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== Further reading == The Crown Crime Companion. The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time Selected by the Mystery Writers of America, annotated by Otto Penzler, compiled by Mickey Friedman (New York, 1995, ISBN 0-517-88115-2) De Andrea, William L: Encyclopedia Mysteriosa. A Comprehensive Guide to the Art of Detection in ...
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== External links == World's Best Detective, Crime, and Murder Mystery Books Short reviews of the best crime fiction books Crime and Crime Fiction Archived 2023-03-28 at the Wayback Machine at the British Library[WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: Crime film]
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Crime film is a film belonging to the crime fiction genre. Films of this genre generally involve various aspects of crime and fiction. Stylistically, the genre may overlap and combine with many other genres, such as drama or gangster film, but also include comedy, and, in turn, is divided into many sub-genres, such as ...
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== Characteristics == The definition of what constitutes a crime film is not straightforward. Criminologist Nicole Hahn Rafter in her book Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society (2006) found that film scholars had a traditional reluctance to examine the topic of crime films in their entirety due to complex nature...
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=== Silent era === The history of the crime film before 1940 follows reflected the changing social attitudes toward crime and criminals. In the first twenty years of the 20th Century, American society was under intense social reform with cities rapidly expanding and leading to social unrest and street crime rising and ...
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=== 1930s === The groundwork for the gangster films of the early 1930s were influenced by the early 1920s when cheap wood-pulp paper stocks led to an explosion in mass-market publishing. Newspapers would make folk heroes of bootleggers like Al Capone, while pulp magazines like Black Mask (1920) helped support more high...
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=== 1940s === The 1940s formed an ambivalence toward the criminal heroes. Leitch suggested that this shift was from the decline in high-profile organized crime, partly because of the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 and partly because of the well-publicized success of the FBI. Unlike the crime films of the 1930s, the 1940...
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=== 1950s === By 1950, the crime film was following changing attitudes towards the law and the social order that criminals metaphorically reflect while most film were also no more explicitly violent or explicitly sexual than those of 1934. White Heat (1949) inaugurated a cycle of crime films that would deal with the om...
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=== 1960s === Following the classical noir period of 1940 to 1958, a return to the violence of the two previous decades. By 1960, film was losing popularity to television as the mass form of media entertainment. Despite To The crime film countered this by providing material no acceptable for television, first with a hi...
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=== 1970s === The French Connection (1971) dispensed Bullitt's noble hero for the character of Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle who Leitch described as a "tireless, brutal, vicious and indifferent" in terms of constraints of the law and his commanding officers. The film won several Academy Awards and was successful in the box offi...
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Hollywood productions began courting films produced and marketed by white Americans for the purpose of trying to attract a new audience with blaxploitation film. These films were almost exclusively crime films following the success of Shaft (1971) which led to studios rushing to follow its popularity with films like Su...
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=== 1980s and 1990s === When Ronald Reagan became president in 1980, he ushered in a conservative era. For crime films, this led to various reactions, including political films that critiqued official policies and citizen's political apathy. These included films like Missing (1982), Silkwood (1983), and No Way Out (198...
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== Sub-genres == Every genre is a subgenre of a wider genre from whose contexts its own conventions take their meaning, it makes sense to think of the gangster film as both a genre on its own terms and a subgenre of the crime film.
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In these films, the gangster and their values have been imbedded through decades of reiteration and revision, generally with a masculine style where an elaboration on a codes of behavior by acts of decisive violence are central concerns. The archetypal gangster film was the Hollywood production Little Caesar (1931). A ...
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The heist film, also known as the "big caper" film is a style of crime film that originated from two cinematic precursors: the gangster film and the gentleman thief film. The essential element in these films is the plot concentration on the commission of a single crime of great monetary significance, at least on the su...
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=== Hybrid genres === Leitch described combining genres as problematic. Screenwriter and academic Jule Selbo expanded on this, describing a film described as "crime/action" or an "action/crime" or other hybrids was "only a semantic exercise" as both genres are important in the construction phase of the narrative. Mark ...
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== Reception == Leitch, stated that the genre has been popular since the dawn of the sound era of film. Ursini and Silver said that unlike the Western, the horror film, or the war film, the popularity of crime cinema has never waned.
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== See also == Pre-Code crime films Yakuza film Dacoit films Mumbai underworld films
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=== Sources === Bould, Mark (2013). "Genre, Hybridity, Heterogeneity or the Noir-SF-Vampire-Zombie-Splatter-Romance-Comedy-Action-Thriller Problem". In Spicer, A.; Hanson, H (eds.). A Companion to Film Noir. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781444336276. Clarens, Carlos (1997) [1980]. Crime Movies (2 ed.). Da Capo Press...
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== Further reading == Criminology and Criminal Justice Cavender, Gray, and Nancy C. Jurik. "Risky business: Visual representations in corporate crime films." Routledge international handbook of visual criminology (2017): 215–228. Hughes, Howard. Crime Wave: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Crime Movies (2006) excerpt ...
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=== European === Baschiera, Stefano. "European Crime Cinema and the Auteur." European Review 29.5 (2021): 588–600. Chibnall, Steve, and Robert Murphy. British crime cinema (Routledge, 2005). Davies, Ann. "Can the contemporary crime thriller be Spanish?" Studies in European Cinema 2.3 (2005). online Forshaw, Barry. Brit...
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Crime in Australia is managed by various law enforcement bodies (federal and state-based police forces and local councils), the federal and state-based criminal justice systems and state-based correctional services. The Department of Home Affairs oversees federal law enforcement, national security (including cyber secu...
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Law enforcement in Australia is served by law enforcement officers under the control of federal government, states and territories and local agencies. A number of state, territory and federal agencies also administer a wide variety of legislation related to white-collar crime. Police are responsible for the administra...
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== Immigration detention centres == In addition to the standard prisons run by the states (and not included in prisoner statistics), the Department of Home Affairs also operates a separate system of Australian immigration detention facilities to detain non-citizens who have breached the terms of or lack a visa. Some of...
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== Crime and crime prevention since colonisation ==
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During the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, large numbers of convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the UK Government. One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their overburdened correction...
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From the earliest days of settlement at Sydney Cove, settlers clashed with the indigenous peoples. Governor Arthur Phillip himself gave ex-convicts muskets which were utilised to shoot at Aboriginal people in the area, and also deployed soldiers to their allotted areas, who "dispersed" about 50 Aboriginal people. Hidde...
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Bushrangers were originally escaped convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who used the Australian bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term "bushranger" had evolved to refer to those who took up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base....
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Civil disturbances and prison riots, have occurred throughout the history of European settlement in Australia, a selection of which follows:
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Riots at Fremantle Prison, WA (many, between 1854 and 1988) Goldfields riots in NSW (1860-1861) Bathurst prison riots, NSW (1970 and 1974) 2004 Palm Island riots, Qld 2004 Redfern riots, Sydney 2005 Macquarie Fields riots, Sydney 2005 Cronulla riots, Sydney
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The Australian Institute of Criminology hosts an interactive gateway to statistics and information on Australian crime and justice issues, called Crime Statistics Australia. This provides the easiest public access to statistics showing all aspects of crime in Australia, including death in custody, offender and victim s...
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=== Crime rates === In comparison to other English-speaking countries, such as New Zealand, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, Australia in 2020 had an overall crime rate of 6.87 per 100,000 people, while the overall crime rate in North America was higher, with 6.1 per 100,000 in Canada and 8.5 per 100,000 ...
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==== 2016–2017 ==== The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreas...
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==== 2009–2010 ==== Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) shows that during the 2009/10 year police took action against 375,259 people, up by 4.8 percent from 2008/09 figures. Young offenders aged 10 to 19 comprised about 29 percent of the total offender population across Australia. In the 2009/10 financi...
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==== Declining homicide rate ==== Between 2013 and 2023, the number of homicides and related offences in Australia decreased from 434 to 409 (down 6%). Between 2017 and 2020 the homicide rate was stable at around 0.87 per 100,000. Between the 1989-1990 and 2013-2014 statistical years, the national homicide rate decrea...
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Prisoner statistics 2000–present can be found on the Australian Bureau of Statistics page for 4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia.
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==== 2018 ==== Between 2017 and 2018 the national imprisonment rate increased by 3% from 216 to 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population. In 2018, adult prisoner numbers were up by 4% on the previous year, with female prisoner numbers increasing at a faster rate than male prisoners and with drug offences responsible ...
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Research from the Australian Institute of Criminology showed that from 1990 until the middle of 2011, 40 percent of people who were fatally shot by police were suffering from a mental illness. In NSW, the fatalities included Adam Salter (shot dead in Sydney in 2009); Elijah Holcombe (shot dead in Armidale in 2009); and...
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Indigenous Australians are both convicted of crimes and imprisoned at a disproportionately high rate in Australia. The issue is a complex one, to which federal and state governments as well as Indigenous groups have responded with various analyses and numerous programs and measures. Many sources report over-representat...
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The gun buy-back program which was implemented in 1996, purchased and destroyed mostly semi-automatic and pump action firearms. Relatively frequent mass murders committed in the United States serve to re-ignite the debate on gun control laws from time to time, and Australia's gun control laws have been held up as an ex...
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== Civic organisations == Neighbourhood Watch Crime Stoppers Crime Victims Support Association
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Christmas Island Judiciary of Australia Norfolk Island Timeline of major crimes in Australia
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== Further reading == William Westgarth (December 1864). "The Statistics of Crime in Australia". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 27 (4): 505–519. ISSN 0964-1998. Wikidata Q108489539.
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== External links == Crime Statistics Australia (Australian Institute of Criminology) Archived 17 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine[WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: Crime in India]
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Crime in India has been recorded since the British Raj, with comprehensive statistics now compiled annually by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), under the Ministry of Home Affairs (India). In 2021, a total of 60,96,310 crimes, comprising 36,63,360 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 24,32,950 Special and Local L...
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A report published by the NCRB compared the crime rates of 1953 and 2006. The report noted that burglary (known as house-breaking in India) declined over a period of 53 years by 79.84% (from 147,379, a rate of 39.3/100,000 in 1953 to 91,666, a rate of 7.9/100,000 in 2006), murder has increased by 7.39% (from 9,803, a r...
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As of 2019, Delhi had the highest crime rate (incidence of crime per 100,000 population) among all States of India at 1586.1, rising steeply from 1342.5. Delhi's crime rate was 4.1 times higher than the national average of 385.5 that year. States in Northeast India have consistently reported much lower crime rates, wit...
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Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used Sources :
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=== Cities === Among metropolitan cities, Kolkata (103.4 in 2021) was the safest city, however, the experts doubted the accuracy of the data. After Kolkata, Pune (256.8) and Hyderabad (259.9) had the lowest crime rates (per 1 lakh urban population) among the 19-cities with more than two million inhabitants in India. W...
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Police records shows high incidence of crimes against women in India. Sexual assault against women in India is increasingly common. Despite a large population, statistically sexual assault in India is not rampant. According to the NCRB, as of 2018, the majority of crimes against women were registered under 'Cruelty by ...
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Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common crimes against women. Official sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008. While already on an upward curve, rape cases suddenly spiked in 2013. Disturbing incidents of rape on senior citizens and infants are inc...
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Dowries are considered a major contributor towards the violence against women in India. Some of these offences include physical violence, emotional abuses, and murder of brides and girls. Most dowry deaths occur when the young woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides ar...
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Domestic violence in India is endemic. Around 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence, according to Renuka Chowdhury, former Union minister for Women and Child Development. The National Crime Records Bureau reveals that a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes, a woman is raped every 29 m...
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=== Human trafficking === Human trafficking in India is a serious issue. It usually comes in the form of offering employment to the poor and uneducated. Women are sold to brothels or families as maids, where they are usually raped, tortured and sexually assaulted. In 2021, India has passed a bill for fighting human tra...
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=== Illegal drug trade === India is located between two major illicit opium producing centers in Asia – the Golden Crescent comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran and the Golden Triangle comprising Burma, Thailand and Laos. Because of such geographical location, India experiences large amount of drug trafficking thr...
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Drug abuse: Cultivation of illicit narcotic substances and drug trafficking affects the health of the individuals and destroy the economic structure of the family and society. Organised crime: Drug trafficking results in growth of organized crime which affects social security. Organized crime connects drug trafficking ...
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=== Arms trafficking === According to a joint report published by Oxfam, Amnesty International and the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) in 2006, there are around 40 million illegal small arms in India out of approximately 75 million in worldwide circulation. Majority of the illegal small arms make its...
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== Poaching and wildlife trafficking == Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased. According to a report published by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in 2004, India is the chief target for the traders of wildlife skin. Between 1994 and 2003, there have been 784 cases where the skins of tiger, leopard o...
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Samir Sinha, head of TRAFFIC India, the wildlife trade monitoring arm of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN), told Reuters in an interview "The situation regarding the illegal trade in wildlife parts in India is very grim. It is a vast, a varied trade ranging from smuggling of r...
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== Cyber crime == The Information Technology Act 2000 was passed by the Parliament of India in May 2000, aiming to curb cyber crimes and provide a legal framework for e-commerce transactions. However Pavan Duggal, lawyer of Supreme Court of India and cyber law expert, viewed "The IT Act, 2000, is primarily meant to be ...
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Corruption is widespread in India. It is prevalent within every section and every level of the society. Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect of Indian politics. In India, corruption takes the form of bribes, evasion of tax and exchange controls, embezzlement, etc. Despite state prohibitions against tortu...
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=== Petty crime === Petty crime, like pickpocketing, theft of valuables from luggage on trains and buses have been reported. Travelers who are not in groups become easy victims of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Purse snatchers work in crowded areas.
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=== Confidence tricks === Many scams are perpetrated against foreign travelers, especially in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Scammers usually target younger foreign tourists and suggest to them that money can be made by privately transporting gems or gold, or by taking delivery abroad of expensive carpets, avoiding ...
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=== Taxi scam === There are also taxi scams present in India, whereby a foreign traveler, who is not aware of the locations around Indian airports, is taken for a ride round the whole airport and charged for full-fare taxi ride while the terminal is only few hundred yards away. Overseas Security Advisory Council in a r...
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== Preventing crimes == Crime prevention is critical to maintain law and order in the country. Deterring criminals through deployment of more police is one of the major strategy practiced. However, their relationship is very complex. There are also other reasons such as unemployment, poverty, a lower per capita income ...
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Law enforcement in India Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems Indian Penal Code Organised crime in India List of scandals in India Kala Kachcha gang Mafia Raj Caste-related violence in India Religious violence in India Rape in India
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== Further reading == Edwardes, S. M. (2007), Crime in India, READ BOOKS, ISBN 978-1-4067-6126-9. Broadhurst, Roderic G.; Grabosky, Peter N. (2005), Cyber-Crime: The Challenge in Asia, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 962-209-724-3. Menon, Vivek (1996), Under Siege: Poaching and Protection of Greater One-Horned Rhinoce...
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== External links == National Crime Records Bureau Archived 20 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Helpline numbers by Crime in Delhi Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ncrb-data-uttar-pradesh-crime-rate-up-police-3033360/ Crime in India – 2010 statistics Crime rates in...
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Crime in Israel is present in various forms. According to the Israel Police, the general crime rate dropped in 2020, while cyber crimes, hate crimes, domestic violence and sexual abuse incidents rose.
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== Homicide == In Israel the homicide rate is relatively low: in 2015, there were 2.4 people killed per 100,000 inhabitants (in Switzerland the number is 0.71, in Russia it is 14.9, in South Africa it is 34, in Venezuela it is 49). In 2009, 135 people were murdered in Israel. Six Israeli women were killed by partners i...
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== Hate crimes == Racist incidents, including violence, continue taking place between the Jewish majority and Arab minority. In September 2007, eight white supremacists sporting tattoos including the number 88 (code for "Heil Hitler" because "H" is the eighth letter of the alphabet) from Petah Tikva were arrested after...
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== Property crimes == Director of the Latin American Institute of the American Jewish Committee in Washington, D.C. Dina Siegel, criminology professor H. G. van de Bunt, and lecturer in criminology Damián Zaitch showed in their book Global Organized Crime that a significant amount of crime in Israel, especially proper...
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Organized crime has increased dramatically in Israel since the 1990s and is described by the BBC and the Israeli Police as a "booming industry". The Israeli organised crime groups have extended their activities in foreign countries like the United States, South Africa, and the Netherlands. According to a report by the ...
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== Arms trafficking == Arms trafficking is another form of crime and it is directly associated with terrorism. There are many links between Israeli and Palestinian gangsters that facilitate these ventures.
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== Juvenile crime == Violence against minors is also a problem in Israel. In 1999, approximately 7,000 cases of crimes against minors were documented which included physical assault (54%), molestation (37%) and repeated physical victimization (9%). However, Israeli minors are not solely the victims of crime, they are a...
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== Sexual offenses against minors == According to the 2017 statistical yearbook published by the National Council for the Child, there were 2,514 reported sexual crimes against minors in 2016, leading to 481 indictments. Of the 1,900 sex offenders incarcerated in 2009, approximately 60% had committed acts against child...
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According to World Prison Brief, the total prison population of Israel number 19,756 (as of December 2023) with a rate of 217 per 100,000 population. 2.3% of prisoners were minors (as of 2017), and 38.9% of prisoners were foreigners (as of 2014).
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== References ==[WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: Crime in Macau]
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Crime in Macau ranges from triad attacks, gang violence, money laundering, human trafficking, pickpocketing, petty theft, murder, corruption, etc.
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== Law enforcement agencies == The Secretary for Public Security used to be the top law enforcement officer in the Portuguese Macau. After the handover of Macau from Portugal to China in 1999, the agency changed to Secretariat for Security.
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=== Civil unrest === There are several public demonstrations and strikes but they are rarely violent.
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Sex trafficking in Macau is an issue. Macau and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.
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== Homicide == The number of homicide cases in Macau by year:
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== References ==[WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: Crime in Taiwan]
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Crime in Taiwan ranges from food adulteration, bombing, assassination attempts, hostage crisis, murder etc. However, crime statistics show that crime rates in Taiwan are among the lowest in the world, and are relatively low compared to much of the developed world. A 2020 report named Taiwan the second-safest country in...
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The National Police Agency is the top law enforcement body in Taiwan with its subordinate Criminal Investigation Bureau.
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=== Assassination attempts === President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu assassination attempt on 19 March 2004 Presidential Office Building Truck Attack on 25 January 2014
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=== Bombing === Taiwan McDonald's bombings on 28-29 April 1992
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=== Hostage crisis === Alexander family hostage crisis on 18 November 1997
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=== Murder === Nantou shooting on 21 September 1959 Murder of Peng Wan-ru on 30 November 1996 Murder of Pai Hsiao-yen on 20 April 1997 Murder of Weng Chi-nan on 28 May 2010 Taipei Metro attack on 21 May 2014
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Taiwanese and foreign women and girls are sex trafficked in Taiwan. They are raped and harmed in brothels, hotel rooms, and other locations throughout the country.
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=== Marijuana === Marijuana is criminalized in Taiwan with strict penalties for possession, production, and distribution.
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=== Fishing industry === Taiwan's overseas fishing fleet has been criticized for a history of abuse and a lack of protection for migrant laborers, often from Southeast Asia. Official Taiwanese sources put the number of foreign workers aboard Taiwanese vessels at 26,000 but NGOs and US government agencies put the figure...
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== See also == Food safety incidents in Taiwan Organized crime in Taiwan
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== References ==[WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: Crime in Vietnam]
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Crime is present in various forms in Vietnam. According to the United States 2016 OSAC Crime report, Hanoi is rated as medium in Overall Crime and Safety Situation.
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Among the first organised crime group to emerge in Vietnam were the Bình Xuyên, which during the 1920s acted mainly as river pirates led by Dương Văn Dương. Bình Xuyên later became a legitimate military organization that controlled nearly the entire supply of opium of Vietnam in 1954. With the arrival of Vietnamese in...
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Vietnamese drug lords control territories in the northwestern provinces. Because Vietnam is located near the Golden Triangle, its heroin trade is concentrated along its borders with Laos and Cambodia. Since 2019, not only has Vietnam become a drug market but also a transit port that criminals use to traffick drug to ot...
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=== Structure === The Vietnamese mafia, nicknamed "the snake", has a rigid hierarchy, iron discipline, and total control over each member of the community established.
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== Crimes against tourists == Petty crime, which includes pick-pocketing and snatch theft, is common in Vietnam, especially near airports, sea ports and train stations. Scams are common in the country, and some of the most common ones include fake taxis/taxi scams, cyclo scams, fraudulent tour companies, shoe shine sc...