distances? | {
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} | Who realized that the effects of gravity might be observed differently at smaller distances? | [
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429701 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Newton said that the acceleration of the Earth around the Moon represented what? | {
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} | [MASK] said that the acceleration of the [MASK] around the [MASK] represented what? | [
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429702 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Who realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to mass? | {
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} | Who realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to mass? | [
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429703 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Newton realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to what? | {
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} | [MASK] realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to what? | [
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429742 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | What is used to describe the weakness of gravity? | {
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} | What is used to describe the weakness of gravity? | [
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429743 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Whose value was know in Newton's life? | {
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} | Whose value was know in [MASK] 's life? | [
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429744 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Who realized that only some celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion? | {
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} | Who realized that only some celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion? | [
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429745 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Cavendish's Law of Gravitation states what? | {
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} | [MASK] 's Law of Gravitation states what? | [
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5ad27fb9d7d075001a429782 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Whose law did not explain the orbit of the planet Saturn? | {
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} | Whose law did not explain the orbit of the planet [MASK]? | [
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5ad27fb9d7d075001a429783 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Who predicted the existence of many other planets? | {
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} | Who predicted the existence of many other planets? | [
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5ad27fb9d7d075001a429784 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Albert Einstein formulated what law? | {
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} | [MASK] formulated what law? | [
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5ad27fb9d7d075001a429785 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | The planet Vulcan was predicted to explain the what with planet Saturn? | {
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} | The planet [MASK] was predicted to explain the what with planet [MASK]? | [
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5ad28035d7d075001a4297a6 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What theory least best describes gravity? | {
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} | What theory least best describes gravity? | [
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5ad28035d7d075001a4297a7 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What is viewed as a force in GR? | {
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} | What is viewed as a force in GR? | [
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5ad28035d7d075001a4297a8 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | The curved line path in space-time is seen as a what line in space? | {
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} | The curved line path in space-time is seen as a what line in space? | [
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5ad28035d7d075001a4297a9 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What describes objects not moving freely? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What describes objects not moving freely? | [
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5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d6 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | Lorenzo's Law describes what? | {
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"answer_start": []
} | [MASK] 's Law describes what? | [
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5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d7 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge? | [
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5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d8 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | What force describes Lorenzo's Law? | {
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} | What force describes [MASK] 's Law? | [
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5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d9 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | Which law is a rule of vector addition? | {
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} | Which law is a rule of vector addition? | [
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5ad28173d7d075001a4297fa | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | The origin of what would not be fully explained until 1964? | {
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} | The origin of what would not be fully explained until [MASK]? | [
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5ad28173d7d075001a4297fb | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who separated a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations? | {
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} | Who separated a number of earlier theories into a set of [MASK] scalar equations? | [
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5ad28173d7d075001a4297fc | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | What was later formulated into 3 vector equations? | {
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} | What was later formulated into [MASK] vector equations? | [
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5ad28173d7d075001a4297fd | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who discovered that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-aware" | {
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"answer_start": []
} | Who discovered that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-aware" | [
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5ad28237d7d075001a429820 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | A new theory of what was developed using quantum particles? | {
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} | A new theory of what was developed using quantum particles? | [
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5ad28237d7d075001a429821 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What theory led to quantum electromagnetics? | {
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} | What theory led to quantum electromagnetics? | [
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5ad28237d7d075001a429822 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | Where are photons the fundamental exchange photon? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Where are photons the fundamental exchange photon? | [
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5ad28237d7d075001a429823 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | Quantum theory was used to develop a new theory of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Quantum theory was used to develop a new theory of what? | [
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5ad283bcd7d075001a42985a | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | Since electrons are minions, they cannot occupy the same what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Since electrons are minions, they cannot occupy the same what? | [
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5ad283bcd7d075001a42985b | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | When electrons are loosely packed, there is not enough what? | {
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"answer_start": []
} | When electrons are loosely packed, there is not enough what? | [
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5ad283bcd7d075001a42985c | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | What takes no energy to pack them together? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What takes no energy to pack them together? | [
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5ad283bcd7d075001a42985d | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | When what are packed together loosely is there not enough lower energy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | When what are packed together loosely is there not enough lower energy? | [
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5ad28471d7d075001a429876 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The weak force only acts on which particles? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The weak force only acts on which particles? | [
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5ad28471d7d075001a429877 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The successful searches for what showed that the elementary particles are not observable? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The successful searches for what showed that the elementary particles are not observable? | [
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5ad28471d7d075001a429878 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The residual of what can be seen in front of hadrons? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The residual of what can be seen in front of hadrons? | [
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5ad28471d7d075001a429879 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The weak force acts upon what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The weak force acts upon what? | [
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5ad28597d7d075001a4298ae | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | The strong force is due to the exchange of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The strong force is due to the exchange of what? | [
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5ad28597d7d075001a4298af | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | Alpha decay is the most familiar effect of what force? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Alpha decay is the most familiar effect of what force? | [
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5ad28597d7d075001a4298b0 | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What force is weaker than gravity over short distances? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What force is weaker than gravity over short distances? | [
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5ad28597d7d075001a4298b1 | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What electroweak theory has not been developed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What electroweak theory has not been developed? | [
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5ad28614d7d075001a4298c0 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What force is due to attractive forces of interaction? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What force is due to attractive forces of interaction? | [
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5ad28614d7d075001a4298c1 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What repulsion follows when atomic clouds overlap? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What repulsion follows when atomic clouds overlap? | [
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5ad28614d7d075001a4298c2 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What is an example of the abnormal force in action? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is an example of the abnormal force in action? | [
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5ad28614d7d075001a4298c3 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | The abnormal force is responsible for the structural integrity of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The abnormal force is responsible for the structural integrity of what? | [
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5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e6 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | What forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings? | [
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5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e7 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | What forces can be modeled using ideal mass strings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What forces can be modeled using ideal mass strings? | [
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5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e8 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces? | [
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5ad286fdd7d075001a429900 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | What does not have extended structure? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What does not have extended structure? | [
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5ad286fdd7d075001a429901 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | Forces that act on one part of an object do not act on what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Forces that act on [MASK] part of an object do not act on what? | [
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5ad286fdd7d075001a429902 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | In extended fluids, similarities in pressure result in forces being directed where? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | In extended fluids, similarities in pressure result in forces being directed where? | [
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5ad286fdd7d075001a429903 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | Whose mechanics affected three dimensional objects? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Whose mechanics affected [MASK] dimensional objects? | [
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5ad2877cd7d075001a429912 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What does not cause strain in structures? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What does not cause strain in structures? | [
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5ad2877cd7d075001a429913 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What is associated with abnormal forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is associated with abnormal forces? | [
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5ad2877cd7d075001a429914 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What is associated with horizontal forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is associated with horizontal forces? | [
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5ad2877cd7d075001a429915 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | Another term for on-diagonal elements is what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Another term for on-diagonal elements is what? | [
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5ad28846d7d075001a42992e | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What inertia exists because of Newton's Fourth Law of Motion? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What inertia exists because of [MASK] 's [MASK] Law of Motion? | [
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0.31020620... |
5ad28846d7d075001a42992f | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What equation is torque like regarding velocity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What equation is torque like regarding velocity? | [
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0.046735677868127... |
5ad28846d7d075001a429930 | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What is the rotational equivalent of velocity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is the rotational equivalent of velocity? | [
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0.1928366124629... |
5ad28846d7d075001a429931 | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | Which of Newton's Laws described a rotational inertia equation? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which of [MASK] 's Laws described a rotational inertia equation? | [
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5ad288e1d7d075001a429970 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | What force changes an objects speed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What force changes an objects speed? | [
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5ad288e1d7d075001a429971 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | Where does the centripetal force come from? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Where does the centripetal force come from? | [
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0.291842788... |
5ad288e1d7d075001a429972 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | What path changes the direction of an object? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What path changes the direction of an object? | [
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5ad288e1d7d075001a429973 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | A balance force accelerates what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | A balance force accelerates what? | [
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... |
5ad2895bd7d075001a429982 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | A liberal force that acts on a closed system has what kind of mechanical work? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | A liberal force that acts on a closed system has what kind of mechanical work? | [
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5ad2895bd7d075001a429983 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | Net mechanical energy is what in an open system? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Net mechanical energy is what in an open system? | [
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5ad2895bd7d075001a429984 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | What can not be considered an artifact of the potential field? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What can not be considered an artifact of the potential field? | [
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5ad2895bd7d075001a429985 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | A flow of water can not be considered an artifact of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | A flow of water can not be considered an artifact of what? | [
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5ad289c2d7d075001a42999e | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | It is always possible to model forces as being due to what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | It is always possible to model forces as being due to what? | [
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5ad289c2d7d075001a42999f | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Micro-physical considerations yield what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Micro-physical considerations yield what? | [
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5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a0 | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Friction is not caused by the gradients of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Friction is not caused by the gradients of what? | [
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0.38096529245376587,
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0.1300552785396576,
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5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a1 | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Conservative forces include what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Conservative forces include what? | [
0.04334636032581329,
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0.29722660779953003,
0.16816627979278564,
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0.11219002306461334,
-0.33915841579437256,
0.0732700601... |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b0 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | In macroscopic open systems, non conservative forces act to do what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | In macroscopic open systems, non conservative forces act to do what? | [
0.2077755481004715,
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0.19054709374904633,
0.12813487648963928,
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0.08742248266935349,
-0.6422818303108215,
-0.06792177259... |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b1 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | What are often associated with the transfer of cold? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What are often associated with the transfer of cold? | [
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0.16079112887382507,
0.02607252262532711,
0.1859123557806015,
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-0.2204768806695938,
0.2177977114915... |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b2 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | Conservative forces are often associated with the transfer of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Conservative forces are often associated with the transfer of what? | [
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0.1952974... |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b3 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | What does not change macroscopic closed systems? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What does not change macroscopic closed systems? | [
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0.2802138328552246,
0.0572415329515934,
0.32325905561447144,
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0.3783707320690155... |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cc | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What does not have a metric counterpart? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What does not have a metric counterpart? | [
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-0.02134172059595585,
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0.2761877477169037,
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-0.3636910915374756,
-0.101233705... |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cd | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What is the force exerted by standard gravity on one ton of mass? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is the force exerted by standard gravity on [MASK] of mass? | [
0.20655867457389832,
0.12935899198055267,
0.14506375789642334,
0.18578022718429565,
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0.27564680576324463,
0.06147726997733116,
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-0.11423393338918686,
0.04197005182504654,
-0.2676813304424286,
0.0180028676... |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299ce | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass? | [
0.10687489062547684,
0.05705321580171585,
0.08525001257658005,
0.41598430275917053,
0.05853753164410591,
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-0.0268337931483984,
0.029087556526064873,
0.011202904395759106,
0.2576495110... |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cf | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What force is part of the modern SI system? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What force is part of the modern SI system? | [
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0.06390947848558426,
0.09959910809993744,
-0.11230624467134476,
0.0645278... |
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