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Large thermal reactors with low flux coupling between regions may experience spatial power oscillations because of the non-uniform presence of xenon-135. Xenon-induced spatial power oscillations occur as a result of rapid perturbations to power distribution that cause the xenon and iodine distribution to be out of phas... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Like biotic molecules, position specific isotope enrichments in abiotic molecules can reflect the source of chemical precursors and synthesis pathways. The energy for abiotic reactions can come from many different sources, which will affect fractionation. For instance, metal catalysts can speed up abiotic reactions. Re... | 0 | Isotopes |
Strontium-90 () is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years. It undergoes β decay into yttrium-90, with a decay energy of 0.546 MeV. Strontium-90 has applications in medicine and industry and is an isotope of concern in fallout from nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
* Allègre C.J., 2008. Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press).
* Faure G., Mensing T.M. (2004), Isotopes: Principles and Applications (John Wiley & Sons).
* Hoefs J., 2004. Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Springer Verlag).
* Sharp Z., 2006. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Prentice Hall). | 0 | Isotopes |
Iodine-131, in higher doses than for thyrotoxicosis, is used for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue following a complete thyroidectomy to treat thyroid cancer. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
While arsenic presents no radiological hazard, it is extremely chemically toxic. If it is desired to get rid of arsenic (no matter its origin), thermal neutron irradiation of the only stable isotope will yield short lived which quickly decays to stable . If Arsenic is irradiated with sufficient fast neutrons to cause... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Nuclear weapons use fission as either the partial or the main energy source. Depending on the weapon design and where it is exploded, the relative importance of the fission product radioactivity will vary compared to the activation product radioactivity in the total fallout radioactivity.
The immediate fission product... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Plants can be characterised by the ratio of carbon isotopes they sequester, due to alterations in the evolution of photosynthetic biochemical pathways. So-called C3 plants fix CO into a 3-carbon molecule and have a greater proportion of C, whereas C4 plants fix it into a 4-carbon molecule, and have a carbon isotope sig... | 0 | Isotopes |
In reactor fuel, the fission product xenon tends to migrate to form bubbles in the fuel. As caesium 133, 135, and 137 are formed by the beta particle decay of the corresponding xenon isotopes, this causes the caesium to become physically separated from the bulk of the uranium oxide fuel.
Because Xe is a potent nuclear ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
NAIL-MS can also be applied to oligonucleotide analysis by mass spectrometry. This is useful when the sequence information is to be retained. | 0 | Isotopes |
Krypton-85, with a half-life 10.76 years, is formed by the fission process with
a fission yield of about 0.3%. Only 20% of the fission products of mass 85 become Kr itself; the rest passes through a short-lived nuclear isomer and then to stable Rb. If irradiated reactor fuel is reprocessed, this radioactive krypton may... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Public health authorities in Western Australia issued an emergency alert for a stretch of road measuring about 1,400 km after a capsule containing caesium-137 was lost in transport on 25 January 2023. The 8 mm capsule contained a small quantity of the radioactive material when it disappeared from a truck. The State Gov... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The six factor formula effective neutron multiplication factor, k, is the average number of neutrons from one fission that cause another fission. The remaining neutrons either are absorbed in non-fission reactions or leave the system without being absorbed. The value of k determines how a nuclear chain reaction proceed... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
According to the Ronen Fissile rule, for a heavy element with 90 ≤ Z ≤ 100, its isotopes with , with few exceptions, are fissile (where N = number of neutrons and Z = number of protons).
The term fissile is distinct from fissionable. A nuclide capable of undergoing fission (even with a low probability) after capturing... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Analysis of the ratio of O to O in the shells of the Colorado Delta clam was used to assess the historical extent of the estuary in the Colorado River Delta prior to construction of upstream dams. | 0 | Isotopes |
A large fraction of the I contained in spent fuel is released into the gas phase, when spent fuel is first chopped and then dissolved in boiling nitric acid during reprocessing. At least for civil reprocessing plants, special scrubbers are supposed to withhold 99.5% (or more) of the Iodine by adsorption, before exhaust... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The sum of the atomic mass of the two atoms produced by the fission of one fissile atom is always less than the atomic mass of the original atom. This is because some of the mass is lost as free neutrons, and once kinetic energy of the fission products has been removed (i.e., the products have been cooled to extract th... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Natural isotopes must be either stable, have a half-life exceeding about 7 years (there are 35 isotopes in this category, see stable isotope for more details) or are generated in large amounts cosmogenically (such as C, which has a half-life of only 6000 years but is made by cosmic rays colliding with N). | 0 | Isotopes |
The original sulfur isotopic reference material was the Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT), a meteorite recovered from Meteor Crater in Arizona. The Canyon Diablo Meteorite was chosen because it was thought to have a sulfur isotopic composition similar to the bulk Earth. However, the meteorite was later found to be isotopica... | 0 | Isotopes |
In isotope hydrology, stable isotopes of water (H and O) are used to estimate the source, age, and flow paths of water flowing through ecosystems. The main effects that change the stable isotope composition of water are evaporation and condensation. Variability in water isotopes is used to study sources of water to str... | 0 | Isotopes |
A recent development in forensic science is the isotopic analysis of hair strands. Hair has a recognisable growth rate of 9-11mm per month or 15 cm per year. Human hair growth is primarily a function of diet, especially drinking water intake. The stable isotopic ratios of drinking water are a function of location, and ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Measurements of Δ47 can be used to constrain natural and synthetic sources of atmospheric CO, (e.g. respiration and combustion), as each of these processes are associated with different average Δ47 temperatures of formation. | 0 | Isotopes |
The boiling point of an element (or its compounds) is able to control the percentage of that element that a power reactor accident releases. The ability of an element to form a solid controls the rate it is deposited on the ground after having been injected into the atmosphere by a nuclear detonation or accident. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
In conventional δO analysis, both the δO values in carbonates and water are needed to estimate paleoclimate. However, for many times and places, the δO in water can only be inferred, and also the O/O ratio between carbonate and water may vary with the change in temperature. Therefore, the accuracy of the thermometer ma... | 0 | Isotopes |
A key premise of most clumped isotope analyses is that samples have retained their primary isotopic signatures. However, isotopic resetting or alteration, resulting from elevated temperature, can provide a different type of information about past climates. For example, when carbonate is isotopically reset by high temp... | 0 | Isotopes |
In 1961, Abelson and Hoering developed a technique for removing the carboxylic acid of amino acids using the ninhydrin reaction. This reaction converts the carboxylic acid to a molecule of CO which is measured via an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. | 0 | Isotopes |
The certification of isotopic reference materials is relatively complex. Like most aspects of reporting isotopic compositions it reflects a combination of historical artifacts and modern institutions. As a result, the details surrounding the certification of isotopic reference materials varies by element and chemical c... | 0 | Isotopes |
The ratio of O to O in ice and deep sea cores is temperature dependent, and can be used as a proxy measure for reconstructing climate change. During colder periods of the Earth's history (glacials) such as during the ice ages, O is preferentially evaporated from the colder oceans, leaving the slightly heavier and more ... | 0 | Isotopes |
One would expect that enrichment of heavy isotopes leads to progressively slower reactions, but the IsoRes hypothesis suggests that there exist certain resonance compositions for which kinetics increases even for higher abundances of heavy stable isotopes. For example, at 9.5% C, 10.9% N and 6.6% O (when all three elem... | 0 | Isotopes |
The I-Xe system was first applied in 1975 to estimate the age of the Earth. For all Xe isotopes, the initial isotope composition of iodine in the Earth is given by
where is the isotopic ratios of iodine at the time that Earth primarily formed, is the isotopic ratio of iodine at the end of stellar nucleosynthesis, and... | 0 | Isotopes |
Plenty of radioactive ruthenium-103, ruthenium-106, and stable ruthenium are formed by the fission process. The ruthenium in PUREX raffinate can become oxidized to form volatile ruthenium tetroxide which forms a purple vapour above the surface of the aqueous liquor. The ruthenium tetroxide is very similar to osmium tet... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
A comparative NAIL-MS experiment is quite similar to a SILAC experiment but for RNA instead of proteins. First, two populations of the respective cells are cultivated. One of the cell populations is fed with growth medium containing unlabeled nutrients, whereas the second population is fed with growth medium containing... | 0 | Isotopes |
* A technique similar to radioisotopic labeling is radiometric dating: using the known half-life of an unstable element, one can calculate the amount of time that has elapsed since a known concentration of isotope existed. The most widely known example is radiocarbon dating used to determine the age of carbonaceous mat... | 0 | Isotopes |
Substrates need to be prepared and analyzed in a specific way to elucidate site specific isotope enrichments. This requires clean separation of the compound of interest from the original sample, which can require a variety of different preparatory chemistries. Once isolated, position-specific isotope enrichments can be... | 0 | Isotopes |
Tellurium-128 and -130 are essentially stable. They only decay by double beta decay, with half lives >10 years. They constitute the major fraction of natural occurring tellurium at 32 and 34% respectively.
Tellurium-132 and its daughter I are important in the first few days after a criticality. It was responsible for ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Jupiter's atmosphere has 2.5 ± 0.5 times the solar abundance values for Xenon and similarly elevated argon and krypton (2.1 ± 0.5 and 2.7 ± 0.5 times solar values separately). These signals of enrichment are due to these elements coming to Jupiter in very cold (T<30K) icy planetesimals. | 0 | Isotopes |
The signal of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes, known as MIF-S, correlates with the end of Xe isotope fractionation. During the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), the ozone layer formed when O rose, accounting for the end of the MIF-S signature. The disappearance of the MIF-S signal has been regarded as chan... | 0 | Isotopes |
Founded in 1974, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was created to set forth international standards for nuclear reactor safety. However, without a proper policing force, the guidelines set forth by the IAEA were often treated lightly or ignored completely. In 1986, the disaster at Chernobyl was evidence tha... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Clumped isotopes are heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes. The relative abundance of clumped isotopes (and multiply-substituted isotopologues) in molecules such as methane, nitrous oxide, and carbonate is an area of active investigation. The carbonate clumped-isotope thermometer, or "C–O order/disorde... | 0 | Isotopes |
Primary, calibration, and reference materials are only available in small quantities and purchase is often limited to once every few years. Depending on the specific isotope systems and instrumentation, a shortage of available reference materials can be problematic for daily instrument calibrations or for researchers a... | 0 | Isotopes |
These case studies represent some potential applications for position specific isotope analysis, but certainly not all. The opportunities for samples to measure and processes to characterize are virtually unlimited, and new methodological developments will help make these measurements possible going forward. | 0 | Isotopes |
A bone seeker is an element, often a radioisotope, that tends to accumulate in the bones of humans and other animals when it is introduced into the body.
For example, strontium and radium are chemically similar to calcium and can replace the calcium in bones. Plutonium is also a bone seeker, though the mechanism by whi... | 0 | Isotopes |
As the nuclear energy sector continues to grow, the international rhetoric surrounding nuclear warfare intensifies, and the ever-present threat of radioactive materials falling into the hands of dangerous people persists, many scientists are working hard to find the best way to protect human organs from the harmful eff... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
A significant amount of zirconium is formed by the fission process; some of this consists of short-lived radionuclides (Zr and Zr which decay to molybdenum), while almost 10% of the fission products mixture after years of decay consists of five stable or nearly stable isotopes of zirconium plus Zr with a halflife of 1.... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Sr finds extensive use in medicine as a radioactive source for superficial radiotherapy of some cancers. Controlled amounts of Sr and Sr can be used in treatment of bone cancer, and to treat coronary restenosis via vascular brachytherapy. It is also used as a radioactive tracer in medicine and agriculture. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural form stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundance of such stable isotopes can be measured experimentally (isotope analysis)... | 0 | Isotopes |
The natural nuclear reactor at Oklo formed when a uranium-rich mineral deposit became inundated with groundwater, which could act as a moderator for the neutrons produced by nuclear fission. A chain reaction took place, producing heat that caused the groundwater to boil away; without a moderator that could slow the neu... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The dose that would be lethal to 50% of a population is a common parameter used to compare the effects of various fallout types or circumstances. Usually, the term is defined for a specific time, and limited to studies of acute lethality. The common time periods used are 30 days or less for most small laboratory animal... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Theranostics, a treatment that combines therapy and diagnosis, is a new trend in precision medicine where the radioisotopes produced at MEDICIS already triggered research projects. The strategy the facility uses is to find an element that has two radioisotopes, used for imaging and therapy separately.
A promising eleme... | 0 | Isotopes |
The natural reactor of Oklo has been used to check if the atomic fine-structure constant α might have changed over the past 2 billion years. That is because α influences the rate of various nuclear reactions. For example, captures a neutron to become , and since the rate of neutron capture depends on the value of α, t... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The atomic mass of different isotopes affect their chemical kinetic behavior, leading to natural isotope separation processes. | 0 | Isotopes |
The isotopic resonance hypothesis (IsoRes) postulates that certain isotopic compositions of chemical elements affect kinetics of chemical reactions involving molecules built of these elements. The isotopic compositions for which this effect is predicted are called resonance isotopic compositions.
Fundamentally, the Iso... | 0 | Isotopes |
In the field of stable isotope geochemistry, isotopologues of simple molecules containing rare heavy isotopes of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are used to trace equilibrium and kinetic processes in natural environments and in Earth's past. | 0 | Isotopes |
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed, and were formed ... | 0 | Isotopes |
A caesium-137 capsule went missing from a steam power plant in Prachin Buri province, Thailand on 23 February 2023, triggering a search by officials from Thailand's Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) and the Prachin Buri provincial administration. However, the Thai public was not notified until 14 March.
On 20 March, the ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The technique measures a subjects carbon dioxide production during the interval between first and last body water samples. The method depends on the details of carbon metabolism in our bodies. When cellular respiration breaks down carbon-containing molecules to release energy, carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct.... | 0 | Isotopes |
Lipids are of particular interest to stable isotope geochemists because they are preserved in rocks for millions of years. Monson & Hayes used ozonolysis to characterize the position-specific isotope abundances of unsaturated fatty acids, turning different carbon positions into carbon dioxide. Using this technique, the... | 0 | Isotopes |
Isotopic reference materials exist for non-traditional isotope systems (elements other than hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur), including lithium, boron, magnesium, calcium, iron, and many others. Because the non-traditional systems were developed relatively recently, the reference materials for these syst... | 0 | Isotopes |
At least three isotopes of iodine are important. I, I (radioiodine) and I. Open air nuclear testing and the Chernobyl disaster both released iodine-131.
The short-lived isotopes of iodine are particularly harmful because the thyroid collects and concentrates iodide – radioactive as well as stable. Absorption of radioio... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The agreed-upon isotopic composition of primary reference and the original calibration materials were generally not reached through interlaboratory comparison. In part this is simply because the original materials were used to the define the isotopic scales and so have no associated uncertainty. VSMOW serves as the pri... | 0 | Isotopes |
Nitrogen-15, or N, is often used in agricultural and medical research, for example in the Meselson–Stahl experiment to establish the nature of DNA replication. An extension of this research resulted in development of DNA-based stable-isotope probing, which allows examination of links between metabolic function and taxo... | 0 | Isotopes |
Of the 80 elements with a stable isotope, the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten (for the element tin). No element has nine or eight stable isotopes. Five elements have seven stable isotopes, eight have six stable isotopes, ten have five stable isotopes, nine have four stable isotopes, fi... | 0 | Isotopes |
Clumped isotopes analyses have traditionally been used in lieu of conventional δO analyses when the δO of seawater or source water is poorly constrained. While conventional δO analysis solves for temperature as a function of both carbonate and water δO, clumped isotope analyses can provide temperature estimates that a... | 0 | Isotopes |
Strontium-90 is classified as high-level waste. Its 29-year half-life means that it can take hundreds of years to decay to negligible levels. Exposure from contaminated water and food may increase the risk of leukemia and bone cancer. Reportedly, thousands of capsules of radioactive strontium containing millions of cur... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The fission product mixture contains significant amounts of molybdenum. Molybdenum-99 is of enormous interest to nuclear medicine as the parent nuclide to but its short half life means it'll usually be decayed long before the spent fuel is reprocessed. can be produced both by fission followed by immediate reprocessin... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
For introduction of radionuclides into organism, ingestion is the most important route. Insoluble compounds are not absorbed from the gut and cause only local irradiation before they are excreted. Soluble forms however show wide range of absorption percentages. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Since its original descriptions, the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation has taken many forms. Given an isotopic exchange reaction , such that designates a molecule containing an isotope of interest, the equation can be expressed by relating the equilibrium constant, , to the product of partition function ratios, namely th... | 0 | Isotopes |
Used for the first time in 1951 to localize leaks in a drinking water supply system of Munich, Germany, iodine-131 became one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting industrial radioactive tracers, with applications in isotope hydrology and leak detection.
Since the late 1940s, radioactive tracers have been used by th... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The I isotope is also used as a radioactive label for certain radiopharmaceuticals that can be used for therapy, e.g. I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-MIBG) for imaging and treating pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In all of these therapeutic uses, I destroys tissue by short-range beta radiation. About 90% of its radiat... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Oxygen comes in three variants, but the O is so rare that it is very difficult to detect (~0.04% abundant). The ratio of O/O in water depends on the amount of evaporation the water experienced (as O is heavier and therefore less likely to vaporize). As the vapor tension depends on the concentration of dissolved salts, ... | 0 | Isotopes |
A primordial element is a chemical element with at least one primordial nuclide. There are 251 stable primordial nuclides and 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, but only 80 primordial stable elements—hydrogen through lead, atomic numbers 1 to 82, with the exceptions of technetium (43) and promethium (61)—and three rad... | 0 | Isotopes |
In a typical nuclear reactor fueled with uranium-235, the presence of Xe as a fission product presents designers and operators with problems due to its large neutron cross section for absorption. Because absorbing neutrons can detrimentally affect a nuclear reactors ability to increase power, reactors are designed to m... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
When working on the global annual average isotopic composition of oxygen-18 and deuterium (H) in meteoric water, geochemist Harmon Craig observed a correlation between these two isotopes, and subsequently developed and defined the equation for GMWL:
Where δO and δH (also known as δD) are the ratio of heavy to light iso... | 0 | Isotopes |
Elements are composed either of one nuclide (mononuclidic elements), or of more than one naturally occurring isotopes. The unstable (radioactive) isotopes are either primordial or postprimordial. Primordial isotopes were a product of stellar nucleosynthesis or another type of nucleosynthesis such as cosmic ray spallati... | 0 | Isotopes |
Barium is formed in large amounts by the fission process. A short-lived barium isotope was confused with radium by some early workers. They were bombarding uranium with neutrons in an attempt to form a new element. But instead they caused fission which generated a large amount of radioactivity in the target. Because th... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Iodine in food is absorbed by the body and preferentially concentrated in the thyroid where it is needed for the functioning of that gland. When I is present in high levels in the environment from radioactive fallout, it can be absorbed through contaminated food, and will also accumulate in the thyroid. As it decays, i... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Of the known chemical elements, 80 elements have at least one stable nuclide. These comprise the first 82 elements from hydrogen to lead, with the two exceptions, technetium (element 43) and promethium (element 61), that do not have any stable nuclides. As of 2023, there were a total of 251 known "stable" nuclides. In ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Isotope biogeochemistry has been used to investigate the timeline surrounding life and its earliest iterations on Earth. Isotopic fingerprints typical of life, preserved in sediments, have been used to suggest, but do not necessarily prove, that life was already in existence on Earth by 3.85 billion years ago.
Sulfur i... | 0 | Isotopes |
Stable isotopes have become a popular method for understanding aquatic ecosystems because they can help scientists in understanding source links and process information in marine food webs. These analyses can also be used to a certain degree in terrestrial systems. Certain isotopes can signify distinct primary producer... | 0 | Isotopes |
After Cs and Sr have decayed to low levels, the bulk of radioactivity from spent fuel come not from fission products but actinides, notably plutonium-239 (half-life 24 ka), plutonium-240 (6.56 ka), americium-241 (432 years), americium-243 (7.37 ka), curium-245 (8.50 ka), and curium-246 (4.73 ka). These can be recovered... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
As an example of isotopic symmetry (in compositional, and not in geometrical sense) affecting the kinetics of physic-chemical processes, see mass independent isotope fractionation in ozone O. | 0 | Isotopes |
A wide range of biological changes may follow the irradiation of animals. These vary from rapid death following high doses of penetrating whole-body radiation, to essentially normal lives for a variable period of time until the development of delayed radiation effects, in a portion of the exposed population, following ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) is the primary form of categorizing the potential health and environmental effects of a nuclear or radiological event and communicating it to the public. The scale, which was developed in 1990 by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
A great deal of the lighter lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and samarium) are formed as fission products. In Africa, at Oklo where the natural nuclear fission reactor operated over a billion years ago, the isotopic mixture of neodymium is not the same as normal neodymium, it has an isotope pattern very simil... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Isotope analysis is the identification of isotopic signature, abundance of certain stable isotopes of chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds. Isotopic analysis can be used to understand the flow of energy through a food web, to reconstruct past environmental and climatic conditions, to investigate hum... | 0 | Isotopes |
Lead consists of four stable isotopes: Pb, Pb, Pb, and Pb. Local variations in uranium/thorium/lead content cause a wide location-specific variation of isotopic ratios for lead from different localities. Lead emitted to the atmosphere by industrial processes has an isotopic composition different from lead in minerals. ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Cold fission or cold nuclear fission is defined as involving fission events for which fission fragments have such low excitation energy that no neutrons or gammas are emitted.
Cold fission events have so low a probability of occurrence that it is necessary to use a high-flux nuclear reactor to study them.
According to ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Unlike many other dating techniques, fission-track dating is uniquely suited for determining low-temperature thermal events using common accessory minerals over a very wide geological range (typically 0.1 Ma to 2000 Ma). Apatite, sphene, zircon, micas and volcanic glass typically contain enough uranium to be useful i... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Krypton-85 (Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.
Krypton-85 has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Niobium-95, with a half-life of 35 days, is initially present as a fission product. The only stable isotope of niobium has mass number 93, and fission products of mass 93 first decay to long-lived zirconium-93 (half-life 1.53 Ma). Niobium-95 will decay to molybdenum-95 which is stable. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Nuclear weapons employ high quality, highly enriched fuel exceeding the critical size and geometry (critical mass) necessary in order to obtain an explosive chain reaction. The fuel for energy purposes, such as in a nuclear fission reactor, is very different, usually consisting of a low-enriched oxide material (e.g. UO... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons bound together by the residual strong force. Because protons are positively charged, they repel each other. Neutrons, which are electrically neutral, stabilize the nucleus in two ways. Their copresence pushes protons slightly apart, reducing the electrostatic repulsion betw... | 0 | Isotopes |
At branch points, two or more separate reactions compete for the same reactant. This affects the isotopic composition of all products downstream of the branch point. To illustrate this, consider the network below:
Here, the flux of material into pool B (φ) is balanced by two fluxes, one into pool C and the other into p... | 0 | Isotopes |
The strontium radioisotopes are very important, as strontium is a calcium mimic which is incorporated in bone growth and therefore has a great ability to harm humans. On the other hand, this also allows Sr to be used in the open source radiotherapy of bone tumors. This tends to be used in palliative care to reduce the ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The idea of boosting was originally developed between late 1947 and late 1949 at Los Alamos. The primary benefit of boosting is further miniaturization of nuclear weapons as it reduces the minimum inertial confinement time required for a supercritical nuclear explosion by providing a sudden influx of fast neutrons befo... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Rubidium-87 has such a long half life as to be essentially stable (longer than the age of the Earth). Rubidium-86 quickly decays to stable Strontium-86 if produced either directly, via (n,2n) reactions in Rubidium-87 or via neutron capture in Rubidium-85. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a scientific user facility for nuclear science, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), Michigan State University (MSU), and the State of Michigan. Michigan State University contributed an additional $212 million in various ways, including the la... | 0 | Isotopes |
One aim of the Manhattan Project was increasing the availability of concentrated radioactive and stable isotopes, in particular C, S, P, and deuterium for heavy water. Harold Urey, Nobel laureate physical chemist known for his discovery of deuterium, became its head of isotope separation research while a professor at C... | 0 | Isotopes |
While the radioactive silver isotopes that are produced quickly decay away leaving only stable silver, extracting it for use is not economical, unless as byproduct of platinum group metal extraction. | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Harriet Hall investigated health claims being attributed to drinking DDW, which has been sold for as much as $20 per liter. In a July 2020 article published at Skeptical Inquirer online, she reported that the overwhelming majority of DDW studies, despite showing positive outcomes, did not involve humans, and the few th... | 0 | Isotopes |
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