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Due to recent innovations to the laser spray technique, a new method of laser ablation using the spray method has surfaced. Laserspray inlet ionization (LSII) involves a matrix/analyte sample at atmospheric pressure being ablated, and the ionization process will take place in an ion transfer capillary tube located in t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Aaron Klug suggested in 1979 that a technique that was originally developed for structure determination of membrane protein structures can also be used for structure determination of inorganic crystals. This idea was picked up by the research group of Sven Hovmöller which proved that the metal framework partial structu... | 1 | Crystallography |
The thermometric titrimetric analysis of sodium aluminate liquor ("Bayer liquor") in the production of alumina from bauxite is accomplished in an automated two titration sequence. This is an adaptation of a classic thermometric titration application (VanDalen and Ward, 1973). In the first titration, tartrate solution i... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Vapor diffusion is the most commonly employed method of protein crystallization. In this method, droplets containing purified protein, buffer, and precipitant are allowed to equilibrate with a larger reservoir containing similar buffers and precipitants in higher concentrations. Initially, the droplet of protein soluti... | 1 | Crystallography |
In analytical chromatography, the goal is to separate and uniquely identify each of the compounds in a substance. Alternatively, preparative scale chromatography is a method of purification of large batches of material in a production environment. The basic methods of separation in HPLC rely on a mobile phase (water, o... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices: via a point in the reciprocal lattice, or as the inverse intercepts along the lattice vectors. Both definitions are given below. In either case, one needs to choose the three lattice vectors a, a, and a that define the unit cell (note that the c... | 1 | Crystallography |
A point C on the screw axis satisfies the equation:
Solve this equation for C using Cayley's formula for a rotation matrix
where [B] is the skew-symmetric matrix constructed from Rodrigues' vector
such that
Use this form of the rotation A to obtain
which becomes
This equation can be solved for C on the screw axis P(t) ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Twinning is crystallographically defined by its twin plane 𝑲, the mirror plane in the twin and parent material, and 𝜼 which is the twinning shear direction. Deformation twins in Zr are generally lenticular in shape, lengthening in the 𝜼 direction and thickening along the 𝑲 plane normal.
The twin plane, shear direct... | 1 | Crystallography |
A layered model of homogeneous and isotropic material, can be up-scaled to a transverse isotropic medium, proposed by Backus.
Backus presented an equivalent medium theory, a heterogeneous medium can be replaced by a homogeneous one that predicts wave propagation in the actual medium. Backus showed that layering on a sc... | 1 | Crystallography |
The retardation factor, R, is commonly used in paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography for analyzing and comparing different substances. It can be mathematically described by the following ratio:
An R value will always be in the range 0 to 1; if the substance moves, it can only move in the direction of the s... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
After the entire sample is loaded, the feed is switched to the displacer, chosen to have higher affinity than any sample component. The displacer forms a sharp-edged zone at the head of the column, pushing the other components downstream. Each sample component now acts as a displacer for the lower-affinity solutes, a... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate. The most common asbestiform mineral is chrysotile, commonly called "white asbestos", a magnesium phyllosilicate part of the serpentine group. Other ... | 1 | Crystallography |
By combining topographic image formation with tomographic image reconstruction, distributions of defects can be resolved in three dimensions. Unlike "classical" computed tomography (CT), image contrast is not based on differences in absorption (absorption contrast), but on the usual contrast mechanisms of topography (d... | 1 | Crystallography |
Phase transformation crystallography describes the orientation relationship and interface orientation after a phase transformation (such as martensitic transformation or precipitation). | 1 | Crystallography |
Congo red was first synthesized in 1883 by Paul Böttiger, who had been employed at Friedrich Bayer Company in Elberfeld, Germany. He was looking for textile dyes that did not require a mordant step. The company which had a right of first refusal to his inventions was not interested in this bright red color, so he filed... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Early records of the discovery of polymorphism credit Eilhard Mitscerlich and Jöns Jacob Berzelius for their studies of phosphates and arsenates in the early 1800s. The studies involved measuring the interfacial angles of the crystals to show that chemically identical salts could have two different forms. Mitscerlich o... | 1 | Crystallography |
According to Ostwald's rule, usually less stable polymorphs crystallize before the stable form. The concept hinges on the idea that unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged. The founding case of fibrous vs rhombic benzamide illustrates the case. Another exa... | 1 | Crystallography |
In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is applied to one of the corners and development is performed at a right angle to the direction of the first run. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Discrete misorientations or the misorientation distribution can be fully described as plots in the Euler angle, axis/angle, or Rodrigues vector space. Unit quaternions, while computationally convenient, do not lend themselves to graphical representation because of their four-dimensional nature. For any of the represe... | 1 | Crystallography |
In physics, the reciprocal lattice emerges from the Fourier transform of another lattice. The direct lattice or real lattice is a periodic function in physical space, such as a crystal system (usually a Bravais lattice). The reciprocal lattice exists in the mathematical space of spatial frequencies, known as reciprocal... | 1 | Crystallography |
The effect of crystal symmetry on misorientations is to reduce the fraction of the full orientation space necessary to uniquely represent all possible misorientation relationships. For example, cubic crystals (i.e. FCC) have 24 symmetrically related orientations. Each of these orientations is physically indistinguish... | 1 | Crystallography |
The width of the diffraction peaks are found to broaden at higher Bragg angles. This angular dependency was originally represented by
where , , and are the half-width parameters and may be refined during the fit. | 1 | Crystallography |
To make a geometrically stable structure in a mineral, atoms must fit together in terms of both their size and charge. The atoms have to fit together so that their electron shells can interact with one another and they also have to produce a neutral molecule. For these reasons the sizes and electron shell structure of ... | 1 | Crystallography |
In Cartesian coordinates the 2 basis vectors are represented by a cell tensor :
The area of the unit cell, , is given by the determinant of the cell matrix:
For the special case of a square or rectangular unit cell, the matrix is diagonal, and we have that: | 1 | Crystallography |
Cyanidin is a natural organic compound. It is a particular type of anthocyanidin (glycoside version called anthocyanins). It is a pigment found in many red berries including grapes, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, chokeberry, cranberry, elderberry, hawthorn, loganberry, açai berry and raspberry. It can also... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
An example of a transversely isotropic material is the so-called on-axis unidirectional fiber composite lamina where the fibers are circular in cross section. In a unidirectional composite, the plane normal to the fiber direction can be considered as the isotropic plane, at long wavelengths (low frequencies) of excitat... | 1 | Crystallography |
The development of stable red color in the surface of the medium indicates sufficient acid production to lower the pH to 4.4 and constitute a positive test. Since other organism may produce lesser quantities of acid from the test substrate, an intermediate orange color between yellow and red may develop. This does not ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The moving-belt interface (MBI) was developed by McFadden et al. in 1977 and commercialized by Finnigan. This interface consisted of an endless moving belt onto which the LC column effluent was deposited in a band. On the belt, the solvent was evaporated by gently heating and efficiently exhausting the solvent vapours ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The topographic image of a uniform crystal with a perfectly regular lattice, illuminated by a homogeneous beam, is uniform (no contrast). Contrast arises when distortions of the lattice (defects, tilted crystallites, strain) occur; when the crystal is composed of several different materials or phases; or when the thick... | 1 | Crystallography |
Thermal ellipsoids, more formally termed atomic displacement parameters or anisotropic displacement parameters, are ellipsoids used in crystallography to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures. Since the vibrations are usually anisotropic (different magnitudes in ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The plate height given as:
with the column length and the number of theoretical plates can be estimated from a chromatogram by analysis of the retention time for each component and its standard deviation as a measure for peak width, provided that the elution curve represents a Gaussian curve.
In this case the plate... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are commonly used techniques to both qualitatively and quantitatively probe the composition of samples in the TEM. A primary challenge in the quantitative accuracy of both techniques is the phenomenon of channelling. Put simply, in ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The Pearson symbol, or Pearson notation, is used in crystallography as a means of describing a crystal structure, and was originated by W. B. Pearson. The symbol is made up of two letters followed by a number. For example:
* Diamond structure, cF8
* Rutile structure, tP6
The two (italicised) letters specify the Bravais... | 1 | Crystallography |
Acid orange 5 may be prepared by diazotization of sulfanilic acid, followed by reaction with diphenylamine: | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Time crystals seem to break time-translation symmetry and have repeated patterns in time even if the laws of the system are invariant by translation of time. The time crystals that are experimentally realized show discrete time-translation symmetry breaking, not the continuous one: they are periodically driven systems ... | 1 | Crystallography |
For a face-centered cubic unit cell, the number of atoms is four. A line can be drawn from the top corner of a cube diagonally to the bottom corner on the same side of the cube, which is equal to 4r. Using geometry, and the side length, a can be related to r as:
Knowing this and the formula for the volume of a sphere,... | 1 | Crystallography |
Orbifold notation for wallpaper groups, advocated by John Horton Conway (Conway, 1992) (Conway 2008), is based not on crystallography, but on topology. One can fold the infinite periodic tiling of the plane into its essence, an orbifold, then describe that with a few symbols.
*A digit, n, indicates a centre of n-fold r... | 1 | Crystallography |
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. I... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The first potentiometric titration was carried out in 1893 by Robert Behrend at Ostwald's Institute in Leipzig. He titrated mercurous solution with potassium chloride, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide. He used a mercury electrode along with a mercury/mercurous nitrate reference electrode. He found that in a cell... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A use of ion chromatography can be seen in argentation chromatography. Usually, silver and compounds containing acetylenic and ethylenic bonds have very weak interactions. This phenomenon has been widely tested on olefin compounds. The ion complexes the olefins make with silver ions are weak and made based on the overl... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The condition on linearly independent translations means that there exist linearly independent vectors v and w (in R) such that the group contains both T and T.
The purpose of this condition is to distinguish wallpaper groups from frieze groups, which possess a translation but not two linearly independent ones, and fro... | 1 | Crystallography |
The orientation of a glide plane is given by the position of the symbol in the Hermann–Mauguin designation, just as with mirror planes.
They are noted by a, b, or c depending on which axis (direction) the glide is along. There is also the n glide, which is a glide along the half of a diagonal of a face, and the d glide... | 1 | Crystallography |
GC–MS is used for the analysis of unknown organic compound mixtures. One critical use of this technology is the use of GC–MS to determine the composition of bio-oils processed from raw biomass. GC–MS is also utilized in the identification of continuous phase component in a smart material, magnetorheological (MR) fluid. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The formula for dimensions can be derived assuming an -dimensional real vector space with a basis and an inner product . The reciprocal lattice vectors are uniquely determined by the formula . Using the permutation
they can be determined with the following formula:
Here, is the volume form, is the inverse of the v... | 1 | Crystallography |
The popularity of the Karl Fischer titration (henceforth referred to as KF) is due in large part to several practical advantages that it holds over other methods of moisture determination, such as accuracy, speed and selectivity.
KF is selective for water, because the titration reaction itself consumes water. In contra... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Common crystals exhibit broken translation symmetry: they have repeated patterns in space and are not invariant under arbitrary translations or rotations. The laws of physics are unchanged by arbitrary translations and rotations. However, if we hold fixed the atoms of a crystal, the dynamics of an electron or other par... | 1 | Crystallography |
In selective ion monitoring (SIM) certain ion fragments are entered into the instrument method and only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) durin... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
CrysTBox is freely available on demand for non-commercial use by non-commercial subjects. The only safe way to download CrysTBox installers is via a request form on the official website. Commercial use is not allowed due to the license of MATLAB used for CrysTBox compilation. | 1 | Crystallography |
Crystal field excitation is the electronic transition of an electron between two orbitals of an atom that is situated in a crystal field environment. They are often observed in coordination complexes of transition metals. Some examples of crystal field excitations are dd-transitions on a copper atom that is surrounded ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The research that appeared to spark an onslaught of modified applications was a gel permeation chromatography technique of fixing poly(isopropyl acrylate) (PIPA) strands to glass beads and separating a mixture of dextrans, which was developed by Gewehr et al. They found that between the temperatures of 25–32 °C, the el... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Euhedral crystals (also known as idiomorphic or automorphic crystals) are those that are well-formed, with sharp, easily recognised faces. The opposite is anhedral (also known as xenomorphic or allotriomorphic): a rock with an anhedral texture is composed of mineral grains that have no well-formed crystal faces or cro... | 1 | Crystallography |
This machine uses a motor-driven plate to hold a precisely flat disk (known as a "lap") for the purpose of cutting or polishing. Diamond abrasives bonded to metal or resin are typically used for cutting laps, and a wide variety of materials are used for polishing laps in conjunction with either very fine diamond powde... | 1 | Crystallography |
Partition chromatography theory and practice was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s. They would later receive the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography". | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The term methyl violet encompasses three compounds that differ in the number of methyl groups attached to the amine functional group. They are all soluble in water, ethanol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A symmetry of a pattern is, loosely speaking, a way of transforming the pattern so that it looks exactly the same after the transformation. For example, translational symmetry is present when the pattern can be translated (in other words, shifted) some finite distance and appear unchanged. Think of shifting a set of ve... | 1 | Crystallography |
The following are synthetic gemstones that were developed by Tairus scientists; they are alternately referred to as Tairus stones (e.g. "Tairus Ruby").
*Floating zone ruby, synthesized in 1991 (no longer in production)
*Hydrothermal ruby, synthesized in 1992 by Alexander Dokukin.
*Hydrothermal aquamarine, synthesized i... | 1 | Crystallography |
Some authors define stereographic projection from the north pole (0, 0, 1) onto the plane , which is tangent to the unit sphere at the south pole (0, 0, −1). This can be described as a composition of a projection onto the equatorial plane described above, and a homothety from it to the polar plane. The homothety scales... | 1 | Crystallography |
Transformations are often seen to follow a characteristic s-shaped, or sigmoidal, profile where the transformation rates are low at the beginning and the end of the transformation but rapid in between.
The initial slow rate can be attributed to the time required for a significant number of nuclei of the new phase to fo... | 1 | Crystallography |
Thermometric titrimetry offers a rapid, highly precise method for the determination of aluminium in solution. A solution of aluminium is conditioned with acetate buffer and an excess of sodium and potassium ions. Titration with sodium or potassium fluoride yields the exothermic precipitation of an insoluble alumino-flu... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Twin laws are symmetry operations that define the orientation between twin crystal segments. These are as characteristic of the mineral as are its crystal face angles. For example, crystals of staurolite show twinning at angles of almost precisely 90 degrees or 30 degrees. A twin law is not a symmetry operation of the ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Cortisone acetate exists in at least five different polymorphs, four of which are unstable in water and change to a stable form. | 1 | Crystallography |
To the left is the NFPA diamond as determined by the Safety Data Sheet, or SDS, by Fisher Scientific. There is minimal risk in handling the chemical. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The electron gun is one of the most important piece of equipment in a RHEED system. The gun limits the resolution and testing limits of the system. Tungsten filaments are the primary electron source for the electron gun of most RHEED systems due to the low work function of tungsten. In the typical setup, the tungsten f... | 1 | Crystallography |
GPC is a type of chromatography in which analytes are separated, based on their size or hydrodynamic volume (radius of gyration). This differs from other chromatographic techniques, which depend upon chemical or physical interactions between the mobile and stationary phases to separate analytes. Separation occurs via t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups. It is named after the German crystallographer Carl Hermann (who introduced it in 1928) and the French mineralogist Charles-Victor Mauguin (who modified it in 1931). This notation is sometimes... | 1 | Crystallography |
In metal borides, the bonding of boron varies depending on the atomic ratio B/M. Diborides have B/M = 2, as in the well-known superconductor MgB; they crystallize in a hexagonal AlB-type layered structure. Hexaborides have B/M = 6 and form a three-dimensional boron framework based on a boron octahedron (Fig. 1a). Tetra... | 1 | Crystallography |
Forestal is a solvent used in chromatography, composed of acetic acid, water, and hydrochloric acid in a 30:10:3 ratio by volume. It is useful for isolating anthocyanins in room-temperature chromatography using standard filter paper. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In some transitions a number of atoms occupying crystallographic positions that were originally equivalent will move away slightly from their ideal positions according to a certain pattern. This pattern or repeat motif may span multiple unit cells. The cause of this phenomenon is the small changes in chemical bonding t... | 1 | Crystallography |
The Urbach tail is an exponential part in the energy spectrum of the absorption coefficient. This tail appears near the optical band edge in amorphous, disordered and crystalline materials. | 1 | Crystallography |
In crystallography, the orientations of crystal axes and faces in three-dimensional space are a central geometric concern, for example in the interpretation of X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. These orientations can be visualized as in the section Visualization of lines and planes above. That is, crystal axes a... | 1 | Crystallography |
In the pharmaceutical industry, acid-base titration serves as a fundamental analytical technique with diverse applications. One primary use involves the determination of the concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in drug formulations, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulatory standards.... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In chromatography, the is defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the center of a spot to the distance traveled by the solvent front. Ideally, the values for R are equivalent to the R values used in column chromatography.
Although the term retention factor is sometimes used synonymously with retardation facto... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The stereographic is the only projection that maps all circles on a sphere to circles on a plane. This property is valuable in planetary mapping where craters are typical features. The set of circles passing through the point of projection have unbounded radius, and therefore degenerate into lines. | 1 | Crystallography |
In the Mohr method, named after Karl Friedrich Mohr, potassium chromate is an indicator, giving red silver chromate after all chloride ions have reacted:
: 2Ag (aq) + CrO (aq) → AgCrO (s) (K = 1.1 × 10)
The solution needs to be near neutral, because silver hydroxide forms at high pH, while the chromate forms AgCrO or ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Some other lattice packings are often found in physical systems. These include the cubic lattice with a density of , the hexagonal lattice with a density of and the tetrahedral lattice with a density of . | 1 | Crystallography |
The FCC and HCP packings are the densest known packings of equal spheres with the highest symmetry (smallest repeat units).
Denser sphere packings are known, but they involve unequal sphere packing.
A packing density of 1, filling space completely, requires non-spherical shapes, such as honeycombs.
Replacing each conta... | 1 | Crystallography |
Deformation twinning is a response to shear stress. The crystal structure is displaced along successive planes of the crystal, a process also called glide. The twinning is always reflection twinning and the glide plane is also the mirror plane. Deformation twinning can be observed in a calcite cleavage fragment by appl... | 1 | Crystallography |
In three-dimensional space there are 14 Bravais lattices. These are obtained by combining one of the seven lattice systems with one of the centering types. The centering types identify the locations of the lattice points in the unit cell as follows:
*Primitive (P): lattice points on the cell corners only (sometimes cal... | 1 | Crystallography |
The general mathematical concept embodied in a Wigner–Seitz cell is more commonly called a Voronoi cell, and the partition of the plane into these cells for a given set of point sites is known as a Voronoi diagram.
The cell may be chosen by first picking a lattice point. After a point is chosen, lines are drawn to all ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography is a scientific institute of the Department of Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) located in Moscow, Russia. The institute was created by the order of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on 16November 1943. The first director of t... | 1 | Crystallography |
Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein and BTB) is a pH indicator. It is mostly used in applications that require measuring substances that would have a relatively neutral pH (near 7). A common use is for measuring the presence of carbonic acid in a liquid. It is typically sold in solid form as t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Kennedy became a professor of chemistry at the University of Florida in 1991. After 11 years, he moved to the University of Michigan. He has graduated approximately 80 graduate students. Kennedy’s research focuses on developing analytical instrumentation and methods that can help solve biological problems. He is consid... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Streak seeding is a method first described during ICCBM-3 by Enrico Stura to induce crystallization in a straight line into a sitting or hanging drop for protein crystallization by introducing microseeds. The purpose is to control nucleation and understand the parameters that make crystals grow. It is also used to test... | 1 | Crystallography |
The diamond cubic crystal structure occurs for example diamond (carbon), tin, and most semiconductors. There are 8 atoms in the cubic unit cell. We can consider the structure as a simple cubic with a basis of 8 atoms, at positions
But comparing this to the FCC above, we see that it is simpler to describe the structure... | 1 | Crystallography |
Chromatographic peak resolution is given by
where t is the retention time and w is the peak width at baseline. Here compound 1 elutes before compound 2.
If the peaks have the same width | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Perovskite materials exhibit many interesting and intriguing properties from both the theoretical and the application point of view. Colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, charge ordering, spin dependent transport, high thermopower and the interplay of structural, magnetic and transport proper... | 1 | Crystallography |
In the thermometric titration, titrant is added at a known constant rate to a titrand until the completion of the reaction is indicated by a change in temperature. The endpoint is determined by an inflection in the curve generated by the output of a temperature measuring device.
Consider the titration reaction:
: aA + ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For a finite crystal means that the sums in equations 1-7 are now over a finite . The effect is most easily demonstrated with a 1-D lattice of points. The sum of the phase factors is a geometric series and the structure factor becomes:
This function is shown in the Figure for different values of .
When the scattering... | 1 | Crystallography |
Some pairs of minerals that are not related structurally or compositionally may also exhibit epitaxy. A common example is rutile TiO on hematite FeO. Rutile is tetragonal and hematite is trigonal, but there are directions of similar spacing between the atoms in the (100) plane of rutile (perpendicular to the a axis) an... | 1 | Crystallography |
When one atom substitutes for one of the principal atomic components within the crystal structure, alteration in the electrical and thermal properties of the material may ensue. Impurities may also manifest as electron spin impurities in certain materials. Research on magnetic impurities demonstrates that substantial a... | 1 | Crystallography |
The flow cells are connected to a display and/or recorder. On older systems this was a simple chart recorder, on modern systems a computer with hardware interface and display is used. This permits the experimenter to identify when peaks in protein concentration occur, indicating that specific components of the mixture ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Friedel's salt could be first tentatively represented as an AFm phase in which two chloride ions would have simply replaced one sulfate ion. This conceptual representation based on the intuition of a simple stoichiometric exchange is very convenient to remind but such a simple mechanism likely does not directly occur a... | 1 | Crystallography |
Theoretical descriptions of contrast formation in X-ray topography are largely based on the dynamical theory of diffraction. This framework is helpful in the description of many aspects of topographic image formation: entrance of an X-ray wavefield into a crystal, propagation of the wavefield inside the crystal, intera... | 1 | Crystallography |
A body-centered cubic unit cell has six octahedral voids located at the center of each face of the unit cell, and twelve further ones located at the midpoint of each edge of the same cell, for a total of six net octahedral voids. Additionally, there are 24 tetrahedral voids located in a square spacing around each octah... | 1 | Crystallography |
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) uses forensic science for humanitarian purposes to clarify the fate of missing persons after armed conflict, disasters or migration, and is one of the services related to Restoring Family Links and Missing Persons. Knowing what has happened to a missing relative can o... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Because digitized 2D periodic images are in the information theoretical approach just data organized in 2D arrays of pixels, core features of Crystallographic Image Processing can be utilized independent of the type of microscope with which the images/data were recorded. The CIP technique has, accordingly been applied ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Erythrolitmin (also called erythrolein) is the active ingredient extracted from the Litmus lichen, used in chemistry as a pH indicator. Erythrolitmin is related to the orceins, and consists essentially of several phenoxazone and orcinol residues. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Solutions to wave propagation problems in linear elastic transversely isotropic media can be constructed by superposing solutions for the quasi-P wave, the quasi S-wave, and a S-wave polarized orthogonal to the quasi S-wave.
However, the equations for the angular variation of velocity are algebraically complex and the ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The Ripper Method is commonly used in wine making applications as SO is often added to wine to maintain its freshness and the concentration needs to be determined. The technique is not precise and is prone to systematic error as well. This limits its use, despite being a fast and inexpensive test. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The word "litmus" comes from an Old Norse word for “moss used for dyeing”. About 1300, the Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova began using litmus to study acids and bases.
From the 16th century onwards, the blue dye was extracted from some lichens, especially in the Netherlands. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
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