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10966491 | 2,004 | Starved source diffusion for avalanche photodiode | Starved source diffusion methods for forming avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are provided for controlling the edge effect. The edge effect is controlled by reducing edge gain near the edges of an APD active region. This is accomplished by creating a sloped diffusion front near the edges of the active region. The sloped diffusion front is advantageously formed in a single doping step by using a patterned mask during doping. The patterned mask reduces the depth to which dopants diffuse in areas where it only partly covers the underlying layer. By covering more of the underlying layer nearer the edge and progressively less towards the center, the sloped diffusion front is formed. The shallower diffusion depth near the edge reduces the edge gain, and therefore the edge effect. As a result, an APD to fiber misalignment is less likely, and possibility of edge breakdown is greatly reduced. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of optical communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to the field of avalanche photodiodes. 2. The Relevant Technology Computer and data communications networks continue to develop and expand due to declining costs, improved performance of computer and networking equipment, the remarkable growth of the internet, and the resulting increased demand for communication bandwidth. Such increased demand occurs within and between metropolitan areas as well as within communications networks. Moreover, as organizations have recognized the economic benefits of using communications networks, network applications such as electronic mail, voice and data transfer, host access, and shared and distributed databases are increasingly used as a means to increase user productivity. This increased demand, together with the growing number of distributed computing resources, has resulted in a rapid expansion of the number of fiber optic systems required. Through fiber optics, digital data in the form of light signals is formed by light emitting diodes or lasers and then propagated through a fiber optic cable. Such light signals allow for high data transmission rates and high bandwidth capabilities. Other advantages of using light signals for data transmission include their resistance to electro-magnetic radiation that interferes with electrical signals; fiber optic cables' ability to prevent light signals from escaping, as can occur electrical signals in wire-based systems; and light signals' ability to be transmitted over great distances without the signal loss typically associated with electrical signals on copper wire. In a typical fiber-optic network, the transmission and reception of data is not strictly limited to optical signals, however. Digital devices such as computers may communicate using both electronic and optical signals. As a result, optical signals need to be converted to electronic signals and electrical signals need to be converted to optical signals. To convert electronic signals to optical signals for transmission on an optical fiber, a transmitting optical subassembly (TOSA) is often used. A TOSA uses an electronic signal to drive a laser diode or light emitting diode to generate an optical signal. When optical signals are converted to electronic signals, a receiving optical subassembly (ROSA) is used. The ROSA has a photodiode that, in conjunction with other circuitry, detects optical signals and converts the optical signals to electronic signals. A transceiver is a common device that incorporates both a TOSA and a ROSA. Photodiodes have a two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with illumination. One common photodiode is the avalanche photodiode (APD). Generally, an APD is a photodiode that internally converts optical signals into electrical signals and then amplifies the electrical signal through avalanche multiplication. APDs are widely recognized as having an increased sensitivity compared to other optical receivers. This is accomplished as a photocurrent gain applied to the devices increases the sensitivity of the device. In operation, a large reverse-bias voltage is applied across the active region of an APD. For example, a device may have a breakdown voltage between about 40 volts and about 70 volts for InP based APDs, and up to thousands of volts for Si based devices. Each photon from an optical signal impinging the absorber layer generates an electron-hole pair or a carrier, generating an additional current. When the device's reverse-bias voltage nears breakdown level, the hole-electron pairs collide with ions and/or the crystal lattice to create additional hole-electron pairs, thus achieving a signal gain. This voltage causes the electrons/holes initially generated by the incident photons to accelerate as they move through the APD active region. An avalanche layer in the APD is designed such that one carrier causes an avalanche of other carriers where the number of other carriers is dependent on the gain of the APD. To obtain a desired response from an optical signal, the device may be biased only about 5%-10% below the breakdown level so that the device has great sensitivity to optical power. FIG. 1 illustrates one step in forming a typical APD. While APD structures vary greatly in form and methods of production, FIG. 1 provides a good background for the present discussion of APDs. As depicted, APD 100 includes avalanche layer 102 having a diffusion region 104 therein. Underneath avalanche layer 102 is a charge layer 108 . Underneath charge layer 108 is absorber layer 110 , which in turn is over substrate 112 . A bottom electrode 114 and a top electrode (not depicted), which are oppositely charged, apply a voltage across the APD. The charge layer 108 helps moderate the electrical field. The avalanche layer 102 may be formed of a material such as, for example, InP. The avalanche layer 102 is where the electrons/holes initially generated by the incident photons accelerate and multiply as they move through the APD active region. The diffusion region 104 is formed in the center region of avalanche layer 102 with an implanted dopant material, for example zinc, to form, for example, a p+ InP diffusion region 104 . As depicted by mask 106 , the diffused area of the diffusion region is a direct result of the position of the mask 106 . The absorber layer 110 is formed on a substrate 112 . As the name implies, the absorber layer is where an optical signal is absorbed. The process of fabricating InP/InGaAs photodiodes, and APDs in particular, involve at least one diffusion step to form diffusion region 104 , and other subsequent steps to control edge gain. Edge gain results from the fact that the electric field is higher at the edges of an APD active region, which roughly has slightly less depth than at the center. Illustrated in FIG. 2 is a cross section of the detected signal strength in an APD. The illustrated peaks correspond to the signal strength at the edge of the APD while the encompassed trough indicates the signal strength at the center of the APD. It can be clearly seen how the signal strength at the edges of the APD is much higher than at the center. This is because the outer region of the detector has a higher responsivity, or ratio of current output to light input, than the center region. By the time the gain in the center achieves an optimal value, the gain at the edges is much higher and causes high level of dark current and edge breakdown limiting the device performance. The edge breakdown is a phenomenon known also as an edge effect. Additionally, edge effect results from the fact that detectors only provide fast response in their center region despite the higher responsivity at the edges. Thus, the response time, or the time needed for the photodiode to respond to optical inputs and produce and external current, can be affected by edge effect if the APD is focused on the edge rather than the center. This can be a large issue since high edge responsivity can cause problems when aligning an optical fiber to the detector. For example, the higher responsivity on the edge can mislead a user into thinking they have aligned the fiber to the center region when they have actually improperly aligned the fiber to the APD. Because response time is much slower at the edge, however, this misalignment will reduce the response time of the detector. In addition, a misaligned APD will primarily receive impingent photons from an optical fiber on the edge, rather than the center. This is particularly disadvantageous because the center has faster response time, the edge has greater problems with noise, and not all of an optical signal launched by an optical fiber may reach the corresponding APD. Conventional methods of forming APDs have taken various approaches to controlling the edge effect. For example, some conventional methods use double diffusion. Such methods include forming a first wide mask and then doping. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that “doping” involves the addition of a particular type of impurity in order to achieve a desired n-conductivity or p-conductivity. The first mask is removed and a second, narrower mask is deposited and a deeper doping is performed. This method controls edge effect by creating a thinner diffusion region at the edge, increasing the distance from the diffusion region at the edge to the underlying charge layer, thus reducing the responsivity. Another conventional method known in the art for controlling the edge effect is the etching of curved surfaces prior to diffusion. Each of these methods, however, as well as others known in the art but not mentioned herein, requires multiple steps to form a diffusion region. Such additional steps raise the cost of forming avalanche photodiodes. In addition, such complicated methods are difficult to control in fabrication processes, often resulting in a low yield. Accordingly, it would represent an advance in the art to provide a more straightforward method with fewer steps to control the edge effect. | Title:
Starved source diffusion for avalanche photodiode
Abstract:
Starved source diffusion methods for forming avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are provided for controlling the edge effect. The edge effect is controlled by reducing edge gain near the edges of an APD active region. This is accomplished by creating a sloped diffusion front near the edges of the active region. The sloped diffusion front is advantageously formed in a single doping step by using a patterned mask during doping. The patterned mask reduces the depth to which dopants diffuse in areas where it only partly covers the underlying layer. By covering more of the underlying layer nearer the edge and progressively less towards the center, the sloped diffusion front is formed. The shallower diffusion depth near the edge reduces the edge gain, and therefore the edge effect. As a result, an APD to fiber misalignment is less likely, and possibility of edge breakdown is greatly reduced.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of optical communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to the field of avalanche photodiodes. 2. The Relevant Technology Computer and data communications networks continue to develop and expand due to declining costs, improved performance of computer and networking equipment, the remarkable growth of the internet, and the resulting increased demand for communication bandwidth. Such increased demand occurs within and between metropolitan areas as well as within communications networks. Moreover, as organizations have recognized the economic benefits of using communications networks, network applications such as electronic mail, voice and data transfer, host access, and shared and distributed databases are increasingly used as a means to increase user productivity. This increased demand, together with the growing number of distributed computing resources, has resulted in a rapid expansion of the number of fiber optic systems required. Through fiber optics, digital data in the form of light signals is formed by light emitting diodes or lasers and then propagated through a fiber optic cable. Such light signals allow for high data transmission rates and high bandwidth capabilities. Other advantages of using light signals for data transmission include their resistance to electro-magnetic radiation that interferes with electrical signals; fiber optic cables' ability to prevent light signals from escaping, as can occur electrical signals in wire-based systems; and light signals' ability to be transmitted over great distances without the signal loss typically associated with electrical signals on copper wire. In a typical fiber-optic network, the transmission and reception of data is not strictly limited to optical signals, however. Digital devices such as computers may communicate using both electronic and optical signals. As a result, optical signals need to be converted to electronic signals and electrical signals need to be converted to optical signals. To convert electronic signals to optical signals for transmission on an optical fiber, a transmitting optical subassembly (TOSA) is often used. A TOSA uses an electronic signal to drive a laser diode or light emitting diode to generate an optical signal. When optical signals are converted to electronic signals, a receiving optical subassembly (ROSA) is used. The ROSA has a photodiode that, in conjunction with other circuitry, detects optical signals and converts the optical signals to electronic signals. A transceiver is a common device that incorporates both a TOSA and a ROSA. Photodiodes have a two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with illumination. One common photodiode is the avalanche photodiode (APD). Generally, an APD is a photodiode that internally converts optical signals into electrical signals and then amplifies the electrical signal through avalanche multiplication. APDs are widely recognized as having an increased sensitivity compared to other optical receivers. This is accomplished as a photocurrent gain applied to the devices increases the sensitivity of the device. In operation, a large reverse-bias voltage is applied across the active region of an APD. For example, a device may have a breakdown voltage between about 40 volts and about 70 volts for InP based APDs, and up to thousands of volts for Si based devices. Each photon from an optical signal impinging the absorber layer generates an electron-hole pair or a carrier, generating an additional current. When the device's reverse-bias voltage nears breakdown level, the hole-electron pairs collide with ions and/or the crystal lattice to create additional hole-electron pairs, thus achieving a signal gain. This voltage causes the electrons/holes initially generated by the incident photons to accelerate as they move through the APD active region. An avalanche layer in the APD is designed such that one carrier causes an avalanche of other carriers where the number of other carriers is dependent on the gain of the APD. To obtain a desired response from an optical signal, the device may be biased only about 5%-10% below the breakdown level so that the device has great sensitivity to optical power. FIG. 1 illustrates one step in forming a typical APD. While APD structures vary greatly in form and methods of production, FIG. 1 provides a good background for the present discussion of APDs. As depicted, APD 100 includes avalanche layer 102 having a diffusion region 104 therein. Underneath avalanche layer 102 is a charge layer 108 . Underneath charge layer 108 is absorber layer 110 , which in turn is over substrate 112 . A bottom electrode 114 and a top electrode (not depicted), which are oppositely charged, apply a voltage across the APD. The charge layer 108 helps moderate the electrical field. The avalanche layer 102 may be formed of a material such as, for example, InP. The avalanche layer 102 is where the electrons/holes initially generated by the incident photons accelerate and multiply as they move through the APD active region. The diffusion region 104 is formed in the center region of avalanche layer 102 with an implanted dopant material, for example zinc, to form, for example, a p+ InP diffusion region 104 . As depicted by mask 106 , the diffused area of the diffusion region is a direct result of the position of the mask 106 . The absorber layer 110 is formed on a substrate 112 . As the name implies, the absorber layer is where an optical signal is absorbed. The process of fabricating InP/InGaAs photodiodes, and APDs in particular, involve at least one diffusion step to form diffusion region 104 , and other subsequent steps to control edge gain. Edge gain results from the fact that the electric field is higher at the edges of an APD active region, which roughly has slightly less depth than at the center. Illustrated in FIG. 2 is a cross section of the detected signal strength in an APD. The illustrated peaks correspond to the signal strength at the edge of the APD while the encompassed trough indicates the signal strength at the center of the APD. It can be clearly seen how the signal strength at the edges of the APD is much higher than at the center. This is because the outer region of the detector has a higher responsivity, or ratio of current output to light input, than the center region. By the time the gain in the center achieves an optimal value, the gain at the edges is much higher and causes high level of dark current and edge breakdown limiting the device performance. The edge breakdown is a phenomenon known also as an edge effect. Additionally, edge effect results from the fact that detectors only provide fast response in their center region despite the higher responsivity at the edges. Thus, the response time, or the time needed for the photodiode to respond to optical inputs and produce and external current, can be affected by edge effect if the APD is focused on the edge rather than the center. This can be a large issue since high edge responsivity can cause problems when aligning an optical fiber to the detector. For example, the higher responsivity on the edge can mislead a user into thinking they have aligned the fiber to the center region when they have actually improperly aligned the fiber to the APD. Because response time is much slower at the edge, however, this misalignment will reduce the response time of the detector. In addition, a misaligned APD will primarily receive impingent photons from an optical fiber on the edge, rather than the center. This is particularly disadvantageous because the center has faster response time, the edge has greater problems with noise, and not all of an optical signal launched by an optical fiber may reach the corresponding APD. Conventional methods of forming APDs have taken various approaches to controlling the edge effect. For example, some conventional methods use double diffusion. Such methods include forming a first wide mask and then doping. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that “doping” involves the addition of a particular type of impurity in order to achieve a desired n-conductivity or p-conductivity. The first mask is removed and a second, narrower mask is deposited and a deeper doping is performed. This method controls edge effect by creating a thinner diffusion region at the edge, increasing the distance from the diffusion region at the edge to the underlying charge layer, thus reducing the responsivity. Another conventional method known in the art for controlling the edge effect is the etching of curved surfaces prior to diffusion. Each of these methods, however, as well as others known in the art but not mentioned herein, requires multiple steps to form a diffusion region. Such additional steps raise the cost of forming avalanche photodiodes. In addition, such complicated methods are difficult to control in fabrication processes, often resulting in a low yield. Accordingly, it would represent an advance in the art to provide a more straightforward method with fewer steps to control the edge effect. |
10810487 | 2,004 | Dynamic scene descriptor method and apparatus | A method for rendering a frame of animation includes retrieving scene descriptor data that specifies at least one object, wherein the object is associated with a first database query, wherein the first database query is associated with a first rendering option, receiving a selection of the first rendering option or a second rendering option, querying a database with the first database query and receiving a first representation of the object from a database when the selection is of the first rendering option, loading the first representation of the object into computer memory when the selection is of the first rendering option, and rendering the object for the frame of animation using the first representation of the object when the selection is of the first rendering option, wherein the first representation of the object is not loaded into computer memory when the selection is of the second rendering option. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to computer animation. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques and apparatus for memory and time efficiency in processing complex scenes. Throughout the years, movie makers have often tried to tell stories involving make-believe creatures, far away places, and fantastic things. To do so, they have often relied on animation techniques to bring the make-believe to “life.” Two of the major paths in animation have traditionally included, drawing-based animation techniques and stop motion animation techniques. Drawing-based animation techniques were refined in the twentieth century, by movie makers such as Walt Disney and used in movies such as “Snow White and the Seven Dwarves” and “Fantasia” (1940). This animation technique typically required artists to hand-draw (or paint) animated images onto a transparent media or cels. After painting, each cel would then be captured or recorded onto film as one or more frames in a movie. Stop motion-based animation techniques typically required the construction of miniature sets, props, and characters. The filmmakers would construct the sets, add props, and position the miniature characters in a pose. After the animator was happy with how everything was arranged, one or more frames of film would be taken of that specific arrangement. Stop motion animation techniques were developed by movie makers such as Willis O'Brien for movies such as “King Kong” (1932). Subsequently, these techniques were refined by animators such as Ray Harryhausen for movies including “The Mighty Joe Young” (1948) and Clash Of The Titans (1981). With the wide-spread availability of computers in the later part of the twentieth century, animators began to rely upon computers to assist in the animation process. This included using computers to facilitate drawing-based animation, for example, by painting images, by generating in-between images (“tweening”), and the like. This also included using computers to augment stop motion animation techniques. For example, physical models could be represented by virtual models in computer memory, and manipulated. One of the pioneering companies in the computer aided animation (CAA) industry was Pixar. Pixar developed both computing platforms specially designed for CAA, and animation software now known as RenderMan®. RenderMan® was particularly well received in the animation industry and recognized with two Academy Awards®. One of these awards recognized the inventor of the present patent application, and others, with a Scientific And Engineering Achievement Award® in 1992. RenderMan® software is used to convert graphical specifications of objects and convert them into one or more images. This technique is known in the industry as rendering. One specific portion of the rendering process is the graphical specification of objects to be rendered. Objects may refer to geometric objects in the image, lighting objects, camera objects, and the like. In this process, objects may be pre-defined and pre-specified, objects may be defined procedural techniques, objects may be defined by a combination of these techniques, or the like. Typically scenes to be rendered are specified (assembled) by one or more animators. These scenes include descriptions of the objects, camera angles, lighting sources, and the like. Once a scene is defined, the scene data stored and/or the scene is rendered. The resulting image is then viewed by the animators. If the animators do not like the appearance of the rendered image, the animators re-specify the scene data and the process repeats. Drawbacks with the above techniques include that there are a great number of objects in a typical scene, each typically having a great number of parameters that can or must be set by the animator. The scene data file (also known as a scene descriptor file) that describes the entire scene is accordingly, typically very large (gigabytes). Because of the sizes of typical scene descriptor files are typically large, the animator's computer must have sufficient amount of memory. As an another drawback, because scene descriptor files are typically large, the animators typically have to wait for the descriptor files to be retried from memory. Additionally, because scene descriptor files are typically large, the animators typically have to wait a long time for the scene to be rendered. In light of the above, what is needed are improved techniques for animators to specify scenes without the drawbacks described above. | Title:
Dynamic scene descriptor method and apparatus
Abstract:
A method for rendering a frame of animation includes retrieving scene descriptor data that specifies at least one object, wherein the object is associated with a first database query, wherein the first database query is associated with a first rendering option, receiving a selection of the first rendering option or a second rendering option, querying a database with the first database query and receiving a first representation of the object from a database when the selection is of the first rendering option, loading the first representation of the object into computer memory when the selection is of the first rendering option, and rendering the object for the frame of animation using the first representation of the object when the selection is of the first rendering option, wherein the first representation of the object is not loaded into computer memory when the selection is of the second rendering option.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to computer animation. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques and apparatus for memory and time efficiency in processing complex scenes. Throughout the years, movie makers have often tried to tell stories involving make-believe creatures, far away places, and fantastic things. To do so, they have often relied on animation techniques to bring the make-believe to “life.” Two of the major paths in animation have traditionally included, drawing-based animation techniques and stop motion animation techniques. Drawing-based animation techniques were refined in the twentieth century, by movie makers such as Walt Disney and used in movies such as “Snow White and the Seven Dwarves” and “Fantasia” (1940). This animation technique typically required artists to hand-draw (or paint) animated images onto a transparent media or cels. After painting, each cel would then be captured or recorded onto film as one or more frames in a movie. Stop motion-based animation techniques typically required the construction of miniature sets, props, and characters. The filmmakers would construct the sets, add props, and position the miniature characters in a pose. After the animator was happy with how everything was arranged, one or more frames of film would be taken of that specific arrangement. Stop motion animation techniques were developed by movie makers such as Willis O'Brien for movies such as “King Kong” (1932). Subsequently, these techniques were refined by animators such as Ray Harryhausen for movies including “The Mighty Joe Young” (1948) and Clash Of The Titans (1981). With the wide-spread availability of computers in the later part of the twentieth century, animators began to rely upon computers to assist in the animation process. This included using computers to facilitate drawing-based animation, for example, by painting images, by generating in-between images (“tweening”), and the like. This also included using computers to augment stop motion animation techniques. For example, physical models could be represented by virtual models in computer memory, and manipulated. One of the pioneering companies in the computer aided animation (CAA) industry was Pixar. Pixar developed both computing platforms specially designed for CAA, and animation software now known as RenderMan®. RenderMan® was particularly well received in the animation industry and recognized with two Academy Awards®. One of these awards recognized the inventor of the present patent application, and others, with a Scientific And Engineering Achievement Award® in 1992. RenderMan® software is used to convert graphical specifications of objects and convert them into one or more images. This technique is known in the industry as rendering. One specific portion of the rendering process is the graphical specification of objects to be rendered. Objects may refer to geometric objects in the image, lighting objects, camera objects, and the like. In this process, objects may be pre-defined and pre-specified, objects may be defined procedural techniques, objects may be defined by a combination of these techniques, or the like. Typically scenes to be rendered are specified (assembled) by one or more animators. These scenes include descriptions of the objects, camera angles, lighting sources, and the like. Once a scene is defined, the scene data stored and/or the scene is rendered. The resulting image is then viewed by the animators. If the animators do not like the appearance of the rendered image, the animators re-specify the scene data and the process repeats. Drawbacks with the above techniques include that there are a great number of objects in a typical scene, each typically having a great number of parameters that can or must be set by the animator. The scene data file (also known as a scene descriptor file) that describes the entire scene is accordingly, typically very large (gigabytes). Because of the sizes of typical scene descriptor files are typically large, the animator's computer must have sufficient amount of memory. As an another drawback, because scene descriptor files are typically large, the animators typically have to wait for the descriptor files to be retried from memory. Additionally, because scene descriptor files are typically large, the animators typically have to wait a long time for the scene to be rendered. In light of the above, what is needed are improved techniques for animators to specify scenes without the drawbacks described above. |
10956083 | 2,004 | Alarm device for vehicle | An alarm device according to the present invention includes a distance measuring sensor for detecting an object in a slanting rear direction of a vehicle and a distance to the object from the vehicle, a direction indicator switch, an alarming object determination part for determining whether the object detected by the distance measuring sensor is an alarming object, and an alarm generation part for generating an alarm to the driver based on the determination result at the alarming object determination part, and so on. The alarming object determination part determines whether the object is an alarming object based on a change with time in the distance between the object detected by the distance measuring sensor and the vehicle, and detection duration of the object by the distance measuring sensor. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an alarm device for a vehicle for detecting an object that approaches the vehicle and generating an alarm. 2. Description of the Background Art For accident avoidance during vehicle travel, an alarm device is conventionally known that includes a distance measuring sensor mounted on a vehicle to detect obstacles around the vehicle and alert the driver to approach of the obstacles. A conventional alarm device known includes a reckless overtaking alarm device as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 54-118036 (1979), which monitors a slanting rear direction of a direction to which a driver intends to make a lane change, to detect the following vehicle in that direction. This alarm device detects an instruction operation for lane change, determines whether the following vehicle is within a prescribed region when the instruction operation is present, and generates an alarm to inform that overtaking is dangerous based on the determination result. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-233699 proposes another alarm device that recognizes a vehicle traveling state based on a steering angle, yaw rate, navigation information, etc., and detects objects in a direction appropriate to the traveling state, thus generating an alarm when obstacles are detected around the vehicle. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2002-274303 and 8-293099 (1996) also disclose techniques for an alarm device for a vehicle. The above alarm devices disclosed in JP 54-118036 (1979) and JP 2000-233699 generate an alarm for all objects that are present in a fixed distance range from the vehicle. Accordingly, an alarm is generated not only for objects for which an alarm needs to be generated, such as a rearwardly approaching vehicle or a vehicle remaining in a blind spot region of the driver, but for objects for which an alarm does not need to be generated, such as a forwardly approaching stationary object including roadside street lamps and poles (hereinafter referred to as a “forwardly approaching stationary object”) or a forwardly approaching vehicle on the opposite lane, which annoys the driver. | Title:
Alarm device for vehicle
Abstract:
An alarm device according to the present invention includes a distance measuring sensor for detecting an object in a slanting rear direction of a vehicle and a distance to the object from the vehicle, a direction indicator switch, an alarming object determination part for determining whether the object detected by the distance measuring sensor is an alarming object, and an alarm generation part for generating an alarm to the driver based on the determination result at the alarming object determination part, and so on. The alarming object determination part determines whether the object is an alarming object based on a change with time in the distance between the object detected by the distance measuring sensor and the vehicle, and detection duration of the object by the distance measuring sensor.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an alarm device for a vehicle for detecting an object that approaches the vehicle and generating an alarm. 2. Description of the Background Art For accident avoidance during vehicle travel, an alarm device is conventionally known that includes a distance measuring sensor mounted on a vehicle to detect obstacles around the vehicle and alert the driver to approach of the obstacles. A conventional alarm device known includes a reckless overtaking alarm device as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 54-118036 (1979), which monitors a slanting rear direction of a direction to which a driver intends to make a lane change, to detect the following vehicle in that direction. This alarm device detects an instruction operation for lane change, determines whether the following vehicle is within a prescribed region when the instruction operation is present, and generates an alarm to inform that overtaking is dangerous based on the determination result. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-233699 proposes another alarm device that recognizes a vehicle traveling state based on a steering angle, yaw rate, navigation information, etc., and detects objects in a direction appropriate to the traveling state, thus generating an alarm when obstacles are detected around the vehicle. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2002-274303 and 8-293099 (1996) also disclose techniques for an alarm device for a vehicle. The above alarm devices disclosed in JP 54-118036 (1979) and JP 2000-233699 generate an alarm for all objects that are present in a fixed distance range from the vehicle. Accordingly, an alarm is generated not only for objects for which an alarm needs to be generated, such as a rearwardly approaching vehicle or a vehicle remaining in a blind spot region of the driver, but for objects for which an alarm does not need to be generated, such as a forwardly approaching stationary object including roadside street lamps and poles (hereinafter referred to as a “forwardly approaching stationary object”) or a forwardly approaching vehicle on the opposite lane, which annoys the driver. |
10984277 | 2,004 | Direct acting gas regulator | A direct acting pressure regulator controls the flow of a gas from a high pressure source to a low pressure device. Gas is delivered from the regulator at a predetermined outlet pressure. The regulator includes a body having a high pressure inlet and defining a seat. A bonnet is engageable with the body to define a piston chamber within the body and the bonnet. The bonnet has a regulated gas outlet. A piston is disposed within the piston chamber and defines a gap between the piston and a wall defining the chamber. The piston is movable between an open regulator condition and a closed regulator condition. The piston includes a plug having a sealing surface engageable with the seat and movable toward the seat to the closed regulator condition and away from the seat to the open regulator condition. The plug includes axially disposed openings therein for communicating gas from around the plug to a central longitudinal bore in the piston. The piston has an impingement surface in flow communication with the central bore such that gas pressure on the impingement surface exerts a force on the piston to move the piston to the closed regulator condition. A spring urges the piston to the open regulator condition. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a novel pressure regulator. More particularly, the present invention relates to a linear, direct acting pressure regulator for use in paint ball guns that use compressed gas to fire projectiles. The present invention is also adapted for use with other pressurized gas devices. Sporting events that provide the participant with an adventure in military strategy and the feel of the fear and exhilaration of battle have become very popular. Generally participants are equipped with a gas projectile gun or rifle (which can launch a projectile without seriously harming the victim) and protective gear and are divided into two or more combat groups each with the goal of surviving the others. One such sporting event is commonly referred to as “paintball”. In this event, participants fire paint-filled projectile balls at one another. In a typical paintball event, participants fire projectiles, or paintballs, at one another and, when struck, are “painted” by the paint ball. The objective of such an event is to be the last person that has not been “painted” or hit with a projectile. Typically, the projectiles used in these events are propelled, generally using a compressed gas to avoid the potential dangers of explosives such as gun powder. The dangers of explosives include not only the physical danger of the explosion but also the increased speed that such explosions impart to projectiles, potentially making innocuous projectiles, such as paintballs, deadly. Moreover, compressed gas is less costly than explosives and is readily obtainable. When these types of systems are used, compressed gas is provided or supplied from a high-pressure source carried by the participant in a gas bottle. Although high-pressure gas is needed at the gun firing mechanism to propel the paint balls, typically the pressure in these bottles is greater than the pressure needed to safely propel the projectile within the parameters of the game. As such, it is necessary to regulate the pressure of the compressed gas provided to the gun firing mechanism to allow projectiles to be launched at a safer velocity and prevent damage to the gun. Typically, a regulator is provided, mounted to the gun or the compressed gas bottle. That is, it is carried by the game participant. Known pressure regulator can be quite large and as such can add considerable weight to the gun. In that one of the objectives of paint ball is to avoid one's opponent, any added weight is undesirable. In addition, such large, highly machined regulators can be quite costly. Moreover, although many such regulators in fact function well to regulate and reduce pressure from the bottle to the firing mechanism, often such pressure regulation or reduction is rough. That is, the outlet pressure is typically within a range that is specified for the particular gun. However, there remains an “optimum” pressure for the mechanism to operate. Accordingly, there exists a need for a low cost, highly accurate pressure regulator. Desirably, such a regulator is sufficiently small and light-weight so that it does not increase, to any extent, the weight carried by a participant in a paint ball sporting event. | Title:
Direct acting gas regulator
Abstract:
A direct acting pressure regulator controls the flow of a gas from a high pressure source to a low pressure device. Gas is delivered from the regulator at a predetermined outlet pressure. The regulator includes a body having a high pressure inlet and defining a seat. A bonnet is engageable with the body to define a piston chamber within the body and the bonnet. The bonnet has a regulated gas outlet. A piston is disposed within the piston chamber and defines a gap between the piston and a wall defining the chamber. The piston is movable between an open regulator condition and a closed regulator condition. The piston includes a plug having a sealing surface engageable with the seat and movable toward the seat to the closed regulator condition and away from the seat to the open regulator condition. The plug includes axially disposed openings therein for communicating gas from around the plug to a central longitudinal bore in the piston. The piston has an impingement surface in flow communication with the central bore such that gas pressure on the impingement surface exerts a force on the piston to move the piston to the closed regulator condition. A spring urges the piston to the open regulator condition.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a novel pressure regulator. More particularly, the present invention relates to a linear, direct acting pressure regulator for use in paint ball guns that use compressed gas to fire projectiles. The present invention is also adapted for use with other pressurized gas devices. Sporting events that provide the participant with an adventure in military strategy and the feel of the fear and exhilaration of battle have become very popular. Generally participants are equipped with a gas projectile gun or rifle (which can launch a projectile without seriously harming the victim) and protective gear and are divided into two or more combat groups each with the goal of surviving the others. One such sporting event is commonly referred to as “paintball”. In this event, participants fire paint-filled projectile balls at one another. In a typical paintball event, participants fire projectiles, or paintballs, at one another and, when struck, are “painted” by the paint ball. The objective of such an event is to be the last person that has not been “painted” or hit with a projectile. Typically, the projectiles used in these events are propelled, generally using a compressed gas to avoid the potential dangers of explosives such as gun powder. The dangers of explosives include not only the physical danger of the explosion but also the increased speed that such explosions impart to projectiles, potentially making innocuous projectiles, such as paintballs, deadly. Moreover, compressed gas is less costly than explosives and is readily obtainable. When these types of systems are used, compressed gas is provided or supplied from a high-pressure source carried by the participant in a gas bottle. Although high-pressure gas is needed at the gun firing mechanism to propel the paint balls, typically the pressure in these bottles is greater than the pressure needed to safely propel the projectile within the parameters of the game. As such, it is necessary to regulate the pressure of the compressed gas provided to the gun firing mechanism to allow projectiles to be launched at a safer velocity and prevent damage to the gun. Typically, a regulator is provided, mounted to the gun or the compressed gas bottle. That is, it is carried by the game participant. Known pressure regulator can be quite large and as such can add considerable weight to the gun. In that one of the objectives of paint ball is to avoid one's opponent, any added weight is undesirable. In addition, such large, highly machined regulators can be quite costly. Moreover, although many such regulators in fact function well to regulate and reduce pressure from the bottle to the firing mechanism, often such pressure regulation or reduction is rough. That is, the outlet pressure is typically within a range that is specified for the particular gun. However, there remains an “optimum” pressure for the mechanism to operate. Accordingly, there exists a need for a low cost, highly accurate pressure regulator. Desirably, such a regulator is sufficiently small and light-weight so that it does not increase, to any extent, the weight carried by a participant in a paint ball sporting event. |
10992783 | 2,004 | Integrated instant message system with gateway functions and method for implementing the same | The present invention discloses an integrated instant message system including gateway functions and a method for implementing the same. In the integrated instant message system, a user is used as a session initiator. The session initiator builds a session for passing instant messages through a network medium. In the session, the session initiator is used as a gateway in order to invite other clients in networks to join in the session. Because the session initiator provides other instant message functions, it accepts connections from the users of other instant message systems in order to integrate the clients of different instant message systems in the session. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an instant message system for use in Internet and mobile communication networks and a method for implementing the same and, more particularly, to an integrated instant message system with gateway functions and a method for implementing the same. 2. Description of the Related Art Due to fast developing of Internet communication technology, various instant messengers for use in Internet and mobile communication networks are prospering. Through the instant messengers, communication between people is no longer limited by space and time. Using desktop computers, notebook computers, or palmtop computers, users can conduct instant message communication through Internet (including wireless and cable networks) anywhere, anytime. Alternatively, using mobile phones, users can conduct instant message communication through the mobile communication networks (including high and low tier mobile phone networks). Referring to FIG. 1 , a typical instant message system includes clients 130 , 140 and 150 . The clients are connected with an electronic device (such as the computers and the mobile phones) of a network medium 120 (such as Internet and the mobile communication networks). The electronic device executes an instant message system software program for connection with a server 110 of the instant message system. Any client can invite any other client to conduct instant message communication. In that case, the server 110 initiates a session so that the users can send text and files and can even conduct multi-party on-line voice and video conference calls. The typical instant message system uses a client-server structure. Several problems are encountered in the use of the typical instant message system. Firstly, service cannot be provided when the server crashes. The clients have to log on through the server, and conduct instant transmission of messages through the server in the session. When the server crashes, no service can be provided, and the clients cannot be served through the server. This problem can be obviated by means of a cluster server or a backup server; however, the cost of service will be increased. Secondly, users in different instant message systems cannot communicate. The instant message systems compete with one another. The users in the different instant message systems cannot communicate for not being able to tear down barriers between the different instant message systems. Thus, a user is often forced to join in many instant message systems in order to get in touch with all his or her friends. | Title:
Integrated instant message system with gateway functions and method for implementing the same
Abstract:
The present invention discloses an integrated instant message system including gateway functions and a method for implementing the same. In the integrated instant message system, a user is used as a session initiator. The session initiator builds a session for passing instant messages through a network medium. In the session, the session initiator is used as a gateway in order to invite other clients in networks to join in the session. Because the session initiator provides other instant message functions, it accepts connections from the users of other instant message systems in order to integrate the clients of different instant message systems in the session.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an instant message system for use in Internet and mobile communication networks and a method for implementing the same and, more particularly, to an integrated instant message system with gateway functions and a method for implementing the same. 2. Description of the Related Art Due to fast developing of Internet communication technology, various instant messengers for use in Internet and mobile communication networks are prospering. Through the instant messengers, communication between people is no longer limited by space and time. Using desktop computers, notebook computers, or palmtop computers, users can conduct instant message communication through Internet (including wireless and cable networks) anywhere, anytime. Alternatively, using mobile phones, users can conduct instant message communication through the mobile communication networks (including high and low tier mobile phone networks). Referring to FIG. 1 , a typical instant message system includes clients 130 , 140 and 150 . The clients are connected with an electronic device (such as the computers and the mobile phones) of a network medium 120 (such as Internet and the mobile communication networks). The electronic device executes an instant message system software program for connection with a server 110 of the instant message system. Any client can invite any other client to conduct instant message communication. In that case, the server 110 initiates a session so that the users can send text and files and can even conduct multi-party on-line voice and video conference calls. The typical instant message system uses a client-server structure. Several problems are encountered in the use of the typical instant message system. Firstly, service cannot be provided when the server crashes. The clients have to log on through the server, and conduct instant transmission of messages through the server in the session. When the server crashes, no service can be provided, and the clients cannot be served through the server. This problem can be obviated by means of a cluster server or a backup server; however, the cost of service will be increased. Secondly, users in different instant message systems cannot communicate. The instant message systems compete with one another. The users in the different instant message systems cannot communicate for not being able to tear down barriers between the different instant message systems. Thus, a user is often forced to join in many instant message systems in order to get in touch with all his or her friends. |
10913178 | 2,004 | Rigidly guided implant placement | A system for guiding an implant to an optimal placement within a patient includes a trajectory guide for guiding instruments along a selected trajectory and a trajectory fixation device for fixing the trajectory guide in a selected position. The trajectory guide defines a path configured to align with the selected trajectory. A movable support mounts the trajectory guide and selectively moves the trajectory guide to align the trajectory guide with the selected trajectory prior to fixing the trajectory guide in the selected position. After fixing the trajectory guide, instruments can be inserted along the trajectory through the path defined by the trajectory guide. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Spinal fixation systems may be used in orthopedic surgery to align, stabilize and/or fix a desired relationship between adjacent vertebral bodies. Such systems typically include a spinal fixation element, such as a relatively rigid fixation rod or plate, extending along an axis along which the vertebral bodies are to be positioned and coupled to adjacent vertebrae by attaching the element to various anchoring devices, such as hooks, bolts, wires or screws. The spinal fixation element can have a predetermined contour that has been designed according to the properties of the target implantation site and, once installed, the spinal fixation element holds the vertebrae in a desired spatial relationship, either until desired healing or spinal fusion has occurred, or for some longer period of time. Spinal fixation elements can be anchored to specific portions of the vertebra. Since each vertebra varies in shape and size, a variety of anchoring devices have been developed to facilitate engagement of a particular portion of the bone. Pedicle screw assemblies, for example, have a shape and size that is configured to engage pedicle bone, which is the strongest part of the vertebrae. Such screws typically include a threaded shank that is adapted to be threaded into a vertebra, and a head portion having a spinal fixation element receiving element, which, in spinal rod applications, is usually in the form of a U-shaped slit formed in the head for receiving the rod. In many pedicle screws, the head is movable and preferably pivotable in all directions, relative to the shaft. The ability to move the head relative to the anchoring portion of the screw facilitates alignment and seating of a rod connecting a plurality of screws A set-screw, plug, cap or similar type of closure mechanism may be used to lock the rod into the rod-receiving portion of the pedicle screw. In use, the shank portion of each screw is then threaded into a vertebra, and once properly positioned, a fixation rod is seated through the rod-receiving portion of each screw and the rod may be locked in place by tightening a cap or similar type of closure mechanism to securely interconnect each screw and the fixation rod. Other anchoring devices include hooks and other types of bone screws Placement of pedicle screws in a percutaneous fashion has become desirable for all minimally invasive approaches to the spine. This technique generally relies heavily on a clear understanding of the local anatomy by the surgeon, as well as accurate radiographic guidance technology. Generally, placement is done using a large bore needle or a canulated drill to start an initial hole for screw placement. Pedicle screws are preferably threaded in alignment with the pedicle axis and inserted along a trajectory that is determined prior to insertion of the screws. Misalignment of the pedicle screws during insertion can cause the screw body or its threads to break through the vertebral cortex and be in danger of striking surrounding nerve roots. A variety of undesirable symptoms can easily arise when the screws make contact with nerves after breaking outside the pedicle cortex, including dropped foot, neurological lesions, sensory deficits, or pain. The placement of pedicle screws and other implants requires a high degree of accuracy and precision to ensure a proper trajectory for the implant. It is preferable that each instrument used in the process be inserted along the same trajectory to ensure proper placement. Known surgical procedures for inserting pedicle screws involve recognizing landmarks along the spinal column for purposes of locating optimal screw hole entry points, approximating screw hole trajectories, and estimating proper screw hole depth. Generally, large amounts of fluoroscopy are required to determine a proper pedicle screw trajectory and to monitor the advancement of a pedicle screws through the vertebra. However, prolonged radiation exposure to a patient and a surgeon is undesirable. More technologically advanced systems such as the StealthStation™ Treatment Guidance System, the FluoroNav™ Virtual Fluoroscopy System (both available from Medtronic Sofamor Danek), and related systems, seek to overcome the need for surgeons to approximate landmarks, angles, and trajectories, by assisting the surgeons in determining proper tap hole starting points, trajectories, and depths. However, these systems are extremely expensive, require significant training, are cumbersome in operation, are difficult to maintain, and are not cost effective for many hospitals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,080 describes an image-guided surgical navigation system including a tool guide that uses a trackable marker. The surgeon must manually position of the tool guide and maintain the position of the tool guide during surgery through the use of image guidance and computer software. Therefore, the position of the tool guide is subject to human error, fatigue and slippage, and requires continued operation of expensive equipment and prolonged exposure to radiation to maintain. | Title:
Rigidly guided implant placement
Abstract:
A system for guiding an implant to an optimal placement within a patient includes a trajectory guide for guiding instruments along a selected trajectory and a trajectory fixation device for fixing the trajectory guide in a selected position. The trajectory guide defines a path configured to align with the selected trajectory. A movable support mounts the trajectory guide and selectively moves the trajectory guide to align the trajectory guide with the selected trajectory prior to fixing the trajectory guide in the selected position. After fixing the trajectory guide, instruments can be inserted along the trajectory through the path defined by the trajectory guide.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Spinal fixation systems may be used in orthopedic surgery to align, stabilize and/or fix a desired relationship between adjacent vertebral bodies. Such systems typically include a spinal fixation element, such as a relatively rigid fixation rod or plate, extending along an axis along which the vertebral bodies are to be positioned and coupled to adjacent vertebrae by attaching the element to various anchoring devices, such as hooks, bolts, wires or screws. The spinal fixation element can have a predetermined contour that has been designed according to the properties of the target implantation site and, once installed, the spinal fixation element holds the vertebrae in a desired spatial relationship, either until desired healing or spinal fusion has occurred, or for some longer period of time. Spinal fixation elements can be anchored to specific portions of the vertebra. Since each vertebra varies in shape and size, a variety of anchoring devices have been developed to facilitate engagement of a particular portion of the bone. Pedicle screw assemblies, for example, have a shape and size that is configured to engage pedicle bone, which is the strongest part of the vertebrae. Such screws typically include a threaded shank that is adapted to be threaded into a vertebra, and a head portion having a spinal fixation element receiving element, which, in spinal rod applications, is usually in the form of a U-shaped slit formed in the head for receiving the rod. In many pedicle screws, the head is movable and preferably pivotable in all directions, relative to the shaft. The ability to move the head relative to the anchoring portion of the screw facilitates alignment and seating of a rod connecting a plurality of screws A set-screw, plug, cap or similar type of closure mechanism may be used to lock the rod into the rod-receiving portion of the pedicle screw. In use, the shank portion of each screw is then threaded into a vertebra, and once properly positioned, a fixation rod is seated through the rod-receiving portion of each screw and the rod may be locked in place by tightening a cap or similar type of closure mechanism to securely interconnect each screw and the fixation rod. Other anchoring devices include hooks and other types of bone screws Placement of pedicle screws in a percutaneous fashion has become desirable for all minimally invasive approaches to the spine. This technique generally relies heavily on a clear understanding of the local anatomy by the surgeon, as well as accurate radiographic guidance technology. Generally, placement is done using a large bore needle or a canulated drill to start an initial hole for screw placement. Pedicle screws are preferably threaded in alignment with the pedicle axis and inserted along a trajectory that is determined prior to insertion of the screws. Misalignment of the pedicle screws during insertion can cause the screw body or its threads to break through the vertebral cortex and be in danger of striking surrounding nerve roots. A variety of undesirable symptoms can easily arise when the screws make contact with nerves after breaking outside the pedicle cortex, including dropped foot, neurological lesions, sensory deficits, or pain. The placement of pedicle screws and other implants requires a high degree of accuracy and precision to ensure a proper trajectory for the implant. It is preferable that each instrument used in the process be inserted along the same trajectory to ensure proper placement. Known surgical procedures for inserting pedicle screws involve recognizing landmarks along the spinal column for purposes of locating optimal screw hole entry points, approximating screw hole trajectories, and estimating proper screw hole depth. Generally, large amounts of fluoroscopy are required to determine a proper pedicle screw trajectory and to monitor the advancement of a pedicle screws through the vertebra. However, prolonged radiation exposure to a patient and a surgeon is undesirable. More technologically advanced systems such as the StealthStation™ Treatment Guidance System, the FluoroNav™ Virtual Fluoroscopy System (both available from Medtronic Sofamor Danek), and related systems, seek to overcome the need for surgeons to approximate landmarks, angles, and trajectories, by assisting the surgeons in determining proper tap hole starting points, trajectories, and depths. However, these systems are extremely expensive, require significant training, are cumbersome in operation, are difficult to maintain, and are not cost effective for many hospitals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,080 describes an image-guided surgical navigation system including a tool guide that uses a trackable marker. The surgeon must manually position of the tool guide and maintain the position of the tool guide during surgery through the use of image guidance and computer software. Therefore, the position of the tool guide is subject to human error, fatigue and slippage, and requires continued operation of expensive equipment and prolonged exposure to radiation to maintain. |
10772620 | 2,004 | Transport of encapsulated serial data via instant messaging communication | A method and system is provided for gathering and packetizing data from networked building automation equipment, and for transmitting data packets as instant messages to remotely located users. An instant messaging (IM) server-based system is provided to facilitate communication between networked building equipment and a remotely located service contractor. When a registered router is operated, the router establishes a continuous pass-through communication link with the IM server and with building equipment connected to the router. The router automatically polls connected building equipment for alarms, faults and system failures, and also receives, processes, and responds to user requests for specific data from particular items of building equipment. Data gathered by the router is packetized, and the packets are then encapsulated into an instant message that is transmitted to the IM server. Authorized users who log on to the IM server are then provided access to the instant message containing the packetized data. Additionally, remote users can solicit gathering of data by the router by submitting to an IM server an instant message requesting the router to gather and return specific data from particular item of building equipment. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Instant messaging software is widely used to enable a computer user to communicate electronically over a wide area network, such as the Internet, with other users. Typically, the instant messaging service is set up to alert a user or users whenever another authorized user is logged on to a server such as an Internet server—a capability known as “presence.” The user creates a list of other authorized users that are of interest or importance to the user, and shares the list with the service. The server routinely and automatically scans all logged in users and determines when any other user on the user's list is logged onto the server or has otherwise established access to the service. When a listed user is located, the service allows the user to initiate a private chat or communication session with the listed user, and vice versa. Unlike electronic mail, IM is primarily used by subscribers to “chat” (exchange simple text messages in real-time or in near-real-time) with one or more other IM users. Users can communicate through IM using a computerized interface, such as a website or a dedicated IM Interface, that is accessible through the Internet using a PC, a PDA, a cell phone or other similar device or technique for accessing the Internet. Instant messaging services constitute a widely used Internet application, and are offered by a growing number of Internet service providers. Popular legacy IM applications include America Online's Instant Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by America Online Inc.), Microsoft's Network Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by Microsoft Corporation), as well as Yahoo! Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by Yahoo! Corporation). However, many of these legacy IM applications are not compatible with each other, thus preventing IM communication between users running different IM software. As a result of this problem, open source IM software, such as Jabber™ (trademarked and owned by Jabber Software Foundation) is gaining popularity. Jabber™ is an open XML protocol for the real-time exchange of messages and presence between any two points on the Internet. The benefit of Jabber™ is that it allows users to send and receive IM messages from other users who are running different IM software or different operating systems, and also allows the transfer of files and receipt of headlines. Communication between Jabber™ users and users of legacy IM services is made possible by “gateways”, and Jabber™ developers have created software that provides gateways to AOL Instant Messenger™, MSN Network Messenger™, and Yahoo! Messenger™. The availability of Jabber™ and similar flexible IM software or programs allows users of different IM software to instantly communicate with one another. As a result of Jabber's™ success, legacy IM system providers are now revising their IM software to make their services more compatible with other legacy IM systems. To access a subscription IM service, a user accesses an instant messaging server through a communication network or means such as the Internet (or other appropriate wide area network), and usually provides a screen name and password or other form of identification to log in to or access the instant messaging server or IM network. Once a user has logged in to the appropriate IM server or network, his presence on the server or network is made known or available to all other IM users designated by the logged in user in the user's list (listed users are commonly referred to as “buddies”). Each user and buddy can then engage in typed conversations with other buddies connected to the IM server or system. With particular reference to the non-subscription Jabber™ IM software, a first user can establish an account on a Jabber™ server (a server running Jabber™ software). The account is identified by a Jabber™ address (also known as a Jabber ID) that looks like an email address. For example, if the Jabber™ server is running or operating at locationone.com, the first user's Jabber™ ID can be user1@locationone.com. A second user can establish an account on a second Jabber™ server operating at locationtwo.com, the account can be identified by a Jabber™ ID unique to the second user's address on his chosen Jabber™ server, for example, user2@locationtwo.com. When the first user desires to send Jabber™ messages to the second user, the first user types a message on a computerized interface, and sends the message. The message is handled by the first Jabber™ server at locationone.com, which opens a network communication connection (such as an Internet connection) to the second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com. The IM message is then routed as a server-to-server message across the connection to the second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com. The second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com reads the message's intended recipient address as user2@locationtwo.com, and delivers the message to that address, where it is opened and displayed on the second user's computerized interface. Jabber™ thus allows users of computerized interfaces based on different operating systems and IM programs to communicate through IM across multiple servers, so long as a communication channel can be opened between the computerized interfaces and the server(s). Obviously, Jabber™ and legacy IM services also permit users to communicate when the users are logged on to the same IM server. For example, two users can connect to a single IM server using PDAs, laptops, or other computerized interfaces that can establish a gateway connection to the IM server. In that case, the need for server to server communication is eliminated since the single IM server can simply route IM messages between the logged-on users to each user's computerized interface. Because IM is a text-based service geared towards instant typed communication, IM communications are generally not used to transfer large files, such as, sound, graphic, image or program files. Additionally, the use of IM communication to request, access and retrieve data, such as equipment data from remotely located building equipment and automation systems, has not been heretofore realized or appreciated. Accordingly, what is needed is a simple and efficient technique for providing building equipment and automation data and information to local and remotely located users. | Title:
Transport of encapsulated serial data via instant messaging communication
Abstract:
A method and system is provided for gathering and packetizing data from networked building automation equipment, and for transmitting data packets as instant messages to remotely located users. An instant messaging (IM) server-based system is provided to facilitate communication between networked building equipment and a remotely located service contractor. When a registered router is operated, the router establishes a continuous pass-through communication link with the IM server and with building equipment connected to the router. The router automatically polls connected building equipment for alarms, faults and system failures, and also receives, processes, and responds to user requests for specific data from particular items of building equipment. Data gathered by the router is packetized, and the packets are then encapsulated into an instant message that is transmitted to the IM server. Authorized users who log on to the IM server are then provided access to the instant message containing the packetized data. Additionally, remote users can solicit gathering of data by the router by submitting to an IM server an instant message requesting the router to gather and return specific data from particular item of building equipment.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Instant messaging software is widely used to enable a computer user to communicate electronically over a wide area network, such as the Internet, with other users. Typically, the instant messaging service is set up to alert a user or users whenever another authorized user is logged on to a server such as an Internet server—a capability known as “presence.” The user creates a list of other authorized users that are of interest or importance to the user, and shares the list with the service. The server routinely and automatically scans all logged in users and determines when any other user on the user's list is logged onto the server or has otherwise established access to the service. When a listed user is located, the service allows the user to initiate a private chat or communication session with the listed user, and vice versa. Unlike electronic mail, IM is primarily used by subscribers to “chat” (exchange simple text messages in real-time or in near-real-time) with one or more other IM users. Users can communicate through IM using a computerized interface, such as a website or a dedicated IM Interface, that is accessible through the Internet using a PC, a PDA, a cell phone or other similar device or technique for accessing the Internet. Instant messaging services constitute a widely used Internet application, and are offered by a growing number of Internet service providers. Popular legacy IM applications include America Online's Instant Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by America Online Inc.), Microsoft's Network Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by Microsoft Corporation), as well as Yahoo! Messenger™ (trademarked and owned by Yahoo! Corporation). However, many of these legacy IM applications are not compatible with each other, thus preventing IM communication between users running different IM software. As a result of this problem, open source IM software, such as Jabber™ (trademarked and owned by Jabber Software Foundation) is gaining popularity. Jabber™ is an open XML protocol for the real-time exchange of messages and presence between any two points on the Internet. The benefit of Jabber™ is that it allows users to send and receive IM messages from other users who are running different IM software or different operating systems, and also allows the transfer of files and receipt of headlines. Communication between Jabber™ users and users of legacy IM services is made possible by “gateways”, and Jabber™ developers have created software that provides gateways to AOL Instant Messenger™, MSN Network Messenger™, and Yahoo! Messenger™. The availability of Jabber™ and similar flexible IM software or programs allows users of different IM software to instantly communicate with one another. As a result of Jabber's™ success, legacy IM system providers are now revising their IM software to make their services more compatible with other legacy IM systems. To access a subscription IM service, a user accesses an instant messaging server through a communication network or means such as the Internet (or other appropriate wide area network), and usually provides a screen name and password or other form of identification to log in to or access the instant messaging server or IM network. Once a user has logged in to the appropriate IM server or network, his presence on the server or network is made known or available to all other IM users designated by the logged in user in the user's list (listed users are commonly referred to as “buddies”). Each user and buddy can then engage in typed conversations with other buddies connected to the IM server or system. With particular reference to the non-subscription Jabber™ IM software, a first user can establish an account on a Jabber™ server (a server running Jabber™ software). The account is identified by a Jabber™ address (also known as a Jabber ID) that looks like an email address. For example, if the Jabber™ server is running or operating at locationone.com, the first user's Jabber™ ID can be user1@locationone.com. A second user can establish an account on a second Jabber™ server operating at locationtwo.com, the account can be identified by a Jabber™ ID unique to the second user's address on his chosen Jabber™ server, for example, user2@locationtwo.com. When the first user desires to send Jabber™ messages to the second user, the first user types a message on a computerized interface, and sends the message. The message is handled by the first Jabber™ server at locationone.com, which opens a network communication connection (such as an Internet connection) to the second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com. The IM message is then routed as a server-to-server message across the connection to the second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com. The second Jabber™ server at locationtwo.com reads the message's intended recipient address as user2@locationtwo.com, and delivers the message to that address, where it is opened and displayed on the second user's computerized interface. Jabber™ thus allows users of computerized interfaces based on different operating systems and IM programs to communicate through IM across multiple servers, so long as a communication channel can be opened between the computerized interfaces and the server(s). Obviously, Jabber™ and legacy IM services also permit users to communicate when the users are logged on to the same IM server. For example, two users can connect to a single IM server using PDAs, laptops, or other computerized interfaces that can establish a gateway connection to the IM server. In that case, the need for server to server communication is eliminated since the single IM server can simply route IM messages between the logged-on users to each user's computerized interface. Because IM is a text-based service geared towards instant typed communication, IM communications are generally not used to transfer large files, such as, sound, graphic, image or program files. Additionally, the use of IM communication to request, access and retrieve data, such as equipment data from remotely located building equipment and automation systems, has not been heretofore realized or appreciated. Accordingly, what is needed is a simple and efficient technique for providing building equipment and automation data and information to local and remotely located users. |
10843096 | 2,004 | Polyester films and methods for making the same | The present invention is directed to blended monolayer films and multilayer films having odor barrier properties, methods of making such films, and bags made from such films. Blended monolayer films include blends of non-elastic polyesters and blends of non-elastic polyesters, polyester thermoplastic elastomers, polyolefins, or combinations thereof. Multilayer thermoplastic films include a plurality of layers of film. The plurality of layers of film includes at least one non-elastic polyester layer of film and at least one additional layer of film. The one additional layers of film can be polyester thermoplastic elastomer layers, polyolefin layers, nylon layers, and combinations thereof. Blended monolayer films and multilayer films are a substantial odor barrier for at least 3 days and have a gauge thickness of from about 0.00015 to about 0.01 inches. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Undesirable odors from waste or foodstuffs are commonly retained by containers or films having odor barrier properties. Such odors are typically caused by volatile compounds, for example, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) or diethyl disulfide (DEDS) which are often classified as small or large odor causing molecules. The medical, pharmaceutical, and food packaging industries frequently use or manufacture products or generate waste that require a container or packaging that prevents odors from emanating from the product or waste. For example, films having odor barrier properties are used as ostomy bags, trans-dermal delivery systems, cosmetic patches, incontinence bags, medical collection bags, parenteral solution bags. Odor barrier films are also used as food packaging, as well as for protective clothing and soil fumigation applications. Conventional films having odor barrier properties include multi-layer packaging films having gas barrier properties for use in food sanitation and environmental safety. Other conventional films include those made from amorphous non-chlorinated polymers. Conventional films also include films used in ostomy applications comprising a layer of a chlorine-free organic polymer. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,336 to Wakabayashi, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,161 to Regnier, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,295, 5,658,625, and 5,643,375. Soiled diapers are a common odoriferous waste material that require temporary storage until they are thrown away or washed. Fecal odors emanating from soiled diapers are caused in part by indoles and sulfide derivatives, such as, for example, dimethyl trisulfide, indole or 3-methyl indole. Traditional waste containers that attempt to retain offensive odors can be classified as either a chemical odor absorber, a mechanical design that isolates waste, or an individual packaging design. A typical chemical odor absorber is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,462 to Hames, which uses an actuated charcoal absorber mounted in a perforated holder beneath a container lid. Although such absorbers can reduce the amount of objectionable odors that escape the container, they cannot eliminate such odors. This design also has the disadvantage of requiring periodic replacement of the charcoal media. A mechanical design that isolates waste includes the Turn 'N Seal Diaper Pail, sold by Safety 1st. This device has a mechanism for closing the neck of a plastic liner bag, by rotating the lid of the container while in a closed position. The resealable opening approach is exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,526 to Sumanis (the 526 patent), which discloses a garbage pail in which a bag is secured to a rotatable holder inside the pail. An individual packaging design for infant's diapers is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,049 to Richards et al. (the 049 patent), in which a container has an inner storage chamber accessed via a closable lid and an intermediate tubular film. The device stores diapers in a series of individually wrapped packages in the storage chamber—each package being separated from adjacent packages by twists in the tube. After a diaper is deposited in the tubular film, a fixture is rotated to create a seal above the diaper. Other conventional apparatus and methods for disposing of diapers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,240 to Jacoby et al. (the 240 patent), which teaches a packaging and disposal system for sealing waste and related materials within flexible plastic tubing for odorless and sanitary disposal. Although mechanical systems and individual packaging designs reduce the escape of offensive odors, their effectiveness depends on the odor barrier properties of the bag or flexible tubing utilized. Therefore, there is a constant need for new films having improved odor barrier properties including those polymeric films which exhibit low permeability to both small and larger odor-causing molecules. | Title:
Polyester films and methods for making the same
Abstract:
The present invention is directed to blended monolayer films and multilayer films having odor barrier properties, methods of making such films, and bags made from such films. Blended monolayer films include blends of non-elastic polyesters and blends of non-elastic polyesters, polyester thermoplastic elastomers, polyolefins, or combinations thereof. Multilayer thermoplastic films include a plurality of layers of film. The plurality of layers of film includes at least one non-elastic polyester layer of film and at least one additional layer of film. The one additional layers of film can be polyester thermoplastic elastomer layers, polyolefin layers, nylon layers, and combinations thereof. Blended monolayer films and multilayer films are a substantial odor barrier for at least 3 days and have a gauge thickness of from about 0.00015 to about 0.01 inches.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Undesirable odors from waste or foodstuffs are commonly retained by containers or films having odor barrier properties. Such odors are typically caused by volatile compounds, for example, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) or diethyl disulfide (DEDS) which are often classified as small or large odor causing molecules. The medical, pharmaceutical, and food packaging industries frequently use or manufacture products or generate waste that require a container or packaging that prevents odors from emanating from the product or waste. For example, films having odor barrier properties are used as ostomy bags, trans-dermal delivery systems, cosmetic patches, incontinence bags, medical collection bags, parenteral solution bags. Odor barrier films are also used as food packaging, as well as for protective clothing and soil fumigation applications. Conventional films having odor barrier properties include multi-layer packaging films having gas barrier properties for use in food sanitation and environmental safety. Other conventional films include those made from amorphous non-chlorinated polymers. Conventional films also include films used in ostomy applications comprising a layer of a chlorine-free organic polymer. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,336 to Wakabayashi, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,161 to Regnier, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,295, 5,658,625, and 5,643,375. Soiled diapers are a common odoriferous waste material that require temporary storage until they are thrown away or washed. Fecal odors emanating from soiled diapers are caused in part by indoles and sulfide derivatives, such as, for example, dimethyl trisulfide, indole or 3-methyl indole. Traditional waste containers that attempt to retain offensive odors can be classified as either a chemical odor absorber, a mechanical design that isolates waste, or an individual packaging design. A typical chemical odor absorber is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,462 to Hames, which uses an actuated charcoal absorber mounted in a perforated holder beneath a container lid. Although such absorbers can reduce the amount of objectionable odors that escape the container, they cannot eliminate such odors. This design also has the disadvantage of requiring periodic replacement of the charcoal media. A mechanical design that isolates waste includes the Turn 'N Seal Diaper Pail, sold by Safety 1st. This device has a mechanism for closing the neck of a plastic liner bag, by rotating the lid of the container while in a closed position. The resealable opening approach is exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,526 to Sumanis (the 526 patent), which discloses a garbage pail in which a bag is secured to a rotatable holder inside the pail. An individual packaging design for infant's diapers is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,049 to Richards et al. (the 049 patent), in which a container has an inner storage chamber accessed via a closable lid and an intermediate tubular film. The device stores diapers in a series of individually wrapped packages in the storage chamber—each package being separated from adjacent packages by twists in the tube. After a diaper is deposited in the tubular film, a fixture is rotated to create a seal above the diaper. Other conventional apparatus and methods for disposing of diapers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,240 to Jacoby et al. (the 240 patent), which teaches a packaging and disposal system for sealing waste and related materials within flexible plastic tubing for odorless and sanitary disposal. Although mechanical systems and individual packaging designs reduce the escape of offensive odors, their effectiveness depends on the odor barrier properties of the bag or flexible tubing utilized. Therefore, there is a constant need for new films having improved odor barrier properties including those polymeric films which exhibit low permeability to both small and larger odor-causing molecules. |
10990424 | 2,004 | Production of elemental films using a boron-containing reducing agent | The present invention relates generally to depositing elemental thin films. In particular, the invention concerns a method of growing elemental metal thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using a boron compound as a reducing agent. In a preferred embodiment the method comprises introducing vapor phase pulses of at least one metal source compound and at least one boron source compound into a reaction space that contains a substrate on which the metal thin film is to be deposited. Preferably the boron compound is capable of reducing the adsorbed portion of the metal source compound into its elemental electrical state. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a method of depositing thin films. In particular, the invention concerns a method of growing elemental metal thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using a boron compound as a reducing agent. 2. Description of the Related Art The integration level of components in integrated circuits is increasing, producing a need for smaller components and interconnects. Design rules are dictating a feature size less than or equal to 0.2 μm. This makes complete film coverage on deep vias difficult to obtain. Integrated circuits contain interconnects that are conventionally made of aluminum. Today, copper is replacing aluminum because it has lower electrical resistance and better electromigration resistance than aluminum. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has been commonly used to produce metal films. In CVD, the source materials are typically fed into a reaction space together, where they react when brought into contact with a hot substrate. Thus, the growth rate of the metal film depends in part upon the concentration of the different source materials in the reaction space. Additionally, the temperature of the substrate affects the rate of deposition. In thermal CVD a single source chemical can be thermally decomposed near the substrate. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is an advanced alternative to CVD. The ALD method is based on sequential self-saturating surface reactions and has been described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,058,430 and 5,711,811. Source chemicals are pulsed into the reaction chamber in an inert carrier gas. The pulses of source chemical can be separated from each other by a purging flow of inert gas. The separation of the source chemicals and the proper choice of source chemicals prevents gas-phase reactions between gaseous reactants and enables self-saturating surface reactions. This allows for film growth without strict temperature control of the substrate or precise dosage control of the reactants. Surplus reactants and byproducts are removed from the chamber, such as by a purging flow of inert gas, before the next reactive chemical pulse is introduced. Undesired gaseous molecules are effectively removed from the reaction chamber by keeping the gas flow speeds high. The purging gas pushes the extra molecules towards the vacuum pump that is used to maintain a suitable pressure in the reaction chamber. Thus, ALD provides for rapid, uniform, controlled film growth. While ALD has been used to produce both elemental and compound thin films, there are a number of drawbacks to the methods that have been used. Thus, a need exists for improvements in the production of metal thin films. | Title:
Production of elemental films using a boron-containing reducing agent
Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to depositing elemental thin films. In particular, the invention concerns a method of growing elemental metal thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using a boron compound as a reducing agent. In a preferred embodiment the method comprises introducing vapor phase pulses of at least one metal source compound and at least one boron source compound into a reaction space that contains a substrate on which the metal thin film is to be deposited. Preferably the boron compound is capable of reducing the adsorbed portion of the metal source compound into its elemental electrical state.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a method of depositing thin films. In particular, the invention concerns a method of growing elemental metal thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using a boron compound as a reducing agent. 2. Description of the Related Art The integration level of components in integrated circuits is increasing, producing a need for smaller components and interconnects. Design rules are dictating a feature size less than or equal to 0.2 μm. This makes complete film coverage on deep vias difficult to obtain. Integrated circuits contain interconnects that are conventionally made of aluminum. Today, copper is replacing aluminum because it has lower electrical resistance and better electromigration resistance than aluminum. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has been commonly used to produce metal films. In CVD, the source materials are typically fed into a reaction space together, where they react when brought into contact with a hot substrate. Thus, the growth rate of the metal film depends in part upon the concentration of the different source materials in the reaction space. Additionally, the temperature of the substrate affects the rate of deposition. In thermal CVD a single source chemical can be thermally decomposed near the substrate. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is an advanced alternative to CVD. The ALD method is based on sequential self-saturating surface reactions and has been described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,058,430 and 5,711,811. Source chemicals are pulsed into the reaction chamber in an inert carrier gas. The pulses of source chemical can be separated from each other by a purging flow of inert gas. The separation of the source chemicals and the proper choice of source chemicals prevents gas-phase reactions between gaseous reactants and enables self-saturating surface reactions. This allows for film growth without strict temperature control of the substrate or precise dosage control of the reactants. Surplus reactants and byproducts are removed from the chamber, such as by a purging flow of inert gas, before the next reactive chemical pulse is introduced. Undesired gaseous molecules are effectively removed from the reaction chamber by keeping the gas flow speeds high. The purging gas pushes the extra molecules towards the vacuum pump that is used to maintain a suitable pressure in the reaction chamber. Thus, ALD provides for rapid, uniform, controlled film growth. While ALD has been used to produce both elemental and compound thin films, there are a number of drawbacks to the methods that have been used. Thus, a need exists for improvements in the production of metal thin films. |
10913364 | 2,004 | System and method to evaluate a service contract covering a monitored device by integrating device, user, and account information | A system and method for evaluating a service contract for managing and servicing devices communicatively coupled to a network, including: storing business context information, including terms of the service contract for managing and servicing a device; storing contract expenditure information; receiving, from an authorized user, a request for information related to profitability of the service contract over a predetermined period of time; accessing the business context information to retrieve the terms of the service contract and an identification for each device; determining, based on each respective identification, the cost of performing the service contract over the predetermined period of time for the device covered by the service contract; creating a contract profitability report describing profitability of the service contract over the predetermined period of time; and providing, to the authorized user, the contract profitability report and the terms of the service contract for the device covered by the service contract. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the use of a network to support clients of a service who use devices provide by a service company. The invention is more particularly related to the three major components integrated at the service provider company. One component handles device-related information. The second component handles user-related information, and the third component handles account-related information. All three components are connected to provide for the exchange of necessary information to define the context and rules of processing of the information and processing of requests from devices or system users. The invention is further related to a method and system to utilize multiple protocols to support devices, users, and help desks. 2. Discussion of the Background Today, many companies support their devices at the client site remotely. Devices are either sending messages to a monitoring station or being monitored by a protocol such as SNMP. Generally, these clients are charged according to the promised service by the remote support system. Users, therefore, look for a return on their investment in terms of cost savings and time savings. This return on investment, moreover, must be shown through the obtained device data. Many previously disclosed remote systems address the data collection aspect of the remote support systems. Such systems are interested in how to send various data from the device in the field to the service center. In many services, however, the actual service is likely to involve various contract terms, a service dispatch system, a supply ordering system, etc. The total remote support system is not an isolated system, but the combination of various systems. For example, a typical system will have a billing system, a contract management system, an order-tracking system, a sales force support system, etc. In addition, such a system must be economical and data-driven so that management can access the data for business decision-making. At present, many report support systems deterministically support the devices in the field or require human intervention to change the system decision-making. These systems tend to respond to incoming information in a preprogrammed fashion, instead of dynamically changing based on the business context and rules. Thus, there exists an unmet need in the art for a remote support system that includes various subsystems to accommodate decision-making and to provide a flexible response to device monitoring, according to a particular business context and rules. | Title:
System and method to evaluate a service contract covering a monitored device by integrating device, user, and account information
Abstract:
A system and method for evaluating a service contract for managing and servicing devices communicatively coupled to a network, including: storing business context information, including terms of the service contract for managing and servicing a device; storing contract expenditure information; receiving, from an authorized user, a request for information related to profitability of the service contract over a predetermined period of time; accessing the business context information to retrieve the terms of the service contract and an identification for each device; determining, based on each respective identification, the cost of performing the service contract over the predetermined period of time for the device covered by the service contract; creating a contract profitability report describing profitability of the service contract over the predetermined period of time; and providing, to the authorized user, the contract profitability report and the terms of the service contract for the device covered by the service contract.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the use of a network to support clients of a service who use devices provide by a service company. The invention is more particularly related to the three major components integrated at the service provider company. One component handles device-related information. The second component handles user-related information, and the third component handles account-related information. All three components are connected to provide for the exchange of necessary information to define the context and rules of processing of the information and processing of requests from devices or system users. The invention is further related to a method and system to utilize multiple protocols to support devices, users, and help desks. 2. Discussion of the Background Today, many companies support their devices at the client site remotely. Devices are either sending messages to a monitoring station or being monitored by a protocol such as SNMP. Generally, these clients are charged according to the promised service by the remote support system. Users, therefore, look for a return on their investment in terms of cost savings and time savings. This return on investment, moreover, must be shown through the obtained device data. Many previously disclosed remote systems address the data collection aspect of the remote support systems. Such systems are interested in how to send various data from the device in the field to the service center. In many services, however, the actual service is likely to involve various contract terms, a service dispatch system, a supply ordering system, etc. The total remote support system is not an isolated system, but the combination of various systems. For example, a typical system will have a billing system, a contract management system, an order-tracking system, a sales force support system, etc. In addition, such a system must be economical and data-driven so that management can access the data for business decision-making. At present, many report support systems deterministically support the devices in the field or require human intervention to change the system decision-making. These systems tend to respond to incoming information in a preprogrammed fashion, instead of dynamically changing based on the business context and rules. Thus, there exists an unmet need in the art for a remote support system that includes various subsystems to accommodate decision-making and to provide a flexible response to device monitoring, according to a particular business context and rules. |
10911393 | 2,004 | System to obtain value-added services in real-time, based on the general packet radio service (GPRS) network | A system which comprises SGSN nodes (2), which control the radio access and localization of a mobile station, and GGSN nodes (3), which allow the connection between the internal network of the mobile network operator and external data networks, with the SGSN nodes (2) and the GGSN nodes (3) communicating by means of the GTP Protocol (GPRS Tunneling Protocol); all this in order to enable the access from the mobile station to different data networks; wherein it comprises means (1) that handle GTP protocol data packets, means of execution (4) of local or remote applications, means of application management (6) to access a remote (8) or local (7) application and return the response obtained in order to detect the modifications to be applied to the GTP protocol data packets from such response, then forwarding the (possibly modified) GTP messages transparently for the SGSN (2) and GGSN (3) nodes | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION GPRS is a data transport service used in several cellular mobile telephony systems, and especially in GSM and UMTS systems, in order to allow access from a mobile station to a data packet network (such as the Internet) that uses packet switching instead of circuit switching. Just as in the GSM voice service, it is often necessary to add value-added services in real-time in the GPRS data service. Value-added service for GPRS means a service that provides something more than the basic data transport service. Service in real-time for GPRS means a service that processes GPRS data sessions at the time they are established or while being established, and not later, so that the sent data can be modified in some way. As an example, it can be mentioned that a value-added service in real-time for GPRS would be that in which data sending is subject to a prepayment, so that it can be verified, previous to the establishment of the GPRS data session, that the user trying to send the data has enough balance, and during the course of the session, small amounts of his balance are reserved before forwarding any traffic, the data traffic that the user tries to send is measured, the corresponding rate is applied and charged to the small amounts reserved, and the session is torn down just as the total balance is exhausted. The implementation of the GPRS service in GSM and UMTS networks is specified and standardized by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) organization. The GPRS service requires adaptations in mobile stations, in the radio system and in the operator core network. In particular (according to standards 3GPP TS 03.60 and 3GPP TS 23.060), it is necessary to incorporate two new types of data packet switching nodes: SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), which is in charge of the radio access management, the mobile station localization, and acting as gateway between the radio part and the operator core data network. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node), which is the gateway between the operator data core network and the external data networks which the GPRS allows access to, such as the Internet or a corporate “intranet” (internal data network of a company). Therefore, the SGSN consists in an interface of the GPRS system with the operator GSM radio infrastructure, and the GGSN node constitutes an interface with the external networks, such as the Internet network. In the GSM and UMTS systems that incorporate the GPRS service, the GPRS data sessions go through an SGSN, an operator core data network based on the IP protocol (IETF RFC 791), and a GGSN. The protocol used to transfer information between an SGSN and a GGSN is the GTP protocol, which is specified in the standards 3GPP TS 09.60 and 3GPP TS 29.060. The GTP protocol is mainly used for transmitting the data packets of the GPRS mobile user between the SGSN and the GGSN inside a GTP tunnel. Each data session of a GPRS user is called a “PDP context”. The GTP protocol includes signaling messages and data transport messages. The signaling messages permit the establishment, updating and release of the GTP tunnel associated to each PDP Context. The GTP data transport messages are used for tunneling the user data packets so they can be carried through the operator core data network without address conflicts. Each GTP tunnel, always associated to a “PDP Context”, is identified by means of a “Tunnel ID” parameter, which is present in the header of all the GTP messages related to it. Moreover, the CAMEL Phase 3 system (specified in the standards 3GPP TS 22.078, 3GPP TS 23.078, and 3GPP TS 29.078) is known in the state of the art that allows the implementation of value-added services in real-time for GPRS. These services are based on adding a functional module to the SGSN nodes which is called GPRS SSF, which permits the analysis of each data session at the moment of activation and during its course. It also allows stopping the sessions and querying external nodes, called SCP (Service Control Point), through a standardized protocol. These external nodes, that can have a large capacity for data processing and storage, starting from the queries from the GPRS network, can command the network to send them additional data, to change data of the session in process, to cut the sessions, and to perform many other functions. In this way, by means of the GPRS network and SCP nodes which fulfill the CAMEL phase 3 system specifications, many value-added services in real-time can be implemented. Two possible disadvantages of the CAMEL phase 3 system are, firstly, that the possible services are limited to what is stated in the CAMEL Phase 3 specification that does not permit, for example, implementing services in terms of the content of the user data, and, secondly, that requires the use of very complex nodes such as the SCP adapted to CAMEL Phase 3. In the state of the art, the service nodes are also known, defined in recommendation ITU-T Q.1205, of the International Telecommunications Union, which are frequently used to implement value-added services in real-time in the voice telephony service. In this case, the calls to be handled are diverted in such a way that they go through a service node, which is basically a switching point that allows processing the calls going through it and then implements the required services. This system has the disadvantage that the call or session must go through the service node. Moreover, the service nodes are, in principle, designed for services for voice telephony. Finally, it is possible to mention within the state of the art systems called “sniffer”, capable of connecting to a network and analyzing all the traffic forwarded, without any modification. A disadvantage of these nodes is that they must be placed at all those points of a network where the traffic goes through. Another disadvantage is that these nodes are not capable of interacting with the starting and finishing points of the traffic. D1 (WO 99 17499 A) teaches a method for intercepting traffic between a GGSN node and a SGSN node of a GPRS telecommunication network. A legal interception node LIN is connected between both SGSN and GGSN nodes such that in response to an order from a law enforcement authority LEA node, the LIN node intercepts GTP messages traffics originating from a mobile unit and sends to the LEA node. D2 (EP 1087 312) discloses a game sponsoring gateway routes game requests to a game server and responds by supplying the requested game. Game sponsoring gateway is connected to a subscriber via GPRS network such that information generated by the SGSN and GGSN is relayed to the game service provider. | Title:
System to obtain value-added services in real-time, based on the general packet radio service (GPRS) network
Abstract:
A system which comprises SGSN nodes (2), which control the radio access and localization of a mobile station, and GGSN nodes (3), which allow the connection between the internal network of the mobile network operator and external data networks, with the SGSN nodes (2) and the GGSN nodes (3) communicating by means of the GTP Protocol (GPRS Tunneling Protocol); all this in order to enable the access from the mobile station to different data networks; wherein it comprises means (1) that handle GTP protocol data packets, means of execution (4) of local or remote applications, means of application management (6) to access a remote (8) or local (7) application and return the response obtained in order to detect the modifications to be applied to the GTP protocol data packets from such response, then forwarding the (possibly modified) GTP messages transparently for the SGSN (2) and GGSN (3) nodes
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION GPRS is a data transport service used in several cellular mobile telephony systems, and especially in GSM and UMTS systems, in order to allow access from a mobile station to a data packet network (such as the Internet) that uses packet switching instead of circuit switching. Just as in the GSM voice service, it is often necessary to add value-added services in real-time in the GPRS data service. Value-added service for GPRS means a service that provides something more than the basic data transport service. Service in real-time for GPRS means a service that processes GPRS data sessions at the time they are established or while being established, and not later, so that the sent data can be modified in some way. As an example, it can be mentioned that a value-added service in real-time for GPRS would be that in which data sending is subject to a prepayment, so that it can be verified, previous to the establishment of the GPRS data session, that the user trying to send the data has enough balance, and during the course of the session, small amounts of his balance are reserved before forwarding any traffic, the data traffic that the user tries to send is measured, the corresponding rate is applied and charged to the small amounts reserved, and the session is torn down just as the total balance is exhausted. The implementation of the GPRS service in GSM and UMTS networks is specified and standardized by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) organization. The GPRS service requires adaptations in mobile stations, in the radio system and in the operator core network. In particular (according to standards 3GPP TS 03.60 and 3GPP TS 23.060), it is necessary to incorporate two new types of data packet switching nodes: SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), which is in charge of the radio access management, the mobile station localization, and acting as gateway between the radio part and the operator core data network. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node), which is the gateway between the operator data core network and the external data networks which the GPRS allows access to, such as the Internet or a corporate “intranet” (internal data network of a company). Therefore, the SGSN consists in an interface of the GPRS system with the operator GSM radio infrastructure, and the GGSN node constitutes an interface with the external networks, such as the Internet network. In the GSM and UMTS systems that incorporate the GPRS service, the GPRS data sessions go through an SGSN, an operator core data network based on the IP protocol (IETF RFC 791), and a GGSN. The protocol used to transfer information between an SGSN and a GGSN is the GTP protocol, which is specified in the standards 3GPP TS 09.60 and 3GPP TS 29.060. The GTP protocol is mainly used for transmitting the data packets of the GPRS mobile user between the SGSN and the GGSN inside a GTP tunnel. Each data session of a GPRS user is called a “PDP context”. The GTP protocol includes signaling messages and data transport messages. The signaling messages permit the establishment, updating and release of the GTP tunnel associated to each PDP Context. The GTP data transport messages are used for tunneling the user data packets so they can be carried through the operator core data network without address conflicts. Each GTP tunnel, always associated to a “PDP Context”, is identified by means of a “Tunnel ID” parameter, which is present in the header of all the GTP messages related to it. Moreover, the CAMEL Phase 3 system (specified in the standards 3GPP TS 22.078, 3GPP TS 23.078, and 3GPP TS 29.078) is known in the state of the art that allows the implementation of value-added services in real-time for GPRS. These services are based on adding a functional module to the SGSN nodes which is called GPRS SSF, which permits the analysis of each data session at the moment of activation and during its course. It also allows stopping the sessions and querying external nodes, called SCP (Service Control Point), through a standardized protocol. These external nodes, that can have a large capacity for data processing and storage, starting from the queries from the GPRS network, can command the network to send them additional data, to change data of the session in process, to cut the sessions, and to perform many other functions. In this way, by means of the GPRS network and SCP nodes which fulfill the CAMEL phase 3 system specifications, many value-added services in real-time can be implemented. Two possible disadvantages of the CAMEL phase 3 system are, firstly, that the possible services are limited to what is stated in the CAMEL Phase 3 specification that does not permit, for example, implementing services in terms of the content of the user data, and, secondly, that requires the use of very complex nodes such as the SCP adapted to CAMEL Phase 3. In the state of the art, the service nodes are also known, defined in recommendation ITU-T Q.1205, of the International Telecommunications Union, which are frequently used to implement value-added services in real-time in the voice telephony service. In this case, the calls to be handled are diverted in such a way that they go through a service node, which is basically a switching point that allows processing the calls going through it and then implements the required services. This system has the disadvantage that the call or session must go through the service node. Moreover, the service nodes are, in principle, designed for services for voice telephony. Finally, it is possible to mention within the state of the art systems called “sniffer”, capable of connecting to a network and analyzing all the traffic forwarded, without any modification. A disadvantage of these nodes is that they must be placed at all those points of a network where the traffic goes through. Another disadvantage is that these nodes are not capable of interacting with the starting and finishing points of the traffic. D1 (WO 99 17499 A) teaches a method for intercepting traffic between a GGSN node and a SGSN node of a GPRS telecommunication network. A legal interception node LIN is connected between both SGSN and GGSN nodes such that in response to an order from a law enforcement authority LEA node, the LIN node intercepts GTP messages traffics originating from a mobile unit and sends to the LEA node. D2 (EP 1087 312) discloses a game sponsoring gateway routes game requests to a game server and responds by supplying the requested game. Game sponsoring gateway is connected to a subscriber via GPRS network such that information generated by the SGSN and GGSN is relayed to the game service provider. |
10910187 | 2,004 | Systems and methods for providing variable output feedback to a user of a household appliance | An embodiment of the present invention uses an on-board microcontroller of a household appliance to receive signals from a directionless encoder attached to a knob for receiving user input and processing the signals from the direction encoder according to a control algorithm. The microcontroller may increase the output to an electric heating element on the appliance based on a variety of criteria, including either direction of rotation, current heating element setting, or a change in directional rotation. Alternatively, or in addition, the microcontroller may provide various types of graduate visual or aural feedback to the user regarding the output provided by the microcontroller. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Traditionally, household appliance controls have been based on mechanical components. Mechanical timers, relays, and solenoids were used to effect various cycles of operation, opening and closing circuits, and actuating mechanical assemblies. Through decades of design and refinement, these controls provide a lost cost approach of achieving the basic functionality found in many household appliances. However, mechanical assemblies and components are only reliable to a certain extent. For example, mechanical relays or timers are generally reliable for a certain number of hours of use, but beyond this level, their reliability decreases. Since failure of a single component often renders the whole appliance non-functional, improving the reliability of the appliance past a certain point is difficult while maintaining costs of the components within certain constraints. Further, mechanical assemblies and components are designed typically to only perform basic functions. There is limited flexibility as to what the mechanical assemblies can do and how they can operate. Implementing new functions or user features is typically not possible with the existing mechanical assemblies. For example, piezoelectric buzzers are commonly employed in appliances, but the control circuitry is limited, and typically capable of only providing a singe frequency ‘beep’ as feedback to the user, typically in regard to notification of an error or an event (timer expiry). Many household appliances are now becoming more “intelligent” by incorporating microcontrollers, which is feasible in part due to the low price of such microcontrollers. Many aspects of the operation are controlled not by mechanical relays and devices, but by a microprocessor executing control software. The software allows flexibility in providing new features and modes of operation. In particular, the use of microprocessors dedicated to controlling a household appliance allows greater flexibility in interacting with the user of the device. Thus, various displays, modes of operation, and user feedback can be provided to a user by using the same microprocessor used to control the appliance. One approach for using a microprocessor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,488 to Pearman et al. Although the cost of microprocessors have become less expensive, Pearman discloses using a touch screen display and/or a tactile keyboard input which not only significantly increases the cost of the appliance, but may not be desirable from a human design and marketing aspect. Thus, a need exists for a flexible, yet inexpensive, systems and methods of provide enhanced user interactions with a household appliance. | Title:
Systems and methods for providing variable output feedback to a user of a household appliance
Abstract:
An embodiment of the present invention uses an on-board microcontroller of a household appliance to receive signals from a directionless encoder attached to a knob for receiving user input and processing the signals from the direction encoder according to a control algorithm. The microcontroller may increase the output to an electric heating element on the appliance based on a variety of criteria, including either direction of rotation, current heating element setting, or a change in directional rotation. Alternatively, or in addition, the microcontroller may provide various types of graduate visual or aural feedback to the user regarding the output provided by the microcontroller.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Traditionally, household appliance controls have been based on mechanical components. Mechanical timers, relays, and solenoids were used to effect various cycles of operation, opening and closing circuits, and actuating mechanical assemblies. Through decades of design and refinement, these controls provide a lost cost approach of achieving the basic functionality found in many household appliances. However, mechanical assemblies and components are only reliable to a certain extent. For example, mechanical relays or timers are generally reliable for a certain number of hours of use, but beyond this level, their reliability decreases. Since failure of a single component often renders the whole appliance non-functional, improving the reliability of the appliance past a certain point is difficult while maintaining costs of the components within certain constraints. Further, mechanical assemblies and components are designed typically to only perform basic functions. There is limited flexibility as to what the mechanical assemblies can do and how they can operate. Implementing new functions or user features is typically not possible with the existing mechanical assemblies. For example, piezoelectric buzzers are commonly employed in appliances, but the control circuitry is limited, and typically capable of only providing a singe frequency ‘beep’ as feedback to the user, typically in regard to notification of an error or an event (timer expiry). Many household appliances are now becoming more “intelligent” by incorporating microcontrollers, which is feasible in part due to the low price of such microcontrollers. Many aspects of the operation are controlled not by mechanical relays and devices, but by a microprocessor executing control software. The software allows flexibility in providing new features and modes of operation. In particular, the use of microprocessors dedicated to controlling a household appliance allows greater flexibility in interacting with the user of the device. Thus, various displays, modes of operation, and user feedback can be provided to a user by using the same microprocessor used to control the appliance. One approach for using a microprocessor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,488 to Pearman et al. Although the cost of microprocessors have become less expensive, Pearman discloses using a touch screen display and/or a tactile keyboard input which not only significantly increases the cost of the appliance, but may not be desirable from a human design and marketing aspect. Thus, a need exists for a flexible, yet inexpensive, systems and methods of provide enhanced user interactions with a household appliance. |
10495640 | 2,004 | Communications device and supporting network | An electronic hand held communications and data storage device (10) capable of sending and receiving small packets of data; the device including a display (13) capable of displaying said data, user control means (14) to enable sending and receipt of said information; wherein, the control means (14) is disposed within a field defined by the display (13). The control means (14) is arranged to allow a user a capability to pre determine commands for device function initiation. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to hand held communication devices and, in particular, to a small self powered personal data storage and communication device capable of storing, sending and receiving packets of preset text, pictorial information or the like, such as names images, phone numbers, email addresses, greetings and messages etc. The invention further relates to means for operation of and navigation through device functions. | Title:
Communications device and supporting network
Abstract:
An electronic hand held communications and data storage device (10) capable of sending and receiving small packets of data; the device including a display (13) capable of displaying said data, user control means (14) to enable sending and receipt of said information; wherein, the control means (14) is disposed within a field defined by the display (13). The control means (14) is arranged to allow a user a capability to pre determine commands for device function initiation.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to hand held communication devices and, in particular, to a small self powered personal data storage and communication device capable of storing, sending and receiving packets of preset text, pictorial information or the like, such as names images, phone numbers, email addresses, greetings and messages etc. The invention further relates to means for operation of and navigation through device functions. |
11022208 | 2,004 | Fixing ring for flexible pipe to manhole joint | The object of the present invention that a fixing ring is provided, which has annular ring form made of strip materials and is mounted in a bore or on a outside surface of flexible joints for piping, and not only has compact form and structure but also can be adjusted stepless and fixed through wide range. An inclined plate member, which is positioned on the inner or outer surface of a strip material with a certain tapered space, is fixed at ends of inner surface side or outer surface side of a strip material in order to be fixed in overlapped situation. A roller is disposed in the certain tapered space as it can roll freely along circumferential direction. The other end of the strip material is inserted between the one end of a strip material and the roller. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wastewater flows through the sewage piping in the underground, and the piping is disposed nearly horizontal and connected with a manhole, although the piping lies somewhat inclined to let water flow down. In order to connect the piping with the manhole, the so-called flexible joint is used, which can absorb vibrations by earthquake or passing of vehicles, stratum change by earthquake, or offsets between the position of side hole drilled on the manhole and the position of the piping laid. FIG. 5 shows one of conventional embodiments with a flexible joint 43 . This flexible joint 43 has normally straight or tapered cylindrical form made of rubber. One end of the joint is fixed over the outside of the sewage piping 40 with a fixing ring 44 , and another end is fixed with another kind of fixing ring 45 from inside of the flexible joint 43 , after the piping is inserted into the side hole 42 of a manhole 41 . The latter fixing ring 45 is normally annular strip material and fixes joints through expanding the fixing ring from inside. Thereby the clearance between the flexible joint 43 and the inner surface of a side hole 42 on the manhole 41 is shut, and the sealing of connecting position is ensured. It is on safety aspect functionally required for the connecting position that water may not leak not only at horizontal position but also at inclined or offset position of the piping 40 under hydraulic pressure of 1013 hPa. It is possible not at construction site through pre-mounting to connect a flexible joint 43 onto the outer diameter of piping 40 . And even if mounting should be done at construction site, there is so much space around the outside of joints 43 that mounting is easy and simply. However in order to mount and fix the flexible joint 43 in the bore of side hole 42 on a manhole 41 , the flexible ring 45 must be mounted and fixed from inside of a manhole, whereby the inner diameter of piping 40 is small as 30 cm for example as the case may be, then the use of tolls and the process of mounting is considerably restricted. Additionally the inside of a fixing ring 45 may not have large projection in respect to water flow and damage of rubber joint. Thereby it is required that the fixing ring is compact, mountable also in narrow space and sure not to cause water leakage. In respect to fixing rings 45 , many types of rings are proposed (for example see Japanese Patent Public Disclosures [KOKAI] No. 11-13078, 10-195900 and 9-144043). FIG. 6 shows one of them. In this case, the diameter of an annular strip material is enlarged through expanding the space between both ends 50 a, 50 b by using proper tools, and a spacer 51 is inserted into the space to keep the expanded diameter. This type has simple construction, however must have many different spacers 51 corresponding to diameters. In order to accommodate to the real diameter of machined side holes 42 of a manhole, plurality of spacers 51 may have to be used in combination. Additionally it must be mounted with tools within narrow space in a flexible joint, so the combined spacers 51 cannot be easily inserted into narrow space. FIG. 7 shows another one of conventional arts. In this type, both ends of metal fittings 56 , which has V-form and is free extensible, are inserted or welded between both ends 55 a, 55 b of annular strip material 55 . On mounting, this fixing ring 55 is set on the point to be fixed inside the flexible joint, and tools like jack, which expands the fixing ring, are placed between the peak of metal fitting 56 and the opposite point of 180°, and it extends the distance. The metal fitting 56 is crashed through extending the diameter and the circumference is enlarged. The fixing ring 55 is forced onto the inner surface of a flexible joint and fixes it. This method has merit that it consists of a few components, but it cannot accommodate the dimension difference of side holes. Namely, tools are wearing, every time the side holes 42 are machined, and the inner diameter of side holes becomes smaller corresponding to the tool diameter. So at first it is required to machine the hole in largest dimension, thereby difference of fitting occurs between the largest and smallest diameter of side holes 42 . And it can be only used in one nominal dimension. Though nominal dimension changes a little bit, many fixing rings 55 of different dimensions have to be stocked. FIG. 8 shows also another one of embodiments according to conventional arts. The embodiment comprises two tapered slide of the expanded portion 63 , 64 . Namely, on both ends 60 a, 60 b of the annular fixing ring 60 , two tapered slide 63 , 64 are provided, two faces of which opposite to each other are wedge-formed. Tapered spacers 61 , 62 with the same angle are disposed between them. The tapered spacers 61 , 62 come closer to each other through tightening the screws penetrating the tapered spacers 61 , 62 , then both ends 60 a, 60 b with tapered slides 63 , 64 are pushed out to the opposite side and the flexible ring is fixed. This method is more complex as the fore-mentioned method, but has merit that the both ends 60 a, 60 b of a fixing ring 60 can be expanded stepless. However the axial dimension of expanding portion becomes larger, and the dimension range to be adjusted is also limited, nevertheless it is called as stepless. Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a fixing ring, which not only has compact form and structure but also can be adjusted stepless and fixed through wide range. | Title:
Fixing ring for flexible pipe to manhole joint
Abstract:
The object of the present invention that a fixing ring is provided, which has annular ring form made of strip materials and is mounted in a bore or on a outside surface of flexible joints for piping, and not only has compact form and structure but also can be adjusted stepless and fixed through wide range. An inclined plate member, which is positioned on the inner or outer surface of a strip material with a certain tapered space, is fixed at ends of inner surface side or outer surface side of a strip material in order to be fixed in overlapped situation. A roller is disposed in the certain tapered space as it can roll freely along circumferential direction. The other end of the strip material is inserted between the one end of a strip material and the roller.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wastewater flows through the sewage piping in the underground, and the piping is disposed nearly horizontal and connected with a manhole, although the piping lies somewhat inclined to let water flow down. In order to connect the piping with the manhole, the so-called flexible joint is used, which can absorb vibrations by earthquake or passing of vehicles, stratum change by earthquake, or offsets between the position of side hole drilled on the manhole and the position of the piping laid. FIG. 5 shows one of conventional embodiments with a flexible joint 43 . This flexible joint 43 has normally straight or tapered cylindrical form made of rubber. One end of the joint is fixed over the outside of the sewage piping 40 with a fixing ring 44 , and another end is fixed with another kind of fixing ring 45 from inside of the flexible joint 43 , after the piping is inserted into the side hole 42 of a manhole 41 . The latter fixing ring 45 is normally annular strip material and fixes joints through expanding the fixing ring from inside. Thereby the clearance between the flexible joint 43 and the inner surface of a side hole 42 on the manhole 41 is shut, and the sealing of connecting position is ensured. It is on safety aspect functionally required for the connecting position that water may not leak not only at horizontal position but also at inclined or offset position of the piping 40 under hydraulic pressure of 1013 hPa. It is possible not at construction site through pre-mounting to connect a flexible joint 43 onto the outer diameter of piping 40 . And even if mounting should be done at construction site, there is so much space around the outside of joints 43 that mounting is easy and simply. However in order to mount and fix the flexible joint 43 in the bore of side hole 42 on a manhole 41 , the flexible ring 45 must be mounted and fixed from inside of a manhole, whereby the inner diameter of piping 40 is small as 30 cm for example as the case may be, then the use of tolls and the process of mounting is considerably restricted. Additionally the inside of a fixing ring 45 may not have large projection in respect to water flow and damage of rubber joint. Thereby it is required that the fixing ring is compact, mountable also in narrow space and sure not to cause water leakage. In respect to fixing rings 45 , many types of rings are proposed (for example see Japanese Patent Public Disclosures [KOKAI] No. 11-13078, 10-195900 and 9-144043). FIG. 6 shows one of them. In this case, the diameter of an annular strip material is enlarged through expanding the space between both ends 50 a, 50 b by using proper tools, and a spacer 51 is inserted into the space to keep the expanded diameter. This type has simple construction, however must have many different spacers 51 corresponding to diameters. In order to accommodate to the real diameter of machined side holes 42 of a manhole, plurality of spacers 51 may have to be used in combination. Additionally it must be mounted with tools within narrow space in a flexible joint, so the combined spacers 51 cannot be easily inserted into narrow space. FIG. 7 shows another one of conventional arts. In this type, both ends of metal fittings 56 , which has V-form and is free extensible, are inserted or welded between both ends 55 a, 55 b of annular strip material 55 . On mounting, this fixing ring 55 is set on the point to be fixed inside the flexible joint, and tools like jack, which expands the fixing ring, are placed between the peak of metal fitting 56 and the opposite point of 180°, and it extends the distance. The metal fitting 56 is crashed through extending the diameter and the circumference is enlarged. The fixing ring 55 is forced onto the inner surface of a flexible joint and fixes it. This method has merit that it consists of a few components, but it cannot accommodate the dimension difference of side holes. Namely, tools are wearing, every time the side holes 42 are machined, and the inner diameter of side holes becomes smaller corresponding to the tool diameter. So at first it is required to machine the hole in largest dimension, thereby difference of fitting occurs between the largest and smallest diameter of side holes 42 . And it can be only used in one nominal dimension. Though nominal dimension changes a little bit, many fixing rings 55 of different dimensions have to be stocked. FIG. 8 shows also another one of embodiments according to conventional arts. The embodiment comprises two tapered slide of the expanded portion 63 , 64 . Namely, on both ends 60 a, 60 b of the annular fixing ring 60 , two tapered slide 63 , 64 are provided, two faces of which opposite to each other are wedge-formed. Tapered spacers 61 , 62 with the same angle are disposed between them. The tapered spacers 61 , 62 come closer to each other through tightening the screws penetrating the tapered spacers 61 , 62 , then both ends 60 a, 60 b with tapered slides 63 , 64 are pushed out to the opposite side and the flexible ring is fixed. This method is more complex as the fore-mentioned method, but has merit that the both ends 60 a, 60 b of a fixing ring 60 can be expanded stepless. However the axial dimension of expanding portion becomes larger, and the dimension range to be adjusted is also limited, nevertheless it is called as stepless. Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a fixing ring, which not only has compact form and structure but also can be adjusted stepless and fixed through wide range. |
10916158 | 2,004 | Track with offset drive lugs and drive wheel therefore | A drive track for a tracked vehicle has drive lugs on the interior side that are made in two rows, one row adjacent each of the lateral sides of the track and spaced apart on opposite sides of the longitudinal center plane of the track. The first row has lugs spaced a selected distance on center, and the second row lugs are spaced the same distance but offset one-half of the distance between the lugs in the first row along the length of the track. A drive sprocket or wheel has two sections, each with drive bars that are annularly offset from the other the same amount as the track lugs so that the rows of track lugs are driven by the drive wheel sections. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the use of a track laying drive track that provides a positive drive method for rubber tracks, with the track having interior teeth or lugs which are engaged by a drive sprocket. There are two rows of longitudinally spaced drive lugs laterally separated along a longitudinal center line of the track. The lugs on one row are offset one-half the lug spacing from the lugs in the other row and laterally separated drive wheels or sprockets drive the track. The drive bars on the wheels or sprockets are also offset from each other to match the offset between the rows of lugs. In the past, molded rubber or polymeric tracks have been used for crawler-type tractors, but have used single rows of drive lugs that were centered in the lateral direction of the track. The drive wheels or sprockets used were single pitch or, in other words, had uniform spacing between the teeth. If drive wheels or sprockets with two side by side rows of teeth were used, the teeth were aligned transversely. Track drives generally have been arranged to be single sprockets that drive through lugs on the rubber track. | Title:
Track with offset drive lugs and drive wheel therefore
Abstract:
A drive track for a tracked vehicle has drive lugs on the interior side that are made in two rows, one row adjacent each of the lateral sides of the track and spaced apart on opposite sides of the longitudinal center plane of the track. The first row has lugs spaced a selected distance on center, and the second row lugs are spaced the same distance but offset one-half of the distance between the lugs in the first row along the length of the track. A drive sprocket or wheel has two sections, each with drive bars that are annularly offset from the other the same amount as the track lugs so that the rows of track lugs are driven by the drive wheel sections.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the use of a track laying drive track that provides a positive drive method for rubber tracks, with the track having interior teeth or lugs which are engaged by a drive sprocket. There are two rows of longitudinally spaced drive lugs laterally separated along a longitudinal center line of the track. The lugs on one row are offset one-half the lug spacing from the lugs in the other row and laterally separated drive wheels or sprockets drive the track. The drive bars on the wheels or sprockets are also offset from each other to match the offset between the rows of lugs. In the past, molded rubber or polymeric tracks have been used for crawler-type tractors, but have used single rows of drive lugs that were centered in the lateral direction of the track. The drive wheels or sprockets used were single pitch or, in other words, had uniform spacing between the teeth. If drive wheels or sprockets with two side by side rows of teeth were used, the teeth were aligned transversely. Track drives generally have been arranged to be single sprockets that drive through lugs on the rubber track. |
10810414 | 2,004 | Angled strobe lines for high aspect ratio spatial light modulator | An electronic circuit that can be used, for example, in a spatial light modulator to photolithographically transfer an image onto a substrate, includes angled strobe lines electrically coupled to respective sets of circuit elements within an array of circuit elements. Each set of circuit elements includes at least two circuit elements positioned diagonally adjacent one another in the array. The circuit elements are alterable in response to data stored therein. The strobe lines provide strobe signals to the circuit elements to shift the data between the circuit elements. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to photolithography, and more specifically, to dynamic photolithography systems. 2. Description of Related Art Recently, dynamic photolithography systems have been developed that employ a spatial light modulator (SLM) to define a pattern that is imaged onto a substrate having a photosensitive surface, such as a layer of photoresist. SLMs are electrical devices that include individually controllable light modulation elements (e.g., liquid crystal cells or micromirrors) that define pixels of an image in response to electrical signals. Typically, at small feature sizes (e.g., 5 μm or smaller), there are tens of millions of light modulation elements within an SLM that is not more than a few square centimeters in area. For example, an SLM including an array of 16,384 columns by 606 rows of 3 μm light modulation elements has been proposed for use in transferring such small feature sizes. With the small SLM size, multiple exposures are generally required to image the entire area of the substrate. Since the image formed by the SLM is easily reconfigurable, it is a relatively simple process to divide the final image into sections, configure the SLM to transfer one of the image sections onto the appropriate area of the substrate surface, shift the relative position of the substrate and SLM and repeat the process for each image section until the entire image is transferred onto the substrate surface. However, with the large number of light modulation elements, it is impracticable to assume that the SLM will be free from defects. Statistically, there will be at least a few of the tens of millions of light modulation elements of the SLM that are defective. As a result of the multiple imaging process, each defective light modulation element produces N pixel defects on the substrate surface, where N is the number of sections the image is divided into. To limit the number of defects in the transferred image caused by defective light modulation elements, the data can be shifted through the SLM to transfer each image section onto the same portion of the substrate multiple times using different light modulation elements in the SLM, as described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. application for patent Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 10030571). Strobe lines within the SLM provide strobe signals to the light modulation elements to drive the data shifting between the light modulation elements. However, due to the small size and the high aspect ratio (length to width) of SLMs, circuit loading and strobe line resistance limit the strobe frequencies to unacceptably low values, while also introducing significant clock skew across the SLM. In addition, when the strobe lines are configured to run the length of the SLM, failure points or shorts in the strobe lines can render the entire SLM unusable by preventing data shifting through the SLM. Therefore, what is needed is a strobe mechanism to increase the operational frequency of the strobe lines, reduce clock skew and limit damage from strobe line failure in SLMs. | Title:
Angled strobe lines for high aspect ratio spatial light modulator
Abstract:
An electronic circuit that can be used, for example, in a spatial light modulator to photolithographically transfer an image onto a substrate, includes angled strobe lines electrically coupled to respective sets of circuit elements within an array of circuit elements. Each set of circuit elements includes at least two circuit elements positioned diagonally adjacent one another in the array. The circuit elements are alterable in response to data stored therein. The strobe lines provide strobe signals to the circuit elements to shift the data between the circuit elements.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to photolithography, and more specifically, to dynamic photolithography systems. 2. Description of Related Art Recently, dynamic photolithography systems have been developed that employ a spatial light modulator (SLM) to define a pattern that is imaged onto a substrate having a photosensitive surface, such as a layer of photoresist. SLMs are electrical devices that include individually controllable light modulation elements (e.g., liquid crystal cells or micromirrors) that define pixels of an image in response to electrical signals. Typically, at small feature sizes (e.g., 5 μm or smaller), there are tens of millions of light modulation elements within an SLM that is not more than a few square centimeters in area. For example, an SLM including an array of 16,384 columns by 606 rows of 3 μm light modulation elements has been proposed for use in transferring such small feature sizes. With the small SLM size, multiple exposures are generally required to image the entire area of the substrate. Since the image formed by the SLM is easily reconfigurable, it is a relatively simple process to divide the final image into sections, configure the SLM to transfer one of the image sections onto the appropriate area of the substrate surface, shift the relative position of the substrate and SLM and repeat the process for each image section until the entire image is transferred onto the substrate surface. However, with the large number of light modulation elements, it is impracticable to assume that the SLM will be free from defects. Statistically, there will be at least a few of the tens of millions of light modulation elements of the SLM that are defective. As a result of the multiple imaging process, each defective light modulation element produces N pixel defects on the substrate surface, where N is the number of sections the image is divided into. To limit the number of defects in the transferred image caused by defective light modulation elements, the data can be shifted through the SLM to transfer each image section onto the same portion of the substrate multiple times using different light modulation elements in the SLM, as described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. application for patent Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 10030571). Strobe lines within the SLM provide strobe signals to the light modulation elements to drive the data shifting between the light modulation elements. However, due to the small size and the high aspect ratio (length to width) of SLMs, circuit loading and strobe line resistance limit the strobe frequencies to unacceptably low values, while also introducing significant clock skew across the SLM. In addition, when the strobe lines are configured to run the length of the SLM, failure points or shorts in the strobe lines can render the entire SLM unusable by preventing data shifting through the SLM. Therefore, what is needed is a strobe mechanism to increase the operational frequency of the strobe lines, reduce clock skew and limit damage from strobe line failure in SLMs. |
10504766 | 2,004 | Polyester false-twist yarn and method of manufacturing the yarn | A polyester false-twist textured yarn, useful as a yarn for woven or knitted fabrics having excellent water-absorbing and quick drying properties, satisfies all of the requirements (1) to (3) shown below: (1) the cross-sectional profiles of a plurality of individual filaments, from which the false-twist textured multifilament yarn is constituted, each have 3 to 6 concavities, and the average number of the concavities having a ratio (H/W) of a largest depth (H) to a largest width (W) of the individual concavities of 0.3 or more is in the range of from 50 to 80% of the total number of the concavities; (2) the average of the cross-sectional profile flatness factors is in the range of from 1.5 to 3.5; and (3) the standard deviation of the cross-sectional profile flatness factors is in the range of from 0.3 to 1.0. | BACKGROUND ART Polyester fibers have been widely used as fabric materials for clothing by utilizing the excellent properties of the fibers. As diversified and individualized clothing for daily life, and to make high grade clothing for daily life, various attempts have been made to impart preferable properties, that natural fibers have, such as a water-absorbing ability, to polyester fibers. Furthermore, fabrics having a significantly quick drying property in addition to an enhanced water-absorption have come to be used for the application in sportswear such as athletic shirts or golf wear, so that the sportswear maintains a comfortable wearable state, even when the wearer sweats. For polyester fibers, an improvement in the fibers, in water-absorption and quick drying properties, is desired. Conventional polyester false-twist textured yarns are rich in bulkiness, exhibit a high tensile strength and a good elongation property, and have excellent easy-care properties and a significant dry touch. The polyester false-twist textured yarns are therefore preferably used for application in clothing. However, attention has been paid in recent years to false-twist textured yarns excellent in a water-absorbing ability and the feeling given to the wearers. Demand for materials having a sweat-absorbing property and a quick drying property has been increasing in applications such as sportswear, shirts for soccer and athletic shirts in order for the sportswear to maintain a comfortable wearable state even when the wearers sweat. However, synthetic fibers such as polyester fibers used as materials for false-twist textured yarns generally have a low water-absorbing ability, and therefore have the problem that they give an uncomfortable feeling to the wearers in applications in which they are directly contacted with the skin. A solution to the problem is therefore desired. There is such a known method that imparts a water-absorbing ability to a polyester fiber as disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 61-31231. The method comprises producing a hollow fiber from a polyester resin containing a sulfonic acid compound, and alkali treating a fabric prepared therefrom so that the sulfonic acid compound is eluted to form fine pores in the fiber cross-sectional profile, which fine pores impart a water-absorbing property to the polyester fibers. Moreover, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 54-151617 proposes a method wherein an oriented polyester yarn (called a flat yarn) having fiber cross-sectional profiles with slots and/or arm-like protrusions is produced from a polyester containing a metal sulfonate salt, and a water-absorbing fabric is produced therefrom. However, when such a hollow fiber or an oriented polyester yarn having cross-sectional profiles with slots and/or arm-like protrusions is false-twist textured, hollow portions, slots and arm-like protrusions are crushed. Consequently, there is no difference between the fiber cross-sectional profiles subsequent to false-twist texturing and those of a conventional false-twist textured yarn. A fabric produced from such a polyester false-twist textured yarn shows no adequate water-absorption even when treated with alkali. Moreover, when a fabric is formed from the hollow polyester fibers in a flat yarn form without false-twist texturing, the fabric manifests a water-absorption when treated with alkali. However, the fabric shows a poor moisture dissipation property, and the wearer has a wet and uncomfortable feeling after sweating. Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 61-31232 discloses a method comprising false-twist texturing a polyester conjugate fiber having a core-in-sheath structure, producing a fabric therefrom, and alkali treating the fabric to elute a polyester in the core portion. However, production of a flat yarn having such a complicated structure is extremely difficult. The polyester false-twist textured yarn thus obtained becomes extremely expensive, and wide commercial use of the yarn is difficult. Furthermore, Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 62-45340 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2667152 disclose a technology, as a method of imparting a sweat-absorbing property and a quick drying property to a synthetic fiber fabric, wherein a multilayered structure fabric is produced from polyester fibers having concavities in fiber cross-sectional profiles, and absorbed water is introduced into gaps among the constituent individual fibers so that the quick drying property of the fabric is made significant. However, production of a fabric having such a special structure is costly, and the range of use is restricted. Moreover, when a polyester fiber having concavities in the fiber cross sectional profiles is false-twist textured, the cross-sectional profiles of the fibers are greatly deformed, and capillary gaps among individual fibers that bring about a capillary effect are often not formed. Furthermore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 11-269718 discloses a polyester false-twist textured yarn with a W-shaped cross section which has a fiber cross-sectional profile in a specific scope after false-twist texturing, and the water-absorption of which is not impaired. However, even when a polyester fiber having a W-shaped cross section that has heretofore been widely disclosed as a typical cross-sectional shape of a water-absorbing polyester fiber is false-twist textured by a known method, manifestation of sufficient water-absorption and quick drying property cannot be expected. As explained above, a polyester false-twist textured yarn constituted from polyester fibers that have a highly irregular cross section, prepared by false-twist texturing the polyester fibers, and suitable for producing a fabric that manifests sufficient water-absorption and quick drying properties, and a process for producing the same are unknown. | Title:
Polyester false-twist yarn and method of manufacturing the yarn
Abstract:
A polyester false-twist textured yarn, useful as a yarn for woven or knitted fabrics having excellent water-absorbing and quick drying properties, satisfies all of the requirements (1) to (3) shown below: (1) the cross-sectional profiles of a plurality of individual filaments, from which the false-twist textured multifilament yarn is constituted, each have 3 to 6 concavities, and the average number of the concavities having a ratio (H/W) of a largest depth (H) to a largest width (W) of the individual concavities of 0.3 or more is in the range of from 50 to 80% of the total number of the concavities; (2) the average of the cross-sectional profile flatness factors is in the range of from 1.5 to 3.5; and (3) the standard deviation of the cross-sectional profile flatness factors is in the range of from 0.3 to 1.0.
Background:
BACKGROUND ART Polyester fibers have been widely used as fabric materials for clothing by utilizing the excellent properties of the fibers. As diversified and individualized clothing for daily life, and to make high grade clothing for daily life, various attempts have been made to impart preferable properties, that natural fibers have, such as a water-absorbing ability, to polyester fibers. Furthermore, fabrics having a significantly quick drying property in addition to an enhanced water-absorption have come to be used for the application in sportswear such as athletic shirts or golf wear, so that the sportswear maintains a comfortable wearable state, even when the wearer sweats. For polyester fibers, an improvement in the fibers, in water-absorption and quick drying properties, is desired. Conventional polyester false-twist textured yarns are rich in bulkiness, exhibit a high tensile strength and a good elongation property, and have excellent easy-care properties and a significant dry touch. The polyester false-twist textured yarns are therefore preferably used for application in clothing. However, attention has been paid in recent years to false-twist textured yarns excellent in a water-absorbing ability and the feeling given to the wearers. Demand for materials having a sweat-absorbing property and a quick drying property has been increasing in applications such as sportswear, shirts for soccer and athletic shirts in order for the sportswear to maintain a comfortable wearable state even when the wearers sweat. However, synthetic fibers such as polyester fibers used as materials for false-twist textured yarns generally have a low water-absorbing ability, and therefore have the problem that they give an uncomfortable feeling to the wearers in applications in which they are directly contacted with the skin. A solution to the problem is therefore desired. There is such a known method that imparts a water-absorbing ability to a polyester fiber as disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 61-31231. The method comprises producing a hollow fiber from a polyester resin containing a sulfonic acid compound, and alkali treating a fabric prepared therefrom so that the sulfonic acid compound is eluted to form fine pores in the fiber cross-sectional profile, which fine pores impart a water-absorbing property to the polyester fibers. Moreover, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 54-151617 proposes a method wherein an oriented polyester yarn (called a flat yarn) having fiber cross-sectional profiles with slots and/or arm-like protrusions is produced from a polyester containing a metal sulfonate salt, and a water-absorbing fabric is produced therefrom. However, when such a hollow fiber or an oriented polyester yarn having cross-sectional profiles with slots and/or arm-like protrusions is false-twist textured, hollow portions, slots and arm-like protrusions are crushed. Consequently, there is no difference between the fiber cross-sectional profiles subsequent to false-twist texturing and those of a conventional false-twist textured yarn. A fabric produced from such a polyester false-twist textured yarn shows no adequate water-absorption even when treated with alkali. Moreover, when a fabric is formed from the hollow polyester fibers in a flat yarn form without false-twist texturing, the fabric manifests a water-absorption when treated with alkali. However, the fabric shows a poor moisture dissipation property, and the wearer has a wet and uncomfortable feeling after sweating. Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 61-31232 discloses a method comprising false-twist texturing a polyester conjugate fiber having a core-in-sheath structure, producing a fabric therefrom, and alkali treating the fabric to elute a polyester in the core portion. However, production of a flat yarn having such a complicated structure is extremely difficult. The polyester false-twist textured yarn thus obtained becomes extremely expensive, and wide commercial use of the yarn is difficult. Furthermore, Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 62-45340 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2667152 disclose a technology, as a method of imparting a sweat-absorbing property and a quick drying property to a synthetic fiber fabric, wherein a multilayered structure fabric is produced from polyester fibers having concavities in fiber cross-sectional profiles, and absorbed water is introduced into gaps among the constituent individual fibers so that the quick drying property of the fabric is made significant. However, production of a fabric having such a special structure is costly, and the range of use is restricted. Moreover, when a polyester fiber having concavities in the fiber cross sectional profiles is false-twist textured, the cross-sectional profiles of the fibers are greatly deformed, and capillary gaps among individual fibers that bring about a capillary effect are often not formed. Furthermore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 11-269718 discloses a polyester false-twist textured yarn with a W-shaped cross section which has a fiber cross-sectional profile in a specific scope after false-twist texturing, and the water-absorption of which is not impaired. However, even when a polyester fiber having a W-shaped cross section that has heretofore been widely disclosed as a typical cross-sectional shape of a water-absorbing polyester fiber is false-twist textured by a known method, manifestation of sufficient water-absorption and quick drying property cannot be expected. As explained above, a polyester false-twist textured yarn constituted from polyester fibers that have a highly irregular cross section, prepared by false-twist texturing the polyester fibers, and suitable for producing a fabric that manifests sufficient water-absorption and quick drying properties, and a process for producing the same are unknown. |
10490795 | 2,004 | Ferroportin-1 mutant | A mutant, human ferroportin-1 protein and encoding nucleic acid are provided. The mutant ferroportin-1 protein has a deletion of valine 162 compared to wild-type ferroportin-1 protein. The mutant protein and nucleic acid may be useful in detection of a predisposition to iron overload disorders such as haemochromatosis. Furthermore, it is proposed that the valine 162 deletion is a loss-of-function mutation that may underlie iron overload disorders such as haemochromatosis. Therefore, methods of both diagnosis and treatment of haemochromatosis are provided. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The most common form of hereditary iron overload is caused by mutations in the HFE gene (HFE-related haemochromatosis). This is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting approximately 1 in 200 people of northern European origin. 1 Progressive accumulation of iron can lead to tissue damage including cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, arthropathy, cardiomyopathy, endocrine abnormalities and hepatocellular carcinoma. 2 The gene responsible (HFE) was identified in 1996 and homozygosity for a missense mutation C282Y was found to be responsible for the majority of cases. 3 Another missense mutation H63D was also identified. H63D appears to have a much lower penetrance than C282Y. However, some compound heterozygotes for C282Y and H63D can develop iron overload. 3 Other non-HFE related forms of iron overload have been described particularly in Southern Europe, where homozygosity for C282Y among haemochromatosis patients is less common. 4 These include juvenile haemochromatosis (HFE2) and HFE3, which is caused by mutations in the transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) gene. Juvenile haemochromatosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is more severe than HFE related haemochromatosis. Onset usually occurs in the second to third decade of life. Cardiomyopathy and hypogonadism are common clinical findings and can lead to premature death if untreated. 5 The HFE2 locus maps to chromosome 1q, however, the gene responsible has not yet been identified. Recently mutations in TfR2 have been implicated in a new form of haemochromatosis (HFE3), which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and maps to chromosome 7q22. 7,8 The clinical phenotype is variable among patients with TfR2 mutations. However, phenotypically the disease appears to be similar to HFE related haemochromatosis. 8 Haemochromatosis families with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. 9-11 Recently a new locus for an autosomal dominant form of haemochromatosis (HFE4) was identified on chromosome 2q32. Two missense mutations in the SLC11A3 gene, which maps to this region were detected in two families with autosomal dominant haemochromatosis from the Netherlands and Italy. 12,13 The SLC11A3 gene, also known as ferroportin-1, REG1 and MTP1 14-16 encodes a multiple transmembrane domain protein responsible for iron export from cells. Both gain of function and loss of function of ferroportin-1 were proposed to result in iron overload in these families. 12,13 However, the authors were not able to distinguish whether gain of function or loss of function resulted in iron overload. In another recent report a mutation in the iron responsive element of H ferritin mRNA was shown to cause autosomal dominant haemochromatosis in a Japanese family. 17 | Title:
Ferroportin-1 mutant
Abstract:
A mutant, human ferroportin-1 protein and encoding nucleic acid are provided. The mutant ferroportin-1 protein has a deletion of valine 162 compared to wild-type ferroportin-1 protein. The mutant protein and nucleic acid may be useful in detection of a predisposition to iron overload disorders such as haemochromatosis. Furthermore, it is proposed that the valine 162 deletion is a loss-of-function mutation that may underlie iron overload disorders such as haemochromatosis. Therefore, methods of both diagnosis and treatment of haemochromatosis are provided.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The most common form of hereditary iron overload is caused by mutations in the HFE gene (HFE-related haemochromatosis). This is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting approximately 1 in 200 people of northern European origin. 1 Progressive accumulation of iron can lead to tissue damage including cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, arthropathy, cardiomyopathy, endocrine abnormalities and hepatocellular carcinoma. 2 The gene responsible (HFE) was identified in 1996 and homozygosity for a missense mutation C282Y was found to be responsible for the majority of cases. 3 Another missense mutation H63D was also identified. H63D appears to have a much lower penetrance than C282Y. However, some compound heterozygotes for C282Y and H63D can develop iron overload. 3 Other non-HFE related forms of iron overload have been described particularly in Southern Europe, where homozygosity for C282Y among haemochromatosis patients is less common. 4 These include juvenile haemochromatosis (HFE2) and HFE3, which is caused by mutations in the transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) gene. Juvenile haemochromatosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is more severe than HFE related haemochromatosis. Onset usually occurs in the second to third decade of life. Cardiomyopathy and hypogonadism are common clinical findings and can lead to premature death if untreated. 5 The HFE2 locus maps to chromosome 1q, however, the gene responsible has not yet been identified. Recently mutations in TfR2 have been implicated in a new form of haemochromatosis (HFE3), which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and maps to chromosome 7q22. 7,8 The clinical phenotype is variable among patients with TfR2 mutations. However, phenotypically the disease appears to be similar to HFE related haemochromatosis. 8 Haemochromatosis families with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. 9-11 Recently a new locus for an autosomal dominant form of haemochromatosis (HFE4) was identified on chromosome 2q32. Two missense mutations in the SLC11A3 gene, which maps to this region were detected in two families with autosomal dominant haemochromatosis from the Netherlands and Italy. 12,13 The SLC11A3 gene, also known as ferroportin-1, REG1 and MTP1 14-16 encodes a multiple transmembrane domain protein responsible for iron export from cells. Both gain of function and loss of function of ferroportin-1 were proposed to result in iron overload in these families. 12,13 However, the authors were not able to distinguish whether gain of function or loss of function resulted in iron overload. In another recent report a mutation in the iron responsive element of H ferritin mRNA was shown to cause autosomal dominant haemochromatosis in a Japanese family. 17 |
10897150 | 2,004 | Method for producing full field radial grid for hydrocarbon reservoir simulation | A method producing full field radial grid (called here Radial-X Grid) for more accurate and efficient reservoir simulation and improving simulation work flow. The Radial-X Grid method produces both aerial and vertical gridding to divide a reservoir structure into simulation grid cells. The aerial gridding is performed by 1) specifying a reservoir boundary (including faults) and well locations; 2) distributing a set of concentric circles around each well location; 3) determining the circle-circle and circle-boundary intersection locations of these circles; 4) forming the aerial grid by selecting circles, arc segments of intersecting circles and radial lines which connect the ends of these arc segments to the corresponding well center; 5) and forming additional grid lines by selecting the connecting lines of two wells if their circles intersect, adding additional radial lines to certain wells, and connecting end points of certain selected arc segments. Thus, the aerial boundary of each individual grid cell is formed from elements selected from the group of arc segment, well radial line, reservoir boundary, connection line of well to well, arc segment end to arc segment end. The vertical gridding is performed by casting the aerial grid vertically downwardly through all the layers defined in the reservoir structure. The Radial-X Grid method is advantageous for petroleum reservoir simulation applications because it is easy to use, runs fast, produces no grid orientation effect, provides efficient use of grid cells, provides precision modeling and provides better reservoir boundary and fault conformance. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention This invention relates generally to the field of reservoir engineering and analysis. In particular the invention concerns creating a numerical model or simulation of a subterranean oil and gas reservoir. Still more particularly, the invention is for a method and apparatus for creating an areal grid within a reservoir boundary area for creating reservoir cells the shapes of which are defined in the areal grid projected vertically downwardly into the earth and by layering boundaries. 2. Description of Prior Art A reservoir model is used by petroleum engineers to predict reservoir performance by numerically solving flow equations which describe fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs during the oil and gas recovery process. By using the model, various reservoir recovery plans can be simulated in order to find the one which best meets the reservoir recovery objectives. In the petroleum industry, reservoir simulation has been primarily conducted by dedicated specialists. There is a trend within the industry to make reservoir simulation a tool for day-to-day use by members of asset teams. However, prior art simulators are too complex for the non-expert users. To create a model of the reservoir, simulation engineers first divide an areal surface into grid cells which are used to define grid blocks by layers of the grid cells extending into the reservoir structure. A numerical model is created by choosing a grid orientation, number and distribution of grid lines. Then wells are assigned to grid cells based on their locations. There can be millions of grid cells and hundreds of production and injection wells in a simulation model. For any change with the grid, well number and well locations, engineers must make changes to the cells to account for changes in the number and location of the wells, etc.: a very tedious process. Besides the difficulties in setting up a numerical reservoir model, a simulation engineer also is concerned with the quality of the simulation grid and model. A desired grid should provide high numerical resolution in the reservoir regions where the simulated reservoir rock and fluid properties change rapidly with time and space. To this end, great efforts have been made in developing the local grid refinement technology in the past decades. One method has included replacing the coarse Cartesian grid with a fine Cartesian, radial or PEBI grid around the wellbores. (A PEBI grid is a Perpendicular Bisection grid, also known as a Voronoi grid of Voronoi blocks. A Voronoi block is defined as the region of space that is closer to its gridpoint than any other gridpoint. A consequence of this is that a line joining gridpoints of any two connected gridpoints is perpendicular to the gridblock boundary between these two gridpoints and its is bisected in two equal parts by that boundary.) Generally speaking, a radial grid defined model performs better for local grid refinement than a PEBI and Cartesian grid for local grid refinement. The radial grid has long been used for near wellbore precision modeling and single well reservoir modeling, because it can better describe the fluid flow process in reservoirs. However, no such radial gridding methods are known for multiple well simulation problems. Another consideration for reservoir simulation grids is the reservoir boundary and faults conformance problem. Almost all the reservoirs are irregularly shaped and may have one or more faults. A prior solution involves removing coarse Cartesian grid cells in the concerned regions, replacing them with fine structured or non-structured grid cells, and smoothing out the transition from frame Cartesian cells to these special grid cells. Such a process introduces a great many extra grid cells. As far as the simulation accuracy concerns, it is only necessary to know the locations of the reservoir boundary and irregularities (including faults and pinch-outs). There is no dramatic physical properties change happening at such locations. In other words fine or special grid cells are not necessary for describing the reservoir shape. | Title:
Method for producing full field radial grid for hydrocarbon reservoir simulation
Abstract:
A method producing full field radial grid (called here Radial-X Grid) for more accurate and efficient reservoir simulation and improving simulation work flow. The Radial-X Grid method produces both aerial and vertical gridding to divide a reservoir structure into simulation grid cells. The aerial gridding is performed by 1) specifying a reservoir boundary (including faults) and well locations; 2) distributing a set of concentric circles around each well location; 3) determining the circle-circle and circle-boundary intersection locations of these circles; 4) forming the aerial grid by selecting circles, arc segments of intersecting circles and radial lines which connect the ends of these arc segments to the corresponding well center; 5) and forming additional grid lines by selecting the connecting lines of two wells if their circles intersect, adding additional radial lines to certain wells, and connecting end points of certain selected arc segments. Thus, the aerial boundary of each individual grid cell is formed from elements selected from the group of arc segment, well radial line, reservoir boundary, connection line of well to well, arc segment end to arc segment end. The vertical gridding is performed by casting the aerial grid vertically downwardly through all the layers defined in the reservoir structure. The Radial-X Grid method is advantageous for petroleum reservoir simulation applications because it is easy to use, runs fast, produces no grid orientation effect, provides efficient use of grid cells, provides precision modeling and provides better reservoir boundary and fault conformance.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention This invention relates generally to the field of reservoir engineering and analysis. In particular the invention concerns creating a numerical model or simulation of a subterranean oil and gas reservoir. Still more particularly, the invention is for a method and apparatus for creating an areal grid within a reservoir boundary area for creating reservoir cells the shapes of which are defined in the areal grid projected vertically downwardly into the earth and by layering boundaries. 2. Description of Prior Art A reservoir model is used by petroleum engineers to predict reservoir performance by numerically solving flow equations which describe fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs during the oil and gas recovery process. By using the model, various reservoir recovery plans can be simulated in order to find the one which best meets the reservoir recovery objectives. In the petroleum industry, reservoir simulation has been primarily conducted by dedicated specialists. There is a trend within the industry to make reservoir simulation a tool for day-to-day use by members of asset teams. However, prior art simulators are too complex for the non-expert users. To create a model of the reservoir, simulation engineers first divide an areal surface into grid cells which are used to define grid blocks by layers of the grid cells extending into the reservoir structure. A numerical model is created by choosing a grid orientation, number and distribution of grid lines. Then wells are assigned to grid cells based on their locations. There can be millions of grid cells and hundreds of production and injection wells in a simulation model. For any change with the grid, well number and well locations, engineers must make changes to the cells to account for changes in the number and location of the wells, etc.: a very tedious process. Besides the difficulties in setting up a numerical reservoir model, a simulation engineer also is concerned with the quality of the simulation grid and model. A desired grid should provide high numerical resolution in the reservoir regions where the simulated reservoir rock and fluid properties change rapidly with time and space. To this end, great efforts have been made in developing the local grid refinement technology in the past decades. One method has included replacing the coarse Cartesian grid with a fine Cartesian, radial or PEBI grid around the wellbores. (A PEBI grid is a Perpendicular Bisection grid, also known as a Voronoi grid of Voronoi blocks. A Voronoi block is defined as the region of space that is closer to its gridpoint than any other gridpoint. A consequence of this is that a line joining gridpoints of any two connected gridpoints is perpendicular to the gridblock boundary between these two gridpoints and its is bisected in two equal parts by that boundary.) Generally speaking, a radial grid defined model performs better for local grid refinement than a PEBI and Cartesian grid for local grid refinement. The radial grid has long been used for near wellbore precision modeling and single well reservoir modeling, because it can better describe the fluid flow process in reservoirs. However, no such radial gridding methods are known for multiple well simulation problems. Another consideration for reservoir simulation grids is the reservoir boundary and faults conformance problem. Almost all the reservoirs are irregularly shaped and may have one or more faults. A prior solution involves removing coarse Cartesian grid cells in the concerned regions, replacing them with fine structured or non-structured grid cells, and smoothing out the transition from frame Cartesian cells to these special grid cells. Such a process introduces a great many extra grid cells. As far as the simulation accuracy concerns, it is only necessary to know the locations of the reservoir boundary and irregularities (including faults and pinch-outs). There is no dramatic physical properties change happening at such locations. In other words fine or special grid cells are not necessary for describing the reservoir shape. |
11006646 | 2,004 | Keyboard support bracket structure | A keyboard support bracket structure fastened to a underside of a desktop and movable horizontally and vertically relative to the desktop to a desired position for keyboard operation consists of a mounting bracket fastening to the desktop, an upper arm pivotally engaged with the mounting bracket through a first axle, a side arm pivotally coupled on two sides of the mounting bracket through a second axle, and a holding bracket pivotally engaged with the upper arm through a third axle. By releasing the constrained position of the holding bracket and the brake element of the side arm, the first, second, and third axles may be moved to perform vertical adjustment endlessly. The keyboard support structure thus made uses a fewer number of elements and may be moved with less effort to facilitate keyboard operation and conform to ergonomics. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Computer has been widely used by individuals and companies nowadays. When the computer is in use, in order to avoid the keyboard from occupying too much desktop space and take into account of ergonomics to prevent users from hand injury caused by taking the same posture for a long period of time during operation, a keyboard support bracket has been developed to suit user's posture and hand position, and to make adjustment endlessly. There are plenty of keyboard support brackets proposed in the prior art. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,616,798 discloses an adjustable support for CRT keyboard. It has a bracket holding a keyboard and connecting to a parallelogram linkage located underside a desk. Because the parallelogram linkage is fastened to the lower side of the keyboard support bracket, the space between the bottom and the floor is limited. Leg room is not adequate to accommodate leg movements of users. U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,767 discloses an adjustable support mechanism for a keyboard platform. While it addresses the shortcomings of the aforesaid patent and uses a non-parallelogram linkage to increase the leg room, its linkage mechanism is still fastened to the lower side of the keyboard support bracket, and the increased space is limited. U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,664 discloses a keyboard support mechanism which tries to improve the two patents mentioned above. It consists of a mounting bracket, a mounting bracket support in combination with a swivel bracket, a shelf bracket, an upper arm at least one side arm and at least one stopping means. It generates a linkage motion through four pivot points, and the side arm and the stopping means have corresponding connection concave surfaces to generate friction forces to produce locking and positioning effect. However it still has problems remained to be overcome, notably: It still adopts a conventional parallelogram or non-parallelogram linkage with four pivot points linkages to pivotally connect to one another to achieve endless vertical movement. The side arm is extended to form an arched end to produce a friction force on a first side of the stopping means to achieve positioning. As the side arm and the stopping means are made of metal, in terms of applying forces easily and providing frictional forces required for latching, they cannot generate a desirable coordination during the movement. The metal also generates heat and noise under friction. The arched end tends to wear off after used for a long period of time. In addition, according to ergonomics, when the keyboard is under operation, the forearm of users must be in parallel with the back of hands. To make the support bracket to support hands nicely, the support bracket also is preferably in parallel with the forearm. However, all the support brackets in the prior art has the side arm forming a constant angle relative to the floor (generally tilting upwards about 3 degrees, referring to U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,664, item 54). Based on user's perspective, the forearm inclines downwards gradually from the position adjacent to the desktop to the operation position. If the support bracket does not alter the angle, the support effect of the support bracket to the wrist and forearm diminishes gradually. As a result, it could cause injury to users when operating in such a posture for a long period of time. | Title:
Keyboard support bracket structure
Abstract:
A keyboard support bracket structure fastened to a underside of a desktop and movable horizontally and vertically relative to the desktop to a desired position for keyboard operation consists of a mounting bracket fastening to the desktop, an upper arm pivotally engaged with the mounting bracket through a first axle, a side arm pivotally coupled on two sides of the mounting bracket through a second axle, and a holding bracket pivotally engaged with the upper arm through a third axle. By releasing the constrained position of the holding bracket and the brake element of the side arm, the first, second, and third axles may be moved to perform vertical adjustment endlessly. The keyboard support structure thus made uses a fewer number of elements and may be moved with less effort to facilitate keyboard operation and conform to ergonomics.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Computer has been widely used by individuals and companies nowadays. When the computer is in use, in order to avoid the keyboard from occupying too much desktop space and take into account of ergonomics to prevent users from hand injury caused by taking the same posture for a long period of time during operation, a keyboard support bracket has been developed to suit user's posture and hand position, and to make adjustment endlessly. There are plenty of keyboard support brackets proposed in the prior art. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,616,798 discloses an adjustable support for CRT keyboard. It has a bracket holding a keyboard and connecting to a parallelogram linkage located underside a desk. Because the parallelogram linkage is fastened to the lower side of the keyboard support bracket, the space between the bottom and the floor is limited. Leg room is not adequate to accommodate leg movements of users. U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,767 discloses an adjustable support mechanism for a keyboard platform. While it addresses the shortcomings of the aforesaid patent and uses a non-parallelogram linkage to increase the leg room, its linkage mechanism is still fastened to the lower side of the keyboard support bracket, and the increased space is limited. U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,664 discloses a keyboard support mechanism which tries to improve the two patents mentioned above. It consists of a mounting bracket, a mounting bracket support in combination with a swivel bracket, a shelf bracket, an upper arm at least one side arm and at least one stopping means. It generates a linkage motion through four pivot points, and the side arm and the stopping means have corresponding connection concave surfaces to generate friction forces to produce locking and positioning effect. However it still has problems remained to be overcome, notably: It still adopts a conventional parallelogram or non-parallelogram linkage with four pivot points linkages to pivotally connect to one another to achieve endless vertical movement. The side arm is extended to form an arched end to produce a friction force on a first side of the stopping means to achieve positioning. As the side arm and the stopping means are made of metal, in terms of applying forces easily and providing frictional forces required for latching, they cannot generate a desirable coordination during the movement. The metal also generates heat and noise under friction. The arched end tends to wear off after used for a long period of time. In addition, according to ergonomics, when the keyboard is under operation, the forearm of users must be in parallel with the back of hands. To make the support bracket to support hands nicely, the support bracket also is preferably in parallel with the forearm. However, all the support brackets in the prior art has the side arm forming a constant angle relative to the floor (generally tilting upwards about 3 degrees, referring to U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,664, item 54). Based on user's perspective, the forearm inclines downwards gradually from the position adjacent to the desktop to the operation position. If the support bracket does not alter the angle, the support effect of the support bracket to the wrist and forearm diminishes gradually. As a result, it could cause injury to users when operating in such a posture for a long period of time. |
10982787 | 2,004 | MEMS device having formations for covering actuators of the device | A micro-electromechanical device that comprises a substrate; an elongate actuator that has a fixed end that is connected to the substrate and a movable end, the actuator being configured so that the movable end is displaced relative to the substrate on receipt of an actuation signal; a motion-transmitting structure that is fast with the movable end of the actuator, the motion transmitting structure being connected to a working member so that movement of the actuator is translated to the working member; and a covering formation that is positioned on the substrate so that the substrate, the covering formation and the motion-transmitting structure define an air chamber, the actuator being positioned within the air chamber. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As set out in the above referenced applications/patents, the Applicant has spent a substantial amount of time and effort in developing printheads that incorporate micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS)—based components to achieve the ejection of ink necessary for printing. As a result of the Applicant's research and development, the Applicant has been able to develop printheads having one or more printhead chips that together incorporate up to 84 000 nozzle arrangements. The Applicant has also developed suitable processor technology that is capable of controlling operation of such printheads. In particular, the processor technology and the printheads are capable of cooperating to generate resolutions of 1600 dpi and higher in some cases. Examples of suitable processor technology are provided in the above referenced patent applications/patents. The Applicant has overcome substantial difficulties in achieving the necessary ink flow and ink drop separation within the ink jet printheads. A number of printhead chips that the Applicant has developed incorporate nozzle arrangements that each have a nozzle chamber with an ink ejection member positioned in the nozzle chamber. The ink ejection member is then displaceable within the nozzle chamber to eject ink from the nozzle chamber. A particular difficulty that the Applicant addresses in the present invention is to do with the delicate nature of the various components that comprise each nozzle arrangement of the printhead chip. In the above referenced matters, the various components are often exposed as a requirement of their function. On the MEMS scale, the various components are well suited for their particular tasks and the Applicant has found them to be suitably robust. However, on a macroscopic scale, the various components can easily be damaged by such factors as handling and ingress of microscopic detritus. This microscopic detritus can take the form of paper dust. It is therefore desirable that a means be provided whereby the components are protected. Applicant has found, however, that it is difficult to fabricate a suitable covering for the components while still achieving a transfer of force to an ink-ejecting component and efficient sealing of a nozzle chamber. The Applicant has conceived this invention in order to address these difficulties. | Title:
MEMS device having formations for covering actuators of the device
Abstract:
A micro-electromechanical device that comprises a substrate; an elongate actuator that has a fixed end that is connected to the substrate and a movable end, the actuator being configured so that the movable end is displaced relative to the substrate on receipt of an actuation signal; a motion-transmitting structure that is fast with the movable end of the actuator, the motion transmitting structure being connected to a working member so that movement of the actuator is translated to the working member; and a covering formation that is positioned on the substrate so that the substrate, the covering formation and the motion-transmitting structure define an air chamber, the actuator being positioned within the air chamber.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As set out in the above referenced applications/patents, the Applicant has spent a substantial amount of time and effort in developing printheads that incorporate micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS)—based components to achieve the ejection of ink necessary for printing. As a result of the Applicant's research and development, the Applicant has been able to develop printheads having one or more printhead chips that together incorporate up to 84 000 nozzle arrangements. The Applicant has also developed suitable processor technology that is capable of controlling operation of such printheads. In particular, the processor technology and the printheads are capable of cooperating to generate resolutions of 1600 dpi and higher in some cases. Examples of suitable processor technology are provided in the above referenced patent applications/patents. The Applicant has overcome substantial difficulties in achieving the necessary ink flow and ink drop separation within the ink jet printheads. A number of printhead chips that the Applicant has developed incorporate nozzle arrangements that each have a nozzle chamber with an ink ejection member positioned in the nozzle chamber. The ink ejection member is then displaceable within the nozzle chamber to eject ink from the nozzle chamber. A particular difficulty that the Applicant addresses in the present invention is to do with the delicate nature of the various components that comprise each nozzle arrangement of the printhead chip. In the above referenced matters, the various components are often exposed as a requirement of their function. On the MEMS scale, the various components are well suited for their particular tasks and the Applicant has found them to be suitably robust. However, on a macroscopic scale, the various components can easily be damaged by such factors as handling and ingress of microscopic detritus. This microscopic detritus can take the form of paper dust. It is therefore desirable that a means be provided whereby the components are protected. Applicant has found, however, that it is difficult to fabricate a suitable covering for the components while still achieving a transfer of force to an ink-ejecting component and efficient sealing of a nozzle chamber. The Applicant has conceived this invention in order to address these difficulties. |
10782453 | 2,004 | MOTOR VEHICLE STEERING SYSTEM | The present invention comprises a steering system selectively operable in one of six modes: steer-by-wire with rear steering, steer-by-wire without rear steering, electronic power assist steering (EPAS) with rear steering, electronic power steering (EPAS) without rear steering, mechanical backup manual steering with rear steering, and mechanical backup manual steering without rear steering. The steer-by-wire system includes a driver interface system (DIS), a front road wheel actuator system (FRWAS), a rear road wheel actuator system (RRWAS), and a controller for monitoring and implementing the preferred control strategy. The steering system of the present invention operates normally in a steer-by-wire mode. In each of the EPAS mode and manual mode, the controller causes a clutch mechanism to engage, thus creating a mechanical linkage between the steerable member and the rack and pinion system while maintaining rear wheel assisted steering. In the EPAS mode, one of the front road wheel actuator or the reaction torque generator is available to assist in the steering operation along with rear wheel steering. Alternatively, in the manual mode, both the DIS and the FRWAS are deactivated and the vehicle is steerable through mechanical means along with the rear wheel assisted steering. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a steering apparatus for a vehicle that directs front and rear steerable wheels in response to operator input in which the steerable wheels are not mechanically coupled to a manually steerable member. 2. Description of the Prior Art A typical automotive vehicle is steered by transmitting operations of a manually steerable member, such as a steering wheel, to a steering mechanism for directing steerable wheels for steering. Generally, the manually steerable member is located inside the vehicle passenger compartment, and the steerable wheels are located at the front and rear of the vehicle. Thus, a suitable steering mechanism is necessary to couple the manually steerable member and the front and rear steerable wheels. A representative steering mechanism is a rack-and-pinion type steering mechanism. In a rack-and-pinion steering mechanism, the rotational motion of the steering wheel is communicated through a steering column to a pinion gear at its distal end. The pinion gear is engaged with a rack gear disposed laterally between the steerable wheels, which in turn are coupled to the rack gear by knuckle arms and tie rods. In this manner, rotation of the steering wheel is translated into the lateral movement of the rack gear, which causes the steerable wheels to pivot in the desired direction. In general, mechanical steering mechanisms are power-assisted by hydraulic or electrical assist units. In order to overcome limitations presented by mechanical steering systems, it has been proposed to utilize a steering system in which the manually steerable member is not mechanically coupled to the steerable wheels and steering movement is achieved by an electrically controlled motor, a steer-by-wire system. In a steer-by-wire system, a road wheel actuator operates in response to detected values of various steering parameters, such as for example steering wheel angle, vehicle speed, vehicle lateral acceleration, and road wheel angle. The detected values are communicated electronically to the road wheel actuator from sensors, or alternatively, from a centralized controller. Upon receipt and processing of the steering command, the road wheel actuator orients the steerable wheels in the desired direction in accordance with the vehicle steering parameters. In order to provide a steering “feel” to the vehicle operator, a typical steer-by-wire vehicle will also utilize a reaction torque generator that synthesizes and generates a reaction torque in the manually steerable member. For example, if the manually steerable member is a steering wheel, then the reaction torque generator will generally rotate a shaft coupled to the steering wheel in order to give the vehicle operator a resistive or assisting torque. In general, the magnitude and direction of the reaction torque will be determined by a control system cooperating between the reaction torque generator, the road wheel actuator, and the various vehicle sensing systems. The adaptability of steer-by-wire systems to myriad situations provides a great number of advantages not apparent in a mechanically steered vehicle. It is believed that a hybrid-type steering system is needed in order to ease the transition in the automotive market from mechanically coupled steering systems to steer-by-wire steering systems. Moreover, rear wheel steering is becoming more and more common on vehicles. Front and Rear wheel steering provides increased vehicle maneuverability relative to front wheel steering only vehicles. Vehicle front and rear wheel steering offers advantages over vehicles having only front wheel steering. However, manufacturers have been challenged in implementing rear wheel steering with other vehicle features. | Title:
MOTOR VEHICLE STEERING SYSTEM
Abstract:
The present invention comprises a steering system selectively operable in one of six modes: steer-by-wire with rear steering, steer-by-wire without rear steering, electronic power assist steering (EPAS) with rear steering, electronic power steering (EPAS) without rear steering, mechanical backup manual steering with rear steering, and mechanical backup manual steering without rear steering. The steer-by-wire system includes a driver interface system (DIS), a front road wheel actuator system (FRWAS), a rear road wheel actuator system (RRWAS), and a controller for monitoring and implementing the preferred control strategy. The steering system of the present invention operates normally in a steer-by-wire mode. In each of the EPAS mode and manual mode, the controller causes a clutch mechanism to engage, thus creating a mechanical linkage between the steerable member and the rack and pinion system while maintaining rear wheel assisted steering. In the EPAS mode, one of the front road wheel actuator or the reaction torque generator is available to assist in the steering operation along with rear wheel steering. Alternatively, in the manual mode, both the DIS and the FRWAS are deactivated and the vehicle is steerable through mechanical means along with the rear wheel assisted steering.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a steering apparatus for a vehicle that directs front and rear steerable wheels in response to operator input in which the steerable wheels are not mechanically coupled to a manually steerable member. 2. Description of the Prior Art A typical automotive vehicle is steered by transmitting operations of a manually steerable member, such as a steering wheel, to a steering mechanism for directing steerable wheels for steering. Generally, the manually steerable member is located inside the vehicle passenger compartment, and the steerable wheels are located at the front and rear of the vehicle. Thus, a suitable steering mechanism is necessary to couple the manually steerable member and the front and rear steerable wheels. A representative steering mechanism is a rack-and-pinion type steering mechanism. In a rack-and-pinion steering mechanism, the rotational motion of the steering wheel is communicated through a steering column to a pinion gear at its distal end. The pinion gear is engaged with a rack gear disposed laterally between the steerable wheels, which in turn are coupled to the rack gear by knuckle arms and tie rods. In this manner, rotation of the steering wheel is translated into the lateral movement of the rack gear, which causes the steerable wheels to pivot in the desired direction. In general, mechanical steering mechanisms are power-assisted by hydraulic or electrical assist units. In order to overcome limitations presented by mechanical steering systems, it has been proposed to utilize a steering system in which the manually steerable member is not mechanically coupled to the steerable wheels and steering movement is achieved by an electrically controlled motor, a steer-by-wire system. In a steer-by-wire system, a road wheel actuator operates in response to detected values of various steering parameters, such as for example steering wheel angle, vehicle speed, vehicle lateral acceleration, and road wheel angle. The detected values are communicated electronically to the road wheel actuator from sensors, or alternatively, from a centralized controller. Upon receipt and processing of the steering command, the road wheel actuator orients the steerable wheels in the desired direction in accordance with the vehicle steering parameters. In order to provide a steering “feel” to the vehicle operator, a typical steer-by-wire vehicle will also utilize a reaction torque generator that synthesizes and generates a reaction torque in the manually steerable member. For example, if the manually steerable member is a steering wheel, then the reaction torque generator will generally rotate a shaft coupled to the steering wheel in order to give the vehicle operator a resistive or assisting torque. In general, the magnitude and direction of the reaction torque will be determined by a control system cooperating between the reaction torque generator, the road wheel actuator, and the various vehicle sensing systems. The adaptability of steer-by-wire systems to myriad situations provides a great number of advantages not apparent in a mechanically steered vehicle. It is believed that a hybrid-type steering system is needed in order to ease the transition in the automotive market from mechanically coupled steering systems to steer-by-wire steering systems. Moreover, rear wheel steering is becoming more and more common on vehicles. Front and Rear wheel steering provides increased vehicle maneuverability relative to front wheel steering only vehicles. Vehicle front and rear wheel steering offers advantages over vehicles having only front wheel steering. However, manufacturers have been challenged in implementing rear wheel steering with other vehicle features. |
11003117 | 2,004 | Skew tolerant high-speed digital phase detector | A skew-tolerant digital phase detector is provided. Specifically, a detector is provided in the digital phase detector to detect certain failure conditions that may result from clock skew and duty cycle distortion. If the condition is detected, an adjusted signal is generated and the adjusted signal is synchronized with the reference signal. By using the generated signal to provide a lock if certain conditions arise, adjustment errors resulting from duty cycle distortion and clock skew can be minimized. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to digital phase detectors and, more particularly, to digital phase detectors having tolerance for duty cycle distortion and clock skew. 2. Description of the Related Art This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. Digital phase detectors (DPDs) are widely used to compare the respective phases of two input signals. For instance, DPDs may be used in synchronization circuits, such as delay lock loops (DLLs) or phase lock loops (PLLs), to compare input signals such that they may be synchronized or “locked.” By comparing a reference signal, such as a clock signal, to a feedback signal using a DPD, phase adjustments may be made to one or both of the input signals based on the comparison of the input signals, in order to synchronize the signals. As will be appreciated, synchronization of certain signals within a device or system is often advantageous. In alternate applications, phase detectors may also be used to for duty cycle correction and in calibration circuits, for instance. As will be appreciated, phase detectors are generally configured to provide a certain period of time known as the “lock window” or “detection window” to indicate when the input signals are synchronized or locked. A lock window may be implemented to account for set-up time and process voltage temperature (PVT) variations. At high speeds, the input signals may become distorted and the duty cycle may become something other than a 50% duty cycle. Once the speed of the input signal, which may be a clock signal, exceeds 1 GHz, the lock window, which may be on the order of 300 picoseconds to 400 picoseconds, may encompass 30-40% of the entire duty cycle. Thus, as clock speeds increase, clock skew and duty cycle distortion have an increasingly proportionate impact on phase locking. For high-speed operations, duty cycle distortion and clock skew may adversely affect synchronization. Disadvantageously, the clock skew and duty cycle distortion may be such that in high-speed operation, a device receiving output signals from the DPD which have been produced based on distorted or skewed input signals, may incorrectly adjust one or both of the input signals based on an erroneous output from the DPD. By adjusting one or both of the phases of the input signals in the wrong direction, the locking time may be disadvantageously increased. Embodiments of the present invention may address one or more of the problems set forth above. | Title:
Skew tolerant high-speed digital phase detector
Abstract:
A skew-tolerant digital phase detector is provided. Specifically, a detector is provided in the digital phase detector to detect certain failure conditions that may result from clock skew and duty cycle distortion. If the condition is detected, an adjusted signal is generated and the adjusted signal is synchronized with the reference signal. By using the generated signal to provide a lock if certain conditions arise, adjustment errors resulting from duty cycle distortion and clock skew can be minimized.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to digital phase detectors and, more particularly, to digital phase detectors having tolerance for duty cycle distortion and clock skew. 2. Description of the Related Art This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. Digital phase detectors (DPDs) are widely used to compare the respective phases of two input signals. For instance, DPDs may be used in synchronization circuits, such as delay lock loops (DLLs) or phase lock loops (PLLs), to compare input signals such that they may be synchronized or “locked.” By comparing a reference signal, such as a clock signal, to a feedback signal using a DPD, phase adjustments may be made to one or both of the input signals based on the comparison of the input signals, in order to synchronize the signals. As will be appreciated, synchronization of certain signals within a device or system is often advantageous. In alternate applications, phase detectors may also be used to for duty cycle correction and in calibration circuits, for instance. As will be appreciated, phase detectors are generally configured to provide a certain period of time known as the “lock window” or “detection window” to indicate when the input signals are synchronized or locked. A lock window may be implemented to account for set-up time and process voltage temperature (PVT) variations. At high speeds, the input signals may become distorted and the duty cycle may become something other than a 50% duty cycle. Once the speed of the input signal, which may be a clock signal, exceeds 1 GHz, the lock window, which may be on the order of 300 picoseconds to 400 picoseconds, may encompass 30-40% of the entire duty cycle. Thus, as clock speeds increase, clock skew and duty cycle distortion have an increasingly proportionate impact on phase locking. For high-speed operations, duty cycle distortion and clock skew may adversely affect synchronization. Disadvantageously, the clock skew and duty cycle distortion may be such that in high-speed operation, a device receiving output signals from the DPD which have been produced based on distorted or skewed input signals, may incorrectly adjust one or both of the input signals based on an erroneous output from the DPD. By adjusting one or both of the phases of the input signals in the wrong direction, the locking time may be disadvantageously increased. Embodiments of the present invention may address one or more of the problems set forth above. |
10965054 | 2,004 | Overflow transfer furnace and control system for reduced oxide production in a casting furnace | An apparatus for transferring molten metal from a melting furnace to a casting furnace is provided. A sensing and control system for the transfer of molten metal from a transfer furnace to a casting furnace is also described. The combination of the transfer apparatus with the sensing and control system provides for the introduction of reduced oxide molten metal into a casting furnace. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Delivery of molten metal, such as aluminum or aluminum alloys (collectively referred to herein as aluminum), to a casting furnace is a multi-step process. Initially, aluminum ingots may be melted in a melting furnace and the molten aluminum may then be dispensed from the melting furnace to a launder. In such an arrangement, the molten aluminum flows from the launder to a holding furnace (transfer furnace) where its temperature is preferably maintained prior to being introduced into a casting furnace. While the molten aluminum is present in the transfer furnace, it may be degassed and filtered to remove absorbed oxygen and inclusions (e.g., metal oxides, dross) prior to being transferred to the casting furnace. A common method of transferring molten metal from a transfer furnace to a casting furnace is via a discharge trough that leads from the transfer (or holding) furnace to the casting furnace. According to this method, the molten metal flows by gravity from the trough into the casting furnace. Generally, a casting furnace is located beneath a casting machine. Several mechanisms are currently employed to facilitate the transfer of molten metal from the discharge end of a holding furnace to a metal bath of a casting furnace. One common arrangement is a stopper rod box system. In this system, a stopper rod box is attached to the end of the transfer furnace discharge trough. The stopper rod box controls the flow of molten aluminum from the transfer furnace with a removable stopper rod. To transfer metal from the transfer furnace to the casting furnace, the stopper rod is removed from a hole in the bottom of the stopper rod box, allowing the gravitational flow of metal through the bottom of the box into an open air trough that connects to an open hole in the bottom platen of the casting machine. When the stopper rod is removed the metal falls to the surface of the metal bath in the casting furnace. To terminate flow, the stopper rod is inserted back into the hole in the stopper rod box. The hole in the platen is then shut with a flat plate and gasket to permit subsequent pressurization of the casting furnace —to move the metal up into the casting machine. While the stopper rod box is a simple system with few moving parts, a significant amount of maintenance is required to prevent leakage of molten metal at the stopper rod. The components of the stopper box are located underneath molten aluminum, which makes them inaccessible during operations and difficult to maintain without shutting down the process. Poor maintenance can result in metal leaks at the discharge point and result in costly and time-consuming cleanup. Alternatively, various pump configurations have been used to transfer molten aluminum from the transfer furnace to the trough that leads to the casting furnace. For example, Lindberg and Holimsey pumps are commonly employed and are well-known in the art. In the case of a Lindberg pump transfer system, the pump is mounted in the discharge end of the transfer furnace. To transfer metal to the casting furnace, air pressure is applied to the top surface of the molten metal in the pump. The metal flows out of a channel running from the bottom of the pump to a discharge point above the pump housing and into an open air trough. From the trough, the metal follows a similar path to the casting furnace, namely cascading out of the trough into a hole in the platen and falling to the surface of the metal bath in the casting furnace. In both the Lindberg and Holimsey pump transfer systems, metal is transferred from the transfer furnace to the casting furnace through the enclosed structure of the pump. While neither pump has any moving parts, the enclosed nature of these pumps makes periodic cleaning very time consuming. The transfer operations must be shut down to allow for disassembly of the pump for cleaning. Further, both pumps rely on a good quality seal during re-assembly to get a repeatable volume of metal transfer. In addition, the cascading of molten metal from either the stopper box or pump transfer systems, promotes the formation of oxides in the molten metal immediately prior to its introduction into the casting furnace. When transferring molten aluminum from a transfer furnace to the casting furnace by means of either the stopper rod box assembly or a pump as described above, the volume of metal that is transferred is dependent on the level of metal in the transfer furnace. If the level of molten aluminum in the launder drops too dramatically, the amount of metal in the transfer furnace will be insufficient to provide an adequate volume of molten metal to the casting furnace. It is desirable, therefore, to provide molten metal to the casting furnace on demand and substantially independent of the level (volume) of metal in the launder or transfer furnace so that casting may proceed in an efficient manner. Transfer via either a stopper rod box or current pumping technology exposes the molten metal to atmospheric oxygen unnecessarily. This exposure can contribute to the formation of oxides and inclusions within the molten metal supplied to the casting furnace. It would be desirable, therefore, to provide an apparatus and system that transferred an aliquot of molten metal to a casting furnace in a manner that substantially avoided contact with the atmosphere to thereby reduce the percentage of oxides and inclusions that are formed. In addition, the temperature of the metal that is discharged from the transfer furnace can vary and may further contribute to undesirable properties of the finished cast metal. It would be desirable, therefore, to develop a system and apparatus for delivering molten metal to a casting furnace on demand in which the metal displays a substantially uniform temperature to help maintain or enhance the desirable properties of the finished cast metal. | Title:
Overflow transfer furnace and control system for reduced oxide production in a casting furnace
Abstract:
An apparatus for transferring molten metal from a melting furnace to a casting furnace is provided. A sensing and control system for the transfer of molten metal from a transfer furnace to a casting furnace is also described. The combination of the transfer apparatus with the sensing and control system provides for the introduction of reduced oxide molten metal into a casting furnace.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Delivery of molten metal, such as aluminum or aluminum alloys (collectively referred to herein as aluminum), to a casting furnace is a multi-step process. Initially, aluminum ingots may be melted in a melting furnace and the molten aluminum may then be dispensed from the melting furnace to a launder. In such an arrangement, the molten aluminum flows from the launder to a holding furnace (transfer furnace) where its temperature is preferably maintained prior to being introduced into a casting furnace. While the molten aluminum is present in the transfer furnace, it may be degassed and filtered to remove absorbed oxygen and inclusions (e.g., metal oxides, dross) prior to being transferred to the casting furnace. A common method of transferring molten metal from a transfer furnace to a casting furnace is via a discharge trough that leads from the transfer (or holding) furnace to the casting furnace. According to this method, the molten metal flows by gravity from the trough into the casting furnace. Generally, a casting furnace is located beneath a casting machine. Several mechanisms are currently employed to facilitate the transfer of molten metal from the discharge end of a holding furnace to a metal bath of a casting furnace. One common arrangement is a stopper rod box system. In this system, a stopper rod box is attached to the end of the transfer furnace discharge trough. The stopper rod box controls the flow of molten aluminum from the transfer furnace with a removable stopper rod. To transfer metal from the transfer furnace to the casting furnace, the stopper rod is removed from a hole in the bottom of the stopper rod box, allowing the gravitational flow of metal through the bottom of the box into an open air trough that connects to an open hole in the bottom platen of the casting machine. When the stopper rod is removed the metal falls to the surface of the metal bath in the casting furnace. To terminate flow, the stopper rod is inserted back into the hole in the stopper rod box. The hole in the platen is then shut with a flat plate and gasket to permit subsequent pressurization of the casting furnace —to move the metal up into the casting machine. While the stopper rod box is a simple system with few moving parts, a significant amount of maintenance is required to prevent leakage of molten metal at the stopper rod. The components of the stopper box are located underneath molten aluminum, which makes them inaccessible during operations and difficult to maintain without shutting down the process. Poor maintenance can result in metal leaks at the discharge point and result in costly and time-consuming cleanup. Alternatively, various pump configurations have been used to transfer molten aluminum from the transfer furnace to the trough that leads to the casting furnace. For example, Lindberg and Holimsey pumps are commonly employed and are well-known in the art. In the case of a Lindberg pump transfer system, the pump is mounted in the discharge end of the transfer furnace. To transfer metal to the casting furnace, air pressure is applied to the top surface of the molten metal in the pump. The metal flows out of a channel running from the bottom of the pump to a discharge point above the pump housing and into an open air trough. From the trough, the metal follows a similar path to the casting furnace, namely cascading out of the trough into a hole in the platen and falling to the surface of the metal bath in the casting furnace. In both the Lindberg and Holimsey pump transfer systems, metal is transferred from the transfer furnace to the casting furnace through the enclosed structure of the pump. While neither pump has any moving parts, the enclosed nature of these pumps makes periodic cleaning very time consuming. The transfer operations must be shut down to allow for disassembly of the pump for cleaning. Further, both pumps rely on a good quality seal during re-assembly to get a repeatable volume of metal transfer. In addition, the cascading of molten metal from either the stopper box or pump transfer systems, promotes the formation of oxides in the molten metal immediately prior to its introduction into the casting furnace. When transferring molten aluminum from a transfer furnace to the casting furnace by means of either the stopper rod box assembly or a pump as described above, the volume of metal that is transferred is dependent on the level of metal in the transfer furnace. If the level of molten aluminum in the launder drops too dramatically, the amount of metal in the transfer furnace will be insufficient to provide an adequate volume of molten metal to the casting furnace. It is desirable, therefore, to provide molten metal to the casting furnace on demand and substantially independent of the level (volume) of metal in the launder or transfer furnace so that casting may proceed in an efficient manner. Transfer via either a stopper rod box or current pumping technology exposes the molten metal to atmospheric oxygen unnecessarily. This exposure can contribute to the formation of oxides and inclusions within the molten metal supplied to the casting furnace. It would be desirable, therefore, to provide an apparatus and system that transferred an aliquot of molten metal to a casting furnace in a manner that substantially avoided contact with the atmosphere to thereby reduce the percentage of oxides and inclusions that are formed. In addition, the temperature of the metal that is discharged from the transfer furnace can vary and may further contribute to undesirable properties of the finished cast metal. It would be desirable, therefore, to develop a system and apparatus for delivering molten metal to a casting furnace on demand in which the metal displays a substantially uniform temperature to help maintain or enhance the desirable properties of the finished cast metal. |
10965359 | 2,004 | Binder compositions and associated methods | Disclosed are formaldehyde-free, thermally-curable, alkaline, aqueous binder compositions, curable to formaldehyde-free, water-insoluble thermoset polyester resins, and uses thereof as binders for non-woven fibers and fiber materials. | BACKGROUND Fiberglass insulation products generally include matted glass fibers that are held together by a cured thermoset polymeric resole resin. During production of such products, streams of molten glass are drawn into fibers of varying lengths and then blown into a forming chamber where they are deposited with little organization, or in varying patterns, as a mat onto a traveling conveyor. The fibers, while in transit in the forming chamber and while still hot from the drawing operation, are sprayed with an aqueous resin binder solution. The residual heat from the glass fibers and the flow of air through the fibrous mat during the forming operation will generally evaporate most of the water from the resin binder, thereby leaving the remaining components of the binder on the fibers as a viscous or semi-viscous high-solids liquid, thereby forming a “wet blanket.” The coated fibrous mat or wet blanket, which is formed in a compressed state due to the high-velocity flow of air through the mat in the forming chamber, is then transferred out of the forming chamber to a transfer zone where the mat vertically expands due to the resiliency of the glass fibers. This vertical expansion can be important in the manufacture process of commercially acceptable fiberglass thermal or acoustical insulation products. Subsequently, the coated mat is transferred to a curing oven where heated air is blown through the mat to cure the binder and rigidly attach the glass fibers together. Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, as well as phenol-formaldehyde resins extended with urea (PFU resins), are used in conventional processes, and have been relied on heavily over the past several years to prepare binders for fiberglass insulation products. Though these resins are inexpensive and provide the cured fiberglass insulation product with the desired physical properties, they may often have high free formaldehyde content, and a distinctive or unpleasant odor limiting their use in certain applications. Further, during the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, the potential for formaldehyde emissions and worker exposure is present. Therefore, manufacturing facilities using PF and PFU resins as the main binder component for insulation products are often required to install expensive abatement equipment in order to minimize the possible exposure of workers to formaldehyde emissions and to meet certain Maximum Achieveable Control Technology (MACT) requirement standards. Options for formaldehyde-free products or processes include i) adding a formaldehyde scavenger to the binder to reduce or remove free formaldehyde and thereby limit its subsequent emission and/or odor; ii) allowing the resin reaction to proceed for longer periods of time to reduce the free formaldehyde present in the resin product; or iii) utilizing formaldehyde-free resin formulations. However, the use of scavengers may lead to precipitation, resulting from the scavenger itself and/or the adduct between the scavenger and any residual formaldehyde being insoluble, thereby necessitating additional and often expensive filtration steps. Further, allowing the resin reaction to proceed for an extended period of time sufficient to afford target formaldehyde levels results in a resin product having a concomitantly higher molecular weight. Such higher molecular weight resins may lack the desirable properties for some applications, as many tend to be sticky, causing the binder and the binder-coated fiberglass product to adhere to production equipment. Furthermore, higher molecular weight PF resins tend to have a higher “tetradimer” content. Tetradimer is a highly crystalline PF dimer present in phenolic resins produced under base-catalyzed conditions, which often precipitates readily. Precipitation is even more likely when free formaldehyde in the resin is scavenged. Tetradimer precipitation can result in plugged spray nozzles, and in precipitate formation in resin binder storage tanks and in the resin itself, necessitating removal. Accordingly, as an alternative to PF and PFU resins, formaldehyde-free resin formulations have received increased attention for use as binders in making fiberglass insulation and other products. Suitable binder formulations advantageously have physical properties (e.g., viscosity, dilutability, and adhesiveness) and other characteristics similar to conventional PF and PFU resins, and can be made at low cost. Formulations that have a similar cure time and cure temperature profile, while yielding a cured fiberglass insulation product with equivalent physical properties, may allow the use of existing production equipment. | Title:
Binder compositions and associated methods
Abstract:
Disclosed are formaldehyde-free, thermally-curable, alkaline, aqueous binder compositions, curable to formaldehyde-free, water-insoluble thermoset polyester resins, and uses thereof as binders for non-woven fibers and fiber materials.
Background:
BACKGROUND Fiberglass insulation products generally include matted glass fibers that are held together by a cured thermoset polymeric resole resin. During production of such products, streams of molten glass are drawn into fibers of varying lengths and then blown into a forming chamber where they are deposited with little organization, or in varying patterns, as a mat onto a traveling conveyor. The fibers, while in transit in the forming chamber and while still hot from the drawing operation, are sprayed with an aqueous resin binder solution. The residual heat from the glass fibers and the flow of air through the fibrous mat during the forming operation will generally evaporate most of the water from the resin binder, thereby leaving the remaining components of the binder on the fibers as a viscous or semi-viscous high-solids liquid, thereby forming a “wet blanket.” The coated fibrous mat or wet blanket, which is formed in a compressed state due to the high-velocity flow of air through the mat in the forming chamber, is then transferred out of the forming chamber to a transfer zone where the mat vertically expands due to the resiliency of the glass fibers. This vertical expansion can be important in the manufacture process of commercially acceptable fiberglass thermal or acoustical insulation products. Subsequently, the coated mat is transferred to a curing oven where heated air is blown through the mat to cure the binder and rigidly attach the glass fibers together. Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, as well as phenol-formaldehyde resins extended with urea (PFU resins), are used in conventional processes, and have been relied on heavily over the past several years to prepare binders for fiberglass insulation products. Though these resins are inexpensive and provide the cured fiberglass insulation product with the desired physical properties, they may often have high free formaldehyde content, and a distinctive or unpleasant odor limiting their use in certain applications. Further, during the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, the potential for formaldehyde emissions and worker exposure is present. Therefore, manufacturing facilities using PF and PFU resins as the main binder component for insulation products are often required to install expensive abatement equipment in order to minimize the possible exposure of workers to formaldehyde emissions and to meet certain Maximum Achieveable Control Technology (MACT) requirement standards. Options for formaldehyde-free products or processes include i) adding a formaldehyde scavenger to the binder to reduce or remove free formaldehyde and thereby limit its subsequent emission and/or odor; ii) allowing the resin reaction to proceed for longer periods of time to reduce the free formaldehyde present in the resin product; or iii) utilizing formaldehyde-free resin formulations. However, the use of scavengers may lead to precipitation, resulting from the scavenger itself and/or the adduct between the scavenger and any residual formaldehyde being insoluble, thereby necessitating additional and often expensive filtration steps. Further, allowing the resin reaction to proceed for an extended period of time sufficient to afford target formaldehyde levels results in a resin product having a concomitantly higher molecular weight. Such higher molecular weight resins may lack the desirable properties for some applications, as many tend to be sticky, causing the binder and the binder-coated fiberglass product to adhere to production equipment. Furthermore, higher molecular weight PF resins tend to have a higher “tetradimer” content. Tetradimer is a highly crystalline PF dimer present in phenolic resins produced under base-catalyzed conditions, which often precipitates readily. Precipitation is even more likely when free formaldehyde in the resin is scavenged. Tetradimer precipitation can result in plugged spray nozzles, and in precipitate formation in resin binder storage tanks and in the resin itself, necessitating removal. Accordingly, as an alternative to PF and PFU resins, formaldehyde-free resin formulations have received increased attention for use as binders in making fiberglass insulation and other products. Suitable binder formulations advantageously have physical properties (e.g., viscosity, dilutability, and adhesiveness) and other characteristics similar to conventional PF and PFU resins, and can be made at low cost. Formulations that have a similar cure time and cure temperature profile, while yielding a cured fiberglass insulation product with equivalent physical properties, may allow the use of existing production equipment. |
10779820 | 2,004 | Library device | There is provided a library device which can be restored to working order quickly and reliably even when a control board containing information necessary for the operation of the library device is replaced. The library device includes a cell array which consists of an array of multiple cells each of which contains one cartridge containing a magnetic tape, magnetic tape drives in which the cartridges are removably mounted and which access the storage medium contained in the cartridges, a robot which transfers the cartridges between the cell array and the magnetic tape drives, a main control board which controls the operation of the entire library device, a barcode label which represents ID information for identification of the library device, and cell flags which are marks used to recognize the locations of the cells composing the cell array. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a library device which mounts, stores, and retrieves multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium as well as accesses the storage medium. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, library devices are known which mount, store, and retrieve multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium such as a magnetic tape or optical disk as well as access the storage medium (e.g., Patent Documents 1, 2, and 3 as listed below). These library devices have a cell array consisting of an array of multiple cells which contain multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium; media drives in which the cartridges are removably mounted and which accesses the storage medium contained in the cartridges; and a robot which transfers the cartridges between the cell array and the media drives. With this type of library device, to transfer the cartridges between the cell array and the media drives reliably, the robot must be positioned accurately according to the location of a desired cell. For that, the location of the cell array is measured with high accuracy and the robot is positioned according to the resulting location information. It takes considerable amounts of time and effort to obtain the location information, and thus the location information obtained must be stored safely. For example, a magnetic-tape library device disclosed in Patent Document 1 stores control information including location information about individual magnetic tape cartridges in two separate non-volatile memories on a control board. This makes it possible, even if one of the non-volatile memories should be crashed or information in one of the non-volatile memories should be lost for some reason, to restore the magnetic-tape library device to working order using the information stored in the other non-volatile memory. However, in the case of the magnetic-tape library device disclosed in Patent Document 1, when the existing control board is removed from the library device and a new one is mounted, such as when it becomes necessary to replace the control board for maintenance or the like, location information must be prepared anew by measuring the locations of all the cartridges. Thus, long hours of work and great cost are required to restore the library device to working order. There are library devices which employ another method according to which important information such as location information about cartridges is backed up in a secondary storage medium such as a flexible disk and when the control board is changed, the operator manually restores the system using the information backed up in the storage medium. However, this method may cause trouble due to operating errors. Besides, it requires increased maintenance time. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-168076 (pp.1-2; FIGS. 6-8) [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-117644 (pp.1-2; FIGS. 1-3) [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 07-141124 (pp.1-3; FIGS. 1-2) | Title:
Library device
Abstract:
There is provided a library device which can be restored to working order quickly and reliably even when a control board containing information necessary for the operation of the library device is replaced. The library device includes a cell array which consists of an array of multiple cells each of which contains one cartridge containing a magnetic tape, magnetic tape drives in which the cartridges are removably mounted and which access the storage medium contained in the cartridges, a robot which transfers the cartridges between the cell array and the magnetic tape drives, a main control board which controls the operation of the entire library device, a barcode label which represents ID information for identification of the library device, and cell flags which are marks used to recognize the locations of the cells composing the cell array.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a library device which mounts, stores, and retrieves multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium as well as accesses the storage medium. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, library devices are known which mount, store, and retrieve multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium such as a magnetic tape or optical disk as well as access the storage medium (e.g., Patent Documents 1, 2, and 3 as listed below). These library devices have a cell array consisting of an array of multiple cells which contain multiple cartridges each containing a storage medium; media drives in which the cartridges are removably mounted and which accesses the storage medium contained in the cartridges; and a robot which transfers the cartridges between the cell array and the media drives. With this type of library device, to transfer the cartridges between the cell array and the media drives reliably, the robot must be positioned accurately according to the location of a desired cell. For that, the location of the cell array is measured with high accuracy and the robot is positioned according to the resulting location information. It takes considerable amounts of time and effort to obtain the location information, and thus the location information obtained must be stored safely. For example, a magnetic-tape library device disclosed in Patent Document 1 stores control information including location information about individual magnetic tape cartridges in two separate non-volatile memories on a control board. This makes it possible, even if one of the non-volatile memories should be crashed or information in one of the non-volatile memories should be lost for some reason, to restore the magnetic-tape library device to working order using the information stored in the other non-volatile memory. However, in the case of the magnetic-tape library device disclosed in Patent Document 1, when the existing control board is removed from the library device and a new one is mounted, such as when it becomes necessary to replace the control board for maintenance or the like, location information must be prepared anew by measuring the locations of all the cartridges. Thus, long hours of work and great cost are required to restore the library device to working order. There are library devices which employ another method according to which important information such as location information about cartridges is backed up in a secondary storage medium such as a flexible disk and when the control board is changed, the operator manually restores the system using the information backed up in the storage medium. However, this method may cause trouble due to operating errors. Besides, it requires increased maintenance time. [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-168076 (pp.1-2; FIGS. 6-8) [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-117644 (pp.1-2; FIGS. 1-3) [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 07-141124 (pp.1-3; FIGS. 1-2) |
11022218 | 2,004 | Anchored non-solder mask defined ball pad | A ball grid pad for connecting a ball grid array package to a printed circuit board includes a circular pad area adhered on a ball grid connection surface. A solder mask on the ball grid connection surface has an opening surrounding and spaced apart from the circular pad area. The ball pad includes an anchor trace on the ball grid connection surface wherein the ball pad conductor material extends radially from the edge of the circular pad area to a terminating point beyond the opening of the solder mask so that a portion of the anchor trace is covered by the solder mask. The ball grid connection surface may be an integrated circuit package substrate or a printed circuit board surface. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits, and more specifically to designs for integrated circuits having packages and substrates using ball grid array packaging. Still more specifically, the present invention relates to an improved non-solder mask defined ball pad for an integrated circuit substrate and printed circuit board that uses a ball grid array. 2. Description of the Prior Art Many electronic products, such as computers, radios, and televisions, contain electronic components and integrated circuits that are mounted to printed circuit boards. To make a functional circuit, these electronic components are electrically connected to each other by metal traces that are printed like wires on the circuit board. Such “printed wires” lead from a connection point on one component to a connection point on another component. Electrical components are frequently mounted to the circuit board by a technique called “surface mounting.” For example, FIG. 1 shows integrated circuit 20 that is surface mounted to printed circuit board 22 . A surface mounted component, such as integrated circuit 20 , is connected and fastened to the circuit board by solder joints between connection points on the electrical component package and corresponding electrical connection points that are printed on the circuit board. The electrical connection points are called pads, or lands. Thus, the component is electrically and mechanically connected by solder that has been melted to the metal pad on the circuit board and the metal pad on the component package. When an electrical component has a large number of inputs and outputs, the component package must have a large number of pads to accommodate the connections. And because there is a great emphasis placed on reducing the size of electronic products, and hence reducing the size of components inside the products, the space between the many pads is made increasingly smaller. With small pads and tight spacing, the precision of the placement and alignment of the component on the circuit board becomes critical. The pads on the component must align precisely with the pads on the board in order to make the strongest and most reliable connection. To make it easier to align the components with the printed circuit board, engineers may use a ball grid array (BGA) package. Some of the advantages of BGA packaging over other new technologies are that BGAs offer significantly more misalignment tolerance, less susceptibility to co-planarity issues, and easier printed circuit board signal routing under the BGA package. BGAs can also be supported with existing placement and assembly equipment. In FIG. 1 , integrated circuit 20 uses a ball grid array package. As shown, ball grid array 24 includes a plurality of spaced apart solder balls 26 located between a bottom surface of integrated circuit substrate 28 and the surface of printed circuit board 22 . There are generally two types of solder pad patterns used for surface mount packages: solder mask defined (SMD) pads and non-solder mask defined (NSMD) pads. As shown in FIG. 3 , SMD pads have solder mask openings that are smaller than the pad. As shown in FIG. 5 , NSMD pads have solder mask openings larger than the pad. FIG. 3 is a plan view of a prior art solder mask defined ball pad for a ball grid array. As illustrated, ball pad 50 is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Substrate 28 is typically an organic substrate, which is used for routing electrical signals and power between pads on a chip die and solder ball pads on the bottom of the integrated circuit package. Ball pad 50 is connected to via pad 80 by electrical connection trace 84 . Ball pad 50 , via pad 80 , and electrical connection trace 84 are all made and formed of conductor material 38 , which is preferably copper or some other similar conducting metal which may be formed by known photo etching techniques. Via pad 80 surrounds via 82 , which is a plated-through hole plated with conductor material 38 to transfer electrical signals to another conductor layer within or on substrate 28 . Note that ball pad 50 in FIG. 3 is a relatively large ball pad that is overlapped by solder mask 74 . Circular solder mask opening 76 defines an area that is open to conductor 38 to provide access to a metal area of ball pad 50 for a solder connection with a solder ball. Note that in FIG. 3 solder mask 74 is depicted with a right-slanted, dashed, hatched pattern, and conductor 38 is illustrated with a left-slanted hatch at pattern. In areas where solder mask 74 overlaps conductor 38 , both patterns are shown creating a cross-hated pattern. With reference to FIG. 4 , there is depicted a section view taken along line IV-IV, of the solder mask defined ball grid array pad that is shown in FIG. 3 . As depicted, ball pad 50 , which is made of conductor material 38 , is adhered to substrate 28 . Solder mask 74 is applied over substrate 28 and overlaps or covers portions of ball pad 50 . Opening 76 exposes a portion of ball pad 50 and defines the ball pad where solder is allowed to connect a solder ball to ball pad 50 . With reference now to FIG. 5 , there is depicted a plan view of a non-solder mask defined ball pad, which is known in the prior art. As illustrated, ball pad 52 is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Ball pad 52 may be connected to via pad 80 by electrical connection trace 84 , where is formed of conductor material 38 and adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Note that in the non-solder mask defined ball pad, solder mask opening 76 is larger than ball pad 52 so that solder mask opening 76 does not touch or overlap ball pad 52 . The larger opening of solder mask opening 76 leaves a gap 78 between solder mask 74 and ball pad 52 , wherein gap 78 exposes the surface of substrate 28 . Solder mask opening 76 is generally circular and concentric with the circular shape of ball pad 50 , which leaves some portions of electrical connection trace 84 exposed and other portions covered with solder mask 74 . As with FIG. 3 , FIG. 5 includes a solid hatching pattern for illustrating conductor material 38 , and a dashed hatching pattern to illustrate areas covered by solder mask 74 . Cross hatched areas show conductor material 38 covered by solder mask 74 . FIG. 6 shows the sectional view of a non-solder mask defined ball pad, which view is taken along line VI-VI in FIG. 5 . As illustrated, ball pad 52 , which is made of conductor material 38 , is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Solder mask 74 is also applied to the surface of substrate 28 , and has an opening 76 that surrounds ball pad 52 and leaves gap 78 between solder mask 74 and ball pad 52 . Solder mask defined pads are stronger than non-solder mask defined pads for two reasons. First, the solder mask overlap provides extra strength to the adhesion bond between the copper pad and the substrate laminate. Second, because the copper needs to extend beyond the edge of the solder mask the actual copper pad area is larger. This provides additional copper surface to which the laminate can adhere. This added strength may be important in cases where the pad-to-PCB attachment could fail due to board flexing or excessive temperature cycling. The drawback of the SMD pad is a material mismatch at the junction between the solder ball, the copper pad edge, and the solder mask edge. This junction of various materials is weak, which may cause the solder ball to crack under stress, particularly during temperature cycling. In contrast, the NSMD pad may provide more surface area for the ball to adhere to the pad, wherein the melted solder flows and wraps around the side of the pad. Also, the NSMD pad can also produce a more uniform hot air solder leveled surface finish. Therefore, it should be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that a need exists for an improved ball pad for surface mounting ball grid array packages where in the pad has the adherence strength advantages of the solder mask defined pad and the solder joint strength of the non-solder mask defined pad. | Title:
Anchored non-solder mask defined ball pad
Abstract:
A ball grid pad for connecting a ball grid array package to a printed circuit board includes a circular pad area adhered on a ball grid connection surface. A solder mask on the ball grid connection surface has an opening surrounding and spaced apart from the circular pad area. The ball pad includes an anchor trace on the ball grid connection surface wherein the ball pad conductor material extends radially from the edge of the circular pad area to a terminating point beyond the opening of the solder mask so that a portion of the anchor trace is covered by the solder mask. The ball grid connection surface may be an integrated circuit package substrate or a printed circuit board surface.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits, and more specifically to designs for integrated circuits having packages and substrates using ball grid array packaging. Still more specifically, the present invention relates to an improved non-solder mask defined ball pad for an integrated circuit substrate and printed circuit board that uses a ball grid array. 2. Description of the Prior Art Many electronic products, such as computers, radios, and televisions, contain electronic components and integrated circuits that are mounted to printed circuit boards. To make a functional circuit, these electronic components are electrically connected to each other by metal traces that are printed like wires on the circuit board. Such “printed wires” lead from a connection point on one component to a connection point on another component. Electrical components are frequently mounted to the circuit board by a technique called “surface mounting.” For example, FIG. 1 shows integrated circuit 20 that is surface mounted to printed circuit board 22 . A surface mounted component, such as integrated circuit 20 , is connected and fastened to the circuit board by solder joints between connection points on the electrical component package and corresponding electrical connection points that are printed on the circuit board. The electrical connection points are called pads, or lands. Thus, the component is electrically and mechanically connected by solder that has been melted to the metal pad on the circuit board and the metal pad on the component package. When an electrical component has a large number of inputs and outputs, the component package must have a large number of pads to accommodate the connections. And because there is a great emphasis placed on reducing the size of electronic products, and hence reducing the size of components inside the products, the space between the many pads is made increasingly smaller. With small pads and tight spacing, the precision of the placement and alignment of the component on the circuit board becomes critical. The pads on the component must align precisely with the pads on the board in order to make the strongest and most reliable connection. To make it easier to align the components with the printed circuit board, engineers may use a ball grid array (BGA) package. Some of the advantages of BGA packaging over other new technologies are that BGAs offer significantly more misalignment tolerance, less susceptibility to co-planarity issues, and easier printed circuit board signal routing under the BGA package. BGAs can also be supported with existing placement and assembly equipment. In FIG. 1 , integrated circuit 20 uses a ball grid array package. As shown, ball grid array 24 includes a plurality of spaced apart solder balls 26 located between a bottom surface of integrated circuit substrate 28 and the surface of printed circuit board 22 . There are generally two types of solder pad patterns used for surface mount packages: solder mask defined (SMD) pads and non-solder mask defined (NSMD) pads. As shown in FIG. 3 , SMD pads have solder mask openings that are smaller than the pad. As shown in FIG. 5 , NSMD pads have solder mask openings larger than the pad. FIG. 3 is a plan view of a prior art solder mask defined ball pad for a ball grid array. As illustrated, ball pad 50 is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Substrate 28 is typically an organic substrate, which is used for routing electrical signals and power between pads on a chip die and solder ball pads on the bottom of the integrated circuit package. Ball pad 50 is connected to via pad 80 by electrical connection trace 84 . Ball pad 50 , via pad 80 , and electrical connection trace 84 are all made and formed of conductor material 38 , which is preferably copper or some other similar conducting metal which may be formed by known photo etching techniques. Via pad 80 surrounds via 82 , which is a plated-through hole plated with conductor material 38 to transfer electrical signals to another conductor layer within or on substrate 28 . Note that ball pad 50 in FIG. 3 is a relatively large ball pad that is overlapped by solder mask 74 . Circular solder mask opening 76 defines an area that is open to conductor 38 to provide access to a metal area of ball pad 50 for a solder connection with a solder ball. Note that in FIG. 3 solder mask 74 is depicted with a right-slanted, dashed, hatched pattern, and conductor 38 is illustrated with a left-slanted hatch at pattern. In areas where solder mask 74 overlaps conductor 38 , both patterns are shown creating a cross-hated pattern. With reference to FIG. 4 , there is depicted a section view taken along line IV-IV, of the solder mask defined ball grid array pad that is shown in FIG. 3 . As depicted, ball pad 50 , which is made of conductor material 38 , is adhered to substrate 28 . Solder mask 74 is applied over substrate 28 and overlaps or covers portions of ball pad 50 . Opening 76 exposes a portion of ball pad 50 and defines the ball pad where solder is allowed to connect a solder ball to ball pad 50 . With reference now to FIG. 5 , there is depicted a plan view of a non-solder mask defined ball pad, which is known in the prior art. As illustrated, ball pad 52 is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Ball pad 52 may be connected to via pad 80 by electrical connection trace 84 , where is formed of conductor material 38 and adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Note that in the non-solder mask defined ball pad, solder mask opening 76 is larger than ball pad 52 so that solder mask opening 76 does not touch or overlap ball pad 52 . The larger opening of solder mask opening 76 leaves a gap 78 between solder mask 74 and ball pad 52 , wherein gap 78 exposes the surface of substrate 28 . Solder mask opening 76 is generally circular and concentric with the circular shape of ball pad 50 , which leaves some portions of electrical connection trace 84 exposed and other portions covered with solder mask 74 . As with FIG. 3 , FIG. 5 includes a solid hatching pattern for illustrating conductor material 38 , and a dashed hatching pattern to illustrate areas covered by solder mask 74 . Cross hatched areas show conductor material 38 covered by solder mask 74 . FIG. 6 shows the sectional view of a non-solder mask defined ball pad, which view is taken along line VI-VI in FIG. 5 . As illustrated, ball pad 52 , which is made of conductor material 38 , is adhered to the surface of substrate 28 . Solder mask 74 is also applied to the surface of substrate 28 , and has an opening 76 that surrounds ball pad 52 and leaves gap 78 between solder mask 74 and ball pad 52 . Solder mask defined pads are stronger than non-solder mask defined pads for two reasons. First, the solder mask overlap provides extra strength to the adhesion bond between the copper pad and the substrate laminate. Second, because the copper needs to extend beyond the edge of the solder mask the actual copper pad area is larger. This provides additional copper surface to which the laminate can adhere. This added strength may be important in cases where the pad-to-PCB attachment could fail due to board flexing or excessive temperature cycling. The drawback of the SMD pad is a material mismatch at the junction between the solder ball, the copper pad edge, and the solder mask edge. This junction of various materials is weak, which may cause the solder ball to crack under stress, particularly during temperature cycling. In contrast, the NSMD pad may provide more surface area for the ball to adhere to the pad, wherein the melted solder flows and wraps around the side of the pad. Also, the NSMD pad can also produce a more uniform hot air solder leveled surface finish. Therefore, it should be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that a need exists for an improved ball pad for surface mounting ball grid array packages where in the pad has the adherence strength advantages of the solder mask defined pad and the solder joint strength of the non-solder mask defined pad. |
10846894 | 2,004 | Cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from process chamber components | A method of cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from a copper surface of a process chamber component involves immersing the surface of the component in a cleaning solution. The cleaning solution has HF and an oxidizing agent. The cleaning solution can have a molar ratio of HF to the oxidizing agent of at least about 6:1, and the oxidizing agent can include at least one of HNO3, H2O2, H2SO3 and O3. The cleaning solution removes the tantalum-containing deposits from the surface substantially without eroding the surface. | BACKGROUND The present invention relates to the cleaning and recovery of metal-containing residues from the surface of processing chamber components. In the processing of substrates, such as semiconductor wafers and displays, a substrate is placed in a process chamber and exposed to an energized gas to deposit or etch material on the substrate. During such processing, process residues are generated and deposited on internal surfaces in the chamber. For example, in sputter deposition processes, material sputtered from a target for deposition on a substrate also deposits on other component surfaces in the chamber, such as on deposition rings, cover ring, shadow rings, inner shield, upper shield, wall liners, and focus rings. In subsequent process cycles, the deposited process residues can “flake off” from the chamber component surfaces to fall upon and contaminate the substrate. Consequently, the deposited process residues are periodically cleaned from the chamber surfaces. However, it is difficult to clean process deposits that contain metals such as tantalum from chamber components, especially when the components are made of metal-containing materials. When tantalum is sputter deposited onto the substrate, some of the sputtered tantalum deposits upon the adjacent chamber component surfaces. These tantalum process deposits are difficult to remove because cleaning solutions suitable for their removal are also frequently reactive with other metals, such as titanium, that are used to form chamber components. Cleaning of tantalum-containing materials from such surfaces can erode the components and require their frequent replacement. The erosion of metal surfaces can be especially problematic when cleaning textured metal surfaces, such as surfaces formed by a “Lavacoat™” process. These surfaces have crevices and pores in which tantalum-containing process residues get lodged, making it difficult to remove these residues with conventional cleaning process. When conventional cleaning methods are used to clean tantalum, an amount of the tantalum-containing material generated in these process is not recovered. It is estimated that in many tantalum deposition processes, only about one-half of the sputtered tantalum material is deposited on the substrate, the rest being deposited on component surfaces within the chamber. Conventional cleaning methods frequently dispose of the used cleaning solutions along with the dissolved tantalum material. Thus, a large amount of tantalum material is wasted after it is cleaned off the chamber surfaces, resulting in an estimated loss of about 30,000 pounds of tantalum per year. The disposal of tantalum is environmentally undesirable and costly because high purity tantalum is expensive and fresh cleaning solution has to be acquired. In one version, it is desirable to be able to use process chamber components having copper surfaces during the processing of substrates. Copper surfaces exhibit fewer thermal gradients, and can thus minimize stresses between the copper surfaces and any residues deposited on the surfaces. However, it can be difficult to implement the use of components having copper surfaces because it can be very difficult to clean process residues from such surfaces. This is in part because the copper surfaces are typically very easily etched and eroded by the same cleaning solutions that are capable of etching and removing tantalum-containing deposits from the component surfaces. Also, copper surfaces can be undesirably eroded even by cleaning solutions that do not otherwise excessively erode other metal surfaces, such as aluminum or stainless steel surfaces. Thus, it is desirable to have a method of cleaning metal-containing residues and deposits such as tantalum-containing deposits from surfaces of components without excessively eroding the surfaces. It is further desirable to have a method of cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from surfaces of components comprising copper. It is also desirable to reduce the waste of the tantalum materials cleaned off the chamber surfaces. It is further desirable to have a method of recovering cleaning solutions which are used to clean the tantalum-containing residues. | Title:
Cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from process chamber components
Abstract:
A method of cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from a copper surface of a process chamber component involves immersing the surface of the component in a cleaning solution. The cleaning solution has HF and an oxidizing agent. The cleaning solution can have a molar ratio of HF to the oxidizing agent of at least about 6:1, and the oxidizing agent can include at least one of HNO3, H2O2, H2SO3 and O3. The cleaning solution removes the tantalum-containing deposits from the surface substantially without eroding the surface.
Background:
BACKGROUND The present invention relates to the cleaning and recovery of metal-containing residues from the surface of processing chamber components. In the processing of substrates, such as semiconductor wafers and displays, a substrate is placed in a process chamber and exposed to an energized gas to deposit or etch material on the substrate. During such processing, process residues are generated and deposited on internal surfaces in the chamber. For example, in sputter deposition processes, material sputtered from a target for deposition on a substrate also deposits on other component surfaces in the chamber, such as on deposition rings, cover ring, shadow rings, inner shield, upper shield, wall liners, and focus rings. In subsequent process cycles, the deposited process residues can “flake off” from the chamber component surfaces to fall upon and contaminate the substrate. Consequently, the deposited process residues are periodically cleaned from the chamber surfaces. However, it is difficult to clean process deposits that contain metals such as tantalum from chamber components, especially when the components are made of metal-containing materials. When tantalum is sputter deposited onto the substrate, some of the sputtered tantalum deposits upon the adjacent chamber component surfaces. These tantalum process deposits are difficult to remove because cleaning solutions suitable for their removal are also frequently reactive with other metals, such as titanium, that are used to form chamber components. Cleaning of tantalum-containing materials from such surfaces can erode the components and require their frequent replacement. The erosion of metal surfaces can be especially problematic when cleaning textured metal surfaces, such as surfaces formed by a “Lavacoat™” process. These surfaces have crevices and pores in which tantalum-containing process residues get lodged, making it difficult to remove these residues with conventional cleaning process. When conventional cleaning methods are used to clean tantalum, an amount of the tantalum-containing material generated in these process is not recovered. It is estimated that in many tantalum deposition processes, only about one-half of the sputtered tantalum material is deposited on the substrate, the rest being deposited on component surfaces within the chamber. Conventional cleaning methods frequently dispose of the used cleaning solutions along with the dissolved tantalum material. Thus, a large amount of tantalum material is wasted after it is cleaned off the chamber surfaces, resulting in an estimated loss of about 30,000 pounds of tantalum per year. The disposal of tantalum is environmentally undesirable and costly because high purity tantalum is expensive and fresh cleaning solution has to be acquired. In one version, it is desirable to be able to use process chamber components having copper surfaces during the processing of substrates. Copper surfaces exhibit fewer thermal gradients, and can thus minimize stresses between the copper surfaces and any residues deposited on the surfaces. However, it can be difficult to implement the use of components having copper surfaces because it can be very difficult to clean process residues from such surfaces. This is in part because the copper surfaces are typically very easily etched and eroded by the same cleaning solutions that are capable of etching and removing tantalum-containing deposits from the component surfaces. Also, copper surfaces can be undesirably eroded even by cleaning solutions that do not otherwise excessively erode other metal surfaces, such as aluminum or stainless steel surfaces. Thus, it is desirable to have a method of cleaning metal-containing residues and deposits such as tantalum-containing deposits from surfaces of components without excessively eroding the surfaces. It is further desirable to have a method of cleaning tantalum-containing deposits from surfaces of components comprising copper. It is also desirable to reduce the waste of the tantalum materials cleaned off the chamber surfaces. It is further desirable to have a method of recovering cleaning solutions which are used to clean the tantalum-containing residues. |
10957231 | 2,004 | Dielectric material having carborane derivatives | Numerous embodiments of an apparatus and method of a dielectric material having a low dielectric constant and good mechanical strength are described. In one embodiment a dielectric material having multiple porous regions is disposed over a substrate. A caged structure is bridged within the plurality of pores. In one particular embodiment, the caged structure may be carborane or a carborane derivative. | BACKGROUND In the fabrication of semiconductor devices, substrates are provided and processed to form semiconductor devices. For example, in the fabrication of microchips, the initial wafer serves as a substrate to support features such as transistors and conductive metal lines. Processing generally involves depositing and modifying layers of material on the initial wafer for various purposes. For example, an interlayer dielectric (ILD) may be deposited and patterned to form and electrically isolate conductive metal lines, or traces. Reducing capacitance between the conductive lines is an important goal in the formation of ILD's. Capacitance in the wiring may be reduced by using an electrically insulating material with a lower dielectric constant (k). As semiconductor devices and device features decrease in size, the distance between such conductive lines correspondingly decreases. However, as the distance between lines decreases, the capacitance increases. Unfortunately, as capacitance increases so does signal transmission time, while high frequency capability may be reduced. Other problems such as increased cross-talk can also occur as the capacitance between lines increases. The dielectric constant is different for different materials. For example, where the dielectric is of a vacuum or air, the dielectric constant (k) is about equal to 1, having no effect on capacitance. However, most ILD materials have a dielectric constant significantly greater than 1. For example, silicon dioxide, a common ILD material, has a dielectric constant generally exceeding 4. Due to the decreasing size of semiconductor features, which decreases the distance between lines, efforts have recently been made to reduce the dielectric constant of the ILD as a means by which to reduce capacitance. Low dielectric constant materials (i.e., “low k” materials), such as carbon doped oxides (CDO's) have been used to form the ILD, thereby reducing capacitance. Unfortunately, such materials are typically weak in mechanical strength, particularly as the dielectric constant value gets lower. One reason low k materials have poor mechanical strength is that they are typically porous structures, reflecting a low Young's Modulus. Therefore these materials often deteriorate when exposed to subsequent semiconductor processing. As such, materials with higher dielectric constant (k) values are currently used, or alternative manufacturing processes are used to reduce the mechanical stress on the lower k ILD materials. | Title:
Dielectric material having carborane derivatives
Abstract:
Numerous embodiments of an apparatus and method of a dielectric material having a low dielectric constant and good mechanical strength are described. In one embodiment a dielectric material having multiple porous regions is disposed over a substrate. A caged structure is bridged within the plurality of pores. In one particular embodiment, the caged structure may be carborane or a carborane derivative.
Background:
BACKGROUND In the fabrication of semiconductor devices, substrates are provided and processed to form semiconductor devices. For example, in the fabrication of microchips, the initial wafer serves as a substrate to support features such as transistors and conductive metal lines. Processing generally involves depositing and modifying layers of material on the initial wafer for various purposes. For example, an interlayer dielectric (ILD) may be deposited and patterned to form and electrically isolate conductive metal lines, or traces. Reducing capacitance between the conductive lines is an important goal in the formation of ILD's. Capacitance in the wiring may be reduced by using an electrically insulating material with a lower dielectric constant (k). As semiconductor devices and device features decrease in size, the distance between such conductive lines correspondingly decreases. However, as the distance between lines decreases, the capacitance increases. Unfortunately, as capacitance increases so does signal transmission time, while high frequency capability may be reduced. Other problems such as increased cross-talk can also occur as the capacitance between lines increases. The dielectric constant is different for different materials. For example, where the dielectric is of a vacuum or air, the dielectric constant (k) is about equal to 1, having no effect on capacitance. However, most ILD materials have a dielectric constant significantly greater than 1. For example, silicon dioxide, a common ILD material, has a dielectric constant generally exceeding 4. Due to the decreasing size of semiconductor features, which decreases the distance between lines, efforts have recently been made to reduce the dielectric constant of the ILD as a means by which to reduce capacitance. Low dielectric constant materials (i.e., “low k” materials), such as carbon doped oxides (CDO's) have been used to form the ILD, thereby reducing capacitance. Unfortunately, such materials are typically weak in mechanical strength, particularly as the dielectric constant value gets lower. One reason low k materials have poor mechanical strength is that they are typically porous structures, reflecting a low Young's Modulus. Therefore these materials often deteriorate when exposed to subsequent semiconductor processing. As such, materials with higher dielectric constant (k) values are currently used, or alternative manufacturing processes are used to reduce the mechanical stress on the lower k ILD materials. |
10493112 | 2,004 | Method for the transmission of data packets in a mobile radio system and corresponding mobile radio system | A method transmits data packets in a mobile radio system and corresponding mobile radio system. The method permits an immediate transmission of data packets to the receiver station along a new transmission path, after a handover of a connection along a transmission path, between a transmission station and a receiver station, to a new transmitting station. The new transmission station thus receives no information regarding the transmission status of data packets, which were transmitted before the handover of the connection. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for the transmission of data packets in a mobile radio system, and a corresponding mobile radio system. In mobile radio systems such as GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) data and data packets are transmitted from the fixed network by transmission stations to receiver stations by way of an air interface. FIG. 1 shows a known UMTS in schematic and simplified form. The fixed network CN is connected by data lines Iu to the UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). The UTRAN comprises a plurality of subsystems RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) which each have a data line Iu to the fixed network CN. Always connected to each data line Iu is a controller RNC (Radio Network Controller) which is in turn connected by connections Iub to a plurality of base stations B. A plurality of cells of the mobile radio system can be assigned to each base station B (e.g. by way of sector antennas). The interface between UTRAN and the user equipment UE which is referred to in GSM as a mobile station is implemented by way of the interface Uu by a radio link. The controllers RNC of different subsystems RNS are as a rule connected by a further interface Iur. This further interface Iur is required for a so-called handover (switch of cell), amongst other things. During a soft handover, the user equipment UE is simultaneously connected to at least two base stations B which are each capable of being assigned to different controllers RNC. Since only one connection Iu is required in order to exchange data between user equipment UE and fixed network CN, the data flow is controlled by only one controller RNC, called SRNC (Serving RNC). If the two base stations B are to be assigned to different controllers RNC, only one of the controllers RNC is the SRNC, while the second controller is referred to as the DRNC (Drift RNC). The controller known as DRNC handles its data transmission to and from the fixed network CN by way of the further interface Iur and thus by way of the controller SRNC. In each controller RNC, a connection check RLC (Radio Link Control) is performed with the aid of a storage facility RS in which, apart from the data packets, information is stored concerning which data has been sent, is to be sent again, or is yet to be sent. In the case of a soft handover, this data transmission status information is however stored only in the controller SRNC. The user equipment UE also has a similar storage facility US for status information and data packets, which stores information about which data it has successfully decoded and for which data it is requesting a re-transmission. In the event of successful decoding of the data, the user equipment UE sends a confirmation ACK (acknowledge) to the radio link control RLC facility for the relevant controller RNC. If the decoding is not successful, a NACK (non acknowledge) is sent instead. Whereas during the soft handover a connection exists simultaneously between the user equipment UE and at least two base stations B, during the hard handover the connection is only transferred from one base station B to another base station B if the connection to the first base station B has been previously terminated. Just as in the case of the soft handover, this connection handover can take place both between base stations B of one and the same controller RNC and also between base stations B of different controllers RNC. Following a hard handover, however, a synchronization of the stored data transmission status information must take place between the user equipment UE and the relevant controller RNC and, where necessary, the storage contents of the old controller RNC must be transmitted to the new controller RNC. This synchronization of the data transmission status information takes time and delays the resumption of data transmission following a hard handover. High data transfer rates cannot therefore be achieved in this manner. The same holds true in respect of the data transfer rate in the case of a fast selection of the radio cell with which the user equipment UE wishes to operate a connection. The user equipment UE has a set of radio cells for possible selection by way of which it can route the connection to the fixed network CN. The user equipment UE then determines the radio cell having the best properties and signals in the uplink direction the cell from which it wishes to be supplied. This principle is referred to as Fast Cell Selection (FCS). If the chosen cell changes during a connection, then the same problem occurs with FCS as in the case of a hard handover. The synchronization of the stored data transmission status information must also take place for FCS as described in the previous paragraph. High data transfer rates are not therefore possible in this manner even in the case of FCS. Future mobile communication systems will however require, and need to support, high data transfer rates. One example of this is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) which is currently under discussion by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for UTRA FDD and TDD (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Frequency Division Duplex and Time Division Duplex). In order to achieve high data transfer rates, control of the data transmission is shifted from the controller RNC into the base stations B, in other words in the base stations B additional storage facilities BS are set up which store the data packets and the data transmission status information. Time savings are achieved in this way since the transmission path between the controller RNC and the base stations B is dispensed with during control of the data transmission. Even when this new storage facility BS is included in the base stations B the hard handover takes place as described previously. Proposals on this topic may be found for example in a paper presented by Motorola on the occasion of the TSG-RAN Working Group 2 meeting #18/00 in Edinburgh, 15 to 19 Jan. 2000, under the title “Fast Cell Selection and Handovers in HSDPA” (R2-A010017). As explained above, the data transmission is resumed when the new base station B has been informed of the status of the data transmission, in other words when the storage contents of the old base station B have been sent to the new base station B. This synchronization of the data transmission status information between old and new base station B takes place in this situation either by way of the connections Iub on the controller RNC and if applicable also by way of the further interface Iur and/or by the user equipment UE by way of the radio interface. The limits for HSDPA are thus given as a result of the finite time which is required for transmission of the storage contents of the old base station B (data packets and transmission status of the data packets) to the storage facility BS of the new base station B. A handover from an old base station to a new base station for a cellular computer device is described in EP0695053A. The protocol status for the data transmission is notified to the new base station either by appropriate information from the cellular computer device, information from the old base station or a combination of information from both sources during the handover. A method for operating a mobile radio network is described in DE 100 17 062 A1, whereby in the case of a switch of connection for a mobile station from a first base station to a second base station transmission-specific information is transmitted from a first higher-level network unit to a second higher-level network unit in order to resume a transmission of data units to the mobile station after the switch in connection from the current status. | Title:
Method for the transmission of data packets in a mobile radio system and corresponding mobile radio system
Abstract:
A method transmits data packets in a mobile radio system and corresponding mobile radio system. The method permits an immediate transmission of data packets to the receiver station along a new transmission path, after a handover of a connection along a transmission path, between a transmission station and a receiver station, to a new transmitting station. The new transmission station thus receives no information regarding the transmission status of data packets, which were transmitted before the handover of the connection.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for the transmission of data packets in a mobile radio system, and a corresponding mobile radio system. In mobile radio systems such as GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) data and data packets are transmitted from the fixed network by transmission stations to receiver stations by way of an air interface. FIG. 1 shows a known UMTS in schematic and simplified form. The fixed network CN is connected by data lines Iu to the UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). The UTRAN comprises a plurality of subsystems RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) which each have a data line Iu to the fixed network CN. Always connected to each data line Iu is a controller RNC (Radio Network Controller) which is in turn connected by connections Iub to a plurality of base stations B. A plurality of cells of the mobile radio system can be assigned to each base station B (e.g. by way of sector antennas). The interface between UTRAN and the user equipment UE which is referred to in GSM as a mobile station is implemented by way of the interface Uu by a radio link. The controllers RNC of different subsystems RNS are as a rule connected by a further interface Iur. This further interface Iur is required for a so-called handover (switch of cell), amongst other things. During a soft handover, the user equipment UE is simultaneously connected to at least two base stations B which are each capable of being assigned to different controllers RNC. Since only one connection Iu is required in order to exchange data between user equipment UE and fixed network CN, the data flow is controlled by only one controller RNC, called SRNC (Serving RNC). If the two base stations B are to be assigned to different controllers RNC, only one of the controllers RNC is the SRNC, while the second controller is referred to as the DRNC (Drift RNC). The controller known as DRNC handles its data transmission to and from the fixed network CN by way of the further interface Iur and thus by way of the controller SRNC. In each controller RNC, a connection check RLC (Radio Link Control) is performed with the aid of a storage facility RS in which, apart from the data packets, information is stored concerning which data has been sent, is to be sent again, or is yet to be sent. In the case of a soft handover, this data transmission status information is however stored only in the controller SRNC. The user equipment UE also has a similar storage facility US for status information and data packets, which stores information about which data it has successfully decoded and for which data it is requesting a re-transmission. In the event of successful decoding of the data, the user equipment UE sends a confirmation ACK (acknowledge) to the radio link control RLC facility for the relevant controller RNC. If the decoding is not successful, a NACK (non acknowledge) is sent instead. Whereas during the soft handover a connection exists simultaneously between the user equipment UE and at least two base stations B, during the hard handover the connection is only transferred from one base station B to another base station B if the connection to the first base station B has been previously terminated. Just as in the case of the soft handover, this connection handover can take place both between base stations B of one and the same controller RNC and also between base stations B of different controllers RNC. Following a hard handover, however, a synchronization of the stored data transmission status information must take place between the user equipment UE and the relevant controller RNC and, where necessary, the storage contents of the old controller RNC must be transmitted to the new controller RNC. This synchronization of the data transmission status information takes time and delays the resumption of data transmission following a hard handover. High data transfer rates cannot therefore be achieved in this manner. The same holds true in respect of the data transfer rate in the case of a fast selection of the radio cell with which the user equipment UE wishes to operate a connection. The user equipment UE has a set of radio cells for possible selection by way of which it can route the connection to the fixed network CN. The user equipment UE then determines the radio cell having the best properties and signals in the uplink direction the cell from which it wishes to be supplied. This principle is referred to as Fast Cell Selection (FCS). If the chosen cell changes during a connection, then the same problem occurs with FCS as in the case of a hard handover. The synchronization of the stored data transmission status information must also take place for FCS as described in the previous paragraph. High data transfer rates are not therefore possible in this manner even in the case of FCS. Future mobile communication systems will however require, and need to support, high data transfer rates. One example of this is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) which is currently under discussion by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for UTRA FDD and TDD (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Frequency Division Duplex and Time Division Duplex). In order to achieve high data transfer rates, control of the data transmission is shifted from the controller RNC into the base stations B, in other words in the base stations B additional storage facilities BS are set up which store the data packets and the data transmission status information. Time savings are achieved in this way since the transmission path between the controller RNC and the base stations B is dispensed with during control of the data transmission. Even when this new storage facility BS is included in the base stations B the hard handover takes place as described previously. Proposals on this topic may be found for example in a paper presented by Motorola on the occasion of the TSG-RAN Working Group 2 meeting #18/00 in Edinburgh, 15 to 19 Jan. 2000, under the title “Fast Cell Selection and Handovers in HSDPA” (R2-A010017). As explained above, the data transmission is resumed when the new base station B has been informed of the status of the data transmission, in other words when the storage contents of the old base station B have been sent to the new base station B. This synchronization of the data transmission status information between old and new base station B takes place in this situation either by way of the connections Iub on the controller RNC and if applicable also by way of the further interface Iur and/or by the user equipment UE by way of the radio interface. The limits for HSDPA are thus given as a result of the finite time which is required for transmission of the storage contents of the old base station B (data packets and transmission status of the data packets) to the storage facility BS of the new base station B. A handover from an old base station to a new base station for a cellular computer device is described in EP0695053A. The protocol status for the data transmission is notified to the new base station either by appropriate information from the cellular computer device, information from the old base station or a combination of information from both sources during the handover. A method for operating a mobile radio network is described in DE 100 17 062 A1, whereby in the case of a switch of connection for a mobile station from a first base station to a second base station transmission-specific information is transmitted from a first higher-level network unit to a second higher-level network unit in order to resume a transmission of data units to the mobile station after the switch in connection from the current status. |
10842668 | 2,004 | Calibration solution system for use in an automatic clinical analyzer | A biochemical analyzer adapted to automatically perform calibration and quality control protocols using shuttles adapted to remove calibration and quality control solution vials from a loading tray and to inventory said solution vials on board the biochemical analyzer in a calibration and quality control solution server. In addition, the analyzer is adapted to automatically penetrate the closure covering the opening of the calibration and quality control solution vials, aspirate an amount of solution therefrom and dispense said solution into a test cuvette, thereby eliminating the previous need for operator intervention. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION An increasing number of analytical assays related to patient diagnosis and therapy can be performed by automated biochemical analyzers using a sample of a patient's infections, bodily fluids or abscesses. Generally, such biochemical analyzers employ a combination of analyte specific chemical reagents and reaction monitoring means to assay or determine the presence or concentration of a specific substance or analyte within a liquid sample suspected of containing that particular analyte. Patient samples are typically placed in tube-like vials, extracted from the vials, combined with various reagents in special reaction cuvettes, incubated, and analyzed to aid in treatment of the patient. In typical clinical biochemical analyzers, one or more assay reagents are added at separate times to a liquid sample, the sample-reagent solution is mixed and incubated within a reaction cuvette. Analytical measurements using a beam of interrogating radiation interacting with the sample-reagent solution, for example turbidimetric or fluorometric or absorption readings or the like, are made to ascertain end-point or rate values from which the amount of analyte may be determined. Automated biochemical analyzers are well known and almost universally employ some sort of a calibration curve that relates analyte concentration within a carefully prepared solution having a known analyte concentration against the signal generated by the reaction monitoring means in response to the presence of the analyte. Such solutions are called “calibrators” or “calibration solutions” or “standard solutions” and are contained in tube-like vials closed with a stopper of some sort. It is regular practice within the biochemical analytical industry to establish a full calibration curve for a chemical analyzer by using multiple calibration solutions which have been carefully prepared with known, predetermined varying concentrations of analyte. These calibration solutions are assayed one or more times and the resulting reaction signals are plotted versus their respective known analyte concentrations. A continuous calibration curve is then produced using any of several mathematical techniques chosen to produce an accurate replication of the relationship between a reaction signal and the analyte concentration. The shape of the calibration curve is affected by a complex interaction between reagents, analyte and the analyzer's electromechanical design. Thus, even if the theoretical analyte-reagent reaction is known, it is generally necessary to employ mathematical techniques to obtain an acceptable calibration curve. The range of analyte concentrations used in establishing a full calibration curve is typically chosen to extend below and beyond the range of analyte concentrations expected to be found within biological samples like blood, serum, plasma, urine and the like. Herein, the term “calibration solution” also encompasses so-called “quality control” solutions typically having a zero-level and a high-level of analyte used to confirm proper analyzer operation but not to calibrate same. Due to increasing pressures on clinical laboratories to reduce cost-per-reportable result, there continues to be a need for improvements in the overall cost performance of automated biochemical analyzers. In particular, the necessity for operator involvement in conducting routine analyzer calibration protocols needs to be minimized in order to reduce overall operating expenses. A positive contributor to minimizing operator involvement is the ability to automatically provide a continuous supply of calibration solutions as required to perform a wide range of analyzer calibration protocols. Problematically, current procedures employed in the industry for calibrating an analyzer require an operator to retrieve vial containing the requisite calibration solutions from a refrigerated area, open the closed vial or the like, typically by unscrewing a cap or removing a stopper, aspirating a portion of the calibration solution, possibly preparing diluted solutions to provide a range of analyte concentrations, and dispensing some or all of several calibration solutions into a test cuvette. In certain instances, calibration solutions have an undesirably short useful life time during which the solution remains stable and thus are supplied in a more stable powdered form rather than in a less stable liquid form. Prior to being used, a vial containing a powdered or lyophilized calibration solution is opened by an operator, rehydrated using a precise amount of distilled or de-ionized water, the vial is re-closed, shaken to dissolve all lyophilized calibrator before aspirating a portion of the calibration solution. The contents of the test cuvette are then assayed by the analyzer and the results used to either confirm that the analyzer is in proper calibration condition or the results may be used to adjust the analyzer's calibration curves to achieve a proper calibration condition. | Title:
Calibration solution system for use in an automatic clinical analyzer
Abstract:
A biochemical analyzer adapted to automatically perform calibration and quality control protocols using shuttles adapted to remove calibration and quality control solution vials from a loading tray and to inventory said solution vials on board the biochemical analyzer in a calibration and quality control solution server. In addition, the analyzer is adapted to automatically penetrate the closure covering the opening of the calibration and quality control solution vials, aspirate an amount of solution therefrom and dispense said solution into a test cuvette, thereby eliminating the previous need for operator intervention.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION An increasing number of analytical assays related to patient diagnosis and therapy can be performed by automated biochemical analyzers using a sample of a patient's infections, bodily fluids or abscesses. Generally, such biochemical analyzers employ a combination of analyte specific chemical reagents and reaction monitoring means to assay or determine the presence or concentration of a specific substance or analyte within a liquid sample suspected of containing that particular analyte. Patient samples are typically placed in tube-like vials, extracted from the vials, combined with various reagents in special reaction cuvettes, incubated, and analyzed to aid in treatment of the patient. In typical clinical biochemical analyzers, one or more assay reagents are added at separate times to a liquid sample, the sample-reagent solution is mixed and incubated within a reaction cuvette. Analytical measurements using a beam of interrogating radiation interacting with the sample-reagent solution, for example turbidimetric or fluorometric or absorption readings or the like, are made to ascertain end-point or rate values from which the amount of analyte may be determined. Automated biochemical analyzers are well known and almost universally employ some sort of a calibration curve that relates analyte concentration within a carefully prepared solution having a known analyte concentration against the signal generated by the reaction monitoring means in response to the presence of the analyte. Such solutions are called “calibrators” or “calibration solutions” or “standard solutions” and are contained in tube-like vials closed with a stopper of some sort. It is regular practice within the biochemical analytical industry to establish a full calibration curve for a chemical analyzer by using multiple calibration solutions which have been carefully prepared with known, predetermined varying concentrations of analyte. These calibration solutions are assayed one or more times and the resulting reaction signals are plotted versus their respective known analyte concentrations. A continuous calibration curve is then produced using any of several mathematical techniques chosen to produce an accurate replication of the relationship between a reaction signal and the analyte concentration. The shape of the calibration curve is affected by a complex interaction between reagents, analyte and the analyzer's electromechanical design. Thus, even if the theoretical analyte-reagent reaction is known, it is generally necessary to employ mathematical techniques to obtain an acceptable calibration curve. The range of analyte concentrations used in establishing a full calibration curve is typically chosen to extend below and beyond the range of analyte concentrations expected to be found within biological samples like blood, serum, plasma, urine and the like. Herein, the term “calibration solution” also encompasses so-called “quality control” solutions typically having a zero-level and a high-level of analyte used to confirm proper analyzer operation but not to calibrate same. Due to increasing pressures on clinical laboratories to reduce cost-per-reportable result, there continues to be a need for improvements in the overall cost performance of automated biochemical analyzers. In particular, the necessity for operator involvement in conducting routine analyzer calibration protocols needs to be minimized in order to reduce overall operating expenses. A positive contributor to minimizing operator involvement is the ability to automatically provide a continuous supply of calibration solutions as required to perform a wide range of analyzer calibration protocols. Problematically, current procedures employed in the industry for calibrating an analyzer require an operator to retrieve vial containing the requisite calibration solutions from a refrigerated area, open the closed vial or the like, typically by unscrewing a cap or removing a stopper, aspirating a portion of the calibration solution, possibly preparing diluted solutions to provide a range of analyte concentrations, and dispensing some or all of several calibration solutions into a test cuvette. In certain instances, calibration solutions have an undesirably short useful life time during which the solution remains stable and thus are supplied in a more stable powdered form rather than in a less stable liquid form. Prior to being used, a vial containing a powdered or lyophilized calibration solution is opened by an operator, rehydrated using a precise amount of distilled or de-ionized water, the vial is re-closed, shaken to dissolve all lyophilized calibrator before aspirating a portion of the calibration solution. The contents of the test cuvette are then assayed by the analyzer and the results used to either confirm that the analyzer is in proper calibration condition or the results may be used to adjust the analyzer's calibration curves to achieve a proper calibration condition. |
10710406 | 2,004 | [TRANSFORMER MODULE] | A transformer module having an external transmission element capable ofreducing interferences between adjacent transformers, comprising at least a bobbin, enclosing a hollow central region and comprising a receiving hole, wherein two sides of said bobbin comprises an inlaying portion and a buckling portion, and wherein a plurality of terminals extend from said buckling portion; a core element, positioned inside said receiving hole of said bobbin, wherein two ends of said core element protrude out of said inlaying portions of said bobbin; and a transmission element, comprising a holding portion at two sides thereof, wherein said transmission element is secured at said inlaying portion of said bobbin by inlaying said holding portion of the transmission element into said inlaying portion of said bobbin and thereby electrically connecting said transmission element with said core element to conduct and stabilize a magnetic field. | BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a transformer module, and more particularly, to a transformer module comprising at least a base comprising an external transmission element for reducing electromagnetic interference and as well as stabilize the magnetic field. 2. Description of Related Art Transformer is an essential component of electronic appliances. The main purpose of the transformer is to transform the driving voltage for the electronic circuit. The mode and type of the transformer may vary according to various requirements, for example, a high voltage transformer is applied for raising the operation voltage of a TV monitor and a power supply transformer is applied for decreasing the voltage output from the power plant, and so on. Transformers are designed in various specifications and types accordingly the types of appliances. The conventional transformer has copper coil wound around a central hollow portion of a bobbin, and the coil is covered by an isolation layer having other layer of copper coil surrounding it thus forming the main coil of the transformer. Two core elements are positioned symmetrically at the hollow portion of the center of the bobbin, and the bobbin has the transmission terminals positioned at the two sides thereof, wherein the input terminal is set at a distal end thereof, and the output terminal is set at the primal end thereof. The rounds of the coil on the bobbin relates to the transformation of voltage, therefore the performance of transforming of the conventional transformer is fixed and do not allow further expansion of transforming capacity. Accordingly, the interference and unstable voltage can easily occur. Referring to FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 , the first bobbin A is a hollow tubular structure having bottom plates A 1 and A 2 extended at the two ends respectively, and the bottom plates A 1 and A 2 have a plurality of terminals A 3 and A 4 at end portion thereof. The second bobbin B is a hollow tubular structure having bottom plates B 1 and B 2 extended at the two ends respectively, and the bottom plates B 1 and B 2 have a plurality of terminals B 3 and B 4 at end portions thereof. The second bobbin B is positioned against the first bobbin A. At least a copper wire C is wounded around the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B, and the distal end of the copper wire C joints to the plurality of terminals A 3 , A 4 of the first bobbin A and B 3 , B 4 of the second bobbin B to form the electrical signal terminals of the first side D 2 and the second side D 1 of the transformer D. Two core elements E are positioned symmetrically and are assembled in a U shape. One of the core elements E has two parallel bars E 1 , E 2 joint to a side piece E 5 at the primal ends thereof. The other metallic core E also has two parallel bars E 3 , E 4 joint with a side piece E 6 at the primal ends thereof. The two core elements E have bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 that can be penetrated into the central hollow portion of the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B, and the bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 and the side piece E 5 and E 6 formed the loops that interference with each other. The above conventional transformer module has at least the following defects. 1. The side piece E 5 joints with the two bars E 1 and E 2 and the side piece E 6 joints with the two bars E 3 and E 4 of the two core elements E, thus the magnetic fields of the E 5 and E 6 cross over each other in the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B and thereby interfere with each other. 2. The first bobbin A and the second bobbin B joint together to form the transformer D, and when the voltages are input from the first side D 2 and output through the second side D 1 , the current value output from terminal A 3 of the first bobbin A and the terminal B 3 of the second bobbin B will not be consistent and are imbalanced. 3. The first bobbin A and the second bobbin B comprise two core elements E that can be inserted symmetrically for transferring voltage, and the connection between the bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 of the core elements E can cause electromagnetic interference. The above defects of the conventional transformer are important issues for the manufacturers of the field to improve. | Title:
[TRANSFORMER MODULE]
Abstract:
A transformer module having an external transmission element capable ofreducing interferences between adjacent transformers, comprising at least a bobbin, enclosing a hollow central region and comprising a receiving hole, wherein two sides of said bobbin comprises an inlaying portion and a buckling portion, and wherein a plurality of terminals extend from said buckling portion; a core element, positioned inside said receiving hole of said bobbin, wherein two ends of said core element protrude out of said inlaying portions of said bobbin; and a transmission element, comprising a holding portion at two sides thereof, wherein said transmission element is secured at said inlaying portion of said bobbin by inlaying said holding portion of the transmission element into said inlaying portion of said bobbin and thereby electrically connecting said transmission element with said core element to conduct and stabilize a magnetic field.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a transformer module, and more particularly, to a transformer module comprising at least a base comprising an external transmission element for reducing electromagnetic interference and as well as stabilize the magnetic field. 2. Description of Related Art Transformer is an essential component of electronic appliances. The main purpose of the transformer is to transform the driving voltage for the electronic circuit. The mode and type of the transformer may vary according to various requirements, for example, a high voltage transformer is applied for raising the operation voltage of a TV monitor and a power supply transformer is applied for decreasing the voltage output from the power plant, and so on. Transformers are designed in various specifications and types accordingly the types of appliances. The conventional transformer has copper coil wound around a central hollow portion of a bobbin, and the coil is covered by an isolation layer having other layer of copper coil surrounding it thus forming the main coil of the transformer. Two core elements are positioned symmetrically at the hollow portion of the center of the bobbin, and the bobbin has the transmission terminals positioned at the two sides thereof, wherein the input terminal is set at a distal end thereof, and the output terminal is set at the primal end thereof. The rounds of the coil on the bobbin relates to the transformation of voltage, therefore the performance of transforming of the conventional transformer is fixed and do not allow further expansion of transforming capacity. Accordingly, the interference and unstable voltage can easily occur. Referring to FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 , the first bobbin A is a hollow tubular structure having bottom plates A 1 and A 2 extended at the two ends respectively, and the bottom plates A 1 and A 2 have a plurality of terminals A 3 and A 4 at end portion thereof. The second bobbin B is a hollow tubular structure having bottom plates B 1 and B 2 extended at the two ends respectively, and the bottom plates B 1 and B 2 have a plurality of terminals B 3 and B 4 at end portions thereof. The second bobbin B is positioned against the first bobbin A. At least a copper wire C is wounded around the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B, and the distal end of the copper wire C joints to the plurality of terminals A 3 , A 4 of the first bobbin A and B 3 , B 4 of the second bobbin B to form the electrical signal terminals of the first side D 2 and the second side D 1 of the transformer D. Two core elements E are positioned symmetrically and are assembled in a U shape. One of the core elements E has two parallel bars E 1 , E 2 joint to a side piece E 5 at the primal ends thereof. The other metallic core E also has two parallel bars E 3 , E 4 joint with a side piece E 6 at the primal ends thereof. The two core elements E have bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 that can be penetrated into the central hollow portion of the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B, and the bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 and the side piece E 5 and E 6 formed the loops that interference with each other. The above conventional transformer module has at least the following defects. 1. The side piece E 5 joints with the two bars E 1 and E 2 and the side piece E 6 joints with the two bars E 3 and E 4 of the two core elements E, thus the magnetic fields of the E 5 and E 6 cross over each other in the first bobbin A and the second bobbin B and thereby interfere with each other. 2. The first bobbin A and the second bobbin B joint together to form the transformer D, and when the voltages are input from the first side D 2 and output through the second side D 1 , the current value output from terminal A 3 of the first bobbin A and the terminal B 3 of the second bobbin B will not be consistent and are imbalanced. 3. The first bobbin A and the second bobbin B comprise two core elements E that can be inserted symmetrically for transferring voltage, and the connection between the bars E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and E 4 of the core elements E can cause electromagnetic interference. The above defects of the conventional transformer are important issues for the manufacturers of the field to improve. |
10480735 | 2,004 | Agents for Treating Diseases Caused by Nonsense Mutations | The present invention comprises compositions for treating diseases caused by nonsense mutations, including dipeptide antibiotics of Formula (I) shown below, such as negamycin. Unlike aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin, dipeptide antibiotics can induce the expression of mature proteins by readthrough nonsense mutations without generating serious side effects. | BACKGROUND ART Many genetic diseases are caused by premature stop mutations in human genes, which result in premature termination of translation and the generation of truncated, inactive, and unstable products (Atkinson, J., and Martin, R. (1994) Mutations to nonsense codons in human genetic disease: implications for gene therapy by nonsense suppressor tRNAs. Nucleic Acid. Res. 22, 1327-1334). An example is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by a lack of dystrophin protein in sarcolemma (plasma membranes of striated muscle fibres), which affects one in 3,500 males. The mdx mouse is an animal model for DMD used for identifying diseases caused by stop mutations, and for developing methods for treating such diseases. The mdx mouse has a nonsense mutation ( C AA to T AA) at the 3,185 th nucleotide of the dystrophin gene. This nonsense mutation produces a stop codon at exon 23 (Bulfiled, G., Siller, W. G., Weight, P. A., Moore, K. J. (1989) X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1189-1192; Sicinski, P., Geng, Y., Ryder-Cook, A. S., Barnard, E. A., Darlison, M. G., Barnard, P. J. (1989) The molecular basis of muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse. Science 244, 1578-1582). The stop codon causes premature termination of protein synthesis and thus inhibits the expression of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. This results in a deficiency of these proteins in the muscle cell membrane. Explicit translocations (mainly, deletions or duplications) of the dystrophin gene are found in 65% of young male patients affected by DMD. However, the remaining 35% have nonsense mutations or other point mutations which affect mRNA splicing. So far, pharmacological therapy for DMDpatients andmdx mice has consisted of corticosteroids such as prednisone and deflazacort, or azathioprine, an agent used to reduce corticosteroid use. However, the use of corticosteroids is associated with side effects, and thus they can be used to advantage only for a short time (Granchelli, J. A., Pollina, C., Hudecki, M. S. (2000) Pre-clinical screening of drugs using the mdx mouse. Neuromuscular Disorders. 10, 235-239; Griggs, R. C., Moxley, R. T 3 rd ., Mendell, J. R., Fenichel, G. M., Brooke, M. H., Pestronk, A., Miller, J. P., Cwik, V. A., Pandya, S., and Robinson, J. (1993) Duchenne dystrophy: randomized, controlled trial of prednisone (18 months) and azathioprine. Neurology 43, 520-527). Thus, identifying a clinically useful method for suppressing premature stop mutations in the dystrophin gene will benefit a significant number of DMD patients. In recent years, the possibility of chemotherapy which targets nonsense mutations has been gaining strength. Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that decreases the fidelity of translation and provides a readily accessible treatment for diseases caused by nonsense mutations. GM induces the suppression of stop codons during translation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. GM is already being used in clinical trials using cells from patients with cystic fibrosis, Hurler's disease, and infant neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis, all caused by nonsense mutations. Moreover, it is reported that GM restores dystrophin function in drug-treated mdx mice (Barton-Davis, E. R., Cordiner, L., Shoturma, D. I., Leiland, S. E., Sweeney, H. L. (1999) Aminoglycoside antibiotics restore dystrophin function to skeletal muscles of mdx mice. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 375-381). Thus, GM is currently undergoing clinical trials for Duchenne and limb girdle muscular dystrophy. However, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, GM tends to cause many side effects such as kidney disorders and hearing loss. Furthermore, the long-term use of a single agent promotes the emergence of bacteria resistant to that agent. | Title:
Agents for Treating Diseases Caused by Nonsense Mutations
Abstract:
The present invention comprises compositions for treating diseases caused by nonsense mutations, including dipeptide antibiotics of Formula (I) shown below, such as negamycin. Unlike aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin, dipeptide antibiotics can induce the expression of mature proteins by readthrough nonsense mutations without generating serious side effects.
Background:
BACKGROUND ART Many genetic diseases are caused by premature stop mutations in human genes, which result in premature termination of translation and the generation of truncated, inactive, and unstable products (Atkinson, J., and Martin, R. (1994) Mutations to nonsense codons in human genetic disease: implications for gene therapy by nonsense suppressor tRNAs. Nucleic Acid. Res. 22, 1327-1334). An example is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by a lack of dystrophin protein in sarcolemma (plasma membranes of striated muscle fibres), which affects one in 3,500 males. The mdx mouse is an animal model for DMD used for identifying diseases caused by stop mutations, and for developing methods for treating such diseases. The mdx mouse has a nonsense mutation ( C AA to T AA) at the 3,185 th nucleotide of the dystrophin gene. This nonsense mutation produces a stop codon at exon 23 (Bulfiled, G., Siller, W. G., Weight, P. A., Moore, K. J. (1989) X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1189-1192; Sicinski, P., Geng, Y., Ryder-Cook, A. S., Barnard, E. A., Darlison, M. G., Barnard, P. J. (1989) The molecular basis of muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse. Science 244, 1578-1582). The stop codon causes premature termination of protein synthesis and thus inhibits the expression of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. This results in a deficiency of these proteins in the muscle cell membrane. Explicit translocations (mainly, deletions or duplications) of the dystrophin gene are found in 65% of young male patients affected by DMD. However, the remaining 35% have nonsense mutations or other point mutations which affect mRNA splicing. So far, pharmacological therapy for DMDpatients andmdx mice has consisted of corticosteroids such as prednisone and deflazacort, or azathioprine, an agent used to reduce corticosteroid use. However, the use of corticosteroids is associated with side effects, and thus they can be used to advantage only for a short time (Granchelli, J. A., Pollina, C., Hudecki, M. S. (2000) Pre-clinical screening of drugs using the mdx mouse. Neuromuscular Disorders. 10, 235-239; Griggs, R. C., Moxley, R. T 3 rd ., Mendell, J. R., Fenichel, G. M., Brooke, M. H., Pestronk, A., Miller, J. P., Cwik, V. A., Pandya, S., and Robinson, J. (1993) Duchenne dystrophy: randomized, controlled trial of prednisone (18 months) and azathioprine. Neurology 43, 520-527). Thus, identifying a clinically useful method for suppressing premature stop mutations in the dystrophin gene will benefit a significant number of DMD patients. In recent years, the possibility of chemotherapy which targets nonsense mutations has been gaining strength. Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that decreases the fidelity of translation and provides a readily accessible treatment for diseases caused by nonsense mutations. GM induces the suppression of stop codons during translation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. GM is already being used in clinical trials using cells from patients with cystic fibrosis, Hurler's disease, and infant neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis, all caused by nonsense mutations. Moreover, it is reported that GM restores dystrophin function in drug-treated mdx mice (Barton-Davis, E. R., Cordiner, L., Shoturma, D. I., Leiland, S. E., Sweeney, H. L. (1999) Aminoglycoside antibiotics restore dystrophin function to skeletal muscles of mdx mice. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 375-381). Thus, GM is currently undergoing clinical trials for Duchenne and limb girdle muscular dystrophy. However, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, GM tends to cause many side effects such as kidney disorders and hearing loss. Furthermore, the long-term use of a single agent promotes the emergence of bacteria resistant to that agent. |
10484327 | 2,004 | Penetration master cylinder with reduced backlash and application thereof | This invention relates to a master cylinder of the so-called “penetration” type, in which a cup (3), which is fitted inside a groove (11) of the master cylinder, bears on the wall (20) of a piston (2) in a sealing manner, and in which such wall (20) is provided with main resupply ports (51). According to the invention, the wall (20) of the piston (2) also comprises secondary resupply ports (52) having a smaller size than that of the main resupply ports (51) and disposed farther from the bottom part (33) of the cup (3), and achieving an outstanding static resupply of the master cylinder with brake fluid, with a reduced dynamic dead stroke. | Title:
Penetration master cylinder with reduced backlash and application thereof
Abstract:
This invention relates to a master cylinder of the so-called “penetration” type, in which a cup (3), which is fitted inside a groove (11) of the master cylinder, bears on the wall (20) of a piston (2) in a sealing manner, and in which such wall (20) is provided with main resupply ports (51). According to the invention, the wall (20) of the piston (2) also comprises secondary resupply ports (52) having a smaller size than that of the main resupply ports (51) and disposed farther from the bottom part (33) of the cup (3), and achieving an outstanding static resupply of the master cylinder with brake fluid, with a reduced dynamic dead stroke.
Background:
| |
10928110 | 2,004 | Presence service | A presentity improves presence service and includes a presentity account setup device adapted to cooperate with a presence server of a service provider (LOC_SP) of a local domain. The presentity account setup device includes presentity account definition means, responsive to an instruction input, to define a presentity account at the presence server of the service provider of the local domain by embedding a presentity identification in a domain under which the presentity is registered (ID_of_Presentity@EXT_SP.cc) into a user part of an identification for the local domain (ID_of_Presentity%40EXT_SP.cc@LOC_SP.cc). Further, a correspondingly adapted presence system network entity as well as a correspondingly adapted presence server enable a parking of presence information of a presentity outside its home presence system. Hence, roaming presentities and/or co-location of presentity identities are enabled. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Generally, presence is a service and/or technology by means of which a user can publish its availability, and can publish its communications contacts to other interested users. Availability means for example (basically) that the user has switched on its terminal and is thus basically reachable, or that the user is available within a specific area. In the past, this has been referred to as “on-line” or “off-line”. However, presently the meaning of presence is to be understood in a broader sense and means the willingness and ability of a user to communicate with other users on the network. The availability is thus represented by a configurable presence status definable and/or changeable by presence events. Communications contacts means for example the user terminal's telephone number such as an MSISDN, an email address, a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), or any other identification information suitable and/or required for contacting the user via a means of communication he is using and/or via which he is (willing to be) available. A user of presence, i.e. at least one of the user's terminals subscribed to presence service, is called presentity (a combination of the words “presence” and “entity”). Such a presentity has an address to which other, interested users—referred to as watchers—subscribe. Such a subscription is accomplished using a presence protocol. Signaling in connection with publication of presentity's status information and subscription of watchers is referred to as “publish” and “subscribe” messages. A subscription to presence service results in notifications being sent to a respective watcher, e.g. when the presentity's presence status changes. These messages are commonly referred to as “notify”. Based on the notifications and/or the contents thereof, respectively, the watcher is enabled to communicate with the presentity, e.g. by being aware of the availability and the communication channel/means to be used and/or to be selected. Thus, as agreed in current IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) publications dealing with presence service, a presence service is a system that accepts, stores, and distributes presence information to interested parties, called watchers. A presence protocol is a protocol for providing a presence service over the Internet or any other IP or even just packet-based network. The terminology as adopted throughout the present specification is intended to be harmonized to agreed IETF terminology; however, the meaning of the expressions used is not intended to be limited by the adopted terminology. Other expressions are intended to be covered also, as long as the same functional (inter)relation is accomplished. One example of a presence protocol to which reference is made hereinafter for explanatory purposes is thus SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). Nevertheless, a communications contact of a user needs to be rather static so as to be reachable for communication partners and in order to dispense with notifying all communication partners of a changed communications contact. In certain communication systems, approaches to maintain a static communications contact have recently been made. For example, number portability in the mobile phone market has reduced “customer lock-in” (to a specific network operator) by allowing the customer to change the service provider without changing the respective telephone number such as MSISDN. Furthermore, in the Internet, there exist certain providers who provide forwarding services for home pages and/or email. Thereby, they allow a user to maintain a static email address and/or home page address, while still changing their Internet Service Provider ISP. With new network technologies evolving, also new service providers will show up. One of those new network technologies and/or topologies is known as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). SIP represents a signaling protocol for Internet conferencing, telephony, presence, events notification and instant messaging. The protocol initiates call setup, routing, authentication and other feature messages to endpoints within an IP domain. With SIP, and especially the presence service in SIP, the user's SIP service provider needs to be able to handle a user “parking” the presence of an outside SIP address in its system. The same problem most likely exists in the enterprise or business domain, where an employee also has a private SIP identity, and would like to co-locate that presence with the work-identity's presence. Insofar, it could be compared to a “roaming” SIP user. | Title:
Presence service
Abstract:
A presentity improves presence service and includes a presentity account setup device adapted to cooperate with a presence server of a service provider (LOC_SP) of a local domain. The presentity account setup device includes presentity account definition means, responsive to an instruction input, to define a presentity account at the presence server of the service provider of the local domain by embedding a presentity identification in a domain under which the presentity is registered (ID_of_Presentity@EXT_SP.cc) into a user part of an identification for the local domain (ID_of_Presentity%40EXT_SP.cc@LOC_SP.cc). Further, a correspondingly adapted presence system network entity as well as a correspondingly adapted presence server enable a parking of presence information of a presentity outside its home presence system. Hence, roaming presentities and/or co-location of presentity identities are enabled.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Generally, presence is a service and/or technology by means of which a user can publish its availability, and can publish its communications contacts to other interested users. Availability means for example (basically) that the user has switched on its terminal and is thus basically reachable, or that the user is available within a specific area. In the past, this has been referred to as “on-line” or “off-line”. However, presently the meaning of presence is to be understood in a broader sense and means the willingness and ability of a user to communicate with other users on the network. The availability is thus represented by a configurable presence status definable and/or changeable by presence events. Communications contacts means for example the user terminal's telephone number such as an MSISDN, an email address, a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), or any other identification information suitable and/or required for contacting the user via a means of communication he is using and/or via which he is (willing to be) available. A user of presence, i.e. at least one of the user's terminals subscribed to presence service, is called presentity (a combination of the words “presence” and “entity”). Such a presentity has an address to which other, interested users—referred to as watchers—subscribe. Such a subscription is accomplished using a presence protocol. Signaling in connection with publication of presentity's status information and subscription of watchers is referred to as “publish” and “subscribe” messages. A subscription to presence service results in notifications being sent to a respective watcher, e.g. when the presentity's presence status changes. These messages are commonly referred to as “notify”. Based on the notifications and/or the contents thereof, respectively, the watcher is enabled to communicate with the presentity, e.g. by being aware of the availability and the communication channel/means to be used and/or to be selected. Thus, as agreed in current IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) publications dealing with presence service, a presence service is a system that accepts, stores, and distributes presence information to interested parties, called watchers. A presence protocol is a protocol for providing a presence service over the Internet or any other IP or even just packet-based network. The terminology as adopted throughout the present specification is intended to be harmonized to agreed IETF terminology; however, the meaning of the expressions used is not intended to be limited by the adopted terminology. Other expressions are intended to be covered also, as long as the same functional (inter)relation is accomplished. One example of a presence protocol to which reference is made hereinafter for explanatory purposes is thus SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). Nevertheless, a communications contact of a user needs to be rather static so as to be reachable for communication partners and in order to dispense with notifying all communication partners of a changed communications contact. In certain communication systems, approaches to maintain a static communications contact have recently been made. For example, number portability in the mobile phone market has reduced “customer lock-in” (to a specific network operator) by allowing the customer to change the service provider without changing the respective telephone number such as MSISDN. Furthermore, in the Internet, there exist certain providers who provide forwarding services for home pages and/or email. Thereby, they allow a user to maintain a static email address and/or home page address, while still changing their Internet Service Provider ISP. With new network technologies evolving, also new service providers will show up. One of those new network technologies and/or topologies is known as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). SIP represents a signaling protocol for Internet conferencing, telephony, presence, events notification and instant messaging. The protocol initiates call setup, routing, authentication and other feature messages to endpoints within an IP domain. With SIP, and especially the presence service in SIP, the user's SIP service provider needs to be able to handle a user “parking” the presence of an outside SIP address in its system. The same problem most likely exists in the enterprise or business domain, where an employee also has a private SIP identity, and would like to co-locate that presence with the work-identity's presence. Insofar, it could be compared to a “roaming” SIP user. |
10977084 | 2,004 | Surface inspection system | An inspection system includes a stage, a light source, and a light collection subsystem is disclosed. The stage supports an article for inspection, the article having a surface. The light source provides light impinging on and scattering from an illumination area of the surface. The light collection system includes a plurality of collectors arranged generally in a semi-spherical layout such that each collector collects at least a portion of the scattering light at a collection polar angle and a collection azimuthal angle that are unique relative to collection polar angle and collection azimuthal angle of other collectors. The collectors are arranged in three rings of collectors. The inspection system includes a plurality of channels where each collector of the light collection subsystem is associated with a channel. The inspection system includes a processor connected to the channels. The processor is adapted to process information from the channels. | BACKGROUND The present invention generally relates to surface inspection and review systems and methods. In particular, the present invention relates to improved system and method for detecting and analyzing anomalies on surfaces such as surfaces of silicon wafers. Surface inspection systems are widely used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to inspect the surfaces of various material wafers to monitor and detect defects. These systems are typically based on an imaging method, a light scattering method, or a combination of both. In the imaging method, the surface of a wafer under test is imaged (using an image sensor array) and the image analyzed. In general, imaging based inspection systems have higher sensitivity in inspecting patterned wafers compared to sensitivity of light scattering method based systems for patterned wafers. In the light scattering method, light is introduced to the surface of a wafer under test and scattered light is captured and analyzed. In general, light scattering based inspection systems have higher sensitivity in inspecting unpatterned wafers compared to sensitivity of imaging method systems for unpatterned wafers. Conventionally, imaging based systems have lower throughput than that of the light scattering based systems, and therefore are used to inspect wafers only on a sampling basis. Accordingly, it takes a relatively long time to image the entire wafer surface. It would be preferable to inspect all patterned wafers rather than inspecting merely a sampling of the wafers. To increase the throughput of the inspection systems for inspecting patterned wafer surfaces, several approaches were proposed and implemented. In particular, efforts have been made to develop a light scattering based system that is optimized for both patterned and unpatterned wafer inspection. However, each of these prior art systems presents its own set of shortcomings. For example, many prior art systems lack the polar and azimuthal angular resolution of the scattered signal. Without the angular resolution of the scattered signals, not only is it difficult to identify defects, but also difficult to categorize or classify defects if and when identified. Other prior art systems include many optical elements in complex configurations that lead to attenuation of collected scattering signals. With attenuated signals, it is difficult to identify defects. Yet other prior art systems use ellipsoidal mirrors to collect scattering light and to direct them to fibers or detectors. Such systems are overly sensitive to misalignments, present alignment and focusing challenges, and provides distorted scatter signal angular information due to the ellipsoidal mirrors. Accordingly, there remains a need for a system and method that alleviates or overcomes these shortcomings. | Title:
Surface inspection system
Abstract:
An inspection system includes a stage, a light source, and a light collection subsystem is disclosed. The stage supports an article for inspection, the article having a surface. The light source provides light impinging on and scattering from an illumination area of the surface. The light collection system includes a plurality of collectors arranged generally in a semi-spherical layout such that each collector collects at least a portion of the scattering light at a collection polar angle and a collection azimuthal angle that are unique relative to collection polar angle and collection azimuthal angle of other collectors. The collectors are arranged in three rings of collectors. The inspection system includes a plurality of channels where each collector of the light collection subsystem is associated with a channel. The inspection system includes a processor connected to the channels. The processor is adapted to process information from the channels.
Background:
BACKGROUND The present invention generally relates to surface inspection and review systems and methods. In particular, the present invention relates to improved system and method for detecting and analyzing anomalies on surfaces such as surfaces of silicon wafers. Surface inspection systems are widely used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to inspect the surfaces of various material wafers to monitor and detect defects. These systems are typically based on an imaging method, a light scattering method, or a combination of both. In the imaging method, the surface of a wafer under test is imaged (using an image sensor array) and the image analyzed. In general, imaging based inspection systems have higher sensitivity in inspecting patterned wafers compared to sensitivity of light scattering method based systems for patterned wafers. In the light scattering method, light is introduced to the surface of a wafer under test and scattered light is captured and analyzed. In general, light scattering based inspection systems have higher sensitivity in inspecting unpatterned wafers compared to sensitivity of imaging method systems for unpatterned wafers. Conventionally, imaging based systems have lower throughput than that of the light scattering based systems, and therefore are used to inspect wafers only on a sampling basis. Accordingly, it takes a relatively long time to image the entire wafer surface. It would be preferable to inspect all patterned wafers rather than inspecting merely a sampling of the wafers. To increase the throughput of the inspection systems for inspecting patterned wafer surfaces, several approaches were proposed and implemented. In particular, efforts have been made to develop a light scattering based system that is optimized for both patterned and unpatterned wafer inspection. However, each of these prior art systems presents its own set of shortcomings. For example, many prior art systems lack the polar and azimuthal angular resolution of the scattered signal. Without the angular resolution of the scattered signals, not only is it difficult to identify defects, but also difficult to categorize or classify defects if and when identified. Other prior art systems include many optical elements in complex configurations that lead to attenuation of collected scattering signals. With attenuated signals, it is difficult to identify defects. Yet other prior art systems use ellipsoidal mirrors to collect scattering light and to direct them to fibers or detectors. Such systems are overly sensitive to misalignments, present alignment and focusing challenges, and provides distorted scatter signal angular information due to the ellipsoidal mirrors. Accordingly, there remains a need for a system and method that alleviates or overcomes these shortcomings. |
10505651 | 2,004 | Biomedical device | A device to be wholly or partly implanted into a patient's body comprises: one or more sensors to be placed at any appropriate location of said body and adapted to obtain, in use, one or more sensory and/or motor signals from the body's nervous system and/or from the pressure or temperature exerted on the body; one or more electrodes to be placed at any appropriate location of said body and adapted to feed, in use, sensory and/or motor signals to the body's nervous system; and a control means incorporating a memory of one or more predetermined signals, a comparator to compare the sensory and/or motor signals obtained with said predetermined signals, and means for producing sensory and/or motor signals to feed any appropriate location of the body's nervous system; the magnitude of these latter sensory and/or motor signals being dependent on the outcome of the comparison conducted by the comparator. | FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to devices which are wholly or partly implanted into a patient's body and particularly those used in the fields of biomedical engineering, neuroscience and cybernetics. More particularly, the device of this invention is intended to allow useful connections with the nervous system to be made. The present invention aims to increase the function in people with injuries or malfunctions such as spinal cord injury, limb amputation, quadriplegia, bowel and bladder malfunction etc. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system which can be integrated to artificial limbs to enable a patient to feel sensations similar to those of the amputated limb and allow more precise control of powered prostheses. A further object of this invention is to provide a device which can be fully implanted into a patient's body. The invention envisages that the part of the device which is implanted into a patient's body is controlled via a wireless link from an external computer. It is also an objective of this invention to provide a relatively low cost and minimally invasive device. The invention aims to enable neural prostheses to restore sensory and motor functions lost by spinal injury, other neurological lesions or limb amputation. | Title:
Biomedical device
Abstract:
A device to be wholly or partly implanted into a patient's body comprises: one or more sensors to be placed at any appropriate location of said body and adapted to obtain, in use, one or more sensory and/or motor signals from the body's nervous system and/or from the pressure or temperature exerted on the body; one or more electrodes to be placed at any appropriate location of said body and adapted to feed, in use, sensory and/or motor signals to the body's nervous system; and a control means incorporating a memory of one or more predetermined signals, a comparator to compare the sensory and/or motor signals obtained with said predetermined signals, and means for producing sensory and/or motor signals to feed any appropriate location of the body's nervous system; the magnitude of these latter sensory and/or motor signals being dependent on the outcome of the comparison conducted by the comparator.
Background:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to devices which are wholly or partly implanted into a patient's body and particularly those used in the fields of biomedical engineering, neuroscience and cybernetics. More particularly, the device of this invention is intended to allow useful connections with the nervous system to be made. The present invention aims to increase the function in people with injuries or malfunctions such as spinal cord injury, limb amputation, quadriplegia, bowel and bladder malfunction etc. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system which can be integrated to artificial limbs to enable a patient to feel sensations similar to those of the amputated limb and allow more precise control of powered prostheses. A further object of this invention is to provide a device which can be fully implanted into a patient's body. The invention envisages that the part of the device which is implanted into a patient's body is controlled via a wireless link from an external computer. It is also an objective of this invention to provide a relatively low cost and minimally invasive device. The invention aims to enable neural prostheses to restore sensory and motor functions lost by spinal injury, other neurological lesions or limb amputation. |
10855084 | 2,004 | Discharge control system for a reservoir | A discharge control system for a reservoir having a pressure-communicating valve in a valve chamber with the inlet of the pressure-communicating valve connected the reservoir outlet aperture and the outlet of the pressure-communicating valve connected to a discharge aperture in the containment structure for the valve chamber. An auxiliary reservoir outlet aperture enables water to flow from the reservoir into the valve chamber, submerging the pressure-communicating valve. Water flows from the valve chamber through a valve chamber outlet aperture that is substantially the same as the auxiliary reservoir outlet aperture and is located at substantially the same height as the center of the reservoir outlet aperture. One or more supplemental auxiliary reservoir outlet apertures are located at incrementally greater heights in the containment wall for said reservoir to assure that water will enter and leave the valve chamber at the same rate under all conditions. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a system for controlling the flow of water from a basin for retaining water. 2. Description of the Related Art When runoff of water has the potential for damaging property, grading of land from which the water runs is often done in order to direct the water into a reservoir for temporary storage. Such reservoirs are called by various names. Some of these are debris basin, containment basin, detention basin, and retention pond. The size of the reservoir is determined by several factors, such as expected precipitation, the total area upon which such precipitation may fall, the percentage of moisture which will be absorbed by the soil, and the rate at which water may be released from the reservoir. Usually regulatory authorities establish a given volume of water per unit of time that may flow through the stream or channel which carries the water that leaves the reservoir. For convenience, such stream or channel will, for the purposes of this patent application, be termed the “outflow channel.” Traditionally these reservoirs use orifice-type outlet controls that discharge increased flows under increased water pressure (head). Basically, a reservoir outlet aperture exists in the containment wall of the reservoir, usually near the bottom of the reservoir, through which the discharged water can flow. The higher the level of the water in the reservoir, the greater will be the water pressure at the reservoir outlet aperture; and, consequently, the greater will be the volume of water per unit of time which flows through the aperture. In order to assure that the maximum permissible volume of water per unit time flowing through the outflow channel is never exceeded, the size of the reservoir outlet aperture is selected so that only this volume of water will flow through the reservoir outlet aperture when the water in the reservoir is at its highest level. This necessarily means that when the level of water in the reservoir is below its maximum level, the flow through the reservoir outlet aperture will be less than the regulatory authority permits. Indeed, the lower the level of water in the reservoir, the less will be the volume of water per unit of time that flows through the reservoir outlet aperture. Because the maximum flow through the outflow channel will occur only for the time when the level of water in the reservoir is at its highest position, the volume of the reservoir must be greater than it would have to be if the maximum flow through the outflow channel could occur for a longer period of time. Of course, a larger reservoir requires more land and costs more money to construct. The Red Valve Company, Inc. of Carnegie, Pa., has manufactured and marketed a line of valves under the trademarked name TIDEFLEX, which valves allow water to flow from the valves only when the upstream pressure is greater than the downstream pressure. The valves have a duckbill shape that precludes water from flowing in a reverse direction, i.e., they constitute check valves for the water. Such valves are most often utilized where water under pressure is to be discharged into other water below the surface of such other water. The Red Valve Company, Inc. owns U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,005 which covers a “pinch valve” that has a sleeve inside a conduit with valves to pump a fluid between the sleeve and that conduit in order to collapse the sleeve partially or completely and thereby restrict the flow of liquid through the sleeve. No use was, however, suggested for the sleeve other than its employment within the conduit; and, when collapsed, the pinch valve has three arms projecting from a central location, rather than a flat duckbill. | Title:
Discharge control system for a reservoir
Abstract:
A discharge control system for a reservoir having a pressure-communicating valve in a valve chamber with the inlet of the pressure-communicating valve connected the reservoir outlet aperture and the outlet of the pressure-communicating valve connected to a discharge aperture in the containment structure for the valve chamber. An auxiliary reservoir outlet aperture enables water to flow from the reservoir into the valve chamber, submerging the pressure-communicating valve. Water flows from the valve chamber through a valve chamber outlet aperture that is substantially the same as the auxiliary reservoir outlet aperture and is located at substantially the same height as the center of the reservoir outlet aperture. One or more supplemental auxiliary reservoir outlet apertures are located at incrementally greater heights in the containment wall for said reservoir to assure that water will enter and leave the valve chamber at the same rate under all conditions.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a system for controlling the flow of water from a basin for retaining water. 2. Description of the Related Art When runoff of water has the potential for damaging property, grading of land from which the water runs is often done in order to direct the water into a reservoir for temporary storage. Such reservoirs are called by various names. Some of these are debris basin, containment basin, detention basin, and retention pond. The size of the reservoir is determined by several factors, such as expected precipitation, the total area upon which such precipitation may fall, the percentage of moisture which will be absorbed by the soil, and the rate at which water may be released from the reservoir. Usually regulatory authorities establish a given volume of water per unit of time that may flow through the stream or channel which carries the water that leaves the reservoir. For convenience, such stream or channel will, for the purposes of this patent application, be termed the “outflow channel.” Traditionally these reservoirs use orifice-type outlet controls that discharge increased flows under increased water pressure (head). Basically, a reservoir outlet aperture exists in the containment wall of the reservoir, usually near the bottom of the reservoir, through which the discharged water can flow. The higher the level of the water in the reservoir, the greater will be the water pressure at the reservoir outlet aperture; and, consequently, the greater will be the volume of water per unit of time which flows through the aperture. In order to assure that the maximum permissible volume of water per unit time flowing through the outflow channel is never exceeded, the size of the reservoir outlet aperture is selected so that only this volume of water will flow through the reservoir outlet aperture when the water in the reservoir is at its highest level. This necessarily means that when the level of water in the reservoir is below its maximum level, the flow through the reservoir outlet aperture will be less than the regulatory authority permits. Indeed, the lower the level of water in the reservoir, the less will be the volume of water per unit of time that flows through the reservoir outlet aperture. Because the maximum flow through the outflow channel will occur only for the time when the level of water in the reservoir is at its highest position, the volume of the reservoir must be greater than it would have to be if the maximum flow through the outflow channel could occur for a longer period of time. Of course, a larger reservoir requires more land and costs more money to construct. The Red Valve Company, Inc. of Carnegie, Pa., has manufactured and marketed a line of valves under the trademarked name TIDEFLEX, which valves allow water to flow from the valves only when the upstream pressure is greater than the downstream pressure. The valves have a duckbill shape that precludes water from flowing in a reverse direction, i.e., they constitute check valves for the water. Such valves are most often utilized where water under pressure is to be discharged into other water below the surface of such other water. The Red Valve Company, Inc. owns U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,005 which covers a “pinch valve” that has a sleeve inside a conduit with valves to pump a fluid between the sleeve and that conduit in order to collapse the sleeve partially or completely and thereby restrict the flow of liquid through the sleeve. No use was, however, suggested for the sleeve other than its employment within the conduit; and, when collapsed, the pinch valve has three arms projecting from a central location, rather than a flat duckbill. |
10493856 | 2,004 | Dermopharmaceutically and cosmetically active oligopeptides | Oligopeptides and derivatives thereof, peptide analogs and derivatives thereof as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds, which correspond to general formula (I) wherein R1 represents H, —C(O)—R7, —SO2—R7, —C(O)—OR7 or —C(O)—N(R7)2 R2 represents, independent of one another, H or —(C1-C4)-alkyl, R3 and R6 represent, independent of one another, —(CH2)q—N(R1)R8 R4 and R5 represent, independent of one another, —CH2—OR2, —CH(CH3)OR8 or —CH2—CH2—OR8 R7 represents hydrogen, optionally substituted (C1-C19)-alkyl; optionally substituted (C1-C19)-alkenyl; phenyl-(C1-C4)-alkyl whose phenyl radical is optionally substituted with amino in the para position R8 represents H, —(C1-C4)-alkyl, —C(O)—R7, —C(O)—OR7, —C(O)—N(R7)2 or —SO2—R7 X represents oxygen (—O—) or —NH—; or XR7, with X=O, also represents the esters of α-tocopherol, tocotrienol or retinol or the carboxylic acid (with R7=H) m, n, p represent, independent of one another, zero or 1 and q in R3 and R6 represent, independent of one another, an integer from 1 to 4, with the provision that the following conditions do not simultaneously occur: R4=—CH(CH3)—OH and R5=—CH(CH3)—OH and R6=—(CH2)4—NH2; dermopharmaceutically and/or cosmetically active compositions containing at least one compound of formula (I). | Title:
Dermopharmaceutically and cosmetically active oligopeptides
Abstract:
Oligopeptides and derivatives thereof, peptide analogs and derivatives thereof as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds, which correspond to general formula (I) wherein R1 represents H, —C(O)—R7, —SO2—R7, —C(O)—OR7 or —C(O)—N(R7)2 R2 represents, independent of one another, H or —(C1-C4)-alkyl, R3 and R6 represent, independent of one another, —(CH2)q—N(R1)R8 R4 and R5 represent, independent of one another, —CH2—OR2, —CH(CH3)OR8 or —CH2—CH2—OR8 R7 represents hydrogen, optionally substituted (C1-C19)-alkyl; optionally substituted (C1-C19)-alkenyl; phenyl-(C1-C4)-alkyl whose phenyl radical is optionally substituted with amino in the para position R8 represents H, —(C1-C4)-alkyl, —C(O)—R7, —C(O)—OR7, —C(O)—N(R7)2 or —SO2—R7 X represents oxygen (—O—) or —NH—; or XR7, with X=O, also represents the esters of α-tocopherol, tocotrienol or retinol or the carboxylic acid (with R7=H) m, n, p represent, independent of one another, zero or 1 and q in R3 and R6 represent, independent of one another, an integer from 1 to 4, with the provision that the following conditions do not simultaneously occur: R4=—CH(CH3)—OH and R5=—CH(CH3)—OH and R6=—(CH2)4—NH2; dermopharmaceutically and/or cosmetically active compositions containing at least one compound of formula (I).
Background:
| |
10955094 | 2,004 | Configuring a shared library to accommodate relocatable data in a pervasive device | A method, system, architecture and apparatus for generating a shared library for a pervasive device target platform which can accommodate relocatable data. A tool chain in furtherance of this purpose can be arranged in accordance with the present invention to include a compiler programmed to compile source code into a compiled object and a linker programmed to link the compiled object into a linked object using a relocatable data segment. In this regard, in a preferred aspect of the invention a linker configuration file can be included for use in the linker which specifies the use of the relocatable data segment in lieu of a position independent data segment. The tool chain further can be arranged to include a relocation data extraction tool programmed to extract relocation data from the linked object and to dispose the relocation data in a relocation data file configured for disposition in a pervasive device. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Statement of the Technical Field The present invention relates to pervasive device applications development and more particularly to configuring a shared library for deployment in a pervasive device. 2. Description of the Related Art Computing has changed dramatically since the advent of the personal computer in the latter part of the twentieth century. Whilst the vast majority of end user applications operated within the single threaded, single tasking desktop computing environment, modern end user applications operate in a variety of disparate environments. In this regard, the modern computing environment can range from multi-threaded multi-tasking operating desktop computing system, to equivalently advanced pervasive computing devices, including handheld personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, paging devices and the like. To support the rapid growth of the pervasive device market, many applications developed for the desktop computing environment have been ported to the pervasive device computing environment. Regardless of the computing environment, producing an end user application typically involves the generation of computing source code conforming to a specific computing language specification, followed by a compilation step. The compilation step can produce one or more binary objects suitable for linkage and assembly into an executable application. In this regard, tool chains are widely available in the marketplace which can manage the application generation process. Notably, in the course of developing an executable application, one or more shared libraries can be referenced and relied upon for incorporated logic, resources, or both so that the executable application itself needn't incorporate the referenced logic and resources. To that end, shared libraries can be produced in a similar fashion, though start up code need not be included in a shared library as it must in an executable module. Shared libraries which have been generated for the pervasive device target platform typically are required to include position independent data and code segments. Position independent data and code segments generally refer to program code and corresponding data which can execute from different locations in memory and are usually associated with older computing environments which lack a memory management unit. In reference to shared libraries, the same library code and data can be mapped to a location in each referencing application using a virtual memory system where it will not overlap the application or other shared libraries. Relocatable data and code segments, unlike position independent data and code segments, are data and code segments whose memory location can be determined at link time or at run time in reference to a base address. In the simplest model of relocation, the loader performs the final binding of code to specific memory locations, and as it does so, it adjusts or relocates all of the pointers from one part of the loaded program to another. Relocation involves adding a constant, the relocation base, to each address which refers to another location in the same program. The relocation base is usually the same as the address at which the first byte of the program is loaded. Importantly, to enforce the requirement that shared libraries support position independent data and code segments, the compilation and linkage tools in the tool chains for pervasive device target platforms sometimes do not support relocations to either of the data or text segment. Yet, many well-known programming standards, including the ISO C standard, require compliant tool chains to support relocations in the data segment. As such, a multitude of existing applications developed for the desktop environment cannot easily be ported to the pervasive device environment. | Title:
Configuring a shared library to accommodate relocatable data in a pervasive device
Abstract:
A method, system, architecture and apparatus for generating a shared library for a pervasive device target platform which can accommodate relocatable data. A tool chain in furtherance of this purpose can be arranged in accordance with the present invention to include a compiler programmed to compile source code into a compiled object and a linker programmed to link the compiled object into a linked object using a relocatable data segment. In this regard, in a preferred aspect of the invention a linker configuration file can be included for use in the linker which specifies the use of the relocatable data segment in lieu of a position independent data segment. The tool chain further can be arranged to include a relocation data extraction tool programmed to extract relocation data from the linked object and to dispose the relocation data in a relocation data file configured for disposition in a pervasive device.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Statement of the Technical Field The present invention relates to pervasive device applications development and more particularly to configuring a shared library for deployment in a pervasive device. 2. Description of the Related Art Computing has changed dramatically since the advent of the personal computer in the latter part of the twentieth century. Whilst the vast majority of end user applications operated within the single threaded, single tasking desktop computing environment, modern end user applications operate in a variety of disparate environments. In this regard, the modern computing environment can range from multi-threaded multi-tasking operating desktop computing system, to equivalently advanced pervasive computing devices, including handheld personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, paging devices and the like. To support the rapid growth of the pervasive device market, many applications developed for the desktop computing environment have been ported to the pervasive device computing environment. Regardless of the computing environment, producing an end user application typically involves the generation of computing source code conforming to a specific computing language specification, followed by a compilation step. The compilation step can produce one or more binary objects suitable for linkage and assembly into an executable application. In this regard, tool chains are widely available in the marketplace which can manage the application generation process. Notably, in the course of developing an executable application, one or more shared libraries can be referenced and relied upon for incorporated logic, resources, or both so that the executable application itself needn't incorporate the referenced logic and resources. To that end, shared libraries can be produced in a similar fashion, though start up code need not be included in a shared library as it must in an executable module. Shared libraries which have been generated for the pervasive device target platform typically are required to include position independent data and code segments. Position independent data and code segments generally refer to program code and corresponding data which can execute from different locations in memory and are usually associated with older computing environments which lack a memory management unit. In reference to shared libraries, the same library code and data can be mapped to a location in each referencing application using a virtual memory system where it will not overlap the application or other shared libraries. Relocatable data and code segments, unlike position independent data and code segments, are data and code segments whose memory location can be determined at link time or at run time in reference to a base address. In the simplest model of relocation, the loader performs the final binding of code to specific memory locations, and as it does so, it adjusts or relocates all of the pointers from one part of the loaded program to another. Relocation involves adding a constant, the relocation base, to each address which refers to another location in the same program. The relocation base is usually the same as the address at which the first byte of the program is loaded. Importantly, to enforce the requirement that shared libraries support position independent data and code segments, the compilation and linkage tools in the tool chains for pervasive device target platforms sometimes do not support relocations to either of the data or text segment. Yet, many well-known programming standards, including the ISO C standard, require compliant tool chains to support relocations in the data segment. As such, a multitude of existing applications developed for the desktop environment cannot easily be ported to the pervasive device environment. |
10899170 | 2,004 | Video recording/reproducing apparatus and method | A video recording/reproducing apparatus comprises a receiver which receives a broadcast program, an acquiring unit which acquires program information of the broadcast program, a recording unit which records the broadcast program received by the receiver together with the program information acquired by the acquiring unit, a selector which selects a type of the program, and a searching unit which searches a latest program of the type selected by the selector based on the program information acquired by the acquiring unit and the program information recorded by the recording unit. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a video recording/reproducing apparatus and method which records video information such as television programs in large-capacity recording media such as hard disk drives. 2. Description of the Related Art There has heretofore been a method in which a program recorded in a conventional video recording/reproducing apparatus is reproduced using a recording start time included in recorded program information (e.g., Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-185904). Here, an apparatus starting time is recorded at an apparatus starting time, and the recorded program information is received from a plurality of recording/reproducing apparatuses using inter-apparatus communication means. The recording start time is extracted from the received recorded program information, and a recorded program start time is compared with the apparatus starting time. When the recording start time comes before the apparatus starting time, the recording start time, recorded program name, and recorded time period are displayed in CRT. Moreover, a dial which asks audiences whether or not to play back the recorded program is also displayed. When the recording start time does not come before the apparatus starting time, or when any recorded program information does not exist, it is displayed that there is not any recorded program. However, in this document, a video tape is assumed as a recording medium, and all the recorded program information is simply displayed in order from the latest recording start time. When the number of recorded programs increases, it has been difficult to search a desired program. Further in this document, when the audience does not want to play back the recorded program at the time of starting the apparatus, the recorded program information that has not been watched is stored as a “non-watched recorded program list”. Accordingly, information which is possessed by a plurality of recording/reproducing apparatuses and which indicates whether or not recorded programs have been watched can be simplified and managed. However, by the “non-watched recorded program list”, it is only seen whether or not the program has been watched, and it cannot be seen that the program has been watched. Furthermore, only the watching of the recorded information is assumed by the recording/reproducing apparatus, and received video information broadcasted in real time cannot be selected as a source of video to be watched. In this manner, the conventional video recording/reproducing apparatus has a disadvantage that it is difficult to search a desired recorded program. There is also a disadvantage that real-time broadcasted video cannot be selected as a watching object video. | Title:
Video recording/reproducing apparatus and method
Abstract:
A video recording/reproducing apparatus comprises a receiver which receives a broadcast program, an acquiring unit which acquires program information of the broadcast program, a recording unit which records the broadcast program received by the receiver together with the program information acquired by the acquiring unit, a selector which selects a type of the program, and a searching unit which searches a latest program of the type selected by the selector based on the program information acquired by the acquiring unit and the program information recorded by the recording unit.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a video recording/reproducing apparatus and method which records video information such as television programs in large-capacity recording media such as hard disk drives. 2. Description of the Related Art There has heretofore been a method in which a program recorded in a conventional video recording/reproducing apparatus is reproduced using a recording start time included in recorded program information (e.g., Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-185904). Here, an apparatus starting time is recorded at an apparatus starting time, and the recorded program information is received from a plurality of recording/reproducing apparatuses using inter-apparatus communication means. The recording start time is extracted from the received recorded program information, and a recorded program start time is compared with the apparatus starting time. When the recording start time comes before the apparatus starting time, the recording start time, recorded program name, and recorded time period are displayed in CRT. Moreover, a dial which asks audiences whether or not to play back the recorded program is also displayed. When the recording start time does not come before the apparatus starting time, or when any recorded program information does not exist, it is displayed that there is not any recorded program. However, in this document, a video tape is assumed as a recording medium, and all the recorded program information is simply displayed in order from the latest recording start time. When the number of recorded programs increases, it has been difficult to search a desired program. Further in this document, when the audience does not want to play back the recorded program at the time of starting the apparatus, the recorded program information that has not been watched is stored as a “non-watched recorded program list”. Accordingly, information which is possessed by a plurality of recording/reproducing apparatuses and which indicates whether or not recorded programs have been watched can be simplified and managed. However, by the “non-watched recorded program list”, it is only seen whether or not the program has been watched, and it cannot be seen that the program has been watched. Furthermore, only the watching of the recorded information is assumed by the recording/reproducing apparatus, and received video information broadcasted in real time cannot be selected as a source of video to be watched. In this manner, the conventional video recording/reproducing apparatus has a disadvantage that it is difficult to search a desired recorded program. There is also a disadvantage that real-time broadcasted video cannot be selected as a watching object video. |
10873154 | 2,004 | Toilet tank valve seat structure | A toilet tank valve seat structure mainly includes a body and an overflow tube located on one side of the body. The overflow tube consists of an inner tube and an outer tube. The inner tube has a gear rack on one side to couple with a hook located on one end of the outer tube so that the outer tube may be moved up and down to adjust the length of the overflow tube. The body has a valve opening covered by a plug. The plug has an anchor notch bordering by two slots on two sides that provide elasticity to make coupling of the anchor notch easier. The structure provides the overflow tube with an adjustable length according to the water level and makes replacement of the plug easier. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a toilet tank valve seat structure and particularly to a valve seat that has an overflow tube with an adjustable length and a plug easy to couple. 2. Description of the Prior Art Referring to FIG. 1 , a conventional valve seat 1 of a toilet tank includes a body 10 and an overflow tube 11 located on one side of the body. The overflow tube 11 has an overflow outlet 111 at the top end to discharge excessive water through a valve opening 101 to prevent the water in the tank from spilling outside the tank. The overflow tube 11 has a strut 102 on a lower side to couple with an anchor notch 121 of a stopping cap 12 . The stopping cap 12 has a seal pad 122 to cover the upper side of the valve opening 101 and is driven by a chain 13 to move about the strut 102 which serves as a fulcrum to control the water to flush from the tank into the toilet. Such a structure still has problems in practice, notably: 1. The overflow tube 11 has a fixed length and must be cut to a corresponding height according to the water level. If the length of the overflow tube is not proper, or the water level is altered, the overflow tube 11 cannot function as desired, and the valve seat has to be replaced. 2. After the stopping cap 12 has been used for a period of time, the seal pad 122 could be aged and hardened, and the sealing effect is impaired. Hence the seal pad has to be replaced periodically. Due to the strut 102 and the anchor notch 121 are coupled forcefully, removing or coupling of the two could result in breaking of the strut 102 or hurting user's hands. | Title:
Toilet tank valve seat structure
Abstract:
A toilet tank valve seat structure mainly includes a body and an overflow tube located on one side of the body. The overflow tube consists of an inner tube and an outer tube. The inner tube has a gear rack on one side to couple with a hook located on one end of the outer tube so that the outer tube may be moved up and down to adjust the length of the overflow tube. The body has a valve opening covered by a plug. The plug has an anchor notch bordering by two slots on two sides that provide elasticity to make coupling of the anchor notch easier. The structure provides the overflow tube with an adjustable length according to the water level and makes replacement of the plug easier.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a toilet tank valve seat structure and particularly to a valve seat that has an overflow tube with an adjustable length and a plug easy to couple. 2. Description of the Prior Art Referring to FIG. 1 , a conventional valve seat 1 of a toilet tank includes a body 10 and an overflow tube 11 located on one side of the body. The overflow tube 11 has an overflow outlet 111 at the top end to discharge excessive water through a valve opening 101 to prevent the water in the tank from spilling outside the tank. The overflow tube 11 has a strut 102 on a lower side to couple with an anchor notch 121 of a stopping cap 12 . The stopping cap 12 has a seal pad 122 to cover the upper side of the valve opening 101 and is driven by a chain 13 to move about the strut 102 which serves as a fulcrum to control the water to flush from the tank into the toilet. Such a structure still has problems in practice, notably: 1. The overflow tube 11 has a fixed length and must be cut to a corresponding height according to the water level. If the length of the overflow tube is not proper, or the water level is altered, the overflow tube 11 cannot function as desired, and the valve seat has to be replaced. 2. After the stopping cap 12 has been used for a period of time, the seal pad 122 could be aged and hardened, and the sealing effect is impaired. Hence the seal pad has to be replaced periodically. Due to the strut 102 and the anchor notch 121 are coupled forcefully, removing or coupling of the two could result in breaking of the strut 102 or hurting user's hands. |
10787267 | 2,004 | 2,5-DKG permeases | The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides having 2,5-DKG permease activity, and oligonucleotides therefrom. The isolated nucleic acid molecules can be expressed in appropriate bacterial cells to enhance the production of 2-KLG, which can subsequently be converted to ascorbic acid. Further provided are isolated polypeptides having 2,5-DKG permease activity, immunogenic peptides therefrom, and antibodies specific therefor. The invention also provides methods of identifying novel 2,5-DKG permeases. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to microbial transporter proteins and, more specifically, to novel 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) permeases. 2. Background Information Adequate intake of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is recognized as an important factor in maintaining health. To ensure adequate intake of ascorbic acid, the chemical is now added to many foods, drinks and cosmetic products, and is also sold as a direct vitamin supplement. To meet the commercial demand for ascorbic acid, there is a need to develop more efficient processes for its production. Although there are a number of alternative methods of producing ascorbic acid, one of the least expensive and most ecologically sound methods is biofermentation. Bacterial strains have now been engineered to express all of the enzymes required for the stepwise conversion of an inexpensive sugar source, such as D-glucose, to a stable precursor of ascorbic acid, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,514 and references therein). 2-KLG can be readily converted to ascorbic acid by chemical or enzymatic procedures. FIG. 2 shows schematically the enzymatic reactions that take place in the bioconversion of D-glucose to 2-KLG. As shown in FIG. 2 , the enzymatic reactions that lead from D-glucose, to D-gluconic acid, to 2-keto-D-gluconic acid (2-KDG), to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG), take place at the surface of the bacterial cell. 2,5-DKG must then enter the cell in order for its enzymatic conversion to 2-KLG. Much effort has been expended in increasing the efficiency of the enzymatic reactions involved in 2-KLG production. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,514 describes methods for increasing 2-KLG production by reducing metabolic diversion of 2,5-DKG to products other than 2-KLG. Increasing uptake of 2,5-DKG by a bacterial strain suitable for biofermentation could be advantageous in increasing 2-KLG production. Expressing additional copies of an endogenous 2,5-DKG permease, or expressing an exogenous 2,5-DKG permease with superior properties, could increase uptake of 2,5-DKG. However, to date, no 2,5-DKG permease has been identified or characterized that could be used in this manner. Therefore, there exists a need to identify and characterize nucleic acid molecules encoding 2,5-DKG permeases, so that permeases with advantageous properties can be used in the commercial production of ascorbic acid and in other important applications. The present invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well. | Title:
2,5-DKG permeases
Abstract:
The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides having 2,5-DKG permease activity, and oligonucleotides therefrom. The isolated nucleic acid molecules can be expressed in appropriate bacterial cells to enhance the production of 2-KLG, which can subsequently be converted to ascorbic acid. Further provided are isolated polypeptides having 2,5-DKG permease activity, immunogenic peptides therefrom, and antibodies specific therefor. The invention also provides methods of identifying novel 2,5-DKG permeases.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to microbial transporter proteins and, more specifically, to novel 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) permeases. 2. Background Information Adequate intake of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is recognized as an important factor in maintaining health. To ensure adequate intake of ascorbic acid, the chemical is now added to many foods, drinks and cosmetic products, and is also sold as a direct vitamin supplement. To meet the commercial demand for ascorbic acid, there is a need to develop more efficient processes for its production. Although there are a number of alternative methods of producing ascorbic acid, one of the least expensive and most ecologically sound methods is biofermentation. Bacterial strains have now been engineered to express all of the enzymes required for the stepwise conversion of an inexpensive sugar source, such as D-glucose, to a stable precursor of ascorbic acid, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,514 and references therein). 2-KLG can be readily converted to ascorbic acid by chemical or enzymatic procedures. FIG. 2 shows schematically the enzymatic reactions that take place in the bioconversion of D-glucose to 2-KLG. As shown in FIG. 2 , the enzymatic reactions that lead from D-glucose, to D-gluconic acid, to 2-keto-D-gluconic acid (2-KDG), to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG), take place at the surface of the bacterial cell. 2,5-DKG must then enter the cell in order for its enzymatic conversion to 2-KLG. Much effort has been expended in increasing the efficiency of the enzymatic reactions involved in 2-KLG production. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,514 describes methods for increasing 2-KLG production by reducing metabolic diversion of 2,5-DKG to products other than 2-KLG. Increasing uptake of 2,5-DKG by a bacterial strain suitable for biofermentation could be advantageous in increasing 2-KLG production. Expressing additional copies of an endogenous 2,5-DKG permease, or expressing an exogenous 2,5-DKG permease with superior properties, could increase uptake of 2,5-DKG. However, to date, no 2,5-DKG permease has been identified or characterized that could be used in this manner. Therefore, there exists a need to identify and characterize nucleic acid molecules encoding 2,5-DKG permeases, so that permeases with advantageous properties can be used in the commercial production of ascorbic acid and in other important applications. The present invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well. |
10941642 | 2,004 | Industrial truck with a lateral frame opening and a door with a double hinge | An industrial truck has a vehicle frame (1) with a frame portion (2) having a lateral frame opening (2b) for receiving a battery block. A door (3) covers the frame opening (2b) and may be pivoted outwardly about a substantially vertical axis of rotation (A1). To allow the door (3) to be opened approximately 180°, the door (3) is connected to the vehicle frame (1) by a double hinge (5). A second axis of rotation (A2) is set apart and parallel to the first axis of rotation (A1) and is alterable in its position when the door (3) pivots about the first axis of rotation (A1). A device for obstructing a rotational motion of the door (3) about the second axis of rotation (A2) can be provided, which device can be active in the pivoting range between the closed position and an open position that is approximately at right angles. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to an industrial truck, such as a counterweight fork-lift truck, having a vehicle frame comprising a frame portion with a lateral frame opening configured for receiving a battery block. A door is provided for covering the frame opening. The door can be pivoted outwardly about a substantially vertical axis of rotation. 2. Technical Considerations DE 101 45 991 A1 discloses a generic industrial truck. In order to remove the battery block from the side of the truck, the door is opened and the battery block is withdrawn laterally, such as by a crane with a loading gear. It is installed in the reverse order. If the door is in an open position that is at right angles to the closed position, it can help to insert the battery block suspended from the loading gear. If the battery block is to be installed or removed by the fork prongs of a second fork-lift truck, it is important that this second fork-lift truck moves as close as possible with its fork bracket, to which the fork prongs are attached, to the side wall of the first vehicle frame. A door in a 90° open position is an impediment here. The door can only be pivoted beyond 90° to a 180° open position if the rear-side counterweight does not protrude laterally. Otherwise, the door can strike the counterweight prematurely and thus obstruct a laterally approaching second fork-lift truck. Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an industrial truck of the general type described above but that allows the door provided for the lateral frame opening to be opened by approximately 180°. | Title:
Industrial truck with a lateral frame opening and a door with a double hinge
Abstract:
An industrial truck has a vehicle frame (1) with a frame portion (2) having a lateral frame opening (2b) for receiving a battery block. A door (3) covers the frame opening (2b) and may be pivoted outwardly about a substantially vertical axis of rotation (A1). To allow the door (3) to be opened approximately 180°, the door (3) is connected to the vehicle frame (1) by a double hinge (5). A second axis of rotation (A2) is set apart and parallel to the first axis of rotation (A1) and is alterable in its position when the door (3) pivots about the first axis of rotation (A1). A device for obstructing a rotational motion of the door (3) about the second axis of rotation (A2) can be provided, which device can be active in the pivoting range between the closed position and an open position that is approximately at right angles.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to an industrial truck, such as a counterweight fork-lift truck, having a vehicle frame comprising a frame portion with a lateral frame opening configured for receiving a battery block. A door is provided for covering the frame opening. The door can be pivoted outwardly about a substantially vertical axis of rotation. 2. Technical Considerations DE 101 45 991 A1 discloses a generic industrial truck. In order to remove the battery block from the side of the truck, the door is opened and the battery block is withdrawn laterally, such as by a crane with a loading gear. It is installed in the reverse order. If the door is in an open position that is at right angles to the closed position, it can help to insert the battery block suspended from the loading gear. If the battery block is to be installed or removed by the fork prongs of a second fork-lift truck, it is important that this second fork-lift truck moves as close as possible with its fork bracket, to which the fork prongs are attached, to the side wall of the first vehicle frame. A door in a 90° open position is an impediment here. The door can only be pivoted beyond 90° to a 180° open position if the rear-side counterweight does not protrude laterally. Otherwise, the door can strike the counterweight prematurely and thus obstruct a laterally approaching second fork-lift truck. Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an industrial truck of the general type described above but that allows the door provided for the lateral frame opening to be opened by approximately 180°. |
10796879 | 2,004 | System and process for automatic color and exposure correction in an image | A system and process for improving the appearance of improperly colored and/or improperly exposed images is presented. This involves the use of two novel techniques—namely an automatic color correction technique and an automatic exposure correction technique. The automatic color correction technique takes information from within an image to determine true color characteristics, and improves the color in improperly colored pixels. The automatic exposure correction technique measures the average intensity of all of the pixels and adjusts the entire image pixel by pixel to compensate for over or under exposure. These techniques are stand alone in that each can be applied to an image exclusive of the other, or they can both be applied in any order desired. | BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The invention is related to improving the appearance of digitized or digital images, and more particularly to a system and process for improving the appearance of improperly exposed and/or improperly colored images. 2. Background Art Color images captured with a digital camera or obtained by scanning (i.e., digitizing) photographs can exhibit a less than appealing appearance owing to under or over exposed pixels and improperly colored pixels. In the case of exposure, capturing an image or taking a photograph using the proper exposure is often a difficult task. Several factors can contribute to poorly exposed images and photographs. For example, modern cameras often have automatic systems for estimating the proper exposure. However, these systems are sometimes fooled owing to the lighting conditions or atypical characteristics of the scene being captured. In addition, these modern cameras, as well as their predecessors, often allow the photographer to manually adjust the exposure setting, thereby introducing the possibility of human error. Improperly colored pixels typically occur because the colors of images recorded by a camera depend on the spectral characteristics of the camera optics, the lighting conditions of the scene and the characteristics of the color filters employed in the camera. As a result, the primary color data captured may not be a faithful rendition of the actual colors found in the scene. To resolve the problems of improperly exposed and colored images, post-capture corrective measures are often employed. There are two categories of systems. In the first category, the systems that implement these corrective measures can be manual in that, for example, a user views the image on a computer screen and employs a user interface to interactively adjust the color and/or exposure. In the second category, the systems provide for automatic correction of color and/or exposure in an image. In these systems, a user typically just accesses the image, which can be viewed on a computer screen, and activates an automatic correction program. This activation can be implicit, in the sense that the automatic correction program is called whenever the image is accessed; it can also be explicit, in which case the user clicks on a button to call the correction program when necessary. The present invention falls into this latter automatic correction category. | Title:
System and process for automatic color and exposure correction in an image
Abstract:
A system and process for improving the appearance of improperly colored and/or improperly exposed images is presented. This involves the use of two novel techniques—namely an automatic color correction technique and an automatic exposure correction technique. The automatic color correction technique takes information from within an image to determine true color characteristics, and improves the color in improperly colored pixels. The automatic exposure correction technique measures the average intensity of all of the pixels and adjusts the entire image pixel by pixel to compensate for over or under exposure. These techniques are stand alone in that each can be applied to an image exclusive of the other, or they can both be applied in any order desired.
Background:
BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The invention is related to improving the appearance of digitized or digital images, and more particularly to a system and process for improving the appearance of improperly exposed and/or improperly colored images. 2. Background Art Color images captured with a digital camera or obtained by scanning (i.e., digitizing) photographs can exhibit a less than appealing appearance owing to under or over exposed pixels and improperly colored pixels. In the case of exposure, capturing an image or taking a photograph using the proper exposure is often a difficult task. Several factors can contribute to poorly exposed images and photographs. For example, modern cameras often have automatic systems for estimating the proper exposure. However, these systems are sometimes fooled owing to the lighting conditions or atypical characteristics of the scene being captured. In addition, these modern cameras, as well as their predecessors, often allow the photographer to manually adjust the exposure setting, thereby introducing the possibility of human error. Improperly colored pixels typically occur because the colors of images recorded by a camera depend on the spectral characteristics of the camera optics, the lighting conditions of the scene and the characteristics of the color filters employed in the camera. As a result, the primary color data captured may not be a faithful rendition of the actual colors found in the scene. To resolve the problems of improperly exposed and colored images, post-capture corrective measures are often employed. There are two categories of systems. In the first category, the systems that implement these corrective measures can be manual in that, for example, a user views the image on a computer screen and employs a user interface to interactively adjust the color and/or exposure. In the second category, the systems provide for automatic correction of color and/or exposure in an image. In these systems, a user typically just accesses the image, which can be viewed on a computer screen, and activates an automatic correction program. This activation can be implicit, in the sense that the automatic correction program is called whenever the image is accessed; it can also be explicit, in which case the user clicks on a button to call the correction program when necessary. The present invention falls into this latter automatic correction category. |
10970524 | 2,004 | Method and structure to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions | A method and structure are provided to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions for printed circuit board applications. A differential pair transmission line includes a narrow signal trace portion in the fan-out region and a wider signal trace portion outside of the fan-out region. A dielectric material separates the differential pair transmission line from a reference power plane. A thickness of the narrow signal trace is increased and a thickness of the dielectric material is correspondingly decreased in the fan-out region. | FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the data processing field, and more particularly, relates to a method and structure to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions for printed circuit boards. | Title:
Method and structure to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions
Abstract:
A method and structure are provided to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions for printed circuit board applications. A differential pair transmission line includes a narrow signal trace portion in the fan-out region and a wider signal trace portion outside of the fan-out region. A dielectric material separates the differential pair transmission line from a reference power plane. A thickness of the narrow signal trace is increased and a thickness of the dielectric material is correspondingly decreased in the fan-out region.
Background:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the data processing field, and more particularly, relates to a method and structure to control common mode impedance in fan-out regions for printed circuit boards. |
10967123 | 2,004 | Thermally insulated thermophoretic plate | A subsystem for an exposure apparatus has a thermophoretic plate and at least one shielding layer covering a first surface of the thermophoretic plate. The at least one shielding layer controls thermally induced distortions of the exposure apparatus by reducing heat transfer between the exposure apparatus and the thermophoretic plate. The shielding layer includes an insulation layer and a reflective layer, where the reflective layer has a surface with a low emissivity. In one implementation, the reflective surface may be a surface of the thermophoretic plate. The reflective surface should be facing the exposure apparatus, but is not a requirement. More than one shielding layer may be used, in which each outermost shielding layer will have a higher temperature. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention generally relates to a thermophoretic plate having a low emissivity surface and, more particularly, to a thermally insulated thermophoretic plate with a uniformly distributed emissivity surface used in a lithographic tool. 2. Background Description A lithographic tool uses many components such as, for example, reticles and optical subsystems to ensure precise image transfer onto a wafer to produce a desired microelectronic device. But, the ability to produce high quality microelectronic devices and reduce yield losses is dependent upon maintaining the surfaces of critical components substantially defect-free. This would include, for example, maintaining the surfaces free of particulate matter, e.g., maintaining an ultra clean surface ensuring that particulate matter is not deposited on the surface of the wafer, the reticle or mask or other critical components. This is of particular concern as finer features are required on the microelectronic device. The concern about defects caused by particle deposition onto surfaces is of particular importance for the next generation of lithography tools, for example, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. But, contamination from particulate matter is exacerbated since EUV lithography does not use a pellicle which is customarily employed to protect the reticles (masks) from particle deposition. A traditional pellicle cannot be used with EUV lithography for the following reasons, for example. (i) A traditional pellicle would cause deleterious effects on the beam of high energy incident radiation used in the EUV lithography techniques. That is, for example, the pellicle may absorb some of the radiation, resulting in a loss of throughput. (ii) A traditional pellicle made of organic material may decompose under the influence of high energy radiation, thus contributing to the deposition of particulate matter on the critical components. In order to use EUV lithography effectively in the absence of a pellicle, it is important to devise alternative schemes for protecting the lithographic surfaces, e.g., critical components such as the reticles, from deposition of particulate matter. Some methods that have been devised to address particulate matter control on EUV components are debris shields through which the incoming EUV radiation is passed to catch or filter the particles, electrostatic fields, and thermophoresis. Debris shields consist of a mesh or grid covered by a very thin film of material which is relatively transparent to EUV radiation, as well as being resistant to damage by the radiation. Zirconium thin films are an example of such material. The grid support allows the film to be very thin, thereby avoiding significant absorption of the EUV radiation. However the EUV radiation is absorbed by the grid, so the shield must be located far enough from the reticle that the shadows created by the grid are defocused in the reticle plane. This enables the illumination at the reticle to be uniform. Debris shields are effective to a certain extent, but in an effort to maximize photon illumination, the “mesh” size has to be a compromise between particle pass-through rate and reduction in EUV power. The use of electrostatic fields, on the other hand, relies on the electric charge created on the particle by the presence of the EUV radiation. If the electrostatic field has a strong intensity gradient, uncharged particles may be deflected as well, but the force on the uncharged particle is quite weak. Thus, areas not illuminated by EUV radiation are substantially unprotected. Thermophoresis represents a force on particles which relies on the presence of a thermal gradient in a gas between the reticle and a thermophoretic plate. In this technique, thermophoretic forces are capable of overcoming particle deposition due to, for example, electrostatic forces, inertia, gravity and other forces. The thermophoretic forces cause particles to be driven from regions of higher gas temperature to regions of lower gas temperature. Thus, using the principles of thermophoresis, particles located between the reticle and thermophoretic plate are subject to the thermophoretic forces, pulling the particle away from the reticle, which is at a higher temperature than the thermophoretic plate. By using such a technique, the particles will not deposit on the reflective surface, e.g., reticle, and will not degrade the device or result in loss of yield. But, in currently explored thermophoretic systems, distortion of the exposure apparatus can occur due to expansion and contraction resulting from heat transfer throughout the system. In one particular instance, the apparatus may distort due to the temperature difference between the thermophoretic plate and the apparatus thus resulting in printing errors and yield loss. | Title:
Thermally insulated thermophoretic plate
Abstract:
A subsystem for an exposure apparatus has a thermophoretic plate and at least one shielding layer covering a first surface of the thermophoretic plate. The at least one shielding layer controls thermally induced distortions of the exposure apparatus by reducing heat transfer between the exposure apparatus and the thermophoretic plate. The shielding layer includes an insulation layer and a reflective layer, where the reflective layer has a surface with a low emissivity. In one implementation, the reflective surface may be a surface of the thermophoretic plate. The reflective surface should be facing the exposure apparatus, but is not a requirement. More than one shielding layer may be used, in which each outermost shielding layer will have a higher temperature.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention generally relates to a thermophoretic plate having a low emissivity surface and, more particularly, to a thermally insulated thermophoretic plate with a uniformly distributed emissivity surface used in a lithographic tool. 2. Background Description A lithographic tool uses many components such as, for example, reticles and optical subsystems to ensure precise image transfer onto a wafer to produce a desired microelectronic device. But, the ability to produce high quality microelectronic devices and reduce yield losses is dependent upon maintaining the surfaces of critical components substantially defect-free. This would include, for example, maintaining the surfaces free of particulate matter, e.g., maintaining an ultra clean surface ensuring that particulate matter is not deposited on the surface of the wafer, the reticle or mask or other critical components. This is of particular concern as finer features are required on the microelectronic device. The concern about defects caused by particle deposition onto surfaces is of particular importance for the next generation of lithography tools, for example, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. But, contamination from particulate matter is exacerbated since EUV lithography does not use a pellicle which is customarily employed to protect the reticles (masks) from particle deposition. A traditional pellicle cannot be used with EUV lithography for the following reasons, for example. (i) A traditional pellicle would cause deleterious effects on the beam of high energy incident radiation used in the EUV lithography techniques. That is, for example, the pellicle may absorb some of the radiation, resulting in a loss of throughput. (ii) A traditional pellicle made of organic material may decompose under the influence of high energy radiation, thus contributing to the deposition of particulate matter on the critical components. In order to use EUV lithography effectively in the absence of a pellicle, it is important to devise alternative schemes for protecting the lithographic surfaces, e.g., critical components such as the reticles, from deposition of particulate matter. Some methods that have been devised to address particulate matter control on EUV components are debris shields through which the incoming EUV radiation is passed to catch or filter the particles, electrostatic fields, and thermophoresis. Debris shields consist of a mesh or grid covered by a very thin film of material which is relatively transparent to EUV radiation, as well as being resistant to damage by the radiation. Zirconium thin films are an example of such material. The grid support allows the film to be very thin, thereby avoiding significant absorption of the EUV radiation. However the EUV radiation is absorbed by the grid, so the shield must be located far enough from the reticle that the shadows created by the grid are defocused in the reticle plane. This enables the illumination at the reticle to be uniform. Debris shields are effective to a certain extent, but in an effort to maximize photon illumination, the “mesh” size has to be a compromise between particle pass-through rate and reduction in EUV power. The use of electrostatic fields, on the other hand, relies on the electric charge created on the particle by the presence of the EUV radiation. If the electrostatic field has a strong intensity gradient, uncharged particles may be deflected as well, but the force on the uncharged particle is quite weak. Thus, areas not illuminated by EUV radiation are substantially unprotected. Thermophoresis represents a force on particles which relies on the presence of a thermal gradient in a gas between the reticle and a thermophoretic plate. In this technique, thermophoretic forces are capable of overcoming particle deposition due to, for example, electrostatic forces, inertia, gravity and other forces. The thermophoretic forces cause particles to be driven from regions of higher gas temperature to regions of lower gas temperature. Thus, using the principles of thermophoresis, particles located between the reticle and thermophoretic plate are subject to the thermophoretic forces, pulling the particle away from the reticle, which is at a higher temperature than the thermophoretic plate. By using such a technique, the particles will not deposit on the reflective surface, e.g., reticle, and will not degrade the device or result in loss of yield. But, in currently explored thermophoretic systems, distortion of the exposure apparatus can occur due to expansion and contraction resulting from heat transfer throughout the system. In one particular instance, the apparatus may distort due to the temperature difference between the thermophoretic plate and the apparatus thus resulting in printing errors and yield loss. |
10955826 | 2,004 | Closed loop feedback in MIMO systems | Feedback bandwidth may be reduced in a closed loop MIMO system by representing a beamforming matrix using orthogonal generator matrices. | BACKGROUND Closed loop multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems typically transmit channel state information from a receiver to a transmitter. The transmitter may then utilize the information to do beam forming. Transmitting the channel state information consumes bandwidth that might otherwise be available for data traffic. | Title:
Closed loop feedback in MIMO systems
Abstract:
Feedback bandwidth may be reduced in a closed loop MIMO system by representing a beamforming matrix using orthogonal generator matrices.
Background:
BACKGROUND Closed loop multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems typically transmit channel state information from a receiver to a transmitter. The transmitter may then utilize the information to do beam forming. Transmitting the channel state information consumes bandwidth that might otherwise be available for data traffic. |
10925380 | 2,004 | Method and apparatus for locating and aligning fasteners | A method and apparatus for precisely locating, aligning, targeting, and marking locations for fastener holes in structures is disclosed. The method and apparatus utilizes laser devices to project laser beams through alignment tools to determine the proper location and orientation of the fastener holes. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for aligning and installing fasteners. In particular, the present invention relates to marking blank removable and interchangeable panels for drilling fastener holes. 2. Description of Related Art Current methods for marking blank removeable and interchangeable panels include the use of hole finders, stud bolts, and/or custom jig tools. In the hole-finder and stud-bolt methods, hole locations are transferred to a parallel surface offset from the substructure. The main problem with these methods is that they are not sufficiently precise in replicating hole locations, i.e., they are not accurate within close tolerances and become increasingly more difficult to use as the curvature of the panel becomes more complex. Although custom jig tools provide a more accurate transfer of the hole locations to the blank panel, the monetary cost and process time make the use of custom jig tools prohibitive. Thus, many shortcomings remain in the area of aligning and marking blank removable and interchangeable panels for the installation of fasteners. | Title:
Method and apparatus for locating and aligning fasteners
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for precisely locating, aligning, targeting, and marking locations for fastener holes in structures is disclosed. The method and apparatus utilizes laser devices to project laser beams through alignment tools to determine the proper location and orientation of the fastener holes.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for aligning and installing fasteners. In particular, the present invention relates to marking blank removable and interchangeable panels for drilling fastener holes. 2. Description of Related Art Current methods for marking blank removeable and interchangeable panels include the use of hole finders, stud bolts, and/or custom jig tools. In the hole-finder and stud-bolt methods, hole locations are transferred to a parallel surface offset from the substructure. The main problem with these methods is that they are not sufficiently precise in replicating hole locations, i.e., they are not accurate within close tolerances and become increasingly more difficult to use as the curvature of the panel becomes more complex. Although custom jig tools provide a more accurate transfer of the hole locations to the blank panel, the monetary cost and process time make the use of custom jig tools prohibitive. Thus, many shortcomings remain in the area of aligning and marking blank removable and interchangeable panels for the installation of fasteners. |
10804024 | 2,004 | Comparing circuits for time-to-threshold A/D conversion in digital imaging arrays | Inverters are efficient array-internal threshold detectors or comparators in digital imaging systems which use time-to-threshold A/D conversion, particularly CMOS image sensor arrays. The inverters compare sensor outputs to implicit inverter thresholds, with inverter outputs switching on threshold crossings. The inverters can have constituent transistors of with minimum size. Alternatively, non-minimum transistor dimensions can be selected to obtain desired threshold levels. Other logic circuits can also act as threshold detectors. | BACKGROUND 1. Field of Invention The invention relates to digital imaging with time-to-threshold A/D conversion, particularly to low-cost, low-complexity structures for converting analog sensor outputs to digital indicator signals in CMOS image sensor arrays. 2. Description of Prior Art Many digital imaging systems employ arrays of sensors. Often, the arrays consist of rows and columns of sensors. The sensors are exposed to incident energy either simultaneously or nearly so. The incident energy causes physical parameters of the sensors to change, typically analog electrical parameters such as currents or voltages. Subsequently, the parameter changes are converted into digital number values using some form of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. In much of the prior art, digital imaging systems use essentially the same approach as film-based cameras. The sensors are configured to produce an output change proportional to the cumulative incident energy during a common exposure time of pre-selected duration. A/D conversion takes place after exposure and outside the array boundaries. For CCD imaging systems, this external A/D conversion is necessary because CCD arrays and mixed-signal A/D converters are fabricated using different manufacturing processes and consequently are on separate chips. However, in CMOS technologies, it is possible to co-fabricate sensors and other circuitry on a single chip. When A/D conversion is a separate process from analog signal acquisition, one can use a general-purpose A/D converter. Such converters are widely known in the prior art, and are general-purpose because they do not rely on specific knowledge of how analog inputs are acquired. Given a voltage or a current in a specified range as an analog input, they provide a digital output with a specified number of bits of precision in a specified amount of time. There are numerous types of general purpose A/D converters, including those based on charge-balancing, on successive approximation, and on flash or half-flash techniques. Choice of a particular strategy usually involves a trade-off between cost and speed or precision, where cost may be measured in terms of chip space, power consumption, or extra manufacturing steps (such as laser trimming to match components, or tuning using floating gates). As an example, consider flash conversion. The basic idea of flash conversion is to simultaneously compare an unknown analog input to a set of known reference levels. Usually the levels are uniformly spaced. For each level a comparator indicates whether it is greater than or less than the unknown analog input. The set of comparator outputs forms a thermometric code that is interpreted much the same way as the markings on an old-fashioned glass thermometer. A flash converter with N bits of precision requires (2{circumflex over ( )}N−1) comparators and known reference levels. Traditionally, the reference levels were generated using a chain of 2{circumflex over ( )}N resistors strung between minimum and maximum reference voltages. Except for the end resistors, all the resistors have the same value. (See, for example, FIG. 9.49 on page 621 of THE ART OF ELECTRONICS, fourth edition.) In practice, such resistors aren't perfectly matched, which is an impediment to high-precision conversion. An even greater impediment is the exponential component count. One clever flash converter idea that is apropos to the present work is the so-called “threshold inverter quantizer” (TIQ) proposed by K. Choi and his colleagues at Penn State University. They recognized that matched resistors are quite costly to produce in CMOS—being physically very large and/or needful of trimming—whereas transistors with accurate width-to-length ratios are both cheaper (e.g. smaller) and easier to produce. Consequently, Choi et al. put forth the idea of replacing the resistor chain and comparators with a set of scaled CMOS inverters. Each inverter has one input, but component transistors scaled to provide digital output transitions at different input levels—a useful departure from the standard practice of designing inverters to switch mid-way between their power supply rails. Notwithstanding the improvement over traditional flash converter architectures, the approach suffers from an increasing average inverter size as precision increases and also from exponential component count. Generally speaking, fast, high-precision A/D converters are much more costly than slow, high-precision A/D converters or fast, low-precision A/D converters. Unfortunately, digital imaging arrays with millions or tens of millions of sensors may require large numbers of conversion operations in very short time intervals. Hence some form of fast, high-precision A/D conversion is very desirable. Time-to-threshold A/D conversion exploits some of the unique features of digital imaging systems, in particular sensors that act as integrators. With time-to-threshold A/D conversion in a digital imaging system, a digital number value is generated as a measured elapsed time required for a sensor output to change from some initial level to some threshold level. This type of A/D conversion is well-suited to parallel implementations and occurs in real time as the sensors are being exposed to incident energy. Several U.S. patents describe various types of time-to-threshold A/D conversion for digital imaging, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,643 issued to K. Konuma, U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,145 issued to A. Hou, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,788 issued to C. Murphy. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these patents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,498 issued to R. Guidash. Konuma proposed having a master clock signal passed into an array, with each sensor's output governing a dedicated counter. Massive counter redundancy leading to high power consumption and large chip area is a major disadvantage of this approach. Hou proposed a two-transistor comparator with two inputs—one from a pinned photodiode, applied at the gate of one transistor, and the other from an array-external reference source passed into the array and applied to the gate of the other transistor. The two transistors pass current simultaneously, in effect wrestling for control of a common circuit node which is the comparator output. This leads to high power consumption. Also, the accuracy of the reference signal in setting the threshold level depends on the relative gains of the component transistors. Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,425 issued to B. Fowler and A. El Gamal, describes an early proposal for putting A/D converters in an imaging array as a way of avoiding having to pass analog signals to array-external A/D converters. However, their proposed A/D converters are still quite costly, and not based on time-to-threshold conversion. There is clearly a need for circuits that enable time-to-threshold A/D conversion with very low cost—by part count, part size, power consumption, and other measures. | Title:
Comparing circuits for time-to-threshold A/D conversion in digital imaging arrays
Abstract:
Inverters are efficient array-internal threshold detectors or comparators in digital imaging systems which use time-to-threshold A/D conversion, particularly CMOS image sensor arrays. The inverters compare sensor outputs to implicit inverter thresholds, with inverter outputs switching on threshold crossings. The inverters can have constituent transistors of with minimum size. Alternatively, non-minimum transistor dimensions can be selected to obtain desired threshold levels. Other logic circuits can also act as threshold detectors.
Background:
BACKGROUND 1. Field of Invention The invention relates to digital imaging with time-to-threshold A/D conversion, particularly to low-cost, low-complexity structures for converting analog sensor outputs to digital indicator signals in CMOS image sensor arrays. 2. Description of Prior Art Many digital imaging systems employ arrays of sensors. Often, the arrays consist of rows and columns of sensors. The sensors are exposed to incident energy either simultaneously or nearly so. The incident energy causes physical parameters of the sensors to change, typically analog electrical parameters such as currents or voltages. Subsequently, the parameter changes are converted into digital number values using some form of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. In much of the prior art, digital imaging systems use essentially the same approach as film-based cameras. The sensors are configured to produce an output change proportional to the cumulative incident energy during a common exposure time of pre-selected duration. A/D conversion takes place after exposure and outside the array boundaries. For CCD imaging systems, this external A/D conversion is necessary because CCD arrays and mixed-signal A/D converters are fabricated using different manufacturing processes and consequently are on separate chips. However, in CMOS technologies, it is possible to co-fabricate sensors and other circuitry on a single chip. When A/D conversion is a separate process from analog signal acquisition, one can use a general-purpose A/D converter. Such converters are widely known in the prior art, and are general-purpose because they do not rely on specific knowledge of how analog inputs are acquired. Given a voltage or a current in a specified range as an analog input, they provide a digital output with a specified number of bits of precision in a specified amount of time. There are numerous types of general purpose A/D converters, including those based on charge-balancing, on successive approximation, and on flash or half-flash techniques. Choice of a particular strategy usually involves a trade-off between cost and speed or precision, where cost may be measured in terms of chip space, power consumption, or extra manufacturing steps (such as laser trimming to match components, or tuning using floating gates). As an example, consider flash conversion. The basic idea of flash conversion is to simultaneously compare an unknown analog input to a set of known reference levels. Usually the levels are uniformly spaced. For each level a comparator indicates whether it is greater than or less than the unknown analog input. The set of comparator outputs forms a thermometric code that is interpreted much the same way as the markings on an old-fashioned glass thermometer. A flash converter with N bits of precision requires (2{circumflex over ( )}N−1) comparators and known reference levels. Traditionally, the reference levels were generated using a chain of 2{circumflex over ( )}N resistors strung between minimum and maximum reference voltages. Except for the end resistors, all the resistors have the same value. (See, for example, FIG. 9.49 on page 621 of THE ART OF ELECTRONICS, fourth edition.) In practice, such resistors aren't perfectly matched, which is an impediment to high-precision conversion. An even greater impediment is the exponential component count. One clever flash converter idea that is apropos to the present work is the so-called “threshold inverter quantizer” (TIQ) proposed by K. Choi and his colleagues at Penn State University. They recognized that matched resistors are quite costly to produce in CMOS—being physically very large and/or needful of trimming—whereas transistors with accurate width-to-length ratios are both cheaper (e.g. smaller) and easier to produce. Consequently, Choi et al. put forth the idea of replacing the resistor chain and comparators with a set of scaled CMOS inverters. Each inverter has one input, but component transistors scaled to provide digital output transitions at different input levels—a useful departure from the standard practice of designing inverters to switch mid-way between their power supply rails. Notwithstanding the improvement over traditional flash converter architectures, the approach suffers from an increasing average inverter size as precision increases and also from exponential component count. Generally speaking, fast, high-precision A/D converters are much more costly than slow, high-precision A/D converters or fast, low-precision A/D converters. Unfortunately, digital imaging arrays with millions or tens of millions of sensors may require large numbers of conversion operations in very short time intervals. Hence some form of fast, high-precision A/D conversion is very desirable. Time-to-threshold A/D conversion exploits some of the unique features of digital imaging systems, in particular sensors that act as integrators. With time-to-threshold A/D conversion in a digital imaging system, a digital number value is generated as a measured elapsed time required for a sensor output to change from some initial level to some threshold level. This type of A/D conversion is well-suited to parallel implementations and occurs in real time as the sensors are being exposed to incident energy. Several U.S. patents describe various types of time-to-threshold A/D conversion for digital imaging, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,643 issued to K. Konuma, U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,145 issued to A. Hou, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,788 issued to C. Murphy. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these patents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,498 issued to R. Guidash. Konuma proposed having a master clock signal passed into an array, with each sensor's output governing a dedicated counter. Massive counter redundancy leading to high power consumption and large chip area is a major disadvantage of this approach. Hou proposed a two-transistor comparator with two inputs—one from a pinned photodiode, applied at the gate of one transistor, and the other from an array-external reference source passed into the array and applied to the gate of the other transistor. The two transistors pass current simultaneously, in effect wrestling for control of a common circuit node which is the comparator output. This leads to high power consumption. Also, the accuracy of the reference signal in setting the threshold level depends on the relative gains of the component transistors. Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,425 issued to B. Fowler and A. El Gamal, describes an early proposal for putting A/D converters in an imaging array as a way of avoiding having to pass analog signals to array-external A/D converters. However, their proposed A/D converters are still quite costly, and not based on time-to-threshold conversion. There is clearly a need for circuits that enable time-to-threshold A/D conversion with very low cost—by part count, part size, power consumption, and other measures. |
10711138 | 2,004 | Method for Producing a bore | In a method for machining bores of workpieces with a desired nominal shape of the bores in operative condition, a bore with a desired nominal shape in inoperative condition is produced in a workpiece and the workpiece is then put in operative condition. A deviation of the desired nominal shape of the bore resulting from the operative conditions is determined. Based on the deviation, an initial shape which shape the bore must have in inoperative condition in order for the bore to assume the desired nominal shape in operative condition is the determined. Bores are then produced by employing the determined initial shape as a template. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for machining bores of workpieces, e.g. the cylinder bores of a motor block for combustion engines, with a desired nominal cylindrical shape in operative condition. When pistons move up and down in a bore of a motor block of an internal combustion engine, a certain optimum shape, e.g. a cylindrical shape, is desired. This is the “nominal shape”. This shape is usually produced. After manufacture and after having been put into operation, i.e., after the engine has been started and has reached its operating conditions, e.g. temperature and load, the original nominal cylindrical shape will change. This deviation from the nominal state, which the bore had in its inoperative initial condition, will result in a shape in operative condition that is not the desired nominal one. For example, if the nominal shape in inoperative condition is cylindrical, the deviation caused by temperature and load may result in a slightly elliptical shape in operative condition, which is no longer optimal. It is desired that especially in operative conditions the shape should be the nominal shape that is originally designed in order to have a minimal gap between the cylinder wall and the piston so that optimum use is made of the burned fuel while minimal pressure loss and leakage of exhaust gas are incurred. The machining operations considered in this connection may be grinding, finishing or honing of the bore. The operative condition or state refers to a situation where the combustion engine is in operation, whether in idling condition or under full load. In order to provide a cylindrical bore during operation, it is proposed in Japanese patent document 11267960 to clamp the bore during machining with original tension screws and the original torque as employed in the operational state. In order to additionally simulate deformation caused by temperature effects, it is known to heat the workpiece by means of hot honing oil. However, this method for manufacturing the bore causes a great expenditure as a result of the required devices. This machining process results in high costs. Because of the relatively long heating period to temperatures of 80° C. to 140° C., the required safety devices, the seal wear, and the required temperature conditioning, this method is used only for custom machining of high-quality engines. The actual deformation state in operation is moreover simulated only insufficiently by the aforementioned devices. It has already been suggested to produce bores with an elliptical cross section (U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,210, see col. 4, lines 60-56). The elliptical cross section was considered to be the desired final shape in order to make as much use as possible of the space available in a motor block of given dimensions (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,210, col. 1, line 23). The deformations resulting from the temperature rise when such an engine is put into operation are much less than the deformations thought to result from the method disclosed in said patent. Changes resulting from operating conditions are neither considered nor compensated. The same applies to the disclosure of German patent application 40 07 121 showing a device for honing oval bores. | Title:
Method for Producing a bore
Abstract:
In a method for machining bores of workpieces with a desired nominal shape of the bores in operative condition, a bore with a desired nominal shape in inoperative condition is produced in a workpiece and the workpiece is then put in operative condition. A deviation of the desired nominal shape of the bore resulting from the operative conditions is determined. Based on the deviation, an initial shape which shape the bore must have in inoperative condition in order for the bore to assume the desired nominal shape in operative condition is the determined. Bores are then produced by employing the determined initial shape as a template.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method for machining bores of workpieces, e.g. the cylinder bores of a motor block for combustion engines, with a desired nominal cylindrical shape in operative condition. When pistons move up and down in a bore of a motor block of an internal combustion engine, a certain optimum shape, e.g. a cylindrical shape, is desired. This is the “nominal shape”. This shape is usually produced. After manufacture and after having been put into operation, i.e., after the engine has been started and has reached its operating conditions, e.g. temperature and load, the original nominal cylindrical shape will change. This deviation from the nominal state, which the bore had in its inoperative initial condition, will result in a shape in operative condition that is not the desired nominal one. For example, if the nominal shape in inoperative condition is cylindrical, the deviation caused by temperature and load may result in a slightly elliptical shape in operative condition, which is no longer optimal. It is desired that especially in operative conditions the shape should be the nominal shape that is originally designed in order to have a minimal gap between the cylinder wall and the piston so that optimum use is made of the burned fuel while minimal pressure loss and leakage of exhaust gas are incurred. The machining operations considered in this connection may be grinding, finishing or honing of the bore. The operative condition or state refers to a situation where the combustion engine is in operation, whether in idling condition or under full load. In order to provide a cylindrical bore during operation, it is proposed in Japanese patent document 11267960 to clamp the bore during machining with original tension screws and the original torque as employed in the operational state. In order to additionally simulate deformation caused by temperature effects, it is known to heat the workpiece by means of hot honing oil. However, this method for manufacturing the bore causes a great expenditure as a result of the required devices. This machining process results in high costs. Because of the relatively long heating period to temperatures of 80° C. to 140° C., the required safety devices, the seal wear, and the required temperature conditioning, this method is used only for custom machining of high-quality engines. The actual deformation state in operation is moreover simulated only insufficiently by the aforementioned devices. It has already been suggested to produce bores with an elliptical cross section (U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,210, see col. 4, lines 60-56). The elliptical cross section was considered to be the desired final shape in order to make as much use as possible of the space available in a motor block of given dimensions (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,210, col. 1, line 23). The deformations resulting from the temperature rise when such an engine is put into operation are much less than the deformations thought to result from the method disclosed in said patent. Changes resulting from operating conditions are neither considered nor compensated. The same applies to the disclosure of German patent application 40 07 121 showing a device for honing oval bores. |
10881561 | 2,004 | Semiconductor device and hybrid integrated circuit device | The related arts have difficulty in efficiently dissipating the heat generated by a resin-molded semiconductor element, and thus have the problem of thermal stress causing damage to the semiconductor element. To solve the problem, a semiconductor device of the preferred embodiments includes common leads coupled to an island, and a part of the common leads projects out from a resin seal body. The projecting common leads have a coupling portion. When mounting the semiconductor device, the common leads are bridged with brazing material. Thus, the heat generated by an integrated circuit chip mounted on the island is dissipated through the common leads to the outside of the resin seal body. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, a further improvement in heat dissipation characteristics can be accomplished by increasing the surface areas of the common leads. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using a lead frame including discrete leads and common leads, and more particularly to a semiconductor device including common leads of which outer portions have a coupling portion and which are bridged with brazing material (e.g., solder or the like) in order to enhance a heat dissipation effect. 2. Description of the Related Art Recently, higher-density semiconductor devices have been sought in order to comply with smaller-sized electronic equipment. Thus, an approach has been carried out, which involves mounting on a lead frame an integrated circuit chip having various LSI (large scale integrated) circuits, and encapsulating with resin the integrated circuit chip mounted on the lead frame. The description is given with regard to a conventional semiconductor device with reference to FIGS. 8 to 10 . FIG. 8 is a plan view of a conventional lead frame having an integrated circuit chip mounted thereon. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a semiconductor device using the lead frame. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the semiconductor device using the lead frame as mounted on a conductive pattern. As shown in FIG. 8 , a lead frame 1 includes an island 3 on which an integrated circuit chip 2 is mounted, and a plurality of leads 4 A, 4 B, 4 C, . . . , and 5 A, 5 B, 5 C, . . . , which act as external electrode terminals. The leads 4 A and the like are arranged in DIP (dual in-line package) form and spaced at predetermined intervals. The integrated circuit chip 2 is mounted on the island 3 of the lead frame 1 . Electrodes 6 A, 6 B, 6 C, . . . , and 7 A, 7 B, 7 C, . . . placed on the integrated circuit chip 2 are respectively bonded to the leads 4 A and the like through fine metal wires 8 A, 8 B, 8 C, . . . , and 9 A, 9 B, 9 C, . . . As shown in FIG. 9 , a resin seal body 10 is formed so that the outer portions of the leads 4 A and the like are exposed to the outside thereof, and thus a semiconductor device 11 is completed. As shown in FIG. 10 , in the semiconductor device 11 , the ends of the leads 4 A and the like are brazed (e.g., soldered or otherwise bonded) to conductive patterns 14 A, 14 B, 14 C, and the like on a printed wiring board 12 . As mentioned above, the semiconductor device includes the integrated circuit chip, which is increasing in size year by year. Thus, the heat generated by the integrated circuit chip and the like can cause thermal damage to the integrated circuit chip or the semiconductor device. Although it is therefore necessary to improve heat dissipation characteristics of the semiconductor device, the semiconductor device has the problem of inadequate heat dissipation because the integrated circuit chip and the island having the chip mounted thereon are integrally molded with resin. Moreover, the lead frame having a larger number of pins becomes thinner and thus there was the problem of impairing the heat dissipation characteristics. | Title:
Semiconductor device and hybrid integrated circuit device
Abstract:
The related arts have difficulty in efficiently dissipating the heat generated by a resin-molded semiconductor element, and thus have the problem of thermal stress causing damage to the semiconductor element. To solve the problem, a semiconductor device of the preferred embodiments includes common leads coupled to an island, and a part of the common leads projects out from a resin seal body. The projecting common leads have a coupling portion. When mounting the semiconductor device, the common leads are bridged with brazing material. Thus, the heat generated by an integrated circuit chip mounted on the island is dissipated through the common leads to the outside of the resin seal body. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, a further improvement in heat dissipation characteristics can be accomplished by increasing the surface areas of the common leads.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using a lead frame including discrete leads and common leads, and more particularly to a semiconductor device including common leads of which outer portions have a coupling portion and which are bridged with brazing material (e.g., solder or the like) in order to enhance a heat dissipation effect. 2. Description of the Related Art Recently, higher-density semiconductor devices have been sought in order to comply with smaller-sized electronic equipment. Thus, an approach has been carried out, which involves mounting on a lead frame an integrated circuit chip having various LSI (large scale integrated) circuits, and encapsulating with resin the integrated circuit chip mounted on the lead frame. The description is given with regard to a conventional semiconductor device with reference to FIGS. 8 to 10 . FIG. 8 is a plan view of a conventional lead frame having an integrated circuit chip mounted thereon. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a semiconductor device using the lead frame. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the semiconductor device using the lead frame as mounted on a conductive pattern. As shown in FIG. 8 , a lead frame 1 includes an island 3 on which an integrated circuit chip 2 is mounted, and a plurality of leads 4 A, 4 B, 4 C, . . . , and 5 A, 5 B, 5 C, . . . , which act as external electrode terminals. The leads 4 A and the like are arranged in DIP (dual in-line package) form and spaced at predetermined intervals. The integrated circuit chip 2 is mounted on the island 3 of the lead frame 1 . Electrodes 6 A, 6 B, 6 C, . . . , and 7 A, 7 B, 7 C, . . . placed on the integrated circuit chip 2 are respectively bonded to the leads 4 A and the like through fine metal wires 8 A, 8 B, 8 C, . . . , and 9 A, 9 B, 9 C, . . . As shown in FIG. 9 , a resin seal body 10 is formed so that the outer portions of the leads 4 A and the like are exposed to the outside thereof, and thus a semiconductor device 11 is completed. As shown in FIG. 10 , in the semiconductor device 11 , the ends of the leads 4 A and the like are brazed (e.g., soldered or otherwise bonded) to conductive patterns 14 A, 14 B, 14 C, and the like on a printed wiring board 12 . As mentioned above, the semiconductor device includes the integrated circuit chip, which is increasing in size year by year. Thus, the heat generated by the integrated circuit chip and the like can cause thermal damage to the integrated circuit chip or the semiconductor device. Although it is therefore necessary to improve heat dissipation characteristics of the semiconductor device, the semiconductor device has the problem of inadequate heat dissipation because the integrated circuit chip and the island having the chip mounted thereon are integrally molded with resin. Moreover, the lead frame having a larger number of pins becomes thinner and thus there was the problem of impairing the heat dissipation characteristics. |
10972842 | 2,004 | Method and system for degassing a fluid | Disclosed herein is a system for degassing a fluid including a sample probe in operable communication with a pump which is in operable communication with a gas trap wherein one or more nozzles are located to accelerate and expel the fluid into the gas trap thereby liberating dissolved gases in the fluid. A method for degassing a fluid is also disclosed. The method includes directing a pressurized fluid toward one or more nozzles and accelerating and expelling fluid through the nozzles. | BACKGROUND In the hydrocarbon industry, wellbores are drilled based upon available geological data. Many times the expectation of accessing a hydrocarbon bearing formation are realized. Unfortunately, however this is not always the case. For this reason, among others, methods and apparatus are employed to gain information as the process continues. One of those methods and apparatus relates to determining a quantity of a gas dissolved in the drilling mud. This provides valuable information about the probability that a particular formation being accessed will bear profitable hydrocarbon levels because formation solids, where that formation is a hydrocarbon bearing one, tend to have gas dissolved therein of a type(s) associated with the existence of profitable hydrocarbons nearby. The more gas present, the more likely the formation will prove profitable. Drilling mud has been tested for the presence of dissolved gases in the prior art but the devices used for the extraction and liberation of gas from the drilling fluid are complex, require a large amount of space and therefore must be placed some distance from the wellhead. Distance is deleterious to the process as gases come out of solution and dissipate en route to the device. This often leaves too little gas to be measurable or if still measurable causes uncertainty regarding actual amount of gas being accessed due to uncertainty regarding the precise amount of off-gassing while en route and the amount of dissipation of that released gas. | Title:
Method and system for degassing a fluid
Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a system for degassing a fluid including a sample probe in operable communication with a pump which is in operable communication with a gas trap wherein one or more nozzles are located to accelerate and expel the fluid into the gas trap thereby liberating dissolved gases in the fluid. A method for degassing a fluid is also disclosed. The method includes directing a pressurized fluid toward one or more nozzles and accelerating and expelling fluid through the nozzles.
Background:
BACKGROUND In the hydrocarbon industry, wellbores are drilled based upon available geological data. Many times the expectation of accessing a hydrocarbon bearing formation are realized. Unfortunately, however this is not always the case. For this reason, among others, methods and apparatus are employed to gain information as the process continues. One of those methods and apparatus relates to determining a quantity of a gas dissolved in the drilling mud. This provides valuable information about the probability that a particular formation being accessed will bear profitable hydrocarbon levels because formation solids, where that formation is a hydrocarbon bearing one, tend to have gas dissolved therein of a type(s) associated with the existence of profitable hydrocarbons nearby. The more gas present, the more likely the formation will prove profitable. Drilling mud has been tested for the presence of dissolved gases in the prior art but the devices used for the extraction and liberation of gas from the drilling fluid are complex, require a large amount of space and therefore must be placed some distance from the wellhead. Distance is deleterious to the process as gases come out of solution and dissipate en route to the device. This often leaves too little gas to be measurable or if still measurable causes uncertainty regarding actual amount of gas being accessed due to uncertainty regarding the precise amount of off-gassing while en route and the amount of dissipation of that released gas. |
10924321 | 2,004 | Method to protect internal components of semiconductor processing equipment using layered superlattice materials | This invention relates to apparatus and a method to protect the internal components of semiconductor processing equipment such as a plasma reactor or a reactive species generator against physical and/or chemical damages during etching and/or cleaning processes. Layered superlattice materials having three or more metal elements such as strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT) are used to form a protective barrier on the surfaces of the internal components of a reaction chamber. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuits (IC), dielectric materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), and silicon oxynitride (SiON) have been widely used as insulators for transistor gates. As IC device geometry shrinks, gate dielectric layers have become progressively thinner. To maintain adequate breakdown voltage at very small thickness (≦10 nm), high dielectric constant (high-k) materials, defined as materials where k is greater than about 4.1 (the k of silicon dioxide) can be used as the insulating layer in the transistor gate structure and the barrier layer in deep trench capacitors. The latest and most promising high-k materials are metal oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , and mixtures thereof, and metal silicates such as HfSi x O y , ZrSi x O y , and mixtures thereof. In some instances, nitrogen may be incorporated into these metal oxides and metal silicates high-k materials. Semiconductor Process Chambers such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) chambers, and specifically Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) chambers, which are employed for the deposition of high k films, often are exposed to highly corrosive gases during processing of semiconductor components or during periodic cleaning to remove accumulation of deposition residues from the interior surfaces. Among the highly corrosive gases employed for processing and cleaning are the halogen-containing agents, Cl 2 , HCl, BCl 3 , NF 3 , F 2 , HF and/or a combination of BCl 3 /NF 3 . Cleaning high-k ALD/CVD chambers using highly corrosive halogen-based chemistries activated by in situ plasma, remote plasma, and/or thermal heating have been demonstrated as being very effective. However, because BCl 3 or BCl 3/NF 3 in situ plasmas are extremely aggressive, these halogen-based in situ plasmas, for example, not only remove high-k deposition residues from the reactor surfaces they also etch and corrode the internal components and surfaces of the ALD/CVD deposition chambers. The following patents and articles are illustrative of processes for imparting resistance to corrosion and etching of ALD and CVD reactors which are subjected to halogen gases during processing of semiconductor components and from cleaning from time to time. WO 02/054454 A2, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,429 B2, disclose the incorporation or corrosion resistant components in semiconductor processing equipment such as a plasma chamber. To prevent erosion caused by the corrosive effects of plasma chamber gases on walls, electrodes, supports, etc. commonly constructed of aluminum and aluminum alloys, diamond-like coatings are applied to such interior surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,910 B2 and WO 02/053794 A1 disclose corrosion resistant components for semiconductor processing equipment based upon carbonitride coatings. These coatings are deposited on the surface of the processing equipment, such surfaces include ceramic, stainless steel, refractory and the like as well as those coated with alumina, SiC, of Si 3 N 4 . WO 02/053797 A1 discloses a method for providing corrosion resistance to metal, ceramic and polymer surfaces interior components of semiconductor processing apparatus including parts of a plasma reactor chamber. Hard carbon intermediate layers are incorporated into chamber surfaces which hard carbon intermediates include fullerenes such as C 60 and C 70 etc (buckyballs or buckmisterfullerenes), diamond, carbides, carbonitrides, borides and the like. EP 1,026,281 A2, discloses an anti-corrosion member based upon a support having a film thereon incorporating a main crystal phase of AlF 3 . Such film affords corrosion and erosion resistance to a base member of a metal in which aluminum is included, ceramics in which aluminum is included and so forth when heated to elevated temperatures in the presence of corrosive fluorine compounds, e.g., WF 6 . U.S. Pat. No. 2003/0159657 A1 and WO 03/001559 Al disclose the application of a monolithic ceramic workpiece for a plasma reactor chamber formed from a mixture of yttrium aluminum perovskite and yttrium aluminum garnet. Such mixture acts to prevent erosion of the internal chamber components which are susceptible to corrosion and wear by fluorine processing gases. WO 03/080892 A1, discloses components for semiconductor materials which are subjected to erosive and corrosive plasma environments. Such components are based upon ceramic coatings comprised of at least one oxide, nitride, boride, carbide and/or fluorides of strontium, lanthanum and dysprosium or a nitride, boride, carbide or fluoride of hafnium. U.S. 6,613,442 B2, and WO 2004/003962 A2 disclose various methods to protect semiconductor processing chambers by employing various binary metal compounds such as aluminum nitride, boron nitride, and in particular, boron nitride/yttrium oxides and cerium oxides. | Title:
Method to protect internal components of semiconductor processing equipment using layered superlattice materials
Abstract:
This invention relates to apparatus and a method to protect the internal components of semiconductor processing equipment such as a plasma reactor or a reactive species generator against physical and/or chemical damages during etching and/or cleaning processes. Layered superlattice materials having three or more metal elements such as strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT) are used to form a protective barrier on the surfaces of the internal components of a reaction chamber.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuits (IC), dielectric materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), and silicon oxynitride (SiON) have been widely used as insulators for transistor gates. As IC device geometry shrinks, gate dielectric layers have become progressively thinner. To maintain adequate breakdown voltage at very small thickness (≦10 nm), high dielectric constant (high-k) materials, defined as materials where k is greater than about 4.1 (the k of silicon dioxide) can be used as the insulating layer in the transistor gate structure and the barrier layer in deep trench capacitors. The latest and most promising high-k materials are metal oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , and mixtures thereof, and metal silicates such as HfSi x O y , ZrSi x O y , and mixtures thereof. In some instances, nitrogen may be incorporated into these metal oxides and metal silicates high-k materials. Semiconductor Process Chambers such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) chambers, and specifically Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) chambers, which are employed for the deposition of high k films, often are exposed to highly corrosive gases during processing of semiconductor components or during periodic cleaning to remove accumulation of deposition residues from the interior surfaces. Among the highly corrosive gases employed for processing and cleaning are the halogen-containing agents, Cl 2 , HCl, BCl 3 , NF 3 , F 2 , HF and/or a combination of BCl 3 /NF 3 . Cleaning high-k ALD/CVD chambers using highly corrosive halogen-based chemistries activated by in situ plasma, remote plasma, and/or thermal heating have been demonstrated as being very effective. However, because BCl 3 or BCl 3/NF 3 in situ plasmas are extremely aggressive, these halogen-based in situ plasmas, for example, not only remove high-k deposition residues from the reactor surfaces they also etch and corrode the internal components and surfaces of the ALD/CVD deposition chambers. The following patents and articles are illustrative of processes for imparting resistance to corrosion and etching of ALD and CVD reactors which are subjected to halogen gases during processing of semiconductor components and from cleaning from time to time. WO 02/054454 A2, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,429 B2, disclose the incorporation or corrosion resistant components in semiconductor processing equipment such as a plasma chamber. To prevent erosion caused by the corrosive effects of plasma chamber gases on walls, electrodes, supports, etc. commonly constructed of aluminum and aluminum alloys, diamond-like coatings are applied to such interior surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,910 B2 and WO 02/053794 A1 disclose corrosion resistant components for semiconductor processing equipment based upon carbonitride coatings. These coatings are deposited on the surface of the processing equipment, such surfaces include ceramic, stainless steel, refractory and the like as well as those coated with alumina, SiC, of Si 3 N 4 . WO 02/053797 A1 discloses a method for providing corrosion resistance to metal, ceramic and polymer surfaces interior components of semiconductor processing apparatus including parts of a plasma reactor chamber. Hard carbon intermediate layers are incorporated into chamber surfaces which hard carbon intermediates include fullerenes such as C 60 and C 70 etc (buckyballs or buckmisterfullerenes), diamond, carbides, carbonitrides, borides and the like. EP 1,026,281 A2, discloses an anti-corrosion member based upon a support having a film thereon incorporating a main crystal phase of AlF 3 . Such film affords corrosion and erosion resistance to a base member of a metal in which aluminum is included, ceramics in which aluminum is included and so forth when heated to elevated temperatures in the presence of corrosive fluorine compounds, e.g., WF 6 . U.S. Pat. No. 2003/0159657 A1 and WO 03/001559 Al disclose the application of a monolithic ceramic workpiece for a plasma reactor chamber formed from a mixture of yttrium aluminum perovskite and yttrium aluminum garnet. Such mixture acts to prevent erosion of the internal chamber components which are susceptible to corrosion and wear by fluorine processing gases. WO 03/080892 A1, discloses components for semiconductor materials which are subjected to erosive and corrosive plasma environments. Such components are based upon ceramic coatings comprised of at least one oxide, nitride, boride, carbide and/or fluorides of strontium, lanthanum and dysprosium or a nitride, boride, carbide or fluoride of hafnium. U.S. 6,613,442 B2, and WO 2004/003962 A2 disclose various methods to protect semiconductor processing chambers by employing various binary metal compounds such as aluminum nitride, boron nitride, and in particular, boron nitride/yttrium oxides and cerium oxides. |
10751468 | 2,004 | Side rail, hospital bed including the same, method of operating associated thereto and kit for assembling the side rail | A side rail; a patient support assembly, such a hospital bed, a stretcher and the like, provided with such a side rail; a method of operating associated thereto; and a kit for assembling the side rail. The side rail includes support bars and at least one cross bar being substantially positioned within a same vertical plane, substantially parallel to a corresponding side portion of the assembly. The support bars are rotatable with respect to the corresponding side portion about respective axes being parallel to a transverse axis of the assembly, and first and second ends of the at least one cross bar are rotatable with respect to the support bars about respective axes being parallel to the transverse axis, so that the side rail be operated between raised and lowered configurations along the same vertical plane and so that the side rail be collapsible in the lowered configuration, within the same vertical plane. The side rail is devised so as to be easily installed onto the assembly, and further devised so as to be easily, quickly and safely operated between the raised and lowered configurations. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith, such as side rails for instance, etc., are very well known in the art. Known to the Applicant are the following Canadian patents and patent applications which describe different patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith: 1,223,702; 1,227,389; 1,227,907; 1,240,806; 1,247,805; 1,254,704; 1,255,453; 1,259,453; 1,266,752; 1,275,433; 1,279,443; 1,294,576; 1,308,626; 1,308,866; 1,332,652; 1,336,783; 2,020,880; 2,042,768; 2,045,308; 2,051,841; 2,055,671; 2,055,672; 2,085,866; 2,107,057; 2,120,312; 2,122,515; 2,122,686; 2,145,851; 2,145,982; 2,164,028; 2,172,397; 2,175,608; 2,176,064; 2,181,021; 2,185,530; 2,189,046; 2,192,033; 2,193,612; 2,193,613; 2,223,851; 2,234,903; 2,242,320; 2,258,197; 2,296,497; 2,308,324; 2,321,297; 2,327,361; 2,329,185; 2,331,806; 2,337,994; 2,348,553; 2,348,826; 2,364,064; 2,366,551; 2,394,754; 2,403,379; 2,408,342; and 2,422,823. Also known to the Applicant are the following US patents and patent applications which also describe different patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,506,989; 3,932,903; 3,958,283; 4,345,344; 4,463,463; 4,509,217; 4,747,171; 5,063,623; 5,394,580; 5,604,942; 5,689,839; 5,732,423; 5,802,636; 6,038,721; 6,163,904; 6,219,864 B1; 6,389,622 B1; 6,393,641 B1; 6,396,224 B1; 6,397,416 B2; 6,486,792 B1; 6,499,162 B1; 6,519,794 B1; 6,560,492 B2; 6,564,404 B1; 6,640,360 B2; 2002/0095724 A1; 2002/0144350 A1; 2003/0051291 A1; 2003/0093860 A1; 2003/0106151 A1; and 2003/0167568 A1. A significant problem associated with some of the side rails used with the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that they are constructed in a very complex manner making them difficult to assemble and/or install onto a corresponding patient support assembly, such as a hospital bed for example, and also making them very cumbersome and unsafe to operate between raised and lowered configurations. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that as a result of their bulky design, the side rails when operated from a raised to a lowered configuration often need to be deployed or swiveled outwardly from the sides of the hospital bed, in a direction transverse to the bed itself, that is, taking up a great radius of operation curvature, thereby requiring the operator of the side rails to be positioned at a substantial distance from the bed, which is disadvantageous for obvious reasons known in the art. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that for most side rails, when operated into the lowered configurations, they are swiveled and/or lowered to the bottom side portion of the bed, thus taking up and blocking a lot of the space normally accessible beneath the patient support platform, thereby preventing an operator of the bed from positioning equipment therein and/or enabling the base structures of neighboring accessories, such as a wheeled base of a side tray for example, to be positionable under the patient support platform due to the presence of the side rails when in the lowered configuration. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that due to their inherently complex construction and design, their components cannot easily be modified to adapt themselves to the ongoing changes in the governmental guidances and standards for the assessment and implementation of bed rails. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that due to their inherently complex design and construction, the operation of individual side rails, and/or pair of side rails may pose unwanted hazards to patient safety, particularly in regards to the risk for entrapment, which is very undesirable for obvious reasons. This holds particularly true for the population at risk for entrapment which are generally patients who are frail or elderly or those who have conditions such as agitation, delirium, confusion, pain, uncontrolled body movement, and the like. It has been found that the risk of entrapment generally increased due to technical issues regarding to bed rails and other components of patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds and the like. Therefore, in view of the above, there is a definite need for an improved side rail which, by virtue of its design and components, would be able to overcome some of the aforementioned prior art problems. | Title:
Side rail, hospital bed including the same, method of operating associated thereto and kit for assembling the side rail
Abstract:
A side rail; a patient support assembly, such a hospital bed, a stretcher and the like, provided with such a side rail; a method of operating associated thereto; and a kit for assembling the side rail. The side rail includes support bars and at least one cross bar being substantially positioned within a same vertical plane, substantially parallel to a corresponding side portion of the assembly. The support bars are rotatable with respect to the corresponding side portion about respective axes being parallel to a transverse axis of the assembly, and first and second ends of the at least one cross bar are rotatable with respect to the support bars about respective axes being parallel to the transverse axis, so that the side rail be operated between raised and lowered configurations along the same vertical plane and so that the side rail be collapsible in the lowered configuration, within the same vertical plane. The side rail is devised so as to be easily installed onto the assembly, and further devised so as to be easily, quickly and safely operated between the raised and lowered configurations.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith, such as side rails for instance, etc., are very well known in the art. Known to the Applicant are the following Canadian patents and patent applications which describe different patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith: 1,223,702; 1,227,389; 1,227,907; 1,240,806; 1,247,805; 1,254,704; 1,255,453; 1,259,453; 1,266,752; 1,275,433; 1,279,443; 1,294,576; 1,308,626; 1,308,866; 1,332,652; 1,336,783; 2,020,880; 2,042,768; 2,045,308; 2,051,841; 2,055,671; 2,055,672; 2,085,866; 2,107,057; 2,120,312; 2,122,515; 2,122,686; 2,145,851; 2,145,982; 2,164,028; 2,172,397; 2,175,608; 2,176,064; 2,181,021; 2,185,530; 2,189,046; 2,192,033; 2,193,612; 2,193,613; 2,223,851; 2,234,903; 2,242,320; 2,258,197; 2,296,497; 2,308,324; 2,321,297; 2,327,361; 2,329,185; 2,331,806; 2,337,994; 2,348,553; 2,348,826; 2,364,064; 2,366,551; 2,394,754; 2,403,379; 2,408,342; and 2,422,823. Also known to the Applicant are the following US patents and patent applications which also describe different patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds, stretchers and the like, as well as the various devices used therewith: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,506,989; 3,932,903; 3,958,283; 4,345,344; 4,463,463; 4,509,217; 4,747,171; 5,063,623; 5,394,580; 5,604,942; 5,689,839; 5,732,423; 5,802,636; 6,038,721; 6,163,904; 6,219,864 B1; 6,389,622 B1; 6,393,641 B1; 6,396,224 B1; 6,397,416 B2; 6,486,792 B1; 6,499,162 B1; 6,519,794 B1; 6,560,492 B2; 6,564,404 B1; 6,640,360 B2; 2002/0095724 A1; 2002/0144350 A1; 2003/0051291 A1; 2003/0093860 A1; 2003/0106151 A1; and 2003/0167568 A1. A significant problem associated with some of the side rails used with the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that they are constructed in a very complex manner making them difficult to assemble and/or install onto a corresponding patient support assembly, such as a hospital bed for example, and also making them very cumbersome and unsafe to operate between raised and lowered configurations. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that as a result of their bulky design, the side rails when operated from a raised to a lowered configuration often need to be deployed or swiveled outwardly from the sides of the hospital bed, in a direction transverse to the bed itself, that is, taking up a great radius of operation curvature, thereby requiring the operator of the side rails to be positioned at a substantial distance from the bed, which is disadvantageous for obvious reasons known in the art. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that for most side rails, when operated into the lowered configurations, they are swiveled and/or lowered to the bottom side portion of the bed, thus taking up and blocking a lot of the space normally accessible beneath the patient support platform, thereby preventing an operator of the bed from positioning equipment therein and/or enabling the base structures of neighboring accessories, such as a wheeled base of a side tray for example, to be positionable under the patient support platform due to the presence of the side rails when in the lowered configuration. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that due to their inherently complex construction and design, their components cannot easily be modified to adapt themselves to the ongoing changes in the governmental guidances and standards for the assessment and implementation of bed rails. Another significant problem associated with some of the side rails of the above-mentioned prior art assemblies is that due to their inherently complex design and construction, the operation of individual side rails, and/or pair of side rails may pose unwanted hazards to patient safety, particularly in regards to the risk for entrapment, which is very undesirable for obvious reasons. This holds particularly true for the population at risk for entrapment which are generally patients who are frail or elderly or those who have conditions such as agitation, delirium, confusion, pain, uncontrolled body movement, and the like. It has been found that the risk of entrapment generally increased due to technical issues regarding to bed rails and other components of patient support assemblies, such as hospital beds and the like. Therefore, in view of the above, there is a definite need for an improved side rail which, by virtue of its design and components, would be able to overcome some of the aforementioned prior art problems. |
10498808 | 2,004 | Electric hand clipper in particular for cutting animal hairs | The invention concerns an electric hand clipper in particular for cutting animal hairs, comprising a body housing an electric motor (3) for actuating, in reciprocating movement, via an oscillating pin (4), a clipper head cutting comb. Said clipper is characterized in that it comprises between the motor output shaft (3A) and the oscillating pin (4), housed inside the body, a thin planetary gear unit (7) for increasing the torque between the motor output shaft (3A) and the oscillating pin (4), thereby providing a constant no-load speed charging the cutting member and the motor (3). The invention is useful for clipping domestic animal hairs. | Title:
Electric hand clipper in particular for cutting animal hairs
Abstract:
The invention concerns an electric hand clipper in particular for cutting animal hairs, comprising a body housing an electric motor (3) for actuating, in reciprocating movement, via an oscillating pin (4), a clipper head cutting comb. Said clipper is characterized in that it comprises between the motor output shaft (3A) and the oscillating pin (4), housed inside the body, a thin planetary gear unit (7) for increasing the torque between the motor output shaft (3A) and the oscillating pin (4), thereby providing a constant no-load speed charging the cutting member and the motor (3). The invention is useful for clipping domestic animal hairs.
Background:
| |
10870028 | 2,004 | Toner for electrostatically charged image development, manufacturing method thereof, image forming method, and image forming apparatus using the image forming method | The present invention provides a toner for electrostatically charged image development comprising at least a binder resin, a colorant and a releasing agent. The releasing agent satisfies the following equations (1) and (2): 0.1≦η*a≦1.0 (1) 1.1≦η*b/η*a≦3.5 (2) wherein η*a represents a complex viscosity (Pa·s) determined from a first dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at a measuring frequency of the releasing agent of 6.28 rad/s, η*b represents a complex viscosity (Pa·) determined from a second dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at a measuring frequency of the releasing agent of 62.8 rad/s, and each of the first and second dynamic viscoelasticities is measured in a temperature range from a temperature that is 15° C. lower than the melting point of the releasing agent to a temperature that is 15° C. higher than the melting point of the releasing agent. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a toner for electrostatically charged image development used for developing an electrostatic latent image formed by electrophotography or electrostatic recording, a method for manufacturing the toner, an image forming method using the toner for electrostatically charged image development, and an image forming apparatus using the image forming method. 2. Description of the Related Art A method for visualizing image information via an electrostatic image by, for example, electrophotography has been used in various fields in recent years. An image is visualized in the electrophotographic method through the steps of forming an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor by charging and exposing the photoreceptor, developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer containing a toner, and transferring and fusing the image. A two-component developer including a toner and a carrier, and a one-component developer using only a magnetic or nonmagnetic toner are known as the developer used in the method. The toner contained in the developer is usually produced by a kneading-pulverization method in which a thermoplastic resin is melted and kneaded with a pigment, a charge control agent and a releasing agent such as wax, and the mixture is cooled, pulverized and classified. Inorganic or organic fine particles may be added onto the surface of the toner particles, if necessary, in order to improve fluidity and the cleaning property of the toner. While this method can provide a quite excellent toner, it involves some problems as set forth below. The shape and surface structure of a toner produced by the conventional kneading-pulverization method becomes irregular. Although subtle changes are possible depending on the pulverizability of the materials used and pulverization conditions, it is difficult to purposely control the shape and surface structure of the toner. Moreover, the range of selection of the materials is restricted in the kneading-pulverization method. Specifically, a dispersion of a resin and a colorant must be pulverizable with an economically practical production apparatus. However, finer powders may be undesirably generated by a mechanical shear force applied to a toner in a developing apparatus or the shape of the toner may be changed, when the resin colorant is made to be more fragile to satisfy the above requirements. These effects may cause accelerated deterioration of charging characteristics of the developer due to adhesion of the fine powder on the surface of the carrier in the two-component developer, or scattering of the toner due to expanded particle size distribution and deterioration of image quality by a decrease in developability due to the change in the toner shape in the one-component developer. When a large amount of the releasing agent such as wax is used in producing a toner, the releasing agent is often excessively exposed on the surface of the toner depending on a combination between a thermoplastic binder resin and the releasing agent. Such exposure of the wax on the surface of the toner is evident particularly in a combination between a resin that includes a polymer component to enhance elasticity and that is a little difficult to pulverize and a fragile wax such as polyethylene or polypropylene. Exposure of the wax component is advantageous for removing the toner from a fusing roll in the fusing process and for washing non-transferred toners from the surface of a photoreceptor. However, the wax component exposed on the surface of the toner may be readily transferred onto a member of an image forming apparatus when a mechanical force is applied onto the toner during use. Accordingly, a development roll, the photoreceptor and the carrier are liable to be contaminated, and thus reliability may decrease. Furthermore, as described above, the shape of the toner is irregular. Therefore, sufficient fluidity is difficult to obtain even if a fluidizing aid is applied to the toner. Consequently, fine particles added to the surface of the toner move to concave portions on the surface of the toner due to a mechanical shear force during the use of the toner, and fluidity of the toner decreases over time or the fluidizing aid is embedded in the toner to impair developability, transferring property and cleaning property. Image quality may further decrease when a toner retrieved by cleaning is returned to a development unit and used again. However, when the amount of the fluidizing aid added to the toner is increased to prevent such adverse effects, black spots are generated on a photoreceptor and the fluidizing aid particles are scattered. A method for producing a toner by an emulsification-polymerization aggregation method has been proposed in recent years as a means for enabling the shape and surface structure of the toner to be purposely controlled in order to solve the problems caused by irregularity of the toner shape (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Nos. 63-282752 and 6-250439). In this method, the toner is produced by mixing a dispersion liquid of resin fine particles prepared by emulsification-polymerization and a dispersion liquid in which a colorant is dispersed in a solvent, forming aggregate particles having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of toner particles to be formed, and heating the aggregate particles to fuse and integrate the aggregate particles. The shape of the toner produced by this method may be controlled to a certain extent, which improves chargability and durability of the toner. However, since the inner structure of the toner becomes almost uniform, removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll in a fusing process, stabilization of transparency of an image on an OHP sheet, and different charging among colors remain as problems to be solved when an image is formed using the toner. As described hereinbefore, exposure of the releasing agent on the surface of the toner should be suppressed in order to permit the toner to maintain stable performance under various mechanical stresses, and the surface hardness of the toner should be enhanced to suppress deterioration of fusability of the toner in the image forming method by an electrophotographic process using the toner. In other words, the toner's own mechanical strength should be enhanced, and chargability and fixability of the toner should be compatible at a high level. Since a demand for high image quality has grown in recent years, the diameter of the toner particles has been remarkably decreased to obtain images of high definition in forming color images. However, the problems of contamination of the carrier and the photoreceptor, and scattering of the toner become evident due to toner particles having an extremely small diameter, when the toner diameter is simply reduced while the particle diameter distribution remains the same. As a result, it is difficult to simultaneously realize high image quality and high reliability. Therefore, the particle diameter distribution should be narrowed while the diameter of the toner particles is reduced. In digital full-color copiers and printers, colors of a color image manuscript are separated with B (blue), R (red) and G (green) filters to obtain blue image information, red image information and green image information, and latent images which are composed of dots having a diameter in the range of 20 to 70 μm and which correspond to the original manuscript are formed in accordance the image information and developed by taking advantage of a subtractive color mixing using Y (yellow), M (magenta), C (cyan) and Bk (black) developers. However, a larger amount of the developer must be transferred in such a process than in conventional monochromatic printing. Since the development process is required to be able to accurately develop latent images composed of dots having a small diameter, uniform chargability, persistence of the charge, toner strength and sharpness of the particle size distribution are becoming more and more important in recent years. Low temperature fixability is also required for the toner considering high speed and energy-saving operation of the apparatus. A toner suitable for low temperature fusing may be produced by taking advantage of a method for producing the toner using an emulsification-polymerization aggregation process suitable for producing toner particles having a small diameter. On the other hand, it is necessary that large amounts of color toners are sufficiently mixed in a full-color printer, and improved color reproducibility and transparency of an image on an OHP sheet are essential for full-color printing. Meanwhile, a polyolefin wax is usually used as the releasing agent component of the toner in order to prevent low temperature offsetting in the fusing process. A trace of a silicone oil is uniformly applied onto a fusing roll in order to prevent high temperature offsetting in the fusing process. Accordingly, since the silicone oil adheres onto the surface of a recording medium on which an image is formed, the surface gives an unpleasant sticky feeling when the recording medium is handled. A toner for oilless fusing which contains a large quantity of the releasing agent component has been proposed in order to solve the problems as described above (see JP-A No. 5-061239). Removability of the toner from a fusing member may be improved to a certain extent by adding a large amount of the releasing agent. However, it is difficult to obtain stable removability, since a problem of compatibility between a binder resin and the releasing agent is caused and the releasing agent unevenly bleeds on the surface of the toner. In addition, since the means for controlling aggregation force between the toner and the binder resin depends on the weight average molecular weight Mw and glass transition temperature Tg of the binder resin, it is difficult to directly control spinnability and coagulability of the toner in the coalescence process. Further, free components in the releasing agent may cause inhibition of charging. In order to solve the problems in oilless fusing, a method for enhancing rigidity of the binder resin by adding a high molecular weight component to the binder (see JP-A Nos. 4-69666 and 9-258481), and a method for improving rigidity of the binder resin by chemically introducing cross-links to the binder so as to eventually decrease spinnability of the toner at a fusing temperature and improve removability of the toner were proposed (see JP-A Nos. 59-218460 and 59-218459). Various measures for the releasing agent have been investigated and proposed to solve the problems offusability, and particularly removability, of a toner for oilless fusing, transparency of a full color image on an OHP sheet, and/or inhibition of fluidity of the toner powder caused by the releasing agent. Particularly, a method for using a releasing agent which has a melting point in an intermediate temperature region and which is amorphous or has low crystallinity such as an ester wax has been proposed to improve removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll at the time of oilless fusing (see JP-A No. 6-337541). According to this proposal, removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll at the time of oilless fusing is improved by lowering the melt viscosity of the releasing agent, and reduction of transparency of a full color image on an OHP sheet is prevented by using a low crystallinity releasing agent. However, since the releasing agent component often plasticizes the binder resin component and consequently the Theological property of the binder resin at the time of fusing deteriorates, removability of the toner from a fusing roll of an oilless fusing unit is impaired. In order to solve the above problems (to suppress a decrease in removability due to plasticization), it becomes inevitable to introduce cross-linking structures into the binder resin, to increase the molecular weight and the glass transition temperature Tg of the binder resin, and/or to add a large quantity of the releasing agent to the toner. However, countermeasures as described above may often cause a decrease in luster of the image and also decrease transparency of the image on the OHP sheet. In addition, the production cost increases since a large quantity of the releasing agent is required for producing the toner. Furthermore, a releasing agent layer is formed on the image due to a large amount of the releasing agent remaining on the fixed image. The releasing agent layer formed on the image may deteriorate the image quality due to generation of contact traces on the releasing agent layer by contact between a roll for ejecting a recording material out of the image forming apparatus and the image formed on the recording material. Such a phenomenon becomes more evident on an image having higher luster. Accordingly, there is a need for a toner for electrostatically charged image development which is excellent in removability in oilless fusing, maintains good luster, has excellent fixability such as luster of the surface of a fixed image and transparency of an image on an OHP sheet, can provide images of high definition by suppressing contact traces of ejecting rolls generated in ejecting the fixed image, and renders the image less dependent on an operation environment. Moreover, there is a need for a method for producing such a toner, an image forming method using the toner for electrostatically charged image development, and image forming apparatus using the image forming method. | Title:
Toner for electrostatically charged image development, manufacturing method thereof, image forming method, and image forming apparatus using the image forming method
Abstract:
The present invention provides a toner for electrostatically charged image development comprising at least a binder resin, a colorant and a releasing agent. The releasing agent satisfies the following equations (1) and (2): 0.1≦η*a≦1.0 (1) 1.1≦η*b/η*a≦3.5 (2) wherein η*a represents a complex viscosity (Pa·s) determined from a first dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at a measuring frequency of the releasing agent of 6.28 rad/s, η*b represents a complex viscosity (Pa·) determined from a second dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at a measuring frequency of the releasing agent of 62.8 rad/s, and each of the first and second dynamic viscoelasticities is measured in a temperature range from a temperature that is 15° C. lower than the melting point of the releasing agent to a temperature that is 15° C. higher than the melting point of the releasing agent.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a toner for electrostatically charged image development used for developing an electrostatic latent image formed by electrophotography or electrostatic recording, a method for manufacturing the toner, an image forming method using the toner for electrostatically charged image development, and an image forming apparatus using the image forming method. 2. Description of the Related Art A method for visualizing image information via an electrostatic image by, for example, electrophotography has been used in various fields in recent years. An image is visualized in the electrophotographic method through the steps of forming an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor by charging and exposing the photoreceptor, developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer containing a toner, and transferring and fusing the image. A two-component developer including a toner and a carrier, and a one-component developer using only a magnetic or nonmagnetic toner are known as the developer used in the method. The toner contained in the developer is usually produced by a kneading-pulverization method in which a thermoplastic resin is melted and kneaded with a pigment, a charge control agent and a releasing agent such as wax, and the mixture is cooled, pulverized and classified. Inorganic or organic fine particles may be added onto the surface of the toner particles, if necessary, in order to improve fluidity and the cleaning property of the toner. While this method can provide a quite excellent toner, it involves some problems as set forth below. The shape and surface structure of a toner produced by the conventional kneading-pulverization method becomes irregular. Although subtle changes are possible depending on the pulverizability of the materials used and pulverization conditions, it is difficult to purposely control the shape and surface structure of the toner. Moreover, the range of selection of the materials is restricted in the kneading-pulverization method. Specifically, a dispersion of a resin and a colorant must be pulverizable with an economically practical production apparatus. However, finer powders may be undesirably generated by a mechanical shear force applied to a toner in a developing apparatus or the shape of the toner may be changed, when the resin colorant is made to be more fragile to satisfy the above requirements. These effects may cause accelerated deterioration of charging characteristics of the developer due to adhesion of the fine powder on the surface of the carrier in the two-component developer, or scattering of the toner due to expanded particle size distribution and deterioration of image quality by a decrease in developability due to the change in the toner shape in the one-component developer. When a large amount of the releasing agent such as wax is used in producing a toner, the releasing agent is often excessively exposed on the surface of the toner depending on a combination between a thermoplastic binder resin and the releasing agent. Such exposure of the wax on the surface of the toner is evident particularly in a combination between a resin that includes a polymer component to enhance elasticity and that is a little difficult to pulverize and a fragile wax such as polyethylene or polypropylene. Exposure of the wax component is advantageous for removing the toner from a fusing roll in the fusing process and for washing non-transferred toners from the surface of a photoreceptor. However, the wax component exposed on the surface of the toner may be readily transferred onto a member of an image forming apparatus when a mechanical force is applied onto the toner during use. Accordingly, a development roll, the photoreceptor and the carrier are liable to be contaminated, and thus reliability may decrease. Furthermore, as described above, the shape of the toner is irregular. Therefore, sufficient fluidity is difficult to obtain even if a fluidizing aid is applied to the toner. Consequently, fine particles added to the surface of the toner move to concave portions on the surface of the toner due to a mechanical shear force during the use of the toner, and fluidity of the toner decreases over time or the fluidizing aid is embedded in the toner to impair developability, transferring property and cleaning property. Image quality may further decrease when a toner retrieved by cleaning is returned to a development unit and used again. However, when the amount of the fluidizing aid added to the toner is increased to prevent such adverse effects, black spots are generated on a photoreceptor and the fluidizing aid particles are scattered. A method for producing a toner by an emulsification-polymerization aggregation method has been proposed in recent years as a means for enabling the shape and surface structure of the toner to be purposely controlled in order to solve the problems caused by irregularity of the toner shape (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Nos. 63-282752 and 6-250439). In this method, the toner is produced by mixing a dispersion liquid of resin fine particles prepared by emulsification-polymerization and a dispersion liquid in which a colorant is dispersed in a solvent, forming aggregate particles having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of toner particles to be formed, and heating the aggregate particles to fuse and integrate the aggregate particles. The shape of the toner produced by this method may be controlled to a certain extent, which improves chargability and durability of the toner. However, since the inner structure of the toner becomes almost uniform, removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll in a fusing process, stabilization of transparency of an image on an OHP sheet, and different charging among colors remain as problems to be solved when an image is formed using the toner. As described hereinbefore, exposure of the releasing agent on the surface of the toner should be suppressed in order to permit the toner to maintain stable performance under various mechanical stresses, and the surface hardness of the toner should be enhanced to suppress deterioration of fusability of the toner in the image forming method by an electrophotographic process using the toner. In other words, the toner's own mechanical strength should be enhanced, and chargability and fixability of the toner should be compatible at a high level. Since a demand for high image quality has grown in recent years, the diameter of the toner particles has been remarkably decreased to obtain images of high definition in forming color images. However, the problems of contamination of the carrier and the photoreceptor, and scattering of the toner become evident due to toner particles having an extremely small diameter, when the toner diameter is simply reduced while the particle diameter distribution remains the same. As a result, it is difficult to simultaneously realize high image quality and high reliability. Therefore, the particle diameter distribution should be narrowed while the diameter of the toner particles is reduced. In digital full-color copiers and printers, colors of a color image manuscript are separated with B (blue), R (red) and G (green) filters to obtain blue image information, red image information and green image information, and latent images which are composed of dots having a diameter in the range of 20 to 70 μm and which correspond to the original manuscript are formed in accordance the image information and developed by taking advantage of a subtractive color mixing using Y (yellow), M (magenta), C (cyan) and Bk (black) developers. However, a larger amount of the developer must be transferred in such a process than in conventional monochromatic printing. Since the development process is required to be able to accurately develop latent images composed of dots having a small diameter, uniform chargability, persistence of the charge, toner strength and sharpness of the particle size distribution are becoming more and more important in recent years. Low temperature fixability is also required for the toner considering high speed and energy-saving operation of the apparatus. A toner suitable for low temperature fusing may be produced by taking advantage of a method for producing the toner using an emulsification-polymerization aggregation process suitable for producing toner particles having a small diameter. On the other hand, it is necessary that large amounts of color toners are sufficiently mixed in a full-color printer, and improved color reproducibility and transparency of an image on an OHP sheet are essential for full-color printing. Meanwhile, a polyolefin wax is usually used as the releasing agent component of the toner in order to prevent low temperature offsetting in the fusing process. A trace of a silicone oil is uniformly applied onto a fusing roll in order to prevent high temperature offsetting in the fusing process. Accordingly, since the silicone oil adheres onto the surface of a recording medium on which an image is formed, the surface gives an unpleasant sticky feeling when the recording medium is handled. A toner for oilless fusing which contains a large quantity of the releasing agent component has been proposed in order to solve the problems as described above (see JP-A No. 5-061239). Removability of the toner from a fusing member may be improved to a certain extent by adding a large amount of the releasing agent. However, it is difficult to obtain stable removability, since a problem of compatibility between a binder resin and the releasing agent is caused and the releasing agent unevenly bleeds on the surface of the toner. In addition, since the means for controlling aggregation force between the toner and the binder resin depends on the weight average molecular weight Mw and glass transition temperature Tg of the binder resin, it is difficult to directly control spinnability and coagulability of the toner in the coalescence process. Further, free components in the releasing agent may cause inhibition of charging. In order to solve the problems in oilless fusing, a method for enhancing rigidity of the binder resin by adding a high molecular weight component to the binder (see JP-A Nos. 4-69666 and 9-258481), and a method for improving rigidity of the binder resin by chemically introducing cross-links to the binder so as to eventually decrease spinnability of the toner at a fusing temperature and improve removability of the toner were proposed (see JP-A Nos. 59-218460 and 59-218459). Various measures for the releasing agent have been investigated and proposed to solve the problems offusability, and particularly removability, of a toner for oilless fusing, transparency of a full color image on an OHP sheet, and/or inhibition of fluidity of the toner powder caused by the releasing agent. Particularly, a method for using a releasing agent which has a melting point in an intermediate temperature region and which is amorphous or has low crystallinity such as an ester wax has been proposed to improve removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll at the time of oilless fusing (see JP-A No. 6-337541). According to this proposal, removability of a recording medium on which an image is formed from a fusing roll at the time of oilless fusing is improved by lowering the melt viscosity of the releasing agent, and reduction of transparency of a full color image on an OHP sheet is prevented by using a low crystallinity releasing agent. However, since the releasing agent component often plasticizes the binder resin component and consequently the Theological property of the binder resin at the time of fusing deteriorates, removability of the toner from a fusing roll of an oilless fusing unit is impaired. In order to solve the above problems (to suppress a decrease in removability due to plasticization), it becomes inevitable to introduce cross-linking structures into the binder resin, to increase the molecular weight and the glass transition temperature Tg of the binder resin, and/or to add a large quantity of the releasing agent to the toner. However, countermeasures as described above may often cause a decrease in luster of the image and also decrease transparency of the image on the OHP sheet. In addition, the production cost increases since a large quantity of the releasing agent is required for producing the toner. Furthermore, a releasing agent layer is formed on the image due to a large amount of the releasing agent remaining on the fixed image. The releasing agent layer formed on the image may deteriorate the image quality due to generation of contact traces on the releasing agent layer by contact between a roll for ejecting a recording material out of the image forming apparatus and the image formed on the recording material. Such a phenomenon becomes more evident on an image having higher luster. Accordingly, there is a need for a toner for electrostatically charged image development which is excellent in removability in oilless fusing, maintains good luster, has excellent fixability such as luster of the surface of a fixed image and transparency of an image on an OHP sheet, can provide images of high definition by suppressing contact traces of ejecting rolls generated in ejecting the fixed image, and renders the image less dependent on an operation environment. Moreover, there is a need for a method for producing such a toner, an image forming method using the toner for electrostatically charged image development, and image forming apparatus using the image forming method. |
10885824 | 2,004 | Hybrid threaded connection for expandable tubulars | An expandable threaded connection between segments of expandable tubulars that allows the threaded tubular connection to withstand the stresses and deformations imposed on the connection by the tubular expansion process is disclosed. The present invention is a unique hybrid threaded connection that utilizes two complementary thread segments to form the expandable threaded connection. The first segment of the threaded connection utilizes standard box and pin threads such that the threads on the pin member in the area of the first segment fully engage the mating threads on the box member. The second segment of the threaded connection has the threads machined on the pin member in a manner such that material is removed from the stab flank of the pin threads to reduce the standard width of the pin threads. In contrast to the pin threads of the second segment, the box threads of the second segment are standard thread width and, thus, are the same thread width as the box threads in the first segment. The use of the reduced thread width in the pin threads of the second segment allows for a loose fit between the pin threads of the second segment and the box threads of the second segment. As the threaded connection is expanded, the loose fit between the pin and box threads of the second segment allows radial and axial movement between the pin and box threads of the second segments of the threaded connection without causing disengagement of the threaded connection. The disclosed hybrid threaded connection thus utilizes multiple thread segments in which the second thread segment accommodates the stresses and deformations generated by the radial expansion process while the threads of the first segment maintain the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the threaded connection. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the conventional drilling of an oil and gas well, a series of tubulars, typically strings of casing, liner, and/or screen segments connected together, are sequentially installed in the well bore until the depth of the producing zone of the formation is reached. Standard practice requires that each succeeding string of tubulars placed in the well bore has an outside diameter smaller than the preceding string of tubulars and/or bore hole such that the tubular segments can be passed through the preceding string of tubulars and/or bore hole to their downhole location. The reduction in the diameter of each successive string of tubular segments placed in the well bore results in a significant reduction in the diameter of the tubular through which hydrocarbons can be carried to the surface. More importantly, to achieve the desired tubular diameter in the producing zone, the initial bore hole size at the surface must be sufficiently large to allow for a large diameter casing. The large initial bore hole size requires increased drilling time and increased material costs, including increased use of materials such as drilling mud and casing cement. The technology of expandable tubulars addresses these shortcomings in the conventional casing/liner/screen hanging operations. Technology that allows the permanent expansion of tubulars in oil and gas wells is rapidly developing. Through radial expansion of tubular segments until the outer wall of those segments contacts the inner wall of the host pipe, it is possible to create a tight fit between the expandable tubulars and the host pipe that holds the tubular segments in place and creates an annular seal. Further, it is possible to achieve a well bore of virtually uniform diameter (i.e., a monobore well) by the radial expansion of successive strings of tubular segments. The expandable tubulars are radially expanded by various means known in the art, including, but not limited to, pulling or pushing fixed or variable diameter expansion cones through the tubular, extruding the tubular off of a hydraulically-actuated expansion tool, or rotating an expansion tool while pulling or pushing it through the tubular. The tubular segments to be expanded are typically coupled together using threaded connections in which the male end, or pin member, of one tubular is threadably connected to the female end, or box member, of an adjacent tubular. Alternatively, the ends of the adjacent tubulars may have a pin member at each end, with the box member being formed by a short coupling threaded onto one of the pin members. When a conventional threaded connection is made up, the nose of the pin member is typically in contact with or very close to the back of the box member. This threaded engagement between properly secured pin and box members creates a conventional tubular joint that effectively maintains a secure mechanical connection that holds the tubular segments together and that effectively seals the internal tubular area from the formation and vice versa. Often, the sealing ability of the threaded engagement is augmented through the use of Teflon® rings or other deformable seal rings entrapped in the thread area as well as the metal-to-metal seal formed by the contact between the pin and box members. Problems have arisen, however, at the threaded connection point between tubular segments during and after expansion when using conventional threaded tubular connections and seals currently available in the industry. When the tubular string is radially expanded, a conventional threaded connection changes dimensionally in a way that can prevent the pin and box members from maintaining proper engagement and sealing. The radial expansion of a conventional threaded connection can cause the pin and box members to radially separate. Essentially, because the radius of curvature of the pin member is different than the radius of curvature of the box member during the expansion process, the pin and box members experience different displacements that the threads of a typical threaded connection cannot accommodate. As a result, the radial expansion weakens the coupling strength of the connections and degrades or lowers the pressure holding integrity of the connections. The threaded connection point thus becomes a source of potential weakness in the tubing string and of potential leaks during and after expansion of the tubular string. Additionally, the radial expansion of the tubular string causes the pin and box members to undergo axial movement. The amount of axial movement experienced by the pin and box members is dependent on numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the amount of radial expansion of the tubular string, the geometry of the threaded connection (e.g., whether the pin and box members have any thin wall sections), and the method of radial expansion employed. As deeper wells and more difficult completions are attempted using expandable tubulars, the threaded connections that hold the expandable tubulars together must address these known problems and must be able to accommodate the higher pressures faced in such applications. What is needed is a threaded connection for expandable tubulars that maintains the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the connection so that it will withstand high pressure during and after expansion. It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for creating a threaded connection between segments of expandable tubulars that maintains the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the expanded connection during and after expansion. Those and other objectives will become apparent to those of skill in the art from a review of the specification below. | Title:
Hybrid threaded connection for expandable tubulars
Abstract:
An expandable threaded connection between segments of expandable tubulars that allows the threaded tubular connection to withstand the stresses and deformations imposed on the connection by the tubular expansion process is disclosed. The present invention is a unique hybrid threaded connection that utilizes two complementary thread segments to form the expandable threaded connection. The first segment of the threaded connection utilizes standard box and pin threads such that the threads on the pin member in the area of the first segment fully engage the mating threads on the box member. The second segment of the threaded connection has the threads machined on the pin member in a manner such that material is removed from the stab flank of the pin threads to reduce the standard width of the pin threads. In contrast to the pin threads of the second segment, the box threads of the second segment are standard thread width and, thus, are the same thread width as the box threads in the first segment. The use of the reduced thread width in the pin threads of the second segment allows for a loose fit between the pin threads of the second segment and the box threads of the second segment. As the threaded connection is expanded, the loose fit between the pin and box threads of the second segment allows radial and axial movement between the pin and box threads of the second segments of the threaded connection without causing disengagement of the threaded connection. The disclosed hybrid threaded connection thus utilizes multiple thread segments in which the second thread segment accommodates the stresses and deformations generated by the radial expansion process while the threads of the first segment maintain the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the threaded connection.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the conventional drilling of an oil and gas well, a series of tubulars, typically strings of casing, liner, and/or screen segments connected together, are sequentially installed in the well bore until the depth of the producing zone of the formation is reached. Standard practice requires that each succeeding string of tubulars placed in the well bore has an outside diameter smaller than the preceding string of tubulars and/or bore hole such that the tubular segments can be passed through the preceding string of tubulars and/or bore hole to their downhole location. The reduction in the diameter of each successive string of tubular segments placed in the well bore results in a significant reduction in the diameter of the tubular through which hydrocarbons can be carried to the surface. More importantly, to achieve the desired tubular diameter in the producing zone, the initial bore hole size at the surface must be sufficiently large to allow for a large diameter casing. The large initial bore hole size requires increased drilling time and increased material costs, including increased use of materials such as drilling mud and casing cement. The technology of expandable tubulars addresses these shortcomings in the conventional casing/liner/screen hanging operations. Technology that allows the permanent expansion of tubulars in oil and gas wells is rapidly developing. Through radial expansion of tubular segments until the outer wall of those segments contacts the inner wall of the host pipe, it is possible to create a tight fit between the expandable tubulars and the host pipe that holds the tubular segments in place and creates an annular seal. Further, it is possible to achieve a well bore of virtually uniform diameter (i.e., a monobore well) by the radial expansion of successive strings of tubular segments. The expandable tubulars are radially expanded by various means known in the art, including, but not limited to, pulling or pushing fixed or variable diameter expansion cones through the tubular, extruding the tubular off of a hydraulically-actuated expansion tool, or rotating an expansion tool while pulling or pushing it through the tubular. The tubular segments to be expanded are typically coupled together using threaded connections in which the male end, or pin member, of one tubular is threadably connected to the female end, or box member, of an adjacent tubular. Alternatively, the ends of the adjacent tubulars may have a pin member at each end, with the box member being formed by a short coupling threaded onto one of the pin members. When a conventional threaded connection is made up, the nose of the pin member is typically in contact with or very close to the back of the box member. This threaded engagement between properly secured pin and box members creates a conventional tubular joint that effectively maintains a secure mechanical connection that holds the tubular segments together and that effectively seals the internal tubular area from the formation and vice versa. Often, the sealing ability of the threaded engagement is augmented through the use of Teflon® rings or other deformable seal rings entrapped in the thread area as well as the metal-to-metal seal formed by the contact between the pin and box members. Problems have arisen, however, at the threaded connection point between tubular segments during and after expansion when using conventional threaded tubular connections and seals currently available in the industry. When the tubular string is radially expanded, a conventional threaded connection changes dimensionally in a way that can prevent the pin and box members from maintaining proper engagement and sealing. The radial expansion of a conventional threaded connection can cause the pin and box members to radially separate. Essentially, because the radius of curvature of the pin member is different than the radius of curvature of the box member during the expansion process, the pin and box members experience different displacements that the threads of a typical threaded connection cannot accommodate. As a result, the radial expansion weakens the coupling strength of the connections and degrades or lowers the pressure holding integrity of the connections. The threaded connection point thus becomes a source of potential weakness in the tubing string and of potential leaks during and after expansion of the tubular string. Additionally, the radial expansion of the tubular string causes the pin and box members to undergo axial movement. The amount of axial movement experienced by the pin and box members is dependent on numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the amount of radial expansion of the tubular string, the geometry of the threaded connection (e.g., whether the pin and box members have any thin wall sections), and the method of radial expansion employed. As deeper wells and more difficult completions are attempted using expandable tubulars, the threaded connections that hold the expandable tubulars together must address these known problems and must be able to accommodate the higher pressures faced in such applications. What is needed is a threaded connection for expandable tubulars that maintains the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the connection so that it will withstand high pressure during and after expansion. It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for creating a threaded connection between segments of expandable tubulars that maintains the coupling strength and the pressure integrity of the expanded connection during and after expansion. Those and other objectives will become apparent to those of skill in the art from a review of the specification below. |
10986658 | 2,004 | Prismatic sealed secondary battery having a case made of metal materials and method for manufacturing the same | This invention aims to provide a prismatic sealed secondary battery which is capable of ensuring a high battery capacity and suppressing the case swelling and which achieves high quality in appearance at low cost, and the method for manufacturing the same. To achieve the above objectives, the prismatic sealed secondary battery of the present invention has a structure in which an open end of the case that houses an electrode assembly therein is sealed by a sealing cap. On the main plane of the case, linear heat strain signatures are created. Additionally, depressions are formed along the heat strain signatures that are a principal cause of the depressions. On the case, within an area where the heat strain signatures have been created, a portion composed of a recrystallized structure is formed. This portion is, on cross section, fanned out inwardly the case plate from the center of linewidth of each heat strain signature. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [1] Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a prismatic sealed secondary battery having a case made of a metal material and a method for manufacturing the same, in particular to a technology for suppressing swelling of the case when the battery is being charged, has gone through several charge-discharge cycles, or has been left in an elevated temperature environment. [2] Related Art The spread of sealed secondary batteries as electrical power sources for portable devices, such as PDAs, is remarkable in late years. Especially, prismatic sealed secondary batteries (hereinafter referred to simply as “prismatic batteries”) have been brought to attention due to their increased space efficiency and such when attached to devices. The prismatic batteries have a structure in which the open end of the case is sealed by a sealing cap with an electrode assembly and like housed in the prismatic tubular case having a bottom, and the prismatic tubular case is made of a metal material. For prismatic batteries having such a structure, as with other forms of batteries, there is a demand for compatibility between higher capacity and a reduction in size and weight, and the prismatic batteries are required to have as large an electrode assembly as possible within specified outside dimensions. Therefore, a case with thin plate thickness of 0.2-0.4 mm is generally used for the prismatic batteries. In addition, when the prismatic batteries are attached to devices, there is little clearance between the outer surface of the case and the device having the battery attached thereto in order to improve space efficiency and like of the device. As to sealed secondary batteries including the prismatic batteries, the internal pressure increases due to, for example, the expansion of gases generated from electrode plates, which are components of the electrode assembly, and/or the swelling of the electrode assembly when the sealed secondary batteries are being charged, have gone through several charge-discharge cycles, or have been left in an elevated temperature environment. When the internal pressure of the batteries exceeds a given value, it is sometimes the case that the swelling occurs in main planes of the case. This is especially pronounced in the prismatic batteries. By taking into consideration the fact that, when the sealed secondary battery is attached to a device, there is little clearance between them, such swelling of the case becomes a problem even if the amount of the swelling is small. Consequently, it is desired that the case swelling be suppressed as much as possible. In order to suppress such case swelling of the prismatic batteries, various measures are being taken. The followings are examples of such measures that have been developed: a technology for improving the strength of the case by hardening it with use of a laser beam irradiation on the case surface (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2002-110108); and a technology for creating grooves arranged in an X pattern on the case by press working before the electrode assembly is housed therein and herewith improving the strength of the case (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2001-57179). A method of suppressing the case swelling by so-called a laser forming process has also been studied. In the process, a laser beam is irradiated on the main planes of the case in order to cause the irradiated parts to melt. Subsequently, the irradiated parts cool off and then resolidify. Thus, by forming parts composed of a recoagulated structure, the case is dented inward centering around the laser irradiation signatures. However, the technology disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2002-110108 is, in general, hardly effective for Al—Mn alloys (Japanese Industrial Standard: 3000-series) used for cases of the prismatic batteries. This is because the 3000-series Al alloys have characteristics of little hardening by heat treatments, including the treatment by laser beam irradiation. If a type of Al alloys which can be easily hardened by quenching (2000-, 6000-, and 7000-series) is used for the case, a problem of less weldability will arise since these Al alloys contain Mg in the compositions. For this reason, these Al alloys cannot be practically used for the case. The technology disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2001-57179 requires the press working on the case before the electrode assembly is placed therein, and the size of the electrode assembly has to be set smaller by the depth of the grooves. Accordingly, this technology does not satisfy the requirement that the prismatic batteries must have the highest possible capacity within the limited outside dimensions. Compared to the technologies disclosed in the former two documents (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publications No. 2002-110108 and 2001-57179), the above-mentioned technology using the laser forming process excels in accomplishing the objectives for ensuring a high battery capacity and suppressing the case swelling. However, these objectives can only be achieved when a plurality of linear laser irradiation signatures aligned parallel to each other are created on the main planes of the case. Therefore, this technology remains a problem in terms of working efficiency. That is, this method requires at least a plurality of parallel laser irradiation signatures to be created so that a sufficient area of the main planes of the case is subjected to heat strain. Herewith, this method takes a large number of manufacturing stages required for the process, and therefore the method requires improvement in terms of mass production. Additionally, in the above technology using the laser forming process, each laser irradiation signature remains conspicuous, which is undesirable for quality in appearance. Furthermore, the depressions formed in this method have large dip angles, and this may cause wrapping film of the case to lift from the case surface. | Title:
Prismatic sealed secondary battery having a case made of metal materials and method for manufacturing the same
Abstract:
This invention aims to provide a prismatic sealed secondary battery which is capable of ensuring a high battery capacity and suppressing the case swelling and which achieves high quality in appearance at low cost, and the method for manufacturing the same. To achieve the above objectives, the prismatic sealed secondary battery of the present invention has a structure in which an open end of the case that houses an electrode assembly therein is sealed by a sealing cap. On the main plane of the case, linear heat strain signatures are created. Additionally, depressions are formed along the heat strain signatures that are a principal cause of the depressions. On the case, within an area where the heat strain signatures have been created, a portion composed of a recrystallized structure is formed. This portion is, on cross section, fanned out inwardly the case plate from the center of linewidth of each heat strain signature.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [1] Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a prismatic sealed secondary battery having a case made of a metal material and a method for manufacturing the same, in particular to a technology for suppressing swelling of the case when the battery is being charged, has gone through several charge-discharge cycles, or has been left in an elevated temperature environment. [2] Related Art The spread of sealed secondary batteries as electrical power sources for portable devices, such as PDAs, is remarkable in late years. Especially, prismatic sealed secondary batteries (hereinafter referred to simply as “prismatic batteries”) have been brought to attention due to their increased space efficiency and such when attached to devices. The prismatic batteries have a structure in which the open end of the case is sealed by a sealing cap with an electrode assembly and like housed in the prismatic tubular case having a bottom, and the prismatic tubular case is made of a metal material. For prismatic batteries having such a structure, as with other forms of batteries, there is a demand for compatibility between higher capacity and a reduction in size and weight, and the prismatic batteries are required to have as large an electrode assembly as possible within specified outside dimensions. Therefore, a case with thin plate thickness of 0.2-0.4 mm is generally used for the prismatic batteries. In addition, when the prismatic batteries are attached to devices, there is little clearance between the outer surface of the case and the device having the battery attached thereto in order to improve space efficiency and like of the device. As to sealed secondary batteries including the prismatic batteries, the internal pressure increases due to, for example, the expansion of gases generated from electrode plates, which are components of the electrode assembly, and/or the swelling of the electrode assembly when the sealed secondary batteries are being charged, have gone through several charge-discharge cycles, or have been left in an elevated temperature environment. When the internal pressure of the batteries exceeds a given value, it is sometimes the case that the swelling occurs in main planes of the case. This is especially pronounced in the prismatic batteries. By taking into consideration the fact that, when the sealed secondary battery is attached to a device, there is little clearance between them, such swelling of the case becomes a problem even if the amount of the swelling is small. Consequently, it is desired that the case swelling be suppressed as much as possible. In order to suppress such case swelling of the prismatic batteries, various measures are being taken. The followings are examples of such measures that have been developed: a technology for improving the strength of the case by hardening it with use of a laser beam irradiation on the case surface (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2002-110108); and a technology for creating grooves arranged in an X pattern on the case by press working before the electrode assembly is housed therein and herewith improving the strength of the case (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2001-57179). A method of suppressing the case swelling by so-called a laser forming process has also been studied. In the process, a laser beam is irradiated on the main planes of the case in order to cause the irradiated parts to melt. Subsequently, the irradiated parts cool off and then resolidify. Thus, by forming parts composed of a recoagulated structure, the case is dented inward centering around the laser irradiation signatures. However, the technology disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2002-110108 is, in general, hardly effective for Al—Mn alloys (Japanese Industrial Standard: 3000-series) used for cases of the prismatic batteries. This is because the 3000-series Al alloys have characteristics of little hardening by heat treatments, including the treatment by laser beam irradiation. If a type of Al alloys which can be easily hardened by quenching (2000-, 6000-, and 7000-series) is used for the case, a problem of less weldability will arise since these Al alloys contain Mg in the compositions. For this reason, these Al alloys cannot be practically used for the case. The technology disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2001-57179 requires the press working on the case before the electrode assembly is placed therein, and the size of the electrode assembly has to be set smaller by the depth of the grooves. Accordingly, this technology does not satisfy the requirement that the prismatic batteries must have the highest possible capacity within the limited outside dimensions. Compared to the technologies disclosed in the former two documents (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publications No. 2002-110108 and 2001-57179), the above-mentioned technology using the laser forming process excels in accomplishing the objectives for ensuring a high battery capacity and suppressing the case swelling. However, these objectives can only be achieved when a plurality of linear laser irradiation signatures aligned parallel to each other are created on the main planes of the case. Therefore, this technology remains a problem in terms of working efficiency. That is, this method requires at least a plurality of parallel laser irradiation signatures to be created so that a sufficient area of the main planes of the case is subjected to heat strain. Herewith, this method takes a large number of manufacturing stages required for the process, and therefore the method requires improvement in terms of mass production. Additionally, in the above technology using the laser forming process, each laser irradiation signature remains conspicuous, which is undesirable for quality in appearance. Furthermore, the depressions formed in this method have large dip angles, and this may cause wrapping film of the case to lift from the case surface. |
11011915 | 2,004 | Dynamic control system for power sub-network | A dynamic power control system for controlling power utilization on a local level in a power sub-network of a power grid is presented. The power sub-network is configured with switchable power nodes, each having an associated priority level and each having a switch element that operates to switch coupling and uncoupling of first and second subsets of power lines in the sub-network. A sub-network controller monitors utility information that is associated with one of a plurality of system priority levels each of which is associated with one of a plurality of switch state configurations of the respective switch states of the switchable power nodes in the power sub-network, and effects the switch states of the switchable power nodes to comply with the switch state configuration associated with the received utility information. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to power utilization and more particularly to a method and apparatus for controlling power utilization in a power sub-network of a power grid based on external global power parameters. Large-scale electrical power distribution occurs over what is known in the industry as a power grid. More particularly, a power grid is an expansive network of high-voltage power transmission lines interconnected at hundreds of power generating stations and distribution substations. The stations and substations are typically owned by various utility companies, which manage distribution of power to various sectors of the grid, including distribution of power to consumers over lower-voltage power lines that are stepped-down via transformers. The substations essentially operate as power hubs, directing current from branches with power surplus to branches needing additional power. The power substations thus operate to attempt to equalize distribution of power across the sectors of the grid and to allow the utilities to buy and sell electricity from each other. Substations may also transform some of the power to a lower voltage level and direct it onto lower-voltage distribution lines that service local sectors. End consumers in the local sectors are fed through service lines that are connected to the lower-voltage distribution lines. Ohm's law is a basic law of the relationship between voltage, resistance, and current. The relationship can be expressed as I=V/R (or current=voltage divided by resistance). This means that there is an inverse relationship between resistance and current, assuming the voltage is held constant. In a discussion of how electricity is delivered from the electrical power grid to the consumers of that electricity, it is a fair statement to say that it is the intent of the electrical utility to provide a constant voltage for the electrical service delivered to the consumers, and as much current as consumers desire. It is also true that the consumers dictate the quantity of current being drawn at the intended voltage by varying the load (1/resistance) that the overall power grid experiences through the switching on or off of electricity consuming devices such as lamps and motors. As a result, in view of the fact that voltage is intended to be fixed by the utilities and that consumers dictate the load based upon their usage, that the current being drawn can be viewed as the dependent variable in this relationship. The electrical power grid is designed to be a balanced system encompassing a number of power providers whose contributions vary as necessary in order to meet the overall current requirements of the electricity consumers. The grid or transmission infrastructure can be viewed, for the purposes of this patent, as a number of adjacent transmissions lines linking the electricity producers and consumers, and over which the current is carried. For the purposes of this patent, the transmission lines refer to all of the components that are not part of the electricity producer, not part of the electricity consumer, and that are necessary for carrying current between the producers and consumers. By design, these adjacent or effectively parallel transmission lines divide and balance the carrying of the current necessary to satisfy the consumers load, or demand, such that no individual transmission line is damaged by attempted to carry an amount of current in excess of its current carrying capacity. There are typical two approaches taken by the utility service to react to a situation where a transmission line is experiencing excessive current. The first approach is to employ a current limiting device in series with the system load. These devices typically react to increases in heat from the overloading transmission line and become increasingly resistive to current flow as the temperature of the transmission line increases. Use of devices like these limits the current being carried over the transmission line, but results in either adjacent transmission lines having to carry more current to meet effective demand, or in the consumer experiencing decreased voltage at their location. Decreased voltage at the consumer's site is not acceptable since it can damage voltage sensitive equipment that is expecting the voltage of the electrical service to remain within reasonably tight acceptable limits. The second option to react to excessive current on a transmission line is to disconnect the transmission line that is overloading via the use of a manual or automated control device before damage to the transmission line can occur. Unfortunately this approach has two negative side effects. First, when one of the adjacent transmission lines between the producers and the consumers of electrical current is disconnected, whether intentionally or due to a fault, it places a greater current burden on the remaining adjacent transmissions lines. This additional current is know as a fault-current, and follows from Ohm's law which dictates that the full current required to satisfy the demand still be delivered (assuming voltage is to be held constant), and is therefore divided over the remaining transmission lines as necessary to achieve this. In this scenario, each of the adjacent transmission lines will now be carrying an amount of current that is greater than the current it carried prior to the fault having occurred—thus, their proportion of the total current they carry increases. As the adjacent lines near the point of overloading, automated controllers disconnect them from the grid, increasing the number of fault-current loads on other lines exponentially. If not controlled properly, disconnecting transmission lines that are overloaded can thus result in a cascading failure of the entire transmission system as the same total current is attempted to be carried over a reduced number of available transmission lines, possibly causing other transmission lines to become overloaded themselves and shutdown. The objective to shutting down an overloaded transmission line is two-fold. First, it is to protect the transmission line and its components from damage resulting from the excessive current and resultant heat. The second reason is that often by shutting down a transmission line, the load will be disconnected from the electrical grid, which will reduce the current required to satisfy the remaining load connected to the grid. This is a pruning of the power demand in order to reduce the current to within levels that the transmission lines can support. This approach to addressing the problem suffers from the fact that the granularity at which the electrical grid can prune itself is extremely coarse. Typically the granularity is at the neighborhood or regional scale, but in the case of the blackouts of 2003, the scale of the blackouts became much greater. There are two fundamental ways to address the issue of excessive current through parts of the transmission system. The first is to increase the current carrying capability of the transmission system. This approach faces several challenges including resistance at the state and local regulatory levels, significant expense, and difficulty gaining right of way for expansion of the transmission system. The second approach is to reduce the electrical demand during times of excessive current draw. Reducing demand proportionally reduces the current required, and reduces the risk of damage from excessive current on the existing transmission system. These approaches are not mutually exclusive. Voluntary reductions in demand are attempted through the use of “realtime pricing” or “demand pricing”. With demand pricing, there is a financial disincentive to using power during high use periods. Clearly this approach can, at best, only have a probabilistically positive effect on current draw, and at the present time could not be depended upon as a means to control current draw during an unforeseen incident such at the blackouts of 2003. Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a technique for enabling the control of electrical demand at a much finer granularity and in a much more selective way, than previously possible. As a result, during an electrical disturbance, operators of the electrical grid would be able to request the reduction of electrical load as necessary to reduce the current on the transmission lines in an automated way with the result being that load is reduced according to the electricity consumers preferences for what is shutdown. It would also be desirable to have a technique for allowing electricity consumers to fully take advantage of the increasing trend in “realtime electricity pricing”, or “demand electricity pricing”. In realtime or demand electricity pricing, the price for electrical power is adjusted many times over the course of the day to better reflect the true cost of electricity production and transmission rather than being set less frequently based on averaging models. The advantage of this approach would be that it allows consumers to adjust their consumption in response to changes in pricing. However, in order to take full advantage of this approach, the consumers need to be made aware of these price changes, and have a means for quickly adjusting their consumption in response to the changes in price. This invention allows consumers to respond in an automated fashion to rapid changes in the price of electricity. This ability provides potentially significant savings for consumers, and can significantly reduce the peak electricity demand as seen by the electricity producing utilities. If peak electricity demand is reduced, then the current carrying capabilities of the electricity transmission system are also reduced. Separately, the utility companies, recognizing that there is a market for providing fast Internet services to households, are endeavoring to provide Internet service using the power system wiring. To achieve this, several technologies have been invented, referred to as Broadband Power Line (BPL) technologies, which use the existing Utility Service power lines to provide a data communication channel that can be used to provide Internet access to a customer. BPL technologies are primarily intended to be inter-premises technologies. They are designed to provide Internet access to the home or business, in the same way that DSL and Cable networking companies currently do. Separately, intra-home networking is popular, but prior to the availability of wireless networking, required wiring the premises for data using one of several cable standards that are well known to someone skilled in the art. There are existing products available for utilizing the existing premises electricity wiring for the purposes of home networking. Some of these products are based on the HomePlug standard. Products are available that allow one to bridge Ethernet communications into the HomePlug network which utilizes the electrical wires in the house. These bridges are plugged into a wall outlet, and provide a standard 10-Base-T or 100-Base-T RJ-45 connector to connect the computer to. By utilizing two of these devices, the computers are networked, with the communications path taking advantage of the existing in-house, or “premises”, wiring. HomePlug enables the use of the premises electrical wiring to allow a communications network within the premises electrical network. | Title:
Dynamic control system for power sub-network
Abstract:
A dynamic power control system for controlling power utilization on a local level in a power sub-network of a power grid is presented. The power sub-network is configured with switchable power nodes, each having an associated priority level and each having a switch element that operates to switch coupling and uncoupling of first and second subsets of power lines in the sub-network. A sub-network controller monitors utility information that is associated with one of a plurality of system priority levels each of which is associated with one of a plurality of switch state configurations of the respective switch states of the switchable power nodes in the power sub-network, and effects the switch states of the switchable power nodes to comply with the switch state configuration associated with the received utility information.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to power utilization and more particularly to a method and apparatus for controlling power utilization in a power sub-network of a power grid based on external global power parameters. Large-scale electrical power distribution occurs over what is known in the industry as a power grid. More particularly, a power grid is an expansive network of high-voltage power transmission lines interconnected at hundreds of power generating stations and distribution substations. The stations and substations are typically owned by various utility companies, which manage distribution of power to various sectors of the grid, including distribution of power to consumers over lower-voltage power lines that are stepped-down via transformers. The substations essentially operate as power hubs, directing current from branches with power surplus to branches needing additional power. The power substations thus operate to attempt to equalize distribution of power across the sectors of the grid and to allow the utilities to buy and sell electricity from each other. Substations may also transform some of the power to a lower voltage level and direct it onto lower-voltage distribution lines that service local sectors. End consumers in the local sectors are fed through service lines that are connected to the lower-voltage distribution lines. Ohm's law is a basic law of the relationship between voltage, resistance, and current. The relationship can be expressed as I=V/R (or current=voltage divided by resistance). This means that there is an inverse relationship between resistance and current, assuming the voltage is held constant. In a discussion of how electricity is delivered from the electrical power grid to the consumers of that electricity, it is a fair statement to say that it is the intent of the electrical utility to provide a constant voltage for the electrical service delivered to the consumers, and as much current as consumers desire. It is also true that the consumers dictate the quantity of current being drawn at the intended voltage by varying the load (1/resistance) that the overall power grid experiences through the switching on or off of electricity consuming devices such as lamps and motors. As a result, in view of the fact that voltage is intended to be fixed by the utilities and that consumers dictate the load based upon their usage, that the current being drawn can be viewed as the dependent variable in this relationship. The electrical power grid is designed to be a balanced system encompassing a number of power providers whose contributions vary as necessary in order to meet the overall current requirements of the electricity consumers. The grid or transmission infrastructure can be viewed, for the purposes of this patent, as a number of adjacent transmissions lines linking the electricity producers and consumers, and over which the current is carried. For the purposes of this patent, the transmission lines refer to all of the components that are not part of the electricity producer, not part of the electricity consumer, and that are necessary for carrying current between the producers and consumers. By design, these adjacent or effectively parallel transmission lines divide and balance the carrying of the current necessary to satisfy the consumers load, or demand, such that no individual transmission line is damaged by attempted to carry an amount of current in excess of its current carrying capacity. There are typical two approaches taken by the utility service to react to a situation where a transmission line is experiencing excessive current. The first approach is to employ a current limiting device in series with the system load. These devices typically react to increases in heat from the overloading transmission line and become increasingly resistive to current flow as the temperature of the transmission line increases. Use of devices like these limits the current being carried over the transmission line, but results in either adjacent transmission lines having to carry more current to meet effective demand, or in the consumer experiencing decreased voltage at their location. Decreased voltage at the consumer's site is not acceptable since it can damage voltage sensitive equipment that is expecting the voltage of the electrical service to remain within reasonably tight acceptable limits. The second option to react to excessive current on a transmission line is to disconnect the transmission line that is overloading via the use of a manual or automated control device before damage to the transmission line can occur. Unfortunately this approach has two negative side effects. First, when one of the adjacent transmission lines between the producers and the consumers of electrical current is disconnected, whether intentionally or due to a fault, it places a greater current burden on the remaining adjacent transmissions lines. This additional current is know as a fault-current, and follows from Ohm's law which dictates that the full current required to satisfy the demand still be delivered (assuming voltage is to be held constant), and is therefore divided over the remaining transmission lines as necessary to achieve this. In this scenario, each of the adjacent transmission lines will now be carrying an amount of current that is greater than the current it carried prior to the fault having occurred—thus, their proportion of the total current they carry increases. As the adjacent lines near the point of overloading, automated controllers disconnect them from the grid, increasing the number of fault-current loads on other lines exponentially. If not controlled properly, disconnecting transmission lines that are overloaded can thus result in a cascading failure of the entire transmission system as the same total current is attempted to be carried over a reduced number of available transmission lines, possibly causing other transmission lines to become overloaded themselves and shutdown. The objective to shutting down an overloaded transmission line is two-fold. First, it is to protect the transmission line and its components from damage resulting from the excessive current and resultant heat. The second reason is that often by shutting down a transmission line, the load will be disconnected from the electrical grid, which will reduce the current required to satisfy the remaining load connected to the grid. This is a pruning of the power demand in order to reduce the current to within levels that the transmission lines can support. This approach to addressing the problem suffers from the fact that the granularity at which the electrical grid can prune itself is extremely coarse. Typically the granularity is at the neighborhood or regional scale, but in the case of the blackouts of 2003, the scale of the blackouts became much greater. There are two fundamental ways to address the issue of excessive current through parts of the transmission system. The first is to increase the current carrying capability of the transmission system. This approach faces several challenges including resistance at the state and local regulatory levels, significant expense, and difficulty gaining right of way for expansion of the transmission system. The second approach is to reduce the electrical demand during times of excessive current draw. Reducing demand proportionally reduces the current required, and reduces the risk of damage from excessive current on the existing transmission system. These approaches are not mutually exclusive. Voluntary reductions in demand are attempted through the use of “realtime pricing” or “demand pricing”. With demand pricing, there is a financial disincentive to using power during high use periods. Clearly this approach can, at best, only have a probabilistically positive effect on current draw, and at the present time could not be depended upon as a means to control current draw during an unforeseen incident such at the blackouts of 2003. Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a technique for enabling the control of electrical demand at a much finer granularity and in a much more selective way, than previously possible. As a result, during an electrical disturbance, operators of the electrical grid would be able to request the reduction of electrical load as necessary to reduce the current on the transmission lines in an automated way with the result being that load is reduced according to the electricity consumers preferences for what is shutdown. It would also be desirable to have a technique for allowing electricity consumers to fully take advantage of the increasing trend in “realtime electricity pricing”, or “demand electricity pricing”. In realtime or demand electricity pricing, the price for electrical power is adjusted many times over the course of the day to better reflect the true cost of electricity production and transmission rather than being set less frequently based on averaging models. The advantage of this approach would be that it allows consumers to adjust their consumption in response to changes in pricing. However, in order to take full advantage of this approach, the consumers need to be made aware of these price changes, and have a means for quickly adjusting their consumption in response to the changes in price. This invention allows consumers to respond in an automated fashion to rapid changes in the price of electricity. This ability provides potentially significant savings for consumers, and can significantly reduce the peak electricity demand as seen by the electricity producing utilities. If peak electricity demand is reduced, then the current carrying capabilities of the electricity transmission system are also reduced. Separately, the utility companies, recognizing that there is a market for providing fast Internet services to households, are endeavoring to provide Internet service using the power system wiring. To achieve this, several technologies have been invented, referred to as Broadband Power Line (BPL) technologies, which use the existing Utility Service power lines to provide a data communication channel that can be used to provide Internet access to a customer. BPL technologies are primarily intended to be inter-premises technologies. They are designed to provide Internet access to the home or business, in the same way that DSL and Cable networking companies currently do. Separately, intra-home networking is popular, but prior to the availability of wireless networking, required wiring the premises for data using one of several cable standards that are well known to someone skilled in the art. There are existing products available for utilizing the existing premises electricity wiring for the purposes of home networking. Some of these products are based on the HomePlug standard. Products are available that allow one to bridge Ethernet communications into the HomePlug network which utilizes the electrical wires in the house. These bridges are plugged into a wall outlet, and provide a standard 10-Base-T or 100-Base-T RJ-45 connector to connect the computer to. By utilizing two of these devices, the computers are networked, with the communications path taking advantage of the existing in-house, or “premises”, wiring. HomePlug enables the use of the premises electrical wiring to allow a communications network within the premises electrical network. |
11010907 | 2,004 | Selective hydrogenation of acetylenes | A process for removing acetylenic compounds using unsulfided metallic nickel or unsulfided metallic nickel modified with metallic Mo, Re, Bi or mixtures in which the catalyst is used alone or is used in combination with other acetylenic selective catalysts. The unsulfided metallic nickel catalyst or modified catalyst must be the first catalyst to contact the hydrocarbon stream. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present relates to the removal of acetylenic compounds from olefin containing streams, in particular streams containing diolefins. 2. Related information The crude streams for the commercial production of olefins and dienes contain various compounds as impurities. Acetylenic impurities need to be removed from the streams to produce acceptable quality olefin and diene products. A preferred technique for removing the acetylenic impurities is partial hydrogenation, often called selective hydrogenation. For the commercial production of olefins and dienes, the catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds is utilized to remove acetylenic impurities in the crude product stream. To produce olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isoprene and the like, acetylenic impurities such as acetylene, methyl acetylene, vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene, 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne and the like, in various crude mixed C 2 -C 5 streams need to be removed with minimum loss of useful materials such as ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, isoprene and the like in the feed streams. The preferred technique for the purification in commercial practice is the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds over hydrogenation catalysts. The difficulty in the catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds rises from the fact that the hydrogenation must be carried out in the presence of a large excess of olefins or dienes or both. Under the industrial conditions, valuable olefin and diene products in the crude product streams are not inert. This is especially true as the conversion of acetylenic compounds approaches completion, resulting in the loss of valuable products. Therefore, during the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds, minimizing the loss of olefins and dienes is highly desirable for the commercial production of olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and styrene and dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. The selectivity of a catalyst is often the determining factor in selecting a catalyst for the production of olefins and dienes. Acetylenic compounds have been hydrogenated over all Group VIII metals and copper catalysts. Specifically catalytic partial hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds to olefinic compounds which are important for industrial production of olefins, dienes and fine chemicals. All Group VIII metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir and Os) and non noble metals (Fe, Co and Ni), and Cu catalysts have been known to be active for the hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds and olefins. All Group VIII noble metal catalysts and Ni catalysts have satisfactory catalytic activities for application in the commercial hydrogenation process. But more important for a catalyst is the selectivity for the hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds because of over hydrogenation of olefinic compounds during hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds. The difficulty of hydrogenating an acetylenic group in a molecule depends on the location of the triple bond on the molecule whether there is conjugation or an olefin group. An isolated terminal triple bond is easiest to selectively hydrogenate. Conjugated triple bond with double bond is much more difficult for the selective hydrogenation. In the study on the hydrogenation of acetylene, methyl acetylene, and dimethyl acetylene (G. C. Bond et al., J. Catalysis 174, 1962), it is reported that the order of decreasing selectivity is Pd>Rh>Pt>Ru>Os>Ir. L. Kh. Freidlin et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 152 (6), 1383, 1962 reported that the order is palladium black>platinum black>rhodium black>Raney nickel>Raney cobalt for the terminal acetylenes and palladium black>Raney nickel>platinum black>Raney cobalt>rhodium black for internal acetylenes. Palladium on barium sulfate is reported to be more selective than Raney nickel in hydrogenation of vinyl acetylene in liquid phase (Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals by Paul. N. Rylander, p.75, Academic Press, 1967). Product analysis at 100% conversion of vinyl acetylene indicates that the product from Raney nickel catalyst contains only about half the butadiene (35%) and 23 times the butane (23%) compared with the product from palladium supported on barium sulfate. Supported Pd, Ni, Cu and Co catalysts have been known to be useful for the hydrogenation of acetylenes (Handbook of Commercial Catalysts, pp. 105-138, Howard F. Rase, CRC Press, 2000). The most preferred catalysts in commercial application of selective hydrogenation of acetylenes are palladium-based catalysts such as Pd, Pd/Pb, Pd/Ag or Pd/Au on a support such as alumina and the copper catalyst on a support such as alumina. Pd catalysts are the most preferred catalysts because of high activity and supposedly superior selectivity compared with other metal catalysts. The prior art widely demonstrates that palladium catalysts have the highest selectivity for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes among Group VIII metals. No art has been found showing higher selectivity of nickel catalysts over palladium catalysts. In fact, palladium catalysts are the choice of all current commercial processes for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities (vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene and methyl acetylene) in the crude butadiene streams and crude C 3 olefin streams. 1,3-Butadiene is an important raw material for production of various polymers such as butadiene-styrene copolymer. One of the processes for producing 1,3-butadiene is co-production of various olefins by steam cracking of petroleum fractions. The crude mixed C 4 stream from a steam cracker is selectively hydrogenated to partially remove C 4 acetylenic compounds. The selectively hydrogenated stream is sent to the 1,3-butadiene recovery unit where solvent extractive distillation is used to separate 1,3-butadiene from the rest of components in the mixed stream. Complete removal of C 4 acetylenic compounds in the stream with high recovery of 1,3-butadiene is highly desirable to reduce the production cost of 1,3-butadiene and produce premium quality product for polymer production. Heretofore, it was technically impossible to completely remove C 4 acetylenes in crude mixed streams by selective hydrogenation without an unacceptably high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Therefore, an improved inexpensive process via highly active and selective catalysts is highly desirable to produce premium quality 1,3-butadiene without paying a penalty for high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation. The palladium-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenic compounds are highly active. However, their level of selectivity does not allow complete removal of C 4 acetylenes without an unacceptable high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation. Another inherent problem of palladium-based catalysts is the loss and migration of palladium due to the formation of soluble Pd complex compound by the reaction of Pd atoms on the catalyst surface with vinyl acetylene, if the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a liquid phase. Silver and gold have been used to minimize the loss of palladium and reduce catalytic polymerization of acetylenic compounds. Palladium-based catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,363 (1999), and EP 0 089 252 (1983). U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,363 (1999) disclosed the process for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities and 1,2-butadiene in mixed olefin rich C 4 streams by using supported Pt and Pd catalysts. The copper-based catalyst is very selective so that the recovery of 1,3-butadiene from the mixed stream is higher than palladium-based catalysts. However, since the activity of copper catalysts is very low compared with palladium-based catalysts, a large volume of catalyst and large reactor are required. The copper catalyst cokes up quickly and frequent regeneration of the catalyst is necessary. Such catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,956 (1984) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,906 (1985). In the present research it was found that the selective hydrogenation of C 3 and C 4 acetylenic compounds in a crude butadiene stream over a supported commercial Pd (0.2 wt. %)-Ag (0.1 wt. %) catalyst decreases as the hydrogenation temperature increases; an effect also noted by H. Uygur et al. in liquid phase selective hydrogenation of methyl acetylene/propadiene (MAPD) in a mixed C 3 stream (J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 31, p. 178, 1998). This seemingly strange behavior is attributed to a combined effect of very low activation energy (<0.5 kcal.mole) of the selective hydrogenation in liquid phase, higher hydrogen solubility in the feed stream at lower temperature, and temperature dependency of adsorption of acetylenic compounds on palladium surface in ternary phase reaction system of gas, liquid and solid catalyst. The concentration of hydrogen in the liquid phase is more influential on the selective hydrogenation rate of acetylenic compounds than the effect of activation energy. According to R. S. Mann et al. (Can. J. Chem. 46, p. 623, 1968), Ni and Ni—Cu alloy catalysts are effective for methyl acetylene hydrogenation. The catalytic activity rapidly increases with addition of copper to nickel up to 25 wt. % in alloy catalyst. The selectivity to propylene and extent of polymerization increase with increasing of copper in the alloy. According to H. Gutmann and H. Lindlar ( Organic Synthesis, Chapter 6), vinyl acetylene and 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne are difficult to selectively hydrogenate to 1,3-butadiene and isoprene by using the usual palladium, nickel or cobalt catalysts. But the palladium catalyst supported on calcium carbonate treated with mercury acetate is useful for the selective hydrogenation. Nickel-based catalysts are known in the art to be effective for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities in mixed streams of olefins. It is well documented that nickel catalysts in any form are highly active for hydrogenation of olefins and benzene. Because of very high activity of Ni catalysts for hydrogenation of olefins, the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes in mixtures of dienes or olefins is preferentially carried out over the presulfided nickel catalyst or in the presence of moderating agent for the nickel catalysts, as known in the prior art. There is no disclosure of selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenes in crude butadiene streams in the presence of a supported nickel metal catalyst in unsulfided form as equal or superior to the palladium-based catalyst. Nickel catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,593 (1985) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,691,248 (1972). U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,593 teaches the use of supported bimetallic catalyst comprised of at least one group VIII metal selected from the Pt, Pd, Ni and Co group, and at least one metal from the Ge, Sn, and Pb group for selective hydrogenation of acetylenic hydrocarbons and diolefins in the olefinic mixtures to mono-olefins. The catalyst contains 0.1 to 10 wt. % Ni, preferably from 1 to 5 wt. %, on a support such as alumina (70 m 2 /g and 0.5 cc/g total pore volume). The catalysts are prepared in two steps, introducing the second component (Ge, Sn or Pb) of the catalyst to the Ni catalyst from the first step. The selective hydrogenation is preferably carried out in the presence of sulfur and nitrogen compound to obtain acceptable improved selectivity. However, the patent does not suggest the selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenes in mixed butadiene streams in the absence of sulfur with the activated Ni metal catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 3,793,388 (1974) disclosed the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in olefin mixtures in the presence of nickel catalyst supported on alumina. The alumina is characterized by having a substantial portion of pores having at least 120 Å diameter and at least 2 m 2 /g surface area. The nickel content on the catalyst is from about 0.5 to about 8 mg per square meter of total alumina surface area. Br 1,182.929 (1970) disclosed a useful catalyst for selective hydrogenation of acetylenic hydrocarbons in an olefin mixture such as crude butadiene stream. The catalyst is the nickel promoted copper catalyst supported on a carrier. The weight of the copper component on the catalyst exceeds the weight of Ni and the weight of the carrier exceeds the weight of active metal components. The final catalyst in mixed oxide form is prepared by calcining a mixture of oxides at 850° C. The catalyst is activated by reducing the temperature from 180° to 600° C. with a hydrogen-containing gas. The metallic active components on the activated catalyst is at least 25% by weight of the active metal components. The remaining percentage is in the form of their oxides. The selective hydrogenation is carried out in gas phase at a temperature from 100° to 250° C. and about 1 WHSV. The cycle time is about 420 hours. U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,290 (1988) disclosed a nickel boride catalyst supported on alumina for hydrogenation of acetylenic and diolefinic compounds to monoolefinic compound. Reacting supported nickel arsenate with a borohydride compound activates the catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,200 (1989) disclosed the process for a two-step selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities in crude butadiene stream. The acetylenic impurities in crude feed streams are partially hydrogenated in the palladium-based catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,779 and then the remaining impurities are hydrogenated in the copper-base catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,493,906 and 4,440,956 discussed above. The present process has as an advantage of a greater selectivity for the removal of acetylenic compounds from hydrocarbon streams with higher yields of the desired olefinic compounds. In particular, the present process provides a higher yield of 1,3-butadiene of higher purity from crude C 4 streams. It is a particular feature of the present invention that it employs an inexpensive and readily available catalyst at key points in the process which leads to a further advantage that other sulfur or heavy metal sensitive catalysts such as the palladium and copper-based catalysts may also be employed down stream for further improvements. These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following disclosures. | Title:
Selective hydrogenation of acetylenes
Abstract:
A process for removing acetylenic compounds using unsulfided metallic nickel or unsulfided metallic nickel modified with metallic Mo, Re, Bi or mixtures in which the catalyst is used alone or is used in combination with other acetylenic selective catalysts. The unsulfided metallic nickel catalyst or modified catalyst must be the first catalyst to contact the hydrocarbon stream.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present relates to the removal of acetylenic compounds from olefin containing streams, in particular streams containing diolefins. 2. Related information The crude streams for the commercial production of olefins and dienes contain various compounds as impurities. Acetylenic impurities need to be removed from the streams to produce acceptable quality olefin and diene products. A preferred technique for removing the acetylenic impurities is partial hydrogenation, often called selective hydrogenation. For the commercial production of olefins and dienes, the catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds is utilized to remove acetylenic impurities in the crude product stream. To produce olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isoprene and the like, acetylenic impurities such as acetylene, methyl acetylene, vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene, 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne and the like, in various crude mixed C 2 -C 5 streams need to be removed with minimum loss of useful materials such as ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, isoprene and the like in the feed streams. The preferred technique for the purification in commercial practice is the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds over hydrogenation catalysts. The difficulty in the catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds rises from the fact that the hydrogenation must be carried out in the presence of a large excess of olefins or dienes or both. Under the industrial conditions, valuable olefin and diene products in the crude product streams are not inert. This is especially true as the conversion of acetylenic compounds approaches completion, resulting in the loss of valuable products. Therefore, during the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds, minimizing the loss of olefins and dienes is highly desirable for the commercial production of olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and styrene and dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. The selectivity of a catalyst is often the determining factor in selecting a catalyst for the production of olefins and dienes. Acetylenic compounds have been hydrogenated over all Group VIII metals and copper catalysts. Specifically catalytic partial hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds to olefinic compounds which are important for industrial production of olefins, dienes and fine chemicals. All Group VIII metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir and Os) and non noble metals (Fe, Co and Ni), and Cu catalysts have been known to be active for the hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds and olefins. All Group VIII noble metal catalysts and Ni catalysts have satisfactory catalytic activities for application in the commercial hydrogenation process. But more important for a catalyst is the selectivity for the hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds because of over hydrogenation of olefinic compounds during hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds. The difficulty of hydrogenating an acetylenic group in a molecule depends on the location of the triple bond on the molecule whether there is conjugation or an olefin group. An isolated terminal triple bond is easiest to selectively hydrogenate. Conjugated triple bond with double bond is much more difficult for the selective hydrogenation. In the study on the hydrogenation of acetylene, methyl acetylene, and dimethyl acetylene (G. C. Bond et al., J. Catalysis 174, 1962), it is reported that the order of decreasing selectivity is Pd>Rh>Pt>Ru>Os>Ir. L. Kh. Freidlin et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 152 (6), 1383, 1962 reported that the order is palladium black>platinum black>rhodium black>Raney nickel>Raney cobalt for the terminal acetylenes and palladium black>Raney nickel>platinum black>Raney cobalt>rhodium black for internal acetylenes. Palladium on barium sulfate is reported to be more selective than Raney nickel in hydrogenation of vinyl acetylene in liquid phase (Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals by Paul. N. Rylander, p.75, Academic Press, 1967). Product analysis at 100% conversion of vinyl acetylene indicates that the product from Raney nickel catalyst contains only about half the butadiene (35%) and 23 times the butane (23%) compared with the product from palladium supported on barium sulfate. Supported Pd, Ni, Cu and Co catalysts have been known to be useful for the hydrogenation of acetylenes (Handbook of Commercial Catalysts, pp. 105-138, Howard F. Rase, CRC Press, 2000). The most preferred catalysts in commercial application of selective hydrogenation of acetylenes are palladium-based catalysts such as Pd, Pd/Pb, Pd/Ag or Pd/Au on a support such as alumina and the copper catalyst on a support such as alumina. Pd catalysts are the most preferred catalysts because of high activity and supposedly superior selectivity compared with other metal catalysts. The prior art widely demonstrates that palladium catalysts have the highest selectivity for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes among Group VIII metals. No art has been found showing higher selectivity of nickel catalysts over palladium catalysts. In fact, palladium catalysts are the choice of all current commercial processes for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities (vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene and methyl acetylene) in the crude butadiene streams and crude C 3 olefin streams. 1,3-Butadiene is an important raw material for production of various polymers such as butadiene-styrene copolymer. One of the processes for producing 1,3-butadiene is co-production of various olefins by steam cracking of petroleum fractions. The crude mixed C 4 stream from a steam cracker is selectively hydrogenated to partially remove C 4 acetylenic compounds. The selectively hydrogenated stream is sent to the 1,3-butadiene recovery unit where solvent extractive distillation is used to separate 1,3-butadiene from the rest of components in the mixed stream. Complete removal of C 4 acetylenic compounds in the stream with high recovery of 1,3-butadiene is highly desirable to reduce the production cost of 1,3-butadiene and produce premium quality product for polymer production. Heretofore, it was technically impossible to completely remove C 4 acetylenes in crude mixed streams by selective hydrogenation without an unacceptably high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Therefore, an improved inexpensive process via highly active and selective catalysts is highly desirable to produce premium quality 1,3-butadiene without paying a penalty for high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation. The palladium-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenic compounds are highly active. However, their level of selectivity does not allow complete removal of C 4 acetylenes without an unacceptable high loss of 1,3-butadiene due to over hydrogenation. Another inherent problem of palladium-based catalysts is the loss and migration of palladium due to the formation of soluble Pd complex compound by the reaction of Pd atoms on the catalyst surface with vinyl acetylene, if the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a liquid phase. Silver and gold have been used to minimize the loss of palladium and reduce catalytic polymerization of acetylenic compounds. Palladium-based catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,363 (1999), and EP 0 089 252 (1983). U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,363 (1999) disclosed the process for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities and 1,2-butadiene in mixed olefin rich C 4 streams by using supported Pt and Pd catalysts. The copper-based catalyst is very selective so that the recovery of 1,3-butadiene from the mixed stream is higher than palladium-based catalysts. However, since the activity of copper catalysts is very low compared with palladium-based catalysts, a large volume of catalyst and large reactor are required. The copper catalyst cokes up quickly and frequent regeneration of the catalyst is necessary. Such catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,956 (1984) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,906 (1985). In the present research it was found that the selective hydrogenation of C 3 and C 4 acetylenic compounds in a crude butadiene stream over a supported commercial Pd (0.2 wt. %)-Ag (0.1 wt. %) catalyst decreases as the hydrogenation temperature increases; an effect also noted by H. Uygur et al. in liquid phase selective hydrogenation of methyl acetylene/propadiene (MAPD) in a mixed C 3 stream (J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 31, p. 178, 1998). This seemingly strange behavior is attributed to a combined effect of very low activation energy (<0.5 kcal.mole) of the selective hydrogenation in liquid phase, higher hydrogen solubility in the feed stream at lower temperature, and temperature dependency of adsorption of acetylenic compounds on palladium surface in ternary phase reaction system of gas, liquid and solid catalyst. The concentration of hydrogen in the liquid phase is more influential on the selective hydrogenation rate of acetylenic compounds than the effect of activation energy. According to R. S. Mann et al. (Can. J. Chem. 46, p. 623, 1968), Ni and Ni—Cu alloy catalysts are effective for methyl acetylene hydrogenation. The catalytic activity rapidly increases with addition of copper to nickel up to 25 wt. % in alloy catalyst. The selectivity to propylene and extent of polymerization increase with increasing of copper in the alloy. According to H. Gutmann and H. Lindlar ( Organic Synthesis, Chapter 6), vinyl acetylene and 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne are difficult to selectively hydrogenate to 1,3-butadiene and isoprene by using the usual palladium, nickel or cobalt catalysts. But the palladium catalyst supported on calcium carbonate treated with mercury acetate is useful for the selective hydrogenation. Nickel-based catalysts are known in the art to be effective for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities in mixed streams of olefins. It is well documented that nickel catalysts in any form are highly active for hydrogenation of olefins and benzene. Because of very high activity of Ni catalysts for hydrogenation of olefins, the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes in mixtures of dienes or olefins is preferentially carried out over the presulfided nickel catalyst or in the presence of moderating agent for the nickel catalysts, as known in the prior art. There is no disclosure of selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenes in crude butadiene streams in the presence of a supported nickel metal catalyst in unsulfided form as equal or superior to the palladium-based catalyst. Nickel catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,593 (1985) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,691,248 (1972). U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,593 teaches the use of supported bimetallic catalyst comprised of at least one group VIII metal selected from the Pt, Pd, Ni and Co group, and at least one metal from the Ge, Sn, and Pb group for selective hydrogenation of acetylenic hydrocarbons and diolefins in the olefinic mixtures to mono-olefins. The catalyst contains 0.1 to 10 wt. % Ni, preferably from 1 to 5 wt. %, on a support such as alumina (70 m 2 /g and 0.5 cc/g total pore volume). The catalysts are prepared in two steps, introducing the second component (Ge, Sn or Pb) of the catalyst to the Ni catalyst from the first step. The selective hydrogenation is preferably carried out in the presence of sulfur and nitrogen compound to obtain acceptable improved selectivity. However, the patent does not suggest the selective hydrogenation of C 4 acetylenes in mixed butadiene streams in the absence of sulfur with the activated Ni metal catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 3,793,388 (1974) disclosed the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in olefin mixtures in the presence of nickel catalyst supported on alumina. The alumina is characterized by having a substantial portion of pores having at least 120 Å diameter and at least 2 m 2 /g surface area. The nickel content on the catalyst is from about 0.5 to about 8 mg per square meter of total alumina surface area. Br 1,182.929 (1970) disclosed a useful catalyst for selective hydrogenation of acetylenic hydrocarbons in an olefin mixture such as crude butadiene stream. The catalyst is the nickel promoted copper catalyst supported on a carrier. The weight of the copper component on the catalyst exceeds the weight of Ni and the weight of the carrier exceeds the weight of active metal components. The final catalyst in mixed oxide form is prepared by calcining a mixture of oxides at 850° C. The catalyst is activated by reducing the temperature from 180° to 600° C. with a hydrogen-containing gas. The metallic active components on the activated catalyst is at least 25% by weight of the active metal components. The remaining percentage is in the form of their oxides. The selective hydrogenation is carried out in gas phase at a temperature from 100° to 250° C. and about 1 WHSV. The cycle time is about 420 hours. U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,290 (1988) disclosed a nickel boride catalyst supported on alumina for hydrogenation of acetylenic and diolefinic compounds to monoolefinic compound. Reacting supported nickel arsenate with a borohydride compound activates the catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,200 (1989) disclosed the process for a two-step selective hydrogenation of acetylenic impurities in crude butadiene stream. The acetylenic impurities in crude feed streams are partially hydrogenated in the palladium-based catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,779 and then the remaining impurities are hydrogenated in the copper-base catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,493,906 and 4,440,956 discussed above. The present process has as an advantage of a greater selectivity for the removal of acetylenic compounds from hydrocarbon streams with higher yields of the desired olefinic compounds. In particular, the present process provides a higher yield of 1,3-butadiene of higher purity from crude C 4 streams. It is a particular feature of the present invention that it employs an inexpensive and readily available catalyst at key points in the process which leads to a further advantage that other sulfur or heavy metal sensitive catalysts such as the palladium and copper-based catalysts may also be employed down stream for further improvements. These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following disclosures. |
10984116 | 2,004 | Leak-proof pet ball | A pet exercise device having outer and inner shells having first and second apertures defined therein, respectively, is provided. The outer shell has a first raised edge extending from an internal surface of the outer shell, wherein the first raised edge extends around the periphery of the first aperture. The inner shell defines an interior compartment and is positioned within the outer shell to form a retaining chamber between the inner and outer shells. A second raised edge extends from an external surface of the inner shell and around the periphery of the second aperture. Further, the first and second apertures are non-coextensive, staggered or otherwise misaligned with one another so that the liquid or solids are retained within the retaining chamber and not allowed to pass through the second apertures and directly out of first apertures. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a leak-proof pet ball. More particularly, the present invention relates to a pet ball that allows an animal to walk inside the ball to move around the floor of a room while preventing liquids and solids, such as droppings, located within the ball from leaking onto the floor. In addition, the present invention allows for the free flow of air into and out of the interior of the ball to allow the animal to breathe. Further, the pet ball may be easily disassembled for cleaning purposes. Animals such as dogs, cats, hamsters, and gerbils are typically restricted in the areas in which they can roam. For example, it is not uncommon for dogs and cats to be confined to the interior of a house, or for hamsters or gerbils to be confined to a cage. Due to the limited space available within these environments, pets normally do not get an adequate amount of exercise. Therefore, it is desirable to allow them to leave their normal surroundings for purposes of exercise and for a change in scenery. Various devices have been developed to allow pets to exercise outside of their normal surroundings. For instance, different types of hamster wheels and pet balls have been developed to allow a pet to exercise outside of its cage. A currently existing hamster ball includes a single shell with holes defined therein to allow a hamster to breathe when positioned within the ball. This type of ball allows the hamster to walk inside the ball, thus making the ball travel around the floor of a house. While the aforementioned ball allows the hamster to exercise and be removed from the confines of its cage, this device suffers from a number of drawbacks and deficiencies. For instance, the holes in the ball allow the pet to breathe, but they also permit liquid and solids to leak through the holes and come into contact with the floor. The possibility that solids or liquids may leak from the ball discourages a pet owner from putting his or her pet in currently existing ball devices for long periods of time. Accordingly, there exists a need for a pet ball that ameliorates the aforementioned drawbacks and deficiencies. The present invention fills these needs as well as other needs. | Title:
Leak-proof pet ball
Abstract:
A pet exercise device having outer and inner shells having first and second apertures defined therein, respectively, is provided. The outer shell has a first raised edge extending from an internal surface of the outer shell, wherein the first raised edge extends around the periphery of the first aperture. The inner shell defines an interior compartment and is positioned within the outer shell to form a retaining chamber between the inner and outer shells. A second raised edge extends from an external surface of the inner shell and around the periphery of the second aperture. Further, the first and second apertures are non-coextensive, staggered or otherwise misaligned with one another so that the liquid or solids are retained within the retaining chamber and not allowed to pass through the second apertures and directly out of first apertures.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a leak-proof pet ball. More particularly, the present invention relates to a pet ball that allows an animal to walk inside the ball to move around the floor of a room while preventing liquids and solids, such as droppings, located within the ball from leaking onto the floor. In addition, the present invention allows for the free flow of air into and out of the interior of the ball to allow the animal to breathe. Further, the pet ball may be easily disassembled for cleaning purposes. Animals such as dogs, cats, hamsters, and gerbils are typically restricted in the areas in which they can roam. For example, it is not uncommon for dogs and cats to be confined to the interior of a house, or for hamsters or gerbils to be confined to a cage. Due to the limited space available within these environments, pets normally do not get an adequate amount of exercise. Therefore, it is desirable to allow them to leave their normal surroundings for purposes of exercise and for a change in scenery. Various devices have been developed to allow pets to exercise outside of their normal surroundings. For instance, different types of hamster wheels and pet balls have been developed to allow a pet to exercise outside of its cage. A currently existing hamster ball includes a single shell with holes defined therein to allow a hamster to breathe when positioned within the ball. This type of ball allows the hamster to walk inside the ball, thus making the ball travel around the floor of a house. While the aforementioned ball allows the hamster to exercise and be removed from the confines of its cage, this device suffers from a number of drawbacks and deficiencies. For instance, the holes in the ball allow the pet to breathe, but they also permit liquid and solids to leak through the holes and come into contact with the floor. The possibility that solids or liquids may leak from the ball discourages a pet owner from putting his or her pet in currently existing ball devices for long periods of time. Accordingly, there exists a need for a pet ball that ameliorates the aforementioned drawbacks and deficiencies. The present invention fills these needs as well as other needs. |
10860104 | 2,004 | Convertible pill container | A pill container includes a plurality of compartments arranged radially from one another, each of the plurality of compartments adapted for receiving and retaining at least one pill and reversibly secured by a corresponding closure; and a movable tab located in each of the plurality of compartments, each movable tab is configured to reversibly move from a first position to a second position within the corresponding compartment to partition the compartment into two discrete compartment portions. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Pill containers, also known as pill boxes, are cases for housing medications such as pills, tablets, or capsules. Such cases can be used to store and dispense pills such as in a pharmacy or may be made compact to function as personal pill containers used by consumers not only to store and dispense pills but also to carry pills such as in a purse, pocket, or the like. Personal pill containers allow users to pack limited individualized dosages of one or more medications, and thus enable convenient short-term carry. Since the number or amount of dosages held in such personal pill containers is normally limited, the user must periodically refill the container typically from standard pill containers supplied by the pharmacist. Such small, pocket-sized pill containers, which have been used for years, allow the user to pre-fill the container with medication to be dispensed for that day, and to conveniently carry it with them. These personal pill containers have been found to enhance the ease and regularity of administration by reminding the user of the proper time for dispensing of pills in a more consistent manner. In addition, their small size and compact profile make them especially convenient for individuals needing to take medications at scheduled intervals. Personal pill containers are typically fabricated to include multiple compartments, which are generally individually accessible by the user through a corresponding closure. Each compartment is adapted to receive and retain a single grouping or dose of one or more medications to be taken at a particular time, which may be individually identified by indicia printed on the closure. In this manner, the personal pill containers can be implemented to enable users to take their medication at the appointed times. While traditional personal pill containers facilitate the prompting of use and transportation of medications, such containers have been found to be inadequate when the user is required to take more than one kind of medication at different time intervals during the day. In such an instance, the user often may not be able to distinguish the different medications, and thus, may erroneously take the medications at improper times. Accordingly, there is a need for pill containers, which are capable of accommodating one or more dosable ingestible products typically in the form of pill medications which may be administered at same or different time intervals and/or groupings during the day, while maintaining ease of use and storage and carry convenience. The pill containers may be made compact so that they can function as personal pill containers and therefore be convenient to carry by the user. | Title:
Convertible pill container
Abstract:
A pill container includes a plurality of compartments arranged radially from one another, each of the plurality of compartments adapted for receiving and retaining at least one pill and reversibly secured by a corresponding closure; and a movable tab located in each of the plurality of compartments, each movable tab is configured to reversibly move from a first position to a second position within the corresponding compartment to partition the compartment into two discrete compartment portions.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Pill containers, also known as pill boxes, are cases for housing medications such as pills, tablets, or capsules. Such cases can be used to store and dispense pills such as in a pharmacy or may be made compact to function as personal pill containers used by consumers not only to store and dispense pills but also to carry pills such as in a purse, pocket, or the like. Personal pill containers allow users to pack limited individualized dosages of one or more medications, and thus enable convenient short-term carry. Since the number or amount of dosages held in such personal pill containers is normally limited, the user must periodically refill the container typically from standard pill containers supplied by the pharmacist. Such small, pocket-sized pill containers, which have been used for years, allow the user to pre-fill the container with medication to be dispensed for that day, and to conveniently carry it with them. These personal pill containers have been found to enhance the ease and regularity of administration by reminding the user of the proper time for dispensing of pills in a more consistent manner. In addition, their small size and compact profile make them especially convenient for individuals needing to take medications at scheduled intervals. Personal pill containers are typically fabricated to include multiple compartments, which are generally individually accessible by the user through a corresponding closure. Each compartment is adapted to receive and retain a single grouping or dose of one or more medications to be taken at a particular time, which may be individually identified by indicia printed on the closure. In this manner, the personal pill containers can be implemented to enable users to take their medication at the appointed times. While traditional personal pill containers facilitate the prompting of use and transportation of medications, such containers have been found to be inadequate when the user is required to take more than one kind of medication at different time intervals during the day. In such an instance, the user often may not be able to distinguish the different medications, and thus, may erroneously take the medications at improper times. Accordingly, there is a need for pill containers, which are capable of accommodating one or more dosable ingestible products typically in the form of pill medications which may be administered at same or different time intervals and/or groupings during the day, while maintaining ease of use and storage and carry convenience. The pill containers may be made compact so that they can function as personal pill containers and therefore be convenient to carry by the user. |
11026679 | 2,004 | Viewing applications from inactive sessions | Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for managing user-sessions. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the system, among others, includes logic configured to display a user interface for initiating a command to launch a business application on a computer display of a user; logic configured to associate a launched business application with a user-session; logic configured to display business applications of an active session on the computer display; a first user interface control for allowing a user to select a particular business application of an inactive session; and logic configured to display the selected particular business application on the computer display with the business applications associated with the active session. Other systems and method are also provided. | BACKGROUND Many desktop presentation systems, such as those in use within call center environments, pose significant challenges in user productivity. For example, multiple user interface technologies, desktops, and metaphors are pervasive within today's call center environments, including for example, web browsers, X/Motif emulators, TN3270, and PC-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Accordingly, a user in an environment, such as a call center environment, often has to employ a variety of different applications on a computer desktop at the same time which can be difficult to manage, organize, and to effectively operate. For example, a user may have multiple applications or multiple instances of an application launched on the user's computer desktop. These launched applications or instances, however, may not be related in a common manner. For example, one group of applications may be for one customer or transaction and another group of applications is for another customer or transaction. However, in the midst of working on one customer or transaction, a user may also prefer to selectively work on a particular application or instance from another customer or transaction. Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies. | Title:
Viewing applications from inactive sessions
Abstract:
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for managing user-sessions. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the system, among others, includes logic configured to display a user interface for initiating a command to launch a business application on a computer display of a user; logic configured to associate a launched business application with a user-session; logic configured to display business applications of an active session on the computer display; a first user interface control for allowing a user to select a particular business application of an inactive session; and logic configured to display the selected particular business application on the computer display with the business applications associated with the active session. Other systems and method are also provided.
Background:
BACKGROUND Many desktop presentation systems, such as those in use within call center environments, pose significant challenges in user productivity. For example, multiple user interface technologies, desktops, and metaphors are pervasive within today's call center environments, including for example, web browsers, X/Motif emulators, TN3270, and PC-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Accordingly, a user in an environment, such as a call center environment, often has to employ a variety of different applications on a computer desktop at the same time which can be difficult to manage, organize, and to effectively operate. For example, a user may have multiple applications or multiple instances of an application launched on the user's computer desktop. These launched applications or instances, however, may not be related in a common manner. For example, one group of applications may be for one customer or transaction and another group of applications is for another customer or transaction. However, in the midst of working on one customer or transaction, a user may also prefer to selectively work on a particular application or instance from another customer or transaction. Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies. |
10775672 | 2,004 | Controlled-architecture polymers and use thereof as separation media | Controlled architecture polymers made preferably with acrylamide type monomers are prepared in living-type or semi-living-type free radical polymerizations, with the architecture preferably being other than linear, such as star, branched, grafted or hyper-branched. The controlled architecture polymers have high weight average molecular weights and low viscosities, which make they particularly useful in replaceable capillary electrophoresis separation media for biological molecules, such as DNA fragments. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to polymers having controlled architectures, to controlled free-radical polymerization methods for preparing such polymers, to separation media prepared from such polymers, and to separation applications for such media. The invention relates, more specifically, to non-linear polyacrylamidic polymers having useful properties, such as controlled weight-average molecular weights, narrow polydispersity indices, flow-enabling viscosities, and water- or aqueous medium-solubility or dispersability, and to flowable separation media prepared from such polymers for use in capillary electrophoresis. The invention also specifically relates to living-type, nitroxide-mediated free-radical polymerization for preparing such polymers, as well as other polymers, in aqueous solution. Electrophoresis and/or electroosmotic flow is a technique used for separation and analysis of charged molecules such as biopolymers (e.g., nucleic acid polymers such as DNA, RNA and amino acid polymers such as proteins). Typically, one or more samples containing molecules to be separated or analyzed are loaded onto a separation media, and a voltage is applied across the media. The applied voltage causes the charged molecules to move differentially, thereby fractionating the sample into its various components. Gel electrophoresis typically employs a stationary, relatively flat separation media, referred to in the art as a “slab-gel”, and usually comprising a highly cross-linked polymer. Gel electrophoresis enhances separation of macromolecules by introducing a sieving effect, which helps separate such molecules according to size, and which complements separation according to electrophoretic mobilities. In capillary gel electrophoresis, a voltage is generally applied across a capillary that comprises a separation media. The separation medium can be stationary or flowing relative to the capillary. Typically, stationary separation media comprises either a crosslinked gel, a polymer solution, or other flowable media. Samples such as biomolecules are loaded or otherwise disposed onto or into stationary or flowing separation media. The applied voltage causes the biomolecules to differentially migrate, relative to the separation media, to a detector. The rate at which the biomolecule migrates depends upon a number of factors including the nature of the biomolecule, the size and weight of the biomolecule, the charge on the biomolecule, the nature and properties of the separation media, and the conditions under which the separation is performed. Capillary electrophoretic separation approaches have been automated, but such approaches have limitations with respect to sample component resolution. Known separation media for capillary gel electrophoresis typically comprise linear molecular chains that may become entangled and thereby impart a mesh-like characteristic to the separation media. The pore-size of such an entangled mesh is dynamic such that the size and persistence time of the mesh in a linear polymer is related to both the chain length and the number of chains per unit volume. Hence, both polymer molecular weight and polymer concentration will impact the separation capabilities of the media for different sample components (e.g., different lengths of DNA). Resolution of relatively smaller sample molecules is more effective with a more closely-knit mesh—requiring lower molecular weight chains and/or higher polymer concentrations, whereas higher molecular weights are preferred for larger molecules. However, known separation media for capillary electrophoresis become unsuitably viscous when higher-molecular weight polymers and/or higher concentrations of polymer are employed in such media, sometimes referred to as replaceable media. Overly-viscous media are generally disadvantageous in capillary electrophoresis systems due to the reduced flowability of the media, and due to the increased shear stresses between polymer molecules, and between polymer molecules and the capillary wall. In particular, shear stresses can interfere with the electrophoretic analysis and can cause polymer degradation. In addition, high viscosity may result in microbubble-spikes in the electropherogram. The relatively high viscosity of known separation media also presents a substantial barrier to improving performance and versatility in smaller scale capillary gel electrophoresis systems—particularly, for example, for micro-scale applications thereof, known in the art as microelectrophoresis systems. The separation media for capillary electrophoresis have also been limited, heretofore, by the lack of narrow-band polymers for use in such media. Polymers typically comprise a number of different polymer molecules, each of which comprises substantially the same type of repeat unit(s) but which can vary in the number of repeat units (i.e., chain length). The polydispersity index—the ratio of the weight-average molecular weight to the number-average molecular weight for the polymer (M w /M n ), is a measure of the homogeneity of the polymer with respect to hydrodynamic volume, and therefore, for linear polymers, with respect to chain-length. The state-of-the-art separation media for capillary gel electrophoresis comprise polymers having a polydispersity index greater than two, and typically ranging from about 3 to about 4. Moreover, the use of polymers with relatively high polydispersity indices limits the degree of flexibility available for formulating separation media—particularly for applications such as capillary gel electrophoresis where viscosity constraints apply. Although present commercial capillary gel electrophoresis separation media comprise linear polymers, non-linear, star-shaped block copolymers have also been contemplated for use in such separation media. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,418, No. 5,759,369 and No. 5,468,365 to Menchen et al. report lower molecular weight star-copolymers having arms comprising alternating, regularly repeating, hydrophobic segments (e.g., fluorinated hydrocarbons) and hydrophilic segments (e.g.; polyethylene oxide). A sieving effect is apparently achieved based on association between the hydrophobic regions of polymer segments—forming a physical, non-covalent cross-link. The attachment polymerization methods employed by Menchen et al., however, lead to polymers that are polydisperse, are limited with respect to yields for attaching long polymer chains onto a common central core (e.g., are of low molecular weight), and are constrained with respect to the choice of monomer. Hence, there remains a need in the art for improved polymeric materials suitable for use in connection with capillary gel electrophoresis. Living-type free-radical polymerization is generally known in the art. Mediation of such free-radical polymerization using nitroxide free-radical control agents is also known for some applications. | Title:
Controlled-architecture polymers and use thereof as separation media
Abstract:
Controlled architecture polymers made preferably with acrylamide type monomers are prepared in living-type or semi-living-type free radical polymerizations, with the architecture preferably being other than linear, such as star, branched, grafted or hyper-branched. The controlled architecture polymers have high weight average molecular weights and low viscosities, which make they particularly useful in replaceable capillary electrophoresis separation media for biological molecules, such as DNA fragments.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to polymers having controlled architectures, to controlled free-radical polymerization methods for preparing such polymers, to separation media prepared from such polymers, and to separation applications for such media. The invention relates, more specifically, to non-linear polyacrylamidic polymers having useful properties, such as controlled weight-average molecular weights, narrow polydispersity indices, flow-enabling viscosities, and water- or aqueous medium-solubility or dispersability, and to flowable separation media prepared from such polymers for use in capillary electrophoresis. The invention also specifically relates to living-type, nitroxide-mediated free-radical polymerization for preparing such polymers, as well as other polymers, in aqueous solution. Electrophoresis and/or electroosmotic flow is a technique used for separation and analysis of charged molecules such as biopolymers (e.g., nucleic acid polymers such as DNA, RNA and amino acid polymers such as proteins). Typically, one or more samples containing molecules to be separated or analyzed are loaded onto a separation media, and a voltage is applied across the media. The applied voltage causes the charged molecules to move differentially, thereby fractionating the sample into its various components. Gel electrophoresis typically employs a stationary, relatively flat separation media, referred to in the art as a “slab-gel”, and usually comprising a highly cross-linked polymer. Gel electrophoresis enhances separation of macromolecules by introducing a sieving effect, which helps separate such molecules according to size, and which complements separation according to electrophoretic mobilities. In capillary gel electrophoresis, a voltage is generally applied across a capillary that comprises a separation media. The separation medium can be stationary or flowing relative to the capillary. Typically, stationary separation media comprises either a crosslinked gel, a polymer solution, or other flowable media. Samples such as biomolecules are loaded or otherwise disposed onto or into stationary or flowing separation media. The applied voltage causes the biomolecules to differentially migrate, relative to the separation media, to a detector. The rate at which the biomolecule migrates depends upon a number of factors including the nature of the biomolecule, the size and weight of the biomolecule, the charge on the biomolecule, the nature and properties of the separation media, and the conditions under which the separation is performed. Capillary electrophoretic separation approaches have been automated, but such approaches have limitations with respect to sample component resolution. Known separation media for capillary gel electrophoresis typically comprise linear molecular chains that may become entangled and thereby impart a mesh-like characteristic to the separation media. The pore-size of such an entangled mesh is dynamic such that the size and persistence time of the mesh in a linear polymer is related to both the chain length and the number of chains per unit volume. Hence, both polymer molecular weight and polymer concentration will impact the separation capabilities of the media for different sample components (e.g., different lengths of DNA). Resolution of relatively smaller sample molecules is more effective with a more closely-knit mesh—requiring lower molecular weight chains and/or higher polymer concentrations, whereas higher molecular weights are preferred for larger molecules. However, known separation media for capillary electrophoresis become unsuitably viscous when higher-molecular weight polymers and/or higher concentrations of polymer are employed in such media, sometimes referred to as replaceable media. Overly-viscous media are generally disadvantageous in capillary electrophoresis systems due to the reduced flowability of the media, and due to the increased shear stresses between polymer molecules, and between polymer molecules and the capillary wall. In particular, shear stresses can interfere with the electrophoretic analysis and can cause polymer degradation. In addition, high viscosity may result in microbubble-spikes in the electropherogram. The relatively high viscosity of known separation media also presents a substantial barrier to improving performance and versatility in smaller scale capillary gel electrophoresis systems—particularly, for example, for micro-scale applications thereof, known in the art as microelectrophoresis systems. The separation media for capillary electrophoresis have also been limited, heretofore, by the lack of narrow-band polymers for use in such media. Polymers typically comprise a number of different polymer molecules, each of which comprises substantially the same type of repeat unit(s) but which can vary in the number of repeat units (i.e., chain length). The polydispersity index—the ratio of the weight-average molecular weight to the number-average molecular weight for the polymer (M w /M n ), is a measure of the homogeneity of the polymer with respect to hydrodynamic volume, and therefore, for linear polymers, with respect to chain-length. The state-of-the-art separation media for capillary gel electrophoresis comprise polymers having a polydispersity index greater than two, and typically ranging from about 3 to about 4. Moreover, the use of polymers with relatively high polydispersity indices limits the degree of flexibility available for formulating separation media—particularly for applications such as capillary gel electrophoresis where viscosity constraints apply. Although present commercial capillary gel electrophoresis separation media comprise linear polymers, non-linear, star-shaped block copolymers have also been contemplated for use in such separation media. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,418, No. 5,759,369 and No. 5,468,365 to Menchen et al. report lower molecular weight star-copolymers having arms comprising alternating, regularly repeating, hydrophobic segments (e.g., fluorinated hydrocarbons) and hydrophilic segments (e.g.; polyethylene oxide). A sieving effect is apparently achieved based on association between the hydrophobic regions of polymer segments—forming a physical, non-covalent cross-link. The attachment polymerization methods employed by Menchen et al., however, lead to polymers that are polydisperse, are limited with respect to yields for attaching long polymer chains onto a common central core (e.g., are of low molecular weight), and are constrained with respect to the choice of monomer. Hence, there remains a need in the art for improved polymeric materials suitable for use in connection with capillary gel electrophoresis. Living-type free-radical polymerization is generally known in the art. Mediation of such free-radical polymerization using nitroxide free-radical control agents is also known for some applications. |
10814369 | 2,004 | Systems and methods for handling the display and receipt of aircraft control information | Methods and systems for handling aircraft control information are disclosed. A system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes a display medium coupleable to a flight manager, with the flight manager configured to receive and direct instructions for automatically controlling aircraft functions at a future time during flight of the aircraft. The system can further include a display controller coupled to the display medium to present at least one operator activatable element at the display medium and update information presented at the display medium when the operator activates the operator activatable element. For example, the operator activatable element can include an icon presented at a computer display screen, and can be activated by a keystroke. | BACKGROUND Modern commercial aircraft make extensive use of computer systems to control aircraft behavior, plan and execute flights, and manage a myriad of other aircraft operations. Most current commercial transport aircraft include a flight management computer (FMC) that tracks flight segments or “legs” en route and can automatically control the aircraft to fly some or all of the segments. A control and display unit (CDU) or similar device provides input to and output from the FMC. Accordingly, pilots can load a series of flight segments into the FMC before a flight, monitor the progress of the flight by reference to the CDU, and/or modify the segments by entering new information via the CDU. FIG. 1 illustrates a CDU 30 configured in accordance with the prior art and available on a variety of Boeing aircraft. The CDU 30 can include a display screen 31 and associated hardware input keys, including select keys 50 (shown as line select keys 50 a and menu select keys 50 b ) and alphanumeric keys forming a keyboard 21 . The display screen 31 includes a plurality of user update fields 33 that are updated by the aircraft operator or initially populated by the FMC, and system update fields 32 that are automatically updated by the FMC based on information received at the user update fields 33 . For example, the operator can enter way point identifiers at the user update fields 33 . The system can provide direction identifiers and distances between way points, based on the information received at the user update fields 33 . To operate the CDU 30 , the operator presses one of the menu select keys 50 b to determine which page dataset or menu is presented at the display screen 31 . The operator then presses one of the line select keys 50 a to select the user update field 33 that will be updated via data that are displayed at a scratch pad 35 . If no data are present at the scratch pad 35 , then the data in the selected user update field 33 are displayed at the scratch pad 35 . The operator next edits information via the keyboard 21 while viewing the information at the scratch pad 35 . Alternatively, the operator can enter information presented at the scratch pad 35 without first pressing one of the line select keys 50 a. In either case, after the operator reviews the entered information for accuracy, he or she can depress the corresponding line select key 50 a to load the information from the scratch pad 35 into the corresponding user update field 33 . This information then becomes part of the aircraft flight plan. One drawback with the arrangement described above with reference to FIG. 1 is that a change to the layout of the hardware input keys or the text identifier on the input keys can significantly increase the cost of upgrading the CDU 30 . For example, because the input keys are fixedly positioned at the CDU 30 , it can be prohibitively expensive and/or logistically difficult to change the layout of the CDU, for example, to change the size of the display screen 31 , the location of the line select keys, or other aspects of the design of the CDU 30 . Accordingly, airlines and other aircraft owners may be discouraged from installing system updates that can significantly ease pilot workload and improve the efficiency with which pilots operate their aircraft. As a result, aircraft owners may wait for a substantial period of time before implementing upgrades, and when they do so, they may incur considerable expenses. | Title:
Systems and methods for handling the display and receipt of aircraft control information
Abstract:
Methods and systems for handling aircraft control information are disclosed. A system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes a display medium coupleable to a flight manager, with the flight manager configured to receive and direct instructions for automatically controlling aircraft functions at a future time during flight of the aircraft. The system can further include a display controller coupled to the display medium to present at least one operator activatable element at the display medium and update information presented at the display medium when the operator activates the operator activatable element. For example, the operator activatable element can include an icon presented at a computer display screen, and can be activated by a keystroke.
Background:
BACKGROUND Modern commercial aircraft make extensive use of computer systems to control aircraft behavior, plan and execute flights, and manage a myriad of other aircraft operations. Most current commercial transport aircraft include a flight management computer (FMC) that tracks flight segments or “legs” en route and can automatically control the aircraft to fly some or all of the segments. A control and display unit (CDU) or similar device provides input to and output from the FMC. Accordingly, pilots can load a series of flight segments into the FMC before a flight, monitor the progress of the flight by reference to the CDU, and/or modify the segments by entering new information via the CDU. FIG. 1 illustrates a CDU 30 configured in accordance with the prior art and available on a variety of Boeing aircraft. The CDU 30 can include a display screen 31 and associated hardware input keys, including select keys 50 (shown as line select keys 50 a and menu select keys 50 b ) and alphanumeric keys forming a keyboard 21 . The display screen 31 includes a plurality of user update fields 33 that are updated by the aircraft operator or initially populated by the FMC, and system update fields 32 that are automatically updated by the FMC based on information received at the user update fields 33 . For example, the operator can enter way point identifiers at the user update fields 33 . The system can provide direction identifiers and distances between way points, based on the information received at the user update fields 33 . To operate the CDU 30 , the operator presses one of the menu select keys 50 b to determine which page dataset or menu is presented at the display screen 31 . The operator then presses one of the line select keys 50 a to select the user update field 33 that will be updated via data that are displayed at a scratch pad 35 . If no data are present at the scratch pad 35 , then the data in the selected user update field 33 are displayed at the scratch pad 35 . The operator next edits information via the keyboard 21 while viewing the information at the scratch pad 35 . Alternatively, the operator can enter information presented at the scratch pad 35 without first pressing one of the line select keys 50 a. In either case, after the operator reviews the entered information for accuracy, he or she can depress the corresponding line select key 50 a to load the information from the scratch pad 35 into the corresponding user update field 33 . This information then becomes part of the aircraft flight plan. One drawback with the arrangement described above with reference to FIG. 1 is that a change to the layout of the hardware input keys or the text identifier on the input keys can significantly increase the cost of upgrading the CDU 30 . For example, because the input keys are fixedly positioned at the CDU 30 , it can be prohibitively expensive and/or logistically difficult to change the layout of the CDU, for example, to change the size of the display screen 31 , the location of the line select keys, or other aspects of the design of the CDU 30 . Accordingly, airlines and other aircraft owners may be discouraged from installing system updates that can significantly ease pilot workload and improve the efficiency with which pilots operate their aircraft. As a result, aircraft owners may wait for a substantial period of time before implementing upgrades, and when they do so, they may incur considerable expenses. |
10493367 | 2,004 | Production of water-free nitrocellulose and explosive substances that have a spheroidal shape | The invention relates to a method for producing shaped explosive substances, in particular for a propellant charge substrate such as spheroidal propellant charge powder, for example, from a stabilized explosive substance, whereby the stabilized explosive substance is first dissolved in a solvent, the stabilizing substance is then removed from the mixture, and particles are shaped from the resulting mixture. The invention further relates to a method for producing a varnish made from a substantially water-free explosive substance. | Title:
Production of water-free nitrocellulose and explosive substances that have a spheroidal shape
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for producing shaped explosive substances, in particular for a propellant charge substrate such as spheroidal propellant charge powder, for example, from a stabilized explosive substance, whereby the stabilized explosive substance is first dissolved in a solvent, the stabilizing substance is then removed from the mixture, and particles are shaped from the resulting mixture. The invention further relates to a method for producing a varnish made from a substantially water-free explosive substance.
Background:
| |
10487572 | 2,004 | Air-bag | An air-bag (1) has a primary gas flow duct (11) leading from a gas generator to one or more zones within the air-bag which are to be inflated. The air-bag has a separate inner gas flow duct (12) mounted within the outer gas flow duct. The inner gas flow duct (12) and the outer gas flow duct (11) have areas (22 and 23) thereof secured together in the region that is to be connected to the gas generator. | Title:
Air-bag
Abstract:
An air-bag (1) has a primary gas flow duct (11) leading from a gas generator to one or more zones within the air-bag which are to be inflated. The air-bag has a separate inner gas flow duct (12) mounted within the outer gas flow duct. The inner gas flow duct (12) and the outer gas flow duct (11) have areas (22 and 23) thereof secured together in the region that is to be connected to the gas generator.
Background:
| |
10475767 | 2,004 | Sealing apparatus and method | Apparatus (20) and methods for segmenting a blood-filled tube (42) into multiple, blood-containing, sealed segment are disclosed. The apparatus (20) includes a tubing locating surface (22) for mounting the tubing and sealing means (24) cooperatively associated with the tubing locating surface (22). | BACKGROUND In a typical blood donation procedure, blood is collected from a donor using a plastic, disposable blood collection kit. In its most basic form, the blood collection kit includes a venipuncture needle, one or more plastic collection containers and a length of plastic tubing connected to the needle and the container(s) to provide a flow path therebetween. After collection, the blood may be further processed or stored until it is ready to be transfused to a patient. Before it is used, however, the collected blood must be tested to establish compatibility with the patient's (recipient's) blood type (e.g. A, B, AB, O) and/or possibly for other purposes as well. Thus, samples of the donated blood must be collected for the required testing. The blood that remains in the plastic tubing after the blood donation may be used for such samples. Recently, sealing devices have been developed to allow the plastic tubing to be sealed into one or more blood-containing segments. The segmented tubing portions can then be separated from the rest of the tube by cutting or tearing at the seal line. The blood in the detached segments can then be used for the tests that may be required. Presently, it is common to prepare up to as many as 16 separate blood-containing tubing segments which can then be used for the required tests. The sealing devices currently in use operate on the principle of heat-sealing. The device typically includes a sealing head with heatable jaws for compressing the tubing. The tubing is captured within a slot between the jaws, which compress the wall of the tubing, melts and fuses it. There are many commercially available sealing devices. One such sealing device is the Hematron II available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, Ill. The Hematron II is a portable, dielectric sealing device that includes a single sealing head. Multiple tubing segments can be provided by manually advancing the tube through the sealing head and sealing the tubing at the desired locations. Another manufacturer of sealing devices is Starstedt of Newton, N.C. which provides a stationary device (as contrasted to a hand-held device of the type described below). Several modules of this device, each having a single sealing head, can be placed in a series to provide multiple (up to 6) seals in the tubing. More recently, hand-held sealing devices have been introduced. Examples of such hand-held devices include the Auto-Seal, Handy-Seal and the Hematron III, all available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Other hand-held and/or stationary devices are available from other suppliers/manufacturers. Although the devices currently available have generally worked satisfactorily, further improvements in the field of sealing blood tubing are desirable. For example, the sealing devices described above require either manual location of the tubing in the sealing head, manual movement or advancement of the tubing between the sealing heads or the combination of multiple sealing heads (which require greater energy, resulting in increased cost of the device). Thus, it would be desirable to provide a sealing device that limits the amount of manual involvement and quickly provides the required number of tubing segments. It would also be desirable to provide a low-cost, energy efficient apparatus. | Title:
Sealing apparatus and method
Abstract:
Apparatus (20) and methods for segmenting a blood-filled tube (42) into multiple, blood-containing, sealed segment are disclosed. The apparatus (20) includes a tubing locating surface (22) for mounting the tubing and sealing means (24) cooperatively associated with the tubing locating surface (22).
Background:
BACKGROUND In a typical blood donation procedure, blood is collected from a donor using a plastic, disposable blood collection kit. In its most basic form, the blood collection kit includes a venipuncture needle, one or more plastic collection containers and a length of plastic tubing connected to the needle and the container(s) to provide a flow path therebetween. After collection, the blood may be further processed or stored until it is ready to be transfused to a patient. Before it is used, however, the collected blood must be tested to establish compatibility with the patient's (recipient's) blood type (e.g. A, B, AB, O) and/or possibly for other purposes as well. Thus, samples of the donated blood must be collected for the required testing. The blood that remains in the plastic tubing after the blood donation may be used for such samples. Recently, sealing devices have been developed to allow the plastic tubing to be sealed into one or more blood-containing segments. The segmented tubing portions can then be separated from the rest of the tube by cutting or tearing at the seal line. The blood in the detached segments can then be used for the tests that may be required. Presently, it is common to prepare up to as many as 16 separate blood-containing tubing segments which can then be used for the required tests. The sealing devices currently in use operate on the principle of heat-sealing. The device typically includes a sealing head with heatable jaws for compressing the tubing. The tubing is captured within a slot between the jaws, which compress the wall of the tubing, melts and fuses it. There are many commercially available sealing devices. One such sealing device is the Hematron II available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, Ill. The Hematron II is a portable, dielectric sealing device that includes a single sealing head. Multiple tubing segments can be provided by manually advancing the tube through the sealing head and sealing the tubing at the desired locations. Another manufacturer of sealing devices is Starstedt of Newton, N.C. which provides a stationary device (as contrasted to a hand-held device of the type described below). Several modules of this device, each having a single sealing head, can be placed in a series to provide multiple (up to 6) seals in the tubing. More recently, hand-held sealing devices have been introduced. Examples of such hand-held devices include the Auto-Seal, Handy-Seal and the Hematron III, all available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Other hand-held and/or stationary devices are available from other suppliers/manufacturers. Although the devices currently available have generally worked satisfactorily, further improvements in the field of sealing blood tubing are desirable. For example, the sealing devices described above require either manual location of the tubing in the sealing head, manual movement or advancement of the tubing between the sealing heads or the combination of multiple sealing heads (which require greater energy, resulting in increased cost of the device). Thus, it would be desirable to provide a sealing device that limits the amount of manual involvement and quickly provides the required number of tubing segments. It would also be desirable to provide a low-cost, energy efficient apparatus. |
10995900 | 2,004 | Laminate feeding in a card manufacturing device | A card manufacturing device includes a web of laminate material, a first set of feed rollers, and a aligning roller. The first set of feed rollers is configured to feed the web along a laminate feed path. The feed rollers each include an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the laminate feed path. The aligning roller is configured to receive the web from the first set of feed rollers. The aligning roller includes a shaft having a skewed axis of rotation that is non-parallel to the axes of rotation of the first set of feed rollers, and a main roller that is supported on the shaft for rotation about the skewed axis. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the aligning roller includes a plurality of lugs that extend from the surface of the main roller to thereby form a paddlewheel. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Identification cards are commonly used as a vehicle for identifying the bearer of the card (e.g., driver's licenses) for access control, and other purposes. These identification cards are produced using identification card manufacturing systems, such as those produced by Fargo Electronics, Inc. of Eden Prairie, Minn. Identification card manufacturing devices can perform many different card processing function. For example, card processing devices include printing devices for printing on a card, laminating devices for laminating a protective laminate on the card, card flipping devices for flipping the card, a data encoding devices for writing data to the card or to a chip embedded in the card, and other card processing devices. Often, the card processing devices mentioned above are combined into a single identification card processing device. Card laminating devices have been configured to separate an individual identification card size protective transparent laminate section from a web or roll of overlaminate material, overlay a card with the separated laminate section, and laminate the laminate section onto the card automatically. In the prior art, various structures have been advanced for laminating the transparent sections or “chips” onto a card, such as an identification card. The previous laminators have included a roll of a continuous web of the transparent laminate material, for example a roll of a clear polyester material. Preferably the web has weakened transverse lines that separate individual card size chips or segments. The weakened lines may be microperforated lines, and the sections defined can have scalloped edges that conform to the corners of the identification cards so that the individual protective sheet or chip can be separated automatically, and then aligned with a card or substrate on which it is to be laminated. Many prior art card laminating devices have utilized a guillotine knife that would sever individual sheets from a roll of a web material. Cutters that use a scissors action for cutting are also known. Other prior art devices separated the individual sections using a snapping action, where a hump or ripple was formed in the web between two sets of rollers with a weakened transverse line also between the two sets of rollers. Once the hump is formed by slowing a lead roller, the lead roller is accelerated to snap the hump and create a tension across the weakened section or perforated line. When laminating precisely sized segments of transparent sheets onto a pre-printed card, it is essential that the edges of the laminate align precisely with the edges of the card, or any overhang on any edge will be “picked” or abraded by the user so that the laminate will start to separate from the substrate or card after use. Such precise alignment is difficult to accommodate when the laminate sections are separated using the violent snapping the web to break the individual segments. Also snapping the web to break the individual segments can leave edges that are ragged and, thus, will not conform to the edges of the card. Knife cutting is slow and also can leave edge irregularities on the laminate as well as being unable to cut material in a shape that conforms to the card. | Title:
Laminate feeding in a card manufacturing device
Abstract:
A card manufacturing device includes a web of laminate material, a first set of feed rollers, and a aligning roller. The first set of feed rollers is configured to feed the web along a laminate feed path. The feed rollers each include an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the laminate feed path. The aligning roller is configured to receive the web from the first set of feed rollers. The aligning roller includes a shaft having a skewed axis of rotation that is non-parallel to the axes of rotation of the first set of feed rollers, and a main roller that is supported on the shaft for rotation about the skewed axis. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the aligning roller includes a plurality of lugs that extend from the surface of the main roller to thereby form a paddlewheel.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Identification cards are commonly used as a vehicle for identifying the bearer of the card (e.g., driver's licenses) for access control, and other purposes. These identification cards are produced using identification card manufacturing systems, such as those produced by Fargo Electronics, Inc. of Eden Prairie, Minn. Identification card manufacturing devices can perform many different card processing function. For example, card processing devices include printing devices for printing on a card, laminating devices for laminating a protective laminate on the card, card flipping devices for flipping the card, a data encoding devices for writing data to the card or to a chip embedded in the card, and other card processing devices. Often, the card processing devices mentioned above are combined into a single identification card processing device. Card laminating devices have been configured to separate an individual identification card size protective transparent laminate section from a web or roll of overlaminate material, overlay a card with the separated laminate section, and laminate the laminate section onto the card automatically. In the prior art, various structures have been advanced for laminating the transparent sections or “chips” onto a card, such as an identification card. The previous laminators have included a roll of a continuous web of the transparent laminate material, for example a roll of a clear polyester material. Preferably the web has weakened transverse lines that separate individual card size chips or segments. The weakened lines may be microperforated lines, and the sections defined can have scalloped edges that conform to the corners of the identification cards so that the individual protective sheet or chip can be separated automatically, and then aligned with a card or substrate on which it is to be laminated. Many prior art card laminating devices have utilized a guillotine knife that would sever individual sheets from a roll of a web material. Cutters that use a scissors action for cutting are also known. Other prior art devices separated the individual sections using a snapping action, where a hump or ripple was formed in the web between two sets of rollers with a weakened transverse line also between the two sets of rollers. Once the hump is formed by slowing a lead roller, the lead roller is accelerated to snap the hump and create a tension across the weakened section or perforated line. When laminating precisely sized segments of transparent sheets onto a pre-printed card, it is essential that the edges of the laminate align precisely with the edges of the card, or any overhang on any edge will be “picked” or abraded by the user so that the laminate will start to separate from the substrate or card after use. Such precise alignment is difficult to accommodate when the laminate sections are separated using the violent snapping the web to break the individual segments. Also snapping the web to break the individual segments can leave edges that are ragged and, thus, will not conform to the edges of the card. Knife cutting is slow and also can leave edge irregularities on the laminate as well as being unable to cut material in a shape that conforms to the card. |
10861785 | 2,004 | Verticle exercise bicycle | A vertical exercise apparatus having overhead and waist high support rails capable of supporting the users body weight for use in conditioning upper body and lower body muscle groups. A kit having overhead and waist high support bars with attachment clamps that attach to a conventional exercise bike so as to convert the conventional exercise bike into a vertical exercise apparatus for use in conditioning upper body and lower body muscle groups. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, bodybuilding has become extremely popular with the general public interested in a better quality of life. The benefits of aerobic and strength training exercise have been proven to provide significant health benefits that greatly improve the quality of life of those individuals willing and able to engage in such activities. Presently there is a variety of exercise equipment available on the market today that is designed to provide both aerobic as well as strength training exercise. Much of this equipment is expensive and complex to use. Some equipment even requires a workout regiment longer and more strenuous than the average user is capable of enduring. Since the majority of users of exercise equipment today are not professional or even amateur athletes but are instead busy individuals seeking the physiological benefits associated with exercise, the more complex types of exercise equipment causes many problems. Even though exercise has been proven to be beneficial to ones health, many users have only a limited amount of time to complete an exercise regiment and desire exercise that takes as little time as possible with the greatest amount of physical conditioning. To achieve the most physiological benefit in the least amount of time it is necessary to utilize the most muscle mass for a given exercise. Many exercise machines concentrate on either aerobic or strength training exercise but few are capable of providing both. In general, aerobic forms of exercise train the lower body muscles. For example, exercises such as running, stair climbing, elliptical training, and conventional bicycling all provide aerobic training but train only the lower extremities. Strength training machines are usually designed to target specific muscles and provide little if any aerobic benefits. One exercise device that can provide low impact, cardiovascular exercise as well as strength training is the stationary exercise bike. The stationary exercise bike is easy to use and enables the user to benefit from both aerobic cardiovascular exercise as well as strength training. However, as stated above, the strength training is limited to the legs and other portions of the lower body. Thus, use of a conventional exercise bike alone enables the user to get a lower body workout but fails to provide an overall fitness regimen that provides both cardiovascular aerobic exercise and anaerobic/strength training for both the upper and lower body. In other words, the conventional exercise bike alone does not allow a user to enjoy both upper and lower body physical benefits, as does the device of the present invention. In view of the foregoing, in order to achieve such a workout the user must use two and sometimes three machines. This type of workout is usually inappropriate and/or cumbersome for today's user. For example, a multiple machine approach to cardiovascular and strength training requires a large amount of equipment storage space. Equipment storage space is normally a particularly important issue for home exercise equipment since the typical home has very limited space available for an exercise area. The multiple device approach also increases exercise time because it requires the user to shift from one machine to the next after each workout set. In addition, down time while shifting from one machine to another negatively impacts the usefulness of the exercise regimen by allowing a rest period between exercises. The multiple machine approach to a home gymnasium also increases equipment cost to the user by requiring the user to purchase multiple machines. For these reasons and more, the use of multiple exercise machines to provide a complete workout of both upper and lower muscle groups is not practical for a large percentage of the exercising public. Thus, for all of these reasons and others, there is a need for a space saving, cost efficient multiple use exercise bike that can provide the user with the aerobic/cardiovascular exercise of an exercise bike as well as strength conditioning of the lower and upper muscle groups normally associated with the use of multiple machines. The exercise apparatus of the present invention overcomes the prior art limitations discussed above by providing a single exercise apparatus that enables the user to achieve cardiovascular exercise, in the form of an exercise bike, and an upper body strength training workout through use of the users own body weight. In addition, the exercise apparatus of the present invention provides more physical benefits, requires less storage space than multiple machines, and is less costly than purchasing multiple machines. Simply stated, the exercise apparatus of the present invention is more efficient than most exercise machines available today since it enables the user to stimulate many different muscle groups in both the upper and lower extremities utilizing more muscle mass. The more muscle mass exercised, the more energy required to complete the exercise regimen and therefore the more calories burned per unit time compared to exercise machines unable to stimulate the same muscle mass. This translates to shorter workout time with greater aerobic and strength benefits. All in all the exercise machine of the present invention or the exercise machine created using the conversion kit of the present invention provides triceps and bicep/lateral workouts where the conventional seated stationary bike, the stair climber and the elliptical exercise machine do not workout these muscle groups at all. Therefore the exercise machine of the present invention is able overcome to the shortcomings of the prior art exercise machines described above. | Title:
Verticle exercise bicycle
Abstract:
A vertical exercise apparatus having overhead and waist high support rails capable of supporting the users body weight for use in conditioning upper body and lower body muscle groups. A kit having overhead and waist high support bars with attachment clamps that attach to a conventional exercise bike so as to convert the conventional exercise bike into a vertical exercise apparatus for use in conditioning upper body and lower body muscle groups.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, bodybuilding has become extremely popular with the general public interested in a better quality of life. The benefits of aerobic and strength training exercise have been proven to provide significant health benefits that greatly improve the quality of life of those individuals willing and able to engage in such activities. Presently there is a variety of exercise equipment available on the market today that is designed to provide both aerobic as well as strength training exercise. Much of this equipment is expensive and complex to use. Some equipment even requires a workout regiment longer and more strenuous than the average user is capable of enduring. Since the majority of users of exercise equipment today are not professional or even amateur athletes but are instead busy individuals seeking the physiological benefits associated with exercise, the more complex types of exercise equipment causes many problems. Even though exercise has been proven to be beneficial to ones health, many users have only a limited amount of time to complete an exercise regiment and desire exercise that takes as little time as possible with the greatest amount of physical conditioning. To achieve the most physiological benefit in the least amount of time it is necessary to utilize the most muscle mass for a given exercise. Many exercise machines concentrate on either aerobic or strength training exercise but few are capable of providing both. In general, aerobic forms of exercise train the lower body muscles. For example, exercises such as running, stair climbing, elliptical training, and conventional bicycling all provide aerobic training but train only the lower extremities. Strength training machines are usually designed to target specific muscles and provide little if any aerobic benefits. One exercise device that can provide low impact, cardiovascular exercise as well as strength training is the stationary exercise bike. The stationary exercise bike is easy to use and enables the user to benefit from both aerobic cardiovascular exercise as well as strength training. However, as stated above, the strength training is limited to the legs and other portions of the lower body. Thus, use of a conventional exercise bike alone enables the user to get a lower body workout but fails to provide an overall fitness regimen that provides both cardiovascular aerobic exercise and anaerobic/strength training for both the upper and lower body. In other words, the conventional exercise bike alone does not allow a user to enjoy both upper and lower body physical benefits, as does the device of the present invention. In view of the foregoing, in order to achieve such a workout the user must use two and sometimes three machines. This type of workout is usually inappropriate and/or cumbersome for today's user. For example, a multiple machine approach to cardiovascular and strength training requires a large amount of equipment storage space. Equipment storage space is normally a particularly important issue for home exercise equipment since the typical home has very limited space available for an exercise area. The multiple device approach also increases exercise time because it requires the user to shift from one machine to the next after each workout set. In addition, down time while shifting from one machine to another negatively impacts the usefulness of the exercise regimen by allowing a rest period between exercises. The multiple machine approach to a home gymnasium also increases equipment cost to the user by requiring the user to purchase multiple machines. For these reasons and more, the use of multiple exercise machines to provide a complete workout of both upper and lower muscle groups is not practical for a large percentage of the exercising public. Thus, for all of these reasons and others, there is a need for a space saving, cost efficient multiple use exercise bike that can provide the user with the aerobic/cardiovascular exercise of an exercise bike as well as strength conditioning of the lower and upper muscle groups normally associated with the use of multiple machines. The exercise apparatus of the present invention overcomes the prior art limitations discussed above by providing a single exercise apparatus that enables the user to achieve cardiovascular exercise, in the form of an exercise bike, and an upper body strength training workout through use of the users own body weight. In addition, the exercise apparatus of the present invention provides more physical benefits, requires less storage space than multiple machines, and is less costly than purchasing multiple machines. Simply stated, the exercise apparatus of the present invention is more efficient than most exercise machines available today since it enables the user to stimulate many different muscle groups in both the upper and lower extremities utilizing more muscle mass. The more muscle mass exercised, the more energy required to complete the exercise regimen and therefore the more calories burned per unit time compared to exercise machines unable to stimulate the same muscle mass. This translates to shorter workout time with greater aerobic and strength benefits. All in all the exercise machine of the present invention or the exercise machine created using the conversion kit of the present invention provides triceps and bicep/lateral workouts where the conventional seated stationary bike, the stair climber and the elliptical exercise machine do not workout these muscle groups at all. Therefore the exercise machine of the present invention is able overcome to the shortcomings of the prior art exercise machines described above. |
10953123 | 2,004 | Gaming device having multiple selectable display interfaces based on player's wagers | An apparatus and method for displaying multiple gaming device interfaces for the same wagering game is provided. The game can be slot although other wagering games are also within the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, the exact same game is played using one of a plurality of different display interfaces, wherein the gaming device enables the player to select which interface to play. The player can play the game for a while using one interface and then switch interfaces to provide a fresh display or to change the player's luck. The player can then switch back to the original interface or select a brand new interface depending upon how many interfaces overall are provided. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The purpose of indicia on paper is to convey information. While this is also true for visual effects in wagering gaming devices, images and indicia displayed by a wagering game's display device have the additional extremely important purpose of providing or increasing entertainment for the player. If some players are not entertained, they will not play a wagering gaming machine. Also, more recently, players have come to expect more entertainment from gaming devices, for example, those having video displays rather than the older mechanical displays and those having bonus games. Since one of the primary purposes of a wagering gaming device is to provide entertainment, there is a major challenge for gaming device manufacturers to develop new games that increase the amount of entertainment provided to players. Players are entertained not only by the risk of a wager but also by attractive, engaging, interesting, fun, new and different visual, audio, and audio-visual effects. For those reasons, the gaming industry is constantly seeking to make advancements in the displays including graphics and other visual effects provided to the player. If one views a wagering gaming device as only a wagering mechanism, the display or graphical aspect of the wagering gaming device may appear to have little value. However, by remembering that a wagering gaming device is an entertainment device as well as, or in addition to, a wagering device, the importance of an interesting and exciting graphical display and the technical challenges faced by gaming personnel to develop such displays becomes apparent. Simultaneously, to maintain certain player's interest in a gaming machine for a significant period of time, such gaming machines must be highly interesting, entertaining and enjoyable. Increased entertainment, in combination with other elements such as providing messages and/or awards to players, provides a useful, concrete and tangible result provided by a wagering gaming device. It is therefore desirable to provide new, fun and exciting ways to display a primary or base game or a secondary or bonus game of a gaming device, to entertain the players and to hold a player's interest. | Title:
Gaming device having multiple selectable display interfaces based on player's wagers
Abstract:
An apparatus and method for displaying multiple gaming device interfaces for the same wagering game is provided. The game can be slot although other wagering games are also within the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, the exact same game is played using one of a plurality of different display interfaces, wherein the gaming device enables the player to select which interface to play. The player can play the game for a while using one interface and then switch interfaces to provide a fresh display or to change the player's luck. The player can then switch back to the original interface or select a brand new interface depending upon how many interfaces overall are provided.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The purpose of indicia on paper is to convey information. While this is also true for visual effects in wagering gaming devices, images and indicia displayed by a wagering game's display device have the additional extremely important purpose of providing or increasing entertainment for the player. If some players are not entertained, they will not play a wagering gaming machine. Also, more recently, players have come to expect more entertainment from gaming devices, for example, those having video displays rather than the older mechanical displays and those having bonus games. Since one of the primary purposes of a wagering gaming device is to provide entertainment, there is a major challenge for gaming device manufacturers to develop new games that increase the amount of entertainment provided to players. Players are entertained not only by the risk of a wager but also by attractive, engaging, interesting, fun, new and different visual, audio, and audio-visual effects. For those reasons, the gaming industry is constantly seeking to make advancements in the displays including graphics and other visual effects provided to the player. If one views a wagering gaming device as only a wagering mechanism, the display or graphical aspect of the wagering gaming device may appear to have little value. However, by remembering that a wagering gaming device is an entertainment device as well as, or in addition to, a wagering device, the importance of an interesting and exciting graphical display and the technical challenges faced by gaming personnel to develop such displays becomes apparent. Simultaneously, to maintain certain player's interest in a gaming machine for a significant period of time, such gaming machines must be highly interesting, entertaining and enjoyable. Increased entertainment, in combination with other elements such as providing messages and/or awards to players, provides a useful, concrete and tangible result provided by a wagering gaming device. It is therefore desirable to provide new, fun and exciting ways to display a primary or base game or a secondary or bonus game of a gaming device, to entertain the players and to hold a player's interest. |
10938512 | 2,004 | Fastening member and siding boards attachment structure using the fastening member | A fastening member 10 produced from a single steel sheet that is capable of stably supporting an exterior wall board and ensuring ventilation between the board and a building frame. The fastening member 10 comprises a left-side support portion 12L and a right-side support portion 12R on either side thereof that abut on the back surface of a board when fastened. In the intermediate region between the left-side and right-side support portions 12L and 12R, there are provided, from top to bottom, a substrate portion 11 that functions as a mount portion to be fixed to the building frame, a central support portion 12C to be abutted against the back surface of a board when fastened, a locking portion 21 to be locked on the upper and lower edges of boards when fastened, and a lower support portion 12U to be abutted against the back surface of a board when fastened. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fastening member used for fastening exterior wall boards such as ceramic siding boards to a building frame. The invention also relates to siding boards attachment structure employing the fastening member. 2. Description of the Related Art During the construction of an exterior wall of a building, a siding board 40 as shown in FIG. 5 that has an underlying rabetted portion 44 and an overlying rabetted portion 42 at peripheral edges thereof, is fastened to a building frame using a fastening member. FIG. 6 shows a fastening member 50 disclosed in JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-27031 A. The fastening member 50 , which is formed by sheet metal work, includes support portions 51 a , 51 b adapted to abut on a back surface of an upper and a lower building board, respectively, when fastened, a locking portion 52 formed by successively bending a central portion of the support portion 51 , a substrate portion 53 above the support portion 51 a , and a bend portion 54 at the lower edge of the support portion 51 b . When the metal fastening member 50 is fixed to the building frame, the substrate portion 53 and the end of the bend portion 54 constitute the mount portions via which the metal fastening member 50 is mounted on the building frame. During construction, the overlying rabetted portion 42 at the lower edge of an upper board is locked on the locking portion 52 , with the back surface of the exterior wall abutting against the support portion 51 a . The underlying rabetted portion 44 at the upper edge of a lower board is locked on the locking portion 52 , with the back surface of the board abutting against the support portion 51 b . The fastening member 50 further includes a depressed opening 61 formed in the support portion 51 a that has such a depth as to reach the building frame and that helps stabilize the mounting of the fastening member 50 to the building frame. When the boards have been fastened, a space is established between the back surface of the boards and the building frame, the space corresponding to the interval between the face of the substrate portion 53 and the face of the support portion 51 , so that ventilation can be ensured. JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-302889 A (1997) discloses a fastening member 70 that is also formed by sheet metal work, as shown in FIG. 7 . The fastening member 70 includes a substrate portion 71 that constitutes a mount portion that is fixed to the building frame, and support portions 72 , 72 formed at either side edge of the substrate portion 71 such that they protrude forwardly while extending longitudinally. The fastening member further includes a locking portion 73 formed laterally between the support portions 72 , 72 on either side, with the end of the locking portion 73 located more forwardly than the support portions 72 , 72 . The locking portion 73 is formed by bending a lower region of the substrate portion 71 . The locking portion 73 includes rise portions 75 , 75 formed by bending either side of the end thereof upward, and a fall portion 76 formed by bending a center portion of the end thereof downward. The upper board is fastened by having the overlying rabetted portion 42 at the lower edge thereof locked on the rise portions 75 , 75 , with the back surface of the board abutting against the support portions 72 , 72 . The lower board is fastened by having the underlying rabetted portion 44 at the upper edge thereof locked on the fall portion 76 , with the back surface of the board similarly abutting against the support portions 72 , 72 . When the boards have been fastened, a space is established between the back surface of the boards and the structural frame that corresponds to the height of the support portions 72 , so that ventilation is ensured. | Title:
Fastening member and siding boards attachment structure using the fastening member
Abstract:
A fastening member 10 produced from a single steel sheet that is capable of stably supporting an exterior wall board and ensuring ventilation between the board and a building frame. The fastening member 10 comprises a left-side support portion 12L and a right-side support portion 12R on either side thereof that abut on the back surface of a board when fastened. In the intermediate region between the left-side and right-side support portions 12L and 12R, there are provided, from top to bottom, a substrate portion 11 that functions as a mount portion to be fixed to the building frame, a central support portion 12C to be abutted against the back surface of a board when fastened, a locking portion 21 to be locked on the upper and lower edges of boards when fastened, and a lower support portion 12U to be abutted against the back surface of a board when fastened.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fastening member used for fastening exterior wall boards such as ceramic siding boards to a building frame. The invention also relates to siding boards attachment structure employing the fastening member. 2. Description of the Related Art During the construction of an exterior wall of a building, a siding board 40 as shown in FIG. 5 that has an underlying rabetted portion 44 and an overlying rabetted portion 42 at peripheral edges thereof, is fastened to a building frame using a fastening member. FIG. 6 shows a fastening member 50 disclosed in JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-27031 A. The fastening member 50 , which is formed by sheet metal work, includes support portions 51 a , 51 b adapted to abut on a back surface of an upper and a lower building board, respectively, when fastened, a locking portion 52 formed by successively bending a central portion of the support portion 51 , a substrate portion 53 above the support portion 51 a , and a bend portion 54 at the lower edge of the support portion 51 b . When the metal fastening member 50 is fixed to the building frame, the substrate portion 53 and the end of the bend portion 54 constitute the mount portions via which the metal fastening member 50 is mounted on the building frame. During construction, the overlying rabetted portion 42 at the lower edge of an upper board is locked on the locking portion 52 , with the back surface of the exterior wall abutting against the support portion 51 a . The underlying rabetted portion 44 at the upper edge of a lower board is locked on the locking portion 52 , with the back surface of the board abutting against the support portion 51 b . The fastening member 50 further includes a depressed opening 61 formed in the support portion 51 a that has such a depth as to reach the building frame and that helps stabilize the mounting of the fastening member 50 to the building frame. When the boards have been fastened, a space is established between the back surface of the boards and the building frame, the space corresponding to the interval between the face of the substrate portion 53 and the face of the support portion 51 , so that ventilation can be ensured. JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 9-302889 A (1997) discloses a fastening member 70 that is also formed by sheet metal work, as shown in FIG. 7 . The fastening member 70 includes a substrate portion 71 that constitutes a mount portion that is fixed to the building frame, and support portions 72 , 72 formed at either side edge of the substrate portion 71 such that they protrude forwardly while extending longitudinally. The fastening member further includes a locking portion 73 formed laterally between the support portions 72 , 72 on either side, with the end of the locking portion 73 located more forwardly than the support portions 72 , 72 . The locking portion 73 is formed by bending a lower region of the substrate portion 71 . The locking portion 73 includes rise portions 75 , 75 formed by bending either side of the end thereof upward, and a fall portion 76 formed by bending a center portion of the end thereof downward. The upper board is fastened by having the overlying rabetted portion 42 at the lower edge thereof locked on the rise portions 75 , 75 , with the back surface of the board abutting against the support portions 72 , 72 . The lower board is fastened by having the underlying rabetted portion 44 at the upper edge thereof locked on the fall portion 76 , with the back surface of the board similarly abutting against the support portions 72 , 72 . When the boards have been fastened, a space is established between the back surface of the boards and the structural frame that corresponds to the height of the support portions 72 , so that ventilation is ensured. |
10891279 | 2,004 | Method for displaying time in mobile terminal | A method for providing precision current times of cities by using information stored in a time table for a mobile terminal is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes a) storing information about time differences between predetermined cities and a Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in the storing unit of the mobile terminal, b) receiving time information from a base station when the mobile terminal is initialized, c) receiving a request of displaying a current time of a target city from a user, d) computing the current time of the target city based on the time information from the base station and the time table stored in the storing unit and e) displaying the computed current time of the target city on the displaying unit. | FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for displaying a time in a mobile terminal; and, more particularly, to a method for displaying precision current times of cities by using a time table stored in a mobile terminal and time information transmitted from a base station. | Title:
Method for displaying time in mobile terminal
Abstract:
A method for providing precision current times of cities by using information stored in a time table for a mobile terminal is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes a) storing information about time differences between predetermined cities and a Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in the storing unit of the mobile terminal, b) receiving time information from a base station when the mobile terminal is initialized, c) receiving a request of displaying a current time of a target city from a user, d) computing the current time of the target city based on the time information from the base station and the time table stored in the storing unit and e) displaying the computed current time of the target city on the displaying unit.
Background:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for displaying a time in a mobile terminal; and, more particularly, to a method for displaying precision current times of cities by using a time table stored in a mobile terminal and time information transmitted from a base station. |
10864896 | 2,004 | Electric-power-generating-facility operation management support system, electric-power-generating-facility operation management support method, and program for executing support method, and program for executing operation management support method on computer | An electric-power-generating-facility operation management support system includes a condition-input unit inputting costs of electric power generation in electric power generating facilities, probability distribution of predicted values of the demand for electric power, and probability distribution of predicted values of the transaction price of power on the market. An optimal-operational-condition calculating unit calculates the performance of power generation of the power generating facilities based upon the costs of power generation, the probability distribution of predicted values of the demand for power and the probability distribution of predicted values of the transaction price of power on the market, input from the condition-input unit so as to obtain the optimal operational conditions which exhibit the maximum performance of power generation A risk estimating unit calculates and estimates a risk value of damage of the optimal operation under the optimal operational conditions. A calculation-result display unit displays the optimal operational conditions and the risk-estimation results. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a system and a method for performing operation managements of electric power generating facilities, and a program for executing the method, and more particularly, to operation management support system for allowing the electric power generating facilities to exhibit optimal power generating performance while giving consideration to operational risk of the electric power generating facilities, operation management method thereof, and a program for executing the method on a computer. Further, herein, the present inventions mentioned above may be referred to or expressed, respectively, as “electric-power-generating facility operation management support system”, “electric-power-generating facility operation management support method” and “program for executing operation management support method on computer” or like. 2. Related Art In general, in electric power generating facilities or plants such as thermal power generating facilities, operation is performed under conditions so as to extend the lifespan thereof as much as possible, based upon the estimation of lifespan of the facilities, which are determined based upon thermal stress due to operations (start, stop), aging deterioration, and so forth. Such arrangement examples are disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 61-49481, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 4-54808, and Japanese Patent No. 2965989, wherein operation is performed while giving consideration to the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities. With the operational method and operational system for performing operation while giving consideration to the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities disclosed in the aforementioned documents, thermal stress occurring under operational conditions in a boiler, a turbine, and so forth, which are components of the electric power generating facilities, is calculated based upon a physical model, and operational conditions which exhibit the permissible calculated results are employed as restriction conditions. Then, the system transmits the calculated restriction conditions to a power generating plant operational control system, whereby operational control is performed. Description will be made regarding a schematic configuration thereof with reference to a block diagram which shows a power generating facility optimal operation system in FIG. 26 . A power generating facility optimal operation system 101 includes a storage unit 103 for storing fuel-cost property functions f 1 (MW) through fn(MW) for the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n , and an optimal-operational-condition calculation unit 105 for calculating load-distribution command values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) for electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n based upon power demand from a central demand unit 104 . The optimal-operational-condition calculation unit 105 calculates the load distribution command values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) for the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n such that the sum of the electric power generation of the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n (total amount of electric power generation) matches the aforementioned power demand. Description will be made below regarding the restriction conditions and the optimal conditions of the calculation. (1) Restriction Conditions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? Total power generation=Σ(power generation of each)=electric-power demand value in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? (2) Optimal Conditions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? ∂ f 1 ( MW )/∂ MW ( 1 )=∂ f 2 ( MW )/∂ MW ( 2 )= . . . =∂ fn ( MW )/∂ MW ( n ) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The load distribution values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) are obtained by calculating solutions which satisfy the aforementioned restriction conditions and optimal conditions. The electric power generating facility optimal operation system having such a configuration can determine the load distribution command values (operational conditions) which suppress the power generating costs to a minimum, as well as satisfying the required power demand. On the other hand, liberalization of electric power market in recent years involves deregulation of sale and purchase of electric power on the market. In this case, the transaction price of electric power and supply thereof change dependent upon trading of electric power on the market as shown in Non-patent Document 1. On the other hand, a technique is known as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined (KOKAI) Patent Publication No. 9-179064, wherein a product-manufacturing plant adjusts the relation between manufacturing of products and selling of electric power so as to efficiently manufacture products corresponding to the transaction price of electric power. On the other hand, aging of the electric power generating facilities increases the risk of unexpected shutdown thereof. In the event of unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities under contract for sale of electric power, the supplier of the electric power must pay a penalty for non-fulfillment of the contract. Accordingly, the risk of unexpected shutdown of the facilities should be suppressed from the perspective of business management, as well as from the perspective of plant operation. Conventionally, the supplier of the electric power has used insurance as means for avoiding or hedging such a risk. The insurance service for handling the unexpected shutdown of the facilities has a mechanism for carrying out a monitoring-operation service for monitoring the electric power generating facilities and an electric power supplying service for providing electric power so as to compensate shortage of electric power at the time of unexpected shutdown of the facilities. An arrangement is known as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined (KOKAI) Patent Publication No. 2003-22368, which has a mechanism for carrying out an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the facilities. However, with the conventional electric power generating facility optimal operation mechanism, the total, capability of electric power production of all electric power generating facilities is a fixed value, and estimation of supply and demand of electric power is made regardless of operations of electric power supplying sources (which will be simply referred to as “electric power suppliers” hereafter) other than the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company. Accordingly, in the event of operating the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company under this estimation using the fixed electric power demand, in some cases, imbalance occurs between supply of electric power and demand thereof. That is to say, suppliers and consumers can freely sell and purchase of electric power on the market corresponding to price fluctuation over time. Accordingly, operation of the electric power generating facilities needs to be adjusted so as to control the sale amount (in some cases, the purchase amount) of electric power based upon the market trends. In the case of electric power suppliers directly supplying electric power to general consumers or electric-power vendors (which will be referred to as “consumer” hereafter) based upon a bilateral contract (one-to-one contract) without transmission through the central demand unit for controlling the electric power system, the electric power generating facilities need to follow the demand of the consumers which changes at random. As described above, optimal operation cannot be performed for the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company only by operating the electric power generating facilities under optimal conditions obtained based upon the electric power demand. Furthermore, with operation of the electric power generating facilities on the electric power market wherein the transaction price of electric power fluctuates over time directly corresponding to the market needs, maximum generating of electric power at the time of the increased transaction price thereof while monitoring the precise market trends allows the supplier of electric power to obtain an increased profit from electric power, as well as providing optimal operation thereof from the economic perspective. Furthermore, reserve electric power which can be provided at a desired time is useful on such an electric power market. Note that the term “reserve electric power” as used here does not mean electric power stored in capacitors, batteries, or the like. The term “reserve electric power” as used here means the electric power which can be generated in corresponding to the increased demand at any time by operating the electric power generating facility beyond normal operations, i.e., reserve electric power generating capabilities. Accordingly, there is demand for operation of electric power generating facilities to reserve a part of output thereof as reserve electric power so as to be used as stand-by electric power for handling risks of fluctuation of trading on the market. However, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, or employing an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities, operation wherein a part of output of the electric power generating facilities is set aside as the reserve electric power so as to be operated as stand-by electric power leads to problems as follows. First, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, the aforementioned operation which sets aside the reserve electric power has a problem that optimal operation of the electric power generating facilities cannot be made according to the market demand for reserve electric power. With the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, the first priority is the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities, and accordingly, the reserve electric power is prepared under rated operating conditions of the electric power generating facilities. Accordingly, operation of the reserve electric power production capability is limited to predetermined operational restriction conditions, even in a case of increased needs of the electric power market. Accordingly, in normal situations wherein no reserve electric power is not actually supplied, the electric power generating facilities generate electric power less than the rated electric power generation by the amount of the reserve electric power, i.e., performs partial-load operation, leading to the disadvantages of efficiency, costs, and the like. Accordingly, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, sufficient reserve electric power production capability is not maintained while supplying sufficient electric power in normal situations. In a case of maintaining sufficient reserve electric power production capability, electric power generation in normal situations needs to be reduced corresponding to the increased reserve electric power production capability, leading to low-efficiency partial-load operation in normal situations. This leads to a problem that optimal operation of the electric power generating facilities cannot be made according to the market demand for reserve electric power. Next, the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems employing an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities also have a problem (second problem) that the insurance service has no mechanism which effectively functions as suitable risk-hedging means from the perspective of business for handling the increased operational risk of the electric power generating facilities due to generation of reserve electric power. Operation of electric power generating facilities while maintaining reserve electric power production capability leads to marked difference in risk costs between a case wherein the reserve electric power is actually generated and an case otherwise. However, the aforementioned conventional insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the facilities has a mechanism for estimating risk costs regardless of the fact whether or not reserve electric power has been actually generated. Accordingly, the supplier must pay an insurance fees for a case wherein the reserve electric power has been actually generated (a case of high risk costs for the electric power generating facilities) even in a case wherein the reserve electric power has not been generated (a case of low risk costs for the electric power generating facilities). This leads to an excessive insurance fees as compared with risk costs of the electric power generating facilities in a case of generating no reserve electric power in reality, and accordingly, the aforementioned insurance service does not effectively function as risk-hedging means for operating the electric power generating facilities from the perspective of business. | Title:
Electric-power-generating-facility operation management support system, electric-power-generating-facility operation management support method, and program for executing support method, and program for executing operation management support method on computer
Abstract:
An electric-power-generating-facility operation management support system includes a condition-input unit inputting costs of electric power generation in electric power generating facilities, probability distribution of predicted values of the demand for electric power, and probability distribution of predicted values of the transaction price of power on the market. An optimal-operational-condition calculating unit calculates the performance of power generation of the power generating facilities based upon the costs of power generation, the probability distribution of predicted values of the demand for power and the probability distribution of predicted values of the transaction price of power on the market, input from the condition-input unit so as to obtain the optimal operational conditions which exhibit the maximum performance of power generation A risk estimating unit calculates and estimates a risk value of damage of the optimal operation under the optimal operational conditions. A calculation-result display unit displays the optimal operational conditions and the risk-estimation results.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a system and a method for performing operation managements of electric power generating facilities, and a program for executing the method, and more particularly, to operation management support system for allowing the electric power generating facilities to exhibit optimal power generating performance while giving consideration to operational risk of the electric power generating facilities, operation management method thereof, and a program for executing the method on a computer. Further, herein, the present inventions mentioned above may be referred to or expressed, respectively, as “electric-power-generating facility operation management support system”, “electric-power-generating facility operation management support method” and “program for executing operation management support method on computer” or like. 2. Related Art In general, in electric power generating facilities or plants such as thermal power generating facilities, operation is performed under conditions so as to extend the lifespan thereof as much as possible, based upon the estimation of lifespan of the facilities, which are determined based upon thermal stress due to operations (start, stop), aging deterioration, and so forth. Such arrangement examples are disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 61-49481, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 4-54808, and Japanese Patent No. 2965989, wherein operation is performed while giving consideration to the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities. With the operational method and operational system for performing operation while giving consideration to the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities disclosed in the aforementioned documents, thermal stress occurring under operational conditions in a boiler, a turbine, and so forth, which are components of the electric power generating facilities, is calculated based upon a physical model, and operational conditions which exhibit the permissible calculated results are employed as restriction conditions. Then, the system transmits the calculated restriction conditions to a power generating plant operational control system, whereby operational control is performed. Description will be made regarding a schematic configuration thereof with reference to a block diagram which shows a power generating facility optimal operation system in FIG. 26 . A power generating facility optimal operation system 101 includes a storage unit 103 for storing fuel-cost property functions f 1 (MW) through fn(MW) for the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n , and an optimal-operational-condition calculation unit 105 for calculating load-distribution command values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) for electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n based upon power demand from a central demand unit 104 . The optimal-operational-condition calculation unit 105 calculates the load distribution command values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) for the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n such that the sum of the electric power generation of the electric power generating units 102 a through 102 n (total amount of electric power generation) matches the aforementioned power demand. Description will be made below regarding the restriction conditions and the optimal conditions of the calculation. (1) Restriction Conditions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? Total power generation=Σ(power generation of each)=electric-power demand value in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? (2) Optimal Conditions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? ∂ f 1 ( MW )/∂ MW ( 1 )=∂ f 2 ( MW )/∂ MW ( 2 )= . . . =∂ fn ( MW )/∂ MW ( n ) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The load distribution values MW( 1 ) through MW(n) are obtained by calculating solutions which satisfy the aforementioned restriction conditions and optimal conditions. The electric power generating facility optimal operation system having such a configuration can determine the load distribution command values (operational conditions) which suppress the power generating costs to a minimum, as well as satisfying the required power demand. On the other hand, liberalization of electric power market in recent years involves deregulation of sale and purchase of electric power on the market. In this case, the transaction price of electric power and supply thereof change dependent upon trading of electric power on the market as shown in Non-patent Document 1. On the other hand, a technique is known as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined (KOKAI) Patent Publication No. 9-179064, wherein a product-manufacturing plant adjusts the relation between manufacturing of products and selling of electric power so as to efficiently manufacture products corresponding to the transaction price of electric power. On the other hand, aging of the electric power generating facilities increases the risk of unexpected shutdown thereof. In the event of unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities under contract for sale of electric power, the supplier of the electric power must pay a penalty for non-fulfillment of the contract. Accordingly, the risk of unexpected shutdown of the facilities should be suppressed from the perspective of business management, as well as from the perspective of plant operation. Conventionally, the supplier of the electric power has used insurance as means for avoiding or hedging such a risk. The insurance service for handling the unexpected shutdown of the facilities has a mechanism for carrying out a monitoring-operation service for monitoring the electric power generating facilities and an electric power supplying service for providing electric power so as to compensate shortage of electric power at the time of unexpected shutdown of the facilities. An arrangement is known as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined (KOKAI) Patent Publication No. 2003-22368, which has a mechanism for carrying out an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the facilities. However, with the conventional electric power generating facility optimal operation mechanism, the total, capability of electric power production of all electric power generating facilities is a fixed value, and estimation of supply and demand of electric power is made regardless of operations of electric power supplying sources (which will be simply referred to as “electric power suppliers” hereafter) other than the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company. Accordingly, in the event of operating the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company under this estimation using the fixed electric power demand, in some cases, imbalance occurs between supply of electric power and demand thereof. That is to say, suppliers and consumers can freely sell and purchase of electric power on the market corresponding to price fluctuation over time. Accordingly, operation of the electric power generating facilities needs to be adjusted so as to control the sale amount (in some cases, the purchase amount) of electric power based upon the market trends. In the case of electric power suppliers directly supplying electric power to general consumers or electric-power vendors (which will be referred to as “consumer” hereafter) based upon a bilateral contract (one-to-one contract) without transmission through the central demand unit for controlling the electric power system, the electric power generating facilities need to follow the demand of the consumers which changes at random. As described above, optimal operation cannot be performed for the electric power generating facilities of the electric power company only by operating the electric power generating facilities under optimal conditions obtained based upon the electric power demand. Furthermore, with operation of the electric power generating facilities on the electric power market wherein the transaction price of electric power fluctuates over time directly corresponding to the market needs, maximum generating of electric power at the time of the increased transaction price thereof while monitoring the precise market trends allows the supplier of electric power to obtain an increased profit from electric power, as well as providing optimal operation thereof from the economic perspective. Furthermore, reserve electric power which can be provided at a desired time is useful on such an electric power market. Note that the term “reserve electric power” as used here does not mean electric power stored in capacitors, batteries, or the like. The term “reserve electric power” as used here means the electric power which can be generated in corresponding to the increased demand at any time by operating the electric power generating facility beyond normal operations, i.e., reserve electric power generating capabilities. Accordingly, there is demand for operation of electric power generating facilities to reserve a part of output thereof as reserve electric power so as to be used as stand-by electric power for handling risks of fluctuation of trading on the market. However, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, or employing an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities, operation wherein a part of output of the electric power generating facilities is set aside as the reserve electric power so as to be operated as stand-by electric power leads to problems as follows. First, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, the aforementioned operation which sets aside the reserve electric power has a problem that optimal operation of the electric power generating facilities cannot be made according to the market demand for reserve electric power. With the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, the first priority is the lifespan of the electric power generating facilities, and accordingly, the reserve electric power is prepared under rated operating conditions of the electric power generating facilities. Accordingly, operation of the reserve electric power production capability is limited to predetermined operational restriction conditions, even in a case of increased needs of the electric power market. Accordingly, in normal situations wherein no reserve electric power is not actually supplied, the electric power generating facilities generate electric power less than the rated electric power generation by the amount of the reserve electric power, i.e., performs partial-load operation, leading to the disadvantages of efficiency, costs, and the like. Accordingly, with the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems operating under conditions for extending lifespan thereof as much as possible, sufficient reserve electric power production capability is not maintained while supplying sufficient electric power in normal situations. In a case of maintaining sufficient reserve electric power production capability, electric power generation in normal situations needs to be reduced corresponding to the increased reserve electric power production capability, leading to low-efficiency partial-load operation in normal situations. This leads to a problem that optimal operation of the electric power generating facilities cannot be made according to the market demand for reserve electric power. Next, the aforementioned operation methods and operation systems employing an insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the electric power generating facilities also have a problem (second problem) that the insurance service has no mechanism which effectively functions as suitable risk-hedging means from the perspective of business for handling the increased operational risk of the electric power generating facilities due to generation of reserve electric power. Operation of electric power generating facilities while maintaining reserve electric power production capability leads to marked difference in risk costs between a case wherein the reserve electric power is actually generated and an case otherwise. However, the aforementioned conventional insurance service for unexpected shutdown of the facilities has a mechanism for estimating risk costs regardless of the fact whether or not reserve electric power has been actually generated. Accordingly, the supplier must pay an insurance fees for a case wherein the reserve electric power has been actually generated (a case of high risk costs for the electric power generating facilities) even in a case wherein the reserve electric power has not been generated (a case of low risk costs for the electric power generating facilities). This leads to an excessive insurance fees as compared with risk costs of the electric power generating facilities in a case of generating no reserve electric power in reality, and accordingly, the aforementioned insurance service does not effectively function as risk-hedging means for operating the electric power generating facilities from the perspective of business. |
10912662 | 2,004 | Flame retardant thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, use, and method of manufacture thereof | A flame retardant thermoplastic composition having excellent physical properties comprises about 20 to about 90 wt. % of a polycarbonate resin; up to about 35 wt. % of an impact modifier; about 0.5 to about 30 wt. % of a polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymer comprising about 8 to about 30 wt. % polydimethylsiloxane units or the equivalent molar amount of other diorganosiloxane units; and about 0.5 to about 20 wt. % of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant, each based on the total combined weight of the thermoplastic composition, exclusive of any filler. In one embodiment a sample of the thermoplastic composition having a thickness of 2.5 mm (±10 % ) achieves a UL94 5VA rating Thinner samples may also achieve this rating. The compositions are useful in forming flame retardant thin-walled articles. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This disclosure relates to thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, and in particular to flame retardant thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, methods of manufacture, and use thereof. Polycarbonates are useful in the manufacture of articles and components for a wide range of applications, from automotive parts to electronic appliances. Because of their broad use, particularly in electronic applications, it is desirable to provide polycarbonates with flame retardancy. Many known flame retardant agents used with polycarbonates contain bromine and/or chlorine. Brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardant agents are less desirable because impurities and/or by-products arising from these agents can corrode the equipment associated with manufacture and use of the polycarbonates. Brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardant agents are also increasingly subject to regulatory restriction. Nonhalogenated flame retardants have been proposed for polycarbonates, including various fillers, phosphorus-containing compounds, and certain salts. It has been difficult to meet the strictest standards of flame retardancy using the foregoing flame retardants, however, without also using brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardants, particularly in thin samples. Polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymers have also been proposed for use as non-brominated and non-chlorinated flame retardants. For example, U.S. application Publication No. 2003/015226 to Cella discloses a polysiloxane-modified polycarbonate comprising polysiloxane units and polycarbonate units, wherein the polysiloxane segments comprise 1 to 20 polysiloxane units. Use of other polysiloxane-modified polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,795 to Gosen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,701 to Kress et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,086 to Umeda et al., and EP 0 692 522B1 to Nodera, et al., for example. While the foregoing flame retardants are suitable for their intended purposes, there nonetheless remains a continuing desire in the industry for continued improvement in flame retardance. One need is for articles that are not as prone to burn-through, that is, the formation of holes upon the application of a flame. Thin articles in particular present a challenge, since burn-through holes tend to form more quickly. Non-brominated and/or non-chlorinated flame retardants can also adversely affect desirable physical properties of the polycarbonate compositions, particularly impact strength. There accordingly remains a need in the art for polycarbonate compositions having improved flame retardance without use of brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardants. It would also be advantageous if improved flame retardance could be achieved without substantial degradation of properties such as impact strength. | Title:
Flame retardant thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, use, and method of manufacture thereof
Abstract:
A flame retardant thermoplastic composition having excellent physical properties comprises about 20 to about 90 wt. % of a polycarbonate resin; up to about 35 wt. % of an impact modifier; about 0.5 to about 30 wt. % of a polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymer comprising about 8 to about 30 wt. % polydimethylsiloxane units or the equivalent molar amount of other diorganosiloxane units; and about 0.5 to about 20 wt. % of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant, each based on the total combined weight of the thermoplastic composition, exclusive of any filler. In one embodiment a sample of the thermoplastic composition having a thickness of 2.5 mm (±10 % ) achieves a UL94 5VA rating Thinner samples may also achieve this rating. The compositions are useful in forming flame retardant thin-walled articles.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This disclosure relates to thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, and in particular to flame retardant thermoplastic polycarbonate compositions, methods of manufacture, and use thereof. Polycarbonates are useful in the manufacture of articles and components for a wide range of applications, from automotive parts to electronic appliances. Because of their broad use, particularly in electronic applications, it is desirable to provide polycarbonates with flame retardancy. Many known flame retardant agents used with polycarbonates contain bromine and/or chlorine. Brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardant agents are less desirable because impurities and/or by-products arising from these agents can corrode the equipment associated with manufacture and use of the polycarbonates. Brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardant agents are also increasingly subject to regulatory restriction. Nonhalogenated flame retardants have been proposed for polycarbonates, including various fillers, phosphorus-containing compounds, and certain salts. It has been difficult to meet the strictest standards of flame retardancy using the foregoing flame retardants, however, without also using brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardants, particularly in thin samples. Polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymers have also been proposed for use as non-brominated and non-chlorinated flame retardants. For example, U.S. application Publication No. 2003/015226 to Cella discloses a polysiloxane-modified polycarbonate comprising polysiloxane units and polycarbonate units, wherein the polysiloxane segments comprise 1 to 20 polysiloxane units. Use of other polysiloxane-modified polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,795 to Gosen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,701 to Kress et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,086 to Umeda et al., and EP 0 692 522B1 to Nodera, et al., for example. While the foregoing flame retardants are suitable for their intended purposes, there nonetheless remains a continuing desire in the industry for continued improvement in flame retardance. One need is for articles that are not as prone to burn-through, that is, the formation of holes upon the application of a flame. Thin articles in particular present a challenge, since burn-through holes tend to form more quickly. Non-brominated and/or non-chlorinated flame retardants can also adversely affect desirable physical properties of the polycarbonate compositions, particularly impact strength. There accordingly remains a need in the art for polycarbonate compositions having improved flame retardance without use of brominated and/or chlorinated flame retardants. It would also be advantageous if improved flame retardance could be achieved without substantial degradation of properties such as impact strength. |
10989454 | 2,004 | Game system playable by plurality of players, game apparatus and storage medium storing game program | A game system includes, for example, a game console and a plurality of hand-held game apparatuses functioning as an operating means. In the game system, a game for causing a plurality of player characters simultaneously displayed to find a hidden item in a game field is performed. Then, in a case that a distance between a non-displayed item hidden as an object to be found and the player character falls within the range of the predetermined distance, a notification sound varied depending on the distance, for example, is output from a speaker of the hand-held game apparatus operating the player character. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a game system playable by a plurality of players, a game apparatus, and a storage medium storing a game program. More specifically, the present invention relates to a game system playable by a plurality of players, a game apparatus, and a storage medium storing a game program that allow a plurality of player characters simultaneously displayed to search a non-displayed item such as a treasure hidden being not displayed on a screen. 2. Description of the Prior Art A game apparatus in which by connecting a plurality of controllers to one game apparatus, a plurality of players play the same game while simultaneously viewing a common display. In the literature 1 (“Mario Party 4 Nintendo Official Guide Book”, first impression of the first edition, SHOGAKUKAN Inc., Jan. 1, 2003, page 54 to 69), a number of mini games playable by a plurality of players simultaneously are published. For example, the games includes a game for causing a character operated by a player himself to swim faster to finish in first place, or a game for causing players to shoot balls toward a plurality of goals for the basketball to compete the number of goals made by operating the respective controllers of a plurality of players. On the other hand, a game for searching items hidden in the map is also known. In the literature 2 (“The Legend of ZELDA Dream Island DX Nintendo Official Guide Book”, first impression of the first edition, Mar. 10, 1993 page 16 to 17), a player searches various items hidden in the game field to proceed the game play with advantage, or to generate a successive event. However, in the game described in the literature 1, when the plurality of players simultaneously play the game, an emphasis for the game playing is placed on merely making a high score. Therefore, a player who acquires a facility with the game to be played takes an advantage, while other players is forced to play the uninteresting game due to the difference in the level of performance of the game when playing the game with the player with advantage. Alternatively, in the game described in the literature 2, an object for obtaining the item is for proceeding the game with advantage after obtaining it, and even if the game is remade so as to be playable by a plurality of players, a game in which a hunt for treasure for searching non-displayed items is played by a plurality of players with delights cannot be provided. | Title:
Game system playable by plurality of players, game apparatus and storage medium storing game program
Abstract:
A game system includes, for example, a game console and a plurality of hand-held game apparatuses functioning as an operating means. In the game system, a game for causing a plurality of player characters simultaneously displayed to find a hidden item in a game field is performed. Then, in a case that a distance between a non-displayed item hidden as an object to be found and the player character falls within the range of the predetermined distance, a notification sound varied depending on the distance, for example, is output from a speaker of the hand-held game apparatus operating the player character.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a game system playable by a plurality of players, a game apparatus, and a storage medium storing a game program. More specifically, the present invention relates to a game system playable by a plurality of players, a game apparatus, and a storage medium storing a game program that allow a plurality of player characters simultaneously displayed to search a non-displayed item such as a treasure hidden being not displayed on a screen. 2. Description of the Prior Art A game apparatus in which by connecting a plurality of controllers to one game apparatus, a plurality of players play the same game while simultaneously viewing a common display. In the literature 1 (“Mario Party 4 Nintendo Official Guide Book”, first impression of the first edition, SHOGAKUKAN Inc., Jan. 1, 2003, page 54 to 69), a number of mini games playable by a plurality of players simultaneously are published. For example, the games includes a game for causing a character operated by a player himself to swim faster to finish in first place, or a game for causing players to shoot balls toward a plurality of goals for the basketball to compete the number of goals made by operating the respective controllers of a plurality of players. On the other hand, a game for searching items hidden in the map is also known. In the literature 2 (“The Legend of ZELDA Dream Island DX Nintendo Official Guide Book”, first impression of the first edition, Mar. 10, 1993 page 16 to 17), a player searches various items hidden in the game field to proceed the game play with advantage, or to generate a successive event. However, in the game described in the literature 1, when the plurality of players simultaneously play the game, an emphasis for the game playing is placed on merely making a high score. Therefore, a player who acquires a facility with the game to be played takes an advantage, while other players is forced to play the uninteresting game due to the difference in the level of performance of the game when playing the game with the player with advantage. Alternatively, in the game described in the literature 2, an object for obtaining the item is for proceeding the game with advantage after obtaining it, and even if the game is remade so as to be playable by a plurality of players, a game in which a hunt for treasure for searching non-displayed items is played by a plurality of players with delights cannot be provided. |
11001120 | 2,004 | Frigorie accumulator | The frigorie accumulator comprises a housing which defines in its interior a region for holding a frigorie storage substance such as a eutectic solution, and at least one duct which extends in a heat-exchange relationship with the housing and can contain a refrigerant fluid for removing calories from the storage substance held in the housing until it brings about freezing thereof. The housing comprises: a substantially tubular, extruded profiled section, made of a thermally conductive material, defining first heat-exchange walls between the region and the environment outside the housing, and second heat-exchange walls between the region and the refrigerant fluid contained in the duct, and a first end closure element and a second end closure element which can be connected in a fluid-tight manner to the ends of the extruded profiled section. | Title:
Frigorie accumulator
Abstract:
The frigorie accumulator comprises a housing which defines in its interior a region for holding a frigorie storage substance such as a eutectic solution, and at least one duct which extends in a heat-exchange relationship with the housing and can contain a refrigerant fluid for removing calories from the storage substance held in the housing until it brings about freezing thereof. The housing comprises: a substantially tubular, extruded profiled section, made of a thermally conductive material, defining first heat-exchange walls between the region and the environment outside the housing, and second heat-exchange walls between the region and the refrigerant fluid contained in the duct, and a first end closure element and a second end closure element which can be connected in a fluid-tight manner to the ends of the extruded profiled section.
Background:
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10501195 | 2,004 | Method of arranging micro spheres with liquid, micro sphere arranging device, and semiconductor device | A method of arranging micro spheres with liquid, a micro sphere arranging device and a semiconductor device, the method comprising the steps of placing the semiconductor device (2) with holes placed, through a large number of pads, on a loading table (3) with variable tilt angle, flowing macro spheres together with conductive liquid held in a holding container (6) down to the semiconductor device (2) to storably place the micro spheres on the pad storably in the holes of the semiconductor device (2), receiving and accumulating the non-stored micro spheres and conductive liquid by a receiving tank (1), and carrying the conductive liquid including the accumulated micro spheres to the holding container (6) by a pump (11) | BACKGROUND ART Japanese patent application laid-open No. 5-129374 discloses a method of making an electrode bump that a microsphere such as a solder ball is mounted on a bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip (semiconductor device) and a circuit board, and then the microsphere is fused. In this method, microspheres are adsorbed to holes that are provided in the same arrangement as that of the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board, and then they are transferred onto the semiconductor chip or circuit board. In details, an adsorption head is provided that has adsorption holes for microsphere in the same arrangement as that of the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board, the adsorption head is moved to the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board while keeping the microsphere, adsorbed to the adsorption holes, and then, by releasing the adsorption of microspheres, the microspheres are transferred to the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board. In this case, it is necessary to adsorb in just proportion the microsphere to the adsorption head. However, since the microspheres are laid at random, it is difficult to surely adsorb them at predetermined positions when the microspheres are adsorbed by vacuuming. Therefore, a microsphere arrangement pallet is prepared that microspheres are in advance disposed in the same arrangement as that of electrode bump. By vacuuming the microspheres on the pallet, they can be surely adsorbed in just proportion to the adsorption head. However, it is difficult to stably arrange microspheres on the microsphere arrangement pallet in atmosphere. Due to static electricity or moisture, the microspheres may be adhered to each other or adsorbed to the surface of arrangement pallet. Japanese patent application laid-open No. 11-8272 discloses a method that an arrangement pallet is soaked in conductive liquid and then microspheres are dropped on the arrangement pallet, secured in respective arrangement holes, thereby removing the influence of static electricity or moisture. In the above in-solution arrangement method, where micro-metal balls (microspheres) are arranged in conductive liquid, a stable arrangement operation can be conducted because of removing the influence of static electricity or moisture. However, since it uses ethanol with a high volatility, it is necessary to supplement evaporated portion so as to stabilize the operation, Thus, a large amount of ethanol is needed. Further, in transferring the arrangement pallet to the next step, it is difficult to take out the pallet from the conductive liquid. So, it is difficult to automate the taking-out step. Japanese patent application laid-open No. 2001-210942 discloses a method that another closed vessel is prepared other than a closed vessel that the arrangement operation is conducted while soaking the arrangement pallet, connecting the vessels through a flexible tube, transferring the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls according to need between the vessels by using gravity difference. In this method, the evaporation of conductive liquid can be prevented by using the closed vessel, and the usability of employed material can be improved by using repeatedly the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls. Furthermore, the operation can be facilitated such that, after completing the arrangement operation on the arrangement pallet, the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls in one closed vessel in which the arrangement pallet is soaked are evacuated while being transferred to the other vessel, and then the arrangement pallet is taken out from the one closed vessel. Subsequently, the microspheres are secured in the arrangement holes and then adsorbed by the adsorption head of a vacuuming apparatus. The adsorption head has a plane with air holes provided therein corresponding to the arrangement holes. The adsorption is conducted such that the adsorption head is in contact with the arrangement-holes forming surface of arrangement pallet, and then the microspheres are adsorbed to the air holes while vacuuming through the air holes. After the adsorption, the microspheres on the adsorption head are aligned with the pad position of semiconductor wafer, and then by stopping the vacuuming the microspheres are dropped on the pads to mount them there. However, in the conventional method of mounting the microspheres on the bump forming member of semiconductor device by using the arrangement pallet, there are some problems described below. Since the process needs to be conducted such that the microspheres are accommodated in the holes (arrangement holes) in the arrangement pallet and then transferred onto the pads of semiconductor device, the number of steps in the bump electrode forming process must be increased. The manufacturing cost will be increased by that much. Further, the entire composition of bump electrode forming process must be complicated. Further, in recovering the conductive liquid and excessive microspheres to reuse them, the microsphere may be deformed, crushed or defaced due to hitting the corner of vessel or being trapped in the gap of vessel. In this case, the microsphere may not be accommodated in the arrangement hole or may not be adsorbed by the adsorption head even when accommodated. Thus, the microsphere cannot be securely transferred to the semiconductor device. Furthermore, although the conductive liquid and microspheres can be recovered by tilting or reversing the vessel, a small amount of them may be left in the vessel. Thus, they are wasted to some degree. Further, in adsorbing the microsphere to he adsorption head, the surface of adsorption head needs to be closely contact with the arrangement holes forming surface of the arrangement pallet. Therefore, the processing accuracy to flatten both the surfaces is needed. Further, if the step of adsorbing the microsphere to the adsorption head is conducted in atmosphere, the neighboring microspheres attract each other, thereby failing to perform the suitable adsorption. As a result, the manufacturing cost in the bump electrode forming process must be increased. Still further, in order to enhance the operating efficiency, a process of accommodating microspheres in another arrangement pallet needs to be conducted during the adsorption. Therefore, multiple arrangement pallets are needed and the operating cost must be increased by that much. The invention is devised in view of the above problems, and it is intended to provide a method of arranging a microsphere by means of liquid, microsphere arranging apparatus and semiconductor device that the manufacturing cost in the bump electrode forming process can be reduced, the entire composition of the process can be simplified, and the conductive liquid and microspheres can be recycled without being wasted. | Title:
Method of arranging micro spheres with liquid, micro sphere arranging device, and semiconductor device
Abstract:
A method of arranging micro spheres with liquid, a micro sphere arranging device and a semiconductor device, the method comprising the steps of placing the semiconductor device (2) with holes placed, through a large number of pads, on a loading table (3) with variable tilt angle, flowing macro spheres together with conductive liquid held in a holding container (6) down to the semiconductor device (2) to storably place the micro spheres on the pad storably in the holes of the semiconductor device (2), receiving and accumulating the non-stored micro spheres and conductive liquid by a receiving tank (1), and carrying the conductive liquid including the accumulated micro spheres to the holding container (6) by a pump (11)
Background:
BACKGROUND ART Japanese patent application laid-open No. 5-129374 discloses a method of making an electrode bump that a microsphere such as a solder ball is mounted on a bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip (semiconductor device) and a circuit board, and then the microsphere is fused. In this method, microspheres are adsorbed to holes that are provided in the same arrangement as that of the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board, and then they are transferred onto the semiconductor chip or circuit board. In details, an adsorption head is provided that has adsorption holes for microsphere in the same arrangement as that of the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board, the adsorption head is moved to the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board while keeping the microsphere, adsorbed to the adsorption holes, and then, by releasing the adsorption of microspheres, the microspheres are transferred to the bump forming member such as a semiconductor chip and a circuit board. In this case, it is necessary to adsorb in just proportion the microsphere to the adsorption head. However, since the microspheres are laid at random, it is difficult to surely adsorb them at predetermined positions when the microspheres are adsorbed by vacuuming. Therefore, a microsphere arrangement pallet is prepared that microspheres are in advance disposed in the same arrangement as that of electrode bump. By vacuuming the microspheres on the pallet, they can be surely adsorbed in just proportion to the adsorption head. However, it is difficult to stably arrange microspheres on the microsphere arrangement pallet in atmosphere. Due to static electricity or moisture, the microspheres may be adhered to each other or adsorbed to the surface of arrangement pallet. Japanese patent application laid-open No. 11-8272 discloses a method that an arrangement pallet is soaked in conductive liquid and then microspheres are dropped on the arrangement pallet, secured in respective arrangement holes, thereby removing the influence of static electricity or moisture. In the above in-solution arrangement method, where micro-metal balls (microspheres) are arranged in conductive liquid, a stable arrangement operation can be conducted because of removing the influence of static electricity or moisture. However, since it uses ethanol with a high volatility, it is necessary to supplement evaporated portion so as to stabilize the operation, Thus, a large amount of ethanol is needed. Further, in transferring the arrangement pallet to the next step, it is difficult to take out the pallet from the conductive liquid. So, it is difficult to automate the taking-out step. Japanese patent application laid-open No. 2001-210942 discloses a method that another closed vessel is prepared other than a closed vessel that the arrangement operation is conducted while soaking the arrangement pallet, connecting the vessels through a flexible tube, transferring the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls according to need between the vessels by using gravity difference. In this method, the evaporation of conductive liquid can be prevented by using the closed vessel, and the usability of employed material can be improved by using repeatedly the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls. Furthermore, the operation can be facilitated such that, after completing the arrangement operation on the arrangement pallet, the conductive liquid and micro-metal balls in one closed vessel in which the arrangement pallet is soaked are evacuated while being transferred to the other vessel, and then the arrangement pallet is taken out from the one closed vessel. Subsequently, the microspheres are secured in the arrangement holes and then adsorbed by the adsorption head of a vacuuming apparatus. The adsorption head has a plane with air holes provided therein corresponding to the arrangement holes. The adsorption is conducted such that the adsorption head is in contact with the arrangement-holes forming surface of arrangement pallet, and then the microspheres are adsorbed to the air holes while vacuuming through the air holes. After the adsorption, the microspheres on the adsorption head are aligned with the pad position of semiconductor wafer, and then by stopping the vacuuming the microspheres are dropped on the pads to mount them there. However, in the conventional method of mounting the microspheres on the bump forming member of semiconductor device by using the arrangement pallet, there are some problems described below. Since the process needs to be conducted such that the microspheres are accommodated in the holes (arrangement holes) in the arrangement pallet and then transferred onto the pads of semiconductor device, the number of steps in the bump electrode forming process must be increased. The manufacturing cost will be increased by that much. Further, the entire composition of bump electrode forming process must be complicated. Further, in recovering the conductive liquid and excessive microspheres to reuse them, the microsphere may be deformed, crushed or defaced due to hitting the corner of vessel or being trapped in the gap of vessel. In this case, the microsphere may not be accommodated in the arrangement hole or may not be adsorbed by the adsorption head even when accommodated. Thus, the microsphere cannot be securely transferred to the semiconductor device. Furthermore, although the conductive liquid and microspheres can be recovered by tilting or reversing the vessel, a small amount of them may be left in the vessel. Thus, they are wasted to some degree. Further, in adsorbing the microsphere to he adsorption head, the surface of adsorption head needs to be closely contact with the arrangement holes forming surface of the arrangement pallet. Therefore, the processing accuracy to flatten both the surfaces is needed. Further, if the step of adsorbing the microsphere to the adsorption head is conducted in atmosphere, the neighboring microspheres attract each other, thereby failing to perform the suitable adsorption. As a result, the manufacturing cost in the bump electrode forming process must be increased. Still further, in order to enhance the operating efficiency, a process of accommodating microspheres in another arrangement pallet needs to be conducted during the adsorption. Therefore, multiple arrangement pallets are needed and the operating cost must be increased by that much. The invention is devised in view of the above problems, and it is intended to provide a method of arranging a microsphere by means of liquid, microsphere arranging apparatus and semiconductor device that the manufacturing cost in the bump electrode forming process can be reduced, the entire composition of the process can be simplified, and the conductive liquid and microspheres can be recycled without being wasted. |
10925799 | 2,004 | Parallel debugger | A debugger attaches to a parallel process that is executing simultaneously at various nodes of a computing cluster. Using a shim, executing at each node, to monitor each of the processes, the parallel process is debugged such that neither the process or the particular message passing system implemented on the cluster, needs to know of the existence or details regarding the debugger. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Parallel computing is the simultaneous use of more than one central processing unit (“CPU”) to execute a program. Ideally, parallel processing makes a program run faster because there are more CPUs executing it. Parallel computing takes many forms including clusters and grid computing, where networked computers execute portions of a program simultaneously. Developing parallel applications is notoriously difficult and parallel applications are commonly considered the most difficult type of application to debug. Previous attempts to debug parallel applications have been either too cumbersome, or too restrictive. In one solution, each process making up the parallel application is started in a suspended mode at each computer or node of the cluster. Similarly, a debugging client is also executed at each node. Each debugging client attaches to the respective process running on that particular node, and the processes are restarted simultaneously. The resulting debugger information is then collected from each node to debug the total application. This solution suffers from a lack of scalability, as the number of nodes in the grid grows, the number of debugger clients required grows, making debugging large scale parallel applications very difficult. Another solution, utilized in the Totalview® debugger by Etnus, involves the use of a separate debugging application programming interface (“API”) that is built directly into the message passing interface (“MPI”). Application designers add code from the debugging API to allow them to more easily debug the resulting parallel applications. This solution is inflexible, because it ties the application to the particular debugger chosen, as well as provides no support for older parallel applications. In addition, because this solution is tied to the MPI, it only allows debugging of the portions of the application that are actually executed in parallel. Frequently, parallel applications only execute some of the code in parallel. Scalable and flexible systems and methods are needed for parallel debugging that are independent from the application being debugged and the underlying MPI. | Title:
Parallel debugger
Abstract:
A debugger attaches to a parallel process that is executing simultaneously at various nodes of a computing cluster. Using a shim, executing at each node, to monitor each of the processes, the parallel process is debugged such that neither the process or the particular message passing system implemented on the cluster, needs to know of the existence or details regarding the debugger.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Parallel computing is the simultaneous use of more than one central processing unit (“CPU”) to execute a program. Ideally, parallel processing makes a program run faster because there are more CPUs executing it. Parallel computing takes many forms including clusters and grid computing, where networked computers execute portions of a program simultaneously. Developing parallel applications is notoriously difficult and parallel applications are commonly considered the most difficult type of application to debug. Previous attempts to debug parallel applications have been either too cumbersome, or too restrictive. In one solution, each process making up the parallel application is started in a suspended mode at each computer or node of the cluster. Similarly, a debugging client is also executed at each node. Each debugging client attaches to the respective process running on that particular node, and the processes are restarted simultaneously. The resulting debugger information is then collected from each node to debug the total application. This solution suffers from a lack of scalability, as the number of nodes in the grid grows, the number of debugger clients required grows, making debugging large scale parallel applications very difficult. Another solution, utilized in the Totalview® debugger by Etnus, involves the use of a separate debugging application programming interface (“API”) that is built directly into the message passing interface (“MPI”). Application designers add code from the debugging API to allow them to more easily debug the resulting parallel applications. This solution is inflexible, because it ties the application to the particular debugger chosen, as well as provides no support for older parallel applications. In addition, because this solution is tied to the MPI, it only allows debugging of the portions of the application that are actually executed in parallel. Frequently, parallel applications only execute some of the code in parallel. Scalable and flexible systems and methods are needed for parallel debugging that are independent from the application being debugged and the underlying MPI. |
10966265 | 2,004 | Systems and methods for indexing content for fast and scalable retrieval | Systems and methods for query processing and indexing of documents in connection with a content store in a computing system are provided. In various embodiments, an indexing model is provided that is optimized for fast, efficient and scalable retrieval of documents satisfying a query, including the mixed use of forward and inverted indexing representations, including algorithms for achieving a balance between the two representations. When processing queries, fast and efficient generation of reverse chronologically ordered posting lists is enabled for efficient execution of logical operators on query result sets. A term expand index is also provided wherein the overall terms included in the term expand index are decomposed into a plurality of lexicon files, which are combined when convenient for fast, scalable efficiency when performing queries of the content in the content store. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Continued growth in the sheer volume of personal digital content, together with a shift to multi-device personal computing environments, is inevitably leading to the development of Personal Content Databases (herein referred to as “PCDBs”), which make it easier for users to find, use and replicate large, heterogeneous repositories of personal content. An email repository is an example of a PCDB in today's terms in that users receive large volumes of messages and content in heterogeneous forms. For instance, the text included in the body of an email message may be formatted according to a variety of formats and styles. An email may include pictures, audio or video user interface (UI) controls, hyperlinks to other content. Moreover, just about any kind of content can be attached to an email message as a separate, but associated, object. To name a few, attachments may be images (such as .jpeg files, .gif files, etc.), video (mpeg files, RealPlayer format, QuickTime format, macromedia flash objects, etc.), audio (.mp3 files, .wmv files, etc.), contact cards (e.g., v-cards), calendar objects (Sch+ objects), word processing documents (Word, WordPerfect, .pdf files), graphics files (Paint files, Visio files, etc.) and computer code (object files and source code). In essence, any object that can be created in a computing system can be shared via email, and thus, a user can appreciate that an email repository may serve as an example of the generalized notion of a PCDB. Defining the objectives and requirements for interacting with a PCDB is thus a useful step towards providing a system that, at a minimum, meet those objectives and requirements. In this regard, end users are facing at least two main trends that are driving the development of these new types of “very large database(s)”—the proliferation of data and the proliferation of devices. With respect to the proliferation of data, as mentioned above, end users are facing an explosion of email, office documents, IM transcripts, photos, video content, music, and so on, and thus people need to manage an ever increasing number of digital items. In many respects, while the number of bytes representing the content can be a separate issue, the problem identified here is that the number of items is exploding, creating overwhelming manageability and organizational overhead. Traditionally, hierarchically organized sets of folders have been the primary means of managing these items; however, folders do not scale well, and for increasing numbers of users, this problem is reaching crisis proportions. To name just a few problems with folder structures, as the folder tree structure(s) becomes massive, there are too many branches to consider, and way too many leaves to uncover. In essence, folders merely save the problem for a different day because folders, by themselves, add to overhead and, over time, the folders may no longer have the same contextual relevance originally contemplated by the user. A folder only helps if the user remembers the folder and what is generally inside, and where to find it. Such folder memory is lost when the number of folders exceeds the average memory capabilities of the human mind. Compounding the problem is the proliferation of devices. Given multiple desktops (home, office, etc.), PDAs, smart phones, the Internet, and even in-dash car computers, the increasing volume of personal content described above is necessarily being distributed over multiple devices. Currently, movement of personal data among these devices is painful, if possible at all, and users face a hodge podge of software and services for storing the volumes of data that result. Email, for example, is sometimes stored in specialized, local files (e.g., in personal information store, or .pst, files), sometimes on servers, and sometimes replicated on both. Some office documents are stored in the local file system, but a surprisingly large number of them are stored as attachments in one's email repository. Photos are often stored in the file system, possibly indexed by specialized software running beside the file system, and also possibly replicated to a Web server. Contact information, like email, might be stored in a specialized, local file and also synchronized out to a PDA and a phone. These various storage schemes do not interoperate, are all folder based, and are difficult to manage. Over time, interacting with content across device location(s) needs to become seamless if users are going to be able to fully utilize their digital content. Accordingly, new ways for searching for and retrieving desired content from PCDBs efficiently and in a scalable manner are desired. To the extent that this hodge podge of storage systems will be replaced by a single PCDB, all of the user's personal data can be encompassed: email, documents, photos, even Web pages visited by the user, from wherever generated or found or from whichever device the data is retrieved. A hope is that associative retrieval, rather than folders, will be used as the primary means of organizing. Another hope is that the PCDB will transparently move content among a user's multiple devices, and the PCDBs of multiple users will share content with each other based on policies set by the user. While PCDBs will initially be small by VLDB standards—say, tens to small hundreds of gigabytes—current trends suggest that they will grow to terabytes, and thus another hope is that the computing systems and methods built around PCDBs will scale appropriately. As an illustration of PCDB principles, email is the largest, fastest-growing, and most dynamic collection of documents managed by most users, and as described above, an email store is a microcosmic representation of a PCDB. Also, partly due to the difficulty of exchanging content among devices by comparison, email is becoming the primary gateway for bringing content into a personal environment, especially in a business setting. As an initial step in the building of robust, secure, and efficient PCDBs, therefore, it would be desirable to address current problems associated with the proliferation and retrieval of email. Searching and retrieving relevant content from a large scale email database becomes quite difficult and time consuming, and over time, as any high volume user of email recognizes, as more email is received and stored, the problem worsens. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a query execution model that addresses the need to search and retrieve the ever proliferating quantity of content that users receive via email. In this regard, thanks to the success of Web search, users today can quickly understand applications that incorporate search as a user interface (UI) metaphor. If a service, such as a Web page, represents underlying content, for instance, the user quickly can appreciate that entering search terms in a UI control displayed on the Web site will retrieve content that is possibly relevant to those terms. However, with respect to email and the UI metaphor, the goals of Web and personal search tend to be quite different, and thus current UI controls and underlying algorithms for Web search are not suited to the problem of personal search. Scalable personal search is thus a difficult problem and for different reasons than those related to the Web. For a brief explanation as to why, when considering only the search corpus, personal search seems much easier since the Web is vast, distributed and global whereas the desktop is local and finite. From a pure scale perspective, the Web is the harder problem, except personal search presents significant challenges in other ways that do not manifest with respect to Web search, including challenges with respect to: the activity associated with or goal(s) of the search, the computing environment, the interface and search dynamics. First, it is easier to discover information than to recover an exact match based on incomplete information. The simple query “Aaron Burr,” for instance, will yield thousands of documents about him on the Web. For the most part, information on the Internet wants to be found; it is intentionally, proactively—even aggressively—optimized for search engines results given knowledge of the underlying search algorithms. But recovery of personal information requires higher precision. There is typically only one right answer, one message or document (or version of the document!) for which the user is looking, and typically, what little metadata exists and is captured at the time an email message enters the store is not optimized for search and retrieval. Making matters worse, people typically adopt a steep discount function on time. This means users will not invest the time to organize up front (e.g., adding good associative metadata to the content)—nor should they, with the tsunami of digital information they face—so they invest it on the back end, with the expectation of a quick recovery process. Further, users know they once had the information, and so the process of looking for things can quickly feel redundant, frustrating and interminably time consuming. When considering the computing environment, Web search engines are built from thousands to tens of thousands of dedicated machines. These machines are assigned specific tasks—some crawl, some index, some respond to queries. All the resources of a machine are dedicated to its respective one task. With personal machines, on the other hand, resources such as computing cycles, RAM, and I/O transactions are expected to be dedicated primarily to the user's foreground activity. When this expectation is violated, users quickly become impatient. Thus, with PCDBs, resources for indexing and disk structure maintenance must be borrowed from this primary use. In addition, Web search engines typically house their machines in dedicated host facilities with backup servers, restoration services, and redundant power supplies, whereas with personal devices, operating systems, memory configurations and hardware configurations tend to be all finely tuned for a specific set of applications in different ways from one another. The desktop is another world entirely—it's downright hostile. File scanners of various types can lock files for long periods of time, preventing even reads from occurring. Virus detectors and “garbage collectors” feel free to delete or otherwise “quarantine” files that are deemed dangerous or redundant. And of course, there are end users who are free to remove files and even entire directories they (mistakenly) deem to be unnecessary. Additionally, the typical interface to Web search engines supports a single task: executing queries. PCDB interfaces, on the other hand, are embedded in applications that support multiple tasks. In email, for example, finding messages is one of many tasks; users also want to view messages (and, at times, avoid reading messages), create them, and even relate them to their on-going projects. Search can support many of these tasks, but only if the UI is redesigned around the search paradigm (rather than being relegated to a mere “fast find” dialog box). With respect to dynamics, for the purposes of an individual query, content on the Web is static. Naturally, it changes over time, but the lifetime of a Web query is far shorter than the update cycle of the index. Personal content, on the other hand, is dynamic, in two directions. First, new information is constantly being added. Emails come in and go out at a dizzying pace. New documents are created and sent and received as attachments and moreover, all sorts of content can be downloaded from the Web. Second, the information itself is dynamic over time. Emails change state as they are read, annotated, altered, sent, and filed. Plus, capturing different versions of documents is essential to the flow of business. Business contracts, negotiations and agreements all have multiple versions and retrieving the correct version can have broad and deep financial implications. In a PCDB, the lifetime of queries far exceeds these changes. As a simple example in the context of email, when looking at the Inbox (an example of a view on a PCDB) in a search-based email client, one is looking at the output of a query: as new messages enter the system, this output needs to be updated accordingly. When keeping track of many views over the PCDB simultaneously, one can see that the problem compounds and becomes daunting. In sum, the notion of a PCDB and associated software will evolve as a way to interact with content on many computing “personal” devices, including desktop and laptop computers as well as handheld devices. Relative to server computers, personal devices have less RAM, fewer disks, and otherwise have fewer resources. More importantly, personal devices are a shared (vs. dedicated) environment: the PCDB and associated application logic will run aside word processors, Web browsers; media players and other applications. When these other applications are in the foreground (i.e., when they are being actively used), the user expects them to operate unencumbered by the PCDB's background activities. Thus, a PCDB must find idle cycles to perform its background activities, it must be able to defer its background activities until there are idle cycles, and it must be able to suspend or abort background activities if they are started in an idle period, but are not finished when the machine becomes busy again. It would thus be desirable to provide a query processing and document indexing model that addresses the above-described characteristics of a personal search of a PCDB, such as an email store. It would be further desirable to retrieve content from a PCDB based on a query in a fast, scalable, robust and efficient manner. It would be further desirable to implement posting list and term expansion systems and methods that are suitable for implementation in connection with the above-described characteristics of personal devices. | Title:
Systems and methods for indexing content for fast and scalable retrieval
Abstract:
Systems and methods for query processing and indexing of documents in connection with a content store in a computing system are provided. In various embodiments, an indexing model is provided that is optimized for fast, efficient and scalable retrieval of documents satisfying a query, including the mixed use of forward and inverted indexing representations, including algorithms for achieving a balance between the two representations. When processing queries, fast and efficient generation of reverse chronologically ordered posting lists is enabled for efficient execution of logical operators on query result sets. A term expand index is also provided wherein the overall terms included in the term expand index are decomposed into a plurality of lexicon files, which are combined when convenient for fast, scalable efficiency when performing queries of the content in the content store.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Continued growth in the sheer volume of personal digital content, together with a shift to multi-device personal computing environments, is inevitably leading to the development of Personal Content Databases (herein referred to as “PCDBs”), which make it easier for users to find, use and replicate large, heterogeneous repositories of personal content. An email repository is an example of a PCDB in today's terms in that users receive large volumes of messages and content in heterogeneous forms. For instance, the text included in the body of an email message may be formatted according to a variety of formats and styles. An email may include pictures, audio or video user interface (UI) controls, hyperlinks to other content. Moreover, just about any kind of content can be attached to an email message as a separate, but associated, object. To name a few, attachments may be images (such as .jpeg files, .gif files, etc.), video (mpeg files, RealPlayer format, QuickTime format, macromedia flash objects, etc.), audio (.mp3 files, .wmv files, etc.), contact cards (e.g., v-cards), calendar objects (Sch+ objects), word processing documents (Word, WordPerfect, .pdf files), graphics files (Paint files, Visio files, etc.) and computer code (object files and source code). In essence, any object that can be created in a computing system can be shared via email, and thus, a user can appreciate that an email repository may serve as an example of the generalized notion of a PCDB. Defining the objectives and requirements for interacting with a PCDB is thus a useful step towards providing a system that, at a minimum, meet those objectives and requirements. In this regard, end users are facing at least two main trends that are driving the development of these new types of “very large database(s)”—the proliferation of data and the proliferation of devices. With respect to the proliferation of data, as mentioned above, end users are facing an explosion of email, office documents, IM transcripts, photos, video content, music, and so on, and thus people need to manage an ever increasing number of digital items. In many respects, while the number of bytes representing the content can be a separate issue, the problem identified here is that the number of items is exploding, creating overwhelming manageability and organizational overhead. Traditionally, hierarchically organized sets of folders have been the primary means of managing these items; however, folders do not scale well, and for increasing numbers of users, this problem is reaching crisis proportions. To name just a few problems with folder structures, as the folder tree structure(s) becomes massive, there are too many branches to consider, and way too many leaves to uncover. In essence, folders merely save the problem for a different day because folders, by themselves, add to overhead and, over time, the folders may no longer have the same contextual relevance originally contemplated by the user. A folder only helps if the user remembers the folder and what is generally inside, and where to find it. Such folder memory is lost when the number of folders exceeds the average memory capabilities of the human mind. Compounding the problem is the proliferation of devices. Given multiple desktops (home, office, etc.), PDAs, smart phones, the Internet, and even in-dash car computers, the increasing volume of personal content described above is necessarily being distributed over multiple devices. Currently, movement of personal data among these devices is painful, if possible at all, and users face a hodge podge of software and services for storing the volumes of data that result. Email, for example, is sometimes stored in specialized, local files (e.g., in personal information store, or .pst, files), sometimes on servers, and sometimes replicated on both. Some office documents are stored in the local file system, but a surprisingly large number of them are stored as attachments in one's email repository. Photos are often stored in the file system, possibly indexed by specialized software running beside the file system, and also possibly replicated to a Web server. Contact information, like email, might be stored in a specialized, local file and also synchronized out to a PDA and a phone. These various storage schemes do not interoperate, are all folder based, and are difficult to manage. Over time, interacting with content across device location(s) needs to become seamless if users are going to be able to fully utilize their digital content. Accordingly, new ways for searching for and retrieving desired content from PCDBs efficiently and in a scalable manner are desired. To the extent that this hodge podge of storage systems will be replaced by a single PCDB, all of the user's personal data can be encompassed: email, documents, photos, even Web pages visited by the user, from wherever generated or found or from whichever device the data is retrieved. A hope is that associative retrieval, rather than folders, will be used as the primary means of organizing. Another hope is that the PCDB will transparently move content among a user's multiple devices, and the PCDBs of multiple users will share content with each other based on policies set by the user. While PCDBs will initially be small by VLDB standards—say, tens to small hundreds of gigabytes—current trends suggest that they will grow to terabytes, and thus another hope is that the computing systems and methods built around PCDBs will scale appropriately. As an illustration of PCDB principles, email is the largest, fastest-growing, and most dynamic collection of documents managed by most users, and as described above, an email store is a microcosmic representation of a PCDB. Also, partly due to the difficulty of exchanging content among devices by comparison, email is becoming the primary gateway for bringing content into a personal environment, especially in a business setting. As an initial step in the building of robust, secure, and efficient PCDBs, therefore, it would be desirable to address current problems associated with the proliferation and retrieval of email. Searching and retrieving relevant content from a large scale email database becomes quite difficult and time consuming, and over time, as any high volume user of email recognizes, as more email is received and stored, the problem worsens. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a query execution model that addresses the need to search and retrieve the ever proliferating quantity of content that users receive via email. In this regard, thanks to the success of Web search, users today can quickly understand applications that incorporate search as a user interface (UI) metaphor. If a service, such as a Web page, represents underlying content, for instance, the user quickly can appreciate that entering search terms in a UI control displayed on the Web site will retrieve content that is possibly relevant to those terms. However, with respect to email and the UI metaphor, the goals of Web and personal search tend to be quite different, and thus current UI controls and underlying algorithms for Web search are not suited to the problem of personal search. Scalable personal search is thus a difficult problem and for different reasons than those related to the Web. For a brief explanation as to why, when considering only the search corpus, personal search seems much easier since the Web is vast, distributed and global whereas the desktop is local and finite. From a pure scale perspective, the Web is the harder problem, except personal search presents significant challenges in other ways that do not manifest with respect to Web search, including challenges with respect to: the activity associated with or goal(s) of the search, the computing environment, the interface and search dynamics. First, it is easier to discover information than to recover an exact match based on incomplete information. The simple query “Aaron Burr,” for instance, will yield thousands of documents about him on the Web. For the most part, information on the Internet wants to be found; it is intentionally, proactively—even aggressively—optimized for search engines results given knowledge of the underlying search algorithms. But recovery of personal information requires higher precision. There is typically only one right answer, one message or document (or version of the document!) for which the user is looking, and typically, what little metadata exists and is captured at the time an email message enters the store is not optimized for search and retrieval. Making matters worse, people typically adopt a steep discount function on time. This means users will not invest the time to organize up front (e.g., adding good associative metadata to the content)—nor should they, with the tsunami of digital information they face—so they invest it on the back end, with the expectation of a quick recovery process. Further, users know they once had the information, and so the process of looking for things can quickly feel redundant, frustrating and interminably time consuming. When considering the computing environment, Web search engines are built from thousands to tens of thousands of dedicated machines. These machines are assigned specific tasks—some crawl, some index, some respond to queries. All the resources of a machine are dedicated to its respective one task. With personal machines, on the other hand, resources such as computing cycles, RAM, and I/O transactions are expected to be dedicated primarily to the user's foreground activity. When this expectation is violated, users quickly become impatient. Thus, with PCDBs, resources for indexing and disk structure maintenance must be borrowed from this primary use. In addition, Web search engines typically house their machines in dedicated host facilities with backup servers, restoration services, and redundant power supplies, whereas with personal devices, operating systems, memory configurations and hardware configurations tend to be all finely tuned for a specific set of applications in different ways from one another. The desktop is another world entirely—it's downright hostile. File scanners of various types can lock files for long periods of time, preventing even reads from occurring. Virus detectors and “garbage collectors” feel free to delete or otherwise “quarantine” files that are deemed dangerous or redundant. And of course, there are end users who are free to remove files and even entire directories they (mistakenly) deem to be unnecessary. Additionally, the typical interface to Web search engines supports a single task: executing queries. PCDB interfaces, on the other hand, are embedded in applications that support multiple tasks. In email, for example, finding messages is one of many tasks; users also want to view messages (and, at times, avoid reading messages), create them, and even relate them to their on-going projects. Search can support many of these tasks, but only if the UI is redesigned around the search paradigm (rather than being relegated to a mere “fast find” dialog box). With respect to dynamics, for the purposes of an individual query, content on the Web is static. Naturally, it changes over time, but the lifetime of a Web query is far shorter than the update cycle of the index. Personal content, on the other hand, is dynamic, in two directions. First, new information is constantly being added. Emails come in and go out at a dizzying pace. New documents are created and sent and received as attachments and moreover, all sorts of content can be downloaded from the Web. Second, the information itself is dynamic over time. Emails change state as they are read, annotated, altered, sent, and filed. Plus, capturing different versions of documents is essential to the flow of business. Business contracts, negotiations and agreements all have multiple versions and retrieving the correct version can have broad and deep financial implications. In a PCDB, the lifetime of queries far exceeds these changes. As a simple example in the context of email, when looking at the Inbox (an example of a view on a PCDB) in a search-based email client, one is looking at the output of a query: as new messages enter the system, this output needs to be updated accordingly. When keeping track of many views over the PCDB simultaneously, one can see that the problem compounds and becomes daunting. In sum, the notion of a PCDB and associated software will evolve as a way to interact with content on many computing “personal” devices, including desktop and laptop computers as well as handheld devices. Relative to server computers, personal devices have less RAM, fewer disks, and otherwise have fewer resources. More importantly, personal devices are a shared (vs. dedicated) environment: the PCDB and associated application logic will run aside word processors, Web browsers; media players and other applications. When these other applications are in the foreground (i.e., when they are being actively used), the user expects them to operate unencumbered by the PCDB's background activities. Thus, a PCDB must find idle cycles to perform its background activities, it must be able to defer its background activities until there are idle cycles, and it must be able to suspend or abort background activities if they are started in an idle period, but are not finished when the machine becomes busy again. It would thus be desirable to provide a query processing and document indexing model that addresses the above-described characteristics of a personal search of a PCDB, such as an email store. It would be further desirable to retrieve content from a PCDB based on a query in a fast, scalable, robust and efficient manner. It would be further desirable to implement posting list and term expansion systems and methods that are suitable for implementation in connection with the above-described characteristics of personal devices. |
10838050 | 2,004 | Systems and methods for task migration | Methods and systems are provided whereby, in one aspect, pointers to address locations of instructions, static data and dynamically-created data are stored such that the instructions, static data and dynamically-created data can be moved to a different memory or processor without changing the values of the pointers. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a typical program running on a processor, the program requires the use of memory for a variety of purposes. One purpose is to store the instructions that constitute the program itself. A second purpose is to hold static data, that is, data that is supplied with the program. For example, a racing game's static data may comprise the layout of a race track. Another purpose is to hold data that is created by the program as it executed. This type of data, which may include data known as dynamically allocated data or the heap, typically holds information which is not known in advance when the program is written. For example, in a game, the player may be provided with the ability to build virtual cars having characteristics selected by the player. Since neither the cars' characteristics nor the number of cars may be known until the program is actually executed by a player, the information cannot be stored in advance. Accordingly, this data will created by the program during its execution. Yet another purpose of memory is store stacks used by a program. Stacks may be used for many different purposes. For example, because programs typically contain many different routines, different executions of the program may require that the routines be executed in different orders. One stack may keep track of the order in which routines are executed so that the processor can return to a prior routine after the current routine is over. Similarly, the same or a different stack may be used to temporarily store the data associated with one routine while new data is being created and used by another routine. As is apparent, the efficient execution of a program thus requires the processor to know where all of this information is stored. If the processor needs to jump from one instruction to another, it needs to be able to locate the next instruction. Similarly, it needs to be able to find the statically allocated data, dynamically allocated data, and the stacks. For this reason, programs typically use addressable memory. Addressable memory allocates memory into individual units having some sort of identifier—typically a number called an “address”—which allows the program to find the instruction or data based on the address. Accordingly, if the processor receives the instruction such as “JUMP 100 ,” the processor would retrieve and then execute the instruction at address 100 . One of the difficulties associated with a program's use of addresses and access of data is that programs often do not know ahead of time exactly where they will be stored in memory. For example, if a program and its data were stored at addresses 1000 through 2000 the last time it was executed, there is no guarantee that those addresses will be available the next time the program is executed. Thus, the same program may be stored at addresses 3500 - 4500 the next time it is loaded. Accordingly, some programs use position independent code (PIC). In PIC, the jump instructions in the program do not recite the actual physical address of the instruction to jump to. Rather, they use a different value, known as a relative address, which is used to calculate or determine the physical address of the instruction to jump to. For example, the instruction “JUMP 100 ” does not refer to the instruction stored at address 100 in memory. Rather, it may refer to the instruction that is 100 addresses away from the physical address of the beginning of the program. Systems using PIC convert the relative addresses to actual physical addresses in a number of ways. For example, the physical addresses may be determined at the time the program is loaded into memory, in which case the relative addresses are converted to physical addresses as the program is stored in memory. Alternatively, when a jump instruction is encountered while the program is executing, the processor may calculate the physical address by adding the relative address to a base address that is stored in one of the processor's registers. One of the difficulties with PIC systems is that they do not adequately address the needs of multi-processing systems. In multi-processor systems, a plurality of sub-processors can operate in parallel (or at least in concert) to achieve desired processing results. Multi-processing systems typically have the ability to migrate programs to be performed from one processor to another. When a program is migrated from one processor to another in a multi-processing system, it often occurs when the program in the middle of being executed. However, PIC systems are not tailored for such mid-processing moves. Once a PIC program is loaded in memory, its physical address location is known. Accordingly, address pointers to and within data created after the program is loaded and running typically point to physical address locations. Therefore, it is difficult to move all of information associated with a running PIC program to another memory location. Moreover, such programs are susceptible to interrupts in connection with the move. Accordingly, there is a need for a system and method which permits a more advantageous movement of both programs (including their static data) and the dynamically created data to different processors or address locations. | Title:
Systems and methods for task migration
Abstract:
Methods and systems are provided whereby, in one aspect, pointers to address locations of instructions, static data and dynamically-created data are stored such that the instructions, static data and dynamically-created data can be moved to a different memory or processor without changing the values of the pointers.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a typical program running on a processor, the program requires the use of memory for a variety of purposes. One purpose is to store the instructions that constitute the program itself. A second purpose is to hold static data, that is, data that is supplied with the program. For example, a racing game's static data may comprise the layout of a race track. Another purpose is to hold data that is created by the program as it executed. This type of data, which may include data known as dynamically allocated data or the heap, typically holds information which is not known in advance when the program is written. For example, in a game, the player may be provided with the ability to build virtual cars having characteristics selected by the player. Since neither the cars' characteristics nor the number of cars may be known until the program is actually executed by a player, the information cannot be stored in advance. Accordingly, this data will created by the program during its execution. Yet another purpose of memory is store stacks used by a program. Stacks may be used for many different purposes. For example, because programs typically contain many different routines, different executions of the program may require that the routines be executed in different orders. One stack may keep track of the order in which routines are executed so that the processor can return to a prior routine after the current routine is over. Similarly, the same or a different stack may be used to temporarily store the data associated with one routine while new data is being created and used by another routine. As is apparent, the efficient execution of a program thus requires the processor to know where all of this information is stored. If the processor needs to jump from one instruction to another, it needs to be able to locate the next instruction. Similarly, it needs to be able to find the statically allocated data, dynamically allocated data, and the stacks. For this reason, programs typically use addressable memory. Addressable memory allocates memory into individual units having some sort of identifier—typically a number called an “address”—which allows the program to find the instruction or data based on the address. Accordingly, if the processor receives the instruction such as “JUMP 100 ,” the processor would retrieve and then execute the instruction at address 100 . One of the difficulties associated with a program's use of addresses and access of data is that programs often do not know ahead of time exactly where they will be stored in memory. For example, if a program and its data were stored at addresses 1000 through 2000 the last time it was executed, there is no guarantee that those addresses will be available the next time the program is executed. Thus, the same program may be stored at addresses 3500 - 4500 the next time it is loaded. Accordingly, some programs use position independent code (PIC). In PIC, the jump instructions in the program do not recite the actual physical address of the instruction to jump to. Rather, they use a different value, known as a relative address, which is used to calculate or determine the physical address of the instruction to jump to. For example, the instruction “JUMP 100 ” does not refer to the instruction stored at address 100 in memory. Rather, it may refer to the instruction that is 100 addresses away from the physical address of the beginning of the program. Systems using PIC convert the relative addresses to actual physical addresses in a number of ways. For example, the physical addresses may be determined at the time the program is loaded into memory, in which case the relative addresses are converted to physical addresses as the program is stored in memory. Alternatively, when a jump instruction is encountered while the program is executing, the processor may calculate the physical address by adding the relative address to a base address that is stored in one of the processor's registers. One of the difficulties with PIC systems is that they do not adequately address the needs of multi-processing systems. In multi-processor systems, a plurality of sub-processors can operate in parallel (or at least in concert) to achieve desired processing results. Multi-processing systems typically have the ability to migrate programs to be performed from one processor to another. When a program is migrated from one processor to another in a multi-processing system, it often occurs when the program in the middle of being executed. However, PIC systems are not tailored for such mid-processing moves. Once a PIC program is loaded in memory, its physical address location is known. Accordingly, address pointers to and within data created after the program is loaded and running typically point to physical address locations. Therefore, it is difficult to move all of information associated with a running PIC program to another memory location. Moreover, such programs are susceptible to interrupts in connection with the move. Accordingly, there is a need for a system and method which permits a more advantageous movement of both programs (including their static data) and the dynamically created data to different processors or address locations. |
10710290 | 2,004 | PACKAGING OF FOODSTUFFS | The present invention relates generally to a system for packaging foodstuffs such as beef, pork, seafood and poultry products wherein the system provides an apparatus and various methods for exposing the food products to one or more gases, or a blend of gases, in a series of steps controlling the pressure of the chamber during one or more flushing operations wherein at least some of the gas or gases associated with at least one flush are allowed to at least partially penetrate the structure of the food product, and thereafter sealing the food product in a container. | BACKGROUND OF INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the packaging of foodstuffs, for example, beef, pork, seafood and poultry, and is particularly useful with respect to the packaging of meat, especially beef. The purpose of packaging foodstuffs is primarily to protect foodstuffs during the distribution process, including storage and transport, from contamination, discoloration and to prevent spoilage. Some of the key factors that effect spoilage include temperature, microorganisms, light, moisture, oxygen and pH. The present invention is primarily directed to the protection of meat color and especially the prevention of metmyoglobin. Oxygen affects meat and meat products by changing the color and causing oxidation and rancidity of fats and proteins causing undesirable off-flavors. Many packaging systems and concepts are currently available to package foodstuffs, for example, fresh beef, pork, poultry, and seafood products. Many of these systems include a modified atmosphere that may include varying ratios of different gases. Some of these systems are more specie specific than others and have intended purposes within the specie of muscle. Specifically in fresh beef and pork, the modified atmosphere packaging systems are predominately oxygen rich, that is, “high oxygen” or oxygen free, that is, “low oxygen” atmospheres are used. The oxygen rich atmosphere is used to develop and maintain the bright oxymyoglobin color for the duration of the product's life. An oxygen free atmosphere is used to fully reduce the product to a deoxymyoglobin form. Each system has its benefits and tribulations. In particular, with respect to beef, the high oxygen system maintains a bright cherry-red color for the entirety of the product's life; however, the product life is typically shorter than a low oxygen system. The low oxygen system allows product to be “bloomed” at specific times and results in a longer product life, in theory, allowing better management of the meat case. However, the low oxygen system does not result in as bright of cherry-red color as a high oxygen system. In either system, the surface of the meat must not be exposed to very low levels of oxygen, especially between 500 to 1000 ppm. At these very low concentrations for short periods of time, unique color issues are created when packaging fresh beef. This low concentration of oxygen has been termed as “partial pressure” of oxygen. At a partial pressure of oxygen, irreversible metmyoglobin formation is created on the surface of the meat resulting in an unacceptable lean coloration which causes the product to be discounted or thrown away at the retail level. One common source of partial pressures of oxygen occurs when packaging materials (tray, soaker pad, film, etc.) contact the product in the package, such as the edge of the product touching the side of the tray preventing full oxygenation of the myoglobin. Typically, this is more prevalent when a barrier or non-permeable film is used. However, it can still be present when permeable film is used if the transmission rate of the film and/or atmosphere flushing process is not adequate. There are two currently available technologies that have been demonstrated to successfully prevent partial pressures of oxygen in fresh beef. Exposing product to carbon monoxide at various concentrations (<0.1 to 100%) for various periods of time will result in a very strong bond with myoglobin forming carboxymyoglobin. Under constant atmospheric conditions containing carbon monoxide, this bond is nearly irreversible and will prevent metmyoglobin formation for extremely long periods of time. Secondly, exposing meat to 100% oxygen under high pressure (>200 psi) for extended periods of time (many hours) will saturate the musculature with oxygen resulting in excessive oxidation during storage in a high oxygen environment. | Title:
PACKAGING OF FOODSTUFFS
Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to a system for packaging foodstuffs such as beef, pork, seafood and poultry products wherein the system provides an apparatus and various methods for exposing the food products to one or more gases, or a blend of gases, in a series of steps controlling the pressure of the chamber during one or more flushing operations wherein at least some of the gas or gases associated with at least one flush are allowed to at least partially penetrate the structure of the food product, and thereafter sealing the food product in a container.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the packaging of foodstuffs, for example, beef, pork, seafood and poultry, and is particularly useful with respect to the packaging of meat, especially beef. The purpose of packaging foodstuffs is primarily to protect foodstuffs during the distribution process, including storage and transport, from contamination, discoloration and to prevent spoilage. Some of the key factors that effect spoilage include temperature, microorganisms, light, moisture, oxygen and pH. The present invention is primarily directed to the protection of meat color and especially the prevention of metmyoglobin. Oxygen affects meat and meat products by changing the color and causing oxidation and rancidity of fats and proteins causing undesirable off-flavors. Many packaging systems and concepts are currently available to package foodstuffs, for example, fresh beef, pork, poultry, and seafood products. Many of these systems include a modified atmosphere that may include varying ratios of different gases. Some of these systems are more specie specific than others and have intended purposes within the specie of muscle. Specifically in fresh beef and pork, the modified atmosphere packaging systems are predominately oxygen rich, that is, “high oxygen” or oxygen free, that is, “low oxygen” atmospheres are used. The oxygen rich atmosphere is used to develop and maintain the bright oxymyoglobin color for the duration of the product's life. An oxygen free atmosphere is used to fully reduce the product to a deoxymyoglobin form. Each system has its benefits and tribulations. In particular, with respect to beef, the high oxygen system maintains a bright cherry-red color for the entirety of the product's life; however, the product life is typically shorter than a low oxygen system. The low oxygen system allows product to be “bloomed” at specific times and results in a longer product life, in theory, allowing better management of the meat case. However, the low oxygen system does not result in as bright of cherry-red color as a high oxygen system. In either system, the surface of the meat must not be exposed to very low levels of oxygen, especially between 500 to 1000 ppm. At these very low concentrations for short periods of time, unique color issues are created when packaging fresh beef. This low concentration of oxygen has been termed as “partial pressure” of oxygen. At a partial pressure of oxygen, irreversible metmyoglobin formation is created on the surface of the meat resulting in an unacceptable lean coloration which causes the product to be discounted or thrown away at the retail level. One common source of partial pressures of oxygen occurs when packaging materials (tray, soaker pad, film, etc.) contact the product in the package, such as the edge of the product touching the side of the tray preventing full oxygenation of the myoglobin. Typically, this is more prevalent when a barrier or non-permeable film is used. However, it can still be present when permeable film is used if the transmission rate of the film and/or atmosphere flushing process is not adequate. There are two currently available technologies that have been demonstrated to successfully prevent partial pressures of oxygen in fresh beef. Exposing product to carbon monoxide at various concentrations (<0.1 to 100%) for various periods of time will result in a very strong bond with myoglobin forming carboxymyoglobin. Under constant atmospheric conditions containing carbon monoxide, this bond is nearly irreversible and will prevent metmyoglobin formation for extremely long periods of time. Secondly, exposing meat to 100% oxygen under high pressure (>200 psi) for extended periods of time (many hours) will saturate the musculature with oxygen resulting in excessive oxidation during storage in a high oxygen environment. |
10791270 | 2,004 | Pharmaceutical hard capsule containing inorganic substance | The objective of the present invention is to improve the preservation stability of drugs filled within the hard capsule. Especially, the objective of the present invention is to improve the preservation stability of drugs filled within the hard gelatin capsule which base material is gelatin. The present invention provides a capsule which improvement is that inorganic substance is comprised within the capsule. The present invention also provides the hard capsule wherein the inorganic substance comprised therein is any one or more than one selected from the group consisting hydrated aluminum silicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, light anhydrous silicic acid, hydrated silicon dioxide and magnesium aluminometasilicate. | BACKGROUND ART Since granule such as granulated powder is difficult to take, granule is generally filled in hard capsule for administration. Hard capsule makes it easier to control the dosage by comprising the drug in dosage unit, and further have an advantage of making the intake of drug easier by concealing the unpleasant taste and smell. For the present, gelatin capsule using gelatin as a base material, comprises the major part of the market for capsule. However, it is known that gelatin capsule has a disadvantage of capsule being insoluble in cases the drugs containing aldehyde group or carbonyl group in the molecule are filled, or aldehyde-like substance is developed due to drug degradation, and as a result crosslinked structure in gelatin protein is formed [Pharm. Tech. Japan, Vol. 14 No. 3 p67-76 (1998)]. To overcome these shortcomings, improvements such as succinizing a gelatin, being the main substrate of the gelatin capsule [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. S61-186314 and H07-252138], and further, adding polyethylene glycol (macrogol) to the succinated gelatin [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H06-72862] were made. Also the capsules using cellulose derivative and starch as a base material in place of gelatin are developed [Japanese Patent Gazette No. 2552937 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-202003]. However, these capsules are expensive due to the small market size and high manufacture's costs thereof. Further, the gelatin capsule dissolves rapidly in digestive tract and dose not vary in quality. Because of the very heavy demand of gelatin capsule, it has been desired to develop the technique of insoluble gelatin capsule when an aldehyde-like substance is filled therein. It has been proposed some technique to solve this problem. For example, the insolubilizing of hard gelatin capsule may be obtained by containing antioxidant such as sodium hydrogen sulfite to prevent the generation of peroxide which is precursor of aldehyde-like substance (The 32nd Annual Conference of Pharmaceutics, Research Round-Table, Lecture Summery, p46-49, 1995, and The 8th Symposium of the Society of Prescription of Solid Drug Product; Lecture Summery, p61-68, 1998). Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H08-99869 discloses the method of preventing the gelatin capsule to be insoluble by blending free radical trapping agent to filler of capsule. Additionally, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-26282 discloses that aminobutyric acid prevents the insolubilizing of hard gelatin capsule. Nevertheless, these additions of substances are aiming to prevent the insolubilizing of the capsule itself, and not aiming to stabilize the filler of the capsules. Penem compound, one of the drugs to be filled in the hard capsule, is a non-natural, β-lactam compound which is designed to integrate the structures of penicillin and cephalosporin [ANTIBIOTICS & CHEMOTHERAPY, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 74-80, 1997; Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. S61-207387, S63-162694, S60-222486, and S54-119486]. Of these penem compounds, sodium (+)-(5R,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(R)-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (hereinafter referred to as “faropenem”) is often used as oral therapeutic medicine against the various kinds of infection, and because of novel structure of penem ring, it not only shows the antibacterial activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae , but also shows strong antibiotic activities against gram-positive bacteria such as penicillin-resistant Pneumococcus (PRSP), oral cavity Streptococcus and Enterococcus, which could not be treated with conventional β-lactam antibiotics. Faropenem is also reported to show extensive antibiotic activity against gram-negative bacteria such as influenza bacillus and anaecrobe such as Bacteroides, and is prospective antibiotic substance [ANTIBIOTICS & CHEMOTHERAPY, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 74-80, 1997]. Despite all advantages, it is known that as in the case of β-lactam compound, absorbability at digestive tract is not good compared to fat-soluble compound, when aqueous penem compound including faropenem is administered orally [Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Revised 2nd Edition, Akinobu Otsuka, et al., Nankodo]. Considering the circumstance, prodrug compound which free carboxyl group of faropenem is esterified by (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene-4-yl)methyl group and made fat-soluble, namely, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene-4-yl)methyl (5R,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(R)-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (hereinafter referred to as “faropenem daloxate”) is developed [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. H06-72875 and H06-128267]. Above-mentioned faropenem daloxate is characterized by possessing extensive antibacterial activity especially against anaecrobe, and less toxic. Also, oral absorbability of faropenem daloxate is as good as 70% and higher, and is absorbed at upper part of small intestine, ester bond is hydrolyzed in the living body and converted into faropenem, then show the antibiotic activity. | Title:
Pharmaceutical hard capsule containing inorganic substance
Abstract:
The objective of the present invention is to improve the preservation stability of drugs filled within the hard capsule. Especially, the objective of the present invention is to improve the preservation stability of drugs filled within the hard gelatin capsule which base material is gelatin. The present invention provides a capsule which improvement is that inorganic substance is comprised within the capsule. The present invention also provides the hard capsule wherein the inorganic substance comprised therein is any one or more than one selected from the group consisting hydrated aluminum silicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, light anhydrous silicic acid, hydrated silicon dioxide and magnesium aluminometasilicate.
Background:
BACKGROUND ART Since granule such as granulated powder is difficult to take, granule is generally filled in hard capsule for administration. Hard capsule makes it easier to control the dosage by comprising the drug in dosage unit, and further have an advantage of making the intake of drug easier by concealing the unpleasant taste and smell. For the present, gelatin capsule using gelatin as a base material, comprises the major part of the market for capsule. However, it is known that gelatin capsule has a disadvantage of capsule being insoluble in cases the drugs containing aldehyde group or carbonyl group in the molecule are filled, or aldehyde-like substance is developed due to drug degradation, and as a result crosslinked structure in gelatin protein is formed [Pharm. Tech. Japan, Vol. 14 No. 3 p67-76 (1998)]. To overcome these shortcomings, improvements such as succinizing a gelatin, being the main substrate of the gelatin capsule [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. S61-186314 and H07-252138], and further, adding polyethylene glycol (macrogol) to the succinated gelatin [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H06-72862] were made. Also the capsules using cellulose derivative and starch as a base material in place of gelatin are developed [Japanese Patent Gazette No. 2552937 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-202003]. However, these capsules are expensive due to the small market size and high manufacture's costs thereof. Further, the gelatin capsule dissolves rapidly in digestive tract and dose not vary in quality. Because of the very heavy demand of gelatin capsule, it has been desired to develop the technique of insoluble gelatin capsule when an aldehyde-like substance is filled therein. It has been proposed some technique to solve this problem. For example, the insolubilizing of hard gelatin capsule may be obtained by containing antioxidant such as sodium hydrogen sulfite to prevent the generation of peroxide which is precursor of aldehyde-like substance (The 32nd Annual Conference of Pharmaceutics, Research Round-Table, Lecture Summery, p46-49, 1995, and The 8th Symposium of the Society of Prescription of Solid Drug Product; Lecture Summery, p61-68, 1998). Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H08-99869 discloses the method of preventing the gelatin capsule to be insoluble by blending free radical trapping agent to filler of capsule. Additionally, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-26282 discloses that aminobutyric acid prevents the insolubilizing of hard gelatin capsule. Nevertheless, these additions of substances are aiming to prevent the insolubilizing of the capsule itself, and not aiming to stabilize the filler of the capsules. Penem compound, one of the drugs to be filled in the hard capsule, is a non-natural, β-lactam compound which is designed to integrate the structures of penicillin and cephalosporin [ANTIBIOTICS & CHEMOTHERAPY, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 74-80, 1997; Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. S61-207387, S63-162694, S60-222486, and S54-119486]. Of these penem compounds, sodium (+)-(5R,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(R)-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (hereinafter referred to as “faropenem”) is often used as oral therapeutic medicine against the various kinds of infection, and because of novel structure of penem ring, it not only shows the antibacterial activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae , but also shows strong antibiotic activities against gram-positive bacteria such as penicillin-resistant Pneumococcus (PRSP), oral cavity Streptococcus and Enterococcus, which could not be treated with conventional β-lactam antibiotics. Faropenem is also reported to show extensive antibiotic activity against gram-negative bacteria such as influenza bacillus and anaecrobe such as Bacteroides, and is prospective antibiotic substance [ANTIBIOTICS & CHEMOTHERAPY, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 74-80, 1997]. Despite all advantages, it is known that as in the case of β-lactam compound, absorbability at digestive tract is not good compared to fat-soluble compound, when aqueous penem compound including faropenem is administered orally [Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Revised 2nd Edition, Akinobu Otsuka, et al., Nankodo]. Considering the circumstance, prodrug compound which free carboxyl group of faropenem is esterified by (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene-4-yl)methyl group and made fat-soluble, namely, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene-4-yl)methyl (5R,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(R)-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (hereinafter referred to as “faropenem daloxate”) is developed [Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. H06-72875 and H06-128267]. Above-mentioned faropenem daloxate is characterized by possessing extensive antibacterial activity especially against anaecrobe, and less toxic. Also, oral absorbability of faropenem daloxate is as good as 70% and higher, and is absorbed at upper part of small intestine, ester bond is hydrolyzed in the living body and converted into faropenem, then show the antibiotic activity. |
10503150 | 2,004 | Three-dimensional measuring instrument, filter striped plate, and illuminating means | For measuring the three-dimensional shape of an object of measurement using a phase shift method, a three-dimensional measuring instrument is provided which is capable of shortening the measurement time. A printed state inspection device 1 includes a table for placing a printed circuit board K printed with cream solder H, an illumination device 3 for illuminating three sine wave light component patterns with different phases on the surface of printed circuit board K, a CCD camera 4 for picking-up images of the illuminated part of the printed circuit board K, a white light illumination unit L for illuminating a white light on the surface of printed circuit board K, and a laser pointer for measuring the standard height. A control device 7 determines the existing area of the cream solder H from the image data obtained by the illumination of the white light, and calculates the height of the cream solder H from the image data obtained by the illumination device 3 by using a phase shift method. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Typically, when mounting electronic components on a printed circuit board, cream solder is first printed on a predetermined electrode pattern formed on the printed circuit board. Next, based on the viscosity of the cream solder, the electronic components are temporarily mounted on the printed circuit board. Then, the printed circuit board is transferred to a reflow furnace, where it is soldered through a reflow process. Nowadays, the printed state of the cream solder must be inspected prior to entering the reflow furnace, where a three-dimensional measuring instrument is used for the cream solder inspection. In recent years, various non-contact type three-dimensional measuring instruments using light have been proposed. One of them is a technology related to a three-dimensional measuring instrument using a phase shift method (Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 11-211443 and Japanese Patent No. 2711042). The three-dimensional measuring instrument based on the above technology uses a CCD camera. Namely, by an illuminating means formed of a combination of a light source and a filter with a sine wave pattern, the measuring instrument illuminates a light pattern having a striped light intensity distribution on the object of measurement (in this case, the printed circuit board). Then, it is observed by using a CCD camera placed right above the printed circuit board. In this situation, the light intensity I of a point P on the screen is expressed by the following formula. in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I=e+f ·cos φ in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? [where, e is DC current light noise (offset component), f is sine wave contrast (reflection rate), and φ is phase based on the irregularity of the object) At this point, by shifting the light pattern, the phase is changed to four steps (φ+0, φ+π/2, φ+π, φ+3π/2), and the images carrying the intensity distribution I0, I1, I2, and I3 corresponding to the four phase steps are retrieved so that positional information θ is determined by the following formula. in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? θ= arc tan{( I 3- I 1)/( I 0- I 2)} in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? By using this positional information θ, the three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the point P on the printed circuit board (cream solder) is determined so that the three-dimensional shape of the cream solder, in particular, the height thereof, can be measured. In the three-dimensional measuring instrument based on the above technology, the phase must be changed to four steps to obtain four images carrying the intensity distribution corresponding to each step. In other words, an image retrieval process has to be performed every time when the phase is changed, hence, requiring four image retrieval processes per point. Due to this, a long time is necessary for the image retrieval, which in turn causing a long overall measuring time from start to finish. The present invention has been made by taking the above situation into consideration, where one of its objects is to provide a three-dimensional measuring instrument which is capable of shortening the measuring time required when measuring the three-dimensional shape of an object by the phase shift method. | Title:
Three-dimensional measuring instrument, filter striped plate, and illuminating means
Abstract:
For measuring the three-dimensional shape of an object of measurement using a phase shift method, a three-dimensional measuring instrument is provided which is capable of shortening the measurement time. A printed state inspection device 1 includes a table for placing a printed circuit board K printed with cream solder H, an illumination device 3 for illuminating three sine wave light component patterns with different phases on the surface of printed circuit board K, a CCD camera 4 for picking-up images of the illuminated part of the printed circuit board K, a white light illumination unit L for illuminating a white light on the surface of printed circuit board K, and a laser pointer for measuring the standard height. A control device 7 determines the existing area of the cream solder H from the image data obtained by the illumination of the white light, and calculates the height of the cream solder H from the image data obtained by the illumination device 3 by using a phase shift method.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Typically, when mounting electronic components on a printed circuit board, cream solder is first printed on a predetermined electrode pattern formed on the printed circuit board. Next, based on the viscosity of the cream solder, the electronic components are temporarily mounted on the printed circuit board. Then, the printed circuit board is transferred to a reflow furnace, where it is soldered through a reflow process. Nowadays, the printed state of the cream solder must be inspected prior to entering the reflow furnace, where a three-dimensional measuring instrument is used for the cream solder inspection. In recent years, various non-contact type three-dimensional measuring instruments using light have been proposed. One of them is a technology related to a three-dimensional measuring instrument using a phase shift method (Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 11-211443 and Japanese Patent No. 2711042). The three-dimensional measuring instrument based on the above technology uses a CCD camera. Namely, by an illuminating means formed of a combination of a light source and a filter with a sine wave pattern, the measuring instrument illuminates a light pattern having a striped light intensity distribution on the object of measurement (in this case, the printed circuit board). Then, it is observed by using a CCD camera placed right above the printed circuit board. In this situation, the light intensity I of a point P on the screen is expressed by the following formula. in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? I=e+f ·cos φ in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? [where, e is DC current light noise (offset component), f is sine wave contrast (reflection rate), and φ is phase based on the irregularity of the object) At this point, by shifting the light pattern, the phase is changed to four steps (φ+0, φ+π/2, φ+π, φ+3π/2), and the images carrying the intensity distribution I0, I1, I2, and I3 corresponding to the four phase steps are retrieved so that positional information θ is determined by the following formula. in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? θ= arc tan{( I 3- I 1)/( I 0- I 2)} in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? By using this positional information θ, the three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the point P on the printed circuit board (cream solder) is determined so that the three-dimensional shape of the cream solder, in particular, the height thereof, can be measured. In the three-dimensional measuring instrument based on the above technology, the phase must be changed to four steps to obtain four images carrying the intensity distribution corresponding to each step. In other words, an image retrieval process has to be performed every time when the phase is changed, hence, requiring four image retrieval processes per point. Due to this, a long time is necessary for the image retrieval, which in turn causing a long overall measuring time from start to finish. The present invention has been made by taking the above situation into consideration, where one of its objects is to provide a three-dimensional measuring instrument which is capable of shortening the measuring time required when measuring the three-dimensional shape of an object by the phase shift method. |
10485213 | 2,004 | Comminuting apparatus and rotor therefor | A rotor (1) for use in a comminuting apparatus (100) is described and claimed. The rotor (1) includes a hub (2) rotatable about a first axis (A) and one or more disc members (4) for comminuting material. The disc members (4) are secured to the hub (2) and rotatable about a second axis (B), removed from the first axis (A). Drive means is provided to simultaneously rotate the hub (2) disc members (4) about their respective axes. Guides (11) may be provided below the disc members (4) to remove comminuted material after it has passed through a screen (10). The screen (10) may include base portion (10A) and side wall portion C (10B), the side wall portion (10B) extending up to a level approximately level with the disc members (4). The guides (11) may include arms (11A) extending up beside the side wall portion (10B). A comminuting apparatus (100) including a rotor (1) is also claimed. | BACKGROUND Apparatus for comminuting materials have application to a number of industries, which may involve shredding of wood, bales of hay or paper, comminuting bitumen, plastic, metal or other materials. An effective comminuting apparatus has a high throughput, does not jam often, is reliable, easy to maintain, is energy efficient and comminutes relatively uniformly Tub grinders are well known devices for grinding various materials. Vertical feed tub grinders have the advantage of using gravity to force the material onto the rotor, reducing or eliminating the need for further conveying means for the material other than that required to feed the material into the tub. However, one problem with tub grinders is their tendency to jam. Another problem with known tub grinders at present is apparent when they are used to comminute lighter material such as paper. The turbulence, vortices and movement of the rotor against the material tends to force the material upwards. Therefore, intervention may be required to force the material onto the rotor and through the screens. A comminuting apparatus including a rotating tub is described in the specifications of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,379,951 and 5,927,624. Within the tub is mounted a toothed disc that preferably rotates in the opposite direction to the tub. The problem of potential jamming is stated to be overcome or reduced by reversing the direction of rotation of the toothed disc and/or by providing a reorienting attachment secured to the bottom of the chamber defined by the tub. However, such a comminuting apparatus may still be susceptible to jamming. It is an object of the present invention to provide a comminuting apparatus that may be freed from jamming, optionally automatically and/or has improved operation for lighter materials. It is a further or alternative object of the present invention to provide the public with a useful alternative. Further objects of the present invention may become apparent from the following description. | Title:
Comminuting apparatus and rotor therefor
Abstract:
A rotor (1) for use in a comminuting apparatus (100) is described and claimed. The rotor (1) includes a hub (2) rotatable about a first axis (A) and one or more disc members (4) for comminuting material. The disc members (4) are secured to the hub (2) and rotatable about a second axis (B), removed from the first axis (A). Drive means is provided to simultaneously rotate the hub (2) disc members (4) about their respective axes. Guides (11) may be provided below the disc members (4) to remove comminuted material after it has passed through a screen (10). The screen (10) may include base portion (10A) and side wall portion C (10B), the side wall portion (10B) extending up to a level approximately level with the disc members (4). The guides (11) may include arms (11A) extending up beside the side wall portion (10B). A comminuting apparatus (100) including a rotor (1) is also claimed.
Background:
BACKGROUND Apparatus for comminuting materials have application to a number of industries, which may involve shredding of wood, bales of hay or paper, comminuting bitumen, plastic, metal or other materials. An effective comminuting apparatus has a high throughput, does not jam often, is reliable, easy to maintain, is energy efficient and comminutes relatively uniformly Tub grinders are well known devices for grinding various materials. Vertical feed tub grinders have the advantage of using gravity to force the material onto the rotor, reducing or eliminating the need for further conveying means for the material other than that required to feed the material into the tub. However, one problem with tub grinders is their tendency to jam. Another problem with known tub grinders at present is apparent when they are used to comminute lighter material such as paper. The turbulence, vortices and movement of the rotor against the material tends to force the material upwards. Therefore, intervention may be required to force the material onto the rotor and through the screens. A comminuting apparatus including a rotating tub is described in the specifications of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,379,951 and 5,927,624. Within the tub is mounted a toothed disc that preferably rotates in the opposite direction to the tub. The problem of potential jamming is stated to be overcome or reduced by reversing the direction of rotation of the toothed disc and/or by providing a reorienting attachment secured to the bottom of the chamber defined by the tub. However, such a comminuting apparatus may still be susceptible to jamming. It is an object of the present invention to provide a comminuting apparatus that may be freed from jamming, optionally automatically and/or has improved operation for lighter materials. It is a further or alternative object of the present invention to provide the public with a useful alternative. Further objects of the present invention may become apparent from the following description. |
10506827 | 2,004 | Micro-devices and analytical procedures for investigation of biological systems | Fibres with an extraction phase coated thereon in combination with a positioning device are described to perform adsorption of components of interest from an animal or animal tissue for the investigation of living systems. A number of interfaces to analytical instrumentation are disclosed including mass spectrometry, LC/MS, MALDI and CE as well as direct spectroscopic on-fibre measurement. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Presently, if one wants to accurately assess the concentrations of chemicals or drugs inside a living animal a sample of the blood or tissue to be studied is removed from the animal and taken to an analytical laboratory to have the chemicals of interest extracted and quantified. Typically a first step is a pre-treatment of the sample to convert it to a form more suitable for chemical extraction. In the case of blood this may be by the removal of blood cells and/or some blood components by the preparation of serum or plasma. In the case of a tissue sample this may be by many processes including freezing, grinding, homogenizing, enzyme treatment (eg. protease or cellulase) or hydrolysis. Subsequently chemicals of interest are extracted and concentrated from the processed sample. For example serum samples may be subjected to liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction or protein precipitation followed by drying and reconstitution in an injection solvent. A portion of the injection solvent is introduced to an analytical instrument for chromatographic separation and quantification of the components. This method produces accurate results with high specificity for the compound of interest, but is time consuming and labour intensive. Also, because of the large number of steps in the process there is a significant chance of errors in sample preparation impacting the results. This method has good sensitivity and selectivity and accuracy for the target compounds but is limited in that the chemical balance the chemicals exist in inside the animal is disrupted during sampling. In many cases this disruption reduces the value of the results obtained, and in some cases makes this technique inappropriate for the analysis. Where the blood volume removed is a high proportion of the total blood volume of the animal, as is commonly the case when mice are used, the death of the animal results. This means that a different animal must be used for each data point and each repeat. By eliminating the need for a blood draw in this case, fewer animals would be required for testing and a significant improvement in inter-animal variation in the results would be achieved. Alternatively biosensors have been developed for some applications in analysis of chemical concentrations inside animals. In this case a device consisting of a specific sensing element with associated transducer is implanted and produces a signal collected by an electronic data logger that is proportional to the chemicals to which the sensor responds. The main limitations of this type of device are that they normally respond to a spectrum of chemicals rather than having specificity for only one chemical. Of the spectrum of chemicals to which the sensor responds, some produce a greater and some a lesser response. Sensors are also susceptible to interferences where another chemical present in a system interferes with the response produced by the target chemicals. For these reasons biosensors are normally limited in terms of accuracy and precision. Finally biosensors are typically not as sensitive to low chemical concentrations as state of the art stand alone detectors such as mass spectrometers that are used in the above mentioned conventional analysis techniques and in solid phase microextraction. A strength of this technology is that the chemical balance in the system under study is not disturbed. The in vivo procedure described here is a significant departure from conventional ‘sampling’ techniques, where a portion of the system under study is removed from its natural environment and the compounds of interest extracted and analyzed in a laboratory environment. There are two main motivations for exploring these types of configurations. The first is the desire to study chemical processes in association with the normal biochemical milieu of a living system, and the second is the lack of availability or impracticality frequently associated with size of removing suitable samples for study from the living system. Newer approaches that extend the applicability of conventional SPME technology, where an externally coated extraction phase on a micro fibre is used, seem to be logical targets for the development of such tools. As with any microextraction, because compounds of interest are not exhaustively removed from the investigated system, conditions can be devised where only a small proportion of the total compounds and none of the matrix are removed, thus avoiding a disturbance of the normal balance of chemical components. This could have a benefit in the non-destructive analysis of very small tissue sites or samples. Finally because extracted chemicals are separated chromatographically and quantified by highly sensitive analytical instruments, high accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity are achieved. With the current commercially available SPME devices a stationary extraction polymer is coated onto a fused silica fibre. The coated portion of the fibre is typically 1 cm long and coatings have various thicknesses. The fibre is mounted into a stainless steel support tube and housed in a syringe-like device for ease of use. Extractions are performed by exposing the extraction polymer to a sample for a pre-determined time to allow sample components to come into equilibrium with the extraction phase. After extraction the fibre is removed to an analytical instrument (typically a gas or liquid chromatograph) where extracted components are desorbed and analysed. The amount of a component extracted is proportional to its concentration in the sample (J. Pawliszyn “Method and Device for Solid Phase Microextraction and Desorption”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,206.). To date commercial SPME devices have been used in some applications of direct analysis of living systems. For example they have been applied for the analysis of airborne pheromones and semiochemicals used in chemical communications by insects (Moneti, G.; Dani, F. R.; Pieraccini, G. T. S. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1997, 11, 857-862.), (Frerot, B.; Malosse, C.; Cain, A. H. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1997, 20, 340-342.) and frogs (Smith, B. P.; Zini, C. A.; Pawliszyn, J.; Tyler, M. J.; Hayasaka, Y.; Williams, B.; Caramao, E. B. Chemistry and Ecology 2000, 17, 215-225.) respectively. In these cases the living animals were non-invasively monitored over time by assessing the chemical concentrations in the air around the animal, providing a convenient means to study complicated dynamic processes without interference. The current commercial devices do, however, have some limitations for in vivo analysis inside a living animal. Firstly, the application to chemical analysis inside animals requires greater robustness in both the extraction phase and the supporting fibre core. In addition, most of the extraction phases currently available are better suited for more volatile and less polar compounds. Only one phase is suitable for liquid chromatography (LC) applications (carbowax/templated resin). Analytes of interest that typically circulate in living systems are less volatile and more polar and require LC analysis, so new or modified extraction phases are indicated. The overall dimension of the current device is typically too large for direct in vivo analysis and for direct interfacing to microanalytical systems, the time required for the LC extraction phase to come into equilibrium with chemicals in a sample is relatively long (typically 1 hr or more in a well-stirred sample) and analysis is sensitive to degree of convection in the sample. Also the present SPME devices cannot be conveniently coupled to positioning devices necessary for in-vivo investigation at a well-defined part of the living system. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a method and a device that allows minimally invasive sampling, quantification or analysis of a biological system. | Title:
Micro-devices and analytical procedures for investigation of biological systems
Abstract:
Fibres with an extraction phase coated thereon in combination with a positioning device are described to perform adsorption of components of interest from an animal or animal tissue for the investigation of living systems. A number of interfaces to analytical instrumentation are disclosed including mass spectrometry, LC/MS, MALDI and CE as well as direct spectroscopic on-fibre measurement.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Presently, if one wants to accurately assess the concentrations of chemicals or drugs inside a living animal a sample of the blood or tissue to be studied is removed from the animal and taken to an analytical laboratory to have the chemicals of interest extracted and quantified. Typically a first step is a pre-treatment of the sample to convert it to a form more suitable for chemical extraction. In the case of blood this may be by the removal of blood cells and/or some blood components by the preparation of serum or plasma. In the case of a tissue sample this may be by many processes including freezing, grinding, homogenizing, enzyme treatment (eg. protease or cellulase) or hydrolysis. Subsequently chemicals of interest are extracted and concentrated from the processed sample. For example serum samples may be subjected to liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction or protein precipitation followed by drying and reconstitution in an injection solvent. A portion of the injection solvent is introduced to an analytical instrument for chromatographic separation and quantification of the components. This method produces accurate results with high specificity for the compound of interest, but is time consuming and labour intensive. Also, because of the large number of steps in the process there is a significant chance of errors in sample preparation impacting the results. This method has good sensitivity and selectivity and accuracy for the target compounds but is limited in that the chemical balance the chemicals exist in inside the animal is disrupted during sampling. In many cases this disruption reduces the value of the results obtained, and in some cases makes this technique inappropriate for the analysis. Where the blood volume removed is a high proportion of the total blood volume of the animal, as is commonly the case when mice are used, the death of the animal results. This means that a different animal must be used for each data point and each repeat. By eliminating the need for a blood draw in this case, fewer animals would be required for testing and a significant improvement in inter-animal variation in the results would be achieved. Alternatively biosensors have been developed for some applications in analysis of chemical concentrations inside animals. In this case a device consisting of a specific sensing element with associated transducer is implanted and produces a signal collected by an electronic data logger that is proportional to the chemicals to which the sensor responds. The main limitations of this type of device are that they normally respond to a spectrum of chemicals rather than having specificity for only one chemical. Of the spectrum of chemicals to which the sensor responds, some produce a greater and some a lesser response. Sensors are also susceptible to interferences where another chemical present in a system interferes with the response produced by the target chemicals. For these reasons biosensors are normally limited in terms of accuracy and precision. Finally biosensors are typically not as sensitive to low chemical concentrations as state of the art stand alone detectors such as mass spectrometers that are used in the above mentioned conventional analysis techniques and in solid phase microextraction. A strength of this technology is that the chemical balance in the system under study is not disturbed. The in vivo procedure described here is a significant departure from conventional ‘sampling’ techniques, where a portion of the system under study is removed from its natural environment and the compounds of interest extracted and analyzed in a laboratory environment. There are two main motivations for exploring these types of configurations. The first is the desire to study chemical processes in association with the normal biochemical milieu of a living system, and the second is the lack of availability or impracticality frequently associated with size of removing suitable samples for study from the living system. Newer approaches that extend the applicability of conventional SPME technology, where an externally coated extraction phase on a micro fibre is used, seem to be logical targets for the development of such tools. As with any microextraction, because compounds of interest are not exhaustively removed from the investigated system, conditions can be devised where only a small proportion of the total compounds and none of the matrix are removed, thus avoiding a disturbance of the normal balance of chemical components. This could have a benefit in the non-destructive analysis of very small tissue sites or samples. Finally because extracted chemicals are separated chromatographically and quantified by highly sensitive analytical instruments, high accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity are achieved. With the current commercially available SPME devices a stationary extraction polymer is coated onto a fused silica fibre. The coated portion of the fibre is typically 1 cm long and coatings have various thicknesses. The fibre is mounted into a stainless steel support tube and housed in a syringe-like device for ease of use. Extractions are performed by exposing the extraction polymer to a sample for a pre-determined time to allow sample components to come into equilibrium with the extraction phase. After extraction the fibre is removed to an analytical instrument (typically a gas or liquid chromatograph) where extracted components are desorbed and analysed. The amount of a component extracted is proportional to its concentration in the sample (J. Pawliszyn “Method and Device for Solid Phase Microextraction and Desorption”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,206.). To date commercial SPME devices have been used in some applications of direct analysis of living systems. For example they have been applied for the analysis of airborne pheromones and semiochemicals used in chemical communications by insects (Moneti, G.; Dani, F. R.; Pieraccini, G. T. S. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1997, 11, 857-862.), (Frerot, B.; Malosse, C.; Cain, A. H. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1997, 20, 340-342.) and frogs (Smith, B. P.; Zini, C. A.; Pawliszyn, J.; Tyler, M. J.; Hayasaka, Y.; Williams, B.; Caramao, E. B. Chemistry and Ecology 2000, 17, 215-225.) respectively. In these cases the living animals were non-invasively monitored over time by assessing the chemical concentrations in the air around the animal, providing a convenient means to study complicated dynamic processes without interference. The current commercial devices do, however, have some limitations for in vivo analysis inside a living animal. Firstly, the application to chemical analysis inside animals requires greater robustness in both the extraction phase and the supporting fibre core. In addition, most of the extraction phases currently available are better suited for more volatile and less polar compounds. Only one phase is suitable for liquid chromatography (LC) applications (carbowax/templated resin). Analytes of interest that typically circulate in living systems are less volatile and more polar and require LC analysis, so new or modified extraction phases are indicated. The overall dimension of the current device is typically too large for direct in vivo analysis and for direct interfacing to microanalytical systems, the time required for the LC extraction phase to come into equilibrium with chemicals in a sample is relatively long (typically 1 hr or more in a well-stirred sample) and analysis is sensitive to degree of convection in the sample. Also the present SPME devices cannot be conveniently coupled to positioning devices necessary for in-vivo investigation at a well-defined part of the living system. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a method and a device that allows minimally invasive sampling, quantification or analysis of a biological system. |
10501256 | 2,004 | Apparatus and method for treating disc-shaped substrates | In order to carry out simple, low-cost, uniform treatment of substrates, a device is provided for the processing of disk-shaped substrates, especially semiconductor wafers, comprising a substantially flat carrier ring, which can be rotated on a plane about an axis of rotation by means of a rotation device, and at least three support elements extending from the plane of the carrier ring, forming a multi-point support for the support at a distance from the plane of the carrier ring. The invention also relates to a device and a method for the treatment of disk-shaped substrates, especially semiconductor wafers, wherein the substrates are rotated about an axis of rotation which is disposed in a substantially vertical position with respect to the plane of the substrates and whereby at least one first group of nozzles are disposed at various distances from the axis of rotation, enabling a first fluid to be applied, said nozzles being controlled either individually or in sub-groups, in order to carry out selective treatment of surface areas of the substrate. | Title:
Apparatus and method for treating disc-shaped substrates
Abstract:
In order to carry out simple, low-cost, uniform treatment of substrates, a device is provided for the processing of disk-shaped substrates, especially semiconductor wafers, comprising a substantially flat carrier ring, which can be rotated on a plane about an axis of rotation by means of a rotation device, and at least three support elements extending from the plane of the carrier ring, forming a multi-point support for the support at a distance from the plane of the carrier ring. The invention also relates to a device and a method for the treatment of disk-shaped substrates, especially semiconductor wafers, wherein the substrates are rotated about an axis of rotation which is disposed in a substantially vertical position with respect to the plane of the substrates and whereby at least one first group of nozzles are disposed at various distances from the axis of rotation, enabling a first fluid to be applied, said nozzles being controlled either individually or in sub-groups, in order to carry out selective treatment of surface areas of the substrate.
Background:
| |
10766812 | 2,004 | Phosphors spray and method for spraying the same | A phosphors spray and a method for spraying the phosphors spray to get a phosphors layer are provided. The phosphors spray and the method are characterized as: 1. A thickness of a phosphors layer can be controlled and adjusted uniformly by a phosphors spraying process. 2. The phosphors layer is thin and easy to manufacture, and further is suitable for a low electrical field or a low voltage within a FED. 3. The phosphors layer has high adhesion abilities to coat on a positive glass substrate or a positive electric layer of the FED, and a low resistance thereof to avoid electric charges accumulating to affect a lighting efficiency of a FED. 4. A solvent of the present invention simplifies the gradients thereof to diminish the costs thereof and practice into commercial use. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a technique of coating a phosphor layer on a positive plate of a FED (Field Emission Display), and particularly relates to a technique of coating a phosphor layer on a positive plate of a FED by spaying. 2. Background of the Invention A FED is a device that utilizes a cathode electron emitter to generate surrounding electrons within an electric field; the electrons excite the phosphors coated on an anode for lighting. The FED is lightweight and thin, and the effect area thereof is variable to meet requirements, but without the view angle problems of flat LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). FIG. 1 shows a diode FED 1 a including a unit 5 a with an anode 3 a and a cathode 4 a disposed therein. The unit 5 a includes a rib 53 a arranged between the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a for separating the anode 3 a from the cathode 4 a and for supporting therebetween. The anode 3 a includes an anode glass substrate 31 a , an anode conductive layer 32 a , and a phosphors layer 33 a arranged sequentially. The cathode 4 a includes a cathode glass substrate 41 a , a cathode electrical layer 42 a , and a cathode electron emitter layer 43 a arranged sequentially. The rib 53 a connects the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a , and a vacuum is formed therebetween. The cathode electron emitter layer 43 a generates electrons for emission onto the phosphors layer 33 a to produce light via an additional electrical field. The diode FED needs a gap between 50 μm (micrometers) and 200 μm separating the anode 3 a from the cathode 4 a , a turn-on electrical field under 10 V/μm (Volts per micrometer) or a turn-on voltage above 150 V (volts) to excite the cathode 4 a , and the phosphors with a particular efficiency that depends on the materials selected. The phosphors layer 33 a is difficult to light due to the tiny gap and the very small turn-on electrical field. Accordingly, the requirements of structure and a uniform thickness of the phosphorus layer 33 a must be met. First, because the gap between the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a is restricted for microminiaturization, the thickness of the phosphors layer 33 a must be limited, within a range of allowable error, to less than that of the gap, or luminance and uniformity of the FED, which is due to the thickness of the phosphors layer 33 a , are reduced. Second, the structure of the phosphors layer 33 a means distribution of the phosphors. Although the diode FED needs the turn-on voltage above 150 V, or a triode FED needs a turn-on voltage less than 5000 V, the electrons still provide limited energy, so the phosphors should not have too many stacking layers. With respect to FIG. 2 , a first layer of the phosphors 61 a excited by an electron beam 1 a probably has few redundant electrons to be refracted or diffracted 72 a (so called a “secondary energy”), or the first layer of the phosphors 61 with the secondary energy probably does not have energy sufficient to excite inner phosphors 62 a . However, the excitation mode is different from that of a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) adopted for high voltage (23 KV (kilo-volts) at an anode thereof) or a PDP (Plasma Display Panel) adopted for high energy (such as plasma). The CRT provides a panel having a phosphors layer via a spin-coating process, and pattern formed on the phosphors layer via an exposure-and-develop process. The PDP provides a plate with a phosphors layer formed thereon via a screen-printing process. Two methods mentioned above result in different results; first, the spin-coating process makes the coating thickness more uniform than that of the screen-printing process, but includes the phosphors having sizes ranging between 6 μm and 10 μm and the layers of quantity between 3 and 4. So that the coating thickness of the spin-coating process ranges 20 μm and 35 μm, the phosphors thereof is larger than that of the FED. The luminance of the FED will decrease if the phosphors layer is coated by the spin-coating process. Diminishing the coating thickness of the spin-coating process can easily form a pin hole formed in the coating. The FED provides the phosphors layer arranged on an anode glass substrate without additional binder (a conventional process not suited to FED due to an aluminum evaporation coating process thereof), and the FED process requires improvement in the method by which the phosphors is coated on the glass substrate. A second method, the screen-printing process, can provide the phosphors layer with patterns via a paste with a high viscosity above 100,000 cPs (centi-poise). Although the paste uses a particle size of about 4 μm, an aggregate of the paste, between 8 μm and 15 μm, a coating thickness of between 12 μm and 16 μm, and at least three layers of the phosphors, the coating thickness is still large due to the mesh of a screen plate during the screen-printing process, and further, the mesh makes the thickness uneven. The screen-printing process easily forms pin holes in the coating layer if the thickness of the layer is reduced; the FED thus suffers from reduced uniformity and a shadow. Therefore, there are some requirements to be met: how to provide a coating method to improve the uniformity of the FED, how to provide a coating method with minimum phosphors for highest luminance via low electric field or low voltage, and how to provide a simple coating method with cut-off costs for the anode plate of the FED. The present invention provides a phosphors-spraying method to spray the phosphors on the positive plate of the FED, first, to control the thickness thereof evenly, second, to excite the phosphors via the low electric field or the low voltage, and third, to reduce the costs with simple steps and gradient. Hence, an improvement over the prior art is required to overcome the disadvantages thereof. | Title:
Phosphors spray and method for spraying the same
Abstract:
A phosphors spray and a method for spraying the phosphors spray to get a phosphors layer are provided. The phosphors spray and the method are characterized as: 1. A thickness of a phosphors layer can be controlled and adjusted uniformly by a phosphors spraying process. 2. The phosphors layer is thin and easy to manufacture, and further is suitable for a low electrical field or a low voltage within a FED. 3. The phosphors layer has high adhesion abilities to coat on a positive glass substrate or a positive electric layer of the FED, and a low resistance thereof to avoid electric charges accumulating to affect a lighting efficiency of a FED. 4. A solvent of the present invention simplifies the gradients thereof to diminish the costs thereof and practice into commercial use.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a technique of coating a phosphor layer on a positive plate of a FED (Field Emission Display), and particularly relates to a technique of coating a phosphor layer on a positive plate of a FED by spaying. 2. Background of the Invention A FED is a device that utilizes a cathode electron emitter to generate surrounding electrons within an electric field; the electrons excite the phosphors coated on an anode for lighting. The FED is lightweight and thin, and the effect area thereof is variable to meet requirements, but without the view angle problems of flat LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). FIG. 1 shows a diode FED 1 a including a unit 5 a with an anode 3 a and a cathode 4 a disposed therein. The unit 5 a includes a rib 53 a arranged between the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a for separating the anode 3 a from the cathode 4 a and for supporting therebetween. The anode 3 a includes an anode glass substrate 31 a , an anode conductive layer 32 a , and a phosphors layer 33 a arranged sequentially. The cathode 4 a includes a cathode glass substrate 41 a , a cathode electrical layer 42 a , and a cathode electron emitter layer 43 a arranged sequentially. The rib 53 a connects the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a , and a vacuum is formed therebetween. The cathode electron emitter layer 43 a generates electrons for emission onto the phosphors layer 33 a to produce light via an additional electrical field. The diode FED needs a gap between 50 μm (micrometers) and 200 μm separating the anode 3 a from the cathode 4 a , a turn-on electrical field under 10 V/μm (Volts per micrometer) or a turn-on voltage above 150 V (volts) to excite the cathode 4 a , and the phosphors with a particular efficiency that depends on the materials selected. The phosphors layer 33 a is difficult to light due to the tiny gap and the very small turn-on electrical field. Accordingly, the requirements of structure and a uniform thickness of the phosphorus layer 33 a must be met. First, because the gap between the anode 3 a and the cathode 4 a is restricted for microminiaturization, the thickness of the phosphors layer 33 a must be limited, within a range of allowable error, to less than that of the gap, or luminance and uniformity of the FED, which is due to the thickness of the phosphors layer 33 a , are reduced. Second, the structure of the phosphors layer 33 a means distribution of the phosphors. Although the diode FED needs the turn-on voltage above 150 V, or a triode FED needs a turn-on voltage less than 5000 V, the electrons still provide limited energy, so the phosphors should not have too many stacking layers. With respect to FIG. 2 , a first layer of the phosphors 61 a excited by an electron beam 1 a probably has few redundant electrons to be refracted or diffracted 72 a (so called a “secondary energy”), or the first layer of the phosphors 61 with the secondary energy probably does not have energy sufficient to excite inner phosphors 62 a . However, the excitation mode is different from that of a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) adopted for high voltage (23 KV (kilo-volts) at an anode thereof) or a PDP (Plasma Display Panel) adopted for high energy (such as plasma). The CRT provides a panel having a phosphors layer via a spin-coating process, and pattern formed on the phosphors layer via an exposure-and-develop process. The PDP provides a plate with a phosphors layer formed thereon via a screen-printing process. Two methods mentioned above result in different results; first, the spin-coating process makes the coating thickness more uniform than that of the screen-printing process, but includes the phosphors having sizes ranging between 6 μm and 10 μm and the layers of quantity between 3 and 4. So that the coating thickness of the spin-coating process ranges 20 μm and 35 μm, the phosphors thereof is larger than that of the FED. The luminance of the FED will decrease if the phosphors layer is coated by the spin-coating process. Diminishing the coating thickness of the spin-coating process can easily form a pin hole formed in the coating. The FED provides the phosphors layer arranged on an anode glass substrate without additional binder (a conventional process not suited to FED due to an aluminum evaporation coating process thereof), and the FED process requires improvement in the method by which the phosphors is coated on the glass substrate. A second method, the screen-printing process, can provide the phosphors layer with patterns via a paste with a high viscosity above 100,000 cPs (centi-poise). Although the paste uses a particle size of about 4 μm, an aggregate of the paste, between 8 μm and 15 μm, a coating thickness of between 12 μm and 16 μm, and at least three layers of the phosphors, the coating thickness is still large due to the mesh of a screen plate during the screen-printing process, and further, the mesh makes the thickness uneven. The screen-printing process easily forms pin holes in the coating layer if the thickness of the layer is reduced; the FED thus suffers from reduced uniformity and a shadow. Therefore, there are some requirements to be met: how to provide a coating method to improve the uniformity of the FED, how to provide a coating method with minimum phosphors for highest luminance via low electric field or low voltage, and how to provide a simple coating method with cut-off costs for the anode plate of the FED. The present invention provides a phosphors-spraying method to spray the phosphors on the positive plate of the FED, first, to control the thickness thereof evenly, second, to excite the phosphors via the low electric field or the low voltage, and third, to reduce the costs with simple steps and gradient. Hence, an improvement over the prior art is required to overcome the disadvantages thereof. |
11026259 | 2,004 | Silicon packaging for opto-electronic modules | An opto-electronic apparatus comprising a base layer, one or more photonic elements positioned on the base layer, and an optical layer suspended over the base layer, the optical layer including a moveable optical element positioned over at least one of the photonic elements. A process comprising forming a base layer, placing one or more photonic elements on the base layer, and suspending an optical layer over the photonic elements on the base layer, the optical layer including a moveable optical element. | BACKGROUND The rapid scale-up of opto-electronic components, as well as the difficulties of manufacturing of opto-electronic components in high volumes, have been recognized as a key challenge in meeting the anticipated demand for high-bandwidth telecommunication equipment. Currently, active opto-electronic modules such as 10 Gb/s laser transmitters and receivers are produced in so-called “butterfly packages.” Butterfly packages allow the incorporation of many features, but they are bulky and are also expensive to manufacture because their assembly is difficult to automate and many assembly functions must be performed by hand. To reduce the cost and ease the automated assembly, the industry is today adopting a new packaging standard known as a TO (Transistor Outline) can package leveraged from existing technology from lower data rate (1-2 Gbs) equipment. While it offers some improvements over the butterfly package, when applied to high-bandwidth equipment this new TO can packaging is suffering from several performance and functional limitations like high optical coupling efficiency and low thermal cooling capability. | Title:
Silicon packaging for opto-electronic modules
Abstract:
An opto-electronic apparatus comprising a base layer, one or more photonic elements positioned on the base layer, and an optical layer suspended over the base layer, the optical layer including a moveable optical element positioned over at least one of the photonic elements. A process comprising forming a base layer, placing one or more photonic elements on the base layer, and suspending an optical layer over the photonic elements on the base layer, the optical layer including a moveable optical element.
Background:
BACKGROUND The rapid scale-up of opto-electronic components, as well as the difficulties of manufacturing of opto-electronic components in high volumes, have been recognized as a key challenge in meeting the anticipated demand for high-bandwidth telecommunication equipment. Currently, active opto-electronic modules such as 10 Gb/s laser transmitters and receivers are produced in so-called “butterfly packages.” Butterfly packages allow the incorporation of many features, but they are bulky and are also expensive to manufacture because their assembly is difficult to automate and many assembly functions must be performed by hand. To reduce the cost and ease the automated assembly, the industry is today adopting a new packaging standard known as a TO (Transistor Outline) can package leveraged from existing technology from lower data rate (1-2 Gbs) equipment. While it offers some improvements over the butterfly package, when applied to high-bandwidth equipment this new TO can packaging is suffering from several performance and functional limitations like high optical coupling efficiency and low thermal cooling capability. |
10984961 | 2,004 | Information recording medium | In an information recording medium according to the present invention, a recording layer, a first layer, and a second layer are formed so that a thermal conductivity of the first layer that contacts one surface of the recording layer and a thermal conductivity of the second layer that contacts another surface of the recording layer are both lower than a thermal conductivity of the recording layer and a track pitch is in a range of 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm, inclusive. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an information recording medium on which recording data is recorded by irradiating a laser beam. 2. Description of the Related Art An optical information recording medium disclosed by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. H09-138972 is known as this type of information recording medium. In this optical information recording medium, an intermediate layer, a light absorbing layer, a light reflective layer, and a protective layer (hereinafter, collectively referred to as “functional layers” when no distinction is required) are formed in that order by sputtering or spin coating on a substrate in which grooves have been formed with a track pitch of around 1.6 μm. Here, with this optical information recording medium, by irradiating a laser beam from the substrate side, regions of the light absorbing layer irradiated with the laser beam heat up and expand, causing partial deformation of the intermediate layer and/or the substrate. By doing so, the deformed parts in the intermediate layer and/or the substrate are recorded as recording marks, resulting in recording data being recorded. However, by investigating the conventional optical information recording medium, the present inventors discovered the following problems. That is, in the conventional optical information recording medium, a reflective layer for reflecting the laser beam irradiated from the substrate (base member) side is formed so as to contact the light absorbing layer. Here, in the optical information recording medium, the reflective layer is formed of a metal film of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, or the like (i.e., a thin film with high thermal conductivity). Here, when the light absorbing layer heats up due to the irradiation of a laser beam during the recording of recording data, such heat is rapidly conducted to the reflective layer. Accordingly, with a conventional optical information recording medium, it is necessary to sufficiently irradiate a laser beam onto the light absorbing layer so that the temperature of the regions of the light absorbing layer that are irradiated with the laser beam rises sufficiently to cause expansion. This means that with the conventional optical information recording medium, there is the problem that if the irradiated amount of the laser beam is too low (i.e., the irradiation time is short) when recording marks are formed, there is the risk of recording errors occurring, so that the high speed recording of recording data is difficult. The conventional optical information recording medium is also constructed with a large number of functional layers that are formed by sputtering or spin coating. Accordingly, since a large number of sputtering or spin coating processes are required to form the large number of functional layers, there is a further problem in that it is difficult to reduce the manufacturing cost of the conventional optical information recording medium due to the large number of manufacturing processes. | Title:
Information recording medium
Abstract:
In an information recording medium according to the present invention, a recording layer, a first layer, and a second layer are formed so that a thermal conductivity of the first layer that contacts one surface of the recording layer and a thermal conductivity of the second layer that contacts another surface of the recording layer are both lower than a thermal conductivity of the recording layer and a track pitch is in a range of 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm, inclusive.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an information recording medium on which recording data is recorded by irradiating a laser beam. 2. Description of the Related Art An optical information recording medium disclosed by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. H09-138972 is known as this type of information recording medium. In this optical information recording medium, an intermediate layer, a light absorbing layer, a light reflective layer, and a protective layer (hereinafter, collectively referred to as “functional layers” when no distinction is required) are formed in that order by sputtering or spin coating on a substrate in which grooves have been formed with a track pitch of around 1.6 μm. Here, with this optical information recording medium, by irradiating a laser beam from the substrate side, regions of the light absorbing layer irradiated with the laser beam heat up and expand, causing partial deformation of the intermediate layer and/or the substrate. By doing so, the deformed parts in the intermediate layer and/or the substrate are recorded as recording marks, resulting in recording data being recorded. However, by investigating the conventional optical information recording medium, the present inventors discovered the following problems. That is, in the conventional optical information recording medium, a reflective layer for reflecting the laser beam irradiated from the substrate (base member) side is formed so as to contact the light absorbing layer. Here, in the optical information recording medium, the reflective layer is formed of a metal film of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, or the like (i.e., a thin film with high thermal conductivity). Here, when the light absorbing layer heats up due to the irradiation of a laser beam during the recording of recording data, such heat is rapidly conducted to the reflective layer. Accordingly, with a conventional optical information recording medium, it is necessary to sufficiently irradiate a laser beam onto the light absorbing layer so that the temperature of the regions of the light absorbing layer that are irradiated with the laser beam rises sufficiently to cause expansion. This means that with the conventional optical information recording medium, there is the problem that if the irradiated amount of the laser beam is too low (i.e., the irradiation time is short) when recording marks are formed, there is the risk of recording errors occurring, so that the high speed recording of recording data is difficult. The conventional optical information recording medium is also constructed with a large number of functional layers that are formed by sputtering or spin coating. Accordingly, since a large number of sputtering or spin coating processes are required to form the large number of functional layers, there is a further problem in that it is difficult to reduce the manufacturing cost of the conventional optical information recording medium due to the large number of manufacturing processes. |
10775792 | 2,004 | Illuminating and panoramically viewing a macroscopically-sized specimen along a single viewing axis at a single time | Simultaneous illumination along each of multiple axis for panoramic viewing of a macroscopically-sized specimen such as a mouse along a single viewing axis is realized by dichroic mirrors. Selective control of illumination intensity and/or color(s) of, permissively, each of multiple illuminating lights along each of multiple illumination axis permits that different regions and phenomena, such as tumors, of the specimen as are induced to fluoresce at corresponding different colors and intensities will all appear clearly visible, and well balanced, in a composite image nonetheless to intrinsically being of greatly differing brightness. Color and intensity calibration of the well-balanced composite image in all its colors and all its regions may optionally be realized by one or more fluorescent image calibration step wedges. A rule, or grid, scale may be imposed upon the image by use of one or more masks. The resulting panoramic composite image contains a great deal of quantitative information, being optionally calibrated in any of dimension, scale, overall brightness, color temperature and/or the separate intensities of, permissively, each of several separate differently-colored fluorescent emissions. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally concerns (1) an apparatus, as are commonly but not exclusively used in laboratories, for illuminating and for viewing a macroscopically-sized specimen, for example a mouse, along a viewing axis, and (2) the methods of using such an apparatus. The present invention particularly concerns viewing, along a single viewing axis at a single time, a macroscopically-sized specimen panoramically, and over more than one hundred and eighty degrees of viewing angle about the specimen. The specimen may be viewed panoramically in and by its reflection of the illuminating light(s) and/or, more commonly, also in such fluorescent emissions as are induced in the specimen by the illuminating light(s) “Macroscopically-sized” means only that the specimen is not microscopic, and may be observed by the naked eye. The present invention also particularly concerns image illumination for presenting along a single viewing axis at a single time multiple views, each view along an associated axis, of a specimen. Axial illumination along each axis may be separately independently adjusted so that the resulting image view is selectively balanced in either of intensity and/or color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency). The image views may in particular show fluorescence induced in the specimen (along each, and all, illumination axis) at more than one color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency). These fluorescent image regions of differing colors can be controlled so as to appear in a composite image with roughly equal intensity. Moreover, and further particularly, the selective illumination along each of multiple axis in accordance with the present invention will be seen to support calibration of the observed intensity of fluorescence at each different color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency), as may occur along each and all viewing axis Still further, and finally, the present invention will be seen to concern a “racetrack”, or “cattle chute”, direction of live specimens, for example, mice into a viewing area where each may be automatically simultaneously (1) illuminated along multiple axis, and panoramically observed along multiple viewing axis, while (2) illumination along each axis such as induces multi-colored fluorescence in the specimen will be balanced so that image regions of different fluorescent coloration are themselves balanced, while (3) the true intensity, and color (wavelength, or frequency) of all images, and image views, and image portions may be quantitatively known. 2. Description of the Prior Art | Title:
Illuminating and panoramically viewing a macroscopically-sized specimen along a single viewing axis at a single time
Abstract:
Simultaneous illumination along each of multiple axis for panoramic viewing of a macroscopically-sized specimen such as a mouse along a single viewing axis is realized by dichroic mirrors. Selective control of illumination intensity and/or color(s) of, permissively, each of multiple illuminating lights along each of multiple illumination axis permits that different regions and phenomena, such as tumors, of the specimen as are induced to fluoresce at corresponding different colors and intensities will all appear clearly visible, and well balanced, in a composite image nonetheless to intrinsically being of greatly differing brightness. Color and intensity calibration of the well-balanced composite image in all its colors and all its regions may optionally be realized by one or more fluorescent image calibration step wedges. A rule, or grid, scale may be imposed upon the image by use of one or more masks. The resulting panoramic composite image contains a great deal of quantitative information, being optionally calibrated in any of dimension, scale, overall brightness, color temperature and/or the separate intensities of, permissively, each of several separate differently-colored fluorescent emissions.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally concerns (1) an apparatus, as are commonly but not exclusively used in laboratories, for illuminating and for viewing a macroscopically-sized specimen, for example a mouse, along a viewing axis, and (2) the methods of using such an apparatus. The present invention particularly concerns viewing, along a single viewing axis at a single time, a macroscopically-sized specimen panoramically, and over more than one hundred and eighty degrees of viewing angle about the specimen. The specimen may be viewed panoramically in and by its reflection of the illuminating light(s) and/or, more commonly, also in such fluorescent emissions as are induced in the specimen by the illuminating light(s) “Macroscopically-sized” means only that the specimen is not microscopic, and may be observed by the naked eye. The present invention also particularly concerns image illumination for presenting along a single viewing axis at a single time multiple views, each view along an associated axis, of a specimen. Axial illumination along each axis may be separately independently adjusted so that the resulting image view is selectively balanced in either of intensity and/or color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency). The image views may in particular show fluorescence induced in the specimen (along each, and all, illumination axis) at more than one color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency). These fluorescent image regions of differing colors can be controlled so as to appear in a composite image with roughly equal intensity. Moreover, and further particularly, the selective illumination along each of multiple axis in accordance with the present invention will be seen to support calibration of the observed intensity of fluorescence at each different color (i.e., wavelength, or frequency), as may occur along each and all viewing axis Still further, and finally, the present invention will be seen to concern a “racetrack”, or “cattle chute”, direction of live specimens, for example, mice into a viewing area where each may be automatically simultaneously (1) illuminated along multiple axis, and panoramically observed along multiple viewing axis, while (2) illumination along each axis such as induces multi-colored fluorescence in the specimen will be balanced so that image regions of different fluorescent coloration are themselves balanced, while (3) the true intensity, and color (wavelength, or frequency) of all images, and image views, and image portions may be quantitatively known. 2. Description of the Prior Art |
10964680 | 2,004 | Emitted-light checking apparatus for optical pickup | An emitted-light checking apparatus receives laser beam which has been emitted from a laser diode of an optical pickup subject to check. The laser beam travels through a cylindrical lens provided for producing astigmatism, and then enters a light receiving device that includes an optoelectronic integrated circuit having a receiving surface split into four receiving areas arranged in the upper-right, upper-left, bottom-right and bottom-let positions. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an apparatus of checking parallelism and inclination of an optical axis of emitted light in an optical pickup. The present application claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2003-355797, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically illustrating a typical structure of an optical pickup used in a DVD player or DVD recorder. In FIG. 1 , an optical pickup P is constituted of: a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) laser diode LD 1 and a CD (Compact Disc) laser diode LD 2 for emitting beams at different wavelengths from each other; collimator lenses 1 A and 1 B for respectively adjusting the parallelism (focus) of beams emitted from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 ; half mirrors 2 and 3 and a mirror 4 for guiding each of the beams b 1 and b 2 , emitted from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and CD laser diode LD 2 , along a predetermined path; an objective lens 5 undergoing focus control by an actuator to irradiate a disc with the beam; a multi lens 6 for receiving a beam b 3 reflecting off a disc D and then passing through the objective lens 5 , mirror 4 and half mirror 3 ; and a light receiving device 7 , such as a photo-detector or an OEIC (Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuit), for receiving the reflected beam b 3 focused by the multi lens 6 to read the information. When the optical pickup P such structured is used in readable DVD players or CD players in the conventional manner, a fundamental requirement is that the parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment to the reflected beam b 3 are terminated before the reflected beam 3 b enters the light receiving device 7 . Therefore, prior to the process for mounting the optical pickup P on a player or the like, the optical pickup P is adjusted in the manufacturing process for the optical pickup P, with emphasis on an attitude adjustment to the actuator actuating the objective lens 5 by use of a beam spot adjuster (an optical-axis adjustment in the traveling path of light before reflection off of a disc), and on a focus adjustment to the multi lens 6 and a positional adjustment to the light receiving device 7 by use of an optical-axis adjuster (an optical-axis adjustment in the light receiving portion). Such a conventional optical-axis adjusting apparatus is described in Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 2002-133708, for example. Recently, various types of recordable apparatuses using an optical pickup, such as a DVD recorder and a CD recorder, have became commonplace. The optical pickup P used in such recordable apparatuses requires precise parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment to the emitted beams b 1 and b 2 from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 in order to improve power efficiency during recording operation. In a conventional parallelism adjustment to the emitted beams b 1 and b 2 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “emitted beam b”) from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “laser diode LD”), the emitted beam b is sent over a long distance and then a shape of the beam is checked visually or by means of a method of sending the emitted beam into a CCD for image processing or the like. Based on the evaluation result, as shown in FIG. 2 , fine adjustment is made to the position of the collimator lens 1 A or 1 B (hereinafter collectively referred to as “collimator lens 1 ”) in the axial direction (in the z direction). In a conventional optical-axis angle adjustment to the emitted beam b from the laser diode LD, an emission angle from the laser diode LD and the inclination of the optic axis are checked visually by the use of an auto-collimator, or alternatively, by means of image processing using the CCD. Then, based on the evaluation result, as shown in FIG. 3 , fine adjustment is made to the position and/or the angel of the laser diode LD in two directions at right angles to the optical axis of the emitted beam b (i.e. in the x direction and the y direction). However, such parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment has problems. Specifically, in the method of visually checking the shape and the inclination of the optical axis of the emitted beam b, it is difficult to achieve an adjustment with great precision. The adjustment using the image processing with the CCD is complicated and needs an expensive apparatus for the adjustment. Another problem conventionally arising is described. The parallelism adjustment and the optical-axis angle adjustment must be performed independently. After the completion of one of the adjustments, the other adjustment is performed. Then, the former one should be re-performed. Therefore, the adjusting process becomes very complicated. | Title:
Emitted-light checking apparatus for optical pickup
Abstract:
An emitted-light checking apparatus receives laser beam which has been emitted from a laser diode of an optical pickup subject to check. The laser beam travels through a cylindrical lens provided for producing astigmatism, and then enters a light receiving device that includes an optoelectronic integrated circuit having a receiving surface split into four receiving areas arranged in the upper-right, upper-left, bottom-right and bottom-let positions.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an apparatus of checking parallelism and inclination of an optical axis of emitted light in an optical pickup. The present application claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2003-355797, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically illustrating a typical structure of an optical pickup used in a DVD player or DVD recorder. In FIG. 1 , an optical pickup P is constituted of: a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) laser diode LD 1 and a CD (Compact Disc) laser diode LD 2 for emitting beams at different wavelengths from each other; collimator lenses 1 A and 1 B for respectively adjusting the parallelism (focus) of beams emitted from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 ; half mirrors 2 and 3 and a mirror 4 for guiding each of the beams b 1 and b 2 , emitted from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and CD laser diode LD 2 , along a predetermined path; an objective lens 5 undergoing focus control by an actuator to irradiate a disc with the beam; a multi lens 6 for receiving a beam b 3 reflecting off a disc D and then passing through the objective lens 5 , mirror 4 and half mirror 3 ; and a light receiving device 7 , such as a photo-detector or an OEIC (Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuit), for receiving the reflected beam b 3 focused by the multi lens 6 to read the information. When the optical pickup P such structured is used in readable DVD players or CD players in the conventional manner, a fundamental requirement is that the parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment to the reflected beam b 3 are terminated before the reflected beam 3 b enters the light receiving device 7 . Therefore, prior to the process for mounting the optical pickup P on a player or the like, the optical pickup P is adjusted in the manufacturing process for the optical pickup P, with emphasis on an attitude adjustment to the actuator actuating the objective lens 5 by use of a beam spot adjuster (an optical-axis adjustment in the traveling path of light before reflection off of a disc), and on a focus adjustment to the multi lens 6 and a positional adjustment to the light receiving device 7 by use of an optical-axis adjuster (an optical-axis adjustment in the light receiving portion). Such a conventional optical-axis adjusting apparatus is described in Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 2002-133708, for example. Recently, various types of recordable apparatuses using an optical pickup, such as a DVD recorder and a CD recorder, have became commonplace. The optical pickup P used in such recordable apparatuses requires precise parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment to the emitted beams b 1 and b 2 from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 in order to improve power efficiency during recording operation. In a conventional parallelism adjustment to the emitted beams b 1 and b 2 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “emitted beam b”) from the DVD laser diode LD 1 and the CD laser diode LD 2 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “laser diode LD”), the emitted beam b is sent over a long distance and then a shape of the beam is checked visually or by means of a method of sending the emitted beam into a CCD for image processing or the like. Based on the evaluation result, as shown in FIG. 2 , fine adjustment is made to the position of the collimator lens 1 A or 1 B (hereinafter collectively referred to as “collimator lens 1 ”) in the axial direction (in the z direction). In a conventional optical-axis angle adjustment to the emitted beam b from the laser diode LD, an emission angle from the laser diode LD and the inclination of the optic axis are checked visually by the use of an auto-collimator, or alternatively, by means of image processing using the CCD. Then, based on the evaluation result, as shown in FIG. 3 , fine adjustment is made to the position and/or the angel of the laser diode LD in two directions at right angles to the optical axis of the emitted beam b (i.e. in the x direction and the y direction). However, such parallelism adjustment and optical-axis angle adjustment has problems. Specifically, in the method of visually checking the shape and the inclination of the optical axis of the emitted beam b, it is difficult to achieve an adjustment with great precision. The adjustment using the image processing with the CCD is complicated and needs an expensive apparatus for the adjustment. Another problem conventionally arising is described. The parallelism adjustment and the optical-axis angle adjustment must be performed independently. After the completion of one of the adjustments, the other adjustment is performed. Then, the former one should be re-performed. Therefore, the adjusting process becomes very complicated. |
10919434 | 2,004 | Synthetic resin molded material and method for its production | A synthetic resin molded material characterized in that a thin film made of an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Mo, W. Nb, Sn, In, Al and Zn, is formed by a dry method on a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity, and a method for its production. | BACKGROUND ART Heretofore, a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity has sometimes had a trouble attributable to the hydrophobicity. For example, a fluorine-containing resin film as a typical example of a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity, is excellent in transparency, durability, weather resistance, antisoiling property, etc., and by virtue of such characteristics, it has been used as a film for an agricultural or horticultural house instead of a vinyl chloride resin. However, when a fluorine-containing resin film is used for an agricultural or horticultural house, moisture condensation is likely to form on the inside surface of the film as the film has no hydrophilicity, whereby problems are likely to result such that sunlights required for the growth of plants tend to be blocked, or deposited water drops are likely to drop directly on crop plants instead of flowing in the form of a water film on the film surface, to present adverse effects. To solve such problems, as a method for imparting hydrophilicity to the surface of a synthetic resin substrate, a coating method has heretofore reported in which a mixture of a silica-type sol and a surfactant, is coated on the resin surface, followed by drying to impart hydrophilicity (e.g. JP-A-62-179938, JP-A-5-59202 and JP-A-5-59203). However, with the hydrophilic film obtained by this method, the hydrophilicity does not last for a long period of time, and in a case where it is used for a synthetic resin which has a long useful life like a fluorine resin film, there has been a problem that costs and time will be required, as it is necessary to carry out recoating periodically. The present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art and to provide a synthetic resin molded material having adequate hydrophilicity, whereby the hydrophilicity will last for a long period of time. | Title:
Synthetic resin molded material and method for its production
Abstract:
A synthetic resin molded material characterized in that a thin film made of an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Mo, W. Nb, Sn, In, Al and Zn, is formed by a dry method on a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity, and a method for its production.
Background:
BACKGROUND ART Heretofore, a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity has sometimes had a trouble attributable to the hydrophobicity. For example, a fluorine-containing resin film as a typical example of a synthetic resin substrate having hydrophobicity, is excellent in transparency, durability, weather resistance, antisoiling property, etc., and by virtue of such characteristics, it has been used as a film for an agricultural or horticultural house instead of a vinyl chloride resin. However, when a fluorine-containing resin film is used for an agricultural or horticultural house, moisture condensation is likely to form on the inside surface of the film as the film has no hydrophilicity, whereby problems are likely to result such that sunlights required for the growth of plants tend to be blocked, or deposited water drops are likely to drop directly on crop plants instead of flowing in the form of a water film on the film surface, to present adverse effects. To solve such problems, as a method for imparting hydrophilicity to the surface of a synthetic resin substrate, a coating method has heretofore reported in which a mixture of a silica-type sol and a surfactant, is coated on the resin surface, followed by drying to impart hydrophilicity (e.g. JP-A-62-179938, JP-A-5-59202 and JP-A-5-59203). However, with the hydrophilic film obtained by this method, the hydrophilicity does not last for a long period of time, and in a case where it is used for a synthetic resin which has a long useful life like a fluorine resin film, there has been a problem that costs and time will be required, as it is necessary to carry out recoating periodically. The present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art and to provide a synthetic resin molded material having adequate hydrophilicity, whereby the hydrophilicity will last for a long period of time. |
10986421 | 2,004 | Air compressor having stable configuration | An air compressor includes a supporting base having an arm extended from a plate, and a cylinder housing formed integral with the arm and the plate and having an outlet tube. The cylinder housing includes three or more ducts extended outwardly from the outlet tube and communicating with the outlet tube, for attaching a pressure gauge, a nozzle or other devices. A piston is slidably received in the cylinder housing. A motor is attached to the plate, and includes a spindle extendible through either the lower or the upper portion of the plate, and coupled to the piston with an eccentric member, to move the piston to the cylinder housing in a reciprocating action, in order to generate pressurized air. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an air compressor, and more particularly to an air compressor having a stable configuration for stably supporting rotatable members, and for allowing a driving motor to be supported on or attached onto a supporting base at different positions, and for allowing the driving motor to be stably coupled to the cylinder housing with a solid supporting base. 2. Description of the Prior Art Typical air compressors comprise a cylinder attached or secured to a base and having a piston slidably disposed therein, and a motor secured to the base and coupled to the piston of the cylinder for actuating or driving the piston of the cylinder in reciprocating action. The applicant has developed various kinds of typical air compressors, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,163 to Chou, which may also comprise a motor coupled to a piston of a cylinder with an eccentric member, and the eccentric member will be rotated in a great speed by the motor, in order to drive the cylinders. However, the motor may be attached to a supporting base at a predetermined position only, but may not be attached to the other portions on the supporting base. U.S. Pat. No. 6,655,928 to Chou discloses another typical air compressor which comprise two motors to be selectively attached to a supporting base at two different positions, to allow two motors of different driving strengths to be selectively attached onto the supporting base, for driving the piston of the cylinder at different rate or speed. Normally, the piston of the cylinder will be drive in a great speed by the motor via an eccentric member, such that the eccentric members are required to be smoothly secured or supported on the base, and are required to be prevented from being swung or vibrated relative to the supporting base. However, the cylinder housing is required to be attached onto the supporting base, and the motors are also required to be attached onto the supporting base selectively, such that the coupling between the motors and the cylinder housing may have a good chance to become loose, and such that the motor may have a good chance to swing or vibrate relative to the supporting base. Furthermore, the typical air compressors may not be used to easily couple to various kinds of facilities that require pressurized air supplied thereto. The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional air compressors. | Title:
Air compressor having stable configuration
Abstract:
An air compressor includes a supporting base having an arm extended from a plate, and a cylinder housing formed integral with the arm and the plate and having an outlet tube. The cylinder housing includes three or more ducts extended outwardly from the outlet tube and communicating with the outlet tube, for attaching a pressure gauge, a nozzle or other devices. A piston is slidably received in the cylinder housing. A motor is attached to the plate, and includes a spindle extendible through either the lower or the upper portion of the plate, and coupled to the piston with an eccentric member, to move the piston to the cylinder housing in a reciprocating action, in order to generate pressurized air.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an air compressor, and more particularly to an air compressor having a stable configuration for stably supporting rotatable members, and for allowing a driving motor to be supported on or attached onto a supporting base at different positions, and for allowing the driving motor to be stably coupled to the cylinder housing with a solid supporting base. 2. Description of the Prior Art Typical air compressors comprise a cylinder attached or secured to a base and having a piston slidably disposed therein, and a motor secured to the base and coupled to the piston of the cylinder for actuating or driving the piston of the cylinder in reciprocating action. The applicant has developed various kinds of typical air compressors, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,163 to Chou, which may also comprise a motor coupled to a piston of a cylinder with an eccentric member, and the eccentric member will be rotated in a great speed by the motor, in order to drive the cylinders. However, the motor may be attached to a supporting base at a predetermined position only, but may not be attached to the other portions on the supporting base. U.S. Pat. No. 6,655,928 to Chou discloses another typical air compressor which comprise two motors to be selectively attached to a supporting base at two different positions, to allow two motors of different driving strengths to be selectively attached onto the supporting base, for driving the piston of the cylinder at different rate or speed. Normally, the piston of the cylinder will be drive in a great speed by the motor via an eccentric member, such that the eccentric members are required to be smoothly secured or supported on the base, and are required to be prevented from being swung or vibrated relative to the supporting base. However, the cylinder housing is required to be attached onto the supporting base, and the motors are also required to be attached onto the supporting base selectively, such that the coupling between the motors and the cylinder housing may have a good chance to become loose, and such that the motor may have a good chance to swing or vibrate relative to the supporting base. Furthermore, the typical air compressors may not be used to easily couple to various kinds of facilities that require pressurized air supplied thereto. The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional air compressors. |
10936842 | 2,004 | Slide case with pivotable stand member for handheld computing device | A handheld computing device includes a display screen, a main housing portion, a removable case, and a stand member. The main housing retains the display screen. The removable case is adapted to slidably fit over at least part of the main housing. The stand member is pivotably coupled to the case. The stand member, the case, and the main housing are configured so that the main housing may be retained at a tilt angle relative to a surface by the stand member and the case when the case is laying on the surface and when the stand member is pivoted relative to the case to form a stand angle between the stand member and the case. Preferably, the handheld computing device is a system adapted to have a storage configuration, a laying usage configuration, and a tilted usage configuration. The handheld computing device may be a graphing calculator, for example. | BACKGROUND Handheld computing devices have become a commonly used tool in education, business, engineering, and field services. In the context of education, for example, handheld computing devices are beginning to be integrated into many teaching programs. Many schools now allow and encourage students in math classes to use graphing calculators to aid students in learning about advanced math topics, such as trigonometry and calculus. Examples of handheld computing devices include, but are not necessarily limited to: graphical calculators, calculators with a multi-line screen, scientific calculators, advance calculators able to upload and run software applications, handheld-size limited-purpose computer devices, handheld-sized educational computer devices, handheld-sized portable computer device having a multi-line screen, portable computer devices having a video screen, personal digital assistants (PDA), palmtop computers, handheld computing devices with a touch screen interface, personal communicators, personal intelligent communicators, cellular or mobile telephones having a multi-line screen, global positioning system (GPS) devices, portable inventory logging computer devices having a multi-line screen (as may be used by courier deliverers, for example), handheld monitoring devices having a multi-line screen (as may be used by meter readers, for example), handheld parking ticket administering devices having a multi-line screen, handheld portable email computer devices having a multi-line screen, handheld portable Internet browsing devices, handheld portable gaming devices, and any combination thereof, for example. Most graphing calculators have simple LCD screens to reduce the battery usage and to keep the price of the calculators affordable for students. However, such LCD screens often require the user to hold the calculator at a certain titled angle or to lean over a calculator laying flat on a desk to view the information on the screen. Also, a glare caused by overhead lights as a calculator lays flat on a desk or work surface can make it difficult to read an LCD screen. These factors often cause the user to hold the device in one hand or to repeatedly lean over the device as it lays on a flat surface. Repeatedly leaning over the device can get tiresome, especially during frequent use of the device, and may cause a poor posture during use of the device. Hence, it would be desirable to make the device more comfortable and ergonomic to use while reducing the tendency to cause a user to sit or work using a poor posture. Furthermore, during use of a handheld computing device, it is often desirable to have both hands free without having to repeatedly pick up and set down the device during repeated use. For example, it may be desirable to use a keyboard (for the device or for another device, like a personal computer) while using the handheld computing device. Or as another example, a user may be holding a telephone with one hand while trying to use the device. Also if the user is attempting to write with a pen or pencil (e.g., taking a test, taking notes in class, working) while also needing to use the device, it would be preferred to not have to repeatedly pick up the device each time or lean over the device. Hence, there is a need for a way to hold and retain a comfortable viewing position for a handheld computing device to enhance the ease, speed, and ergonomics of using the device. | Title:
Slide case with pivotable stand member for handheld computing device
Abstract:
A handheld computing device includes a display screen, a main housing portion, a removable case, and a stand member. The main housing retains the display screen. The removable case is adapted to slidably fit over at least part of the main housing. The stand member is pivotably coupled to the case. The stand member, the case, and the main housing are configured so that the main housing may be retained at a tilt angle relative to a surface by the stand member and the case when the case is laying on the surface and when the stand member is pivoted relative to the case to form a stand angle between the stand member and the case. Preferably, the handheld computing device is a system adapted to have a storage configuration, a laying usage configuration, and a tilted usage configuration. The handheld computing device may be a graphing calculator, for example.
Background:
BACKGROUND Handheld computing devices have become a commonly used tool in education, business, engineering, and field services. In the context of education, for example, handheld computing devices are beginning to be integrated into many teaching programs. Many schools now allow and encourage students in math classes to use graphing calculators to aid students in learning about advanced math topics, such as trigonometry and calculus. Examples of handheld computing devices include, but are not necessarily limited to: graphical calculators, calculators with a multi-line screen, scientific calculators, advance calculators able to upload and run software applications, handheld-size limited-purpose computer devices, handheld-sized educational computer devices, handheld-sized portable computer device having a multi-line screen, portable computer devices having a video screen, personal digital assistants (PDA), palmtop computers, handheld computing devices with a touch screen interface, personal communicators, personal intelligent communicators, cellular or mobile telephones having a multi-line screen, global positioning system (GPS) devices, portable inventory logging computer devices having a multi-line screen (as may be used by courier deliverers, for example), handheld monitoring devices having a multi-line screen (as may be used by meter readers, for example), handheld parking ticket administering devices having a multi-line screen, handheld portable email computer devices having a multi-line screen, handheld portable Internet browsing devices, handheld portable gaming devices, and any combination thereof, for example. Most graphing calculators have simple LCD screens to reduce the battery usage and to keep the price of the calculators affordable for students. However, such LCD screens often require the user to hold the calculator at a certain titled angle or to lean over a calculator laying flat on a desk to view the information on the screen. Also, a glare caused by overhead lights as a calculator lays flat on a desk or work surface can make it difficult to read an LCD screen. These factors often cause the user to hold the device in one hand or to repeatedly lean over the device as it lays on a flat surface. Repeatedly leaning over the device can get tiresome, especially during frequent use of the device, and may cause a poor posture during use of the device. Hence, it would be desirable to make the device more comfortable and ergonomic to use while reducing the tendency to cause a user to sit or work using a poor posture. Furthermore, during use of a handheld computing device, it is often desirable to have both hands free without having to repeatedly pick up and set down the device during repeated use. For example, it may be desirable to use a keyboard (for the device or for another device, like a personal computer) while using the handheld computing device. Or as another example, a user may be holding a telephone with one hand while trying to use the device. Also if the user is attempting to write with a pen or pencil (e.g., taking a test, taking notes in class, working) while also needing to use the device, it would be preferred to not have to repeatedly pick up the device each time or lean over the device. Hence, there is a need for a way to hold and retain a comfortable viewing position for a handheld computing device to enhance the ease, speed, and ergonomics of using the device. |
10840310 | 2,004 | Glove apparatus and method | A glove apparatus having a front shell for fielding a ball and a back shell joined to the front shell. The front and back shells cooperate to define a finger region, a heel region, and a thumb region. The ball glove provides more comfort and control than previous gloves. The ball glove may also be lighter weight than conventional gloves of comparable size. A traction panel may be formed in the back shell adjacent an index finger hole. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Gloves for baseball and softball (collectively referred to for simplicity as “baseball gloves”) are nearly as old as the game of baseball itself. Nevertheless, many improvements have been made to baseball gloves over the years as the game has become faster and more difficult to play due to technological advances in the construction of both baseballs and baseball bats. In addition, the increase in fitness, size, and strength of today's players also makes fielding a baseball more challenging. Therefore, baseball glove technology continues to advance to keep pace with other baseball improvements. Some of the obvious changes that have occurred over the years in the design of baseball gloves include the differences between gloves used by catchers, first basemen, and gloves worn by the rest of the players. As understood by those skilled in the art, a catcher's glove is much different in shape and purpose than gloves used for any other positions on the field. As the game has further developed, there are specialty gloves for a number of different positions: catcher, first baseman, infield, pitcher, and outfield. However, most baseball gloves (except possibly a catcher's glove) could be used today by the weekend warrior at any position. One of the developments over the years has been the design of many fielding gloves with an external hole for a player's index finger. Over the years, players discovered that impact force on the hand can be reduced by placing the index finger outside of the glove, rather than in a finger stall. In addition, placing the index finger behind the glove offers some players better control of their gloves. Accordingly, many of today's baseball gloves are specifically designed with a hole in the back to accommodate a player's index finger. However, at a top of the hole designed to accommodate a player's index finger is a binding. The inside knuckle or base of a player's index finger normally lies across the binding, which can be quite uncomfortable. Further, the back of most baseball gloves is usually smooth leather, and does not provide much traction or grip to the index finger. A player's index finger may slip and slide across the back of the typical baseball glove and reduce or eliminate the extra control the player is seeking. In addition, a constant for ball gloves has always been the thumb loop. All conventional baseball gloves have a thumb loop. Some thumb loops are adjustable and generally the thumb loop is used to place the thumb in the glove in a general orientation instead of just floating around inside of the glove. Yet conventional gloves do not have an independent channel for a thumb. Thumb loops add weight to the glove, and some players find themselves fighting the confines of the loop as they use the glove. Thumb loops are uncomfortable for many players. Moreover, as mentioned above, today's baseball and softball games are characterized by fast play and high ball speeds. Conventional ball gloves, however, are sometimes heavy. The heavier the glove, the more difficult and time consuming it is to maneuver the glove into the desired fielding position. Some users often have difficulty handling conventional gloves because of their weights. There is a constant demand for lighter and lighter gloves. The present invention is directed to solving, or at least reducing the effect of, one or more of the problems recited above. | Title:
Glove apparatus and method
Abstract:
A glove apparatus having a front shell for fielding a ball and a back shell joined to the front shell. The front and back shells cooperate to define a finger region, a heel region, and a thumb region. The ball glove provides more comfort and control than previous gloves. The ball glove may also be lighter weight than conventional gloves of comparable size. A traction panel may be formed in the back shell adjacent an index finger hole.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Gloves for baseball and softball (collectively referred to for simplicity as “baseball gloves”) are nearly as old as the game of baseball itself. Nevertheless, many improvements have been made to baseball gloves over the years as the game has become faster and more difficult to play due to technological advances in the construction of both baseballs and baseball bats. In addition, the increase in fitness, size, and strength of today's players also makes fielding a baseball more challenging. Therefore, baseball glove technology continues to advance to keep pace with other baseball improvements. Some of the obvious changes that have occurred over the years in the design of baseball gloves include the differences between gloves used by catchers, first basemen, and gloves worn by the rest of the players. As understood by those skilled in the art, a catcher's glove is much different in shape and purpose than gloves used for any other positions on the field. As the game has further developed, there are specialty gloves for a number of different positions: catcher, first baseman, infield, pitcher, and outfield. However, most baseball gloves (except possibly a catcher's glove) could be used today by the weekend warrior at any position. One of the developments over the years has been the design of many fielding gloves with an external hole for a player's index finger. Over the years, players discovered that impact force on the hand can be reduced by placing the index finger outside of the glove, rather than in a finger stall. In addition, placing the index finger behind the glove offers some players better control of their gloves. Accordingly, many of today's baseball gloves are specifically designed with a hole in the back to accommodate a player's index finger. However, at a top of the hole designed to accommodate a player's index finger is a binding. The inside knuckle or base of a player's index finger normally lies across the binding, which can be quite uncomfortable. Further, the back of most baseball gloves is usually smooth leather, and does not provide much traction or grip to the index finger. A player's index finger may slip and slide across the back of the typical baseball glove and reduce or eliminate the extra control the player is seeking. In addition, a constant for ball gloves has always been the thumb loop. All conventional baseball gloves have a thumb loop. Some thumb loops are adjustable and generally the thumb loop is used to place the thumb in the glove in a general orientation instead of just floating around inside of the glove. Yet conventional gloves do not have an independent channel for a thumb. Thumb loops add weight to the glove, and some players find themselves fighting the confines of the loop as they use the glove. Thumb loops are uncomfortable for many players. Moreover, as mentioned above, today's baseball and softball games are characterized by fast play and high ball speeds. Conventional ball gloves, however, are sometimes heavy. The heavier the glove, the more difficult and time consuming it is to maneuver the glove into the desired fielding position. Some users often have difficulty handling conventional gloves because of their weights. There is a constant demand for lighter and lighter gloves. The present invention is directed to solving, or at least reducing the effect of, one or more of the problems recited above. |
10890909 | 2,004 | Infusion port | An access portal is provided including a housing, a body defining a fluid reservoir, and a septum enclosing the fluid reservoir. A stem may be provided in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir through an outlet passage extending form the fluid reservoir. The access portal may also include at least one volume reduction member disposed within the fluid reservoir. The volume reduction member within the fluid reservoir may reduce the fluid fill volume of the fluid reservoir. | BACKGROUND Direct access to the vascular system is a quick and effective way to administer a variety of drug therapies, provide nutrition, and/or sample blood. Currently, regular access to the vascular system is gained by using a device specifically designed for this task. Several types or families of these devices exist in the market today. Among them are needles, catheters and a group of devices known as implanted access portals. Vascular access has evolved through the years to improve treatment of a number of chronic and non-chronic diseases. Needles have been used for many years to inject vaccines and antibiotics or withdraw blood. Although still widely used today, needles have several limitations that do not allow them to be used with all therapies. In the early 1970's the use of vascular access catheters was perfected. Vascular access catheters allowed long term antibiotic, chemo, and nutritional therapies to be administered without having to change the access device. Additionally, vascular access catheters made it possible to introduce a medicament into a large enough vessel to allow the hemo-dilution required for some of the more toxic therapeutic drugs. This type of catheter provides a significant improvement over needles for long-term access, however, the external segment of such catheters may be prone to infection and requires constant maintenance. The latest development in vascular access is the implanted access portal, or ports. These portals eliminate the need for an external segment and therefore do not have the drawbacks of catheters. Although considered new technology in the field of vascular access, implanted access portals have existed in the market for over 20 years. Use of these products has increased dramatically during this period because they are generally the device of choice for long-term vascular access. They are particularly suited for long-term use because the entire device is implanted under the skin. Implantability is one factor in the success of the implantable access portals because it allows the patient to perform ordinary daily task such as bathing and swimming without worrying about harming an external segment of an access device or increasing the chance of infection. Thus the quality of life for the patient is improved and the clinician is presented with fewer device related complications. Typically implanted access portals consist of a housing, a self-sealing septum, and an attachable or pre-connected catheter. Portal housings can be made of a variety of materials including plastic, metal, or a combination of both. The self-sealing septum is generally made of an elastomer such as silicone. Catheters are also generally made of a highly flexible material such as silicone or polyurethane. Different materials are used to manufacture the components to achieve certain desired characteristics in the portal (i.e. plastic is not radiopaque, therefore the port will not show up on fluoroscopy). Implanted access portals are also designed in such a way that their size (height and footprint), shape, and number of lumens are appropriate for the intended use. Number of lumens can be critical if a patient requires simultaneous infusion of incompatible solutions or isolation of blood sampling. As concurrent therapies become more popular the need for a wider variety of dual-lumen ports has increased. During the life cycle of an implanted infusion portal a variety of complications can arise that may limit its functionality or render it useless altogether. Among these complications is “sludge buildup” or unwanted buildup of precipitate in the portal reservoir. This buildup is generally caused by improper or inadequate flushing of the portal. Typically portals are cleared or flushed immediately after aspiration or infusion. Routine flushing or maintenance is also performed when a portal is used infrequently or not at all. Flushing usually consists of injecting saline solution or saline solution containing an anti-coagulant, such as Heparin, through the reservoir and out the catheter into the vascular system. Generally the instructions for use will specify the volume of fluid and frequency required for proper maintenance. | Title:
Infusion port
Abstract:
An access portal is provided including a housing, a body defining a fluid reservoir, and a septum enclosing the fluid reservoir. A stem may be provided in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir through an outlet passage extending form the fluid reservoir. The access portal may also include at least one volume reduction member disposed within the fluid reservoir. The volume reduction member within the fluid reservoir may reduce the fluid fill volume of the fluid reservoir.
Background:
BACKGROUND Direct access to the vascular system is a quick and effective way to administer a variety of drug therapies, provide nutrition, and/or sample blood. Currently, regular access to the vascular system is gained by using a device specifically designed for this task. Several types or families of these devices exist in the market today. Among them are needles, catheters and a group of devices known as implanted access portals. Vascular access has evolved through the years to improve treatment of a number of chronic and non-chronic diseases. Needles have been used for many years to inject vaccines and antibiotics or withdraw blood. Although still widely used today, needles have several limitations that do not allow them to be used with all therapies. In the early 1970's the use of vascular access catheters was perfected. Vascular access catheters allowed long term antibiotic, chemo, and nutritional therapies to be administered without having to change the access device. Additionally, vascular access catheters made it possible to introduce a medicament into a large enough vessel to allow the hemo-dilution required for some of the more toxic therapeutic drugs. This type of catheter provides a significant improvement over needles for long-term access, however, the external segment of such catheters may be prone to infection and requires constant maintenance. The latest development in vascular access is the implanted access portal, or ports. These portals eliminate the need for an external segment and therefore do not have the drawbacks of catheters. Although considered new technology in the field of vascular access, implanted access portals have existed in the market for over 20 years. Use of these products has increased dramatically during this period because they are generally the device of choice for long-term vascular access. They are particularly suited for long-term use because the entire device is implanted under the skin. Implantability is one factor in the success of the implantable access portals because it allows the patient to perform ordinary daily task such as bathing and swimming without worrying about harming an external segment of an access device or increasing the chance of infection. Thus the quality of life for the patient is improved and the clinician is presented with fewer device related complications. Typically implanted access portals consist of a housing, a self-sealing septum, and an attachable or pre-connected catheter. Portal housings can be made of a variety of materials including plastic, metal, or a combination of both. The self-sealing septum is generally made of an elastomer such as silicone. Catheters are also generally made of a highly flexible material such as silicone or polyurethane. Different materials are used to manufacture the components to achieve certain desired characteristics in the portal (i.e. plastic is not radiopaque, therefore the port will not show up on fluoroscopy). Implanted access portals are also designed in such a way that their size (height and footprint), shape, and number of lumens are appropriate for the intended use. Number of lumens can be critical if a patient requires simultaneous infusion of incompatible solutions or isolation of blood sampling. As concurrent therapies become more popular the need for a wider variety of dual-lumen ports has increased. During the life cycle of an implanted infusion portal a variety of complications can arise that may limit its functionality or render it useless altogether. Among these complications is “sludge buildup” or unwanted buildup of precipitate in the portal reservoir. This buildup is generally caused by improper or inadequate flushing of the portal. Typically portals are cleared or flushed immediately after aspiration or infusion. Routine flushing or maintenance is also performed when a portal is used infrequently or not at all. Flushing usually consists of injecting saline solution or saline solution containing an anti-coagulant, such as Heparin, through the reservoir and out the catheter into the vascular system. Generally the instructions for use will specify the volume of fluid and frequency required for proper maintenance. |
10991129 | 2,004 | Method, apparatus, and system for automatically positioning a probe or sensor | A self-contained hardware/software system has been designed to provide anatomy-referenced positioning of a probe or sensor, such as a TMS coil, with respect to a subject. The system may be used in interleaved TMS/fMRI studies of brain circuitry. The system allows the TMS coil to be positioned with millimeter accuracy based on anatomical target locations selected in an MR volume of a subject's brain acquired at the beginning of the interleaved TMS/fMRI study. The TMS coil may then be held in that position during subsequent scans. | BACKGROUND The present invention relates generally to the positioning of a probe or sensor. More particularly, the present invention relates to the automatic positioning of a probe or sensor with respect to a subject using magnetic resonance imaging. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with neuroimaging has potential in the studying of effective conductivity of brain circuits and has afforded new opportunities for investigation of cortical function. Development of techniques for neuronavigation based upon individual anatomic and functional images remains an area of concentrated investigation. It is possible to interleave TMS with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to visualize regional brain activity in response to direct, non-invasive stimulation. Details of this interleaving are described, for example, in a commonly assigned PCT Application entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Determining Effects and Optimizing Parameters of Vagus Never Stimulation”, filed on or about May 5, 2003, Attorney Docket No. 19113.0094P1 hereby incorporated by reference. A major practical difficulty in this effort is accurately positioning and holding the TMS coil for stimulation, and further, relating its position to brain anatomy. Positioning a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil on the scalp of a subject using a probabilistic approach based on average locations of cortical anatomy lacks both accuracy and precision for individual subjects. Analysis of cortical response to TMS based upon mapping of TMS location to separately obtained anatomic images cannot demonstrate direct temporal causation. There are commercial sterotactic systems which use magnetic resonance (MR) images on a special workstation combined with a probe at the end of an articulated arm. The position of the probe is displayed on a display of the MR image. However, these systems are not MR compatible so they cannot work during an MR study. Also, these systems are not capable of holding a TMS coil and do not actually position the probe. They only show the probe's position relative to the MR images. Efforts to modify a surgical robot so that a TMS coil can be mounted at the end of the robotic arm so that a TMS coil may be positioned over a point identified in an MR image displayed on a console have as yet been unsuccessful. Even if such efforts were successful, such a device would not be MR-compatible so it could not operate in real time in conjunction with an MR scanner. Thus, it would be far too complex and expensive for use in MR-guided positioning of a TMS coil during office visit TMS treatments. | Title:
Method, apparatus, and system for automatically positioning a probe or sensor
Abstract:
A self-contained hardware/software system has been designed to provide anatomy-referenced positioning of a probe or sensor, such as a TMS coil, with respect to a subject. The system may be used in interleaved TMS/fMRI studies of brain circuitry. The system allows the TMS coil to be positioned with millimeter accuracy based on anatomical target locations selected in an MR volume of a subject's brain acquired at the beginning of the interleaved TMS/fMRI study. The TMS coil may then be held in that position during subsequent scans.
Background:
BACKGROUND The present invention relates generally to the positioning of a probe or sensor. More particularly, the present invention relates to the automatic positioning of a probe or sensor with respect to a subject using magnetic resonance imaging. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with neuroimaging has potential in the studying of effective conductivity of brain circuits and has afforded new opportunities for investigation of cortical function. Development of techniques for neuronavigation based upon individual anatomic and functional images remains an area of concentrated investigation. It is possible to interleave TMS with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to visualize regional brain activity in response to direct, non-invasive stimulation. Details of this interleaving are described, for example, in a commonly assigned PCT Application entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Determining Effects and Optimizing Parameters of Vagus Never Stimulation”, filed on or about May 5, 2003, Attorney Docket No. 19113.0094P1 hereby incorporated by reference. A major practical difficulty in this effort is accurately positioning and holding the TMS coil for stimulation, and further, relating its position to brain anatomy. Positioning a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil on the scalp of a subject using a probabilistic approach based on average locations of cortical anatomy lacks both accuracy and precision for individual subjects. Analysis of cortical response to TMS based upon mapping of TMS location to separately obtained anatomic images cannot demonstrate direct temporal causation. There are commercial sterotactic systems which use magnetic resonance (MR) images on a special workstation combined with a probe at the end of an articulated arm. The position of the probe is displayed on a display of the MR image. However, these systems are not MR compatible so they cannot work during an MR study. Also, these systems are not capable of holding a TMS coil and do not actually position the probe. They only show the probe's position relative to the MR images. Efforts to modify a surgical robot so that a TMS coil can be mounted at the end of the robotic arm so that a TMS coil may be positioned over a point identified in an MR image displayed on a console have as yet been unsuccessful. Even if such efforts were successful, such a device would not be MR-compatible so it could not operate in real time in conjunction with an MR scanner. Thus, it would be far too complex and expensive for use in MR-guided positioning of a TMS coil during office visit TMS treatments. |
10799317 | 2,004 | Disc media retainer | A disc media retainer includes a disc hub member, an annular flange, and a data storage disc. The disc hub member includes a threaded central bore that extends between an open top and an open bottom. The threaded central bore of the disc hub member is configured to receive a threaded spindle hub. The annular flange is attached to the disc hub member and surrounds the central bore. The data storage disc is mounted on the annular flange and includes a central opening that is defined by an interior edge that surrounds the disc hub member. | BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Modern computers employ various forms of storage systems for storing programs and data. These storage systems include disc drive systems that operate under the control of a computer to record information to, or retrieve information from, one or more data storage discs using reading and writing heads. The data storage discs are generally supported for rotation on a spindle hub that is rotatably driven by a motor of the disc drive. The spindle hub can be a rotatable shaft or a sleeve surrounding a shaft of a bearing cartridge, for example. The discs must be secured to the spindle hub such that proper registration of the discs for reading and/or writing purposes can be achieved. Additionally, the discs must be mounted securely to the spindle hub to prevent them from dislodging and moving in the axial or radial direction once mounted to the spindle hub. Also, it is desirable that the discs be mounted to the spindle hub without deforming the discs, which would adversely affect the reading and writing performance of the heads. Finally, it is desirable that the height required to mount the discs to the spindle hub be minimized to meet the never-ending demands for smaller and shorter disc drives. This is particularly important for the formation of compact flash type I disc drives, which have a thickness of only 3.3 millimeters. Various methods have been used to mount the discs to the spindle hub. Most disc drives utilize a disc clamp that includes a circular plate that attaches to a top surface of the spindle hub with one or more screws. One or more discs are pinched between the circular plate and a shoulder of the spindle hub. Unfortunately, the circular plate and the screw undesirably add height to the disc drive beyond the height of the spindle hub. In addition, the pinching of the discs can produce localized stresses in the discs, which distort the shape of the discs at the inner diameter thereby reducing data reading and writing performance. Discs can also be mounted to the spindle hub using a heat-shrink ring, which is attached to the top of the spindle hub. This type of disc clamp is often referred to as a shrink-fit disc clamp. A ring is heated so that it expands such that the inner diameter of the ring is greater than the outer diameter of the spindle hub. A tool is then used to transfer the heated ring to the top of the disc stack and to apply a clamping force to the heated ring. The clamping force is maintained on the ring as it cools resulting in the application of a substantially uniform axial load to the discs. Unfortunately, mounting of the discs to the drive using such a shrink-fit disc clamp can be complicated and problems with slippage of the ring on the spindle hub can arise. There exists a never-ending demand for improvements to disc drives including the manner in which the data storage discs are mounted to the spindle hub. In particular, it is desirable to securely mount discs to the spindle hub without adding to the height of the disc drive. | Title:
Disc media retainer
Abstract:
A disc media retainer includes a disc hub member, an annular flange, and a data storage disc. The disc hub member includes a threaded central bore that extends between an open top and an open bottom. The threaded central bore of the disc hub member is configured to receive a threaded spindle hub. The annular flange is attached to the disc hub member and surrounds the central bore. The data storage disc is mounted on the annular flange and includes a central opening that is defined by an interior edge that surrounds the disc hub member.
Background:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Modern computers employ various forms of storage systems for storing programs and data. These storage systems include disc drive systems that operate under the control of a computer to record information to, or retrieve information from, one or more data storage discs using reading and writing heads. The data storage discs are generally supported for rotation on a spindle hub that is rotatably driven by a motor of the disc drive. The spindle hub can be a rotatable shaft or a sleeve surrounding a shaft of a bearing cartridge, for example. The discs must be secured to the spindle hub such that proper registration of the discs for reading and/or writing purposes can be achieved. Additionally, the discs must be mounted securely to the spindle hub to prevent them from dislodging and moving in the axial or radial direction once mounted to the spindle hub. Also, it is desirable that the discs be mounted to the spindle hub without deforming the discs, which would adversely affect the reading and writing performance of the heads. Finally, it is desirable that the height required to mount the discs to the spindle hub be minimized to meet the never-ending demands for smaller and shorter disc drives. This is particularly important for the formation of compact flash type I disc drives, which have a thickness of only 3.3 millimeters. Various methods have been used to mount the discs to the spindle hub. Most disc drives utilize a disc clamp that includes a circular plate that attaches to a top surface of the spindle hub with one or more screws. One or more discs are pinched between the circular plate and a shoulder of the spindle hub. Unfortunately, the circular plate and the screw undesirably add height to the disc drive beyond the height of the spindle hub. In addition, the pinching of the discs can produce localized stresses in the discs, which distort the shape of the discs at the inner diameter thereby reducing data reading and writing performance. Discs can also be mounted to the spindle hub using a heat-shrink ring, which is attached to the top of the spindle hub. This type of disc clamp is often referred to as a shrink-fit disc clamp. A ring is heated so that it expands such that the inner diameter of the ring is greater than the outer diameter of the spindle hub. A tool is then used to transfer the heated ring to the top of the disc stack and to apply a clamping force to the heated ring. The clamping force is maintained on the ring as it cools resulting in the application of a substantially uniform axial load to the discs. Unfortunately, mounting of the discs to the drive using such a shrink-fit disc clamp can be complicated and problems with slippage of the ring on the spindle hub can arise. There exists a never-ending demand for improvements to disc drives including the manner in which the data storage discs are mounted to the spindle hub. In particular, it is desirable to securely mount discs to the spindle hub without adding to the height of the disc drive. |
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