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I.
The audience was super engaged which made it very nice to be on stage. The questions, also in the hallway track, were surprisingly technical. In fact, most of the conference was around Kernel stuff. At least in the English speaking track. There is certainly a lot of potential for Free Software communities. I hope we can recruit these excellent people for writing Free Software.
Lennart eventually talked about CAsync and how you can use that to ship your images. I’m especially interested in the cryptography involved to defend against certain attacks. We also talked about how to protect the integrity of the files on the offline disk, e.g. when your machine is off and some can access the (encrypted) drive. Currently, LUKS does not use authenticated encryption which makes it possible that an attacker can flip some bits in the disk image you read.
Canonical’s Christian Brauner talked about mounting in user namespaces which, historically, seemed to have been a contentious topic. I found that interesting, because I think we currently have a problem: Filesystem drivers are not meant for dealing with maliciously crafted images. Let that sink for a moment. Your kernel cannot deal with arbitrary data on the pen drive you’ve found on the street and are now inserting into your system. So yeah, I think we should work on allowing for insertion of random images without having to risk a crash of the system. One approach might be libguestfs, but launching a full VM every time might be a bit too much. Also you might somehow want to promote drives as being trusted enough to get the benefit of higher bandwidth and lower latency. So yeah, so much work left to be done. ouf.
Then, Tycho Andersen talked about forwarding syscalls to userspace. Pretty exciting and potentially related to the disk image problem mentioned above. His opening example was the loading of a kernel module from within a container. This is scary, of course, and you shouldn’t be able to do it. But you may very well want that if you have to deal with (proprietary) legacy code like Cisco, his employer, does. Eventually, they provide a special seccomp filter which forwards all the syscall details back to userspace.
As I’ve already mentioned, the conference was highly technical and kernel focussed. That’s very good, because I could have enlightening discussions which hopefully get me forward in solving a few of my problems. Another one of those I was able to discuss with Jakob on the days around the conference which involves the capabilities of USB keyboards. Eventually, you wouldn’t want your machine to be hijacked by a malicious security device like the Yubikey. I have some idea there involving modifying the USB descriptor to remove the capabilities of sending funny keys. Stay tuned.
Anyway, we’ve visited the city and the country before and after the event and it’s certainly worth a visit. I was especially surprised by the coffee that was readily available in high quality and large quantities.
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https://blogs.gnome.org/muelli/tag/osdnconf/
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IPython notebook is a very nice experimentation platform, however it seems to be a little unintuitive to use when using as part of a larger ‘non-experimental’ codebase. The following shows how a couple of directory tweaks can be made without altering any IPython configuration files.
If there’s a better way to do this, please let me know. This feels like a hack.
Subdirectory model desired
When coding up a larger project, it’s helpful to have everything in the familiar directory structure :
./ # {BASE DIRECTORY} ./src/*.py ./src/Module1/__init__.py # ...(etc) ./src/Module2/__init__.py # ...(etc) ./data/*.csv ./notebooks/*.ipynb
And standard scripts (for instance
src/xyz.py) can be run in
{BASE} by simply :
python src/xyz.py
Such scripts can import the internal modules straightforwardly (eg:
import Module1), and the base directory for accessing the data will be
data/.
At the same time, the IPython notebooks are kept in a separate
notebooks/ directory, which is what messes up all the paths.
IPython notebook preamble
Open up a new IPython notebook in
notebooks/, and have the following cell at the start to pull in the modules, and data with the correct relative paths :
%pushd %cd ../src import Module1 %cd .. p = Module1.Obj('Something', 'datafile', 17) %popd
Running matplotlib thereafter :
%matplotlib inline import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (16.0, 8.0) import numpy as np
blog comments powered by Disqus
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http://blog.mdda.net/oss/2014/10/20/directories-in-ipython
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Compute Shortest Common Supersequence in C ++
In this tutorial of CodeSpeedy, we will learn about the Shortest Common Supersequence problem using C++ in a very simple way.
This is a famous interview question. We will learn to write program code in C++ in an easy way by using a simple concept. If you don’t know anything about this or how to write a program. It’s OK, you are in the right place, let’s go through it.
Firstly, What do you mean by the shortest common supersequence? Here, Two strings X and Y will be given, and we will try to find the shortest possible common sequence of these two string sequences. To do that, first of all, we will have to find all the alphabets that are common in both the strings X and Y better known as the Longest Common Subsequence. After finding the longest common subsequence, add all the remaining alphabet ( other than LCS ) of both string into the LCS without repeating any alphabet. And, your SCS is ready. Usually, SCS is not a unique string.
Given two strings string1 and string 2. NOW find the shortest common sequence that is present in both string 1 and string 2.
Examples:
Let’s see some examples-
Input: Str 1= “ABCDEF” and Str2= “XYDEF” Output: Here, the super-sequence is “ABCDEFXY”. So the length of the SCS for the given strings is 8. Input: Str 1= “AGGTAB” and str2= “GXTXAYB” Output: Here, the super-sequence is “AGXGTXAYB”. So, the length of the SCS for the given strings is 8.
Steps for writing the above program:
STEP 1: Start by finding the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) of two given strings.
String1 = “AGGTAB” and String2 = “GXTXAYB”. Longest Common Subsequence of given str1 and str2 is “AGTB”.
STEP 2: Then insert into it those characters from the two strings that are not in the LCS.
The shortest common super-sequence of the following given string is “AGXGTXAYB”.
Program:
Now, let’s begin to write code for the shortest common supersequence problem using the above concept described –
// C++ program for the shortest supersequence #include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int max(int s1, int s2) { return (s1 > s2)? s1 : s2; } // Returns LCS int lowestCommonSequence(char *X, char *Y, int x, int y); int shortestSuperSequence(char *X, char *Y) { int x = strlen(X), y = strlen(Y); // find lcs int l = lowestCommonSequence(X, Y, x, y); //Result=sum of input string-lowestCommonSequence return (x + y - l); } // Returns length of LCS int lowestCommonSequence( char *X, char *Y, int x, int y) { int L[x + 1][y + 1]; int i, j; for (i = 0; i <= x; i++) { for (j = 0; j <= y; j++) { if (i == 0 || j == 0) L[i][j] = 0; else if (X[i - 1] == Y[j - 1]) L[i][j] = L[i - 1][j - 1] + 1; else L[i][j] = max(L[i - 1][j], L[i][j - 1]); } } return L[x][y]; } // Main function int main() { char X[] = "AGGTAB"; char Y[] = "GXTXAYB"; cout << "Length of the shortest supersequence is " << shortestSuperSequence(X, Y) << endl; return 0; }
Output:-
The output for the above-given program is as follow:
Length of the shortest supersequence is 8.
Thank you!
I hope this will help you.
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https://www.codespeedy.com/compute-shortest-common-supersequence-in-c/
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As well as finally seeing the RTM of the .NET Core tooling, Visual Studio 2017 brought a whole host of new things to the table. Among these is C# 7.0, which introduces a number of new features to the language.
Many of these features are essentially syntactic sugar over things that were already possible, but were harder work or more cumbersome in earlier versions of the language. Tuples feels like one of these features that I'm going to end up using quite a lot.
Deconstructing tuples
Often you'll find that you want to return more than one value from a method. There's a number of ways you can achieve this currently (
out parameters,
System.Tuple, custom class) but none of them are particularly smooth. If you really are just returning two pieces of data, without any associated behaviour, then the new tuples added in C# 7 are a great fit.
I won't go into much detail on tuples here, so I suggest you checkout one of the many recent articles introducing the feature if they're new to you. I'm just going to look at one of the associated features of tuples - the ability to deconstruct them.
In the following example, the method
GetUser() returns a tuple consisting of an
integer and a
string:
(int id, string name) GetUser() { return (123, "andrewlock"); }
If I call this method from my code, I can access the
id and
name values by name - so much cleaner than
out parameters or the
Item1,
Item2 of
System.Tuple.
Another feature is the ability to automatically deconstruct the tuple values into separate variables. So for example, I could do:
(var userId, var username) = GetUser(); Console.WriteLine($"The user with id {userId} is {username}");
This creates two variables, an
integer called
userId and a
string called
username. The tuple has been automatically deconstructed into these two variables.
Deconstructing non-tuples
This feature is great, but it is actually not limited to just tuples - you can add deconstructors to all your classes!
The following example shows a
User class with a deconstructor that returns the
FirstName and
LastName properties:
public class User { public string FirstName { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public string Email { get; set; } public void Deconstruct(out string firstName, out string lastName) { firstName = FirstName; lastName = LastName; } }
With this in place I can deconstruct any
User object:
var user = new User { FirstName = "Joe", LastName = "Bloggs", Email = "[email protected]", Age = 23 }; (var firstName, var lastName) = user; Console.WriteLine($"The user's name is {firstName} {lastName}"); // The user's name is Joe Bloggs
We are creating a
User object, and then deconstructing it into the
firstName and
lastName variables, which are declared as part of the deconstruction (they don't have to be declared inlcline, you can use existing variables too).
To create a deconstructor, create a function of the following form:
public void Deconstruct(out T var1, ..., out T2 var2);
The values that are produced are declared as
out parameters. You can have as many arguments as you like, the caller just needs to provide the correct number of variables when calling the deconstructor. You can even have multiple overloads with different numbers of parameters:
public class User { public string FirstName { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public string Email { get; set; } public void Deconstruct(out string firstName, out string lastName) { firstName = FirstName; lastName = LastName; } public void Deconstruct(out string firstName, out string lastName, out int age) { firstName = FirstName; lastName = LastName; age = Age; } }
The same user could be deconstructed in multiple ways, depending on the needs of the caller:
(var firstName1, var lastName1) = user; (var firstName2, var lastName2, var age) = user;
Ambiguous overloads
One thing that might cross your mind is what happens if you have multiple overloads with the same number of parameters. In the following example I add an additional deconstructor also accepts three parameters, where the third parameter is a string rather than an int:
public partial class User { // remainder of class as before public void Deconstruct(out string firstName, out string lastName, out string email) { firstName = FirstName; lastName = LastName; email = Email; } }
This code compiles, but if you try and actually deconstruct the object you'll get some red squigglies:
At first this seems like it's just a standard C# type inference error - there are two candidate method calls so you need to disambiguate between them by providing explicit types instead of
var. However, even explicitly declaring the type won't clear this one up:
You'll still get the following error:
The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: 'Program.User.Deconstruct(out string, out string, out int)' and 'Program.User.Deconstruct(out string, out string, out string)'
So make sure not to overload multiple
Deconstruct methods in a type with the same numbers of parameters!
Bonus: Predefined type 'System.ValueTuple`2' is not defined or imported
When you first start using tuples, you might get this confusing error:
Predefined type 'System.ValueTuple`2' is not defined or imported
But don't panic, you just need to add the System.ValueTuple NuGet package to your project, and all will be good again:
Summary
This was just a quick look at the deconstruction feature that came in C# 7.0. For a more detailed look, check out some of the links below:
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https://andrewlock.net/deconstructors-for-non-tuple-types-in-c-7-0/
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This concrete class provides the definition of the pure virtual function value(scale) for
.
More...
#include <ShowerAlphaQED.h>
This concrete class provides the definition of the pure virtual function value(scale) for
.
N.B. as we always use
for the radiation of photons this class is very simple.
Definition at line 34 of file ShowerAlphaQED.h.
Make a simple clone of this object.
Implements ThePEG::InterfacedBase.
Definition at line 109 of file ShowerAlphaQED.h. 115 of file ShowerAlphaQED.
Methods to return the coupling.
The methods are equivalent to the QCD ones and are necessary to make use of the virtuality of ShowerAlpha at other places. It returns the running coupling value evaluated at the input scale multiplied by the scale factor scaleFactor().
Implements Herwig::ShowerAlpha.
The static object used to initialize the description of this class.
Indicates that this is a concrete class with persistent data.
Definition at line 133 of file ShowerAlphaQED.h.
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https://herwig.hepforge.org/doxygen/classHerwig_1_1ShowerAlphaQED.html
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22 July 2013 18:22 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--US base oil producer ?xml:namespace>
The producer said continued tight supply of its naphthenic oils and escalating crude oil prices are the primary reasons for the increase initiative.
Other naphthenic base oil suppliers were mulling price increases because of similar reasons, but no other price announcements as yet have emerged.
Naphthenic oil, also called Pale oil, 60 grade viscosity spot prices were most recently assessed at $3.50-3.68/gal (€2.66-2.80/gal) FOB (free on board) plant.
Heavy Pale 2400 oil grade, extensively used in tyre production, was last assessed in spot prices at $3.35-3.82/gal FOB plant.
Naphthenic oil prices last increased in November 2012, market sources
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2013/07/22/9689743/us-calumet-seeking-15-centsgal-increase-for-naphthenic-base-oils.html
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Chapter 13: Creating Form Regions., the detail level will be sufficient that you will not need the sample code to understand the concepts explained in this chapter.
Contents
This section provides a high-level overview of Outlook form region components and the differences between form regions and custom forms using form pages. For the purposes of this chapter, we use the following terminology:
Custom forms with form pages This refers to custom forms and their associated user interface (UI) pages designed in the Outlook Forms Designer in Microsoft Outlook 97 through Outlook 2007 that can be published to a forms library such as the Organizational or Personal Forms Library, a Folder Forms Library, or embedded as a one-off form.
Custom forms with form regions This refers to custom or built-in forms and their associated UI regions designed in the Outlook 2007 Forms Designer and saved as .ofs files. A custom form with form regions is made up of individual form regions registered on the same message class.
Custom forms This refers to a collection of form pages or form regions that make up one whole form. Each item in Outlook has either a standard or custom form associated with it that Outlook will use to render the display of that item in the Inspector, the Reading Pane, or both.
Form Pages Compared with Form Regions
Outlook 2007 provides two different technologies for developing form solutions with Outlook. Both of these customization techniques use the same Outlook Forms Designer, but form regions provide many options and abilities that are lacking with form pages. Custom forms with form pages that are designed for earlier versions of Outlook will continue to work; however, the new Office Fluent Ribbon command UI might change the way custom command bars and controls appear on these custom forms. For new solutions that support Outlook 2007 and future versions, custom forms with form regions are the preferred way to customize Outlook forms. Table 13-1 provides a summary of the top features provided by custom forms and form regions.
Form Region Types
Form regions can be displayed in four different styles, based on the needs of a solution. Each type of form region is designed using the same experience and the same process with the Outlook Forms Designer. The manifest file that defines a form region determines the way Outlook displays the form region.
Adjoining Form Regions
Adjoining form regions are an additive option for an existing standard form or custom form. Adjoining form regions, as shown in Figure 13-1, are displayed in a special region at the bottom of the Inspector, the Reading Pane, or both, and are shown with a header that enables the region to be expanded and collapsed. Adjoining form regions enable developers to add more fields or related information to the first form page without customizing the entire form body.
Separate Form Regions
Separate form regions are another additive option for standard forms or custom forms. Separate form regions are displayed as a new form page on a preexisting form (either custom or standard), as shown in Figure 13-2. The additional form page appears to be part of the form and can be selected using an additional button in the Show group on the Office Fluent Ribbon. Several separate form region pages can be added to a replacement or replace-all form region to build a multipage form.
Replacement and Replace-All Form Regions
Replacement and replace-all form regions are a special type of separate form region that causes default form pages to be removed from an item. A replacement form region will delete the first page of the form pages and replace it with the form region (see Figure 13-3). A replace-all form region will delete all the form pages and display only the replace-all form region and other form regions registered with the item's message class. To build up a multipage custom form with form regions, you combine a replace-all form region with several separate form regions.
Standard Form Types
In addition to the types of form regions, there are also several types of forms in Outlook. Each built-in form type describes one of the standard item types in Outlook. The built-in forms include Message, Post, Task, Appointment, Journal, and Contacts. Using form regions, any part of these built-in forms can be replaced and customized, so you should use the base form type that most closely matches the type of item your form region solution provides. When creating a new form region, the designer does not provide a base template for that particular item type.
Selecting the right base form can make it easier for you to design your form because the Field Chooser will display a list of the most commonly used fields for that item type. However, just because you started to design a form on a contact item, for example, does not mean that form will not function on other item types. As long as the fields used on the form are defined on the item, your form region can be displayed on any item type.
Anatomy of a Form Region Solution
A solution built around form regions includes the following elements:
Form region manifest This file is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file that provides details that define the form region, including how the form region is loaded, what type of form region, and the display text for the form region and the controls. See the section "Authoring a Form Region Manifest" later in this chapter for details on this manifest format.
Form storage file The storage file is a binary file that describes the layout of the form. This file can be created and edited using the Outlook Forms Designer.
Registry entries Each form region needs one or more registry entries that point to the form region manifest. Each registry entry defines one message class that will use the form region. See the section "Registering a Form Region" later in this chapter for more details.
COM add-in (optional) If a form region needs business logic or other custom code running with the form region, that logic is implemented in a COM add-in. The form region manifest file indicates the ProgID or name of the add-in that will be called when the form region is loaded. An add-in can also be used to supply Office Fluent Ribbon customizations for form region items.
This section covers the components of forms in Design mode and discusses the parts of an Outlook form region.
How Is a Form Opened?
Because of security work that went into Microsoft Office Outlook 2003 and Outlook 2007, Outlook no longer supports, by default, loading a form definition from an item. This question then arises: If the form definition doesn't travel with the item, how is the form opened? The answer is that the form is launched by looking for a form that matches the message class on the item in a few different locations. Each item includes a property that indicates the message class of the form that was used to compose the item, such as IPM.Contact. This message class provides an identifier that Outlook compares against the identifier on a form or form region to determine whether the form should be displayed.
When Outlook starts to look for a form with the matching message class, it first checks to see if any form regions are registered for the message class of the item. If a form region is registered and is a replacement or replace-all form region, Outlook stops the search and loads the form regions. If no form region is registered or the form regions are adjoining or separate form regions, Outlook continues to look for a form to load.
If no form region is loaded, Outlook then looks to see whether a custom form is published in the same folder as the item. If no form is found in the folder, Outlook then looks to the Personal Forms Library and then the Organizational Forms Library to see whether a form is available in that library.
If no form is located using the exact message class on the item, Outlook repeats the check for the next class in common. For example, if IPM.Note.Myform.ThisForm does not exist, Outlook tries to open IPM.Note.Myform. If that form definition does not exist, IPM.Note loads and the user sees a standard message form. A form region can override this behavior using a special value in the manifest file that tells Outlook that only items that match the message class exactly should show the form region.
Designing a Form Region
Designing a new form region is very similar to working with a custom form. You can use the same designer interface that Outlook provides for developing custom forms, although the behavior of form regions is more advanced than custom forms. This section describes how to access the Outlook Forms Designer, describes the implications of Design mode, and walks you through creating a new form region.
Outlook Form Design Mode
The following elements (shown in Figure 13-4) are available when an Outlook form is in Design mode:
Forms Designer window This shows the various pages of the form and the form properties and actions.
Toolbox This allows you to add new controls (such as buttons) to the form.
Field Chooser This allows you to select fields for the form.
Properties dialog box This allows you to modify a control or field.
Advanced Properties This is used to modify an advanced property of the form or control.
Entering Design Mode
To design a form region, you must start with a custom form. To enter Design mode for a custom form, follow these steps:
In the Outlook Explorer window, select the Tools menu, point to Forms, and click Design A Form.
Select the base form type that matches the type of form region you will be designing, and click Open. For this example, select Contact.
Outlook then opens a Contact custom form in Design mode. This form is a custom form that contains form pages but does not yet contain a form region. To add a new form region to the Outlook Forms Designer, on the Developer tab, in the Design group, click Form Region, and then click New Form Region. A new tab with the name "(Form Region)" will appear with an empty design surface. This is where you can design the layout of your new form region. Once a form region is open in Design mode, you can adjust the layout of controls, add or remove controls, and adjust the properties of controls on the form.
Renaming a Form Region Tab
To make it easier to keep track of multiple open form regions, you can rename the text that is displayed in the tab strip in the Outlook Forms Designer. To rename the form region page, click the Developer tab. In the Design group, click Page, and then select Rename Page.
The value entered for the page name is only used in the Forms Designer. To rename the text used to represent a separate, replacement, or replace-all form region in the Show group of the Office Fluent Ribbon when the form is running, you need to specify the <formRegionName> element in the form region manifest, which is described later in this chapter.
Saving a Form Region
To save a form region as an Outlook Form Storage (OFS) file, click the Developer tab. In the Design group, click Form Region, and then click Save Form Region As. This displays a Save File dialog box that will let you select the path to save the form region. Form regions can only be saved as .ofs files.
Adding Controls
Controls can be added to a form region in two different ways: using the Control Toolbox or using the Field Chooser. These two methods for adding controls are explained in the following sections.
The Control Toolbox
The Control Toolbox window displays the available controls that can be added to the form. To access the Control Toolbox, on the Developer tab, in the Tools group, click Control Toolbox. By default, this toolbox displays only the Microsoft Forms 2.0 controls that are available for use on custom forms and form regions. For more information on adding the new controls discussed in Chapter 14, "Form Region Controls," see the next section, "Adding Additional Controls to the Control Toolbox." Custom ActiveX controls can also be added to the Control Toolbox and dropped onto a custom form or form region.
To add a control from the Control Toolbox to the form, click that control's icon in the Control Toolbox, and then click the location where the control should be created. If you click the control and then drag it to the form, the control will use a nondefault size. The recommended practice for adding controls to a form region is to use the click and click method rather than click and drag.
Adding Additional Controls to the Control Toolbox
To add additional ActiveX controls, such as the Outlook 2007 form controls, to the Control Toolbox, follow these steps:
Right-click the Controls tab of the Control Toolbox, and select Custom Controls. The Additional Controls window opens, showing all the available controls.
Select the check box next to the ActiveX controls you want to display on the Control Toolbox. Display names for Outlook 2007 form controls begin with "Microsoft Office Outlook."
Click OK to return to the Forms Designer.
Figure 13-5 shows an example of the Control Toolbox and Additional Controls dialog box with the Outlook 2007 form controls selected.
Creating a Control Template
To increase your productivity during the form design phase, you can create a control template by using the selection tool to select a group of controls and then dragging the selection back to the Control Toolbox. Follow these steps to create a control template:
Select the controls you wish to use in the template with the selection tool.
Drag the selection to the Control Toolbox.
Outlook uses the default label New Group for the control template. If you want to rename the control template, right-click the template in the Control Toolbox, and then select Customize New Group.
Enter the correct template name in the Customize Control dialog box in the ToolTip Text edit box. For example, you might create a label and edit box template (see Figure 13-6) and use Label/Edit Controls for the ToolTip text.
Click OK to accept the new ToolTip text for the control template.
When you use a control template, you can either click the control template and drag it from the Control Toolbox to your form, or you can select the control template in the Control Toolbox and then click on the form design surface to insert a copy of the control template.
Accessing Control Properties
After a control has been added to the custom form or form region, you can set the properties of the control. Control properties determine what the control looks like and how it behaves when the control is running on the form.
Each control added to a form region has the same set of basic properties, which can be set using the Properties window (see Figure 13-7). To open the Properties window, select a control on the form. On the Office Fluent Ribbon Developer tab, in the Tools group, click Property Sheet. If no control is selected, this button will be disabled.
The Properties window has three or four tabs, depending on the type of control selected. If the control supports Outlook data binding, you will see four tabs: Display, Layout, Value, and Validation. If the control does not support Outlook data binding, you will see only three tabs: Display, Layout, and Validation.
The Display tab of the Properties window displays basic properties that adjust the look of the control. On this tab, you can set the name of the control, caption, font, foreground and background color, and whether the control is visible, enabled, read-only, sunken, or multiline. Note that not all of these options are available on every control.
The Layout tab of the Properties window displays properties that adjust how the control is positioned on the form. On this tab, you can adjust the top value, left value, height, and width of the control, and set properties on how the control is automatically positioned on the form. For more information on the automatic layout functionality of form regions, see the section "Understanding Automatic Layout" later in this chapter.
The Value tab of the Properties window displays properties that enable data binding between Outlook properties and the control. On this tab, you select a field from the Outlook item that will be data bound to a property of the control. If you use the Field Chooser to create new controls (see the section "Using the Field Chooser" later in this chapter), this information is automatically populated according to the field you selected.
The Validation tab of the Properties window provides options for basic data validation on some controls. Validation is available only if the control supports data validation, and the control is bound to an Outlook field on the Value tab. If the control does not support data binding or is not bound to a field, the controls on this tab are disabled.
Control Advanced Properties
Beyond the properties exposed through the Properties window, you can access more properties of a control, including properties that are specific to the selected control, by using the Advanced Properties dialog box.
To display the Advanced Properties dialog box, on the Office Fluent Ribbon, on the Developer tab, in the Tools group, click Advanced Properties. This displays the Advanced Properties dialog box for the current control, as shown in Figure 13-8. Unlike the Properties window, the Advanced Properties dialog box can stay open and automatically adjusts the list of properties for the currently selected control. If no control is selected, the properties for the form container are displayed.
Working with Fields
Nearly every form region solution will want to display some information that is stored on the item the form region represents. The best way to accomplish this result is to use the Outlook data binding mechanism to bind the field (also known as an item property or user property) to the control. You can accomplish this data binding by using the Field Chooser, by using the Value tab of the Properties window, or via business logic (code). When a control is data bound, the value of the field is automatically loaded into the control when the form region is opened. The value is also automatically saved back into the field if the control is changed while the form region is open.
Using the Field Chooser
The Field Chooser is the easiest way to add a bound field to a form region. To open the Field Chooser window, on the Office Fluent Ribbon, on the Developer tab, in the Tools group, click Field Chooser. This displays the Field Chooser window shown in Figure 13-9. The Field Chooser window has two components: a drop-down control that shows the field groups, and a list of fields. There are also two buttons at the bottom of the window used to create or remove custom fields.
To create a new control on the form data bound to a field, drag the name of the field to the form design surface. This action automatically creates a label and control for the field. Depending on the field type, the control will be either a text box, combo box, or other standard control. Dragging a control from the Field Chooser window will not create any of the new Outlook-specific controls, like the Outlook Category Control or the Outlook Business Card Control. To use these controls on your form, you must explicitly add them to the form using the Control Toolbox as explained earlier in this chapter.
Binding Data with a Control
Instead of dragging a field from the Field Chooser to the form and allowing Outlook to automatically configure the data binding properties, you can data bind a control already on the form. If you are using a custom ActiveX control, you need to use this approach because the Field Chooser will not create a new custom ActiveX control for a field.
To adjust the data binding properties, click a control and then on the Office Fluent Ribbon, on the Developer tab, in the Tools group, click the Property Sheet button. After the Properties window opens, click the Value tab to view the data binding properties. Figure 13-10 illustrates what these settings look like.
To select the field with which the control will data bind, click Choose Field, and select a new field using the menu that appears. The Type and Format values will automatically be updated to the default for the type of field selected. For some field types, the Format property can be changed to adjust the formatting used when displaying the contents of the property.
You can also use the Property To Use drop-down list to determine which property will be set with the value of the field. If you are using a custom ActiveX control, you can assign the value to a different property than the default Value property. For example, if you want the field data to go into the Text property of the control, you can set Property To Use to be Text.
Creating Custom Fields
In addition to using the standard fields on the item, you can create custom fields known as user properties. There are two ways to create custom fields, and the method of creating the field determines how the field will roam with the form.
If you create a new user property using the Field Chooser, the field will be created in the default folder for the type of form being designed. Fields that have the field definition stored in the folder must be re-created in each folder when an item is copied into that folder for the field to work properly and be available in the Folder Contents view. You will need to use an add-in to make sure the field is properly created before opening an instance of the form in a folder for the first time. See UserDefinedProperties in Chapter 6, "Accessing Outlook Data," for more information on creating a user property in a folder.
If you create a new user property using the Value tab of the Properties window, the field definition will be stored in the form region file and will automatically be available on any item after the form region has been loaded. In this case, you do not need to write an add-in to create the user property in a folder each time an item is opened from a new folder. However, user properties that are defined in the form region cannot be added to the view or used in a search filter for the Restrict method of the Items collection or the Table object. Table 13-2 illustrates how custom property creation for a form region determines the availability of the custom property in a folder.
Polishing Your Form Region
Once you have completed the initial design of a form region, you should take some time to polish the design of the form region to make sure that it fits with the standard Outlook look and feel. Form regions support an advanced automatic layout system that will allow your form to grow and shrink as the user resizes the window. Taking advantage of this system requires understanding how it works and ensuring that your form is designed within the guidelines of the system. If you choose not to use the automatic layout, you can control the layout of the form manually by writing your own resizing code or using a third-party control.
Understanding Automatic Layout
Form regions provide a layout ability that works different from the Resize With Form option that is available on custom form pages. The system used by form regions works similar to what the Outlook built-in forms use to automatically adjust the size of the form to fit the window as it is resized.
The form layout is calculated by fitting a table over the form design, where there is one control per table cell. Each row and column of this layout table will pick up certain margins that keep the controls spaced out as they were initially designed. When the user resizes the window displaying a form region, this table is stretched to fit the new window, and the controls in each cell of the table are adjusted as appropriate. This method is designed to help keep controls aligned in their individual columns on the form so that a control's label and the control itself maintain alignment relative to other controls on the form.
However, there are some limitations to this method, including these:
Controls cannot overlap or intersect. Controls that do overlap or intersect will be ignored when the layout is calculated.
Some controls might "snap" into their place and not stay exactly where they were positioned on the form.
To adjust the way controls are positioned on the form, there are several options on the Layout tab of the Properties window for any control placed on a form region. Figure 13-11 shows an example of these settings. There are five settings that pertain to the layout of the control on the form:
Enable Automatic Layout For This Control This check box determines whether this control is included in the automatic layout scheme or not. If this check box is cleared, the control will not be automatically positioned on the form.
Horizontal The value chosen in this drop-down list box determines how the control is aligned in the layout cell horizontally. If the value is Grow/Shrink With Form, then the control will automatically grow or shrink to fit the available space. Otherwise the control will align according to the selected value.
Minimum Width The value in this text box sets the smallest width to which the control will automatically resize. This allows you to keep a control at a particular minimum size, even as the form shrinks further.
Vertical The setting in this drop-down list box determines how the control is aligned in the layout cell vertically. If the value is set to Grow/Shrink With Form, then the control will automatically expand or collapse vertically to fit the available space. Other values will keep the control aligned vertically without causing the control to resize.
Minimum Height The value in this text box sets the smallest height to which the control will automatically resize. This allows you to keep a control at a particular minimum height, even as the form shrinks smaller.
Layout Guidelines
Designing your form region solution to work in a way similar to the built-in features in Outlook will make it easier for your users to understand your solution because it will work in a manner with which they are already familiar. As part of designing a form region, you should attempt to follow some of the form design guidelines used by the standard Outlook forms, including the following:
Keep four pixels of padding between the edge of the form and any control.
Remember to add the Infobar and Category controls to a replacement or replace-all form region. These controls show important information that might not be displayed in any other way to the user. These controls should be arranged at the top of the form, with the Infobar control above the Category control.
Use a one- or two-column layout to keep the controls organized.
Allow fields that might contain a large amount of text to resize with the form. Fields that contain a small amount of text or a fixed length should not resize.
Configure the body/notes field to resize both vertically and horizontally.
Use additional form pages for less prominent controls.
Use the Office Fluent Ribbon instead of a command button for actions that are not associated with any particular control on the form.
Fixing Layout Errors
Sometimes when a form region uses automatic layout, it might not appear as the designer expected. This is usually due to a problem with the way the form was designed, violating a limitation of the automatic layout logic. A special command exists to detect any controls that might be in a conflict state so that the form developer can adjust the controls as necessary.
To find controls that are in an error state and will not be properly adjusted by the automatic layout logic, on the Office Fluent Ribbon, on the Developer tab, in the Arrange group, click the Region Layout button, and then click Select Controls With Layout Errors. This command selects any controls that are in conflict. Figure 13-12 shows the Region Layout menu expanded. If no controls are selected after clicking this command, everything should lay out properly. This same menu also includes two other options, Recalculate Layout and Resize Layout With Form Designer. These commands can be used to test how the layout will work when the form is run by enabling automatic layout to be used in the designer. However, as a general rule, designing a form with automatic layout enabled might not work as expected and should be avoided.
Form Region Theme Support
To make it easier for a form region solution to look like it is a part of Outlook, form regions automatically support the Outlook visual theme. All of the new Outlook form controls support the Windows themed appearance by default. There are also new Outlook form controls that provide UI elements unique to Outlook 2007, such as the Business Card preview, new colored category strip, and the Contact Photo Control. These controls can be used to ensure a visual similarity between a form region and Outlook built-in forms.
Additionally, special values for some properties of the controls will be automatically adjusted to display using the Outlook colors selected by the user. Table 13-3 explains which properties and values can be used in this way.
Making a Form Region Sendable
In some cases, you might want to make a custom form with form regions that can be sent via e-mail to other recipients. In particular, if you wanted to customize the message or appointment forms in a particular way for a custom form type, you would still want to make sure someone could send one of these messages in a way with which he or she is familiar.
With Outlook 2007, the Send button has moved onto the form page itself instead of being in a toolbar or the Office Fluent Ribbon. To re-create this functionality in a form region, you need to add a command button that provides the same capability. To add a Send button to your form region, follow these steps:
Open the Field Chooser window.
From the drop-down list of field collections, select All Mail Fields.
Find the Submit field in the list, and drag it to your form region. A new button will be created with the label Submit.
You can also add a picture to the Send button by setting the Picture and PictureAlignment properties on the button. The large Send button on e-mail messages and appointment forms shows an envelope icon centered and aligned above the text.
You should also add the Accounts button for users who have more than one account and need to select which account should be used to send the message. To add the Accounts button, follow these steps:
Open the Field Chooser.
From the drop-down list of field collections, select All Mail Fields.
Find the Accounts field in the list, and drag it to the form region.
Click the newly created Accounts button, and open the Advanced Properties dialog box for the control.
Set the DisplayDropArrow property to True.
If your solution is running with an add-in behind the form that contains business logic, you might want to hide the Accounts button if only one account is defined in the Outlook profile. To determine the number of accounts available, you can use the NameSpace.Accounts.Count property and adjust the visibility of the button accordingly.
Differences Between Custom Forms with Form Regions and Custom Forms with Form Pages
For Outlook custom forms with form pages, Outlook automatically adds Send and Accounts buttons to the default built-in Office Fluent Ribbon tab for the item type to allow legacy forms that relied on Microsoft Office Outlook 2003 behavior to continue to work. These buttons will always be enabled and visible, even if VBScript for the custom form disables the Send button on the legacy command bars. Form designers who want to disable the Send button on custom forms in Outlook 2007 need to use Office Fluent Ribbon extensibility or convert the forms to form regions to maintain this behavior.
Now that you've read more about the concepts around form regions and the form region designer, you can move into creating a form region solution. In this example, you will see how to build all the important pieces of an end-to-end form region solution, including creating a form region, hooking that form region up to an add-in, registering the form region, and deploying the solution.
All of the code mentioned in this section is available in the Travel Agency sample on this book's companion Web site. The scenario covered here is an extension to the standard Contact form in Outlook that will provide a new form page with specific client fields, like frequent flyer number, and a list of purchased itineraries.
Step 1: Creating a Form Region
Before you get started writing an add-in behind the form or otherwise working on business logic and deployment, you need to have a form region design. To complete this step, use the Outlook Forms Designer, and create the .ofs file that contains the layout information. Figure 13-13 shows the form region you are creating.
To design this form, follow these steps:
Start Outlook 2007.
On the main menu, point to Tools, click Forms, and then click Design A Form.
Select Contact, and then click Open, as shown in Figure 13-14.Figure 13-14. Design Form dialog box with Contact selected
In the Design group, click Form Region, and then click New Form Region. Figure 13-15 shows the form designer with a new empty form region.Figure 13-15. Designing a new form region
Outlook creates a tab in the Forms Designer titled (Form Region). This tab is now a new form region design surface that you use to design the form region, saving it as an Outlook Form Storage (.ofs) file. For this solution, you need three text boxes, three buttons, one Outlook Business Card Control, one Outlook ComboBox Control, six labels, one Outlook Frame Header Control, and one list box.
To add these controls to the form, follow these steps:
Display the Control Toolbox by going to the Design group of the Office Fluent Ribbon and clicking the Control Toolbox button.
Right-click the Control Toolbox, and select Custom Controls.
Scroll through the list of controls, select the following controls, and click OK.
Microsoft Office Outlook Command Button Control
Microsoft Office Outlook List Control
Microsoft Office Outlook TextBox Control
Microsoft Office Outlook Frame Header Control
Microsoft Office Outlook Business Card Control
Microsoft Office Outlook Label Control
Microsoft Office Outlook ComboBox Control
Drag these controls to the form, and arrange them to look like Figure 13-13.
To adjust the properties of each control, including the control name and caption, right-click each control, and select Properties. For each control, keep the default settings and adjust the properties accordingly:
Full Name text box
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Value: bound to Full Name field
Frequent Flyer text box
Name: TextBoxFFN
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Value: bound to FrequentFlyerNumber (new Text field)
Seat Preference combo box
Name: ComboBoxSeatPref
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Value: bound to SeatPreference
Value: List Type: Droplist
Value: Possible values: Window;Aisle;Middle
Preferred Airline text box
Name: TextBoxPreferredAirline
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Value: bound to PreferredAirline (new Text field)
Last Purchased text box
Name: TextBoxLastPurchase
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Value: bound to LastPurchaseDate (new Date/Time field)
Frame Header Control
Name: FrameHeaderItineraries
Caption: Itineraries
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Itineraries list box
Name: listItineraries
Layout: Horizontal: Grow/shrink with form
Layout: Minimum width: 100
Layout: Vertical: Grow/shrink with form
New Itinerary command button
Name: ButtonNewItinerary
Caption: &New Itinerary
Edit Itinerary command button
Name: ButtonEditItinerary
Caption: &Edit Itinerary
Delete Itinerary command button
Name: ButtonDeleteItinerary
Caption: &Delete Itinerary
To save the form region, on the Developer tab in the Design group, click Form Region, and then click Save Form Region As.
Save the new form region in a folder as TravelAgencyRegion.ofs, and close the window. When Outlook prompts you to save the changes to the item underlying the designer, click No. We'll import this file later into our add-in project.
Step 2: Writing Business Logic
Now that the design of the form region is complete, you need to craft the add-in that will run in Outlook and provide the business logic for the form. First, you write the basic form region hookup code, which involves implementing and handling an interface defined by Outlook. To encapsulate the business logic for a form region, you will create a form region wrapper class that maintains state for an instance of a form region.
Hooking Up a Form Region and an Add-In
To get started, you need to create a new add-in in Microsoft Visual Studio using either the Shared Add-in template or the Outlook 2007 Add-in template provided on this book's companion Web site. For the purposes of this example, name the project TravelAgencyAddinCS. After the project has been created, you should have a Connect.cs file that contains the Connect class of your add-in.
Before you continue, you must add a few references to the project. If you are using the template that comes with this book, you should already have references for the Outlook and Office type libraries. If you are using the Shared Add-in template, you must add these references. You will also need to add a reference to the Microsoft Forms 2.0 type library (Fm20.dll) in either case.
Inside the Connect class, you implement the FormRegionStartup interface, which is the interface Outlook will use to communicate with the add-in about any form regions tied to the add-in. This interface includes two methods: GetFormRegionStorage and BeforeFormRegionShow, which are called when Outlook is requesting the OFS file for the form region and just before the form region is displayed to the user, respectively. To implement this interface, change the definition of the Connect class to look like this.
If you are using the Shared Add-in template, you need to create an alias for the Outlook namespace to refer to the interface in this way by adding this line to the top of the file.
Next, you should have Visual Studio generate the method prototypes for the interface. Right-click the FormRegionStartup text, and select Implement Interface from the context menu. Visual Studio then creates the prototypes for the two methods, and you can start writing the code to handle these methods.
Implementing GetFormRegionStorage
Because GetFormRegionStorage is called first, you will start with this method. Outlook will accept a number of return values from this method, depending on how your solution works. Outlook is looking for one of the following resources to supply the form region storage:
An absolute file path (in the form of a string) to the OFS file
A byte array containing the contents of the OFS file
An IStorage instance that contains the contents of the OFS file
From managed code, the best mechanism to use is the byte array, because Visual Studio will natively generate the appropriate code when the OFS file is added as a resource for the project.
To add the form region storage to the project as a resource, in the Project Explorer, right-click the Project node, and select Properties to open the Properties window for the project. Click the Resources tab, and create a new default resource file by selecting the hyperlink. Press CTRL+5 to switch to the File resources display, which should be empty at this point. Click Add Resource on the toolbar, and then find and open the OFS file for the form region you designed and saved in Step 1. Visual Studio automatically copies the OFS file into a Resources folder in the project and creates a new resource variable for the file. Figure 13-16 shows what the resource editor should look like after the file is added.
Close the Properties window to return to the source code for the Connect class, where you can now return the resource during the GetFormRegionStorage method. To ensure that you return the right resource for the right form region (or to handle multiple form regions), use a switch statement to switch based on the FormRegionName property.
Because Visual Studio automatically creates a new property for each resource added to the project's resources, and assumes that binary files should be returned as a byte array, no additional code is required in the GetFormRegionStorage method of the interface. To handle other form regions, just add more case statements to the switch block for each form region name.
Implementing a Form Region Wrapper
Because Outlook can have multiple windows open at a time, and each window could show an instance of the same form region type, you need a wrapper class that will track the state of a particular instance.
Because several elements of the form region wrapper will be the same across different form regions, you use a base class to implement these details, and then you can create another class that derives from the base class to manage the business logic and variables for a specific type of form region. To get started, create the base class, BaseFormRegionWrapper. Add a new class file to the project, and type BaseFormRegionWrapper for the name of the class. To the top of the class file, add using directives for the Outlook object model and the Microsoft Forms 2.0 object model.
Next, edit the class file to contain the following code. This code will create instance variables to hold on to the FormRegion instance, hold on to the UserForm instance, and provide a Close event that will be raised when the form region is closed. The class also implements IDisposable to clean up the native code references for FormRegion and UserForm when the object is disposed.
abstract class BaseFormRegionWrapper : IDisposable { #region Instance Variables private bool disposed = false; protected object Item; protected Outlook.FormRegion FormRegion; protected Forms.UserForm UserForm; #endregion #region Constructor public BaseFormRegionWrapper(Outlook.FormRegion region) { this.Item = region.Item; this.FormRegion = region; this.UserForm = FormRegion.Form as Forms.UserForm; this.FormRegion.Close += new Outlook.FormRegionEvents_CloseEventHandler( FormRegion_Close); } #endregion #region Events/Handlers /// <summary> /// Event is raised when the wrapped form region raises /// its close event /// </summary> public event EventHandler Close; /// <summary> /// Raises the close event on this class /// </summary> protected virtual void OnFormRegionClose() { if (Close != null) { Close(this, EventArgs.Empty); } } private void FormRegion_Close() { OnFormRegionClose(); } #endregion #region IDisposable Members ~BaseFormRegionWrapper() { // Call Dispose with false. Because we're in the // destructor call, the managed resources will be // disposed of anyway. Dispose(false); } public void Dispose() { // Dispose of managed & unmanaged resources. Dispose(true); // Tell the GC that the Finalize process no longer needs // to be run for this object. GC.SuppressFinalize(this); } protected void Dispose(bool disposeManagedResources) { // Process only if managed and unmanaged resources have // not been disposed of. if (!this.disposed) { if (disposeManagedResources) { // Dispose managed resources. Item = null; } if (FormRegion != null) { System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.ReleaseComObject(FormRegion); FormRegion = null; } if (UserForm != null) { System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.ReleaseComObject(UserForm); UserForm = null; } disposed = true; } } #endregion }
Now that you have the base class defined for the form region wrapper, you need to create a class for your specific form region. In this case, you want to handle the form region state while the form region is open and implement your business logic. To do this, add a new class file named ContactFormRegionWrapper, which will contain the business logic implementation for this form region.
Inside the ContactFormRegionWrapper class, you will create instance variables for every control on the form and hook up those variables during the constructor for the class. You will then implement some business logic around those controls and provide data for the list of itineraries from a data source.
To get started, you need to define variables for all the form controls on the form. To start, you should add namespace aliases, so insert the following lines at the top of the new class file.
You also want to make sure that the new ContactFormRegionWrapper class derives from the BaseFormRegionWrapper class that you wrote previously. This provides the basic functionality around handling the closing of the form region. To derive from this class, change the class definition to look like this.
You will continue to define the rest of the methods in the ContactFormRegionWrapper class in a bit, but first, to keep track of the itinerary state, you need to have a data class. In this case, you create a new class named Itinerary and define properties for the fields that you want to keep track of. In this case, you should create a simple data class with the following fields:
string DepartingAirport, string ArrivingAirport, DateTime DepartureDate, DateTime ArrivalDate, string Airline, and string FlightNumber.
You should consider overriding the ToString() method of the class to provide a representative view of the data, as this is the way the item will be displayed to the user.
Now that you have a data class, you should switch back to working on the ContactFormRegionWrapper class. To provide an easy reference to the form controls, define a variable for each control on the form (or at least the controls that are important in the business logic you will write). In this case, you'll add variables for all the controls to the class. You'll also add another variable to maintain a list of available itinerary information.
private Outlook.OlkLabel LabelFFN; private Outlook.OlkTextBox TextBoxFFN; private Outlook.OlkLabel LabelPreferredAirline; private Outlook.OlkTextBox TextBoxPreferredAirline; private Outlook.OlkLabel LabelSeatPref; private Outlook.OlkComboBox ComboBoxSeatPref; private Outlook.OlkLabel LabelLastPurchase; private Outlook.OlkTextBox TextBoxLastPurchase; private Outlook.OlkCommandButton ButtonNewItinerary; private Outlook.OlkCommandButton ButtonEditItinerary; private Outlook.OlkCommandButton ButtonDeleteItinerary; private Outlook.OlkListBox ListItineraries; private List<Itinerary> Itineraries;
Next up is the constructor for this helper class, which will extend the base constructor provided in BaseFormRegionWrapper to actually initialize the member variables for this particular form region. In the constructor you call two helper methods, one to initialize the control variables just defined and another to load itinerary information from the data source. The code should look something like this.
Next, you need to write the helper function InitializeControls that will take the instances available on the user form and map them down to the instance variables and cast them to the appropriate type. At the same time, you will wire up some event handlers that will handle the events that you must listen for on these controls.
void InitalizeControls() { try { // Locate control references. LabelFFN = UserForm.Controls.Item("LabelFFN") as Outlook.OlkLabel; TextBoxFFN = UserForm.Controls.Item("TextBoxFFN") as Outlook.OlkTextBox; LabelPreferredAirline = UserForm.Controls.Item("LabelPreferredAirline") as Outlook.OlkLabel; TextBoxPreferredAirline = UserForm.Controls.Item("TextBoxPreferredAirline") as Outlook.OlkTextBox; LabelSeatPref = UserForm.Controls.Item("LabelSeatPref") as Outlook.OlkLabel; ComboBoxSeatPref = UserForm.Controls.Item("ComboBoxSeatPref") as Outlook.OlkComboBox; LabelLastPurchase = UserForm.Controls.Item("LabelLastPurchase") as Outlook.OlkLabel; TextBoxLastPurchase = UserForm.Controls.Item("TextBoxLastPurchase") as Outlook.OlkTextBox; ButtonNewItinerary = UserForm.Controls.Item("ButtonNewItinerary") as Outlook.OlkCommandButton; ButtonEditItinerary = UserForm.Controls.Item("ButtonEditItinerary") as Outlook.OlkCommandButton; ButtonDeleteItinerary = UserForm.Controls.Item("ButtonDeleteItinerary") as Outlook.OlkCommandButton; ListItineraries = UserForm.Controls.Item("listItineraries") as Outlook.OlkListBox; Forms.Frame Frame2 = UserForm.Controls.Item("Frame2") as Forms.Frame; Frame2.BorderStyle = Microsoft.Vbe.Interop.Forms.fmBorderStyle. fmBorderStyleNone; Frame2.ScrollBars = Microsoft.Vbe.Interop.Forms.fmScrollBars.fmScrollBarsNone; // Hook up events. ButtonNewItinerary.Click += new Outlook.OlkCommandButtonEvents_ClickEventHandler( ButtonNewItinerary_Click); ButtonEditItinerary.Click += new Outlook.OlkCommandButtonEvents_ClickEventHandler( ButtonEditItinerary_Click); ButtonDeleteItinerary.Click += new Outlook.OlkCommandButtonEvents_ClickEventHandler( ButtonDeleteItinerary_Click); ListItineraries.DoubleClick += new Outlook.OlkListBoxEvents_DoubleClickEventHandler( ListItineraries_DoubleClick); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine ("An error occured while hooking up Form Region controls: " + ex.Message); } }
Now that you have all that glue out of the way, you can actually start writing the business logic. In this case, you'll be using a file named Itineraries.xml to maintain information about a given contact's itineraries. This file will live as a hidden attachment on the contact. In a real-world solution, you might use a database connection or Web service to retrieve this data from a server, but the basic form region code would look similar.
The LoadItineraries method called in the constructor looks for an attachment on the Contact with a particular file name (in this case Itineraries.xml) and then deserializes the contents of that file back into an instance of a List class containing the itineraries. If the attachment does not exist, an empty list will be created and the file will be created when the contact is saved if any itineraries are added while the form region is open. This method can be downloaded as part of the sample code available for the book and is not printed here.
Now that the form initialization code is finished, you can write the event handlers that you wired up in the InitializeControls method previously. These events handle adding a new itinerary, editing an existing itinerary, and deleting an itinerary. When the event fires, you display a Windows Forms dialog box that allows the user to create or edit an itinerary object, which is added back to the Itineraries List object after the user clicks OK. Because this code does not directly affect the operation of the form region, it is not included here but can be downloaded from this book's companion Web site.
Each of these event handlers also saves the changes back to the attached XML file after making the change to the list so that the file is always in sync with the displayed list of itineraries. Because the file attachment is not saved if the user cancels making changes to the item, this behavior is still consistent with the way Outlook behaves. If you are using a database or other back-end store, you might want to wait for the Save event to occur on the item before persisting the changes to the back-end store so that if a user cancels saving the item, the item remains in a consistent state.
Step 3: Registering the Form Region
Once you have the business logic written and the form design complete, you can write the manifest file and register the form region. The manifest file describes the form region to Outlook and includes details about where to load the form region layout file, which icons to display, and any custom actions that should be added to the item. After the manifest is created, it is registered in the Windows registry under registry keys for each message class that should load the form region.
Authoring a Form Region Manifest
The form region manifest file is a simple XML file described as the Form Region Manifest XML Schema, which is available as part of the 2007 Microsoft Office system XML Reference on MSDN. The following sections provide a quick overview of the important schema elements.
Manifest Basics Each form region manifest is composed of one document element, the <FormRegion> element, which has several child elements that are mostly optional. Default values are assumed for any element that is not included in the manifest file, and these default values are defined in the XML schema for the manifest. If no <name> element is provided, the name of the registry value for the form region will be used instead. The following is a relatively simple manifest example, which provides a name, type, page name, accelerator key, add-in, and an icon for the form region that appears in the Show group in the Office Fluent Ribbon.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <FormRegion xmlns=""> <name>TravelAgencyRegion</name> <formRegionType>separate</formRegionType> <formRegionName>Itineraries</formRegionName> <ribbonAccelerator>I</ribbonAccelerator> <showInspectorCompose>true</showInspectorCompose> <showInspectorRead>true</showInspectorRead> <showReadingPane>false</showReadingPane> <addin>TravelAgencyAddinCS.Connect</addin> <icons> <page>plane.png</page> </icons> <stringOverride file="TravelAgencyRegionCS.%langid%.xml" language="all" /> </FormRegion>
Optional Elements Each of the following elements is optional and will have the default value assumed if it is not specified in the manifest XML. Each of these elements should be a child of the <FormRegion> element if included, and should only appear once.
<name> The internal name of the add-in. This value is passed to the GetFormRegionStorage and BeforeFormRegionStartup methods to identify this form region. It can also be used in other form region <displayAfter> elements.
<title> The title of the form region, which is displayed in the Choose Form dialog box and the Actions menu for replacement and replace-all forms. This title is also displayed for adjoining form regions as the header name above the form region. <name> will be used if this value is not included.
<formRegionName> The text displayed on the Show group on the Office Fluent Ribbon for this form region (only valid for separate, replacement, and replace-all form regions). <title> will be used if this value is not included.
<description> Text that describes the use of the form region, displayed in the Choose Form dialog box.
<formRegionType> Specifies the type of form region. Must be separate, adjoining, replace, or replace-all.
<showInspectorCompose> Controls if this form region is displayed in the Inspector window in compose mode for this item type. Default value is True.
<showInspectorRead> Controls if this form region is displayed in the Inspector window in read mode for this item type. Not all item types have a read mode. Default value is True.
<showReadingPane> Controls if this form region is displayed in the Reading Pane for this item type. Only affects adjoining, replacement, and replace-all form regions.
<hidden> Controls if the form region title is displayed in the Choose Form dialog box and Actions menu. The default value is False. Only works for replacement and replace-all form regions.
<exactMessageClass> Controls how the form region behaves on derived message classes. Default value is False. When True, the form region will only be displayed on message classes that match exactly how it was registered; otherwise, message classes that are derived from the original registration will also display this form region.
<layoutFile> Specifies the OFS file that Outlook should load to display this form region. This value is only used if <addin> is not specified.
<addin> Specifies the ProgID or identifier for the add-in that should be called for this form region. The add-in must implement the FormRegionStartup interface to be called.
<displayAfter> Specifies the name of another form region that this form region should be positioned after. This does not guarantee that the form region directly preceding this one will be the one specified, based on load order and other form regions that might have the same <displayAfter> value.
<contact> Specifies a contact name for the form region. This information can be used for supportability of a form region.
<version> Specifies a version of the form region. This information can be used for supportability of a form region.
<loadLegacyForm> This option determines whether Outlook looks for a custom form with form pages with the same message class if it finds a form region first. This value defaults to False and, for performance reasons, should remain False unless you need to load form pages and form regions at the same time.
<ribbonAccelerator> Specifies one to three characters that should be used as the hot key for the form region's Office Fluent Ribbon button. This value is ignored for adjoining form regions.
<icons> Specifies custom icons for the item type. For more information, see the section "Custom Icons" later in this chapter.
<customActions> Specifies custom actions for the item type. For more information, see the section "Describing Custom Actions" later in this chapter.
<stringOverride> Specifies localized strings that can be used for a particular language. For more information on localizing form regions, see the section "Localizing a Form Region" later in this chapter.
Custom Icons
Replacement and replace-all form regions can specify a range of custom icons that are shown when items of the form region message class are displayed in the view. Additionally, separate form regions can specify an icon that shows up in the Office Fluent Ribbon on the button to activate that form region page. All of these icons are specified in the <icons> element of the <FormRegion> element in the manifest. Table 13-4 lists custom icon elements.
If you include the <icons> element in your form region manifest, you should include at least one child element. Each child element represents a particular icon visible to the user somewhere in Outlook. Each child element should contain either (a) a path to the icon file or (b) a path to a dynamic-link library (DLL) and a resource number to load from the file. Relative paths are resolved against the location of the manifest XML file. For example:
<FormRegion xmlns=""> <icons> <!-- relative path --> <default>icons\default.ico</default> <!-- embedded resource --> <window>%SystemRoot%\system32\SHELL32.dll,102</window> <!-- relative path to bitmap --> <page>icons\plane.png</page> </icons> </FormRegion>
Describing Custom Actions
Each form region can have custom actions included as part of the form as well. These custom actions work in a manner similar to the built-in actions provided by the standard Outlook forms (for example, Reply, Reply All, Forward). You can also use custom actions to disable the built-in actions if they are not applicable to your custom form.
Custom actions are defined using the <customActions> element, which is always a child of the <FormRegion> element. Under the <customActions> element, you can define individual actions for the form or disable built-in actions. For example, if you wanted to create a new action titled "Post Reply" that would create a new post item in the form of a reply to the current item, the XML in your form region manifest would look like this.
<FormRegion xmlns=""> <!-- Other elements would go here --> <customActions> <action name="postReply"> <title>Post Reply</title> <targetForm>IPM.Post</targetForm> <addressLike>reply</addressLike> <body>user</body> <showOnRibbon>true</showOnRibbon> <method>open</method> <subjectPrefix>RE</subjectPrefix> </action> </customActions> </FormRegion>
This action would then be available via the Actions collection in the object model and on the Office Fluent Ribbon under the Custom Actions menu to allow the user to execute the action.
Each <action> element must have a name attribute that specifies an internal name for the action. This value must be unique across the actions defined for a form region. This value can be used to provide localized strings using the <stringOverride> element. Additionally, the following elements are defined as child elements for the <action> element:
<title>
The display text for the custom action. This value will be shown in the Office Fluent Ribbon and other locations where the action is displayed.
<targetForm>
Specifies the message class of the target form for the action. When the action is executed, a new item will be created with this message class.
<addressLike>
Specifies how the target form will be addressed. Possible values are reply, replyAll, forward, replyToFolder, and response. For more information about the meaning of these values, see the XML schema for form regions.
<body>
Specifies how the body of the target form should be set. Possible values are omit, attach, include, indent, prefix, link, and user. For more information about the meaning of these values, see the XML schema for form regions.
<showOnRibbon>
Boolean value that determines if the custom action is displayed on the Office Fluent Ribbon in the Custom Actions menu.
<method>
Specifies the method Outlook will use when creating the target form. The value of this element should be either open, prompt, or send. For more information about the meaning of these values, see the XML schema for form regions.
<subjectPrefix>
Specifies the characters that will be pre-pended to the subject when creating the target form. For a reply, this might be "RE."
You can also disable any of the built-in actions by defining an action named with a particular keyword. The keywords shown in Table 13-5 are the same regardless of the language in which Outlook is running.
To disable the Reply All action for a form region, you could use the following XML in your manifest file.
Localizing a Form Region
Form regions include a built-in mechanism to enable localization of form region data (title, description, and so on), as well as the strings displayed on a form region's controls. All of this information can be defined in the manifest file, or you can reference an external localization manifest from the form region manifest where these values can be loaded.
Using String Overrides To localize a form region, you can use the <stringOverride> element in the form region manifest file. This element contains child elements that redefine the displayed strings defined in the manifest file for a particular language. Each <stringOverride> element has one required attribute, language, which contains a list of the Locale IDs (LCIDs) of each language that should use the strings defined inside the element.
For example, to provide localized string information for U.S. English, you could add this XML to your form region manifest.
<FormRegion> <!-- other elements here --> <stringOverride language="1033"> <title>US English Title</title> <formRegionName>US English Page Name</formRegionName> <description>US English Description</description> <control name="OlkLabel1"> <caption>English Display Text</caption> </control> <action name="postReply"> <title>English Post Reply</title> <subjectPrefix>US-FW</subjectPrefix> </action> </stringOverride> </FormRegion>
The following elements are defined in the schema for use inside the <stringOverride> element:
<title> The title of the form region, which is displayed in the Choose Form dialog box and the Actions menu for replacement and replace-all form regions. This title is also displayed for adjoining form regions as the header name above the form region. <name> will be used if this value is not included.
<FormRegionName> The text displayed on the Office Fluent Ribbon in the Show group for this form region (only valid for separate, replacement, and replace-all form regions). <title> will be used if this value is not included.
<description> Text that describes the use of the form region, displayed in the Choose Form dialog box.
<control> Represents strings that will be used for a given control on the form region. The name attribute is required on this element and should provide the value of the Name property of the control referenced from the form region.
<caption> A child element of control, this element contains the text that will be set as the Caption property of the control referenced by the name attribute.
<action> Represents strings that will be used for a given custom action on the form region. The name attribute is required on this element and should be the value of the name attribute on the custom action.
<title> A child element of action, this element contains the text that will be used for the localized title of the custom action.
<subjectPrefix> A child element of action, this element contains the text that will be used for the localized subject preview of the custom action.
Additionally, instead of including all the localized resources in one file, you can use an optional attribute on the <stringOverride> element to point Outlook to another file that contains the resources. In the next example, the <stringOverride> element redirects all languages to look for a file in a directory based on the LCID of the language.
Outlook will replace the %LCID% value in the file attribute with the actual LCID for the language being loaded. Outlook will look up relative paths based on the location of the manifest XML file. In this case, to provide resources for U.S. English, you can create a subdirectory in the same location as the manifest XML file named 1033. Inside this folder, you should have a Resources.xml file that contains this XML.
<FormRegionStrings xmlns=""> <title>US English Title</title> <formRegionName>US English Page Name</formRegionName> <description>US English Description</description> <control name="OlkLabel1"> <caption>English Display Text</caption> </control> <action name="postReply"> <title>English Post Reply</title> <subjectPrefix>US-FW</subjectPrefix> </action> </FormRegionStrings>
Registering a Form Region
Each form region has to be registered in the Windows registry before Outlook will load and display the form region. The registration process is a simple matter of writing the correct registry key for the form region message class and specifying the location of the manifest file.
Form regions are registered under the key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft \Office\Outlook\FormRegions, or HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft \Office\Outlook\FormRegions. Most solutions should use the user-based key so that administrative privileges are not required to install the solution. Under the FormRegions key in the registry, you will need to create a key for each message class with which your form region will be used. For example, to register a form region on IPM.Contact, you would create HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\FormRegions \IPM.Contact and then create a new value under that key. To register a form region on a custom message class, create a new key under the FormRegions key with the name of the message class (see Figure 13-17).
The value for your form region should be the name of the form region (as defined in the <name> element of the manifest) and the full path to the XML manifest file. The path name can also use environment variables that will be expanded when the value is read; for example, to specify a manifest file from the program files folder, you could use %ProgramFiles%\Solution \MyManifest.xml as the value.
Replacing the Default Form for a Folder
For replacement or replace-all form regions, you can make a form region become the default form for a folder. If the form region is the default form for a folder, the form region is displayed to the user when he or she performs any of the following actions in the folder:
Clicks the New button on the Standard toolbar in the Explorer window.
Selects the New <Item> command on the New menu on the Standard toolbar in the Explorer window, where <Item> represents the built-in item type for a folder. If the built-in item type is Contact, then selecting New Contact on the New menu in the Explorer window will display the form region.
Selects the New <Item> command on the View context menu in the Explorer window, where <Item> represents the built-in item type for a folder.
Presses CTRL+N to create a new default item for the folder.
Clicks the "new item row" in a Folder view. To show the "new item row" in a view, set the ShowNewItemRow property of the TableView object to True.
Although the Folder object does not implement a method that lets you set the default form for a folder directly, you can use the PropertyAccessor object to set the correct folder properties. The following code example shows you how to set the default form for a folder. The DemoSetDefaultFormForFolder method sets the default form for the current folder to "Shoe Store" by calling the SetDefaultFormForFolder method. The message class for the "Shoe Store" replacement form region is "IPM.Contact.Shoe Store."
private void DemoCustomDefaultFormForFolder() { Outlook.Folder folder = Application.ActiveExplorer().CurrentFolder as Outlook.Folder; SetDefaultFormForFolder( "IPM.Contact.Shoe Store", "Shoe Store", folder); } private void SetDefaultFormForFolder(string defaultMessageClass, string defaultDisplayName, Outlook.Folder folder) { const string PR_DEF_POST_MSGCLASS = ""; const string PR_DEF_POST_DISPLAYNAME = ""; if (folder == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException( "folder", "Parameter must contain a value."); } if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(defaultMessageClass)) { throw new ArgumentNullException( "defaultMessageClass", "Parameter must contain a value."); } if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(defaultDisplayName)) { throw new ArgumentNullException( "defaultDisplayName", "Parameter must contain a value."); } try { // Calling SetProperty sets the property without saving. folder.PropertyAccessor.SetProperty( PR_DEF_POST_DISPLAYNAME, defaultDisplayName); folder.PropertyAccessor.SetProperty( PR_DEF_POST_MSGCLASS, defaultMessageClass); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message); } }
To reset the default form for a folder, you call the SetDefaultFormForFolder method and pass the DefaultMessageClass property for the Folder object as the defaultMessageClass argument. The DefaultMessageClass property always returns the built-in default message class for a folder rather than a custom message class such as "IPM.Contact.Shoe Store." The following code sample resets the default message class for the current folder.
Advanced Form Region Methods
In addition to the methods described earlier in the FormRegionStartup interface, there are two other methods provided on this interface: GetFormRegionManifest and GetFormRegionIcon. Advanced form region developers can use these methods to let the add-in provide all of the content Outlook needs for the form region: the manifest file, the icons, and the form storage. This allows add-ins that cannot reliably know where files are installed to the disk to provide form region solutions, and it also improves the reliability of the solution because all the associated files can be stored as resources inside the compiled assembly.
Outlook will only call these advanced functions if the form region is registered in a special way in the Windows registry. Instead of registering the form region with XML or a path to the XML file as the setting value, add-ins must register their ProgID with an equal sign appended to the front, such as =MyAddingProgID.Class. This indicates to Outlook that it needs to look for this add-in and call the GetFormRegionManifest method on the FormRegionStartup interface to find out more about the registered form region.
When manifest information is provided through GetFormRegionManifest, a few of the elements defined in the form region XML schema are treated differently. For example, the <name> element is ignored from the XML schema because Outlook is already using the registry setting name as the form region name. Additionally, both the <layoutFile> and <addin> attributes are ignored because Outlook already knows which add-in should be contacted for the form region. Finally, the children of the <icons> element cannot be used to refer to a location on disk for the icons. If the child element exists and contains no value or the string addin, then Outlook automatically calls GetFormRegionIcon for that icon. Icons that are completely omitted from the manifest XML will inherit the default icon and will not be requested from GetFormRegionIcon.
In this chapter, you learned the basics of using the Outlook Forms Designer to create a new form region solution. You've looked at how to design a form, how to hook up the business logic for a form using an add-in in managed code, and how to write a form region manifest file and register it with Outlook. You should now be able to use Outlook form regions to create deeply integrated, rich solutions that really extend the power and usefulness of Outlook while still feeling like an integrated part of the Outlook experience.
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc513845(v=office.12)
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Perl - Variables
Variables are.
We have learnt that Perl has the following three basic data types −
- Scalars
- Arrays
- Hashes
Accordingly, we are going to use three types of variables in Perl. A scalar variable will precede by a dollar sign ($) and it can store either a number, a string, or a reference. An array variable will precede by sign @ and it will store ordered lists of scalars. Finaly, the Hash variable will precede by sign % and will be used to store sets of key/value pairs.
Perl maintains every variable type in a separate namespace. So you can, without fear of conflict, use the same name for a scalar variable, an array, or a hash. This means that $foo and @foo are two different variables.
Creating Variables
Perl variables do not have to be explicitly declared to reserve memory space. The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.
Keep a note that this is mandatory to declare a variable before we use it if we use use strict statement in our program.
The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable, and the operand to the right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable. For example −
$age = 25; # An integer assignment $name = "John Paul"; # A string $salary = 1445.50; # A floating point
Here 25, "John Paul" and 1445.50 are the values assigned to $age, $name and $salary variables, respectively. Shortly we will see how we can assign values to arrays and hashes.
Scalar Variables
A scalar is a single unit of data. That data might be an integer number, floating point, a character, a string, a paragraph, or an entire web page. Simply saying it could be anything, but only a single thing.
Here is a simple example of using scalar variables −Live Demo
#!
Array Variables array variables −Live Demo
#! used escape sign (\) before the $ sign just to print it. Other Perl will understand it as a variable and will print its value. When executed, this will produce the following result −
$ages[0] = 25 $ages[1] = 30 $ages[2] = 40 $names[0] = John Paul $names[1] = Lisa $names[2] = Kumar
Hash Variables
A hash is a set of key/value pairs. Hash variables are preceded by a percent (%) sign. To refer to a single element of a hash, you will use the hash variable name followed by the "key" associated with the value in curly brackets.
Here is a simple example of using hash variables −Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/perl %data = ('John Paul', 45, 'Lisa', 30, 'Kumar', 40); print "\$data{'John Paul'} = $data{'John Paul'}\n"; print "\$data{'Lisa'} = $data{'Lisa'}\n"; print "\$data{'Kumar'} = $data{'Kumar'}\n";
This will produce the following result −
$data{'John Paul'} = 45 $data{'Lisa'} = 30 $data{'Kumar'} = 40
Variable Context
Perl treats same variable differently based on Context, i.e., situation where a variable is being used. Let's check the following example −Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/perl @names = ('John Paul', 'Lisa', 'Kumar'); @copy = @names; $size = @names; print "Given names are : @copy\n"; print "Number of names are : $size\n";
This will produce the following result −
Given names are : John Paul Lisa Kumar Number of names are : 3
Here @names is an array, which has been used in two different contexts. First we copied it into anyother array, i.e., list, so it returned all the elements assuming that context is list context. Next we used the same array and tried to store this array in a scalar, so in this case it returned just the number of elements in this array assuming that context is scalar context. Following table lists down the various contexts −
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/perl/perl_variables.htm
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I have been using Linux for two days and Python for about 4 hours. Before that I used Mickeysoft for more than 20 years.
I like to keep project files in a directory heirarchy away from the application I am using to create them. I'm trying to program the example on page 17 in 'Learning Python'. Not being familiar with the Linux style file system doesn't help. Basically, IMPORT can't find myfile.py, which I did create. As I understand it, myfile.py is located in the home/Rory/PythonWork directory.
Here are some of the things I have tried:
- Code: Select all
>>> import myfile
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
import myfile
ImportError: No module named myfile
- Code: Select all
>>> import myfile.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
import myfile.py
ImportError: No module named myfile.py
- Code: Select all
>>> import PythonWork.myfile.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
import PythonWork.myfile.py
ImportError: No module named PythonWork.myfile.py
- Code: Select all
>>> import home/Rory/PythonWork/myfile.py
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
I've tried many different iterations of paths, but I always get one of two errors: 1, module not found, 2. Syntax error
I'm using Idle 2.7 and not sure what directory I am in.
How do I import myfile.py?
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http://www.python-forum.org/viewtopic.php?p=12432
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I am learning about classes in python right now. My apologies if my language is a little sloppy, but I'm still trying to understand exactly how classes work.
While working through some projects of my own, I often find myself wanting to add an object, upon initialization, to a list so I can keep a track of all the objects I have made of that type. I have been trying to do this in the following way:
class My_Class(object):
Object_List=[]
def __init__(self):
Object_List.append(self)
Try the following:
>>> class A(): ... my_list = [] ... def __init__(self): ... A.my_list.append(self) ... >>> >>> a = A() >>> A.my_list [<__main__.A instance at 0x0000000002563548>] >>> b = A() >>> A.my_list [<__main__.A instance at 0x0000000002563548>, <__main__.A instance at 0x00000000025FB408>]
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https://codedump.io/share/gfFnR29NFhnN/1/in-python-how-can-i-add-each-new-instance-of-a-class-to-a-list-upon-initialization
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See ACI.
Access Control Instruction. An instruction that grants or denies permissions to entries in the directory.
See ACL.
Access Control List. The mechanism for controlling access to your directory.
In the context of access control, specify the level of access granted or denied. Access rights are related to the type of operation that can be performed on the directory. The following rights can be granted or denied: read, write, add, delete, search, compare, selfwrite, proxy and all.
Disables a user account, group of accounts, or an entire domain so that all authentication attempts are automatically rejected.
A size limit which is globally applied to every index key managed by the server. When the size of an individual ID list reaches this limit, the server replaces that ID list with an All IDs token.
A mechanism which causes the server to assume that all directory entries match the index key. In effect, the All IDs token causes the server to behave as if no index were available for the search request.
When granted, allows anyone to access directory information without providing credentials, and regardless of the conditions of the bind.
Allows for efficient approximate or "sounds-like" searches.
Holds descriptive information about an entry. Attributes have a label and a value. Each attribute also follows a standard syntax for the type of information that can be stored as the attribute value.
A list of required and optional attributes for a given entry type or object class.
In pass-through authentication (PTA), the authenticating Directory Server is the Directory Server that contains the authentication credentials of the requesting client. The PTA-enabled host sends PTA requests it receives from clients to the host.
.
Digital file that is not transferable, cannot be forged, and is issued by a third party. Authentication certificates are sent from server to client or client to server in order to verify and authenticate the other party.
Base distinguished name. A search operation is performed on the base DN, the DN of the entry and all entries below it in the directory tree.
See base DN.
Distinguished name used to authenticate to Directory Server when performing an operation.
See bind DN.
In the context of access control, the bind rule specifies the credentials and conditions that a particular user or client must satisfy in order to get access to directory information.
An entry that represents the top of a subtree in the directory.
Software, such as Mozilla Firefox, used to request and view World Wide Web material stored as HTML files. The browser uses the HTTP protocol to communicate with the host server.
Also virtual view index. Speeds up the display of entries in the Directory Server Console. Browsing indexes can be created on any branchpoint in the directory tree to improve display performance.
See Certificate Authority..
A collection of data that associates the public keys of a network user with their DN in the directory. The certificate is stored in the directory as user object attributes.
Company or organization that sells and issues authentication certificates. You may purchase an authentication certificate from a Certification Auth.
A method for relaying requests to another server. Results for the request are collected, compiled, and then returned to the client.
A changelog is a record that describes the modifications that have occurred on a replica. The supplier server then replays these modifications on the replicas stored on consumer servers or on other masters, in the case of multi-master replication.
Distinguishes alphabetic characters from numeric or other characters and the mapping of upper-case to lower-case letters.
Encrypted information that cannot be read by anyone without the proper key to decrypt the information.
See consumer-initiated replication.
Specifies the information needed to create an instance of a particular object and determines how the object works in relation to other objects in the directory.
See CoS.
A classic CoS identifies the template entry by both its DN and the value of one of the target entry's attributes.
See LDAP client.
An internal table used by a locale in the context of the internationalization plug-in that the operating system uses to relate keyboard keys to character font screen displays.
Provides language and cultural-specific information about how the characters of a given language are to be sorted. This information might include the sequence of letters in the alphabet or how to compare letters with accents to letters without accents.
Server containing replicated directory trees or subtrees from a supplier server.
Replication configuration where consumer servers pull directory data from supplier servers.
In the context of replication, a server that holds a replica that is copied from a different server is called a consumer for that replica.
A method for sharing attributes between entries in a way that is invisible to applications.
Identifies the type of CoS you are using. It is stored as an LDAP subentry below the branch it affects.
Contains a list of the shared attribute values. Also template entry.
A background process on a UNIX machine that is responsible for a particular system task. Daemon processes do not need human intervention to continue functioning.
Directory Access Protocol. The ISO X.500 standard protocol that provides client access to the directory.
The server that is the master source of a particular piece of data.
An implementation of chaining. The database link behaves like a database but has no persistent storage. Instead, it points to data stored remotely.
One of a set of default indexes created per database instance. Default indexes can be modified, although care should be taken before removing them, as certain plug-ins may depend on them.
See CoS definition entry.
See DAP.
The logical representation of the information stored in the directory. It mirrors the tree model used by most filesystems, with the tree's root point appearing at the top of the hierarchy. Also known as DIT.
The privileged database administrator, comparable to the root user in UNIX. Access control does not apply to the Directory Manager.
Also DSGW. A collection of CGI forms that allows a browser to perform LDAP client functions, such as querying and accessing a Directory Server, from a web browser.
A database application designed to manage descriptive, attribute-based information about people and resources within an organization.
String representation of an entry's name and location in an LDAP directory.
See directory tree.
See distinguished name.
See Directory Manager..
A DNS alias is a hostname that the DNS server knows points to a different host-specifically a DNS CNAME record. Machines always have one real name, but they can have one or more aliases. For example, an alias such as www. yourdomain.domain might point to a real machine called realthing. yourdomain.domain where the server currently exists.
See Directory Server Gateway.
A group of lines in the LDIF file that contains information about an object.
Method of distributing directory entries across more than one server in order to scale to support large numbers of entries.
Each index that the directory uses is composed of a table of index keys and matching entry ID lists. The entry ID list is used by the directory to build a list of candidate entries that may match the client application's search request.
Allows you to search efficiently for entries containing a specific attribute value.
The section of a filename after the period or dot (.) that typically defines the type of file (for example, .GIF and .HTML). In the filename).
A constraint applied to a directory query that restricts the information returned.
Allows you to assign entries to the role depending upon the attribute contained by each entry. You do this by specifying an LDAP filter. Entries that match the filter are said to possess the role.
See Directory Server Gateway.
When granted, indicates that all authenticated users can access directory information.
Generic Security Services. The generic access protocol that is the native way for UNIX-based systems to access and authenticate Kerberos services; also supports session encryption.
A name for a machine in the form machine.domain.dom, which is translated into an IP address. For example, is the machine www in the subdomain example and com domain..
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The method for exchanging information between HTTP servers and clients.
An abbreviation for the HTTP daemon or service, a program that serves information using the HTTP protocol. The daemon or service is often called an httpd.
The next generation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
A secure version of HTTP, implemented using the Secure Sockets Layer, SSL.
In the context of replication, a server that holds a replica that is copied from a different server, and, in turn, replicates it to a third server. See also cascading replication.
Each index that the directory uses is composed of a table of index keys and matching entry ID lists.
An indirect CoS identifies the template entry using the value of one of the target entry's attributes.
Speeds up searches for information in international directories.
Also Internet Protocol address. A set of numbers, separated by dots, that specifies the actual location of a machine on the Internet (for example, 198.93.93.10).
International Standards Organization.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Directory service protocol designed to run over TCP/IP and across multiple platforms.
Version 3 of the LDAP protocol, upon which Directory Server bases its schema format.
Software used to request and view LDAP entries from an LDAP Directory Server. See also browser.
See LDAP Data Interchange Format.
Provides the means of locating Directory Servers using DNS and then completing the query via LDAP. A sample LDAP URL is ldap://ldap.example.com.
A high-performance, disk-based database consisting of a set of large files that contain all of the data assigned to it. The primary data store in Directory Server.
LDAP Data Interchange Format. Format used to represent Directory Server entries in text form.
An entry under which there are no other entries. A leaf entry cannot be a branch point in a directory tree.
See LDAP..
A standard value which the SNMP agent can access and send to the NMS. Each managed object is identified with an official name and a numeric identifier expressed in dot-notation.
Allows creation of an explicit enumerated list of members.
See MIB.
A data structure that associates the names of suffixes (subtrees) with databases.
See SNMP master agent.
The server that contains the master copy of the directory trees or subtrees that are replicated to replicas. The master server is read-write.
Provides guidelines for how the server compares strings during a search operation. In an international search, the matching rule tells the server what collation order and operator to use.
A message digest algorithm by RSA Data Security, Inc., which can be used to produce a short digest of data that is unique with high probability and is mathematically extremely hard to produce; a piece of data that will produce the same message digest.
A message digest produced by the MD5 algorithm..
Management Information Base namespace. The means for directory data to be named and referenced. Also called the directory tree.
Specifies the monetary symbol used by specific region, whether the symbol goes before or after its value, and how monetary units are represented..
The server containing the database link that communicates with the remote server.
The problem of managing multiple instances of the same information in different directories, resulting in increased hardware and personnel costs.
Multiple entries with the same distinguished name.
Allows the creation of roles that contain other roles.
Network Management Station component that graphically displays information about SNMP managed devices (which device is up or down, which and how many error messages were received, etc.).
See NMS.
Network Information Service. A system of programs and data files that UNIX machines use to collect, collate, and share specific information about machines, users, filesystems, and network parameters throughout a network of computers.
Also Network Management Station. Powerful workstation with one or more network management applications installed.
Red Hat's LDAP Directory Server daemon or service that is responsible for all actions of the Directory Server. See also slapd.
Defines an entry type in the directory by defining which attributes are contained in the entry.
Also OID. A string, usually of decimal numbers, that uniquely identifies a schema element, such as an object class or an attribute, in an object-oriented system. Object identifiers are assigned by ANSI, IETF or similar organizations.
See object identifier.
Contains information used internally by the directory to keep track of modifications and subtree properties. Operational attributes are not returned in response to a search unless explicitly requested.
When granted, indicates that users have access to entries below their own in the directory tree if the bind DN is the parent of the targeted entry.
See PTA.
In pass-through authentication, the PTA directory server will pass through bind requests to the authenticating directory server from all clients whose DN is contained in this subtree.
A file on UNIX machines that stores UNIX user login names, passwords, and user ID numbers. It is also known as /etc/passwd because of where it is kept.
A set of rules that governs how passwords are used in a given directory.
In the context of access control, permission states whether access to the directory information is granted or denied and the level of access that is granted or denied. See access rights.
Also Protocol Data Unit. Encoded messages which form the basis of data exchanges between SNMP devices.
A pointer CoS identifies the template entry using the template DN only.
Allows searches for entries that contain a specific indexed attribute.
A set of rules that describes how devices on a network exchange information.
See PDU.
A special form of authentication where the user requesting access to the directory does not bind with its own DN but with a proxy DN.
Used with proxied authorization. The proxy DN is the DN of an entry that has access permissions to the target on which the client-application is attempting to perform an operation.
Also Pass-through authentication. Mechanism by which one Directory Server consults another to check bind credentials.
In pass-through authentication ( PTA), the PTA Directory Server is the server that sends (passes through) bind requests it receives to the authenticating directory server.
In pass-through authentication, the URL that defines the authenticating directory server, pass-through subtree(s), and optional parameters.
Random access memory. The physical semiconductor-based memory in a computer. Information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is shut down.
A file on UNIX machines that describes programs that are run when the machine starts. It is also called /etc/rc.local because of its location.
Also Relative Distinguished Name. The name of the actual entry itself, before the entry's ancestors have been appended to the string to form the full distinguished name.
Mechanism that ensures that relationships between related entries are maintained within the directory.
.
A database that participates in replication.
A replica that refers all update operations to read-write replicas. A server can hold any number of read-only replicas.
A replica that contains a master copy of directory information and can be updated. A server can hold any number of read-write replicas.
See RDN.
Act of copying directory trees or subtrees from supplier servers to consumer servers..
Request for Comments. Procedures or standards documents submitted to the Internet community. People can send comments on the technologies before they become accepted standards.
An entry grouping mechanism. Each role has members, which are the entries that possess the role.
Attributes that appear on an entry because it possesses a particular role within an associated CoS template.
The most privileged user available on UNIX machines. The root user has complete access privileges to all files on the machine.
The parent of one or more sub suffixes. A directory tree can contain more than one root suffix.
Also Simple Authentication and Security Layer. An authentication framework for clients as they attempt to bind to a directory..
See SSL.
When granted, indicates that users have access to their own entries if the bind DN matches the targeted entry.
Java-based application that allows you to perform administrative management of your Directory Server from a GUI.
The server daemon is a process that, once running, listens for and accepts requests from clients.
A directory on the server machine dedicated to holding the server program and configuration, maintenance, and information files.
Interface that allows you select and configure servers using a browser.
A background process on a Windows machine that is responsible for a particular system task. Service processes do not need human intervention to continue functioning.
Server Instance Entry. The ID assigned to an instance of Directory Server during installation.
See SASL.
See SNMP.
The most basic replication scenario in which two servers each hold a copy of the same read-write replicas to consumer servers. In a single-master replication scenario, the supplier server maintains a changelog.
See supplier-initiated replication.
LDAP Directory Server daemon or service that is responsible for most functions of a directory except replication. See also ns-slapd.
Also Simple Network Management Protocol. Used to monitor and manage application processes running on the servers by exchanging data about network activity.
Software that exchanges information between the various subagents and the NMS.
Software that gathers information about the managed device and passes the information to the master agent. Also subagent.
Also Secure Sockets Layer. A software library establishing a secure connection between two parties (client and server) used to implement HTTPS, the secure version of HTTP.
index maintained by default.
A branch underneath a root suffix.
See SNMP subagent.
Allows for efficient searching against substrings within entries. Substring indexes are limited to a minimum of two characters for each entry.
The name of the entry at the top of the directory tree, below which data is stored. Multiple suffixes are possible within the same directory. Each database only has one suffix.
The most privileged user available on UNIX machines. The superuser has complete access privileges to all files on the machine. Also called root.
Server containing the master copy of directory trees or subtrees that are replicated to consumer servers.
In the context of replication, a server that holds a replica that is copied to a different server is called a supplier for that replica.
Replication configuration where supplier servers replicate directory data to consumer servers.
Encryption that uses the same key for both encrypting and decrypting. DES is an example of a symmetric encryption algorithm.
Cannot be deleted or modified as it is essential to Directory Server operations.
In the context of access control, the target identifies the directory information to which a particular ACI applies.
The entries within the scope of a CoS.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The main network protocol for the Internet and for enterprise (company) networks.
See CoS template entry.
Indicates the customary formatting for times and dates in a specific region.
Also Transport Layer Security. The new standard for secure socket layers; a public key based protocol.
The way a directory tree is divided among physical servers and how these servers link with one another.
See TLS..
Also browsing index. Speeds up the display of entries in the Directory Server Console. Virtual list view indexes can be created on any branchpoint in the directory tree to improve display performance.
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Posted 04 Sep 2007
Link to this post
We want to extend the functionality of RadTreeView and have therefore done something like this:
public class DerivedTree : RadTreeView{ public DerivedTree() { this.AllowEdit = true; this.AfterLabelEdit += new AfterLabelEditHandler (DerivedTree_AfterLabelEdit); }}We then have two problems. The first is that we get an obsolete warning about using AfterLabelEdit and using EndEdit instead.The problem is that EndEdit is just a method and not virtual and as far as I could see and there is no equivalent OnEndEdit event. How should we use this functionality correctly?The second problem is that when we use this control all the [hot] feedback and node selection indication does not appear any more. What is the problem and how can we correct it.Best regardsMarek
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Previously, I had been cleaning out data using the code snippet below
import unicodedata, re, io
all_chars = (unichr(i) for i in xrange(0x110000))
control_chars = ''.join(c for c in all_chars if unicodedata.category(c)[0] == 'C')
cc_re = re.compile('[%s]' % re.escape(control_chars))
def rm_control_chars(s): # see
return cc_re.sub('', s)
cleanfile = []
with io.open('filename.txt', 'r', encoding='utf8') as fin:
for line in fin:
line =rm_control_chars(line)
cleanfile.append(line)
There are newline characters in the file that i want to keep.
The following records the time taken for
cc_re.sub('', s) to substitute the first few lines (1st column is the time taken and 2nd column is
len(s)):
0.275146961212 251
0.672796010971 614
0.178567171097 163
0.200030088425 180
0.236430883408 215
0.343492984772 313
0.317672967911 290
0.160616159439 142
0.0732028484344 65
0.533437013626 468
0.260229110718 236
0.231380939484 204
0.197766065598 181
0.283867120743 258
0.229172945023 208
As @ashwinichaudhary suggested, using
s.translate(dict.fromkeys(control_chars)) and the same time taken log outputs:
0.464188098907 252
0.366552114487 615
0.407374858856 164
0.322507858276 181
0.35142993927 216
0.319973945618 314
0.324357032776 291
0.371646165848 143
0.354818105698 66
0.351796150208 469
0.388131856918 237
0.374715805054 205
0.363368988037 182
0.425950050354 259
0.382766962051 209
But the code is really slow for my 1GB of text. Is there any other way to clean out controlled characters?
found a solution working character by charater, I bench marked it using a 100K file:
import unicodedata, re, io from time import time # This is to generate randomly a file to test the script from string import lowercase from random import random all_chars = (unichr(i) for i in xrange(0x110000)) control_chars = [c for c in all_chars if unicodedata.category(c)[0] == 'C'] chars = (list(u'%s' % lowercase) * 115117) + control_chars fnam = 'filename.txt' out=io.open(fnam, 'w') for line in range(1000000): out.write(u''.join(chars[int(random()*len(chars))] for _ in range(600)) + u'\n') out.close() # version proposed by alvas all_chars = (unichr(i) for i in xrange(0x110000)) control_chars = ''.join(c for c in all_chars if unicodedata.category(c)[0] == 'C') cc_re = re.compile('[%s]' % re.escape(control_chars)) def rm_control_chars(s): return cc_re.sub('', s) t0 = time() cleanfile = [] with io.open(fnam, 'r', encoding='utf8') as fin: for line in fin: line =rm_control_chars(line) cleanfile.append(line) out=io.open(fnam + '_out1.txt', 'w') out.write(''.join(cleanfile)) out.close() print time() - t0 # using a set and checking character by character all_chars = (unichr(i) for i in xrange(0x110000)) control_chars = set(c for c in all_chars if unicodedata.category(c)[0] == 'C') def rm_control_chars_1(s): return ''.join(c for c in s if not c in control_chars) t0 = time() cleanfile = [] with io.open(fnam, 'r', encoding='utf8') as fin: for line in fin: line = rm_control_chars_1(line) cleanfile.append(line) out=io.open(fnam + '_out2.txt', 'w') out.write(''.join(cleanfile)) out.close() print time() - t0
the output is:
114.625444174 0.0149750709534
I tried on a file of 1Gb (only for the second one) and it lasted 186s.
I also wrote this other version of the same script, slightly faster (176s), and more memory efficient (for very large files not fitting in RAM):
t0 = time() out=io.open(fnam + '_out5.txt', 'w') with io.open(fnam, 'r', encoding='utf8') as fin: for line in fin: out.write(rm_control_chars_1(line)) out.close() print time() - t0
As in UTF-8, all control characters are coded in 1 byte (compatible with ASCII) and bellow 32, I suggest this fast piece of code:
#!/usr/bin/python import sys ctrl_chars = [x for x in range(0, 32) if x not in (ord("\r"), ord("\n"), ord("\t"))] filename = sys.argv[1] with open(filename, 'rb') as f1: with open(filename + '.txt', 'wb') as f2: b = f1.read(1) while b != '': if ord(b) not in ctrl_chars: f2.write(b) b = f1.read(1)
Is it ok enough?
Does this have to be in python? How about cleaning the file before you read it in python to start with. Use sed which will treat it line by line anyway.
See removing control characters using sed.
and if you pipe it out to another file you can open that. I don't know how fast it would be though. You can do it in a shell script and test it. according to this page - sed is 82M characters per second.
Hope it helps.
If you want it to move really fast? Break your input into multiple chunks, wrap up that data munging code as a method, and use Python's
multiprocessing package to parallelize it, writing to some common text file. Going character-by-character is the easiest method to crunch stuff like this, but it always takes a while.
I'm surprised no one has mentioned mmap which might just be the right fit here.
Note: I'll put this in as an answer in case it's useful and apologize that I don't have the time to actually test and compare it right now.
You load the file into memory (kind of) and then you can actually run a
re.sub() over the object. This helps eliminate the IO bottleneck and allows you to change the bytes in-place before writing it back at once.
After this, then, you can experiment with str.translate() vs re.sub() and also include any further optimisations like double buffering CPU and IO or using multiple CPU cores/threads.
But it'll look something like this;
import mmap f = open('test.out', 'r') m = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
A nice excerpt from the mmap documentation is;
..You can use mmap objects in most places where strings are expected; for example, you can use the re module to search through a memory-mapped file. Since they’re mutable, you can change a single character by doing obj[index] = 'a',..
A couple of things I would try.
First, do the substitution with a replace all regex.
Second, setup a regex char class with known control char ranges instead
of a class of individual control char's.
(This is incase the engine doesn't optimize it to ranges.
A range requires two conditionals on the assembly level,
as opposed to individual conditional on each char in the class)
Third, since you are removing the characters, add a greedy quantifier
after the class. This will negate the necessity to enter into substitution
subroutines after each single char match, instead grabbing all adjacent chars
as needed.
I don't know pythons syntax for regex constructs off the top of my head,
nor all the control codes in Unicode, but the result would look something
like this:
[\u0000-\u0009\u000B\u000C\u000E-\u001F\u007F]+
The largest amount of time would be in copying the results to another string.
The smallest amount of time would be in finding all the control codes, which
would be miniscule.
All things being equal, the regex (as described above) is the fastest way to go.
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"Light Makes Right"
September 28, 1993
Volume 6, Number 3.
The ray tracing technology available on CIS seems a bit old-fashioned, with things like QRT and DBW still in active existence there and in the general BBS world among some users. POV 1.0 doesn't have an automatic efficiency scheme, something that dates back at least five years with MTV's introduction on the Internet. However, I suspect POV 2.0 and onwards will rule the earth. 2.0 has a built in efficiency scheme, and while most of the other free ray tracers out there are still faster, this scheme at least brings POV into the same league. What will make POV the most popular free renderer is that there are a ton of utilities out there to support it [see Dan Farmer's article this issue]. One of the most significant is MORAY, a shareware modeling and scene composition program that's very nice (available only on the IBM PC).
Right now Rayshade has more features than POV and is faster, and there are some programs which output data in Rayshade format, so it's got many users. But Craig Kolb is a busy guy and there doesn't look to be any new version coming out soon. There will still be people out there using Rayshade for its speed and for its multiprocessing utilities (e.g. the separate Inetray utility runs Rayshade on a network of processors/machines). Rayshade will be just fine for many people. The "art" ray tracer from Australia has a slightly brighter future; it has many of the features of Rayshade, plus its developers have time to actively support it.
Radiance will still have its users, too - anyone dealing with lighting in a true physical sense will use this package. Unfortunately, Greg Ward tells me that the DOE (who funded the development of Radiance) may not release newer versions for free; keep your fingers crossed.
BRLCAD has its devoted users, but takes more work than just downloading to get (you must be a US citizen, you sign some agreement, etc etc). So even though it's free if you qualify, it's much more for the serious user and so has nil "hacker momentum".
There are some other free ray tracers out there (RTrace, VIVID/BOB, etc), each with some advantages, but in the main the large number of people using POV and creating utilities for it will make these others of peripheral interest in the long run. 90% of the utilities developed for POV might be clunky junk, but there will be enough hits (such as MORAY) that this renderer is made usable by the masses. Whether this is good or bad or whatever, well, I don't really know, but this is my current impression of the short-term future of free ray tracing software out there.
Anyway, this is an incredibly long issue, as I finally caught up with the backlog from March onwards. Given its length, I hope you'll take it all in (hey, use "split" and "at" and send yourself this issue in installments...). There's a summary of the features and speeds (in two separate articles) of most of the free ray tracers out there. I've also started listing new papers that might be overlooked (i.e. weren't in SIGGRAPH). Something for everyone, I hope (or if nothing else, at least all this stuff is organized so that I can find it again).
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# J. Eric Townsend - massively parallel engines, vr # NAS, NASA Ames # M/S 258-6 # Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 # 415.604.4311
I'm supposed to be administrating a CM-5, but I spend as much of my time as possible working on parallel ray tracers. My current project uses SEADS decomposition with cells distributed over the nodes. Cells are requested asynch and cached locally. Performance numbers coming soon.
What's the *biggest* thing you've ray traced so far in terms of sheer number of objects/size of database?
I'm (still) working on my massively parallel raytracer, but I've gotten official approval to work on it as part of my job, so I'm getting a lot done these days. One thing I've realized, is that I'll be able to trace some *huge* numbers of objects, or at least I think it's a large number...
Right now, an sphere+surface characteristics takes up about 512bytes of storage in my system (actually, any object takes up about that much space because the Object type is just a union of all the objects I support). Yes, that's a lot. I haven't tried optimizing for size yet. As I mucked about on our CM-5, I realized 'hey, I've got a *lot* of free ram for storage, even with a sizable local cache.'
Each node on our CM-5 has 2 banks of 16MB each. Assuming one bank is taken up with OS, code, object cache, data structures, generic BS, that leaves 16MB/node for permanent object storage. 16MB*32nodes (smallest partition one can grab)/512bytes/sphere==1M (1Kx1K, actually) spheres. Using all 128 nodes, I can easily have 4M spheres in my permanent object storage.
That's an awful lot, it seems to me. 4 million spheres is roughly equal to: - 568 sphereflakes(4) - 7 sphereflakes(6) - a single sphereflake(7) (5.3M spheres, actually).
Maybe it isn't a lot of objects. Regardless, I sat around trying to figure out how to use 4M spheres, and I came up with a few ideas:
- particle methods run on another machine (when we get hippi going, we could run code on one machine and trace on another) - use spheres as voxels, try some volume ray tracing - bad abstract animation using too many spheres
Another probability is that'll I'll try some stuff with a 'special' object that has very simple parameters: position, pointer to an object definition and a pointer to a color index. That'd make it *quite* easy to get another few million objects floating about in the big database.
So, am I completely off my rocker?
________
Name: Steven G. Blask Fancy title: Research Associate But I'm really: PhD candidate/serf (will hack computer vision/graphics/image processing/AI under UNIX/C(++)/X Windows environment for food) Affiliation: Robot Vision Laboratory Snail-mail: School of Electrical Engineering 1285 Electrical Engineering Building Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1285 Voice: (317) 494-3502 FAX: (317) 494-6440 E-mail: blask@ecn.purdue.edu
Interests: In short, I am doing my part to get ignorant computers to visually interpret their environment, initially for (but not limited to) robotic applications. Specifically, I am doing expectation-based image understanding, integrating a number of related research areas into a single unified system. I have created a B-rep solid model of the hallways outside our lab which is used as an internal map by our mobile robot. Based on where the robot thinks it is, an expected view of the environment is rendered via a (not-yet-so-)fast ray tracing algorithm which incorporates illumination effects.
While most rendering systems are focused on obtaining pretty pictures as quickly as possible, my application must also maintain links back to the underlying solid model so that, in addition to the appearance information, the 3D geometry and topology stored in the B-rep is efficiently made available to the scene interpretation process. This brings up many issues not normally addressed in the graphics literature which prevent me from taking advantage of some of their proposed speed-ups. However, it has caused me to re-examine some of the "solved" problems of computer graphics from a new perspective, which has yielded much dissertation fodder, and has allowed me to propose new speed-ups based on a slightly modified architecture.
Related non-graphics areas I have addressed include: low level image processing to remove noise from digitized images or enhance rendered images; robust segmentation and symbolic conversion of digitized greyscale video images and distance images produced by a range sensor; integration of these symbolic conversion routines into the solid modeler/sensor modeler/ray tracer which also has facilities for the interactive construction, examination, and modification of objects; an evidential reasoning scheme that organizes and utilizes the rich structural and appearance information in an efficient manner during the image understanding process. Artificial intelligence techniques such as evidence accumulation, uncertainty management, and symbolic reasoning must be utilized since there is a huge amount of input data and it will be noisy, the expectation will not be exact due to errors in mobile robot odometry (indeed, vision is intended to be its position updating mechanism), and it is impractical or impossible to completely or accurately model all of the environment and its many aspects. By processing both expected and observed scenes with the same greyscale or range image segmentation routines, the integrated system can predict the detectability of various structural features and appearance artifacts, and determine their usefulness w.r.t. the image interpretation process.
Obviously, I have taken a big bite out of a large apple, so please excuse me if I talk with my mouth full :-) I hope this tome makes the ray-tracing community more aware of the vast usefulness of this rendering paradigm to those who would do model-based interpretation of video and range sensor images. Ray tracing is a natural fit for my particular application since it tells me what object I hit, how far away it is, and what ``color'' it is. Computer vision & computer graphics are two sides of the same coin, and it is once again time to flip it over & see if the other guy has solved your problem yet. It is also probably time for the two communities to start working on an integrated modeling system that can drive the image formation/generation process both ways. I was forced to implement the aforementioned system myself since I could find no existing system that gave me the access I needed in order to efficiently integrate everything that needs to be done.
Sorry this is so long, but I thought you might find it interesting and possibly motivating. I encourage anyone interested in the further development of an integrated vision/graphics system to contact me. I am racing to defend my dissertation by December, so I may be slow to respond until then.
P.S. I am obliged to say that Purdue Robot Vision Lab is a diverse group of researchers investigating all aspects of sensory-based robotics, including: planning for sensing, robot motion, grasping, and assembly; object and sensor modeling; computer vision; image processing; range data processing; object recognition; symbolic and geometric reasoning; uncertainty management and evidence accumulation; learning. Smart, aware, easy-to-program robots are our goal. Prof. Avinash C. Kak is our fearless leader.
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RayShade - a great ray tracer for workstations on up, also for PC, Mac & Amiga. POV - son and successor to DKB trace, written by Compuservers. Also see PV3D. (For more questions call Drew Wells -- 73767.1244@compuserve.com or Dave Buck -- david_buck@carleton.ca) Radiance - see "Radiosity", below. A very physically based ray tracer. ART - ray tracer with a good range of surface types, part of VORT package. RTrace - Portugese ray tracer, does bicubic patches, CSG, 3D text, etc. etc. An MS-DOS version for use with DJGPP DOS extender (GO32) exists also, as well as a Mac port. VIVID2 - A shareware raytracer for PCs - binary only (286/287). Author: Stephen Coy (coy@ssc-vax.boeing.com). The 386/387 (no source) version is available to registered users (US$50) direct from the author. "Bob" is a subset of this ray tracer, source available only through disks in "Photorealism and Raytracing in C" by Christopher Watkins et al, M&T Books.
Which one's the best? Here's a ray tracer feature comparison of some of the more popular ones. I assume some basics, like each can run on a Unix workstation, can render a polygon, has point lights, highlighting, reflection & refraction, etc.
A "." means "no". Things in parentheses mean "no, but there's a workaround". For example, POV 1.0 has no efficiency scheme so takes forever on scenes with lots of objects, but there are programs which can generate efficiency structures for some POV objects (also, in this case, POV 2.0 will fix this deficiency).
Rayshade POV 1.0 RTrace Radiance Bob ART IBM PC version? Y Y Y in 2.2 Y Y Amiga version? Y Y . Y . (Y) Mac version? Y Y Y A/UX . Y Sphere/Cylinder/Cone Y Y Y Y Y Y Torus primitive Y Y Y . . Y Spline surface prim. . Y Y . . Y Arbitrary Algebraic prim. . Y . . . Y Heightfield primitive Y Y . . . Y Metaball primitive Y Y . . . Y Modeling matrices Y Y Y . . Y Constructive Solid Geo. Y Y Y (antimatter) (clipping) Y Efficiency scheme? grids (user/2.0) ABVH octtree ABVH kdtree+ 2D texture mapping Y Y Y Y Y Y 3D solid textures Y strong Y Y Y Y Advanced local shading . Y Y Much! . . Atmospheric effects Y Y . . Y Y Radiosity effects . . Y Y . . Soft shadows Y (2.0) Y Y Y Y Motion blur Y . . . . . Depth of field effects Y . Y . Y . Stereo pair support Y . Y . . . Advanced filter/sample Y . Y Y Y . Animation support Y (S/W) Y (some) . Y Alpha channel output Y . Y . . Y Modeler lib/P3D IBM+ (convert) on Mac w/code P3D Model converters from NFF Many! Many! some . NFF,OFF Network rendering Inetray . . in 2.2 . dart,nart User support maillist maillist good digest+ little good Other S/W support some Much! a bit some a bit some
For timing comparisons, see the next article.
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Timings - default size SPD databases (i.e. up to 10,000 objects in a scene), time in seconds on HP 720 workstation, optimized and gprof profiled code. Includes time to read in the ASCII data file and set up. Note that profiling slows down the execution times, so real times would be somewhat faster in all cases (about 30%); plus, the profiler itself is good to +-10%. Also, these timings are purely for this machine - results will vary considerably depending on the platform (see David Hook's article). Now that I've explained why these are useless, here goes:
balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort 478 1315 239 595 235 84 381 Art/Vort +float 415 1129 206 501 203 72 327 Rayshade w/tweak 188 360 174 364 145 61 163 Rayshade w/grid 1107 412 174 382 145 61 1915 Radiance 289 248 165 601 150 42 197 Bob 402 747 230 831 245 50 266 RTrace 664 1481 813 1343 341 153 372 RTrace c6 m0 652 1428 811 1301 331 155 363 POV 2.0beta+ 588 1895 668 1113 306 56 542 POV 1.0 191000 1775000 409000 260000 45000 31000 250000
The gears and mount tests are probably worth ignoring because everyone handles shadows for transparent objects differently. Some consider them opaque to shadows, others handle it differently.
Here are timing ratios (i.e. 1 is the fastest time for a given test, with the other timings normalized to this value):
balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort 2.54 5.30 1.45 1.63 1.62 2.00 2.34 Art/Vort +float 2.21 4.55 1.25 1.38 1.40 1.71 2.01 Rayshade w/tweak 1 1.45 1.05 1 1 1.45 1 Rayshade w/grid 5.89 1.66 1.05 1.05 1 1.45 11.75 Radiance 1.54 1 1 1.65 1.03 1 1.21 Bob 2.14 3.01 1.39 2.28 1.69 1.19 1.63 RTrace 3.53 5.97 4.93 3.69 2.35 3.64 2.28 RTrace c6 m0 3.47 5.76 4.92 3.57 2.28 3.69 2.23 POV 2.0beta+ 3.13 7.64 4.05 3.06 2.11 1.33 3.33 POV 1.0 1015.96 7157.26 2478.79 714.29 310.34 738.10 1533.74
Art/Vort was compiled with and without a "+f" compiler option; with it on floating point numbers are not promoted to doubles during expression evaluation (and so things runs noticeably faster). Other packages may benefit from such compiler options.
Rayshade had some minor user intervention. The ceiling of the cube root of the number of objects in the scene was used as the efficiency grid resolution. For example, balls has 7382 objects: cube root is 19.47, ceiling is then 20, so a 20 x 20 x 20 grid was used. Rayshade needs hand tweaking of the grid structures for extra efficiency (esp. with balls and tree), though this is fairly simple for the SPD tests (i.e. leave the background polygon out of the grid structure). Tweaking in these cases means leaving ground plane polygon (if it exists) out of the grid structure.
Radiance is quite different in its approach, as it is more physically based. Efficiency structures are built in a separate program (so the time spent doing this is not included in the above stats). Also, Radiance outputs in a floating point format (which can be quite handy).
RTrace is often a bit faster when the "c6 m0" options are used.
POV 2.0 has an efficiency scheme built in and so is comparable to the others, so don't get freaked out by the POV 1.0 performance numbers.
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Notes from Antonio Costa on RTrace:
Let me make just some small remarks about RTrace. Perhaps you haven't explored its options, but I think it could perform slightly better (at least 8% better, according to some simple tests I did).
Please run it with options 'c6 m0': c6 -> enclose at least 6 objects per enclosing box (default is c4) m0 -> use simple lighting model (default is m1, which uses a model developed by Paul Strauss of SGI; it's much more complex!)
When scenes have a larger amount of simple primitives like spheres and boxes the enclosing strategy isn't as efficient as when they have cones, patches, triangles, letters, etc. The value c4 is a compromise (normally the user shouldn't change it, but sometimes some tuning can be done).
[c6 turns out to be a bit better in most cases, but using both options improved performance by at most 4% maximum on my machine. -EAH]
The Strauss' model uses some math functions that unfortunately make the rendering somewhat slower then the standard Phong model (this is an area where I think good improvements can be done -- approximating functions like power(), sqrt(), acos()).
You can also avoid the problem with the 'rings' scene using an option that increases the number of surfaces -- option '+S2000' means 2000 surfaces (default is 256). To increase the number of objects or lights you can also use '+Sn' or '+Ln'.
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For those of you who want to know the particulars of the tests, read on:
Here are the command lines I used for the various tracers. I tried to use the fastest method available for shadows for transparent objects - each tracer does this a bit different. Mostly I would say "ignore the results for gears and mount" because of the way the methods differ. I used the enhanced Standard Procedural Database package (next article) to test the ray tracers.
POV: time povray +ms5000 +i$dog.pov +ft +w1 +h1 -odummy.tga ART: time art $dog.art 512 512 RAYSHADE: time rayshade $dog.ray -o -R 512 512 -O $dog.rle RTRACE: time rtrace c6 m0 +S2000 w512 h512 O1 $dog.rt $dog.ppm BOB: sed -f vivid2bob.sed $dog.b > /tmp/junk mv /tmp/junk $dog.b time bob -s $dog RADIANCE: # uses a converter Greg Ward sent, which I call NFF2Radiance ../../$dog -r 1 | NFF2Radiance -vf $dog.vp > $dog.rad oconv $dog.rad > test.oct time rpict -vf $dog.vp test.oct > $dog.pic
[Addendum: more timings are available from Andrew Woo in RTNv10n3]
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NFF (used by MTV ray tracer; but the SPD always output using this) POV-Ray 1.0 Polyray v1.4, v1.5 Vivid 2.0 Rayshade RTrace 8.0.0 Art 2.3 QRT 1.5 POV-Ray 2.0 (no, it's not officially out yet: format subject to change) PLG format for use with "rend386" Raw triangle output
It can also output the models as line drawings to the screen for previewing: IBM, Mac, and HPUX drivers are provided, and new drivers are trivial to write (i.e. draw a line).
There is also a program, showdxf, which will convert or display DXF files (actually, a limited subset of these - just 3DFACE entities). There are two sample DXF files, a skull and an f117, included.
There's also a sample code file which can be used as a template for writing your own output programs. What's nice about this package is that by writing a program representing your model (or interpreting your model as input a la showdxf.c), you can then convert it to a wide number of formats. I'd love to see more show*.c interpreters (e.g. one for Wavefront obj format so that the cool Viewpoint models at avalon.chinalake.navy.mil can be converted) and other output formats.
I did some polishing and whatnot to the distribution and have placed the whole thing at weedeater.math.yale.edu's /incoming directory as SPDup31.tar.Z and SPDup31.zip . Hopefully I didn't futz things too badly (I suspect there needs to be some file renaming for the Mac version), but let me know if I did. Anyway, I hope that the permanent home of the code will be princeton.edu:/pub/Graphics somewhere.
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A moot point indeed. Not many ray-tracers handle this problem correctly. Most take the "easy way out" of either a) ignoring the ray if _any_ obstacle is encountered between the surface and the lightsource or b) if the ray passes through transparent objects only, then attenuate the lighting according to some scattering approximation function. a) always gives rise to completely dark shadows, whereas b) is an improvement in that it gives rise to lighter regions of shadow where the light has been attenuated proportional to the distance of refractive material passed through.
Either of these approaches do not capture the caustics effects. There seems to be 2 methods around to do this: either a) send out _lots_ of rays from the surface in the hope that some of them will hit the light source. i.e.: sample the hemisphere above the point of intersection and trace these rays. For better results the hemi-sphere may be importance sampled by determining the solid angle subtended by all light sources. This is of course incredibly expensive computationally and leads to very noisy caustic effects. The alternative approach is to shoot rays from the light sources in a pre- processing step. A number of approaches to this exist. Heckbert proposed shooting may rays from the light sources and storing the intersections of these rays with surfaces as a "texture map" of sorts. Thus when executing the secondary phase, intersections with surfaces use these texture maps as an estimate of the light incident on the surface. Another approach is that of Watt & Watt where a beam tracing first phase performs a similar operation but this time only polygonally defined surfaces are catered for (due to the beam-tracing approach). Here, light beams are traced through the scene and the intersections of these beams with surfaces are stored as polygon feature polygons and used in the "eye-phase" to estimate the caustic light energy. Finally, more recent work (I've just shipped my Siggraph '92 procs. over 3,000 miles away so forgive not being able to give the exact reference) published in Siggraph '92 (was it Kirk and Barr or Snyder...? or Arvo... these guys do so much excellent stuff its hard to keep track) [no, it was Mitchell and Hanrahan -EAH], which involved a more analytic approach to determine the location of the caustic effects by analytically estimating the wave-fronts and caustic cusps resulting from light interacting with a surface of gaussian curvature.
This is, as you can probably guess, an area of interesting on-going research.
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Some comments from the designers:
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From Greg Ward (the main author of Radiance):
As for the shadow under a refracting sphere or such, I just follow the rays through the object to the light source following a refracted path, and if I hit it, I get it, if I don't, I don't. It's not the correct thing to do, but it's better than throwing the contribution away or pretending it's not there, and it does give the appearance of light concentration in some cases. To be honest, I don't care that much about refracting objects as they rarely turn up in architectural scenes. Windows, yes -- crystal balls, no.
Yes, the refracted path source testing depends on the size of the light source among other things, so it's not a correct approach (as I said). But it's easy, and strikes me as better than nothing. I don't do any special type of sampling with regards to ray direction -- I just shoot assuming that there's nothing in the way, and if I hit a dielectric surface, I continue to follow the refracted (but not the reflected) ray. Works great for planar surfaces, so it makes most of my users happy.
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From Alexander Enzmann (an author of POV-Ray):
Another thing to consider with POV-Ray (especially in gears) is that diffuse shadows are computed for all surfaces. Several tracers have an option for how many surfaces will have shadows computed (Rayshade and RTrace have several options), some tracers don't ever compute shadows for an "interior" surface of a transparent object (Vivid/BOB). POV-Ray always does the maximum work. The high ratio you got on the gears benchmark comes from that to a great extent and from the fact that POV-Ray doesn't do polygons (has to have the gears broken down into triangles).
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From Stephen Coy (an author of the Vivid/Bob ray tracers):
There actually seem to be two issues here. The first is how the intersection with an "interior" surface is shaded. The second is how shadow colors are calculated.
When Vivid/Bob intersects an interior surface the only component that is taken into account is the transparency. This implies that the surface doesn't have a diffuse component (hence no shadows), it doesn't have a specular highlight and there are no reflected rays generated. I've come to believe that my handling of the specular rays and highlights is wrong. As far as the diffuse component goes I think the correct solution is quite a bit tougher. I think that the proper solution would involve the effects of the light all along the ray as it passes through the transparent material. In effect, transparent materials should be treated like participating media where you actually have a diffuse contribution and shadows cast throughout the volume.
When it comes to calculating the color of shadows Vivid/Bob gives you a couple of options. With the no_exp_trans flag set, the light color is simply filtered by the transparent component of the material. When this flag is not set (the default) the amount of the filtering is attenuated exponentially based on the distance the ray travels through the material. Note that this has the side-effect of making the material definition scale dependent. Additionally Vivid/Bob also supports fake caustics. For these, the color of the shadow ray is further tweaked based on the angle between the surface normal and the direction of the shadow ray. This was inspired by Andrew Pearce's trick in Graphics Gems I.
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From David Hook (an author of the "art" ray tracer):
Art traces the ray straight through the object checking for texturing and modifying the light passed through accordingly. Apart from the texturing it doesn't seem to cause to much heartache computationally, although, as Greg Ward points out, going straight through without taking into account effects due to refraction fails to produce any caustics, which are the things that make refractive light the most interesting. On the satisfaction-with-the-image side, we have another program using the same shading model that is used by architects, and the lack of caustics has never caused any problems. I sometimes wonder if computer graphics people are the only ones who notice them!
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This article presents a simple way to improve the performance of automatic bounding volume hierarchy schemes. Automatic bounding volume hierarchy methods are one way to improve the efficiency of ray tracing. By putting objects in a nested hierarchy of bounding boxes and testing each ray against these, most of the objects in a scene can be quickly rejected as not intersecting the ray. Goldsmith/Salmon & Scherson/Caspary explored methods of building up a hierarchy of bounding volumes automatically, as did Kay/Kajiya.
Kay & Kajiya simply built a hierarchy of boxes by sorting the object set by the object centroid locations in X, then Y, then Z. For example, with a hundred objects in a scene the objects' 3D center points would be sorted by X, and then this sorted list would be split into two sublists of fifty objects each, with a box put around each list. Each sublist in turn would be sorted by their Y centroid values and split into two subboxes with twenty-five objects each, on down until boxes with two objects are created at the bottom of the hierarchy.
Goldsmith & Salmon wished to group objects more tightly. Splitting a list of objects may not be such a great strategy: imagine that of our hundred objects, fifty one made up a light fixture and forty nine made up a stapler that the light shines upon. Splitting into two groups of fifty means that one box will include all of the stapler and one piece of the light, and so giving a box which contains a large amount of empty area between the light and the stapler. A tighter bound, e.g. having a box around the stapler and another around the light, would yield better timings. Goldsmith & Salmon's strategy is to randomize the list of objects and feed these into a hierarchy, placing each new object in the hierarchy so as to minimize the overall growth in size of the boxes in the tree. By randomizing the list the first few primitives will tend to create a "skeleton" upon which the rest of the primitives can efficiently become a part. [See the RTNews2 file at princeton.edu for more information.]
Brian Smits implemented this scheme in his ray tracer, and Jim Arvo pointed out a simple speed up (mentioned in Goldsmith's article). By trying different randomized lists, various different configurations of the hierarchy occur. These hierarchies can be analyzed by examining their efficiency. The criterion Brian used is the internal cost of the root node (see p. 212 of _An Intro to RT_). Another simple criterion is to sum up the areas of all of the bounding volumes. Each configuration will generate a different value; using the hierarchy with the best value will generally improve performance, since fewer bounding volumes should be intersected overall. So time can be saved overall by spending a little extra time up front generating a few different configurations using different random number seeds. The best random number seed can be saved for a particular scene and reused later to generate this best hierarchy. This is quite a nice thing for fly through animations in particular: one can spend a lot of time up front getting a good hierarchy and then store just one number (the seed) for the best efficiency scheme for the scene.
Brian notes: "I found that on some environments that a good hierarchy could take half to a third of the time of a bad hierarchy. `Average' hierarchies tended to be closer to good hierarchies than bad hierarchies, though."
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(Eric Haines) I have a few comments:
This same idea could be used on Kay and Kajiya. Which axis is sorted first, and which order the axes are sorted (e.g. XYZ or XZY), gives six different generation combinations when using Kay and Kajiya. By examining the fitness criterion of the boxes generated for each of these six, the tightest of the six can then be used.
I have a copy of POV 2.0beta sitting around which does Kay/Kajiya, so I hacked it to try the various combinations. POV 2.0beta actually uses a different scheme than pure Kay/Kajiya: it sorts each box along the longest axis. For example, if you had 8 spheres in a row along the Z axis, it would come up (reasonably enough) with a hierarchy with each box's contents sorted along the Z axis.
Timings for Kay/Kajiya:
balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree shells longest 588 1895 668 1113 306 56 542 1464 area: 5214 881 205 30995 1514 74 74548 604068 XYZ 513- 2019 639+ 1158+ 288+ 54- 516 1661- area: 4420- 938 195 29174+ 1367 72 74361+ 688388 YZX 512 2316- 644 1188 292 52 531 1605 area: 4399 1071- 211 29944 1343 72 74402 686440 ZXY 513- 1735+ 659- 1215- 298 52 549 1554+ area: 4388 764+ 233- 30936- 1334 72 85085- 649846+ YXZ 507+ 1916 656 1182 301- 52 514+ 1658 area: 4420- 884 190+ 29583 1456- 72 74557 696927- ZYX 513- 2006 658 1183 289 52 532 1572 area: 4385+ 869 226 30254 1321+ 72 74382 651506 XZY 508 1892 642 1187 293 52 552- 1579 area: 4402 910 215 30066 1373 72 74616 673416
"longest" is the "sort on the longest axis" scheme which comes with POV 2.0. "XYZ" means sort on the topmost level along X, then the subboxes along Y, then Z, etc. The lowest value in a column (among the simple orderings) and category is marked with "+", the highest with "-".
As Brian notes, there's usually one bad hierarchy among the lot next to a bunch of reasonable ones. There is some correlation between the area summation and the resulting rendering time: "gears", in particular, has significantly different results and the best area summation is 1.33 times as fast as the worst (and the area of the best is 1.4 times smaller than the worst). Most of the models have a fair bit of similarity along each axis. Tetra's symmetry is a great example: the axes' order just does not matter. Gears does not, and so different schemes have significantly different results. Using more realistic scenes would be interesting and probably give larger variances in results.
What's also interesting is that many of the simple XYZXYZ orderings beat the "pick the longest axis" method in overall timing. In the "mount" and "shells" models the longest axis method is always better (in both timing and area summation), and in the "balls" and "teapot" models the longest axis is always the worst strategy.
Another scheme which deserves exploration is to sort on each axis, XYZ, and compare results: using the axis which creates two boxes with the smallest total area would be an interesting strategy which should give fairly low area summations overall.
I suspect there is also not much difference between schemes because of the nature of the databases: there's usually one object cluster instead of a few objects separated by distances (as would occur in a room, say), so the different schemes don't make too much difference. I would also suspect wider variations when using Goldsmith/Salmon, as there is a lot more randomness and opportunity to seriously improve (or degrade) performance. As it stands, for these models doing multiple hierarchies for Kay/Kajiya and picking the best doesn't save much time (maybe 4% on average) - kind of disappointing. Using the absolutely longest axis doesn't seem to be a win for these scenes, though for other less homogeneous scenes it might perform better. I don't know why it performs consistently worse for some databases; if nothing else, it does show that intuition is not always a good guide when designing new efficiency schemes.
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I haven't done it very accurately but I did scrape together a quick and dirty Sun position generator in C. It's only a rough approximation with no attempt to model the equation of time or lesser effects. You provide latitude (in degrees), month (Jan 0th = 1.0, Dec 15th = 12.5, etc) and local time of day (midnight = 0.0, midday = 12.0) and it gives the (x, y, z) coordinates for a rayshade light source direction. Z is up but I forget which axis I made North. It was designed to aid in designing a `Solar house' and I'm sure it's accurate enough for that purpose. It's a model of inefficiency but who cares!
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #define DTOR(d) ((d) * M_PI / 180.0) #define SEASON_ANGLE(month) (sin(((month) - 9.7) / 6 * M_PI) * 0.41) #define HOUR_ANGLE(hour) ((hour) / -12 * M_PI) #define POSITION_ANGLE(latitude) (DTOR(latitude)) double latitude, month, hour; main() { double x, y, z; for (;;) { if (scanf(" %lf %lf %lf", &latitude, &month, &hour) != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "bad floats read\n"); exit(1); } x = (-cos(SEASON_ANGLE(month)) * sin(HOUR_ANGLE(hour))), y = (-sin(SEASON_ANGLE(month)) * cos(POSITION_ANGLE(latitude)) + cos(SEASON_ANGLE(month)) * cos(HOUR_ANGLE(hour)) * sin(POSITION_ANGLE(latitude))), z = (-sin(SEASON_ANGLE(month)) * sin(POSITION_ANGLE(latitude)) - cos(SEASON_ANGLE(month)) * cos(HOUR_ANGLE(hour)) * cos(POSITION_ANGLE(latitude))); printf("%f\t%f\t\t%f\n", x, y, z); } }
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I like for a sphere:
radius, origin, axis for north pole, axis for start point on equator (and optionally right or left-handedness)
The axes are important when you're applying a texture to a surface (otherwise can be ignored). Of course, the user doesn't have to see it this way. For defining ellipsoids, no one bothers with defining the foci - you simply need to non-uniformly scale (e.g. stretch) a sphere with a transformation matrix. You have to be sure to stretch the normal equation for the sphere by the transpose of the adjoint of this matrix to get the normals right (see An Intro to Ray Tracing in Pat Hanrahan's section for a little more on this, and see old issues of this newsletter).
I like for cylinders/cones/annuli (i.e. "washers"):
base origin, axis vector, base radius, apex radius, height, axis for starting texture point on equator
This is real general and gives you three different primitives all in one. In the code you will probably want separate intersectors for them, though (i.e. height of 0.0 means it's a washer and the cone equation will tend to explode at this height).
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The 3rd edition of the cross-indexed bibliography on ray-tracing and related topics is available. Included in this edition will be some 600 citations, papers from all the major graphics conferences and full keywording of citations. Cross-reference files (by keyword and author) and a glossary of the 120 keywords used are also slated for inclusion. (Rick Speer, speer@cs.colorado.edu)
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Texture Library Site
The beginning of a texture library for rendering applications is being started on wuarchive.wustl.edu located in the mirrors/architec
directory. Please FTP the README file first. There are around 100 texture images stored in compressed TIFF format. (Paul David Bourke, pdbourke@ccu1.aukuni.ac.nz)
[I looked at the initial 40 of these. Good idea, but only a very few of them were tileable (i.e. could be repeated seamlessly over a surface). -EAH]
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Inventor 3D File Format, by Gavin Bell (gavin@sgi.com)
You can do a great service to everybody if you avoid creating yet another 3D object file format and at least adopt Inventor's ASCII file format for your system. If not the objects, at least the syntax, to make translation easy. Documentation on the file format is free-- you can anonymously ftp it from sgi.com:sgi/inventor/Doc.tar.Z.
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Ray Traced Church Interiors
There is a series of five images of the interior of the Renaissance church "Il Redentore" in Venice. The original (huge) Utah RLE images are available from: cad0.arch.unsw.edu.au:/pub/rayshade/images/Il_Redentore
The images were produced using Rayshade, the images and the model were created by Nathan O'Brien as part of his undergraduate dissertation "Building Preservation and Three Dimensional Computer Modelling" at UNSW.
These images are extremely good IMHO, and well worth the effort of getting! (Stephen Peter, steve@keystone.arch.unsw.edu.au)
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You may ftp jpeg versions of them (perhaps for a limited time only) from: services.more.net 128.206.20.15 (Columbia, Missouri, USA) in /pub/jpg/Il_Redentore.
These are not the jpegs which appeared on alt.binaries.whatever but were jpegs recreated from the original .rle files by me. (David Drum, UC512052@mizzou1.missouri.edu)
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My book is coming out in October and is called "Adventures in Raytracing," published by QUE. It covers Polyray from "top to bottom". The book is dedicated to raytracing (with Polyray), 3d modeling (with POVCAD - my program) and animation. The book has an almost complete reference on Polyray and it even includes a tear-out card with the command lines, language syntax, etc. It includes a disk with Polyray 386 (no 387) and 386/486 (+387) version, POVCAD (windows and Dos version) and CompuShow (image file viewer utility).
Right now I've also written a small utility called CLAY.ZIP which does free form deformation on RAW data files. The output comes out as RAW also. In addition I've written another utility to tween 2 RAW data files in Polyray - the good thing about it is that it can do linear, quadratic or cubic interpolation... and the output from the utility is just 1 file independently of how many frames are required. (Alfonso Hermida, afanh@stdvax.gsfc.nasa.gov)
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I've just completed a book on 3D graphics animation with Dave Mason called "Making Movies on Your PC". Lots of pretty pictures, mostly beginners tips on creating FLI/FLC format animations on IBM clones. (Alexander Enzmann, 70323.2461@compuserve.com)
[This book also includes Polyray and 2D morphing software. -EAH]
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YART 0.40 - a Fast Growing Framework for Obj.Or.Graphics, Ekkehard Beier (ekki@prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de)
The time is good for a new graphics system, including both ray-tracing and gouraud shading facilities! This system should be object-oriented, highly extensible and highly interactive (Real-time raytracing or real-time shading and raytracing if explicitly wanted). Using SGI GL/PHIGS[PEX]...-shading for built-in modelling and direct interaction, and Raytracer for HiQuality final images.
* YART - Yet Another Ray Tracer *
is a first implementation of such a system.
*there is a mailing list: yart@prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de
*PLATFORMS: SGI Iris, SUN Sparc, Linux-PC, [MS Windows - in work]
ftp from metallica.prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de [141.24.12.29] : pub/PROJECTS (login as "ftp", password "HARLEY FUCKIN' DAVIDSON").
*PRECONDITIONS: C++ (At&T cfront 2.1), Tcl, GL or X11 or PHIGS PLUS.
[There's lots more text, contact the author for more info. -EAH]
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General software:
3DS2POV is a utility that converts 3D Studio files to POV-Ray, Vivid, Polyray, or raw triangle formats. A bounding volume hierarchy is added to the POV-Ray files. The latest version converts from the binary .3DS format where previous versions used the ascii format. If you've got the time (or a Cray) it'll convert whole animation sequences as well. This program is on the YCCMR BBS and the TGA BBS as 3DSPOV17.ZIP. Both DOS binaries and C source are included. (Steve Anger, 70714.3113@CompuServe.COM)
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[I haven't mentioned BRLCAD for awhile, so here's a blurb:]
The US Army BRLCAD package (brl@cad.mil) -- Ballistic Research Laboratory is available as encrypted source code via anonymous ftp from:* FAX a completed copy of the 'agreement' file to BRL for the 'crypt' key. BRLCAD is very mature -- also runs in parallel on a heterogeneous mixture of systems -- image quality is good -- but perhaps not extraordinary. (Alexander-James Annala)
[It really does look like an amazing system, worth checking out if you plan on doing any "serious" modeling, esp. CAD related. - EAH]
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Radiance related:
A fellow by the name of Georg Mischler of ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, has written a new translator for exporting Radiance files from within AutoCAD. This new AutoLISP program seems to be quite capable, and he has installed it in the pub/translators directory on the anonymous ftp account of hobbes.lbl.gov (128.3.12.38). I invite users with AutoCAD to try it out. (Gregory J. Ward, greg@hobbes.lbl.gov)
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Rayshade related:
I have just compiled the 'Enhanced' version of Rayshade (patchlevel 6) for a PC running MSDOS and it appears work fine. You can get it from telva.ccu.uniovi.es (156.35.31.31): /pub/graphics/raytrace/rayshade/MSDOS/Erayshade.for.PC.zip. You'll need a 486 ( yeah, you'll can run it on a 386, but S...L...O...W ). Also I packed a shower and a converter from/to the RLE file format. (Raul y Quique, nuevos%hp400.ccu.uniovi.es@Princeton.EDU)
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I am placing in weedeater.math.yale.edu:/incoming 3 executables: getX11, rayshade.4.0.6, raypaint.4.0.6 which have been ported to SCO UNIX & Univel SVR. They will run in both environments.
These have been optimized for INTEL 486 & Pentium processors to use on-chip FPU & cache memory. (Robert Walsh, SCO (robertwa@sco.com))
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I have just uploaded a port of rayshade 4.0.6enh2 to OS/2 2.1 to weedeater.math.yale.edu. Most of the patches posted through July 20, 1993 to this list have been added. (David C. Browne, DBROWNE@diamond.kbsi.com)
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RTrace/Radiosity related:
The "lightR" radiosity program from Bernard Kwok (ae140@freenet.carleton.ca) is now available to run in a PC with DOS DJGPP GO32 extender. You can ftp a working version with some scenes and utils at asterix.inescn.pt [192.35.246.17] in directory pub/LightR/PC-386 (lightr12.arj) The source code is in pub/LightR/PC-386/src (lightr.arj) I found the program very interesting and it helped me to learn a lot about Radiosity (a rendering algorithm). I have also adapted its output to the RTrace ray tracer so that nice images could be produced:
lightr scn2sff rtrace PAT, VW ----------> SCN ----------> SFF ----------> PIC PPM
I included minimal docs and specs, but I intend to improve this area in the future... Please feel free to contact me. (Antonio Costa, acc@asterix.inescn.pt)
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There is a new version of the RTrace ray-tracing package (8.3.2) at asterix.inescn.pt [192.35.246.17] in directory pub/RTrace. Check the README file.
RTrace now can use the SUIT toolkit to have a nice user interface. Compile it with -DSUIT or modify the Makefile. SUIT is available at suit@uvacs.cs.virginia.edu
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I have put in pub/RTrace here 2 PostScript docs describing the syntax of both SFF and SCN. I would many people to read them and send me comments, if possible... The files are sffv8-p?.ps.Z and scn15-p?.ps.Z (Antonio Costa, acc@asterix.inescn.pt)
[There are undoubtedly a large number of other changes and additions to RTrace by this time; Antonio seems to have unlimited time and energy for this thing! For example, I noticed he now has an IRIS Inventor input interpreter. Check with him for the latest. -EAH]
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Vivid/Bob related:
Triangular Glob Generator v1.0 copyright 1993, Dov Sherman
(For use with Stephen Coy's Vivid Raytracer v1.0 or higher)
GLOB is a handy utility for creating more realistic, rounded objects without relying on bezier patches (which are still good but hard to work out on paper).
GLOB takes an ASCii file containing the coordinates and radii of a series of spheres and creates smooth connections between each sequential pair, connecting the first and third spheres in each sequential triple, and placing a triangular polygon over the gap created by a sequential triple. I'll try to explain this better later.
The output is in the form of an include file for Stephen Coy's Vivid Raytracer. Other raytracer formats may be supported in future versions if I ever manage to figure out the other ones.
GLOB10.ZIP is available from wuarchive.wustl.edu. I just put it in /pub/MSDOS_UPLOADS/graphics. Also available on the You Can Call Me Ray BBS.
(Dov Sherman, DS5877@CONRAD.APPSTATE.EDU)
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POV related:
Ray Tracing Creations Drew Wells, Chris Young, Dan Farmer The Waite Group 1993 ISBN 1-878739-27-1
This book covers the POV ray tracer from soup to nuts, with lots of examples and whatnot. Essentially, it's a users manual for POV, and it comes with POV 1.0 on disk. (Eric Haines)
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There's a new GUI modeller call MORAY out for POV-Ray. This is the most complete modeller for POV-Ray I've seen so far. It supports most of POV-Ray's primitives, CSG, hierarchical linking, and has an nice bezier patch editor. Here's a short description from the docs:
MORAY V1.3 is an easy-to-use GUI modeller for use with POV-Ray 1.0 (and 2.0 when released). It supports the cube, sphere, cylinder, torus, cone, heightfield and bezier patch primitive, as well as adding conic, rotational and translational sweeps. You can add (spot)lights, bounding boxes, textures and cameras, which show the scene in wireframe 3D. Shareware US$59. Not crippled. Requires 286 or higher, mouse, runs on VGA and SVGA/VESA.
MORAY version 1.3 is available at in /pub/dkbtrace/incoming. (Steve Anger, 70714.3113@CompuServe.COM)
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No, POV 2.0 is not out yet. To whet your appetite:
POV 2.0 includes automatic bounding boxes, better textures, recursive antialiasing, primitives for finite cylinders & cones. The parser will now accept mathematical expressions for vectors and floating point numbers. It also has some bugfixes.
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When using PoV on a X window based Unix system as f.i. Linux, you may use my x256q Previewer code instead of the xwindows code that comes with PoV.
It resides on irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de:pub/gfx/ray/misc/x256q (Andre Beck, beck@irzr17.inf.tu-dresden.de)
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Check out the 3d l-system generator (ms-dos) for POV-Ray raytracer I found on the graphics alternative bbs 510-524-2780. the qbasic source makes a raw coordinate file for input to raw2pov for smooth_triangle output. 3 examples from 'algorithmic beauty of plants' provides about 8 variables that one can fuss with to produce diff shape trees/bushes. uploaded as treebas.zip to (mirrored on wuarchive.wustl.edu:graphics/graphics/mirrors/...) (Tony Audas, taudas@umcc.umcc.umich.edu)
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I use POVRAY and the small Makeanim program to do animation - using makeanim you create a file with a series of movement variables - and it #defines them into the .pov code and raytraces them all in sequence. So if you want a camera pan diagonally upward, your .anm file should look like: pan_x, pan_y 0, 0 1, 1 2, 2 etc... It will define these for you, and they should be used instead of x and y in your camera definition. Makanim will only handle 20 variables, unfortunately, so you can really only make 20 or less things move - but if you move the camera around, this can make up for things. (Dane Jasper, dane@nermal.santarosa.edu)
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RAW2POV is a utility that converts triangle data listed in xyz triplets to POV-Ray smooth triangles. It automatically adds its own bounding volume hierarchy to overcome POV-Ray's lack of an efficiency scheme. This program is on the YCCMR BBS and the TGA BBS as RAWPOV17.ZIP. Both DOS binaries and C source are included. [Also see 3DSPOV writeup above] (Steve Anger, 70714.3113@CompuServe.COM)
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If you have any comments or suggestions about POVCAD please let me know. The home of POVCAD is Pi Square BBS (301)725-9080 in Maryland USA. You may download POVCAD (DOS or Windows version) and get the latest info on it. [POVCAD is up to version 2.0b for Windows by now, and has more features than the non-Windows version); there are also rumors that an X-Windows version may be forthcoming. -EAH] (Alfonso Hermida, afanh@stdvax.gsfc.nasa.gov)
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A lot of developers (A. Hermida, Lutz Kretschmar, Dan Farmer, Stephen Coy) also hang out the PCG (Professional CAD Graphics Net). You can get access to this net via the BBS'es mentioned in the PoV docs, and in Europe via BBS Bennekom, fido node 2:281/283, telephone 31-8389-15331. Using Bluewave, I can read and write in the echos for free. (Han-Wen Nienhuys, hanwen@STACK.URC.TUE.NL)
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In the PC world, I have use a program called VVFONT. It uses the stroke fonts in borland and produces the characters as unions of spheres, codes, planes, boxes, cylinders, etc. It produces very good results and allows for rounded, block, and beveled format for POV, DKB, and Vivid ray tracers. If I don't see it on the net, I will check with the author and download it somewhere and post the location if there is any interest shown. (Mike Hoyes, hoyes@rock.concert.net)
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I've uploaded my (uppercase only) alphabet to (or some such place... you know the one I mean). The letters consists of cylinders and torii, suitably bounded for performance reasons. There is also a utility for writing strings, and two sample .pov files. Oh yes, almost forgot. The file is called 'beta.zip' (as there is already an alpha.zip... Imaginative, huh?) (Reidar "Radar" Husmo, radar@cs.keele.ac.uk)
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There are a few other ways to render text. Look in: pub/dkbtrace, there are two alphabet pov files, alpha.zip and beta.zip, examples of using pov shape_types in creating 3D text. Another way I can think of is to use the connect-the-dots utility to create letters. Further possibilities include using Vision 3D's extruder to extrude the text and output DXF, then convert to pov triangles. A third method I think may work is to use Paul Bourke's "BitSurface" utility which converts bit-maps to DXF, and again convert to pov. (Helmut Dotzlaw, dotzlaw@CCU.UMANITOBA.CA)
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I produce fonts for PoV commercially [see RTNv6n2 for more info. -EAH]. For a demo, and some sample letters, have a look in pub/dkbtrace/incoming or pub/dkbtrace/utils for some of these:
avantest.zip 38988 21/10/92 5:14 fntbench.zip 33628 21/02/93 17:25 fntsamp.zip 132164 23/07/93 5:58 tms_rom.jpg 27560 21/02/93 17:28
Kirk2.jpg illustrates the use of the fonts in a more professional capacity. (Andrew Haveland-Robinson, andy@OSEA.DEMON.CO.UK)
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One of the best utilties I've found for POV)
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A good many of the utilities for POV-Ray have been designed to use what we call ".raw" format (bare vertex data) which can be bound very tightly in a hierarchical structure of bounding boxes by a utility by Steve Anger, called RAW2POV. RAW2POV can also do Phong interpolation on the triangles if desired. Any serious raytracing of large triangle databases in POV 1.0 is done with data that has been processed by RAW2POV. (Nobody tries it twice without it!) (Dan Farmer CIS[70703,1632])
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POV on Mac utilities:
Thanks to "The Evil Tofu", I was recently made aware of a collection of utilites for POV which have been ported to the Mac by Eduard [esp] Shwan, of the Compuserve Group, called POV Mac Utilities 1.1. With kind permission of the author, it has been uploaded to the Internet.
The application contains the following utilities: Coil Generator - Bill Kirby Connect the Dots (CDTS) - Truman Brown Dat2POV - Drew Wells DXF2POV - Aaron A. Collins "Lissa" Lissajous Generator - Eduard [esp] Schwan POV Suds Generator - Sam Hobbs & Dan Farmer Raw2POV - Steve Anger Shell Generator - Dan Farmer Sponge Generator - Stephen Coy Swoop - Douglas Otwell
Also I think worthy of mention is that Paul D. Bourke's Vision-3D modeller for the Mac, which can export DXF files, supports lathing and extruding capabilities. Hmm, I wonder if I lathed something and used Mac POV Utils to generate a DXF -> POV? Paul has also recently written a program, BitSurface, which will generate DXF from bitmap files. Hmm, again....
Mac POV Utils 1.1 can be found at summex-aim.stanford.edu, /info-mac/grf/util/pov-utilities-11.hqx Freeware.
Vision-3D and BitSurface can be found at wuarchive.wustl.edu, /mirrors/architec Shareware.
(Helmut Dotzlaw, dotzlaw@CCU.UMANITOBA.CA)
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> Does anyone have a leaf generator ? a tree generator ? flowers ?
Look at treebas (tree generator in qbasic (msdos))
> Is there a technique for getting that rainbow effect that you see on a
> Compact Disc ?
Look at the texture in bubble.pov (an iridescent, shimmering rainbow smear).
Both are available by anonymous ftp in mirrored on wuarchive.wustl.edu:graphics/graphics/mirrors/... (Tony Audas, taudas@UMCC.UMICH.EDU)
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Xmgf 1.1 Motif based 3D Object Viewer
xmgf can be found on export.lcs.mit.edu in /contrib files: xmgf.README xmgf.1.1.tar.Z You'll need MOTIF and patience (:-)) Have fun and feedback will be welcomed (good and bad!:-( (Paul Hoad, P.Hoad@ee.surrey.ac.uk)
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SIGGRAPH May issue on-line
By popular demand, we have created a tar'ed and compress'ed version of the May '93 experimental online edition of the SIGGRAPH "Computer Graphics" newsletter. It is in file
~ftp/publications/May_93_online/May_93_online.tar.Z
available via anonymous ftp from siggraph.org. This file contains the PostScript version of the newsletter. It is 3.2MB in size compressed and uncompresses to 15MB. (Sue Mair, mair@ucs.ubc.ca)
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A friend of mine Jason Wilson created a very basic radiosity package. This package runs on the Next Platform(version 3.0 or higher). under pub/CS_dept file NeXtrad.tar.Z
(Leslie Donaldson, Donaldlf@cs.rose-hulman.edu)
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MacCubeView 1.0.0
A 3D image display programme for the Macintosh is now available via anonymous ftp from. This programme is suitable for viewing 3D eight bit medical images. A 3D MR image of the author's head is included. (Daniel W. Rickey, physics@escape.ca)
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Some weeks ago we sent a public message with the press-release of Real-Light 1.0, a radiosity based rendering package. People interested in watching some RGB image of environments created by Real-Light can take them by anonymous ftp at: (192.106.1.6)
in the directory:
~ftp/vendor/Atma
(Cristiano Palazzini, atma@relay1.iunet.it)
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There is an interesting 3D Space Shuttle model database in .dxf (AutoCad), .nff (neutral file format for Sense8) and .vid (amiga VideoScape)
ftp anonymous: artemis.arc.nasa.gov (128.102.115.149) in /sig-wtk/models directory (Emerico Natonek, natonek@imtsg5.epfl.ch)
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|> Is there any public domain code out there for generating polygonal models |> of human faces given a small set of parameters?
There are some things available by anonymous ftp to wuarchive.wustl.edu, under graphics/graphics/misc/facial-animation. (James R. (Jim Bob) Bill, jimbob@rainier.ucsc.edu)
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Thanx to Juhana the PostScript version of my thesis can be obtained from: nic.funet.fi:pub/sci/papers/graphics/suma93.tar.gz (1115072 bytes)
He promises that it will be made available from: princeton.edu:pub/Graphics/Papers/suma93.tar.gz
The file is GNU zip compressed. (He says GNU zip gives him better compression.) So `gunzip' has to be used for uncompression. (Sumanta N. Pattanaik, sumant@saathi.ncst.ernet.in)
%A Sumanta N. Pattanaik %T Computational Methods for Global Illumination and Visualisation of Complex 3D Environments %R PhD thesis %I Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Computer Science Department, Pilani, India %D November 1990 %K adjoint illumination equations, particle model of light, random walk, importance sampling
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Given the number of modelers coming out for ray tracers (IRIT 4.0 should be out soon, by the way), I thought I should give a plug to Ken Shoemake's wonderful ArcBall technique for interactive rotations of objects. The original paper is:
AUTHOR = "Ken Shoemake", TITLE = "ARCBALL: A User Interface for Specifying Three-Dimensional Orientation Using a Mouse", PROCEEDINGS = Graphics Interface '92, YEAR = 1992, PAGES = pp151
It's a very intuitive, easy to implement technique which can be used for unconstrained or constrained rotations. I needed one hint to understand the full functionality of the technique; other than that, it was obvious to use. The short paper (available on the net for the Mac, see below) explains it all. (Eric Haines)
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An example written for the Mac by Shoemake is available on linc.cis.upenn.edu in the directory /pub/graphics/arcball. The file arcball is the example, while the arcball-paper is the GI paper.
Note: to decode the files, you need to use BinHex 4.0. BinHex 5.0 will not work for these files, unless you are willing to edit off the heading portion of them. (Duanfeng He (Jackson), Duanfeng.He@AtlantaGa.NCR.com)
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I have a version of Shoemake's ArcBall I wrote and I'm making it available. You'll have to do some work, however, as it uses my graphics library. You have to know enough about programming in your own 3d library to be able to convert some types and routines, although it will be _really_ simple ... a matter of finding equivalents for types such as vectors and matrices, and using your own draw routines. If you use something like GL, it will be trivial, as that's what my graphics library is based on.
It's available on cs.columbia.edu:pub/bm/arcball
That said, I'd like to thank Ken for his excellent paper. The ARCBALL concept aside, the arc drawing routines are pretty darn cool. :-)
(Blair MacIntyre, bm@shadow.columbia.edu)
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Hidden surface renderer (well, it's not really ray tracing related, but I'm not a purist):
>I'm after a Gourand Z-buffer polygon scanline example. The one in
>Gems I (PolyScan) looks pretty good but as poly_scan.c is dated
>1985 and 1989, I was wondering if any improvements or optimizations
>have been made (or bug fixes). I haven't used the code as it is
>but am looking around before writing my own redering library.
You may want to grab libXG-2.0.tar.Z from down (pub/users/sundar). It has examples of sutherland-hodgman clipping, z-buffer scanline code etc. The doc directory contains a postscript manual which documents all the functions. (This is a 3-d graphics library that runs under X).
It doesn't aim to be super-fast, but it does handle multiple-polygons with loops (or holes), inter-penetrating polygons, polygons with cyclical overlap etc. (Sundar Narasimhan, sundar@ai.mit.edu)
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Least impressive ray tracer dept:
A recent issue of RS/Magazine has an article on using the IBM RS/6000 for mechanical CAD and they found it worthwhile to include a picture of an RX/6000 displaying a ray traced picture of a first level sphereflake. They liked it so much they used it three times! But, since it's only first level (a big sphere surrounded by several spheres just a bit smaller) it doesn't exactly cry out that the RS/6000 is a power cruncher, does it. (Tim O'Connor)
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Start off with 6 points on a unit sphere (1,0,0), (-1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,-1,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,-1). These form a octahedron. Each of the 8 triangles is taken one at a time. Take one triangle, and choose its midpoint (by averaging the coordinates of the three points). Normalize that point, so it's now projected back onto the unit sphere. Replace the original triangle with 3 triangles, based on the original 3 points, and the new 4th point. Recurse. (the level of recursion is user specified).
Voila, tessellated sphere.
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Though it's ISO-9660 and all that, I still had problems reading it on the Gateway CDROM drive next to me. I don't know where the problem lay, but our systems administrator said such problems are fairly common. I was able to read the CDROM on other drives just fine.
There are, of course, a ton of files on the disk. There should also be more disks in the future, and Mr. Foust has a policy in which contributors whose creations are accepted get a free disk; contact him for more information. In fact, if you can identify yourself as the author of any of the works on this first disk, you can get a free disk (a bit of a "key locked in the treasure chest" situation, admittedly, since you pretty much need the disk to see if your creation is on it).
The book that comes with the disk is quite useful, as it has thumbnail grayscale images of some of the textures and some of the models included on the disk. Unfortunately, not all of them are shown; only about 160 of the 600 models are displayed, and the synthesized textures are not shown. However, the models are all listed with descriptive titles, and there is also an index which can be pretty helpful. On the disk there are summary images of the textures available, showing thumbnail sketches of all textures available.
The models come in 3D Studio, Autocad DXF, Imagine IOB, Wavefront OBJ, and Lightwave formats. (I should note that it's pretty easy to convert from IOB to many formats by using the converter at wuarchive.wustl.edu in /graphics/graphics/objects/TDDD). The models vary in quality, of course, but the disk is not a collection of every free model ever made; while limited to what was out there for free, there are few trivial or poorly modeled objects. The scope is quite amazing, and Syndesis has done quite a job in making this collection.
On the disk there are some interesting models from Viewpoint which were supposed to be in their SIGGRAPH '93 free distribution, but in fact were not distributed there (they distributed a bunch of beach related models instead): a car, Big Ben, a deer head, elbow bones, and various military hardware.
The textures are all tileable and in TIFF/GIF/IFF formats. It's a little annoying that the tiff images do not have the standard "*.tif" suffix. The textures overall are usable, but nothing fantastic. The synthetic textures (some 262 of these) are 256x256 and some are pretty interesting, but they tend to have the same feel to them. The other textures (about 150 of these, described below) are fairly low resolution, 128x128 at very best. Some of these are tileable simply by doing mirroring along the x and y axes. All in all, some cute stuff, but don't expect a professional quality tileable wood or marble here.
In addition, in a demos directory there are a bunch of stills and FLI animations for the various companies whose work is on the disk. There is also a text area with an archive of the Imagine and Lightwave electronic mailing lists - literally megabytes of advice here.
All in all, this is a great resource for amateurs and professionals who make 3D images. Some of the models are incredible, and the textures, while not particularly fantastic in and of themselves, I consider pure icing. There's a lot to explore here. Considering that a single model from Viewpoint can cost much more than this entire disk, if you're a professional and use even just a few models from this CDROM you're ahead of the game.
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John Foust notes:
About 135 of the textures were captured and massaged from hand-made, public domain Macintosh desktop textures - PPAT resources, they call them. The others were generated by a super Mac program called Texture Synth, which uses a few basic seed textures, recombined with color and multiple sine-wave textures. They look very nice, a little synthetic at times, but in an organic-synthetic sort of way...
Contact: John Foust / Syndesis Corporation (76004.1763@CompuServe.COM)
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%A Alain Fournier %A Pierre Poulin %T A Ray Tracing Accelerator Based on a Hierarchy of 1D Sorted Lists
%A Jon Genetti %A Dan Gordon %T Ray Tracing With Adaptive Supersampling in Object Space
%A David P. Dobkin %A Don P. Mitchell %T Random-Edge Discrepancy of Supersampling Patterns
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"An Efficient Parallel Spatial Subdivision Algorithm for Parallel Ray Tracing Complex Scenes" V. Isler, C. Aykanat, and B. Ozguc, Dept. of Computer Eng. and Information Science, Bilkent University, TURKEY.
"Modelling Rodin's Thinker: A Case Study Combining PHIGS and Ray-tracing" G. Williams, A. Murta, and T. Howard, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Manchester, U.K.
"A File Format for Interchange of Realistic Scene Descriptions" P. Guitton and C. Schlick, LaBRI, Talence, FRANCE.
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The program included 24 contributed papers on a variety of topics and three invited presentations.
Dynamic Stratification Andrew Glassner Progressive Ray Refinement for Monte Carlo Radiosity Martin Feda, Werner Purgathofer Invited: Realism in real-time ? Erik Jansen Making Shaders More Physically Plausible Robert Lewis Illumination of Dense Foliage Models Christopher Patmore A Customizable Reflectance Model for Everyday Rendering Christophe Schlick Importance and Discrete Three Point Transport Larry Aupperle, Pat Hanrahan A Continuous Adjoint Formulation for Radiance Transport Per Christensen, David Salesin, Tony DeRose Wavelet Projections for Radiosity Peter Schroeder, Steven Gortler, Michael Cohen, Pat Hanrahan Continuous Algorithms for Visibility: The Space Searching Approach Jenny Zhao, David Dobkin Invited paper : Viewpoint Analysis of Drawings and Paintings Rendered Using Multiple Viewpoints: Cases Containing Rectangular Objects Yoshihisa Shinagawa, Saeko Miyoshi, Tosiyasu Kunii Constant-Time Filtering by Singular Value Decomposition Craig Gotsman Measuring the Quality of Antialiased Line Drawing Algorithms Terence Lindgren, John Weber Invited: "How to solve it ?" Pat Hanrahan Numerical Integration for Radiosity in the presence of Singularities Peter Schroeder Optimal Hemicube Sampling Nelson Max, Roy Troutman Fast Calculation of Accurate Form Factors Georg Pietrek Grouping of Patches in Progressive Radiosity Arjan Kok Blockwise Refinement -- A New Method for Solving the Radiosity Problem Gunther Greiner, Wolfgang Heidrich, Philipp Slusallek Analysis and Acceleration of Progressive Refinement Radiosity Method Min-Zhi Shao, Norman Badler Texture Mapping as a fundamental Drawing Primitive Paul Haeberli, Mark Segal A Methodology for Description of Texturing Methods Pascal Guitton, Christophe Schlick Visualization of Mixed Scenes based on Volumes and Surfaces Dani Tost, Anna Puig, Isabel Navazo Physically Realistic Volume Visualization for Interactive Image Analysis H.T.M. Van der Voort, H.J. Noordmans, J.M. Messerli, A.W.M. Smeulders Reconstruction of Illumination functions using Bicubic Hermite Interpolation Rui Manuel Bastos, Antonio Augusto de Sousa, Fernando Nunes Ferreira Mesh Redistribution in Radiosity Miguel P.N. Aguas, Stefan Muller Accurate Rendering of Curved Shadows and Interreflections G.R. Jones, C.G. Christou, B.G. Cumming, A.J. Parker
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Here is an explanation I often use to answer these questions.
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"A note on gamma correction and images"
Author: Graeme W. Gill graeme@labtam.oz.au
Date: 93/5/16
"What is all this gamma stuff anyway?" --------------------------------------
Although it would be nice to think that "an image is an image", there are a lot of complications. Not only are there a whole bunch of different image formats (gif, jpeg, tiff etc etc), there is a whole lot of other technical stuff that makes dealing with images a bit complicated. Gamma is one of those things. If you've ever downloaded images from BBS or the net, you've probably noticed (with most image viewing programs) that some images look ok, some look too dark, and some look too light. "Why is this?" you may ask. This, is gamma correction (or the lack of it).
Why do we need gamma correction at all? ---------------------------------------
Gamma correction is needed because of the nature of CRTs (cathode ray tubes - the monitors usually used for viewing images). If you have some sort of real live scene and turn it into a computer image by measuring the amount of light coming from each point of the scene, then you have created a "linear" or un-gamma-corrected image. This is a good thing in many ways because you can manipulate the image as if the values in the image file were light (i.e. adding and multiplying will work just like real light in the real world). Now if you take the image file and turn each pixel value into a voltage and feed it into a CRT, you find that the CRT _doesn't_ give you an amount of light proportional to the voltage. The amount of light coming from the phosphor in the screen depends on the the voltage something like this:
Light_out = voltage ^ crt_gamma
So.
The problem is that not all display programs do gamma correction. Also not all sources of images give you linear images (Video cameras or video signals in general). Because of this, a lot of images already have some gamma correction done to them, and you are rarely sure how much. If you try and display one of those images with a program that does gamma correction for you, the image gets corrected twice and looks way to light. If you display one of those images with a program that doesn't do gamma correction, then it will look vaguely right, but not perfect, because the gamma correction is not exactly right for you particular CRT.
Whose fault is all this? ------------------------
It is really three things. One is all those display programs out there that don't do gamma correction properly. Another is that most image formats don't specify a standard gamma, or don't have some way or recording what their gamma correction is. The third thing is that not many people understand what gamma correction is all about, and create a lot of images with varying gamma's. (e.g..]
The simplest way to do that is to try loading the file chkgamma.jpg (provided with xli distribution), which is a JFIF jpeg format file containing two grayscale ramps. The ramps are chosen to look linear to the human eye, one using continuous tones, and the other using dithering. If your viewer does the right thing and gamma corrects images,]
This is the most tricky bit. As a general rule it seems that a lot of true color (i.e. 24 bit, .ppm .jpg) images have a gamma of 1.0 (linear), although there are many about that have some gamma correction. It seems that the majority of pseudo color images (i.e. 8 bit images with color maps - .gif etc.) are gamma corrected to some degree or other.
If your viewer does gamma correction then linear images will look good, and gamma corrected images will look too light.
If your viewer doesn't do gamma correction, then linear images will look too dark, and gamma corrected images will ok.
One of the reason that many high quality formats (such as Video) use gamma correction is that it actually makes better use of the storage medium. This is because the human eye has a logarithmic response to light, and gamma correction has a similar compression characteristic. This means images could make better use of 8 bits per color (for instance), if they used gamma correction. The implication, though, is that every time you want to do any image processing you should convert the 8 bit image to 12 or so linear bits to retain the same accuracy. Since little popular software does this, and none of the popular image formats can agree on a standard gamma correction factor, it is difficult to justify gamma corrected images at the popular level.).
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Shadows are done via Z-buffering. Imagine that you wish to have an object cast a shadow on a floor. Render the scene once from the point of view of the shadow-casting spotlight. The areas that are obscured in that image (the underside of the object and part of the floor) will be in shadow when rendered from the regular camera. When the scene is actually rendered that image (which also contains depth information i.e. how far each surface was from the shadow-spot) is used to to determine what is and isn't in shadow.
Reflections are done with reflection maps or cubic environment maps. Take the example of a chrome ball on a checkered floor (please). Place the camera *inside* the chrome ball. Render six images, one in each of the cardinal directions, square. These six (pos X, neg X, pos Y, neg Y, pos Z and neg Z) are combined into one image that is "wrapped around" the ball. It usually works pretty well. Frankly, most people pay little attention to the content of a reflection, and it's possible to cheat like a professional wrestling villian. One other advantage of reflection maps, once the reflected items are in the map, if they aren't otherwise visible in the scene, they no longer need to be in the scene. In raytracing, every reflected object has to be there, and costs quite a bit. If your object is a brushed metal, for instance, you can just paint blobs of color and blur the whole thing and use *that* as your reflection map.
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If some kind person has access to a mathematical package such as Mathematica, Maple,... I would like to ask you for the solution to the following problem. I sometimes have algebra problems like this where I would like a simplified symbolic solution. Is there a FTP-able package out there that can handle such beasts?
I would like to solve the following ray - Bezier patch intersection for the scalar constant t in:
P + t * V = Q(u,w) (origin point in 3D) (dir vector 3D)
_____
Max Froumentin replies:
Well, there is a formula. But you probably don't want to know it: One usual method is to write the Bezier parametric equation (Q(u,v)=...) in the form of an implicit surface (f(x,y,z)=0 where f is a polynomial). You can then insert the parametric equations of your ray and get a equation in t, giving you the intersection points. That's all right for low degree surfaces like planes or quadrics. But for a Bezier patch of parametric degree n, the resulting implicit equation is of degree 2n^2. As you use degree 3 Bezier patches, you will get an implicit equation of degree 18! Even if you type the whole formula in your program, you probably know of the extremely low accuracy of high-degree polynomials in computers...
Instead, people use approximation methods, like two-dimensional Newton iteration. See the book by Glassner on ray-tracing for further details, or look at the POV source code.
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EXCERPTED FROM SIGGRAPH 92, COURSE 23 PROCEDURAL MODELING
Ken Perlin New York University
3.6 TURBULENCE AND NOISE
3.6.1 The turbulence function
The turbulence function, which you use to make marble, clouds, explosions, etc., is just a simple fractal generating loop built on top of the noise function. It is not a real turbulence model at all. The key trick is the use of the fabs() function, which makes the function have gradient discontinuity "fault lines" at all scales. This fools the eye into thinking it is seeing the results of turbulent flow. The turbulence() function gives the best results when used as a phase shift, as in the familiar marble trick:
sin(point + turbulence(point) * point.x);
Note the second argument below, lofreq, which sets the lowest desired frequency component of the turbulence. The third, hifreq, argument is used by the function to ensure that the turbulence effect reaches down to the single pixel level, but no further. I usually set this argument equal to the image resolution.
float turbulence(point, lofreq, hifreq) float point[3], freq, resolution; { float noise3(), freq, t, p[3]; p[0] = point[0] + 123.456; p[1] = point[1]; p[2] = point[2]; t = 0; for (freq = lofreq ; freq < hifreq ; freq *= 2.) { t += fabs(noise3(p)) / freq; p[0] *= 2.; p[1] *= 2.; p[2] *= 2.; } return t - 0.3; /* readjust to make mean value = 0.0 */ }
3.6.2 The noise function
noise3 is a rough approximation to "pink" (band-limited) noise, implemented by a pseudorandom tricubic spline. Given a vector in 3-space, it returns a value between -1.0 and 1.0. There are two principal tricks to make it run fast:
- Precompute an array of pseudo-random unit length gradients g[n].
- Precompute a permutation array p[] of the first n integers.
Given the above two arrays, any integer lattice point (i,j,k) can be quickly mapped to a pseudorandom gradient vector by:
g[ (p[ (p[i] + j) % n ] + k) % n]
By extending the g[] and p[] arrays, so that g[n+i]=g[i] and p[n+i]=p[i], the above lookup can be replaced by the (somewhat faster):
g[ p[ p[i] + j ] + k ]
Now for any point in 3-space, we just have to do the following two steps:
(1) Get the gradient for each of its surrounding 8 integer lattice points as above.
(2) Do a tricubic hermite spline interpolation, giving each lattice point the value 0.0.
The second step above is just an evaluation of the hermite derivative basis function 3 * t * t - 2 * t * t * t in each by a dot product of the gradient at the lattice.
Here is my implementation in C of the noise function. Feel free to use it, as long as you reference where you got it. :-)
/* noise function over R3 - implemented by a pseudorandom tricubic spline */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #define DOT(a,b) (a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2]) #define B 256 static p[B + B + 2]; static float g[B + B + 2][3]; static start = 1; #define setup(i,b0,b1,r0,r1) \ t = vec[i] + 10000.; \ b0 = ((int)t) & (B-1); \ b1 = (b0+1) & (B-1); \ r0 = t - (int)t; \ r1 = r0 - 1.; float noise3(vec) float vec[3]; { int bx0, bx1, by0, by1, bz0, bz1, b00, b10, b01, b11; float rx0, rx1, ry0, ry1, rz0, rz1, *q, sy, sz, a, b, c, d, t, u, v; register i, j; if (start) { start = 0; init(); } setup(0, bx0,bx1, rx0,rx1); setup(1, by0,by1, ry0,ry1); setup(2, bz0,bz1, rz0,rz1); i = p[ bx0 ]; j = p[ bx1 ]; b00 = p[ i + by0 ]; b10 = p[ j + by0 ]; b01 = p[ i + by1 ]; b11 = p[ j + by1 ]; #define at(rx,ry,rz) ( rx * q[0] + ry * q[1] + rz * q[2] ) #define surve(t) ( t * t * (3. - 2. * t) ) #define lerp(t, a, b) ( a + t * (b - a) ) sx = surve(rx0); sy = surve(ry0); sz = surve(rz0); q = g[ b00 + bz0 ] ; u = at(rx0,ry0,rz0); q = g[ b10 + bz0 ] ; v = at(rx1,ry0,rz0); a = lerp(sx, u, v); q = g[ b01 + bz0 ] ; u = at(rx0,ry1,rz0); q = g[ b11 + bz0 ] ; v = at(rx1,ry1,rz0); b = lerp(sx, u, v); c = lerp(sy, a, b); /* interpolate in y at lo x */ q = g[ b00 + bz1 ] ; u = at(rx0,ry0,rz1); q = g[ b10 + bz1 ] ; v = at(rx1,ry0,rz1); a = lerp(sx, u, v); q = g[ b01 + bz1 ] ; u = at(rx0,ry1,rz1); q = g[ b11 + bz1 ] ; v = at(rx1,ry1,rz1); b = lerp(sx, u, v); d = lerp(sy, a, b); /* interpolate in y at hi x */ return 1.5 * lerp(sz, c, d); /* interpolate in z */ } static init() { long random(); int i, j, k; float v[3], s; /* Create an array of random gradient vectors uniformly on the unit sphere */ srandom(1); for (i = 0 ; i < B ; i++) { do { /* Choose uniformly in a cube */ for (j=0 ; j<3 ; j++) v[j] = (float)((random() % (B + B)) - B) / B; s = DOT(v,v); } while (s > 1.0); /* If not in sphere try again */ s = sqrt(s); for (j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++) /* Else normalize */ g[i][j] = v[j] / s; } /* Create a pseudorandom permutation of [1..B] */ for (i = 0 ; i < B ; i++) p[i] = i; for (i = B ; i > 0 ; i -= 2) { k = p[i]; p[i] = p[j = random() % B]; p[j] = k; } /* Extend g and p arrays to allow for faster indexing */ for (i = 0 ; i < B + 2 ; i++) { p[B + i] = p[i]; for (j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++) g[B + i][j] = g[i][j]; } }
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We put a request out for research topics in ray tracing. We have received a lot of good ideas, articles etc., and we are now going through all of them.
The areas suggested are (in very short terms):
- Methods to model the colors using spectral curves for the light sources. This could help problems like color-aliasing and machine dependency.
- Modelling reflections from oil in a water puddle, turbulent water stream, human bodies(or dinosaurs :)) by modelling every muscle.
- Modelling dirt was suggested by several people.
- Alternative ray-tracing methods.
- Non-realistic rendering.
- Don Mitchell's interval arithmetic approach to intersection.
- A memory-efficient algorithm for discrete ray-tracing.
- Radiosity simulation by stochastic ray-tracing.
- Optically correct lens emulators.
- Modelling clouds, misty nights or a river in the mountains.
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[I thought I would include this old list to give a sense of the support out there for POV. There's lots more out there than just this - anyone with a current list, please do send it on. -EAH]
Object Creation Utilities ------------------------- CHAIN101.ZIP = Chain generator. CHEMCONV.ZIP = Convert data from Larry Puhl's CHEM molecular modeller. CM.ZIP = CircleMaster - Truman Brown - allows you to create clipped spheres and ellipses that can cap your hyperboloids of two sheets perfectly giving the illusion of quartic blobs. WORM02.ZIP = Paint with spheres to generate points for CTDS. CTDS.ZIP = Connect The Dots Smoother - Truman Brown. Raytrace sources. makes your WORM output POV compatible. Writes a file using the WORM data, with your choice of spheres or ellipsoids, and will either connect the spheres with cones and cylinders, or just output the "dots." FONT2DAT.ZIP = Converts GRASP .fnt and .set font files to POV-Ray text. Fonts included. FRGEN13.ZIP = Midsection triangular displacement fractal surface generator. LISS152.ZIP = Generate 3D Lissajous traces with spheres. LISSAJ.ZIP = Another Lissajous path generator, w/graphics preview. PICKSHEL.ZIP = Make snail shells from spheres. POVCOIL2.ZIP = Hard to describe twisted coil objects. POV Sources POVTORUS.ZIP = Makes torus-like objects using cylindrical sections. SHADE1.ZIP = "Lampshade" generator. SPIKE.ZIP = Generate shapes with radial projection. SPRING12.ZIP = Generates and animates springs. SUDS.ZIP = Generates a "glob" of tangent spheres, rather like suds. TTG.ZIP = Creates POV-Ray torus data, the easy way - Truman Brown TWISTER.ZIP = Twisted objects such as Archimedes spirals. SWOOP.ZIP = Hard to describe extrusion generator. Very versatile.
Miscellaneous Utilities ----------------------- CRNDR = CRENDER allows you to drop in and design that elusive color/lighting combination that you are looking for - it shines when it comes to designing just the right surface qualities. Lets you interactively play with many texture variables and see them rendered almost instantly on screen, then dump the texture to a POV file. Highly recommended for learning about textures. POV sources. MAKETILE.ZIP = Actually a PICLAB script. Great for making imagemaps. SPLITPOV.ZIP = Run a POV-Ray image in sections on multiple computers and glue them back together automatically. Best for use over a network. Generates batchfiles. TCE201 .ZIP = The Color Editor - Dan Farmer. A color viewer/editor. Create/edit your colors.inc file.
Animation Utilities ------------------- ACCEL.ZIP = Generate acceleration data for use in an animation. ANIMK05B.ZIP = Excellent animation generator. CAMPATH1.ZIP = Generate circular, lemniscate, polar, and other camera path data. RTAG.ZIP = Special animation language (shareware) ANIBATCH.ZIP = Simple linear motion, generates a single batch file that creates frame data at runtime. AWKBLOB.AWK = Converts raw sphere data in the form of x y z r into blob components for POV-Ray. HSM2POV.AWK = Convert data from Mira Imaging's "Hyperspace" format to POV-Ray triangle data. HSM2RAW.AWK = Convert data from Mira Imaging's "Hyperspace" format to raw triangle data. By adding a sphere radius to the output vector and running the output through AWKBLOB.AWK, you could also convert "Hyperspace" data to blobs. Data Conversion Utilities ------------------------- RAW2POV.ZIP = Steve Anger - raw triangle vector data to well-bounded POV-Ray format as either normal, or Phong-shaded triangles. Very useful with other programs, but it doesn't really do anything by itself. 3DS2POV.ZIP = AutoDesk 3D-Studio ASCII data to POV-Ray files. 3D2POV15.ZIP = Amiga Sculpt3D to POV-Ray format. 3D2-POV = Cyber Sculpt (Atari) 3D2 files. DXF2POV.ZIP = AutoCAD and other DXF file data to POV-Ray files. SA2POV.ZIP = Sculpt-Animate data to POV-Ray files. SNDPPR.ZIP = raw triangle data to Phong-shaded. VCAD2POV.ZIP = Versa-CAD to POV-Ray.
As I mentioned above, this listing is old, and is very definitely only a sampler of what is available. Almost all of these are free, the rest are inexpensive shareware. Most are available on CIS (GO GRAPHDEV), YCCMR BBS (Chicago. (708) 358-5611, or TGA BBS (510) 524-2780 as well as many of the nodes of the PCGNet, of which TGA is a hub.
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About the benchmarks run: a) The Standard Benchmarks are run using the best available NFF to <program> converter available. For example, this means that the awk script for rayshade was used as it supplied a default grid of 22x22x22, where as the "other" converter didn't. The rational behind this is that if the rayshade people have it in their converter, then it is the preferred option. b) The "tweaked" benchmarks are run with various grids and with the ground or backing polygon removed thus: balls: 20x20x20 - take background out of grid structure. gears: 21x21x21 - take background out of grid structure. mount: 21x21x21 rings: 21x21x21 - take background out of grid structure. teapot: 22x22x22 - The floor IS kept! tetra: 16x16x16 tree: 21x21x21 - take background out of grid structure. These pertain only to the ART/rayshade results, where the tweaking could be easily done. I hate to be the one to say this, but, it looks as if in some cases this actually slows the renderer down. These results are presented in a separate table as it didn't seem realistic (or fair) to compare the different ray tracers by massaging the input files. In any case they are only relevant to balls, gears, rings, and tree. The figures for art using a kdtree, where provided, indicate that taking the backing polygon out results in a nicely distributed data set in the subdivision and using a non-uniform subdivision is more a hindrance than a help (which is basically what you'd expect...). [There are art/kd results, where art uses a KD-tree for efficiency, and art/ug results, where art uses a uniform grid. Both versions of the code are available on the net. -EAH] c) All programs are compiled with Maximum optimization/and appropriate floating point. In the case of Art/Vort/*/dp this means that the -float, -fsingle or whatever was not used but that everything was compiled with -Dfloat=double. d) The Bob/Vivid raytracer had its "robust" memory allocation scheme replaced with "standard" malloc's as the robust scheme caused core dumps on SGI and RS6000 machines. e) All Benchmarks include the time taken to read the scene in. f) All times are in CPU seconds. g) We don't own any SGI, RS6000 or HP machines. The use of these machines was kindly allowed by their respective owners/admins. As such, we couldn't run every raytracer as we were wearing out our welcome as it was. h) All runs were done to completion at 512x512 pixels. i) We DID try to run POV, but as it was taking over 24 hours of CPU time we simply had to stop. Perhaps there is an NFF converter that inserts some bounding boxes automatically? j) Ratios calculated below for the Standard SPDs are done on the basis of Art/Vort/kd == the base line (it's the first in alphabetical order). k) In all cases we used the latest available versions of the software (hence the difference in Rtrace). [I have added "*" after the fastest ratio for easy visual comparison. -EAH] Standard SPDs ------------- Machine: SGI PI. ---------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 761.7 2296 414.6 1042 393.6 118.3 640.5 Art/Vort/ug 5958 1093 312.4 620.1 235.2 68 5761 Rayshade 2847 1950 899.5 1228 464 116 5602 Bob/Vivid 811 1369 446 1854 495 93.5 511 Rtrace8 1779 6236 2957 4840 1199 291 933 Ratios: ------ Art/Vort/kd 1.0 * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug 7.8 0.47 * 0.75 * 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.57 * 8.99 Rayshade 3.7 0.85 2.17 1.18 1.18 0.98 8.75 Bob/Vivid 1.06 0.6 1.08 1.78 1.26 0.79 0.79 * Rtrace8 2.33 2.71 7.13 4.64 3.05 2.45 1.46 Machine: IBM RS6000 ------------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 591.7 1847 325 812 334 107 534 Art/Vort/ug 3537 815 234 454 187 55 3215 Rayshade 1410 846 406 548 230 70 2418 Bob/Vivid 506 909 309 1095 323 68 348 Rtrace8 861 4684 1414 2267 587 145 469 Ratios: ------ Art/Vort/kd 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug 5.98 0.44 * 0.72 * 0.56 * 0.56 * 0.51 * 6.02 Rayshade 2.38 0.46 1.25 0.67 0.68 0.65 4.53 Bob/Vivid 0.86 * 0.49 0.95 1.35 0.97 0.64 0.65 * Rtrace8 1.45 2.54 4.35 2.79 1.76 1.35 0.88 Machine: SUN SPARCstation2 -------------------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 705 1900 389 951 369 112 574 Art/Vort/ug 5768 974 319 570 231 71 5327 Rayshade 2422 1309 671 940 366 106 4473 Bob/Vivid 715 1181 392 1419 412 87 429.6 Rtrace8 1084 3151 1991 2950 765 204 573 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 1.0 * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug 8.18 0.51 * 0.82 * 0.6 * 0.62 * 0.63 * 9.28 Rayshade 3.43 0.69 1.72 0.99 0.99 0.95 7.8 Bob/Vivid 1.01 0.62 1.01 1.49 1.11 0.78 0.75 * Rtrace8 1.54 1.66 5.12 3.10 2.07 1.82 0.99 Machine: HP 720 --------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 308 915 156 400 155 58.1 252 Rayshade 870 507 203 292 122 41.7 2079 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 1.0 * 1.0 1.0 * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 * Rayshade 2.82 0.55 * 1.3 0.73 * 0.78 * 0.72 * 8.25 Tweaked SPDs ------------ In cases where xxx appears, for one reason or another, we were unable to run the benchmark. Machine: SGI PI. ---------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/ug/twk 208.4 1259 312.3 478.3 334.1 67.9 97.8 Rayshade/twk 377.7 2647 937 877 548 141 171 Ratios: ------ Art/Vort/ug/twk 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0 * Rayshade/twk 1.8 2.1 3.00 1.83 1.64 2.07 1.75 Machine: IBM RS6000 ------------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd/twk 353 1970.5 333.7 739.6 423.7 56.5 111.1 Art/Vort/ug/twk 153.4 887 238 352 269 56 75 Rayshade/twk 183 1078 407 428 292 88 88 Ratios: ------ Art/Vort/kd/twk 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug/twk 0.43 * 0.45 * 0.71 * 0.48 * 0.63 * 1.0 * 0.67 * Rayshade/twk 0.52 0.55 1.22 0.58 0.68 1.56 0.79 Machine: SUN SPARCstation2 ------------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd/twk 417 2130 389 846 369 112 128 Art/Vort/ug/twk 202 1081 319 436 366 72 103 Rayshade/twk 293 1635 675 750 467 130 148 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd/twk 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.00 Art/Vort/ug/twk 0.48 * 0.51 * 0.89 * 0.51 * 0.99 * 0.64 * 0.80 * Rayshade/twk 0.70 0.77 1.74 0.89 1.27 1.16 1.16 Machine: HP 720 --------------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd/twk 186 1029 156 xxx 155 58.1 91 Art/Vort/ug/twk 89 527 xxx 168 138.7 41.4 39.7 Rayshade/twk 99 676 202 237 161 51.4 51.2 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd/twk 1.0 1.0 1.0 xxx 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug/twk 0.48 * 0.51 * xxx 1.0 * 0.89 * 0.70 * 0.42 * Rayshade/twk 0.53 0.65 1.29 1.41 0.96 0.88 0.56 [My figures do not seem to match these that well: in my tests on the HP 720 Rayshade seemed to always outperform art. We're not sure why there's a mismatch. -EAH] * * * * * * * * * A comparison of float vs. doubles where float promotion to double can be disabled. As art seems to be the only one that declares most things as floats, this is the subject of these runs. Machine: SGI PI. ---------------- Option: Single precision -float Double precision -Dfloat=double balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 761.7 2296 414.6 1042 393.6 118.3 640.5 Art/Vort/kd/dp 978 3000 xxxx 1365 520 152 777 Art/Vort/ug/twk 208.4 1259 312.3 478.3 334.1 67.9 97.8 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 295 1882 449 681 514 109 141 Ratios: ------ Art/Vort/kd 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/kd/dp 1.28 1.3 .... 1.3 1.32 1.27 1.21 Art/Vort/ug/twk 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 1.4 1.49 1.43 1.42 1.53 1.6 1.44 Machine: IBM RS6000 ------------------- No such option. The times were much the same. Machine: SUN SPARCstation2 ------------------- Option: Single precision -fsingle Double precision -Dfloat=double balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 705 1900 389 951 369 112 574 Art/Vort/kd/dp 791 xxx 413 1034 428 127 625 Art/Vort/ug/twk 202 1081 319 436 366 72 103 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 214 1219 341 476 1027 78 114 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/kd/dp 1.12 xxx 1.06 1.08 1.16 1.13 1.08 Art/Vort/ug/twk 1.0 1.11 1.0 1.0 1.58 1.01 1.0 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 1.06 1.13 1.07 1.09 2.8 1.08 1.1 Machine: HP 720 --------------- Option: Single precision +f Double precision -Dfloat=double balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 308 915 156 400 155 58.1 252 Art/Vort/kd/dp 300 926 138 390 155 60.3 244 Art/Vort/ug/twk 89 527 xxx 168 139 41.4 39.7 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 117 560 xxx 234 168 43.1 46 Ratios: ------- balls gears mount rings teapot tetra tree Art/Vort/kd 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/kd/dp 0.97 1.01 0.88 0.975 1.0 1.03 0.97 Art/Vort/ug/twk 1.0 1.0 xxx 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Art/Vort/ug/twk/dp 1.31 1.06 xxx 1.39 1.2 1.04 1.15
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http://tog.acm.org/resources/RTNews/html/rtnv6n3.html
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crawl-002
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| 64.51
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Change the current position of a stream
#include <stdio.h> int fseek( FILE *fp, long offset, int whence ); int fseeko( FILE *fp, off_t offset, int whence ); int fseeko64( FILE *fp, off64_t offset, int whence );
libc
Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically.. The fseeko64() function is a large-file support version of fseeko()..
These functions fail if, either the stream is unbuffered or the stream's buffer needed to be flushed, and the call to fseek(), fseeko(), or fseeko64() causes an underlying lseek() or write() to be invoked, and:
Determine the size of a file, by saving and restoring the current position of the file:
seek() is ANSI, POSIX 1003.1; fseeko() is POSIX 1003.1; fseeko64() is Large-file support
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https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.lib_ref/topic/f/fseek.html
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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 193370
ainit creates semaphores and shmem with wrong permissions
Last modified: 2007-11-30 17:11:34 EST
Description of problem:
The ipc_perm parameter in dmix.template and dsnoop_template
has no effect, because ainit always uses 0600 as permission.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
alsa-utils-1.0.11-4.rc2
How reproducible:
100%
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Modify /etc/alsa/dmix.template, changing for example
ipc_perm 0600
into
ipc_perm 0666
2. ainit <name_of_the_user> start
3. ipcs -a
Actual results:
The shared memory segments and the semaphore arrays have
been created with permission 0600 and not 0666.
Expected results:
Permission should be respected.
Additional info:
I want to mix audio from many users, so I tried to set ipc_perm
to 0666 in /etc/alsa/dmix.template and /etc/alsa/dsnoop.template
(in addition to 0666 permission on the devices).
This doesn't work well, because when ainit creates
/etc/alsa/dmix.conf and /etc/alsa/dsnoop.conf it allocates
ipc_key and ipc_semaphore using an hardcoded permission of 0600.
The generated *.conf files do contain the "ipc_perm 0666" line,
but the keys and the semaphore have already been incorrectly created.
The problem is here (hardcoded 0600):
/* Checking if IPC key/semaphore already exist
*/
int check_ipc_key(key_t key)
{
int shm_id = shmget(key, 1, IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL | 0600);
return (shm_id >= 0);
}
int check_ipc_semaphore(key_t key)
{
int shm_id = semget(key, 1, IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL | 0600);
return (shm_id >= 0);
}
fixed in rawhide, I removed all ainit stuffs, they're not needed any more in the
latest upstream.
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https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=193370
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Deep learning is impacting everything from healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, and more. Companies are turning to deep learning to solve hard problems like image classification, speech recognition, object recognition, and machine translation. In this blog post, Intel’s BigDL team and Azure HDInsight team collaborate to provide the basic steps to use BigDL on Azure HDInsight.
What is Intel’s BigDL library?
In 2016, Intel released its BigDL distributed Deep Learning project into the open-source community, BigDL Github. It natively integrates into Spark, supports popular neural net topologies, and achieves feature parity with other open-source deep learning frameworks. BigDL also provides 100+ basic neural networks building blocks allowing users to create novel topologies to suit their unique applications. Thus, with Intel’s BigDL, the users are able to leverage their existing Spark infrastructure to enable Deep Learning applications without having to invest into bringing up separate frameworks to take advantage of neural networks capabilities.). Check out Intel’s BigDL portal for more details.
Azure HDInsight
Azure HDInsight is the only fully-managed cloud Hadoop offering that provides optimized open source analytic clusters for Spark, Hive, MapReduce, HBase, Storm, Kafka, and R Server backed by a 99.9% SLA. Other than that, HDInsight is an open platform for 3rd party big data applications such as ISVs, as well as custom applications such as BigDL.
Through this blog post, BigDL team and Azure HDInsight team will give a high-level view on how to use BigDL with Apache Spark for Azure HDInsight. You can find a more detailed step to use BigDL to analyze MNIST dataset in the engineering blog post.
Getting BigDL to work on Apache Spark for Azure HDInsight
BigDL is very easy to build and integrate. There are two major steps:
- Get BigDL source code and build it to get the required jar file
- Use Jupyter Notebook to write your first BigDL application in Scala
Step 1: Build BigDL libraries
The first step is to build the BigDL libraries and get the required jar file. You can simply ssh into the cluster head node, and follow the build instructions in BigDL Documentation. Please be noted that you need to install maven in headnode to build BigDL, and put the jar file (dist/lib/bigdl-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar) to the default storage account of your HDInsight cluster. Please refer to the engineering blog for more details.
Step 2: Use Jupyter Notebook to write your first application
HDInsight cluster comes with Jupyter Notebook, which provides a nice notebook-like experience to author Spark jobs. Here is a snapshot of a Jupyter Notebook running BigDL on Azure Spark for Apache HDInsight. For detailed step-by-step example of implementing a popular MNIST dataset training using LeNet model, please refer to this Microsoft’s engineering blog post. For more details on how to use Jupyter Notebooks on HDInsight, please refer to the documentation.
BigDL workflow and major components
Below is a general workflow of how BigDL trains a deep learning model on Apache Spark:
As shown in the figure, BigDL jobs are standard Spark jobs. In a distributed training process, BigDL will launch spark tasks in executor (each task leverages Intel MKL to speed up training process).
A BigDL program starts with
import com.intel.analytics.bigdl._ and then initializes the
Engine, including the number of executor nodes and the number of physical cores on each executor.
If the program runs on Spark, Engine.init() will return a SparkConf with proper configurations populated, which can then be used to create the SparkContext. For this particular case, the Jupyter Notebook will automatically set up a default spark context so you don’t need to do the above configuration, but you do need to configure a few other Spark related configuration which will be explained in the sample Jupyter Notebook.
Conclusion
In this blog post, we have demonstrated the basic steps to set up a BigDL environment on Apache Spark for Azure HDInsight, and you can find a more detailed step to use BigDL to analyze MNIST dataset in the engineering blog post “How to use BigDL on Apache Spark for Azure HDInsight.” Leveraging BigDL Spark library, a user can easily write scalable distributed Deep Learning applications within familiar Spark infrastructure without an intimate knowledge of the configuration of the underlying compute cluster. BigDL and Azure HDInsight team have been collaborating closely to enable BigDL in Apache Spark for Azure HDInsight environment.
If you have any feedback for HDInsight, feel free to drop an email to hdifeedback@microsoft.com. If you have any questions for BigDL, you can raise your questions in BigDL Google Group.
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https://azure.microsoft.com/pl-pl/blog/use-bigdl-on-hdinsight-spark-for-distributed-deep-learning/
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@r2d2 Thanks for pointing that out! It is fixed.
Search Criteria
Package Details: flatcam 8.5-1
Dependencies (8)
Required by (0)
Sources (3)
Latest Comments
matthew798 commented on 2020-07-25 22:09
r2d2 commented on 2020-07-20 16:29
This package is missing a dependency on PyQt4.
flatcam Traceback (most recent call last): File "/opt/flatcam/flatcam", line 11, in <module> from PyQt4 import QtGui ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'PyQt4':
def _setup_pyqt4_internal(api): global QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets, \ __version__, _isdeleted, is_pyqt5, _getSaveFileName
This won't be an issue when the next minor version of matplotlib is released.
Jake commented on 2020-05-06 23:06
Alright, i have added you as maintainer @matthew798. Feel free to push your PKGBUILD.
matthew798 commented on 2020-05-06 20:13
@Jake yeah I'd love to co-maintain! Though master hasn't been updated for a long time, it is the only stable, working and feature complete version available. I have had a lot of difficulties getting the beta version to generate GCODE for my boards. It either crashes or isn't clear in the values it's expecting.
IMO This package should install the last non-beta version of flatcam, and the flatcam-git package can stay as is. This way, users have a choice of which version they use.
Jake commented on 2020-05-06 18:08
@matthew798: Master also did not get updates for almost 2 years (last commits are only for the ubuntu script) though. Does it really work better than the Beta? It still needs QT4 from AUR, which is a bit annoying. But I think it would be at least better than the current state here, with the missing python2 deps... Are you actually using it and would you be interested in (co)maintaining this?
matthew798 commented on 2020-05-04 04:23
Hi jake. Can you re-work this package to install the master branch? You are correct that development has moved to the beta branch, but is is buggy and is, after all, beta. The master branch has the last working version of the original creator and would be useful to still have access to.
Specifically, commit dae9cbb0471e693b95fd809ddd8bf11ff026ac67 works well.
This version was upgraded to python 3 so you'll need to re-work the deps. I put together a PKGBUILD, let me know if you'd like me to send it to you.
One note is that python-matplotlib has a bug where the user will have to edit one of the files but IIRC it will be fixed in the next minor release.
Jake commented on 2019-05-14 10:29
The latest stable (8.5) is from mid 2016. But there was active development in the meantime, so i would strongly recommend using
flatcam-git for now, it uses python 3 and has all dependencies available.
Jake commented on 2019-01-09 00:31
@nlufr: Yes, done. It is required since they dropped
python2-pyqt4 from the repos.
nlufr commented on 2019-01-07 12:23
Can you add python2-sip-pyqt4 to the dependencies. Thank you.
Pinned Comments:
This won't be an issue when the next minor version of matplotlib is released.
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Execute render passes sequentially. More...
#include <vtkSequencePass.h>
Execute render passes sequentially.
vtkSequencePass executes a list of render passes sequentially. This class allows to define a sequence of render passes at run time. The other solution to write a sequence of render passes is to write an effective subclass of vtkRenderPass.
As vtkSequencePass is a vtkRenderPass itself, it is possible to have a hierarchy of render passes built at runtime.
Definition at line 107 of file vtkSequencePass.h.
Definition at line 111 of file vtkSequencePass.h.
Return 1 if this class is the same type of (or a subclass of) the named class.
Returns 0 otherwise. This method works in combination with vtkTypeMacro found in vtkSetGet.h.
Reimplemented from vtkRenderPass.
Reimplemented from vtkRenderPass.
Methods invoked by print to print information about the object including superclasses.
Typically not called by the user (use Print() instead) but used in the hierarchical print process to combine the output of several classes.
Reimplemented from vtkRenderPass.
Perform rendering according to a render state
s.
Implements vtkRenderPass.
Release graphics resources and ask components to release their own resources.
Reimplemented from vtkRenderPass.
The ordered list of render passes to execute sequentially.
If the pointer is NULL or the list is empty, it is silently ignored. There is no warning. Initial value is a NULL pointer.
The ordered list of render passes to execute sequentially.
If the pointer is NULL or the list is empty, it is silently ignored. There is no warning. Initial value is a NULL pointer.
Definition at line 139 of file vtkSequencePass.h.
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Summary: selective import breaks normal overload resolution> 2012-09-16 06:03:26 PDT ---
The consequences of this bug are commonly observed by unwary as spurious
template instantation fails around std.string split and (previously) replace if
std.regex is imported.
This happens because std.string publicly and selectively imports a bunch of
functions from std.array and that brings about a pack of bad side effects.
(marked as critical as it cripples Phobos usage in a very unfriendly way)
The bug simplified:
//2 modules with unambigiuos template function
module m2;
void split(T)(T k)
if(is(T : int)){}
//second one
module m;
void split(T)(T k)
if(is(T : string))
{
}
//another one to call them
import m;
import m2: split; //removing : split makes it work
void main(){
split("abc");
split(123);
}
Output:
tryit.d(5): Error: template m2.split does not match any function template
declar
ation
tryit.d(5): Error: template m2.split(T) if (is(T : int)) cannot deduce template
function from argument types !()(string)
So, apparently, selectively imported symbol hides all others.
Tested on DMD v2.060, was there since at least 2.056.
--
Configure issuemail:
------- You are receiving this mail because: -------
--- Comment #1 from Kenji Hara <k.hara.pg@gmail.com> 2013-01-09 17:58:21 PST ---
With current dmd implementation, this is an expected behavior.
(But, I'm not sure whether is an expected language design.)
A selective import adds an alias declaration in importing module. So:
import m;
import m2: split; //removing : split makes it work
is same as:
import m;
import m2;
alias split = m2.split;
// in here, the name `split` has just one overload m2.split
// (does not contain m1.split)
Therefore, in main, split("abc") does not match any function template
declaration.
===
In addition, renamed import works as same way. With current implementation,
import m : x = split;
behaves same as:
import m;
alias x = m.split;
--
Configure issuemail:
------- You are receiving this mail because: -------
--- Comment #2 from Kenji Hara <k.hara.pg@gmail.com> 2013-01-09 18:11:34 PST ---
1. If the current behavior is correct,
import mod : name;
is just equal to
import mod : name = name;
2. If this bug report is correct (== current behavior is incorrect),
import mod : name;
just makes `name` visible in symbol look up. And,
import mod : name = name;
merges overload set in the importing module.
Then the two are different.
I think #2 is more flexible and controllable design.
--
Configure issuemail:
------- You are receiving this mail because: -------
Kenji Hara <k.hara.pg@gmail.com> changed:
What |Removed |Added
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keywords| |pull
--- Comment #3 from Kenji Hara <k.hara.pg@gmail.com> 2013-07-09 23:26:07 PDT ---
I finally concluded that the current selective import behavior is not good.
Then I fixed this issue in the pull request, but it's a breaking change.
Dmitry, could you please comment your opinion in github discussion?
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Configure issuemail:
------- You are receiving this mail because: -------
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http://forum.dlang.org/thread/bug-8667-3@http.d.puremagic.com%2Fissues%2F
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My name is Marcel Lindsay and I work with SAP in the cloud and I don’t like doing expense’s, there I have said it! 😀
I have a question for you; do you enjoy doing your expenses? 😯
That’s a very simple question and I can guarantee if you are like me, you hate doing them, actually next to ironing, yes I do my own ironing, I can’t think of anything more loathsome.
Ok so loathsome is going a bit too far, but if we as employees want to be paid we need to do them, so we have no choice and most likely no money if we didn’t!
So let’s picture the scene, we return (haggard, tired and worn out and broke!) from a number of long busy, business trips and finally do we get the chance to sit down and relax? NO!
We now have a few hours to spare and prepare ourselves mentally for what’s to come; we dump out all of our receipts into a large pile on our desks and start the laborious process of DOING OUR EXPENSES!
A number of hours later, we submit the expense form after we have painfully gone through multiple versions, additions, subtractions, revisions and possible a nasty incident with a stapler we then say a little prayer to the great Expense God we get paid as soon as possible and we wait, and wait and wait, and it eventually comes back to us saying NOT APPROVED!!!!!.
I am this man, or I was this man before SAP Travel OnDemand came along, but more about that later!
So let’s change tack a bit and focus on what company’s think of this, they don’t want to make it easy for us to get paid, right?
They like making us suffer right?
Well no actually believe it or not, we have spoken to lots of different companies in SAP about expense management and what they say may surprise you.
So what do they want to happen in an ideal world with Expense Management? – well firstly
They really want you to do more productive work (That’s a bit of a shocker), the more time you spend doing non-productive work, doing expenses for example, the less time you spend talking to customers, building bridges, flying airplanes, developing apps etc.
Get paid more quickly!
They also want to pay you as quickly as possible – yes that’s right, they want to approve and process the expenses as quickly as they can and with the minimum of fuss , this lowers the cost of the expense payment process and makes it easier for them to track and manage these costs more accurately.
Integration (We are SAP after all!)
They also want to have the process as seamless as possible – so anything I submit should be routed, approved and integrated to the their back end system to allow the swifter payments etc to happen in the first place.
Reporting is important too !
They also want to be able to report more quickly and to a greater level of detail than they can at the moment, so this helps them with controlling their costs and could also help you as a manager to track your team’s expense costs as well.
End to End Process (Again we are SAP after all)
Business processes are bread and butter to SAP – Companies want an end to end travel and expense approval, authorisation and payment process
How can we make all the above happen and make it easier for me as a business traveller to do my expenses?
Easy…….SAP Travel OnDemand……
SAP Travel OnDemand lessens the pain of business travel by providing an easy and efficient way to manage business travel. Not only can this fully-functional solution manage travel from pre-trip approval to expense reporting, but it is also mobile and easy to use. And like any cloud solution, SAP Travel OnDemand is accessible from anywhere.
So it’s easy to use?
In a word yes you can access it from your mobile device, phone or laptop and the interface is kids play and simple to master.
Take pictures of your receipts attach them to expenses and your done – submit and wait for approval and payment – how easy is that?
Also because its mobile it’s doable anywhere and why wait till you return to create your expenses , why not do it en-route?
From your company’s point of view SAP Travel OnDemand makes so much sense as
• Low cost deployment to many business travelers, including contractors anytime, anywhere.
• Control of the software cost through subscription based pricing
• Time to value: Faster adoption curve, always on the latest release, including regulatory requirements.
• Easily connect customers with their Travel Service Provider ecosystem ( i.e. Booking and Credit Card partners) This is end to end travel management
So get some of that time back and talk to your company today about why you aren’t using SAP Travel OnDemand !!!!!
If you want more information – register now for this webinar – policy compliance, improve travel vendor discounts, maximize credit card remittance discounts and help get reimbursed faster for business travel with SAP Travel onDemand. Come hear Corby Brendle, Practice Director of UST Global, share why they chose SAP Travel onDemand to help them reduce corporate travel expense sby 11.6% of hard cost savings and run their business like never before.
With the addition of the SAP integrated GetThere Online booking tool they recognized an additional 15% savings in total travel cost without reducing actual travel.
Registration link:
•
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https://blogs.sap.com/2012/10/11/travel-broadens-the-mind-empties-the-pocket-or-how-cloud-based-sap-travel-ondemand-gave-me-back-my-life/
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21 September 2012 16:31 [Source: ICIS news]
TORONTO (ICIS)--Newspar has appointed an interim CEO and named a new member to join its management committee, officials at the Canada-based fluorspar mining joint venture between French chemicals firm Arkema and Canada Fluorspar (CFI) said on Friday.
Richard Carl will take over as Newspar's interim CEO, effective 21 September. Carl will retain in his role as executive vice president of CFI, the company said.
He is taking over from Lindsay Gorrill, who served as CEO of both Newspar and CFI. Gorrill will continue as CEO of CFI.
Also, Greg Struble, chief operating office of North American Palladium, joined Newspar's management committee
Meanwhile, Newspar is continuing work on a “cost and scope review” of its St Lawrence fluorspar project in ?xml:namespace>
A date for the start of construction of the project has not yet been determined, it added.Arkema and CFI formed the 50:50 joint venture last year. The St Lawrence project is expected to supply fluorspar for Arkema’s North American fluorochemicals operations. Fluorspar is the key feedstock in the production of hydrofluoric acid, which is the main raw material for the production of refrigerant gas and fluoropoly
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http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/09/21/9597748/moves-arkemas-canada-fluorspar-venture-shuffles-team.html
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Remotely accessible IPython-enabled debugger
Package Description
ripdb is a wrapper around the IPython debugger that enables one to connect to and control the debugger remotely via a socket handler. It combines the functionality of ipdb and rpdb in a single package.
Usage
After installation, include the following in your code:
import ripdb ripdb.set_trace()
This will start the debugger on port 4444 by default; to use a different port instantiate the debugger as follows:
import ripdb debugger.set_trace(port=12345)
Connect to the debugger using telnet, netcat, or socat. If you want to enable line completion and editing, you need to disable several terminal features before connecting:
SAVED_STTY=`stty -g`; stty -icanon -opost -echo -echoe -echok -echoctl -echoke; nc 127.0.0.1 4444; stty $SAVED_STTY
License
This software is licensed under the BSD License. See the included LICENSE file for more information.
Download Files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
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https://pypi.org/project/ripdb/
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int tfile_gets ( char *message_buffer, int message_number )
char *message_buffer; // A pointer to a character buffer
int message_number; // A message number
Synopsis
#include "silver.h"
The tfile_gets function uses message_number to get a string of text from the tfile (text file) that is currently open. The string is copied into message_buffer.
Parameters
message_buffer is the address of a character buffer that is to receive the message.
message_number is an integer specifying the message number
Return Value
tfile_gets returns 1 if a tfile is currently open and the message number is relevant for it, and otherwise it returns 0.
See Also
tfile_open, tfile_close, tfile_make
Help URL:
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http://silverscreen.com/tfile_gets.htm
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#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/proc.h> arbitrary strings, this message should not be longer than 6 characters.
The parameter timo specifies a timeout for the sleep. If timo is not 0, then the thread will sleep for at most timo, No, /, Va, hz seconds. If the timeout expires, then the sleep function will return EWOULDBLOCK.
msleep_sbt(), msleep_spin_sbt(), pause_sbt() and tsleep_sbt() functions take sbt parameter instead of timo. It allows the caller to specify relative or absolute wakeup time with higher resolution in form of sbintime_t. The parameter pr allows the caller to specify wanted absolute provides pause_sig() function is a variant of pause() which can be awakened early by signals.() function did not require this, though it was never good practice for threads to share a chan value. When converting from wakeup() to wakeup_one(), pay particular attention to ensure that no other threads wait on the same chan..
The tsleep() function appeared in BSD 4.4 . The pause_sig() function appeared in FreeBSD 12.0 .
Please direct any comments about this manual page service to Ben Bullock. Privacy policy.
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https://nxmnpg.lemoda.net/9/tsleep_sbt
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This tutorial sample illustrates JSP 1.2 XML syntax (called
JSP XML Documents) along with suitable examples. All the JSP pages in this tutorial
sample are written using the XML Syntax.
Traditional JSP constructs, such as <%@ page...> directives,
<%@ include... > directives, <%...%> for scriptlets, <%!...%>
for declarations, and <%=...%> for expressions, are not syntactically
valid within an XML document. The JavaServer Pages Specification, Version 1.2
offers more complete support for XML-compatible JSP syntax, adding features
and requiring support by compliant JSP containers. In addition, under the JSP
1.1 specification, one could intermix traditional syntax and XML-alternative
syntax within a page. This is not true in a JSP 1.2 environment.
The term JSP XML document (called JSP document in the JSP
1.2 specification) refers to a JSP page that uses this XML-compatible syntax.
The syntax includes, among other things, a root element and elements that serve
as alternatives to JSP directives, declarations, expressions, and scriptlets.
A JSP XML document is well formed in pure XML syntax, and is namespace-aware.
It uses XML namespaces to specify the JSP XML core syntax and the syntax of
any custom tag libraries used. A traditional JSP page, by contrast, is typically
not an XML document.
<jsp:root xmlns: <p> <span class="about"> <![CDATA[ <jsp:root> Tag ]]> </span>
... <![CDATA[ <jsp:root xmlns: JSP Page </jsp:root>]]> ... <![CDATA[ <jsp:root xmlns: <public:otherjsptag> ... </public:otherjsptag> </jsp:root>]]> </p></jsp:root>
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http://www.oracle.com/technology/sample_code/tech/java/jsps/ojsp/jspxml.html
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The fei_test_utils namespace contains general test-utility functions.
Look through argv for a '-i' argument which names an input file, and a '-d' argument which names the directory in which the input file is to be found. If the '-i' argument is present but the '-d' argument is not present, then the path to the input file will be assumed to be ".".
Definition at line 26 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
If the macro FEI_SER is not defined, call MPI_Init and then call MPI_Comm_rank to set localProc and MPI_Comm_size to set numProcs.
If the macro FEI_SER is defined, then simply set localProc = 0 and set numProcs = 1.
Definition at line 65 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
If flag is in the specified command-line arguments, and it is accompanied by either "yes" or "true" (case insensitive), then return true. If it is accompanied by "no" or "false", return false. If flag is not in the specified command-line arguments, return false unless the optional parameter 'default_result' is set to true.
(e.g., return true if some argv[i] == flag and argv[i+1] == "yes".)
Definition at line 78 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
Return argument string corresponding to flag from the command-line arguments. Example: if command-line arguments include some argv[i]="-d" and argv[i+1] = "path", and this function is called with flag=="-d", then the returned string value will be "path".
Definition at line 103 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
Broadcast string from 'root' processor so that on exit, the string has the same contents on all processors. Does nothing if num-procs==1 or if the compile-time macro FEI_SER is defined.
Definition at line 118 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
read contents of file line by line into a vector of strings. This is a purely serial operation.
Definition at line 150 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
Check command-line arguments for an input-file specified by '-i', and optionally a path specified by '-d', and then read the contents of the input-file into the user-provided parameter-strings.
Filename is constructed on proc 0, file is read on proc 0, and contents are returned on all processors.
Definition at line 174 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
This function reads the contents of filename on processor 0, and broadcasts those contents (strings) to all processors. All processors return the file contents in the file_contents argument.
If the file is not found, or can't be opened, an std::runtime_error will be thrown.
Definition at line 194 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
Given a file-name and test-name, return the named benchmark value.
If anything goes wrong, such as the file can't be read, or the specified testname doesn't appear in the file, throw an std::runtime_error.
Definition at line 243 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
Given two values determine whether the values are within 'margin' percentage points of each other. i.e., return true if 100*abs(value1 - value2)/max(abs(value1),abs(value2)) <= margin
Note: if max(abs(value1),abs(value2)) < 1.e-14, return true
Definition at line 260 of file fei_test_utils.cpp.
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My apologies for not looking at this earlier I had an emailhickup so I'm having to recreate the context from email archives,and you didn't copy me.Have you seen my previous work in this direction?I know I had a much much more complete implementation. The only partI had not completed was iptables support and that was about a daysmore work.> The following patches create a private "network namespace" for use> within containers. This is intended for use with system containers> like vserver, but might also be useful for restricting individual> applications' access to the network stack.> > These patches isolate traffic inside the network namespace. The> network ressources, the incoming and the outgoing packets are> identified to be related to a namespace.> > It hides network resource not contained in the current namespace, but> still allows administration of the network with normal commands like> ifconfig.> > It applies to the kernel version 2.6.17-rc6-mm1A couple of comments.> ------------> - do unshare with the CLONE_NEWNET flag as root> - do echo eth0 > /sys/kernel/debug/net_ns/dev> - use ifconfig or ip command to set a new ip address> > WhatI haven't looked at the patches in enough detail to see how the networkisolation is being done exactly. But some of these comments and someof the other pieces I have seen don't give me warm fuzzies.In particular I did not see a provision for multiple instance ofthe loopback device.As a general rule network sockets and network devices should be attachedto the network namespaces, which basically preserves all of the existingnetwork stack logic.Basically this means that the only operations that get more expensiveare reads of global variables, which take a necessary extra indirection.As a general rule I found that it usually makes sense to add an additionalnamespace field to hash tables so they can still use the boot timememory allocator. Although if you already have a network device aspart of your hash table key that isn't necessary for the networkstack.Eric-To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.orgMore majordomo info at read the FAQ at
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Note that this class uses .NET Framework 2.0. It will not work with older versions. Also, it will only work in applications which have a window (not in console applications).
Recently, I wrote a program which allows the user to encrypt data on his/her flash drive. The program should decrypt and encrypt the data transparently when flash drive is inserted/removed. For this I needed to be informed when a flash drive is plugged in and when the user decides to remove it. I am quite new to C# so I started searching the internet for some solution. It didn't take me long to find out how to detect when a removable drive is inserted or removed, but I had a hard time trying to figure out how to get notified when the drive is about to be removed (when user clicks the remove hardware icon in system notification area). After making it all work I decided to put the code into a simple-to-use class and make it available to everyone. I hope you will find it useful. It's far from perfect but it works.
In this section I will describe some of the principles on which the removable drive notifications work. If you just need to use this class without spending much time learning how it works, feel free to skip to the "Using the Code" section.
Windows will send WM_DEVICECHANGE message to all applications whenever some hardware change occurs, including when a flash drive (or other removable device) is inserted or removed. The WParam parameter of this message contains code which specifies exactly what event occurred. For our purpose only the following events are interesting:
WM_DEVICECHANGE
WParam
DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL
DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE
DBT_DEVICEREMOVECOMPLETE
To handle these events in your program you need to be able to process the WM_DEVICECHANGE messages. In Windows Forms applications, you can override the WndProc function which is available in any class derived from Windows.Forms.Control. Since the Control class is the "great-grand-father" of your Form class, overriding it is simply a matter of adding these lines to the Form1.cs file in your project:
Windows.Forms.Control
Control
Form
protected override void WndProc(ref Message m)
{
base.WndProc(ref m);
}
This implementation does nothing, just calls the base class. But by adding some code, we can easily check out the messages which we receive in the ref Message m argument. Processing the messages is as easy as this:
ref Message m
switch (m.Msg)
{
case WM_DEVICECHANGE:
// The WParam value identifies what is occurring.
// n = (int)m.WParam;
break;
}
base.WndProc(ref m);
Now maybe you are thinking if it is as easy as this, what's all this about. Well, there are two problems:
m.LParam
DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE
m.WParam
RegisterDeviceNotification
HDEVNOTIFY RegisterDeviceNotification(HANDLE hRecipient,
LPVOID NotificationFilter,DWORD Flags);
Calling native API is not too hard but the tricky part for me was the NotificationFilter parameter about which SDK documentation says it is "pointer to a block of data... This block always begins with the DEV_BROADCAST_HDR structure. The data following this header is dependent on the value of the dbch_devicetype member...". Sounds scary, doesn't it? Well, the thing is if you want to receive the DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE event for a removable drive, you need to open a file on the drive and pass a handle to this file to the RegisterDeviceNotification function. If you want to see the resulting code in C#, look at RegisterForDeviceChange in DriveDetector.cs.
NotificationFilter
DEV_BROADCAST_HDR
dbch_devicetype
RegisterForDeviceChange
To sum it all up, when a flash drive is inserted, Windows will send WM_DEVICECHANGE to your program with the wParam equal to DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL. Now you can open a file on the flash drive and call RegisterDeviceNotification native API function passing the handle to it. Only if you did this will your program will receive the DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE event when the flash drive is about to be removed and you can respond to this. At least you have to close the file which you opened otherwise the removal attempt will fail and Windows will display a message saying that the drive cannot be removed now.
wParam
DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL
The DriveDetector class is intended to do most of the above-described work for you. It provides events which your program can handle for the device arrival, removal and query remove. All you have to do is to override WndProc in your program and call DriveDetector's WndProc method from there. The usable fields and methods of this class are described at the end of this article. Let's now look at simple example of use.
DriveDetector's
Here are the steps needed to add this functionality into your program without worrying about how it works:
using Dolinay;
DriveDetector,
DeviceArrived
DeviceRemoved
QueryRemove
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
private DriveDetector driveDetector = null;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
driveDetector = new DriveDetector();
driveDetector.DeviceArrived += new DriveDetectorEventHandler(
OnDriveArrived);
driveDetector.DeviceRemoved += new DriveDetectorEventHandler(
OnDriveRemoved);
driveDetector.QueryRemove += new DriveDetectorEventHandler(
OnQueryRemove);
...
// Called by DriveDetector when removable device in inserted
private void OnDriveArrived(object sender, DriveDetectorEventArgs e)
{
// e.Drive is the drive letter, e.g. "E:\\"
// If you want to be notified when drive is being removed (and be
// able to cancel it),
// set HookQueryRemove to true
e.HookQueryRemove = true;
}
// Called by DriveDetector after removable device has been unplugged
private void OnDriveRemoved(object sender, DriveDetectorEventArgs e)
{
// TODO: do clean up here, etc. Letter of the removed drive is in
// e.Drive;
}
// Called by DriveDetector when removable drive is about to be removed
private void OnQueryRemove(object sender, DriveDetectorEventArgs e)
{
// Should we allow the drive to be unplugged?
if (MessageBox.Show("Allow remove?", "Query remove",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question) ==
DialogResult.Yes)
e.Cancel = false; // Allow removal
else
e.Cancel = true; // Cancel the removal of the device
}
That's all. Your event handlers should now be called whenever a flash drive is inserted or removed.
In this default implementation DriveDetector will create a hidden form, which it will use to receive notification messages from Windows. You could also pass your form to DriveDetector's constructor to avoid this extra (although invisible) form. To do this, just create your DriveDetector object using the second constructor:
driveDetector = new DriveDetector(this);
But then you also have to override WndPRoc method in your Form's code and call DriveDetector's WndProc from there. Again, you can just copy-paste the code below to your Form1.cs.
WndPRoc
protected override void WndProc(ref Message m)
{
base.WndProc(ref m); // call default p
if (driveDetector != null)
{
driveDetector.WndProc(ref m);
}
}
Even though DriveDetector hides all the background from you, it may be helpful if you know the following things:
HookQueryRemove
true
DetectorEventArgs
e.HookQueryRemove
EnableQueryRemove
The demo project "Simple Detector" illustrates using the DriveDetector class. When a removable drive is inserted it will report this event in the list. If you check the "Ask me before drive can be disconnected" box, a message box will pop out asking whether the removal should be allowed. The code of this demo is pretty much the same as in the examples above. The event handler for the "Ask me..." checkbox demonstrates using EnableQueryRemove method to register for DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE as an alternative to setting the e.HookQueryRemove flag in DeviceArrived event handler.
I decided to update Drivedetector after trying to use it in some real project and finding out that I needed something more usable. So I took the suggestions from the posts for this article and implemented two major improvements:
Drivedetector
The class should be backward compatible, so if you are using it in your project, you should be able to simply replace the DriveDetector.cs file and have it work as before. But if you decide to update your code, you will probably have some reason. Perhaps the same I had — opening some file on the flash drive to be notified about pending removal is annoying and causes trouble with sharing when you need to update the opened file. This new version which opens the root directory is much easier to use.
So what needs to be changed? Simply do not specify any file. If your code uses the constructor with file name, just replace it with the constructor without it. If you specify a file in the EnableQueryRemove call, use only the drive instead of your file path. That's all.
Here is a summary of the fields and methods DriveDetector offers.
There are actually two ways of denying removal of a removable drive. You can simply keep some file open on the drive in your program and system will not allow the drive to be removed. But if your program also returns the proper value in response to DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE event, system will display a nice message including the name of the application which denies the removal. DriveDetector does set the proper response value in the message structure and that is why the DriveDetector's WndProc function is called only after the base class call in the sample code. If you called the base class last, it would reset the response in the message structure.
Wnd.
|
https://www.codeproject.com/articles/18062/detecting-usb-drive-removal-in-a-c-program?fid=397899&df=90&mpp=25&sort=position&spc=relaxed&select=4336354&tid=3536434
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public class Naerling : Lazy<Person>{
public void DoWork(){ throw new NotImplementedException(); }
}
_Maxxx_ wrote:My BD 2Day plz snd cake.
_Maxxx_ wrote:Also interview (with test, apparently) on mon. plz snd hlpz
_Maxxx_ wrote:Bought a wifi extender for myself - at last all the house is on one network!
Eddy Vluggen wrote:You might want to keep the toilet WiFi-free.
Rajesh R Subramanian wrote:Dead pig or a live one?
Rajesh R Subramanian wrote:BTW, Happy birthday.
*pre-emptive celebratory nipple tassle jiggle* - Sean Ewington
"Mind bleach! Send me mind bleach!" - Nagy Vilmos
delete this;
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages.
|
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header file to include java classes?
Discussion in 'C++' started by Swapnil Kale, Dec 19, 2007.
Want to reply to this thread or ask your own question?It takes just 2 minutes to sign up (and it's free!). Just click the sign up button to choose a username and then you can ask your own questions on the forum.
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.
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.*; import org.apache.hadoop.conf.*; import java.io.*; public class CopyFileToHDFS { public static void main(String[] args) { if(args.length==2) { String inputPath = args[0]; String outputPath = args[1]; try { CopyFileToHDFS copier= new CopyFileToHDFS(); copier.copyToHDFS(new Path(inputPath), new Path(outputPath)); } catch(Exception e) {} } } public void copyToHDFS(Path inPath, Path outPath) throws IOException { Configuration config = new Configuration(); FileSystem hdfs = FileSystem.get(config); LocalFileSystem local = FileSystem.getLocal(config); FSDataInputStream inStream = local.open(inPath); FSDataOutputStream outStream = hdfs.create(outPath); byte[] buf = new byte[1024]; int data = 0; while((data=inStream.read(buf))>0) { outStream.write(buf, 0, 1024); } inStream.close(); outStream.close(); } }
The key part of the sample is in the copyToHDFS() method. It first creates a new Configuration object, from which both local file system and Hadoop File System are retrieved via the static factory methods get() and getLocal(). These three calls are pretty much very similar for applications using the APIs. What differs most comes after getting hold of the file systems. If you don’t need to work on both file systems, you can skip one.
Let’s get back to the sample. From both file systems, FSDataInputStream and FSDataOutputStream are created per the file paths. After that point, there is not much difference of copying from a stream to another steam in Java.
In addition to the HDFS CLIs, another common use case for the HDFS APIs is the Input Format, the first step of the MapReduce processing, that reads in a data file and split it into key/value pairs. I’ll cover the whole data processing pipeline of various stages later in a separate post.
To understand better all the APIs, you can browse the API Reference of the HDFS. You don’t want to spend too much time on it because it’s a waste of time if you won’t use it any time soon.
As last note, I feel the way in which the configuration and file system are associated and coded is not straight forward, especially the configuration creation. The configuration creation could have been more explicit by employing similar factory pattern like Runtime.getRuntime(), or Desktop.getDesktop() in Java system library. In that, it could be Configuration.getConfiguration().
Hadoop File System APIs via @sjin2008
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WebForms And MVC In Harmony — Almost…
Check out a new post about using WebControls inline with MVC that actually works with postbacks!
Pop Quiz – What happens with the following snippet of ASP.NET code?
<% int number = 5; %> <asp:PlaceHolder <% =number %> </asp:PlaceHolder>
Prints the number 5? Nope. Maybe it equals zero? Sorta. How about this…
Compiler Error Message: CS0103: The name ‘number’ does not exist in the current context
Yikes…
I’ve complained before about the disconnect between WebControls and actual inline code. WebControls are still a very convenient way to write templates but because they exist in a different context than inline code they are effectively off limits. As cool as MVC is you’re pretty much stuck throwing all your existing WebControls out the window. Or are you?
Using Extension Methods Instead of Controls
Extension Methods came in really at the best time possible. I can’t see MVC working without them.
If you’ve never used one before, an Extension Method lets you create a static method else where in your project, do a couple fancy assignments and then it attaches that method onto the class you’re targeting. LINQ heavily relies on Extension Methods to provide such a seamless programming experience.
One way that ASP.NET MVC uses Extension Methods is to make working with certain control types easier. For example there is a method to create the
input tag, one to render a
form tag, etc…
Below is an example of how you could create an Extension Method that is attached to the HtmlHelper.
public static class MyExtensionMethods { //example method - don't write things this ugly public static string BulletList(this HtmlHelper helper, params string[] items) { return string.Concat( "<ul><li>", string.Join("</li><li>", items), "</li></ul>" ); } }
In our example we create a static class to house our Extension Methods. We also create static methods with a strange argument at the start. This argument is actually the class were attaching the method to. Now we can use our code like so…
<% =this.Html.BulletList("Apple", "Orange", "Pear") %>
Cool. If you’re not familiar on the things you can do with Extension Methods then I recommend you read about them some more before you start trying to add them to your project. You could also use delegates to simulate templating within an Extension Method.
public static class MyExtensionMethods { //example method - renders the content of each action public static void TwoColumns(this HtmlHelper helper, Action left, Action right) { HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("<div class='left'>"); left(); HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("</div>"); HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("<div class='right'>"); right(); HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("</div>"); } }
Then you can use your “template” like so…
<% this.Html.TwoColumns(() => { /* Left Column */ %> I'm on the left! <% }, () => { /* Right Column */ %> I'm on the right! <% }); /* End Two Column */ %>
Code like this can get ugly in a hurry – so be conservative in your use.
Using IDisposable To Close Tags
Another way you can create a “WebControl” with ASP.NET MVC is to create a class that implements
IDisposable. By placing markup in the constructor and the
Dispose method you can essentially write your
RenderBeginTag() and
RenderEndTag() methods you normally find on CompositeControls!
public class StyledHeader : IDisposable { public StyledHeader(string color) { HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("<h1 style='color:" + color + "' >"); } public void Dispose() { HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("</h1>"); } }
Naturally,
StyledHeader should have been added to the core of the ASP.NET MVC library, but somehow it got missed :). In any case, our class can be used with the
using keyword to render our fancy new header.
<% using (new StyledHeader("#f00")) { %> Howdy - This is my header control! <% } /* End StyledHeader */ %>
The Super Secret Final Method
As you noticed at the beginning of my post I mentioned about throwing away WebControls since they aren’t any use to us anymore. Well, that isn’t true — We can still use WebControl with our inline code for the page!
If you’ve read any of my previous blog posts, you can see that I’m a big fan of overriding the
Render() method for WebControls. In similar fashion, we’re going to use the
RenderControl() method to render our WebControls right when we need them.
using System.Reflection; using System.IO; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web; using System.Web.Mvc; public static class MyExtensionMethods { //example method - renders a webcontrol to the page public static void RenderControl(this HtmlHelper helper, Control control) { //perform databinding if needed //MethodInfo bind = control.GetType().GetMethod("DataBind"); //if (bind is System.Reflection.MethodInfo) { // bind.Invoke(control, null); //} //Call a courtesy databind //Thanks for pointing it out Richard control.DataBind(); //render the HTML for this control StringWriter writer = new StringWriter(); HtmlTextWriter html = new HtmlTextWriter(writer); control.RenderControl(html); //write the output HttpContext.Current.Response.Write(writer.ToString()); //and cleanup the writers html.Dispose(); writer.Dispose(); } }
You may notice the courtesy
DataBind() call we’re doing there — Just in case something has a
DataSource I was calling the method as well. Depending on how you use this you may want to change this some. But enough of that, how is it used?
<% int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; %> <% this.Html.RenderControl(new DataGrid() { DataSource = numbers }); %>
You can also define your class before you pass it into the RenderControl method in case you need to do a little more to it than just assign some values to the properties.
Finally, WebForms and MVC In Harmony… Or Maybe Not…
Now I won’t pretend that you can plug all of your WebControls into this and expect it to work like WebForms used to. A lot of things are missing that a lot of WebControls rely on (like the ViewState). But, if your mainly interested in the rendered output of a WebControl then you’re in luck.
WebForms And MVC In Harmony — Almost… « Yet Another WebDev Blog…
Thank you for submitting this cool story – Trackback from DotNetShoutout…
DotNetShoutout
June 18, 2009 at 9:44 am
[…] to VoteWebForms And MVC In Harmony — Almost… (6/17/2009)Wednesday, June 17, 2009 from webdev_hbPop Quiz – What happens with the following snippet of […]
ASP.NET MVC Archived Blog Posts, Page 1
June 22, 2009 at 4:39 am
Why are you using reflection to call the DataBind method? It’s much easier, not to mention more efficient, to replace:
MethodInfo bind = control.GetType().GetMethod(“DataBind”);
if (bind is System.Reflection.MethodInfo) {
bind.Invoke(control, null);
}
with:
control.DataBind();
Richard
July 14, 2009 at 10:49 am
Actually, you’re correct – I had intended that to allow any type of control to be passed in, even those that do not support data-binding.
I’m not sure what I was thinking when I put this together, but DataBind is a method of Control, not any inherited classes. Your suggestion would, in fact, be much better.
Thanks for the feedback.
webdev_hb
July 14, 2009 at 11:12 am
[…] blogged awhile back about using WebControls inside an MVC application, but it covered only controls that didn’t need to postback to the server. Not really that […]
WebControls in MVC – Part 1 of ??? « Yet Another WebDev Blog
July 27, 2009 at 12:05 am
[…] instead of an actual UserControl. Its not that you can’t use them but that there is a disconnect between the control state and the render phase which makes it pretty much impossible to really work with them […]
Render Partial — But With Arguments! « Hugoware
October 26, 2009 at 11:38 pm
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java
Threads - Java Beginners
regardoing multi threads - Java Beginners
regardoing multi threads Hi Please tell me how to declare global variables in main thread so that all other threads can use them and value will be available to all threads.
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Threads...");
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}
-----------------------------------------------
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i would like to download java1.5 .so if possible please send the link for java1.5 free download Hi friend
java beginners - Java Beginners
java beginners
pl. give few example program of signed and unsigned integer
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Creation of Multiple Threads
Creation of Multiple Threads
...:\nisha>java MultiThread1
Thread Name :main
Thread Name :My...
In this program, two threads are created along with the
"main" thread
hi again - Java Beginners
number of the threads as i got from what is shown here
code after changing..
import java.io.
Thread.sleep - Java Beginners
the current thread to suspend execution for a specified period.Here you allow the threads
java - Java Beginners
java hi!! i want 2 download jdk latest version so can u pls send me the link..? Hi Friend,
Please visit the following link:
Thanks
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http://www.roseindia.net/tutorialhelp/comment/90296
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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refinedweb
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I wonder if it is possible to exactly reproduce the whole sequence of
randn() of MATLAB with NumPy. I coded my own routine with Python/Numpy, and it is giving me a little bit different results from the MATLAB code somebody else did, and I am having hard time finding out where it is coming from because of different random draws.
I have found the
numpy.random.seed value which produces the same number for the first draw, but from the second draw and on, it is completely different. I’m making multivariate normal draws for about 20,000 times so I don’t want to just save the matlab draws and read it in Python.
Answer
The user asked if it was possible to reproduce the output of randn() of Matlab, not rand. I have not been able to set the algorithm or seed to reproduce the exact number for randn(), but the solution below works for me.
In Matlab: Generate your normal distributed random numbers as follows:
rng(1); norminv(rand(1,5),0,1) ans = -0.2095 0.5838 -3.6849 -0.5177 -1.0504
In Python: Generate your normal distributed random numbers as follows:
import numpy as np from scipy.stats import norm np.random.seed(1) norm.ppf(np.random.rand(1,5)) array([[-0.2095, 0.5838, -3.6849, -0.5177,-1.0504]])
It is quite convenient to have functions, which can reproduce equal random numbers, when moving from Matlab to Python or vice versa.
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https://www.tutorialguruji.com/python/is-it-possible-to-reproduce-randn-of-matlab-with-numpy/
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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#include <openssl/pkcs7.h> int PKCS7_decrypt(PKCS7 *p7, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *cert, BIO *data, int flags);
Although the recipients certificate is not needed to decrypt the data it is needed to locate the appropriate (of possible several) recipients in the PKCS#7 structure.
The following flags can be passed in the flags parameter.
If the PKCS7_TEXT flag is set MIME headers for type text/plain are deleted from the content. If the content is not of type text/plain then an error is returned.
The lack of single pass processing and need to hold all data in memory as mentioned in PKCS7_sign() also applies to PKCS7_verify().
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https://www.commandlinux.com/man-page/man3/PKCS7_decrypt.3ssl.html
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refinedweb
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fm_baidu_map
final FmBaiduMap _map = FmBaiduMap();
final FmBaiduLocation _location = FmBaiduLocation();
ios/android bugs
android sdk
ios support
modify event
add example
add types
publish
example/README.md
Demonstrates how to use the fm_baidu_map: fm_baidu_map: ^0.0.7
You can install packages from the command line:
with Flutter:
$ flutter pub get
Alternatively, your editor might support
flutter pub get.
Check the docs for your editor to learn more.
Now in your Dart code, you can use:
import 'package:fm_baidu_map/fm_baidu_map.dart';
We analyzed this package on Jul 15, 2019, and provided a score, details, and suggestions below. Analysis was completed with status completed using:
Detected platforms: Flutter
References Flutter, and has no conflicting libraries.
Document public APIs. (-0.42 points)
200 out of 204 API elements have no dartdoc comment.Providing good documentation for libraries, classes, functions, and other API elements improves code readability and helps developers find and use your API.
Fix
lib/over_types/base.dart. (-1 points)
Analysis of
lib/over_types/base.dart reported 2 hints:
line 6 col 7: Avoid wrapping fields in getters and setters just to be "safe".
line 22 col 18: Avoid wrapping fields in getters and setters just to be "safe".
Fix
lib/location.dart. (-0.50 points)
Analysis of
lib/location.dart reported 1 hint:
line 25 col 30: This function has a return type of 'Future', but doesn't end with a return statement.
Fix
lib/map.dart. (-0.50 points)
Analysis of
lib/map.dart reported 1 hint:
line 62 col 30: This function has a return type of 'Future', but doesn't end with a return statement.
Format
lib/fm_baidu_map.dart.
Run
flutter format to format
lib/fm_baidu_map.
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https://pub.dev/packages/fm_baidu_map
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make JSString::chars / JS_Get
String Chars fallible
RESOLVED FIXED
Status
()
People
(Reporter: luke, Assigned: luke)
Tracking
(Blocks 1 bug)
Firefox Tracking Flags
(blocking2.0 betaN+)
Details
(Whiteboard: fixed-in-tracemonkey)
Attachments
(17 attachments, 4 obsolete attachments)
Currently, to keep JSString::chars() infallible, js_ConcatStrings eagerly malloc's the memory needed by JSString::flatten(). Bug 608776 measured a 2% SS speedup by (fallibly) malloc'ing in flatten() instead. Bug 608776 also has a patch for an obscenely large ballast against oom which is not pretty, can waste memory, and doesn't achieve the full 2% speedup. An alternative is to bite the bullet and make chars() fallible (take a cx, possibly return null). This also involves breaking JSAPI to make JS_GetStringChars fallible, which has been a long-standing API sore spot (judging by bug 373152). Since JS_GetStringBytes is going away, it seems like a good time to make the change. If no immediate disagreement, I can ping the newsgroup.
Do we have any idea what the performance impact of having to null-check JS_GetStringChars everywhere would be, both within the js engine and outside?
We will after I write the patch ;-) I have been repeatedly impressed, though, by how cheap/free well-predicted branches are.
Well, except for their icache effects, right?
(In reply to comment #3) > Well, except for their icache effects, right? Sure, icache density goes down, but assuming the failure branch is "return NS_SOME_ERROR", it shouldn't hurt too much. And, as always, on Windows PGO should be moving all these error paths out of the fast path.
(In reply to comment #0) > > An alternative is to bite the bullet and make chars() fallible (take a cx, > possibly return null). IMO we should also consider infallible API that would allow not to flatten the string. Something like a char iterator that is either initialized with a pointer to the char array or to some support structure to work over the rope. Its next char will look then like: if (cursor != charEnd) { ++cursor; } else { doRopeNextChar(); } That should avoid a penalty for the non-rope case.
(In reply to comment #5) > IMO we should also consider infallible API that would allow not to flatten the > string. Something like a char iterator that is either initialized with a > pointer to the char array or to some support structure to work over the rope. In the abstract, I totally agree; instead of passing around String-types and jschar*'s, we should pass around types modelling the Range/Iterator/View concepts so that we can decouple algorithms from data structure. Actually, bhackett and I were discussing yesterday how most (hot) uses of str->chars() could be made to avoid flattening by iterating instead, and that was the plan, e.g., for js_StringIsIndex. Scanning through mxr hits for JS_GetStringChars, though, iterator-ification would require an enormous effort to do completely. On the bright side, probably 1/3 of JS_GetStringChars uses could easily be removed entirely by using the JS_*ById variant. Another 1/4 are calls to NS_ConvertUTF16toUTF8, which it seems like could be iterator-ified. However, there are a bunch of places that pass the jschar* to some API expecting jschar*/PRUnichar*. E.g., probably 1/4 of the calls shove the results into an nsDependentString/nsString. So then a more detailed proposal would be to: - make rope char iterator and try to use it throughout SM - for the remaining (cold) uses in SM, change infallible "chars()" to fallible "flattenChars(cx)" - change as many JS_GetStringChars to use JS_*ById APIs as I can - add a version of NS_ConvertUTF16toUTF8 that doesn't need JS_GetStringChars - make JS_GetStringChars fallible, change remaining callers
For what it's worth, xpcom strings used to support such an iterator pattern, multifragment strings, etc. We removed it all because it led to over-complicated code that was much slower than just indexing into an array and because in practice we ended up with most strings being flat.... Maybe the tradeoffs are different here, but it's worth talking to Benjamin about our XPCOM string experience, especially because I still think we should have a unified storage strategy for strings for JS and XPCOM. That would let us stop copying at the JS-to-XPCOM boundary in a bunch of cases where we copy now, but it seems like that would almost certainly require flattening at the boundary, right?
The XPCOM iterator pattern performed horribly partly because it relied on calling through vtables and such, and then the API iterated by character, instead of by fragment, which meant common code optimizations were impossible. I'm ambivalent, although the swinging back and forth is unfortunate!
(In reply to comment #8) > I'm ambivalent, although the swinging back and forth is unfortunate! If it eases your mind, this isn't quite swinging back: in addition to, as you mentioned, not being polymorphic beasts, (despite the name...) ropes are primarily intended to delay concatenation, not act as a normal/steady-state alternative representation of strings. In particular, string flatten when observed and it is only special cases that operate on ropes as ropes (for large potential speedup, of course). Perhaps you are thinking more long term and worrying that JS strings will mutate into old XPCOM strings, but I can't imagine it getting anywhere close without regressing the benchmarks we monitor.
Ah, perhaps I misread comment 5. It seemed to be proposing that the only API available API be the one that preserves ropeness...
(In reply to comment #10) > Ah, perhaps I misread comment 5. It seemed to be proposing that the only API > available API be the one that preserves ropeness... The proposal is to a have an infallible API for character enumeration in JS strings that would indeed preserve ropes yet would allow to enumerate non-ropes efficiently.
?
(In reply to comment #12) > ? Yes, that should supplement a fallible version of JS_GetStringChars with infallible iterator.
Another usefull infallible API would be one that copies string chars into a buffer. That should take care of rather few cases of using str->chars like js_ValueToCharBuffer.
This should fix bug 551077.
I think this change will allow the two kinds of rope node (TOP_NODE and INTERIOR_NODE) to be merged.
blocking2.0: --- → betaN+
Another bonus: without the need for a "top node" holding the rope's buffer, ropes can be full dags (which removes flattening tests in js_ConcatStrings) and mParent is unnecessary (so length and flags can be unpacked (again)).
(In reply to comment #17) > Another bonus: without the need for a "top node" holding the rope's buffer, > ropes can be full dags (which removes flattening tests in js_ConcatStrings) and > mParent is unnecessary (so length and flags can be unpacked (again)). Hmm... my patch for bug 613457 moves mBase into the first union-within-a-union. With mParent gone, mRight can also be moved into the first union-within-a-union, leaving the second union-within-a-union empty, thus potentially shortening JSString by one word. Except there's the issue of mInlineStorage, which would be reduced to only 2 jschars on 32-bit platforms, which means that the short static strings would have to become larger JSShortStrings, which is manageable. But then, does JSString need to have a size that's a multiple of 8 so it can be treated as a FreeCell?
Expanding mLengthAndFlags into 2 words would keep things at 4 words, all used by all string modes. It does steal a word from short strings, though (which is annoying, since js_IntToString wants 11+1 chars in order to fit the biggest/smallest ints into short strings which it can no longer do on x86).
Perhaps that's reason enough to keep mLengthAndFlags packed?
Its just the addition of an 'if' to js_IntToString, so no big deal. Incidentally, I just wrote a tiny speed test to compare the difference. If length/flags are only used to control a well-predicted branch, then its actually slightly (4%) faster to have the packed representation (since its one less store and the result isn't part of the critical path). However if you add two string lengths (like, e.g., js_ConcatStrings), then I found it faster (40%) to have the unpacked representation. It will easy enough to test for real after the patch.
... but our static length2StringTable and hundredStringTable use 3 and 4 characters of mInlineStorage so, in lieu of bloating said tables with JSShortStrings, I'll keep 'em packed.
(Preliminary patch) Igor, is this valid? With the exception of atoms in the default compartment, strings are accessed by a single-threaded at a time. For the atoms, a lock is held when the bit is flipped.
Attachment #494274 - Flags: review?(igor)
This patch makes all the core JSString logic changes without actually handling oom, which I will do in the next patch. Thus, this is all the win, with none of the checking overhead. On OS X 10.5, I get a 10ms speedup on SS (3.7%) and a 65ms speedup on V8 (4.4%). As already mentioned, there is also a fundamental improvement: concatenating two strings never flattens (since ropes can be dags).
Comment on attachment 494274 [details] [diff] [review] don't need atomic ops in JSString anymore (?) Nice find - the calls to JS_ATOMIC_SET_MASK should have been removed right after the compartment GC and rewraping changes. As EXTENSIBLE is never set, the patch should also remove all traces of it including flatClearExtensible and the flag definition itself. r+ with that fixed.
Attachment #494274 - Flags: review?(igor) → review+
(In reply to comment #25) > As EXTENSIBLE is never set, the patch should also remove all traces of it > including flatClearExtensible and the flag definition itself. It is still being set in JSString::flatten by initFlatExtensible. (The use case for EXTENSIBLE is now commented in the patch at the head of JSString::flatten.)
(In reply to comment #26) > It is still being set in JSString::flatten by initFlatExtensible. (The use > case for EXTENSIBLE is now commented in the patch at the head of > JSString::flatten.) Right, I have missed that EXTENSIBLE is still used to prevent dependent string optimization. Still this suggests to rename the flag to NON_EXTENSIBLE and set it when leaking the char array through API or when atomizing strings. This also points out that if the char array pointer would never be exposed through api, then EXTENSIBLE can be removed, but this is for another bug.
(In reply to comment #27) > Right, I have missed that EXTENSIBLE is still used to prevent dependent string > optimization. Still this suggests to rename the flag to NON_EXTENSIBLE and set > it when leaking the char array through API or when atomizing strings. Well, since having EXTENSIBLE means the 'capacity' field has been set, extensibility is opt in (in particular, only by strings initialized by JSString::flatten).
Comment on attachment 494278 [details] [diff] [review] ropes redux, asserting we don't oom This patch is such an improvement, I love it. In particular, js_ConcatStrings() is *so* much better now. r=me with various minor things addressed below. I was going to do a Cachegrind run to see the instruction count improvement on Sunspider but I get lots of failures when applying the patch, more than I cared to fix by hand. Please post an updated patch if you want to see these figures. >diff --git a/js/src/jsgcinlines.h b/js/src/jsgcinlines.h >--- a/js/src/jsgcinlines.h >+++ b/js/src/jsgcinlines.h >@@ -267,18 +267,16 @@ MarkChildren(JSTracer *trc, JSObject *ob > } > > static inline void > MarkChildren(JSTracer *trc, JSString *str) > { > if (str->isDependent()) > MarkString(trc, str->dependentBase(), "base"); > else if (str->isRope()) { >- if (str->isInteriorNode()) >- MarkString(trc, str->interiorNodeParent(), "parent"); > MarkString(trc, str->ropeLeft(), "left child"); > MarkString(trc, str->ropeRight(), "right child"); > } > } I guess some of the lower nodes in a rope may be live but some of the upper ones might be dead, and the old code would mark those upper ones as live? >+namespace detail { Does "detail" have any significance? It doesn't mean anything to me. I didn't look too closely at the rest of the GC stuff as I don't know much about GC in general. >+ if (u.left->isExtensible() && u.left->s.capacity >= wholeLength) { >+ wholeCapacity = u.left->s.capacity; >+ wholeChars = u.left->u.chars; >+ pos = wholeChars + u.left->length(); >+ u.left->finishTraversalConversion(this, wholeChars, pos); >+ goto visit_right_child; >+ } So this case doesn't just fall out of the normal flatten algorithm? Is there a fundamental reason why not? >+ wholeCapacity = RopeCapacityFor(wholeLength); >+ wholeChars = (jschar *)js_malloc((wholeCapacity + 1) * sizeof(jschar)); Don't you need to check for OOM here? > JSString * JS_FASTCALL > js_ConcatStrings(JSContext *cx, JSString *left, JSString *right) > { >- size_t length, leftLen, rightLen; >- bool leftRopeTop, rightRopeTop; >- >- leftLen = left->length(); >+ size_t leftLen = left->length(); > if (leftLen == 0) > return right; >- rightLen = right->length(); >+ >+ size_t rightLen = right->length(); > if (rightLen == 0) > return left; > >- length = leftLen + rightLen; >+ size_t length = leftLen + rightLen; You used "wholeLength" elsewhere -- can you do likewise (or something similar, eg. "concatLength", "finalLength") here? >-static jsint >-RopeMatch(JSString *textstr, const jschar *pat, jsuint patlen) >+static bool >+RopeMatch(JSContext *cx, JSString *textstr, const jschar *pat, jsuint patlen, jsint *match) I'd like a comment explaining what the args and return value represent for this function, please. > #define R(c) { \ >- JSString::FLAT | JSString::ATOMIZED | (1 << JSString::FLAGS_LENGTH_SHIFT),\ >+ JSString::FLAT | JSString::ATOMIZED | (1 << JSString::LENGTH_SHIFT), \ You added buildLengthAndFlags(), but it can't be used here. In my patch for bug 613457 I did likewise but I used a macro instead of a function. You should do that here -- sometimes a macro is the right thing to use :) >+ public: >+ size_t lengthAndFlags; /* in all strings */ I figure you're moving away from the mFoo member naming convention because it's not standard within SM? And I was just getting used to it... > inline void flatClearExtensible() { >+ /* N.B. This may be called on static strings, which are in write-protected memory. */ > JS_ASSERT(isFlat()); >- >- /* >- * We cannot eliminate the flag check before writing to mLengthAndFlags as >- * static strings may reside in write-protected memory. See bug 599481. >- */ >- if (mLengthAndFlags & EXTENSIBLE) >- mLengthAndFlags &= ~EXTENSIBLE; >+ if (lengthAndFlags & EXTENSIBLE) >+ lengthAndFlags &= ~EXTENSIBLE; I find the new comment too brief, and the old one wasn't really clear either. How about this: "You might think that we could just clear the EXTENSIBLE flag without first checking if it's set. However, this function may be called on strings that aren't extensible, and that includes static strings which are stored in write-protected memory and cannot be modified. Therefore, we check. (We could instead check with isStatic(), but that's slower.)"
Attachment #494278 - Flags: review+
(In reply to comment #29) > I guess some of the lower nodes in a rope may be live but some of the upper > ones might be dead, and the old code would mark those upper ones as live? Before, if any node in a rope stayed a live, the containing tree needed to stay alive (at the very least, so that mParent wasn't a dangling pointer). That is no longer the case; rope nodes no longer care about if and how many parents they have. > >+namespace detail { > > Does "detail" have any significance? It doesn't mean anything to me. We have started using 'detail' as the namespace to stick helpers that you don't want to litter the enclosing namespace with. If you grep "namespace detail" you can see that its in a couple of places. Short form "implementation details", I suppose. > So this case doesn't just fall out of the normal flatten algorithm? Is > there a fundamental reason why not? Speed, as always :) We want to avoid copying that left flat node onto itself. > >+ wholeCapacity = RopeCapacityFor(wholeLength); > >+ wholeChars = (jschar *)js_malloc((wholeCapacity + 1) * sizeof(jschar)); > > Don't you need to check for OOM here? This is an intermediate patch. The patches I'm working on now is to deal with fallibility. That's why this patch is labeled "ropes redux, asserting we don't oom" ;) > I figure you're moving away from the mFoo member naming convention because > it's not standard within SM? And I was just getting used to it... Yeah, mFoo was never the style, it just appeared in a few places (JSString and (copying JSString) js::Vector) before everyone agreed to stop:. Other comments addressed, thanks for the review! Still two more patches (intra-SM and extra-SM fallibility changes).
(In reply to comment #28) > Well, since having EXTENSIBLE means the 'capacity' field has been set, > extensibility is opt in (in particular, only by strings initialized by > JSString::flatten). What about removing EXTENSIBLE and dropping API that returns 0-terminated jschar array? Since \0 can legally present in JS strings such API can not represent strings in full. So lets remove that and direct the current API users to JS_GetStringCharsAndLength and JS_GetStringCharArray with the promise that the returned pointer will stay valid until the string is GC-ed.
(In reply to comment #31) That sounds reasonable, but as a followup bug. Btw, I haven't checked whether uses of nsDependentString actually depend on null-terminated-ness, but it asserts null-terminated-ness in its constructor.
This patch switches mozilla to use fallible string APIs and removes JS_GetStringChars. It ended up being bigger than expected b/c nsDependentJSString and all its users also had to change. Despite adding a bunch of null-check branches, almost without exception, every piece of code touched should be faster because: - JS_GetStringChars/JS_GetStringLength pairs were replaced with a single JS_GetStringChars[Z]AndLength calls - In the cases where JS_GetStringCharsAndLength (no Z) replaced JS_GetStringChars (i.e., where there was no null-term assumption), we avoid un-depending strings - Places using a string from a jsid (i.e., an atom) can use a (new) infallible API JS_GetStringIdCharsAndLength - In the fatval patch I changed like 20 JS_*UC*() calls to JS_*ById() in nsDOMClassInfo. This patch changed like 10 more in other places, mostly NPAPI.
Brendan, do these new APIs make sense?
(In reply to comment #34) > Created attachment 494968 [details] [diff] [review] > just JSAPI interface changes for review JS_GetStringIdChars should take jsid parameter, not string. Otherwise it would be way to easy to use it on non-id string. Since literal strings are atomized it would be very easy to miss such bad usage.
(In reply to comment #35) > JS_GetStringIdChars should take jsid parameter, not string. Otherwise it would > be way to easy to use it on non-id string. I considered that, but that, of course, introduces the mistake of passing a non-string id (which would be a tempting mistake: I saw quite a few cases of wanting to get string chars out of an id and might choose this API instead of the path JS_IdToValue/JS_ValueToString/JS_GetStringChars*)). Ultimately, I decided "well, the name says string id". > Since literal strings are atomized it would be very easy to miss such bad usage. That would be fine. I guess the name "StringId" is too strict; I could instead rename it to JS_GetInternedStringChars.
(In reply to comment #36) > I considered that, but that, of course, introduces the mistake of passing a > non-string id IMO it is more likely to hit a debug assert about wrong id passed to the function rather then a debug assert about non-atomized string. The latter requires non-literal string so if code would be cut-and-pasted or just evolved into non-id context the bug may not be exposed immediately.
(In reply to comment #37) Based on the realization in comment 36, I'd like to change the name to JS_GetInternedStringChars, so string seems right. Additionally, "interned strings" are already an API concept.? BTW, I think you attached the wrong patch for the "remove JS_GetStringChars..." patch.
(In reply to comment #39) >? It would be a dynamic error. Fun idea with the type; I generally like using types to prove things, but this might be a bit overkill for such a restricted use case. > BTW, I think you attached the wrong patch for the "remove JS_GetStringChars..." Thanks, I'll attach the right one after try server results and fixing some windows build bustage.
(In reply to comment #40) > > It would be a dynamic error. Can you be more specific? > Fun idea with the type; I generally like using > types to prove things, but this might be a bit overkill for such a restricted > use case. If you just make it a sub-class of JSString the declaration is short and it can be used anywhere a JSString can. I'll leave it up to you, but it doesn't seem like overkill to me.
(In reply to comment #41) > (In reply to comment #40) > > > > It would be a dynamic error. > > Can you be more specific? If you call JS_GetStringCharsInfallible on a string that has not had JS_MakeGetStringCharsInfallible, it would assert in debug mode if the string was not flat or produce undefined behavior in release mode. > If you just make it a sub-class of JSString the declaration is short and it can > be used anywhere a JSString can. This is a C API; you'd need an opaque typedef and probably a conversion macro.
(In reply to comment #41) > I'll leave it up to you, but it doesn't seem like overkill to me. Actually, I think you're right; it felt like a pretty rare case until I returned to fallible-izing SM.
Attachment #494968 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #495183 - Flags: review?(brendan)
Comment on attachment 495183 [details] [diff] [review] just JSAPI interface changes for review (v.2) Looks good.. /be
Attachment #495183 - Flags: review?(brendan) → review+
JS_StringEqualsAscii ?
Looks like this blocker is ready to land.
(In reply to comment #47) > Looks like this blocker is ready to land. Not quite, the "remove JS_GetStringChars..." patch needs review, but the wrong patch was attached (see comment 39). Also, I'd love some up-to-date copies of all the patches in order to do some measurements with Cachegrind. It'd be great to knock this bug over, it's blocking two other blockers.
This is what I have been doing all week. There is a lot of code to change. In particular, every time I add an early return, I need to take time to understand the local code to make sure I'm doing the right thing. I would post updated patches, but I am changing them as I go.
(In reply to comment #49) > This is what I have been doing all week. There is a lot of code to change. I didn't mean to imply that you've been slacking or anything :) It is a big change.
(In reply to comment #45) >. Well I'm going to fallible-ize this too (and add an infallible JSFlatString-taking version), so I might as well rename it proper. JS_MatchAsciiString was my favorite, but there is no clean place to insert "Flat" in that name, so how about Boris's suggestion JS_StringEqualsAscii? "Equal" pairs well with js_EqualStrings.
This patch is the rebased (on top of TM fb3b0fd656bf) and updated union of previous patches and a new patch of actually handling oom in JSString::chars(). What remains is some stragglers outside js/src that use JSString directly (ctypes...). Also I left some TODO's that need a nice explanatory comment. Inside SM, I ended up with an implicitly-convertible hierarchy of string types: JSAtom > JSFlatString > JSLinearString > JSString where the new "JSLinearString" means that you have an infallible chars(), but that chars()[length()] may not be 0. This tended to be the type needed most often in js/src, since we practically never depend on null-terminatedness. This helped carve out some broad paths that only deal with flattened strings. So, almost done. The speedup remains; on OSX10.5, I measured 2.4%/5.4% (6ms/80ms) speedups on SS/V8 in the shell.
Attachment #494967 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Wouldn't the right new-world names be js::FlatString and js::LinearString? Parity with js::Value and all that. Happily, that seems like the sort of change which would be mechanical even with only a shell one-liner (plus a minor bit to change the actual definition). Mozilla at large has used the "get" prefix to imply fallibility, and lack thereof to imply infallibility. If we did this here it wouldn't be following a SpiderMonkey convention, because there isn't one on the matter. But I can't think of an argument *against* chars() for infallible and getChars() for fallible even if it's not adherence to any SpiderMonkey convention, and it would be a clear differentiator to readers (reviewers especially).
(In reply to comment #53) > Wouldn't the right new-world names be js::FlatString and js::LinearString?.
In our blocker-focused environment, I think naming arguments are frowned upon.
(In reply to comment #54) >. Okay, sounds good -- just making sure there's a reason for it while you're modifying things. I understand and generally agree with the sentiment behind comment 55. At the same time, I don't think the two previous comments rose to the level of a naming argument.
With this, everything is fallible-ized. Going to split into smaller patches for review, fill in TODO comments.
Attachment #497383 - Flags: review?(dwitte)
Note to reviewers: hopefully the patches are independently understandable, but if not, see the "union of patches" patch for context (in particular, to see the new interface of nsDependentJSString / JSString).
Comment on attachment 497402 [details] [diff] [review] xml changes >+inline JSLinearString * >+JSObject::getNamePrefix() const >+{ >+ JS_ASSERT(isNamespace() || isQName()); >+ const js::Value &v = getSlot(JSSLOT_NAME_PREFIX); >+ return v.isString() ? v.toString()->assertIsLinear() : NULL; This together with the GetPrefix change below loses assert coverage as code no longer verifies the slot is undefined if it is not a string. Changing v.isString() to !v.isUndefined() should fix this. >+inline JSLinearString * >+JSObject::getNameURI() const >+{ >+ JS_ASSERT(isNamespace() || isQName()); >+ const js::Value &v = getSlot(JSSLOT_NAME_URI); >+ return v.isString() ? v.toString()->assertIsLinear() : NULL; The same here. >+inline JSLinearString * >+JSObject::getQNameLocalName() const >+{ >+ JS_ASSERT(isQName()); >+ const js::Value &v = getSlot(JSSLOT_QNAME_LOCAL_NAME); >+ return v.isString() ? v.toString()->assertIsLinear() : NULL; The same here. >diff --git a/js/src/jsxml.cpp b/js/src/jsxml.cpp >-static JS_INLINE JSString * >+static JS_INLINE JSLinearString * > GetPrefix(const JSObject *obj) > { >+ return obj->getNamePrefix(); >+} Nit: replace GetPrefix call sites with obj->getNamePrefix() or at least add some FIXME comments to do it later. > static JSFunctionSpec namespace_methods[] = { > JS_FN(js_toString_str, namespace_toString, 0,0), > JS_FS_END > }; > > static JSObject * >-NewXMLNamespace(JSContext *cx, JSString *prefix, JSString *uri, JSBool declared) >+NewXMLNamespace(JSContext *cx, JSLinearString *prefix, JSLinearString *uri, JSBool declared) > { > JSObject *obj; > > obj = NewBuiltinClassInstanceXML(cx, &js_NamespaceClass); > if (!obj) > return JS_FALSE; >- JS_ASSERT(JSVAL_IS_VOID(obj->getNamePrefix())); >- JS_ASSERT(JSVAL_IS_VOID(obj->getNameURI())); >+ JS_ASSERT(JSVAL_IS_VOID(obj->getNamePrefixValue())); >+ JS_ASSERT(JSVAL_IS_VOID(obj->getNameURIValue())); Nit: rename getSomethingValue into getSomethingVal as the functions returns jsval, not js::Value. >@@ -492,17 +481,20 @@ qname_toString(JSContext *cx, uintN argc > return JS_FALSE; > > if (str && clasp == &js_AttributeNameClass) { > length = str->length(); > chars = (jschar *) cx->malloc((length + 2) * sizeof(jschar)); > if (!chars) > return JS_FALSE; > *chars = '@'; >- js_strncpy(chars + 1, str->chars(), length); >+ const jschar *strChars = str->getChars(cx); >+ if (!strChars) >+ return JS_FALSE; Bug: missing cx->free(chars) on failure. >@@ -1736,17 +1750,19 @@ ParseXMLSource(JSContext *cx, JSString * > js_InflateStringToBuffer(cx, prefix, constrlen(prefix), chars, &dstlen); > offset = dstlen; > js_strncpy(chars + offset, uri->chars(), urilen); > offset += urilen; > dstlen = length - offset + 1; > js_InflateStringToBuffer(cx, middle, constrlen(middle), chars + offset, > &dstlen); > offset += dstlen; >- srcp = src->chars(); >+ srcp = src->getChars(cx); >+ if (!srcp) >+ return NULL; Bug: missing cx->free(chars) on failure. There is also same preexisting bug in ParseXMLSource when calls GetScopeChain and does not release the buffer on failure as well. I will promptly r+ a patch with this fixed.
Attachment #497402 - Flags: review?(igor) → review-
Attachment #497402 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #497532 - Flags: review?(igor)
Attachment #497401 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #497561 - Flags: review?(dvander)
Comment on attachment 497393 [details] [diff] [review] qsgen.py changes In qsgen.py: > '[astring]': >- " XPCReadableJSStringWrapper ${name}(${argVal});\n", >+ " XPCReadableJSStringWrapper ${name};\n" >+ " if (!${name}.init(cx, ${argVal})) {\n" >+ "${error}\n", No \n at the end of that. r=me with that.
Attachment #497393 - Flags: review?(jorendorff) → review+
Comment on attachment 497396 [details] [diff] [review] storage / idb changes r=sdwilsh
Attachment #497396 - Flags: review?(sdwilsh) → review+
Comment on attachment 497403 [details] [diff] [review] jsstr changes I'm happy with the correctness of the patch so I'm giving an r+. I have some suggestions below, mostly about names of things, that I'd like you to consider carefully but, because this is a blocker I don't want to hold things up, so I'll leave acting on them up to you (though I'm happy to discuss). > wholeCapacity = RopeCapacityFor(wholeLength); >- wholeChars = (jschar *)js_malloc((wholeCapacity + 1) * sizeof(jschar)); >+ wholeChars = AllocChars(maybecx, wholeCapacity); >+ if (!wholeCapacity) >+ return NULL; There was no null check here previously? That's a good thing to have fixed... >@@ -463,20 +478,22 @@ js_str_escape(JSContext *cx, JSObject *o > } > } > > if (newlength >= ~(size_t)0 / sizeof(jschar)) { > js_ReportAllocationOverflow(cx); > return JS_FALSE; > } > >- newchars = (jschar *) cx->malloc((newlength + 1) * sizeof(jschar)); >+ jschar *newchars = (jschar *) cx->malloc((newlength + 1) * sizeof(jschar)); I think you can use AllocChars() here? > /*. > JSBool JS_FASTCALL >-js_EqualStrings(JSString *str1, JSString *str2) >+js_EqualStringsOnTrace(JSContext *cx, JSString *str1, JSString *str2) > { >- size_t n; >- const jschar *s1, *s2; >- >+ JSBool. >+ * To allow static type-based checking that a given JSString* always points >+ * to a flat or non-rope string, the JSLinearString and JSFlatString types may >+ * be use. Instead of casting, callers should use ensureX() and assertIsX(). s/use/used. Shouldn't "JSLinearString" and "JSFlatString" be reordered in that sentence to match the order of "flat" and "non-rope"? Re assertIsX() -- assertions are normally debug-only, so having a function with "assert" in the name is weird. Besides, aren't convert-to-a-subclass functions usually called asX()? That's how we're planning to do it for converting JSObject to sub-classes such as JSDateObject (eg. bug 566789), right? Also, the "ensureX()" form -- would "toX()" be better? ensureX() sounds a bit to me like it checks, but not necessarily converts. >+ JS_ALWAYS_INLINE const jschar *getChars(JSContext *cx) { >+ if (isRope()) >+ return flatten(cx); >+ return nonRopeChars(); > } > >+ JS_ALWAYS_INLINE const jschar *getCharsZ(JSContext *cx) { >+ if (!isFlat()) >+ return undepend(cx); >+ return flatChars(); > } These two functions are making my head spin. It's getting hard to keep track of the different kinds of string, the different names for them (and equivalent names, eg "linear" == "non-rope"), and which kinds of string different functions operate on. For example, flatten() can only be called on Ropes, so flattenRope() would be a better name. Actually, flattenRopeAndGetChars() would be even better, because it makes it clear that it both flattens the rope and gets the chars -- I would expect the return value of a function called flattenRope() to be a JSFlatString. As for getCharsZ()... undepend() in an increasingly awful name; I guess it now should be called flattenAndGetChars()? Since it converts any kind of string into a flat string and extracts the chars. Or maybe flattenAnyAndGetChars()? Those changes would result in the following, which spins my head much less: JS_ALWAYS_INLINE const jschar *getChars(JSContext *cx) { if (isRope()) return flattenRopeAndGetChars(cx); return nonRopeChars(); } JS_ALWAYS_INLINE const jschar *getCharsZ(JSContext *cx) { if (!isFlat()) return flattenAndGetChars(cx); return flatChars(); } BTW, does the "get" prefix imply fallibility? That's worth mentioning in a comment. >+/* >+ * A "linear" string may or may not be null-terminated, but it provide >+ * infallible access to a linear array of characters. >+ */ s/provide/provides/ So a linear string is a non-rope? Can you add that to the comment? Alternatively, I wonder if JSNonRopeString or JSFlatZString would be better names than JSLinearString? Either would avoid introducing yet another word to describe a subset of string kinds. JSNonRopeString is a helpful name for those working on the implementation itself (and we already have eg. nonRopeChars()), whereas JSFlatZString is more orientied towards those who use the implementation but don't care about the internal details. >+struct JSLinearString : JSString > { >+ const jschar *chars() const { return JSString::nonRopeChars(); } >+}; >+ >+JS_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(JSLinearString) == sizeof(JSString)); >+ >+/* >+ * A linear string where, additionally, chars()[length()] == '\0'. >+ */ So that excludes dependent strings, right? Can you add that to the comment? >+struct JSFlatString : JSLinearString >+{ >+ const jschar *charsZ() const { return chars(); } > }; > > JS_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(JSFlatString) == sizeof(JSString)); Re the naming of chars() -- I kept forgetting what kind of string it applied to. If JSLinearString is renamed JSNonRopeString, then nonRopeChars() would be enough, chars() wouldn't be needed. Or, if JSLinearString isn't renamed, maybe linearChars() would be better? > inline void > JSString::finalize(JSContext *cx) { > JS_ASSERT(!JSString::isStatic(this)); > JS_RUNTIME_UNMETER(cx->runtime, liveStrings); > if (isDependent()) { >- JS_ASSERT(dependentBase()); Why remove the assertion?
Attachment #497403 - Flags: review?(nnethercote) → review+
Comment on attachment 497395 [details] [diff] [review] xpconnect changes >- return reinterpret_cast<PRUnichar*>(JS_GetStringChars(str)); >+ return JS_GetStringCharsZ(cx, str);? Also, if you move the aRetval.Truncate to here, then you can get rid of the goto and just return in the error cases. r=mrbkap with those comments addressed.
Attachment #497395 - Flags: review?(mrbkap) → review+
(In reply to comment #76) > >+ wholeChars = AllocChars(maybecx, wholeCapacity); > >+ if (!wholeCapacity) > >+ return NULL; > > There was no null check here previously? That's a good thing to have > fixed... This is the same unchecked allocation you complained about in comment 29. This is the fix promised by comment 30. > > /*. That sounds like a nice follow-up factoring. AllocChars atm is simply trying to make flatten() easier to. JS_NEITHER is an out-of-band bool for tracer purposes and this is a traceable native; this is the same pattern as the originating traceable native that wanted JS_NEITHER. Using explicit integers seems strictly less readable/understandable. > Also, the "ensureX()" form -- would "toX()" be better? ensureX() sounds a > bit to me like it checks, but not necessarily converts. ensureX() *does* check and its fallible. toX() sounds infallible. > BTW, does the "get" prefix imply fallibility? That's worth mentioning in a > comment. Yes, see previous comments. Taking a JSContext* implies fallibility. As for the other naming suggestions, I didn't fuss too much since I knew you were planning to give JSString a makeover, so I'll just leave this be for now. > So a linear string is a non-rope? Can you add that to the comment? Yes > Alternatively, I wonder if JSNonRopeString or JSFlatZString would be better > names than JSLinearString? I think it is more understandable to describe positive properties vs. set-negation. > > inline void > > JSString::finalize(JSContext *cx) { > > JS_ASSERT(!JSString::isStatic(this)); > > JS_RUNTIME_UNMETER(cx->runtime, liveStrings); > > if (isDependent()) { > >- JS_ASSERT(dependentBase()); > > Why remove the assertion? dependentBase() does return s.base->assertIsLinear(). In the finalizer, the base may have been finalized and its bytes trashed so the assert isn't valid. Also, it didn't seem very useful to assert that a dependent string's dependent base is not null; that would almost certainly explode earlier. I could just add JS_ASSERT(s.base) instead... I didn't because the assertion doesn't seem particularly useful; if a NULL is passed we'll explode much much earlier.
(In reply to comment #77) >. I believe the types were officially synced by bug 578340. (It says 'Windows' in the title, but I see references to MinGW in the comments.) > >? because of the ever-annoying "goto skips initialization of local" rule and: JSString *str; str = foo(): looks kinda lame. > Also, if you move the aRetval.Truncate to here, then you can get rid of the > goto and just return in the error cases. I was reticent to hoist Truncate, since then its called twice on the success path, but if you're telling me its not hot enough to care, that's sounds nice.
s/reticent/reluctant/ :)
Comment on attachment 497406 [details] [diff] [review] various changes == Easy things to fix == jsreflect.cpp: do I see a getChars() without fallibility check, then flowing into js_DeflateString? It looks like js_DeflateString doesn't handle that and would deref null if that failed. In obj_toSource, you have |bool idIsLexicalIdentifier = js_IsIdentifier(idstr->assertIsLinear());|. But idstr is JSLinearString*, so is that assert necessary? Seems not to me. (Aside: I agree with njn that the name should be asLinear or asLinearString, or something, but I can live with what you have for now. I very slightly prefer toLinear to ensureLinear, but I don't much care. I don't mind inline methods named assert*, because then the exact mechanics of the assert can be hidden [and #ifdef DEBUG'd in the method, of course]. But this latter point is moot here and so not worth dwelling on.) == Worrisome issues to fix == Is js_OutofBand implemented correctly? It's a NaN value, so comparing it to anything, even js_OutOfBand, via == is always false. Doesn't this mean OOM handling won't work? (Aside: at what central location are the meanings of all non-canonical NaN values like this documented? Please start one if there isn't already; the list won't stop here.) == Future things to fix == Perhaps lstr/fstr should be the canonical names (if informative names aren't actually useful) for instances of the new types, going forward? But for now it's not much trouble to change incrementally and deal with less-precise names now. An aside, but PodCopy should assert non-overlappingness. Also, as usual, I prefer |src < srcend| to using !=, which here in particular is more conceivably worrisome than in some places where I suggest this, nelem being user-provided and somewhat susceptible to integer overflow. File a followup or something on this? jsscope.cpp/jsgcstats.cpp: I noticed first with these two instances, but it seems to me that PutEscapedString is called with (sizeof buf - 1) in some places, (sizeof buf) in others. At the least this is inconsistent! It appears sizeof buf is what's actually correct (rather, makes the most efficient use of space), but double-check me on that, the PutEscapedString stuff was a little confusing to me. Making those correct can also be a followup, since the off-by-one is in the conservative direction and shouldn't result in overflows. == Verdict == All in all, great stuff. I've wanted JSAtom to be something real and not just completely faked up for awhile, but it was going to be a lot of work without obvious gain -- great to see that happen, and win at the same time. It's a definite r- for the js_OutOfBand problem, but that's it -- the few other needed tweaks should be easy and not particularly interesting.
Attachment #497406 - Flags: review?(jwalden+bmo) → review-
As noted IRL, js_OutOfBand has already been removed in dvander's tracer changes patch; it shouldn't have been included in waldo's.
Comment on attachment 497406 [details] [diff] [review] various changes I told him to just flip the bit with r=irl noting that the issue had been fixed, but nooo, he had to go bug me again with a review request. :-P
Attachment #497406 - Flags: review?(jwalden+bmo) → review+
(In reply to comment #78) > > This is the same unchecked allocation you complained about in comment 29. This > is the fix promised by comment 30. Hopefully my consistency makes up for my poor memory :) > Yes, see previous comments. Taking a JSContext* implies fallibility. I've been told it implies fallibility if it's the first argument, infallibility if it's the last argument, and if it's the only argument that it needs a comment to make things clear.
Comment on attachment 497561 [details] [diff] [review] tracer / mjit changes v.2 >+ if (length == 1) { >+ jschar c = chars[0]; >+ if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') { >+ *result = NumberTraits<T>::toSelfType(T(c - '0')); >+ return true; >+ } >+ else if (JS_ISSPACE(c)) { Weird alignment on this "else" >- args[0] = r_ins, args[1] = cx_ins; >+ LIns* ok_ins = w.allocp(sizeof(JSBool)); >+ args[0] = ok_ins, args[1] = r_ins, args[2] = cx_ins; > r_ins = w.call(&js_StringToNumber_ci, args); >- cond = (l.toNumber() == js_StringToNumber(cx, r.toString())); >+ guard(false, >+ w.name(w.eqi0(w.ldiAlloc(args[0])), "guard(oom)"), >+ OOM_EXIT); At one point, nanojit mutated the contents of args in call(). Not sure if it still does that, but if so, it could bite here.
Attachment #497561 - Flags: review?(dvander) → review+
(In reply to comment #79) > I was reticent to hoist Truncate, since then its called twice on the success > path, but if you're telling me its not hot enough to care, that's sounds nice. You're in setCanEnablePrivilege here. You could put a sleep() in and I wouldn't complain :-).
Comment on attachment 497383 [details] [diff] [review] fallibile-ize JSString use in ctypes >diff --git a/js/src/ctypes/CTypes.cpp b/js/src/ctypes/CTypes.cpp > static JS_ALWAYS_INLINE bool >-IsEllipsis(jsval v) >+IsEllipsis(JSContext* cx, jsval v, bool* isEllipsis) Guh. Is there a way to just iterate the three chars of the string infallibly? >@@ ). r=dwitte with that.
Attachment #497383 - Flags: review?(dwitte) → review+
(In reply to comment #85) > > At one point, nanojit mutated the contents of args in call(). Not sure if it > still does that, but if so, it could bite here. Really? Yuk. It doesn't do that any more.
(In reply to comment #87) > > static JS_ALWAYS_INLINE bool > >-IsEllipsis(jsval v) > >+IsEllipsis(JSContext* cx, jsval v, bool* isEllipsis) > > Guh. Is there a way to just iterate the three chars of the string infallibly? Technically, since we are traversing a single rope in an uninterrupted manner, we could use the same string-mutating dag-traversal I put in the GC. In this case, it seems like the string will need to be flattened anyways later on, so there is not much perf to be had (albeit a little interface simplicity for the used-once IsEllipsis function). > >@@ ). str->getChars(cx) does report errors (on the given cx), hence so does IsEllipsis. I will change the return type to JSBool though (that's not a SM convention that I know of).
(In reply to comment #89) > str->getChars(cx) does report errors (on the given cx), hence so does > IsEllipsis. I will change the return type to JSBool though (that's not a SM > convention that I know of). Ah, cool. The convention thing is something jorendorff and I have done for ctypes at least; I wasn't meaning to speak for SM :)
OMG you got 13 reviews done in less than 3 days! :)
There was some poking :) Just waiting for try server results to land.
Whiteboard: fixed-in-tracemonkey - followup to fix compilation errors under MOZ_CALLGRIND
Status: ASSIGNED → RESOLVED
Last Resolved: 9 years ago
Resolution: --- → FIXED
Any idea what's wrong with my build? I'm getting this error: >jsutil.h(362) : error C2668: 'abs' : ambiguous call to overloaded function > math.h(539): could be 'long double abs(long double)' > math.h(491): or 'float abs(float)' > math.h(487): or 'double abs(double)' > math.h(485): or 'long abs(long)' > stdlib.h(415): or 'int abs(int)' > while trying to match the argument list '(__int64)' > jsstr.cpp(195) : see reference to function template instantiation 'void js::PodCopy<jschar>(T *,const T *,size_t)' being compiled > with > [ > T=jschar > ]
Yeah, we had to nix that abs() in bug 624218 since apparently the stdlib doesn't give us a 64-bit abs(). Not merged to m-c yet, but as a quickfix you can comment out the assertion.
Comment on attachment 497395 [details] [diff] [review] xpconnect changes >+ new(static_cast<nsDependentString *>(this)) nsDependentString(chars, length); Eww. This should have used Rebind(chars, length) instead. I can't seem to find any callers for this, so the relevant code should probably switch to nsDependentString directly; I looked and found a similar construct in nsJSUtils.h but couldn't work out which attachment introduced it.
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Programming with Partial Classes in VB.NET 2005
WEBINAR:
On-Demand
Full Text Search: The Key to Better Natural Language Queries for NoSQL in Node.js
Sometimes I wonder what motivates language developers to make some of the design choices they do. In fact, I'd like to arrange events called Authors Summits, where the language vendor, such as Microsoft, explains its decisions directly. Imagine gathering about 200 authors in a room. There is Dan Appleman and Charles Petzold. Dave Chappell is presenting with Chris Sells. Over by the coffee table are Carl Franklin and Rocky Lhotka having a danish. And I am in the back furiously taking notes to prepare an article or a proposal for a new book. I politely raise my hand.
Paul: What was the motivation behind partial classes?
Chris: Well, VB programmers were used to a very clean form code-behind experience, and partial classes allow us to separate out all of the plumbing that the .NET form designer adds to forms and give VB.NET programmers the clean experience they were used to.
Paul: So, that was pretty much it.
Chris: Yeah.
Later I see Dan Appleman and ask him the same question. (Dan has a way of saying things that are true and painful without seeming too offensive.) He says that Microsoft was trying to figure out how to outsource code projects to India without releasing proprietary information. With partial classes, Microsoft can send obfuscated assemblies to India without exposing proprietary information&151;while taking advantage of the lower wage rates.
Paul: How is that working?
Dan: Not too good. The Indians are smart to be aggressive about scope creep, which makes it very hard to change requirements midstream. So, if something comes back wrong, a debate about scope creep ensues.
Paul: That's clever. Claiming scope creep is a way to get paid without really delivering, sort of.
Dan: Yeah, it's a real problem.
Paul: Does the partial class obfuscation strategy work technically?
Dan: Yeah, so far so good, but if one big chunk of critical code is de-obfuscated, there will be big problems for everybody.
Disclaimer: No actual authors were harmed during this dramatization, and Dan Appleman is a fictional character who is not intended to represent any real person.
Guidelines for Using Partial Classes
Partial classes, like any new construct, come with rules for using them. The help function serves this purpose. I have included a summarized list of the most notable partial class rules to support Listing 1, which demonstrates two partial classes.
Listing 1: A Partial Class Containing Two Parts
Namespace MyPartialClass Partial Public Class PartialClass Public Shared Sub Main() Dim part As New PartialClass part.WhoAmI() End Sub End Class Partial Public Class PartialClass Public Sub WhoAmI() Console.WriteLine("I am PartialClass") Console.ReadLine() End Sub End Class End Namespace
Pretty easy, really. The partial classes use the new keyword partial and are defined in the same namespace. However, partial classes can and probably should be defined in separate physical files. Other rules or limitations are:
- Partial classes can be used to split the definition of classes, structures, and interfaces, which supports simultaneous development or the separation of generated from user-generated code.
- Each part of a partial class must be available at compile time.
- Partial classes must use the same access modifier (for example Public Protected and Private).
- If any single part is abstract (MustInherit), the whole class is abstract.
- If any parts are sealed (NotInheritable), the whole class is sealed.
- If any part declares a base type, the whole class inherits that base type.
- Parts can specify different interfaces, but the whole class implements all interfaces.
- Features defined in any part are available to all partials; the whole is the sum of all of the parts.
- Delegates and enumerations cannot use the partial modifier.
- Attributes apply to all parts.
This list may seem like a lot to remember, but just think of partial classes as a class definition split across many files for convenience. The next section presents a brief scenario that may help you get some extra mileage out of partial classes.
Problem Resolution Scenario
The notion of eXtreme Programming has some interesting concepts. Some, like pair programming, bug me because programmers are all smart and there seems to be too much debate going on&151;at least for all of the pairs I have seen. However, a derivative of this concept might work well.
Along the same lines, SourceSafe is a relatively useful tool. However, sometimes it seems hard to use because of real or perceived problems that may occur during multiple file checkouts. Suppose you and I have a file checked out at the same time. You check your changes in, and I check my changes in. Are you completely sure that all files&151;including text and binary&151;are merged correctly? No. Well, you are not alone.
With partial files, we could name our various source code files Foo1, Foo2, and Foo3, each of which contains the same class, Foo. You work on one part (say fields, properties, and events), while I work on another (methods) and a third developer works on implementing interfaces. Now, we can check in or out our various files without ever having to check out the same file simultaneously. Problem solved.
In addition, with a little upfront design work and some simple naming conventions, the three of us can reduce or eliminate minor problems. For example, make one person responsible for the class modifiers, attributes, and inheritance. Or, better yet, have one person stub the classes and agree not to unilaterally change the class header. This kind of collaboration could yield some good returns and ensure that remote developers and telecommuters don't make code changes that contradict changes made by office workers.
The Good Housekeeping Feature
Partial classes is pretty good idea. It cleans out the code-behind, separating designer code from user-written code, and anything that aids in housekeeping is a good thing.
You aren't required to use the partial modifier in code you write, but you will see it used in Forms and Controls by the designers. What the partial modifiers mean is that under most conditions you don't need to change the designer-generated code; simply add your code to the source file provided and let the designer take care of itself..
Happy PathPosted by pb_man5 on 10/03/2005 09:22am
Check out this link to a web site Mr. Kimmel authored on. MoTownJobs.com allows you to do searches, but if you don't enter anything for criteria the site blows up with a nice ASP.NET error.Reply
Network discoveryPosted by nafees on 09/21/2005 08:21am
Network discoveryPosted by nafees on 09/21/2005 08:20am
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https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/csharp/cs_syntax/indexers/article.php/c10611/Programming-with-Partial-Classes-in-VBNET-2005.htm
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Source
south / docs / customfields.rst
Custom Fields
The Problem
South stores field definitions by storing both their class and the arguments that need to be passed to the field's constructor, so it can recreate the field instance simply by calling the class with the stored arguments.
However,.
This isn't the case for custom fields [1], however; South has never seen them before, and it can't guess at which variables mean what arguments, or what arguments are even needed; it only knows the rules for Django's internal fields and those of common third-party apps (those which are either South-aware, or which South ships with a rules module for, such as django-tagging).
The Solution
There are two ways to tell South how to work with a custom field; if it's similar in form to other fields (in that it has a set type and a few options) you'll probably want to :ref:`extend South's introspection rules <extending-introspection>`.
However, if it's particularly odd - such as a field which takes fields as arguments, or dynamically changes based on other factors - you'll probably find it easier to :ref:`add a south_field_triple method <south-field-triple>`.
Extending Introspection
(Note: This is also featured in the tutorial in :ref:`tutorial-part-4`)
South does the majority of its field introspection using a set of simple rules; South works out what class a field is, and then runs all rules which have been defined for either that class or a parent class of it.
This way, all of the common options (such as null=) are defined against the main Field class (which all fields inherit from), while specific options (such as max_length) are defined on the specific fields they apply to (in this case, CharField).
If your custom field inherits from a core Django field, and doesn't add any new attributes, then you probably won't have to add any rules for it, as it will inherit all those from its parents.
However, South first checks that it has explicitly been told a class is introspectable first; even though it will probably have rules defined (since it inherits from Field, at least), there's no way to guarantee that it knows about all of the possible rules until it has been told so.
Thus, there are two stages to adding support for your custom field to South; firstly, adding some rules for the new arguments it introduces (or possibly not adding any), and secondly, adding its field name to the list of patterns South knows are safe to introspect.
Rules
Rules are what make up the core logic of the introspector; you'll need to pass South a (possibly empty) list of them. They consist of a tuple, containing:
- A class or tuple of classes to which the rules apply (remember, the rules apply to the specified classes and all subclasses of them).
- Rules for recovering positional arguments, in order of the arguments (you are strongly advised not to use this feature, and use keyword argument instead).
- A dictionary of keyword argument rules, with the key being the name of the keyword argument, and the value being the rule.
Each rule is itself a list or tuple with two elements:
- The first element is the name of the attribute the value is taken from - if a field stored its max_length argument as self.max_length, say, this would be "max_length".
- The second element is a (possibly empty) dictionary of options describing the various different variations on handling of the value.
An example (this is the South rule for the many-to-one relationships in core Django):
rules = [ ( (models.ForeignKey, models.OneToOneField), [], { "to": ["rel.to", {}], "to_field": ["rel.field_name", {"default_attr": "rel.to._meta.pk.name"}], "related_name": ["rel.related_name", {"default": None}], "db_index": ["db_index", {"default": True}], }, ) ]
You'll notice that you're allowed to have dots in the attribute name; ForeignKeys, for example, store their destination model as self.rel.to, so the attribute name is "rel.to".
The various options are detailed below; most of them allow you to specify the default value for a parameter, so arguments can be omitted for clarity where they're not necessary.
The one special case is the is_value keyword; if this is present and True, then the first item in the list will be interpreted as the actual value, rather than the attribute path to it on the field. For example:
"frozen_by_south": [True, {"is_value": True}],
Parameters
- default: The default value of this field (directly as a Python object). If the value retrieved ends up being this, the keyword will be omitted from the frozen result. For example, the base Field class' "null" attribute has {'default':False}, so it's usually omitted, much like in the models.
- default_attr: Similar to default, but the value given is another attribute to compare to for the default. This is used in to_field above, as this attribute's default value is the other model's pk name.
- default_attr_concat: For when your default value is even more complex, default_attr_concat is a list where the first element is a format string, and the rest is a list of attribute names whose values should be formatted into the string.
- ignore_if: Specifies an attribute that, if it coerces to true, causes this keyword to be omitted. Useful for db_index, which has {'ignore_if': 'primary_key'}, since it's always True in that case.
- ignore_dynamics: If this is True, any value that is "dynamic" - such as model instances - will cause the field to be omitted instead. Used internally for the default keyword.
- is_value: If present, the 'attribute name' is instead used directly as the value. See :ref:`above <is-value-keyword>` for more info.
Field name patterns
The second of the two steps is to tell South that your field is now safe to introspect (as you've made sure you've added all the rules it needs).
Internally, South just has a long list of regular expressions it checks fields' classes against; all you need to do is provide extra arguments to this list.
Example (this is in the GeoDjango module South ships with, and presumes rules is the rules triple you defined previously):
from south.modelsinspector import add_introspection_rules add_introspection_rules(rules, ["^django\.contrib\.gis"])
Additionally, you can ignore some fields completely if you know they're not needed. For example, django-taggit has a manager that actually shows up as a fake field (this makes the API for using it much nicer, but confuses South to no end). The django-taggit module we ship with contains this rule to ignore it:
from south.modelsinspector import add_ignored_fields add_ignored_fields(["^taggit\.managers"])
Where to put the code
You need to put the call to add_introspection_rules somewhere where it will get called before South runs; it's probably a good choice to have it either in your models.py file or the module the custom fields are defined in.
General Caveats
If you have a custom field which adds other fields to the model dynamically (i.e. it overrides contribute_to_class and adds more fields onto the model), you'll need to write your introspection rules appropriately, to make South ignore the extra fields at migration-freezing time, or to add a flag to your field which tells it not to make the new fields again. An example can be found here.
south_field_triple
There are some cases where introspection of fields just isn't enough; for example, field classes which dynamically change their database column type based on options, or other odd things.
Note: :ref:`Extending the introspector <extending-introspection>` is often far cleaner and easier than this method.
The method to implement for these fields is south_field_triple().
It should return the standard triple of:
('full.path.to.SomeFieldClass', ['positionalArg1', '"positionalArg2"'], {'kwarg':'"value"'})
(this is the same format used by the :ref:`ORM Freezer <orm-freezing>`; South will just use your output verbatim).
Note that the strings are ones that will be passed into eval, so for this reason, a variable reference would be 'foo' while a string would be '"foo"'.
Example
Here's an example of this method for django-modeltranslation's TranslationField. This custom field stores the type it's wrapping in an attribute of itself, so we'll just use that:
def south_field_triple(self): "Returns a suitable description of this field for South." # We'll just introspect the _actual_ field. from south.modelsinspector import introspector field_class = self.translated_field.__class__.__module__ + "." + self.translated_field.__class__.__name__ args, kwargs = introspector(self.translated_field) # That's our definition! return (field_class, args, kwargs)
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https://bitbucket.org/spookylukey/south/src/69b4986003d6/docs/customfields.rst?at=0.7
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Tracing and Replaying Events
In SMO, the Trace and Replay objects in the N:Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Trace namespace provide programmatic access to the SQL Server Profiler functionality, which is used for monitoring an instance of SQL Server or Analysis Services. You can capture and save data about each event to a file or table to analyze later. For example, you can monitor a production environment to see which procedures are impeding performance by executing too slowly.
The Trace and Replay objects provide a set of objects that can be used to create traces on an instance of SQL Server. These objects can be used from within your own applications to create traces manually for SQL Server or Analysis Services. Additionally, SMO Trace objects can be used to read SQL Trace files and tables that were created by monitoring SQL Server, Analysis Services, or DTS logging.
SMO Trace objects let you perform the following functions:
Create a trace.
Set filters on the trace.
Set the events that are being traced.
Stop or start a trace.
Read trace files, and trace tables.
Get information about events on a trace.
Get information about filters on a trace.
Manipulate trace data programmatically.
Write trace tables and trace files.
Replay trace files or trace tables.
The trace data from the Trace and Replay objects can be used by the SMO application, or it can be examined manually by using SQL Server Profiler. The trace data is also compatible with the SQL Trace stored procedures that also provide tracing capabilities.
The SMO trace objects reside in the N:Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Trace namespace, which requires a reference to the Microsoft.SQLServer.ConnectionInfo.dll file.
The Trace and Replay objects require a ServerConnectionM:Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server.#ctor(Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Common.ServerConnection) object to establish a connection with the instance of SQL Server. The ServerConnection object resides in the Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Common namespace, which requires a reference to the Microsoft.SQLServer.ConnectionInfo.dll file.
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https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms162565(v=sql.120).aspx
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When the contextDestroyed accesses a static method on a class which has not been loaded yet, the rest of the contextDestroyed code is not executed,e.g.,:
package contexttest;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
public class ContextTest implements ServletContextListener {
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
System.out.println("Context Destroyed");
MyTest.testStatic();
System.out.println("Context Destroyed Done");
}
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
System.out.println("Context Initialized");
}
}
package contexttest;
public class MyTest {
public static void testStatic(){
System.out.println("My static method call");
}
}
When I created a war based on this code, and copy this war to the tomcat web apps directory, it logs 'Context Initialized' as expected.
When I remove the war it logs:
Context Destroyed
My static method call
Context Destroyed Done
as expected. However when I copy the war to web apps, wait till it is initialized, and then touch the war (to simulate the update of a the war). It logs for the destroy event only:
'Context Destroyed'
So the static method call and the 'Context Destroyed Done' is missing.
When I execute the above on tomcat 7.0.42 it behaves as I would expect, so no difference between removing a war or updating the war.
Created attachment 31446 [details]
test project
Are you sure the log hasn't just been buffered? Tomcat doesn't kill threads like that.
Can you post a thread dump after "Context Destroyed" has been printed?
The test is using stdout. It is unlikely to be buffered for any noticeable length of time.
I can reproduce this on 7.0.x. Odd. Trying on 8.0.x...
OK. Found the problem.
Deleting the WAR triggered a code path the undeployed the app and then deleted the expanded directory so the new class was available to load during undeployment. Updating the WAR triggered a code path that deleted the expanded directory and then undeployed the app. That meant the new class was not available to load at the point.
I've fixed this my making the process consistent (undeploy then delete).
This has been fixed in 8.0.x for 8.0.6 onwards and 7.0.x for 7.0.54 onwards.
Is this bug fixed?
I can reproduce this on 7.0.54....
Created attachment 31688 [details]
contexttest.war
WAR file, build from java files in "test project"
Compiled with JDK 1.5 (can be used to test Tomcat 6, if anyone is interested)
).
*** Bug 57122 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
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https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=56321
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I’m writing something which is partially written in ruby, but uses an
extension which adds methods to some of the classes in the ruby part.
Right now I’ve got a directory which contains both the ruby code and
the so containing the extensions
$ls
mycode.rb mycode_prims.so
in mycode.rb I’ve got something like:
class Mycode
def foo
end
end
link in the primitives, mycode_prims includes various calls to
rb_define_method to add methods to the Mycode class.
require ‘mycode_prims’
Now this works if the directory containing both parts is the current
directory, but not otherwise. Actually I guess it would work as long
as the directory was on the load path, but I’m concerned about the
possibility of loading the wrong mycode_prims.so.
Is there a way to get the directory containing the current source
file? FILE only gives the file name, but not the path.
What is the right way to do this? I’d like to know how to approach
this either with the code packaged as a gem or as ‘source’.
–
Rick DeNatale
My blog on Ruby
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https://www.ruby-forum.com/t/packaging-hybrid-extension/71561
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3d Clustering in Python/v3
How to cluster points in 3d with alpha shapes in plotly [5]:
import plotly.plotly as py import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv('') df.head() scatter = dict( mode = "markers", name = "y", type = "scatter3d", x = df['x'], y = df['y'], z = df['z'], marker = dict( size=2, color="rgb(23, 190, 207)" ) ) clusters = dict( alphahull = 7, name = "y", opacity = 0.1, type = "mesh3d", x = df['x'], y = df['y'], z = df['z'] ) layout = dict( title = '3d point clustering', scene = dict( xaxis = dict( zeroline=False ), yaxis = dict( zeroline=False ), zaxis = dict( zeroline=False ), ) ) fig = dict( data=[scatter, clusters], layout=layout ) # Use py.iplot() for IPython notebook py.iplot(fig, filename='3d point clustering')
Out[5]:
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https://plotly.com/python/v3/3d-point-clustering/
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import "go-hep.org/x/hep/groot/rsrv/internal/hexcolor"
HexModel converts any Color to an Hex color.
Converts an Hex string to RGBA. If alpha is not specified, it defaults to 255 If it is not a valid hexadecimal number of the right width, a horrible yellow color is returned
Hex represents an RGB color in hexadecimal format.
The length must be 3 or 6 characters, preceded or not by a '#'.
RGBAToHex converts an RGBA to a Hex string. If a == 255, the A is not specified in the hex string
RGBA returns the alpha-premultiplied red, green, blue and alpha values for the Hex.
Package hexcolor imports 4 packages (graph) and is imported by 1 packages. Updated 2019-05-31. Refresh now. Tools for package owners.
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https://godoc.org/go-hep.org/x/hep/groot/rsrv/internal/hexcolor
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I wrote a fairly simple programme:
It successfully compiled. When run, it correctly displays the first line:It successfully compiled. When run, it correctly displays the first line:Code:#include <iostream> int main() { using namespace std; int books; // declares variable "books" cout << "how many books do you have?" << endl; // displays the first line cin >> books; // input a number cout << "here are 100 more." << endl; // displays the second line books=books+100; // adds 100 to the variable "books" cout << "now you have " << books << " books." << endl; //displays the third line with the changed variable "books" cin.get(); return 0; }
how many books do you have?
Then I entered a random number, like 500. I pressed "enter" then the console window immediately disappeared.
My IDE is dev c++, OS is windows xp service pack 2
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http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/100705-after-entering-data-pressing-enter-console-window-disappears.html
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0
Hi.
This is NOT a homework assignment (self-interest only).
The exercise asks me to write a function which accepts two strings and returns a pointer to the longer of the two.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> char* longer( char str1[], char str2[] ); char* str_ptr; int main( void ) { char str1[] = "I like cheese but I dislike brussel sprouts!"; char str2[] = "I like cheese and pasta!"; str_ptr = longer( str1, str2 ); printf( "The longer string is: %s\n", str_ptr ); return 0; } char* longer( char str1[], char str2[] ) { int i = 0, count1 = 0, count2 = 0; while( str1[i] != NULL ) { i++; count1++; } while( str2[i] != NULL ) { i++; count2++; } if( count1 < count2 ) return str2; else if ( count1 > count2 ) return str1; else puts( "The strings are of equal length!" ); }
The compiler returns the following warnings:
ex106.c: In function `longer':
ex106.c:23: warning: comparison between pointer and integer
ex106.c:28: warning: comparison between pointer and integer
I'm unsure of how exactly to resolve the problems but am I correct in assuming it is a result of using an index on the str1 and str2 arrays?
Thanks,
java_girl
|
https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/160374/warning-comparison-between-pointer-and-integer-mingw-5-1-4
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String Re-ordering
March 27, 2015
Today’s exercise is a fun little interview question:
You are given a string O that specifies the desired ordering of letters in a target string T. For example, given string O = “eloh” the target string T = “hello” would be re-ordered “elloh” and the target string T = “help” would be re-ordered “pelh” (letters not in the order string are moved to the beginning of the output in some unspecified order).
Your task is to write a program that produces the requested string re-ordering. When you are finished, you are welcome to read or run a suggested solution or to post your own solution or discuss the exercise in the comments below.
Advertisements
A solution using PHP >= 5.3:
In Python.
Haskell:
In Python the string.find() method returns the index of a character or -1 if a letter is not found in the string.
def reorder(t, o):
return ”.join(sorted(t, key=o.find))
This time with formatting:
An alternative Python solution.
The OrderedCounter counts the number of each character seen in the input, and remembers the order in which they are first seen.
Then each character in the ‘order’ string is moved to the end of the counter.
OrderedCounter.elements() returns each character repeated the number of times it was seen.
Bucket sort a nice idea. Here’s an in-place solution, scan the first string recording which characters are present, then scan the second string, moving uncounted characters to the front, then scan the first again, copying the right number of characters into the second. I’ve ignored problems with using a char to index an array, (don’t do this at work):
With Python list comprehensions, first gather the characters not in the ordering string and then the ones from the ordering string in their order.
def substr(ostr,tstr):
wstr = [x for x in tstr if x not in ostr]
for x in ostr:
wstr += [y for y in tstr if y == x]
return ”.join(wstr)
if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
ostr = “eloh”
tstr = “hello”
print substr(ostr,tstr)
A perl solution:
use Test::More;
is reorder(“hello”, “eloh”), “elloh”;
is reorder(“help”, “eloh”), “pelh”;
sub reorder {
my ($target, $order) = @_;
return join ”, sort { index($order,$a) index($order,$b) } split //, $target;
}
done_testing;
I have ported the given scheme solution using decorate-sort-undecorate algorithm to java:
This is a modified version of the solution posted by Krishnan R.
Bucketsort version:
A not particularly efficient but straightforward C++(11) version:
Java8:
|
https://programmingpraxis.com/2015/03/27/string-re-ordering/
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please tell how to compare the below two result sets. If true, then print, price are same.
@nmraosir @HimanshuTayal sir please enlighten
def list1 = [1299, 3099]
def list2 = [1299.0, 3099.0]
assert list1 == list2, 'both lists are not matching'
Have you tried as above?
@_lauren11 :
There are various ways to compare array. You can refer below link.
compare list
Click "Accept as Solution" if my answer has helped, and remember to give "kudos" 🙂 ↓↓↓↓↓
i tried this too.. but it's giving error. It says, "java.lang.AssertionError: both list are not matching"
Sir, i then converted list 1 response into decimal form. And then applied assert, which is now working
@_lauren11 : As i can see in your question's screenshot, you are converting into String, so try to covert into List.
Hope this will work.
I replied in my previous comment that, i then converted list 1 response into decimal form., as list 2 was already in decimal kind of notation. After that, I applied assert. 🙂
Regards..!
|
https://community.smartbear.com/t5/SoapUI-Open-Source/How-to-compare-values-from-two-array/m-p/200539
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C# Programming Training Classes in Encinitas, California
Learn C# Programming in Encinitas, California and surrounding areas via our hands-on, expert led courses. All of our classes either are offered on an onsite, online or public instructor led basis. Here is a list of our current C# Programming related training offerings in Encinit
- ASP.NET Core MVC
7 December, 2020 - 8 December, Python, the following list is considered False:
False, None, 0, 0.0, "",'',(),{},[]
Checking to see if a file exists is a two step process in Python. Simply import the module shown below and invoke the isfile function:
import os.path os.path.isfile(fname)…
|
https://www.hartmannsoftware.com/Training/csharp/Encinitas-California
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16 April 2012 09:44 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--?xml:namespace>
“TPPI won’t even have cargoes for June [loading],” said a Western trader familiar with the matter.
Officials from TPPI could not be reached for comment.
The company runs a 550,000 tonne/year paraxylene (PX) and 360,000 tonne/year benzene facility which has been shut since 13 December.
The refiner and petrochemical producer had planned to restart its aromatics unit by May and begin spot sales again in June after they were ceased back in December 2011-January 2012, according to media reports.
TPPI sells all its PX on a monthly spot basis to various Western traders who then sell the shipments to producers of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) in eastern and southern
The company sells PX on an FOB (free on board) Tuban basis and prices the cargoes against 50% Asian Contract Price (ACP): 50% spot CFR (cost & freight) quotes.
The company also sells benzene into the southeast Asian markets for the production of styrene monomer
|
http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/04/16/9550505/indonesias-tppi-unable-to-restart-aroms-unit-by-june.html
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This site uses strictly necessary cookies. More Information
I'm working on a mobile app, in which I need to input and repeat microphone input almost immediately..
I've worked it out and it works great when I play it from within the Unity Editor. I get some very strange behavior though when I try it from my Android phone (Galaxy Note 3)..
So I decided to run some tests and noticed quite different behavior..
Using this sample code:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
public class testingMicScript : MonoBehaviour {
void Start () {
audio.loop = true;
audio.clip = Microphone.Start (null,true,10,44100);
while(!(Microphone.GetPosition(null)>0)){}
audio.Play ();
}
}
and playing it from withing the Editor it works great, I speak and hear myself back after a few milliseconds. I compile the app and run it from my phone and when I speak I get a very strange echo which goes on until the sound is completely distorted and I get a strange hiss..
Why is that? Is there any particular setting I should go through? Or do I have to change something in my code..
Were you able to fix this problem? We are facing similar feedback loop.
Detect when external microphone is connected
0
Answers
quickest way to read & write audio files with mic input? audio buffer?
0
Answers
Masterserver Network problem in Android
1
Answer
Multi-Touch (Need Help Please)
0
Answers
Multitouch with two Different Scripts
0
Answers
EnterpriseSocial Q&A
|
https://answers.unity.com/questions/895463/does-pc-process-microphone-input-differently-than.html
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Content-type: text/html
brk, sbrk - Change space allocation
Standard C Library (libc.so, libc.a)
#include <unistd.h>
int brk(
void *addr );
void *sbrk(
int incr );
The following function definitions do not conform to current standards and are supported only for backward compatibility:
int brk(
char *addr );
void *sbrk(
ssize_t incr );
Interfaces documented on this reference page conform to industry standards as follows:
brk(), sbrk(): XPG4-UNIX
Refer to the standards(5) reference page for more information about industry standards and associated tags.
Points to the effective address of the maximum available data. Specifies the number of bytes to be added to the current break. The value of incr may be positive or negative.
The brk() function sets the lowest data segment location not used by the program (called the break) to addr.
In the alternate function sbrk(), incr more bytes are added to the program's data space, and a pointer to the start of the new area is returned.
When a program begins execution with the execve() function, the break is set at the highest location defined by the program and data storage areas. Therefore, only programs with growing data areas should need to use sbrk().
The current value of the program break is reliably returned by ``sbrk(0)''. The getrlimit() function may be used to determine the maximum permissible size of the data segment. It is not possible to set the break beyond the value returned from a call to the getrlimit() function.
If the data segment was locked at the time of the brk() function, additional memory allocated to the data segment by brk() will also be locked.
Programmers should be aware that the concept of a current break is a historical remnant of earlier UNIX systems. Many existing UNIX programs were designed using this memory model, and these programs typically use the brk() or sbrk() functions to increase or decrease their available memory.
The use of the mmap() function is now preferred because it can be used portably with all other memory allocation functions and with any function that uses other allocation functions.
Upon successful completion, the brk() function returns a value of 0 (zero), and the sbrk function returns the prior break value. If either call fails, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.
If the brk() or sbrk() function fails, no additional memory is allocated and errno may be set to the following value: The requested change would allocate more space than allowed by the limit as returned by the getrlimit() function.
Functions: exec(2), getrlimit(2), malloc(3), plock(2), mmap(2)
Standards: standards(5) delim off
|
http://backdrift.org/man/tru64/man2/brk.2.html
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BarSeries.drawLabels() doesn't account for multiple yFields, throws NPEs
I have a BarSeries with 2 yFields and a labelConfig. My store has 9 items, so with two yFields that means there are 18 rects drawn. BarSeries.calculatePaths() has logic that alternates between the two fields for each of the 9 items. BarSeries.drawLabels(), however, does not -- it uses the number of rects to try to get the labels, so it's inaccurate and throws an exception once you exceed the store's bounds.
You should be able to reproduce this by adding a labelConfig to your grouped barchart example.
found a workaround
BarSeries should override setLabelText. In the meantime, here's my workaround (the difference is the call to getStoreIndex):
public class MyOtherBarSeries<M> extends BarSeries<M>
{
@Override
protected void setLabelText(Sprite sprite, int index) {
if (sprite instanceof TextSprite) {
TextSprite text = (TextSprite) sprite;
if (labelConfig.getLabelProvider() != null) {
text.setText(labelConfig.getLabelProvider().getLabel(chart.getCurrentStore().get(getStoreIndex(index)),
getValueProvider(index)));
}
}
}
}
Thanks for bringing this to my attention. This has now been fixed and will be in the next release.
GXT 3.0.1 has been released and contains this fix.
|
https://www.sencha.com/forum/showthread.php?234540-BarSeries.drawLabels()-doesn-t-account-for-multiple-yFields-throws-NPEs
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I am trying to setup a new aerospike cluster in which i have 2 namespaces say NS1 and NS2 backed by HDD. I provided same RAW devices for both the Namespaces and restarted my aerospike server but it didn’t start after that. Last log line that is present is "namespace NS1: found all 7 devices fresh, initializing to random 14497982631692184077" and thereafter there is no progress.
Can somebody help me to bring up my aerospike setup?
PS: One of the RAW device i provided was the one on which “/” was mounted to my unix filesytem also seems to have been screwed,is there a way to recover from it without reformatting??
|
https://discuss.aerospike.com/t/server-didnt-boot-up-after-providing-raw-device-instead-of-file-for-data-persistence/1096
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Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct -
Newbee is wired...
Hello there,
i have done a simple first Project with a slider and a spinbox like probably the other 99,9% of noobs.
One time I did it writing by it by Hand and then by doing the same with the creator.
There are two things i´m wondering.
1.) In the Hand written code "nothing wokrs", if i set the Maximum and the Minimum of the slider and spinbox by using the setMax and setMin functions. If i do it by setRange(min, max) everything is fine.
@void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int a;
QApplication app(argc, argv);
QWidget* win = new QWidget;
QVBoxLayout* layout = new QVBoxLayout(win);
win->setWindowTitle("Signal-Slot 2 Richtungen");
win->setGeometry(30,30,300,300);
QSpinBox* spin = new QSpinBox(); spin->setGeometry(50,50,100,100); spin->setValue(22); spin->setRange(0,100); layout->addWidget(spin); QSlider* slider = new QSlider(Qt::Horizontal); slider->setRange(0,100); QObject::connect(spin, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)), slider, SLOT(setValue(int))); QObject::connect(slider, SIGNAL(valueChanged(int)), spin, SLOT(setValue(int))); layout->addWidget(slider); win->show(); app.exec();@
2.)
I don´t understand what the creator did for me (but it works)
2.1) i think in the end there must be similar code generated compared to the Hand written Version? When i open the form.cpp it Looks like this
@Form::Form(QWidget *parent) :
QWidget(parent),
ui(new Ui::Form)
{
ui->setupUi(this);
}
Form::~Form()
{
delete ui;
}@
For example there is no "Show" member function. But the form inherits from Qwidget and the constructor is given an Argument of the type QWidget, but in the calling main.cpp there is no Argument and AFAIK, if i define an own constructor the stock one doesn´t exist anymore.
So my question is, where does all the stuff happen what i have written in the "Handversion"?
@void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QApplication app(argc, argv);
Form myForm;
myForm.show();
app.exec();
}@
best regards!
- SGaist Lifetime Qt Champion last edited by
Hi and welcome to devnet,
What do you mean by nothing works ? It's a bit vague.
setGeometry on the QSpinBox is useless since you put it a layout, the placement and sizing will be done for you.
Also be aware that you have a memory leak in your application since you don't delete win.
For more information, have a look at the "Using a Designer UI File in Your Application" chapter.
Hello,
by "Nothing works" i ment, that the spinbox doesn´t Change it´s value when i click the arrows and that the SIGNAL-SLOT Connections doesn´t work.
- SGaist Lifetime Qt Champion last edited by
Did you check whether you had any warning on the console ?
I'm not sure how the project was setup but it compiles just fine for me (except for: unused variable 'a' warning). In the project configuration (.pro file) I set
QT += core widgets
in main.cpp I used the next includes:
#include <QApplication>
#include <QWidget>
#include <QVBoxLayout>
#include <QSpinBox>
#include <QSlider>
With no changes to your main it just works for me, including the signal-slot communication.
The reason for the warning there is an unused variable "a", is because i try how to use the widget with the slider and spinbox to manipulate a variable i can then use.
Am i correct, that the right way is
click together a widget of my desire (my_Widget)
set up a class (my_Class) which inherits my_Widget
set up a Slot in my_Class for valueChanged Signal
set up a GetValue(); function in my_Class
... it´s Long way to tip a rary^^
- Jeroentjehome last edited by
Hi,
First of all, always first set ranges, then the working values for your spinbox. That might cause a problem when the range is still 0 to 1 and you want to set it to 22, that won't work! geometries are not used when working in layouts. Only when spacers are used and there is free space left.
If the creator did something that you want, but you do not get how, check out the constructor in the ui file that it generates! It will teach you more then we are able to share here.
When signal/slots are not working, there are two ways of finding out if the connection was made. First is to debug and read out the returned bool from the connect function. Also when run the application output window in creator will list warnings if connections could not be made.
Then the last post?
What do you need to do??
In basic I would suggest to inherit QWidget in your designed class. (or QFrame etc etc) and yes implementing a GetValue() etc is always a good way for interfaeing with your class.
There is no need for you to overwrite the signals from the inherited class.
Or did I misunderstand your post??
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https://forum.qt.io/topic/45391/newbee-is-wired
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Aug 27 2019
04:40 PM
- last edited on
Apr 08 2022
10:06 AM
by
TechCommunityAP
Aug 27 2019
04:40 PM
- last edited on
Apr 08 2022
10:06 AM
by
TechCommunityAP
In the App Insights UI, I can generate a link to a query by clicking on Copy -> Copy Link to Query.
Is there some way to generate such a URL programmatically, If I know the query text and the App Insights endpoint?
Sep 28 2019 10:53 PM
Sep 28 2019 10:53 PM
@joruales would be great to know a bit more on the intention of the custom URL to the query, but would recommend to use Azure Monitor workbooks
Sep 30 2019 11:19 AM
Sep 30 2019 11:19 AM
@Dave Rendón we have a tool that runs queries on App Insights DBs, and we would like to allow users to continue investigating by providing them a link that opens a starter query directly in app insights. I don't think that Azure Monitor workbooks fits this use case since we're not interested in a dashboard UI
Nov 24 2019 10:19 AM - edited Nov 24 2019 10:22 AMSolution
@joruales Maybe a bit late, but as you probably noticed, a URL generated from "Copy Link to Query" has the following format:
The ENCODEDSTRING is your query zipped and URL encoded/escaped. You must use this approach when the query has more than 1600 characters. Otherwise, if your query has less than 1600 characters, you can replace the q parameter by a query parameter and the encoded string will simply be your query URL escaped. For instance:
would open your App Insights instance with the following query:
Nov 24 2019 04:43 PM
Jun 10 2020 08:47 PM
Jun 10 2020 08:47 PM
@hspinto Thanks for your answer and it was really helpful.
Unfortunately My query was more than 1600 characters and I have tried encodeurl to my query and try to open Application Instance I am getting 'The query provided in the URL was in an incorrect format'. Error.
My Encoded URL query looks below: union%20exceptions%2C%20traces%20%7C%20order%20by%20timestamp%20%7C%20extend%20EAICode%20%3D%20tostring(customDimensions.%5B%22EAI%20Code%22%5D)%20%7C%20extend%20EventId%20%3D%20tostring(customDimensions.EventId)%20%7C%20extend%20User%20%3D%20tostring(customDimensions.UserId)%20%7C%20extend%20IsError%20%3D%20tostring(customDimensions.IsError)%20%7C%20extend%20Exception%20%3D%20tostring(details%5B0%5D.type)%20%7C%20project%20TimeStamp%20%3D%20timestamp%2C%20TransactionId%20%3D%20operation_Id%2C%20ParentServiceId%20%3D%20operation_ParentId%2C%20EventId%2C%20operation_Name%2C%20cloud_RoleName%2C%20cloud_RoleInstance%2C%20message%2C%20EAICode%2C%20IsError%2C%20Exception%20%7C%20where%20EventId%20%3D%3D%22578%22
Could you please help me in encoding my query string?
Jun 11 2020 02:29 AM
Jun 11 2020 02:29 AM
if your query has more than 1600 chars, you must:
1) zip your query;
2) encode it;
3) use q instead of query in the URL path.
Jun 12 2020 08:42 AM
Jun 12 2020 08:42 AM
@hspinto Thanks again for the reply. My question may be silly.
Not sure what zip means. Can we zip from client side i.e., from javascript / angular?
Is encode mean encodeURI() method from javascript?
Any help by providing sample code to zip and encode from javascript / angular would be really helpful.
The reason for seeking this help is I need to prepare query dynamically and open Application Insights Instance from Angular. Please help me in this regard.
Thank you in Advance!
Jun 15 2020 10:44 AM
Jun 15 2020 10:44 AM
@krishnachandar, I am not a Javascript expert nor I have any code sample to share with you. But you can for sure zip from client side, as there are many libraries out there to perform that. I would however recommend you to first analyze the Azure portal Javascript code itself. When you click on the "Link to query" button, everything happens on the client side. If you manage to understand how that button click event is captured and processed, you'll for sure find the answer to your question in the event processor code itself.
Jun 15 2020 10:55 AM
Jun 15 2020 10:55 AM
I'm not sure about how to do it in JS, but this is how I do it in C#:
The trick is utf8-encode the query, then gzip it, then base64-encode it, then url-encode it, and finally include it in the url.
static private string EncodedQuery(string query) { var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(query); using (MemoryStream memoryStream = ExtendedStream.CreateMemoryStream()) { using (GZipStream compressionStream = new GZipStream(memoryStream, CompressionMode.Compress, leaveOpen: true)) { compressionStream.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); } memoryStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); Byte[] data = memoryStream.ToArray(); string encodedQuery = Convert.ToBase64String(data); return HttpUtility.UrlEncode(encodedQuery); } }
Jun 16 2020 03:18 PM
Sep 09 2021 07:51 AM
Sep 09 2021 07:51 AM
@krishnachandar Did you ever figure out how to encode and zip the query in javascript? None of the methods below worked for me.
Sep 09 2021 09:14 AM
Just incase anyone else comes here looking for a complete implementation, I figured it out using @hspinto :
import pako from 'pako' const query = 'some query' const compressed = pako.gzip(query, {to: "string"}) // gzip the query and set options to output as a string const base64 = btoa(compressed) // base64 encode const encodedQuery = encodeURIComponent(base64) // URI encode console.log(encodedQuery)
Reference:
Can you reverse engineer Saved Query link to Application Insights? - Stack Overflow
How can you encode a string to Base64 in JavaScript? - Stack Overflow
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https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-observability/how-to-programmatically-generate-a-link-to-open-an-app-insights/m-p/825806
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I’m taking this week off to catch up on everything I haven’t done the last two months and to celebrate the Thanksgiving holiday here in the US.
PDC was a blast! It was incredibly awesome to meet so many folks interested in WF and talking with others about how they are using (or plan to use) WF4. I’ll be following up with a more detailed post on my talk, including demos and code, but I wanted to give a summary of the talks that came from my team at this PDC. Below is the diagram that breaks down some of the “capabilities” of AppFabric and I have color coded them for the various talks that we gave. All of the PDC Sessions are available online here.
There’s a ton of great content up at the PDC site, plenty to sit back and enjoy!
One fun thing we will be doing this year is using the theater in our lounge/booth area to have a few chalk style presentations. These will be brief 30 minute demo/ q&a / conversation sessions with somebody from the product team. These will dive a little deeper and be more interactive about topics we know you’re interested in. We’d love you to come and just ask a ton of questions here:
I’m excited because we’re going to use this as an opportunity to show some cool stuff that we’re thinking about. Usual disclaimers apply, some of the stuff here we will show are prototypes, ideas we are looking for feedback, etc, etc. These are things that we think are important, and your feedback helps us understand what you really need to make these things useful for you
Stop on by the booth if you’re interested in any of the above topics!
I’m hoping that this PDC might be a little different and I may actually get to attend some sessions, rather than just prepping for mine (or the others from my team). I’ve gone through all 22 pages of published talks, and I think there are some interesting ones. So, without further ado, and with little, if any regard for actual scheduling of talks in relation to mine, here are the talks I would be interested in going to at PDC09.
Hopefully I can get to 10 of them.
Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Kernel Changes
Code Visualization, UML, and DSLs
Advanced Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 StreamInsight
Introduction to Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 StreamInsight
Dynamic Binding in C# 4
Windows Error Reporting
This kind of data is gold for folks who are building software. You can’t catch every bug, or be aware of a video card incompatibility in a certain language on XP SP2, or always know why things might go wrong in your apps. WER gives you a way to get that kind of data.
How Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Was Built with Windows Presentation Foundation 4
Windows Presentation Foundation 4 Plumbing and Internals
I have a weak spot for deepdives into plumbing like this talk. This kind of knowledge is so useful for building apps on top of WPF to really understand how the pieces work together and what's happening at the low levels
Future of Garbage Collection
Microsoft Perspectives on the Future of Programming
REST Services Security Using the Access Control Service
Data-Intensive Computing on Windows HPC Server with the DryadLINQ Framework
Building Sensor- and Location-Aware Applications with Windows 7 and the Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0
Code Contracts and Pex: Power Charge Your Assertions and Unit Tests
Microsoft Application Server Technologies: Present and Future
Rx: Reactive Extensions for .NET
Building Amazing Business Applications with Microsoft Silverlight and Microsoft .NET RIA Services
SketchFlow: Prototyping to the Rescue
Developing REST Applications with the .NET Framework
Here’s a quick one
Yes, the short answer is that you need to provide an implementation IValidationErrorService. There is one important method to implement on this interface, ShowValidationErrors which will pass you a list of ValidationErrorInfo objects.
The next thing that needs to happen is that you need to publish an instance of that new type to the editing context.
Let’s look at a really simple implementation that will write out the validation errors to the debug log.
using System.Activities.Presentation.Validation;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
namespace VariableFinderShell
{
class DebugValidationErrorService : IValidationErrorService
{
public void ShowValidationErrors(IList<ValidationErrorInfo> errors)
{
errors.ToList().ForEach(vei => Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("Error: {0} ", vei.Message)));
}
}
}
The final bit is to publish this to the editing context:
wd.Context.Services.Publish<IValidationErrorService>(new DebugValidationErrorService());
Now, when editing the workflow in the rehosted app, let’s introduce some errors and then look at the output window. Note, most of the errors below come from incorrect expressions introduced in the expression editor (putting integers in the wrong place, wrong variable name, etc).
photo courtesy of flickr user mikeweston
This is a something that the .NET team is putting together that has a contest with super cool prizes (seriously, 12 day trip to the Galapagos, for real (as my 4 year old says)). (obligatory legalese here). If you’ve built a sweet app with the .NET framework, we’d like to hear about it. So check out today and enter to win.
2: {
3: Activities =
4: {
5: new Sequence
6: {
7: Activities =
8: {
9: new ForEach<string>
10: {))
5: {: }
30:
31:.
Fresh on microsoft.com downloads, you can get the details of the major breaking changes that occurred for WF between Beta 1 and Beta 2.
Get the document here.
We will publish a similar document for any changes between Beta2 and RTM, although that list should be on the shorter side. If you have feedback on the document, like the way something is presented or think we could have done a better job explaining it, please let me know. Either comment here or use the “Email” link on the side.
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#include <petscsys.h> PetscComplex number = 1. + 2.*PETSC_i;
See PetscScalar for details on how to ./configure the size of PetscReal
Complex numbers are automatically available if PETSc was able to find a working complex implementation
Petsc has a 'fix' for complex numbers to support expressions such as std::complex<PetscReal> + PetscInt, which are not supported by the standard C++ library, but are convenient for petsc users. If the C++ compiler is able to compile code in petsccxxcomplexfix.h (This is checked by configure), we include petsccxxcomplexfix.h to provide this convenience.
If the fix causes conflicts, or one really does not want this fix for a particular C++ file, one can define PETSC_SKIP_CXX_COMPLEX_FIX at the beginning of the C++ file to skip the fix.
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Graph attention network¶
Authors: Hao Zhang, Mufei Li, Minjie Wang Zheng Zhang
In this tutorial, you learn about a graph attention network (GAT) and how it can be implemented in PyTorch. You can also learn to visualize and understand what the attention mechanism has learned.
The research described in the paper Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), indicates that combining local graph structure and node-level features yields good performance on node classification tasks. However, the way GCN aggregates is structure-dependent, which can hurt its generalizability.
One workaround is to simply average over all neighbor node features as described in the research paper GraphSAGE. However, Graph Attention Network proposes a different type of aggregation. GAN uses weighting neighbor features with feature dependent and structure-free normalization, in the style of attention.
Introducing attention to GCN¶
The key difference between GAT and GCN is how the information from the one-hop neighborhood is aggregated.
For GCN, a graph convolution operation produces the normalized sum of the node features of neighbors.
where \(\mathcal{N}(i)\) is the set of its one-hop neighbors (to include \(v_i\) in the set, simply add. Another model proposed in GraphSAGE employs the same update rule except that they set \(c_{ij}=|\mathcal{N}(i)|\).
GAT introduces the attention mechanism as a substitute for the statically normalized convolution operation. Below are the equations to compute the node embedding \(h_i^{(l+1)}\) of layer \(l+1\) from the embeddings of layer \(l\).
Explanations:
- Equation (1) is a linear transformation of the lower layer embedding \(h_i^{(l)}\) and \(W^{(l)}\) is its learnable weight matrix.
- Equation (2) computes a pair-wise un-normalized attention score between two neighbors. Here, it first concatenates the \(z\) embeddings of the two nodes, where \(||\) denotes concatenation, then takes a dot product of it and a learnable weight vector \(\vec a^{(l)}\), and applies a LeakyReLU in the end. This form of attention is usually called additive attention, contrast with the dot-product attention in the Transformer model.
- Equation (3) applies a softmax to normalize the attention scores on each node’s incoming edges.
- Equation (4) is similar to GCN. The embeddings from neighbors are aggregated together, scaled by the attention scores.
There are other details from the paper, such as dropout and skip connections. For the purpose of simplicity, those details are left out of this tutorial. To see more details, download the full example. In its essence, GAT is just a different aggregation function with attention over features of neighbors, instead of a simple mean aggregation.
GAT in DGL¶
DGL provides an off-the-shelf implementation of the GAT layer under the
dgl.nn.<backend>
subpackage. Simply import the
GATConv as the follows.
from dgl.nn.pytorch import GATConv
Readers can skip the following step-by-step explanation of the implementation and jump to the Put everything together for training and visualization results.
To begin, you can get an overall impression about how a
GATLayer module is
implemented in DGL. In this section, the four equations above are broken down
one at a time.
import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.nn.functional as F class GATLayer(nn.Module): def __init__(self, g, in_dim, out_dim): super(GATLayer, self).__init__() self.g = g # equation (1) self.fc = nn.Linear(in_dim, out_dim, bias=False) # equation (2) self.attn_fc = nn.Linear(2 * out_dim, 1, bias=False) self.reset_parameters() def reset_parameters(self): """Reinitialize learnable parameters.""" gain = nn.init.calculate_gain('relu') nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.fc.weight, gain=gain) nn.init.xavier_normal_(self.attn_fc.weight, gain=gain) def edge_attention(self, edges): # edge UDF for equation (2) z2 = torch.cat([edges.src['z'], edges.dst['z']], dim=1) a = self.attn_fc(z2) return {'e': F.leaky_relu(a)} def message_func(self, edges): # message UDF for equation (3) & (4) return {'z': edges.src['z'], 'e': edges.data['e']} def reduce_func(self, nodes): # reduce UDF for equation (3) & (4) # equation (3) alpha = F.softmax(nodes.mailbox['e'], dim=1) # equation (4) h = torch.sum(alpha * nodes.mailbox['z'], dim=1) return {'h': h} def forward(self, h): # equation (1) z = self.fc(h) self.g.ndata['z'] = z # equation (2) self.g.apply_edges(self.edge_attention) # equation (3) & (4) self.g.update_all(self.message_func, self.reduce_func) return self.g.ndata.pop('h')
Equation (1)¶
The first one shows linear transformation. It’s common and can be
easily implemented in Pytorch using
torch.nn.Linear.
Equation (2)¶
The un-normalized attention score \(e_{ij}\) is calculated using the
embeddings of adjacent nodes \(i\) and \(j\). This suggests that the
attention scores can be viewed as edge data, which can be calculated by the
apply_edges API. The argument to the
apply_edges is an Edge UDF,
which is defined as below:
def edge_attention(self, edges): # edge UDF for equation (2) z2 = torch.cat([edges.src['z'], edges.dst['z']], dim=1) a = self.attn_fc(z2) return {'e' : F.leaky_relu(a)}
Here, the dot product with the learnable weight vector \(\vec{a^{(l)}}\)
is implemented again using PyTorch’s linear transformation
attn_fc. Note
that
apply_edges will batch all the edge data in one tensor, so the
cat,
attn_fc here are applied on all the edges in parallel.
Equation (3) & (4)¶
Similar to GCN,
update_all API is used to trigger message passing on all
the nodes. The message function sends out two tensors: the transformed
z
embedding of the source node and the un-normalized attention score
e on
each edge. The reduce function then performs two tasks:
- Normalize the attention scores using softmax (equation (3)).
- Aggregate neighbor embeddings weighted by the attention scores (equation(4)).
Both tasks first fetch data from the mailbox and then manipulate it on the
second dimension (
dim=1), on which the messages are batched.
def reduce_func(self, nodes): # reduce UDF for equation (3) & (4) # equation (3) alpha = F.softmax(nodes.mailbox['e'], dim=1) # equation (4) h = torch.sum(alpha * nodes.mailbox['z'], dim=1) return {'h' : h}
Multi-head attention¶
Analogous to multiple channels in ConvNet, GAT introduces multi-head attention to enrich the model capacity and to stabilize the learning process. Each attention head has its own parameters and their outputs can be merged in two ways:
or
where \(K\) is the number of heads. You can use concatenation for intermediary layers and average for the final layer.
Use the above defined single-head
GATLayer as the building block
for the
MultiHeadGATLayer below:
class MultiHeadGATLayer(nn.Module): def __init__(self, g, in_dim, out_dim, num_heads, merge='cat'): super(MultiHeadGATLayer, self).__init__() self.heads = nn.ModuleList() for i in range(num_heads): self.heads.append(GATLayer(g, in_dim, out_dim)) self.merge = merge def forward(self, h): head_outs = [attn_head(h) for attn_head in self.heads] if self.merge == 'cat': # concat on the output feature dimension (dim=1) return torch.cat(head_outs, dim=1) else: # merge using average return torch.mean(torch.stack(head_outs))
Put everything together¶
Now, you can define a two-layer GAT model.
class GAT(nn.Module): def __init__(self, g, in_dim, hidden_dim, out_dim, num_heads): super(GAT, self).__init__() self.layer1 = MultiHeadGATLayer(g, in_dim, hidden_dim, num_heads) # Be aware that the input dimension is hidden_dim*num_heads since # multiple head outputs are concatenated together. Also, only # one attention head in the output layer. self.layer2 = MultiHeadGATLayer(g, hidden_dim * num_heads, out_dim, 1) def forward(self, h): h = self.layer1(h) h = F.elu(h) h = self.layer2(h) return h
We then load the Cora dataset using DGL’s built-in data module.
from dgl import DGLGraph from dgl.data import citation_graph as citegrh import networkx as nx def load_cora_data(): data = citegrh.load_cora() features = torch.FloatTensor(data.features) labels = torch.LongTensor(data.labels) mask = torch.BoolTensor(data.train_mask) g = DGLGraph(data.graph) return g, features, labels, mask
The training loop is exactly the same as in the GCN tutorial.
import time import numpy as np g, features, labels, mask = load_cora_data() # create the model, 2 heads, each head has hidden size 8 net = GAT(g, in_dim=features.size()[1], hidden_dim=8, out_dim=7, num_heads=2) # create optimizer optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=1e-3) # main loop dur = [] for epoch in range(30): if epoch >= 3: t0 = time.time() logits = net(features) logp = F.log_softmax(logits, 1) loss = F.nll_loss(logp[mask], labels[mask]) optimizer.zero_grad() loss.backward() optimizer.step() if epoch >= 3: dur.append(time.time() - t0) print("Epoch {:05d} | Loss {:.4f} | Time(s) {:.4f}".format( epoch, loss.item(), np.mean(dur)))
Out:
/home/ubuntu/.pyenv/versions/miniconda3-latest/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:3257: RuntimeWarning: Mean of empty slice. out=out, **kwargs) /home/ubuntu/.pyenv/versions/miniconda3-latest/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/_methods.py:161: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in double_scalars ret = ret.dtype.type(ret / rcount) Epoch 00000 | Loss 1.9448 | Time(s) nan Epoch 00001 | Loss 1.9424 | Time(s) nan Epoch 00002 | Loss 1.9399 | Time(s) nan Epoch 00003 | Loss 1.9374 | Time(s) 0.3173 Epoch 00004 | Loss 1.9350 | Time(s) 0.3231 Epoch 00005 | Loss 1.9325 | Time(s) 0.3258 Epoch 00006 | Loss 1.9300 | Time(s) 0.3620 Epoch 00007 | Loss 1.9275 | Time(s) 0.3776 Epoch 00008 | Loss 1.9250 | Time(s) 0.3874 Epoch 00009 | Loss 1.9225 | Time(s) 0.3908 Epoch 00010 | Loss 1.9200 | Time(s) 0.3840 Epoch 00011 | Loss 1.9175 | Time(s) 0.3753 Epoch 00012 | Loss 1.9150 | Time(s) 0.3686 Epoch 00013 | Loss 1.9125 | Time(s) 0.3651 Epoch 00014 | Loss 1.9100 | Time(s) 0.3642 Epoch 00015 | Loss 1.9074 | Time(s) 0.3572 Epoch 00016 | Loss 1.9049 | Time(s) 0.3515 Epoch 00017 | Loss 1.9023 | Time(s) 0.3464 Epoch 00018 | Loss 1.8998 | Time(s) 0.3414 Epoch 00019 | Loss 1.8972 | Time(s) 0.3378 Epoch 00020 | Loss 1.8946 | Time(s) 0.3324 Epoch 00021 | Loss 1.8920 | Time(s) 0.3277 Epoch 00022 | Loss 1.8894 | Time(s) 0.3237 Epoch 00023 | Loss 1.8868 | Time(s) 0.3199 Epoch 00024 | Loss 1.8842 | Time(s) 0.3163 Epoch 00025 | Loss 1.8815 | Time(s) 0.3147 Epoch 00026 | Loss 1.8789 | Time(s) 0.3129 Epoch 00027 | Loss 1.8762 | Time(s) 0.3104 Epoch 00028 | Loss 1.8735 | Time(s) 0.3077 Epoch 00029 | Loss 1.8708 | Time(s) 0.3054
Visualizing and understanding attention learned¶
Cora¶
The following table summarizes the model performance on Cora that is reported in the GAT paper and obtained with DGL implementations.
What kind of attention distribution has our model learned?
Because the attention weight \(a_{ij}\) is associated with edges, you can
visualize it by coloring edges. Below you can pick a subgraph of Cora and plot the
attention weights of the last
GATLayer. The nodes are colored according
to their labels, whereas the edges are colored according to the magnitude of
the attention weights, which can be referred with the colorbar on the right.
You can see that the model seems to learn different attention weights. To understand the distribution more thoroughly, measure the entropy) of the attention distribution. For any node \(i\), \(\{\alpha_{ij}\}_{j\in\mathcal{N}(i)}\) forms a discrete probability distribution over all its neighbors with the entropy given by
A low entropy means a high degree of concentration, and vice versa. An entropy of 0 means all attention is on one source node. The uniform distribution has the highest entropy of \(\log(\mathcal{N}(i))\). Ideally, you want to see the model learns a distribution of lower entropy (i.e, one or two neighbors are much more important than the others).
Note that since nodes can have different degrees, the maximum entropy will also be different. Therefore, you plot the aggregated histogram of entropy values of all nodes in the entire graph. Below are the attention histogram of learned by each attention head.
As a reference, here is the histogram if all the nodes have uniform attention weight distribution.
One can see that the attention values learned is quite similar to uniform distribution (i.e, all neighbors are equally important). This partially explains why the performance of GAT is close to that of GCN on Cora (according to author’s reported result, the accuracy difference averaged over 100 runs is less than 2 percent). Attention does not matter since it does not differentiate much.
Does that mean the attention mechanism is not useful? No! A different dataset exhibits an entirely different pattern, as you can see next.
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks¶
The PPI dataset used here consists of \(24\) graphs corresponding to different human tissues. Nodes can have up to \(121\) kinds of labels, so the label of node is represented as a binary tensor of size \(121\). The task is to predict node label.
Use \(20\) graphs for training, \(2\) for validation and \(2\) for test. The average number of nodes per graph is \(2372\). Each node has \(50\) features that are composed of positional gene sets, motif gene sets, and immunological signatures. Critically, test graphs remain completely unobserved during training, a setting called “inductive learning”.
Compare the performance of GAT and GCN for \(10\) random runs on this task and use hyperparameter search on the validation set to find the best model.
The table above is the result of this experiment, where you use micro F1 score to evaluate the model performance.
Note
Below is the calculation process of F1 score:
- \(TP_{t}\) represents for number of nodes that both have and are predicted to have label \(t\)
- \(FP_{t}\) represents for number of nodes that do not have but are predicted to have label \(t\)
- \(FN_{t}\) represents for number of output classes labeled as \(t\) but predicted as others.
- \(n\) is the number of labels, i.e. \(121\) in our case.
During training, use
BCEWithLogitsLoss as the loss function. The
learning curves of GAT and GCN are presented below; what is evident is the
dramatic performance adavantage of GAT over GCN.
As before, you can have a statistical understanding of the attentions learned by showing the histogram plot for the node-wise attention entropy. Below are the attention histograms learned by different attention layers.
Attention learned in layer 1:
Attention learned in layer 2:
Attention learned in final layer:
Again, comparing with uniform distribution:
Clearly, GAT does learn sharp attention weights! There is a clear pattern over the layers as well: the attention gets sharper with a higher layer.
Unlike the Cora dataset where GAT’s gain is minimal at best, for PPI there is a significant performance gap between GAT and other GNN variants compared in the GAT paper (at least 20 percent), and the attention distributions between the two clearly differ. While this deserves further research, one immediate conclusion is that GAT’s advantage lies perhaps more in its ability to handle a graph with more complex neighborhood structure.
What’s next?¶
So far, you have seen how to use DGL to implement GAT. There are some missing details such as dropout, skip connections, and hyper-parameter tuning, which are practices that do not involve DGL-related concepts. For more information check out the full example.
- See the optimized full example.
- The next tutorial describes how to speedup GAT models by parallelizing multiple attention heads and SPMV optimization.
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 16.849 seconds)
Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery
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Adding an Ebuild to the Wiki.
What We Have So Far
To see what ebuild pages we have so far, see the Ebuilds by CatPkg page to see if the "CatPkg" (category/package atom) is already on this wiki..
An Example Ebuild Page
Let's look at an ebuild page: Package:Accelerated_AMD_Video_Drivers.
There are several, as the ebuild is identified in the Portage tree, it has a regular English name as the wiki page name. Some ebuilds, like the Package:Nginx page, have the regular package name as the wiki page name. The general rule for naming ebuild pages is that htey should be named as a regular wiki page, with a descriptive English name in the Package namespace. The Package namespace (as well as being part of the Category:Ebuilds category) indicates that this page is about a Package (ebuild.)
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In this lesson, we’ll use the plural
createActions function and an action map to create multiple action creators with a single utility from redux actions.
Excellent class, one question out of the topic, What is the font and theme that you are using?
The multi-line cursor is very cool!
The font is called "Operator Mono", I'm not sure about the theme.
I'm trying to implement this is a proof of concept. It works fine, the only issue is that if I try to namespace an action ie:
const SET_LIST = 'app/queries/SET_LIST';
the
createActions method will not properly camelcase the action. Is there a way around that? I've been Googling but I haven't come across a solution yet.
Chester,
You could nest the keys in your actionMap to get to your desired types.
From the docs:
If actionMap has a recursive structure, its leaves are used as payload and meta creators, and the action type for each leaf is the combined path to that leaf:
Hope this helps!
tgdg
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https://egghead.io/lessons/redux-create-multiple-redux-actions-with-an-action-map-in-redux-actions
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28176/download-a-file-over-http-using-python
In Python 2, use urllib2 which comes with the standard library.
import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('')
html = response.read()
This is the most basic way to use the library, minus any error handling. You can also do more complex stuff such as changing headers. The documentation can be found here.
Hi, good question.
It is a very simple ...READ MORE
A simple "if" statement should suffice. you ...READ MORE
Refer to the below example where the ...READ MORE
Hi,
Try the below given code:
with open('myfile.txt') as ...READ MORE
In Python 2, use urllib2 which comes ..
Use the shutil module.
copyfile(src, dst)
Copy the contents ...READ MORE
OR
Already have an account? Sign in.
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https://www.edureka.co/community/28176/download-a-file-over-http-using-python
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Basics of Math Operators in C Programming
Two things make math happen in C programming. The first are the math operators, which allow you to construct mathematical equations and formulas. The second are math functions, which implement complex calculations by using a single word.
How to increment and decrement in C programming
Here’s a handy trick, especially for those loops in your code: the increment and decrement operators. They’re insanely useful.
To add one to a variable’s value, use ++, as in:
var++;
After this statement is executed, the value of variable var is increased (incremented) by 1. It’s the same as writing this code:
var=var+1;
You’ll find ++ used all over, especially in for loops; for example:
for(x=0;x<100;x++)
This looping statement repeats 100 times. It’s much cleaner than writing the alternative:
for(x=0;x<100;x=x+1)
Exercise 1: Code a program that displays this phrase ten times: “Get off my lawn, you kids!” Use the incrementing operator ++ in the looping statement.
Exercise 2: Recode your answer for Exercise 1 using a while loop if you used a for loop, or vice versa.
The ++ operator’s opposite is the decrementing operator –, which is two minus signs. This operator decreases the value of a variable by 1; for example:
var--;
The preceding statement is the same as
var=var-1;
Exercise 3: Write a program that displays values from -5 through 5 and then back to -5 in increments of 1. The output should look like this:
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
This program can be a bit tricky, so you can see the solution in Counting Up and Down. Please don’t look ahead until you’ve attempted to solve Exercise 3 on your own.
COUNTING UP AND DOWN
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int c; for(c=-5;c<5;c++) printf("%d ",c); for(;c>=-5;c--) printf("%d ",c); putchar('n'); return(0); }
The crux happens at Line 9 in Counting Up and Down, but it also plays heavily off the first for statement at Line 7. You might suspect that a loop counting from -5 to 5 would have the value 5 as its stop condition, as in:
for(c=-5;c<=5;c++)
The problem with this construct is that the value of c is incremented to trigger the end of the loop, which means that c equals 6 when the loop is done. If c remains less than 5, as is done at Line 7, then c is automatically set to 5 when the second loop starts. Therefore, in Line 9, no initialization of the variable in the for statement is necessary.
Exercise 4: Construct a program that displays values from -10 to 10 and then back down to -10. Step in increments of 1, as was done in Counting Up and Down, but use two while loops to display the values.
How to prefix the ++ and — operators
The ++ operator always increments a variable’s value, and the — operator always decrements. Knowing that, consider this statement:
a=b++;
If the value of variable b is 16, you know that its value will be 17 after the ++ operation. So what’s the value of variable a — 16 or 17?
Generally speaking, C language math equations are read from left to right. Based on this rule, after the preceding statement executes, the value of variable a is 16, and the value of variable b is 17. Right?
The source code in What Comes First — the = or the ++? helps answer the question of what happens to variable a when you increment variable b on the right side of the equal sign (the assignment operator).
WHAT COMES FIRST — THE = OR THE ++?
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a,b; b=16; printf("Before, a is unassigned and b=%dn",b); a=b++; printf("After, a=%d and b=%dn",a,b); return(0); }
Exercise 5: Type the source code from What Comes First — the = or the ++? into a new project. Build and run.. Exercise 6 demonstrates.
Exercise 6: Rewrite the source code from What Comes First — the = or the ++? so that the equation in Line 9 increments the value of variable b before it’s assigned to variable a.
And what of this monster:
a=++b++;
Never mind! The ++var++ thing is an error.
How to discover the remainder (modulus)
Of all the basic math operator symbols, % is most likely the strangest. No, it’s not the percentage operator. It’s the modulus operator. It calculates the remainder of one number divided by another, which is something easier to show than to discuss.
Displaying Modulus Values codes a program that lists the results of modulus 5 and a bunch of other values, ranging from 0 through 29. The value 5 is a constant, defined in Line 3 in the program. That way, you can easily change it later.
DISPLAYING MODULUS VALUES
#include <stdio.h> #define VALUE 5 int main() { int a; printf("Modulus %d:n",VALUE); for(a=0;a<30;a++) printf("%d %% %d = %dn",a,VALUE,a%VALUE); return(0); }
Line 11 displays the modulus results. The %% placeholder merely displays the % character, so don’t let it throw you.
Exercise 7: Type the source code from Displaying Modulus Values into a new project. Build and run.
A modulus operation displays the remainder of the first value divided by the second. So 20 % 5 is 0, but 21 % 5 is 1.
Exercise 8: Change the VALUE constant in Displaying Modulus Values to 3. Build and run.
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https://www.dummies.com/programming/c/basics-of-math-operators-in-c-programming/
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Introduction to web scraping using Python
Johnny Boy
Updated on
・3 min read
Table of contents
- What is python?
- What is web scraping?
- What is the difference between 'web scraping' and 'web crawling' ?
- What do I need to do web scraping with python?
- How do I do it now!?
What is python?
In summary, Python is an awesome programming language. Some characteristics of the language are:
- Interpreted
- Object Oriented
- High level
- Dynamic semantics
- No semi-colons
Python is commonly used for web scraping, artificial intelligence and data science projects. When you have the time to practice this programming language you will experiment a pleasant and joyful time, unless you are implementing a final project with 24 hours to finish it.
Here is the link to the official page.
What is web scraping?
You can find the wikipedia explanation here. But to keep it short, is a technique used to extract information from web pages. It has other names such as: 'web harvesting', 'web data extraction'.
What is the difference between 'web scraping' and 'web crawling'?
Some people refer to this two terms as if they were equal, but there are a couple of differences.
Web scraping is usually when you take one page and scrap the information out of it.
Web Crawling is a more sophisticated and complicated process, where you go to the site and move through the links in that page, crawling to the ramifications of all the places the users can go.
Feel free to disagree and send me the comments.
What do I need to do web scraping with python?
First of all we need to have python 3 installed.
To do this first step you have a couple options:
- Go to Python.org and follow those step.
- Follow RealPython.com guide.
Cool.
Now that you have it installed we need two more things to start.
We need to have the next two packages installed: Requests and Beautiful Soup.
To do install them you can run these two commands:
$ pip install requests $ pip install bs4
How do I do it now?
Excellent, now that you have completed all the previous steps you are ready to start the good stuff.
Let's create a python script that gives us the latest existential comic alt text.
The pseudo code will goes something like this:
- Import libraries for making the request and parse the site.
- Make the request of the page.
- When the request has been completed.
- Then parse the html page in something we can use easily.
- Find the desired html element and store it in a variable.
- After that we print the alt text in the console.
- DONE!!!
import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # I decided to put it in a method just to re-use it later def get_upcoming_questions( url ): # print('Starting the request') req = requests.get( url ) # print('Request completed') soup = BeautifulSoup( req.text, 'html.parser' ) questions_raw = soup.find( 'div') questions = questions_raw.find( 'img',{'class':'comicImg'} ) print( questions['alt'] ) example_url = '' get_upcoming_questions( example_url )
Why do I need this?
Now everytime you are too busy to go and check the awesome comics from ExistentialComics you can just run your new script and you will get your daily dose of philosophical humor. You know you need it.
How NOT to ask for help
Another alternative that I am building.
dev.to/juancarlospaco/faster-than-...
😁👍
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https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/grekz/introduction-to-web-scraping-using-python-36g5
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A lot of API are using OAuth protocol to authorize the received requests and to check if everything is OK regarding the identity of the request sender.
OAuth is an open standard for authorization, commonly used as a way for Internet users to log into third party websites using their Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Twitter, One Network etc. accounts without exposing their password..
As a remark, there are two versions of the protocol currently used out there: 1.0A and 2.0. As far as I know, 1.0A is the most commonly used. I already faced the need to use OAuth 1.0A protocol with the Flickr API but, back then, I found a way to get my data differently.
Recently, a question was asked on the Hortonworks Community Connection regarding the use of Apache NiFi to get data from Twitter API using OAuth 1.0A protocol. So this time, I decided to have a look on this and to get the job done.
This post presents the flow I used to perform a request against Twitter API using OAuth protocol. It gives me the opportunity to use for the first time the ExecuteScript processor which allows user to execute custom scripts on the fly inside NiFi (you will find a lot of examples on this great site).
Note 1: this was the first time I used Groovy language, be nice with me!
Note 2: I didn’t test the flow on a lot of methods. Some modifications may be necessary for some cases.
OK. The objective was to request the “users/lookup” method of the Twitter API. You can read the documentation here.
I want to perform a HTTP GET on:
So far it seems really easy to do with a simple InvokeHTTP processor. The thing is you need to identify yourself when sending the request. Here comes the OAuth protocol. The official specification for 1.0A can be read here. But in the case of the Twitter API, you have a nice documentation here.
Besides on the documentation of each method, you have an OAuth Signature Generator that can be accessed (if you have defined a Twitter App). The generator is here. It lets you play around and gives great insights on each request to debug your own implementation of OAuth protocol.
The global idea is: you have a lot of input parameters and you must follow the specifications to construct a string based on the parameters. This string will be the value associated to “Authorization” key in HTTP header properties.
Here is the list of the needed parameters. First the parameters directly linked to your request:
- Method of your HTTP request (example: GET)
- URL target of your HTTP request (example:)
Then the global parameters related to OAuth:
- Consumer key (private information of your app provided by Twitter)
- Consumer secret (private information of your app provided by Twitter)
- Nonce (random string, uniquely generated for each request)
- Signature method (with Twitter it is HMAC-SHA1)
- Timestamp (in seconds)
- Token (private information of your app provided by Twitter)
- Token secret (private information of your app provided by Twitter)
- Version (in this case 1.0)
The first step is to construct the “signature base string“. For that you first need to create the “parameter string“. All is very well explained here. Once you have the signature base string, you can encode it using HMAC-SHA1 and you easily get the header property to set in your HTTP request:
Authorization: OAuth oauth_consumer_key="*******", oauth_nonce="a9ab2392e5158a4c4e029c7829164571", oauth_signature="4s4Hi5hQ%2FoLKprW7qsRlImds3Og%3D", oauth_signature_method="HMAC-SHA1", oauth_timestamp="1460453975", oauth_token="*******", oauth_version="1.0"
Let’s get into the details using Apache NiFi. Here is the flow I created:
I use a GenerateFlowFile to generate an empty Flow File (FF) in order to execute my flow. Then I use an UpdateAttribute processor to add attributes to my FF. In this case, I only add the parameters related to the specific request I want to execute:
Then I send my FF into a process group that will compute the header property to set (I will come back to this part later). Then I perform my request using the InvokeHTTP processor:
I set the method to GET, the URL to my corresponding FF attribute, the content type to text/plain and I add a custom property named Authorization with the FF attribute I created in my process group (see below). This custom property will be added as a HTTP header in the request. At the end, I use a PutFile processor to write the result of my request in a local directory.
Let’s go to the interesting part of our flow where all the magic is: the process group I named OAuth 1.0A. Here it is:
I just use two processors. The first one is an UpdateAttribute to add all the parameters I need as attributes of my FF. the second one is an ExecuteScript processor where I put my groovy code to compute the header property.
First… the parameters:
Note: I use Expression Language provided by NiFi for some attributes.
- arguments is used to extract the argument part in my target URL. In this example: screen_name=twitterapi,twitter
- base_url is the URL I request without any argument. In this example:
- For the nonce parameter I use the “UUID” method of the expression language which generated a random string and I just take to replace the ‘-‘ characters to only keep an alphanumeric string.
- For the timestamp, I use the “now” method of the expression language and I use substring to only keep seconds.
Let’s move to the ExecuteScript part. I set the script engine to Groovy and I put my script code in the “script body” property. The full code is available at the end of the post. Let’s go through it piece by piece.
First thing, I want to trigger my code only when a FF is available:
def flowFile = session.get() if (!flowFile) return
Then I define a method I will use for the HMAC-SHA1 encoding:
def staticBase64() } catch (Exception e) { throw new SignatureException("Failed to generate HMAC : " + e.getMessage()); } return result }
For this part, I will need to add some imports at the beginning of my script body:
import java.security.SignatureException import javax.crypto.Mac import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec
Then I retrieve all the attributes of my FF and I extract some attributes I don’t need to construct my parameter string:
def attributes = flowFile.getAttributes() // retrieve arguments of the target and split arguments def arguments = attributes.arguments.tokenize('&') def method = attributes.method def base_url = attributes.base_url def consumerSecret = attributes.oauth_consumer_secret def tokenSecret = attributes.oauth_token_secret
Then I create a TreeMap in which I add all the parameters I need to construct my parameter string. A TreeMap ensures me that it is sorted on keys in alphabetical order.
TreeMap map = [:] for (String item : arguments) { def (key, value) = item.tokenize('=') map.put(key, value) } map.put("oauth_consumer_key", attributes.oauth_consumer_key) map.put("oauth_nonce", attributes.oauth_nonce) map.put("oauth_signature_method", attributes.oauth_signature_method) map.put("oauth_timestamp", attributes.oauth_timestamp) map.put("oauth_token", attributes.oauth_token) map.put("oauth_version", attributes.oauth_version)
Then I add a method to the String class to allow percent encoding on String objects:
String.metaClass.encode = { java.net.URLEncoder.encode(delegate, "UTF-8").replace("+", "%20").replace("*", "%2A").replace("%7E", "~"); }
I am now able to construct the parameter string:
String parameterString = "" map.each { key, value -> parameterString += key.encode() parameterString += '=' parameterString += value.encode() parameterString += '&' } parameterString = parameterString.substring(0, parameterString.length()-1);
Update: the code above can be simplified as below (see Andy’s comment)
String parameterString = map.collect { String key, String value -> "${key.encode()}=${value.encode()}" }.join("&")
It is now possible to get the signature:
String signatureBaseString = "" signatureBaseString += method.toUpperCase() signatureBaseString += '&' signatureBaseString += base_url.encode() signatureBaseString += '&' signatureBaseString += parameterString.encode() String signingKey = consumerSecret.encode() + '&' + tokenSecret.encode() String oauthSignature = hmac(signatureBaseString, signingKey)
I may add this information as a new attribute of my FF:
flowFile = session.putAttribute(flowFile, 'oauth_signature', oauthSignature)
Then I can construct the header property value to associate to Authorization key:
String oauth = 'OAuth ' oauth += 'oauth_consumer_key="' oauth += attributes.oauth_consumer_key.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_nonce="' oauth += attributes.oauth_nonce.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_signature="' oauth += oauthSignature.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_signature_method="' oauth += attributes.oauth_signature_method.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_timestamp="' oauth += attributes.oauth_timestamp.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_token="' oauth += attributes.oauth_token.encode() oauth += '", ' oauth += 'oauth_version="' oauth += attributes.oauth_version.encode() oauth += '"'
I add this information as an attribute (that will be used in the InvokeHTTP processor as we saw before) and I forward my FF to the success relationship:
flowFile = session.putAttribute(flowFile, 'oauth_header', oauth) session.transfer(flowFile, REL_SUCCESS)
That’s it: I have an operational flow implementing OAuth 1.0A protocol to request against the Twitter API.
The full code is available here as a gist.
The NiFi template is available here.
As always, feel free to ask questions and comment this post!
11 thoughts on “OAuth 1.0A with Apache NiFi (Twitter API example)”
Hi Pierre,
Thanks for the excellent article. As a tip, the Groovy code for translating the map elements into the parameter string can be compressed into a more “Groovy-esque” block:
“`groovy
String parameterString = map.collect { String key, String value ->
“${key.encode()}=${value.encode()}”
}.join(“&”)
“`
The Map#collect method accepts a closure which is used to iterate over each EntrySet and returns a new collection with the result of the closure as the corresponding element value. String interpolation allows a cleaner closure body and reduces the number of underlying StringBuffer calls. Collection#join() is intelligent and obviates the need for the String trimming at the end for the trailing &
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thanks Andy!
Indeed it is much better, I will keep this in mind for next time.
Excellent article! Thanks a lot!
[…] OAuth 1.0A with Apache NiFi (Twitter API example) by Pierre Villard […]
[…] […]
Hi Pierre, thanks for the amazing article.
I’m trying to ingest data from Facebook through Nifi using Graph API. I have already created an App and got the access token. I’m getting the following error when I run the template :
‘failed to process session due to java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Illegal character in path at index 78:‘…followed by my access token. Could you please help me out with this ?
Hi,
I’d try to URL encode the URL, maybe some characters are not correctly encoded. I know there are some working examples online to use the Graph API of Facebook with NiFi.
Hi,
Thanks for amazing article!
I need some help! where should i pass the tweeter id’s to get the profile data of given id’s…
Thank you
This post is quite old now and I can’t guarantee it’d work as-is with the latest changes in the Twitter API but the list of users is passed in the URL with the variable screen_name:
Hi,
Thanks for the article. I made use of this technique. However, I am getting “oauth_signature_invalid” error in response. I have verified that all the oauth parameters are correct. What could be the reason for the error ?
Hi. I believe Twitter has made some changes since I wrote this article. Not sure if it’d be still working as-is. Best is to confirm everything works using command lines before doing it with NiFi.
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https://pierrevillard.com/2016/04/12/oauth-1-0a-with-apache-nifi-twitter-api-example/comment-page-1/
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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 244374
Review Request: xulrunner - XUL Runner
Last modified: 2007-11-30 17:12:07 EST
Spec URL:
SRPM URL:
Description:.
The plan is to add this package to the olpc-2 branch.
rpmlint complained following on SRPM=>.
W: xulrunner strange-permission xulrunner-mozconfig 0755
A file that you listed to include in your package has strange
permissions. Usually, a file should have 0644 permissions.
W: xulrunner strange-permission firefox-1.1-visibility.patch 0755
A file that you listed to include in your package has strange
permissions. Usually, a file should have 0644 permissions.
W: xulrunner mixed-use-of-spaces-and-tabs (spaces: line 7, tab: line 24)
The specfile mixes use of spaces and tabs for indentation, which is a
cosmetic annoyance. Use either spaces or tabs for indentation, not both.
rpmlint complained following on RPM =>
W: xulrunner no-documentation
The package contains no documentation (README, doc, etc).
You have to include documentation files.
W: xulrunner devel-file-in-non-devel-package /usr/bin/xulrunner-config
A development file (usually source code) is located in a non-devel
package. If you want to include source code in your package, be sure to
create a development package..
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/classic.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/en-US.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/simple.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/pippki.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/toolkit.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/pyxultest.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/comm.jar
The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
I would say the jar file errors are all an upstream issue (or xulrunner just
doesn't need them in their jar format). These are not general purpose jar files
and are internal to xulrunner. They should not be blockers. The rest is easy
to fix.
>W: xulrunner no-documentation
>The package contains no documentation (README, doc, etc).
>You have to include documentation files.
xulrunner has no docs. Same as firefox.
>E: xulrunner no-jar-manifest /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/chrome/classic.jar
>The jar file does not contain a META-INF/MANIFEST file.
John is correct about this.
The other are fixed:
Got only one warning now with new updated SRPM
W: xulrunner-devel unstripped-binary-or-object
/usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9a5pre/sdk/libxpcom.so
also, missing %doc. You can Add LICENSE and LEGAL to %doc.
- MUST: Packages containing pkgconfig(.pc) files must 'Requires: pkgconfig' (for
directory ownership and usability).
Don't add static libraries files. If you want then
- MUST: Static libraries must be in a -static package.
check files installed under %{_libdir}/xulrunner-%{version}%{prerelease}/sdk
Ok you can now update new package including all above suggested changes.
?
(In reply to comment #8)
> ?
Its OK then. Let it be in -devel rpm
Done.
Ok, I had a discussion on #fedora-devel on IRC as I see that
And I got negative feedback on allowing to add static libraries in xulrunner. So
better take this issue to mailing list for further discussion.
Actually, I'll take this one...
1. MUST provide gecko-devel, gecko-libs and gecko-debuginfo
2. MUST pull in all relevant patches from the rawhide version of Firefox that
haven't been applied upstream yet (and I know there are a few). We must not
regress here. The pango patches are probably safe to drop as they have been
replaced with a different architecture. Many other fixes should have been
upstreamed. But there are a handful that probably still need to make it in.
3. bsmedberg mentioned that gtkmozembed is going to be in a separate source
tarball. We should make that happen in conjunction with this, because most
dependent things really just want that. It has a more stable ABI/API.
4. We need to build with -rpath. Again, see rawhide.
5. pragma visibility works on all platforms now, so that can be removed.
It's late and I have other stuff I want to get to, but please please PLEASE do
not regress from current trunk. I'll try to take a look in the morning.
P.S. you guys suck for not making sure I was aware of this :-P
FWIW, I had started doing this work (yay duplication of effort) but the patches
slowed me down, and I got a little busy with other work. My goal is (or at
least it _was_ prior to seeing this review) to get a package ready for review
before GUADEC.
J5 is going to work on this.
New spec and package
This takes care of 1,4 and 5 in comment #13
2 - Chris is graciously helping out
3 - is not needed since we do not use gtkmozembed but it would be nice is
someone packaged it up for others to use
New spec and package
- add BR and configure to build with the system nspr
- add defaults to make sure we don't do the firefox autoupdate stuff however
intersting that would be on an XO
Christopher: I assume you are reviewing here... setting the review flag to ? for
you.
* Make sure this passes rpmlint (i haven't actually tested that here).
* You're lucky with the patches, most of them just got committed upstream as
well and managed to make it into the tarball. However, please copy
firefox-0.7.3-psfonts.patch from rawhide which marco said you guys need. It
applies cleanly.
* I will let you slide with static linking for now as I'm guessing you have
packages dependent on that right now, but we probably want to fix their usage to
use the frozen APIs and get rid of that. Do file a bug and cc me there to do that.
* Provides: gecko-libs = %{version} gecko-libs <--- extra gecko-libs
* Your mozconfig also should define libdir in addition to prefix. Since you are
exporting LIBDIR and PREFIX in the specfile (you copied from rawhide which is
good) you can simply copy the "ac_add_options --prefix="$PREFIX" and
ac_add_options --libdir="$LIBDIR"
* Please move --with-system-nspr to be next to --with-system-nss for ease of
reference. Those are tied very closely together.
add suggested fixes
rpmlint has no output on my end
One more thing that needs to be done which I just noticed when I tried to cvs
update. All the CVS/Root files need to point to anon cvs instead of using
marco's CVSRoot. :-)
I'll approve this if you untar the source, cd into the top source directory, and
run the following:
echo ":pserver:anonymous@cvs-mirror.mozilla.org:/cvsroot" > /tmp/cvschroot
find -path "*/CVS/Root" | xargs -n1 cp -f /tmp/cvschroot
rm /tmp/cvschroot
Then re-tar it up. All upstream tarballs are set up with anoncvs, so we should
not break this.
we need to version with xulrunner-1.9-0.a5.5.cvs20070621 because final version
will be 1.9-1. This is a downgrade in versions from the fc6 olpc repo.
Solution is to remove the package from the fc6-olpc repo once this is in. the
fc6-olpc repo can be considered experimental as yum upgrades would produce
nonbootable machines anyway because of the way the repos were set up (we were
just learning how to make a branch project off of Fedora). It is better to
start fresh because of this.
New Package CVS Request
=======================
Package Name: xulrunner
Short Description: XUL Runner
Owners: mpg@redhat.com, johnp@redhat.com
Branches: OLPC-2
So is this going to be usable for the other apps in fedora that currently
BuildRequire: firefox-devel ?
What olpc apps currently link static to this package?
Your version is slightly wrong... the 'cvs' should be at the end...
and there should be another digit there I think.
So, 1.9-5.a5pre.cvs20070519.1 should be: 1.9-0.5.a5pre.20070519cvs
Since you are using a cvs checkout, can you include a comment on how to check
that exact version out ? See:
>So is this going to be usable for the other apps in fedora that currently
>BuildRequire: firefox-devel ?
The current plan is to build it only on OLPC-2. Not sure what are caillon plans
for Fedora. It could be used that way potentially (keep in mind this is just a
pre release though).
> What olpc apps currently link static to this package?
Hulahop links statically, sugar use hulahop python bindings.
>Your version is slightly wrong... the 'cvs' should be at the end...
>
>and there should be another digit there I think.
Thanks, I'll fix it before importing.
>Since you are using a cvs checkout, can you include a comment on how to check
>that exact version out ? See:
We have a tarball on dev.laptop.org, is adding that as URL ok?
(In reply to comment #24)
> So is this going to be usable for the other apps in fedora that currently
> BuildRequire: firefox-devel ?
If anything requires firefox-devel it is a bug. They should require gecko-devel
which the firefox in rawhide provides and I made this package provide.
seamonkey provides it in the place where it is a build environment, and
xulrunner in rawhide/F8 will also provide it.
Looks like lots of packages didn't get that memo:
repoquery -qa --srpm --repoid=development-source --whatrequires firefox-devel
ruby-gnome2-0:0.16.0-6.fc8.src
chmsee-0:1.0.0-0.19.beta2.fc8.src
openvrml-0:0.16.5-1.fc8.src
gcc-0:4.1.2-13.src
liferea-0:1.2.16b-1.fc8.src
eclipse-1:3.2.2-14.fc7.src
kazehakase-0:0.4.7-3.fc8.src
mugshot-0:1.1.45-1.fc8.src
openoffice.org-1:2.2.1-18.3.fc8.src
gecko-sharp2-0:0.12-1.src
gnome-chemistry-utils-0:0.6.5-2.fc7.src
Democracy-0:0.9.5.1-10.fc8.src
gnome-python2-extras-0:2.19.1-1.fc8.src
I can file bugs/poke people later unless someone else wants to.
cvs done.
I got errors while building xulrunner-1.9-5.a5pre.cvs20070519.1.src.rpm locally
in Mock
I got following errors for mock build against F7 repo
c++ -o gfxFont -DOSTYPE=\"Linux2.6.21-1.3194\"
-DOSARCH=Linux -DBUILD_ID=2007062123 -I../../../dist/include/cairo
-I../../../dist/include/libpixman -I../../../dist/include/string
-I../../../dist/include/pref -I../../../dist/include/xpcom
-I../../../dist/include/unicharutil -I../../../dist/include
-I../../../dist/include/thebes -I/usr/include/nspr4 -DMOZ_PNG_READ
-DMOZ_PNG_WRITE -I../../../dist/sdk/include -fPIC -Os -g
-pipe -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector
--param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m32 -march=i386 -mtune=generic
-fasynchronous-unwind-tables -I../../../dist/include/cairo
../../../dist/include/cairo
-I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include
-I/usr/include/freetype2 -DMOZILLA_CLIENT -include ../../../mozilla-config.h
-Wp,-MD,.deps/gfxFont.pp gfxFont.cpp
../../../dist/include/xpcom/nsExpirationTracker.h: In constructor
'nsExpirationTracker<T, K>::nsExpirationTracker(PRUint32)':
../../../dist/include/xpcom/nsExpirationTracker.h:109: error: there are no
arguments to 'PR_STATIC_ASSERT' that depend on a template parameter, so a
declaration of 'PR_STATIC_ASSERT' must be available
../../../dist/include/xpcom/nsExpirationTracker.h:109: error: (if you use
'-fpermissive', G++ will accept your code, but allowing the use of an undeclared
name is deprecated)
gfxFont.cpp: In member function 'void gfxTextRun::Draw(gfxContext*, gfxPoint,
PRUint32, PRUint32, const gfxRect*, gfxTextRun::PropertyProvider*, gfxFloat*)':
gfxFont.cpp:1024: warning: unused variable 'charGlyphs'
gfxFont.cpp: In member function 'void gfxTextRun::DrawToPath(gfxContext*,
gfxPoint, PRUint32, PRUint32, gfxTextRun::PropertyProvider*, gfxFloat*)':
gfxFont.cpp:1067: warning: unused variable 'charGlyphs'
gfxFont.cpp: In member function 'gfxFont::RunMetrics
gfxTextRun::MeasureText(PRUint32, PRUint32, PRBool, gfxTextRun::PropertyProvider*)':
gfxFont.cpp:1184: warning: unused variable 'charGlyphs'
../../../dist/include/xpcom/nsExpirationTracker.h: In constructor
'nsExpirationTracker<T, K>::nsExpirationTracker(PRUint32) [with T = gfxFont,
unsigned int K = 3u]':
../../../dist/include/thebes/gfxFont.h:159: instantiated from here
../../../dist/include/xpcom/nsExpirationTracker.h:109: error: 'PR_STATIC_ASSERT'
was not declared in this scope
gmake[6]: *** [gfxFont.o] Error 1
The above is familiar problem for me as I am already working on Firefox 3, I saw
same error in Firefox 3 build also. If we use --enable-system-nspr then though
we are using latest released nspr rpm on our Fedora but this new xulrunner and
firefox 3 code have mozilla/xpcom/ds/nsExpirationTracker.h header file that uses
PR_STATIC_ASSERT() which is not present in our /usr/include/nspr4/prerror.h but
if we check xulrunner code then we can find same.
following is patch that shows difference.
===============================================================================
diff -urN /usr/include/nspr4/prerror.h
/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prerror.h
--- /usr/include/nspr4/prerror.h 2004-04-25 20:30:47.000000000 +0530
+++ /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prerror.h
2007-04-02 14:38:49.000000000 +0530
@@ -49,6 +49,21 @@
#include "prerr.h"
/*
+** Compile-time assert. "condition" must be a constant expression.
+** The macro should be used only once per source line in places where
+** a "typedef" declaration is allowed.
+** For stringification of the line numbers where the macro is used we need some
+** macro indirection. IMPL is required to get macro-expansion of __LINE__ to
+** its integer value so that IMPL2 will stringify the number, not "__LINE__".
+*/
+#define PR_STATIC_ASSERT(condition) \
+ PR_STATIC_ASSERT_IMPL(condition, __LINE__)
+#define PR_STATIC_ASSERT_IMPL(condition, line) \
+ PR_STATIC_ASSERT_IMPL2(condition, line)
+#define PR_STATIC_ASSERT_IMPL2(condition, line) \
+ typedef int pr_static_assert_line_##line[(condition) ? 1 : -1]
+
+/*
** Set error will preserve an error condition within a thread context.
** The values stored are the NSPR (platform independent) translation of
** the error. Also, if available, the platform specific oserror is stored.
===============================================================================
Additional Info:-
Caillon,
However for Firefox 3 you will find PR_STATIC_ASSERT() under
mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h
Yeah, that's why I had system nspr disabled.
Caillon, suggestions on how to go about this?
Fix nspr. Simple. Talk to kengert.
I built it with internal nspr for now (OLPC-2 branch only). I will work with
kengert to get this fixed as soon as possible.
You are trying to compile beta code that is not yet supported by the system NSPR
version.
The code is only available on the latest NSPR branch that is heading to 4.7.
Unfortunately, as of today, there is no 4.7 based release yet.
I'm ok to build a new NSPR 4.6.x based RPM for Rawhide that includes the latest
upstream patch. Since this is only a forward to another function, we should be fine.
But note the patch quoted in comment 30 is no longer current, a different patch
got landed on upstream NSPR, see bug 375985.
I propose we include the following patch:
Index: mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h
diff -u mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h:3.14
mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h:3.15
--- mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h:3.14 Sun Apr 25 15:00:47 2004
+++ mozilla/nsprpub/pr/include/prlog.h Mon May 28 14:48:26 2007
@@ -251,6 +251,14 @@
#endif /* defined(DEBUG) || defined(FORCE_PR_ASSERT) */
+/*
+** Compile-time assert. "condition" must be a constant expression.
+** The macro can be used only in places where an "extern" declaration is
+** allowed.
+*/
+#define PR_STATIC_ASSERT(condition) \
+ extern void pr_static_assert(int arg[(condition) ? 1 : -1])
+
PR_END_EXTERN_C
#endif /* prlog_h___ */
Package nspr-4.6.6-2 with support for PR_STATIC_ASSERT built into Rawhide.
Today I also built updated NSPR packages for FC6 and F7, and while doing so I
included the PR_STATIC_ASSERT, too.
However, the packages will first be visible in updates-testing. I plan to move
them to final updates by mid of next week.
|
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=244374
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
refinedweb
| 2,709
| 51.14
|
Subject: Re: [OMPI users] errors returned from openmpi-1.2.7 source code
From: Shafagh Jafer (barfy27_at_[hidden])
Date: 2008-09-17 17:49:10
ok i looked at the errors closely, it looks like that the problem is from the "namespace MPI{.." in line 136 of "mpicxx.h" and every where that this namespace (MPI) is used. here are the errors:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > users mailing list
> > users_at_[hidden]
> >
> >
> >
<Makefile.common>_______________________________________________
> > users mailing list
> > users_at_[hidden]
> >
>
>
> --
> Jeff Squyres
> Cisco Systems
>
> _______________________________________________
> users mailing list
> users_at_[hidden]
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> users mailing list
> users_at_[hidden]
>
--
Jeff Squyres
Cisco Systems
_______________________________________________
users mailing list
users_at_[hidden]
|
http://www.open-mpi.org/community/lists/users/2008/09/6591.php
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
refinedweb
| 102
| 73.88
|
Music players are devices or applications that allow you to listen to audio files and recordings. There are many music players available, but in this article, we’ll build a clone of the popular music streaming service, Spotify, using React and ts-audio.
You might expect that this tutorial would use the Spotify API, however, Spotify and other music databases do not provide a streamable link or URL in their response body. The Spotify API does provide a preview URL, but the duration of the songs is limited to only 30 seconds, and that isn’t enough for our example. Therefore, we won’t be using the Spotify API or making any requests to any music API or databases.
Instead, we’ll work with dummy data consisting of songs and image art. However, if you venture across an API with a streamable link, you can also apply the methods used in this article. You can find the complete code for this tutorial at the GitHub repo. Let’s get started!
- What is ts-audio?
- Building a Spotify clone with ts-audio
- Problem solving: Mismatched song details
- Adding styling
What is ts-audio?
ts-audio is an agnostic library that makes the
AudioContext API easier to interact with. ts-audio provides you with methods like play, pause, and more, and it allows you to create playlists. ts-audio offers the following features:
- Includes a simple API that abstracts the complexity of the
AudioContextAPI
- Offers cross-browser support
- Makes it easy to create an audio playlist
- Works with any language that compiles into JavaScript
Building a Spotify clone with ts-audio
Let’s start by creating a new React app with the command below:
npx create-react-app ts-audio
If you’re using Yarn, run the command below:
yarn create react-app ts-audio
For the rest of the tutorial, I’ll use Yarn. Next, we install the ts-audio package as follows:
yarn add ts-audio
At its core, ts-audio has two components,
Audio and
AudioPlaylist. The components are functions that we can call with specific parameters.
Using the
Audio component
The
Audio component allows us to pass in a single song to be played. It also provides us with certain methods like
play(),
pause(),
stop(), and more:
// App.js import Audio from 'ts-audio'; import Lazarus from './music/Lazarus.mp3'; export default function App() { const audio = Audio({ file: Lazarus }) const play = () => { audio.play() } const pause = () => { audio.pause() } const stop = () => { audio.stop() } return ( <> <button onClick={play}>Play</button> <button onClick={pause}>Pause</button> <button onClick={stop}>Stop</button> </> ) }
In the code block above, we imported the
Audio component from ts-audio and the song we want to play. We created an audio instance, set it to the imported
Audio component, and then passed the imported music to the file parameter exposed by the
Audio element.
We took advantage of the methods provided to us by ts-audio, like
play() and
pause(), then passed them through functions to the buttons.
Using the
AudioPlaylist component
The
AudioPlaylist component allows us to pass in multiple songs, but they have to be in an array, otherwise ts-audio won’t play them. The
AudioPlaylist component provides us with methods like
play(),
pause(),
stop(),
next(), and
prev().
The code block below is an example of how to use the
AudioPlaylist component:
// App.js import { AudioPlaylist } from 'ts-audio'; import Lazarus from './music/Lazarus.mp3'; import Sia from './music/Sia - Bird Set Free.mp3'; export default function App() { const playlist = AudioPlaylist({ files: [Lazarus, Sia] }) const play = () => { playlist.play() } const pause = () => { playlist.pause() } const next = () => { playlist.next() } const previous = () => { playlist.prev() } const stop = () => { playlist.stop() } return ( <> <button onClick={play}>Play</button> <button onClick={pause}>Pause</button> <button onClick={next}>Next</button> <button onClick={prev}>Prev</button> <button onClick={stop}>Stop</button> </> ) }
The music player will have the following functionalities:
- Change the artist to the current song’s artist whenever we click on either next or previous
- Change the image to the current song’s image
- Change the song title to the current song
In the
src folder, create two folders called
images and
music, respectively. Navigate to the
images folder and paste any photos you might need. In the
music folder, you can paste any audio files that you want to use.
In the following GitHub repos, you can get the image files used in this tutorial and obtain the audio files. Next, import songs and images into
App.js as follows:
import { AudioPlaylist } from 'ts-audio'; // Music import import Eyes from './music/01. Jon Bellion - Eyes To The Sky.mp3'; import Mood from './music/24kGoldn-Mood-Official-Audio-ft.-Iann-Dior.mp3'; import Audio from './music/audio.mp3'; import Broken from './music/Cant Be Broken .mp3'; import Lazarus from './music/Lazarus.mp3'; import Sia from './music/Sia - Bird Set Free.mp3'; import Nobody from './music/T-Classic-Nobody-Fine-Pass-You.mp3'; import Yosemite from './music/Yosemite.mp3'; // Pictures import import EyesImg from './images/Eyes to the sky.jpeg'; import MoodImg from './images/mood.jpeg'; import AudioImg from './images/lana.jpeg'; import BrokenImg from './images/lil wayne.jpeg'; import LazarusImg from './images/dave.jpeg'; import SiaImg from './images/sia.jpeg'; import NobodyImg from './images/nobody.jpeg'; import YosemiteImg from './images/travis.jpeg'; export default function App() { const songs = [ { = AudioPlaylist({ files: songs.map((song) => song.src), }); const handlePlay = () => { playlist.play(); }; const handlePause = () => { playlist.pause(); }; const handleSkip = () => { playlist.next(); }; const handlePrevious = () => { playlist.prev(); }; return ( <> <button onClick={handlePlay}>Play</button> <button onClick={handlePause}>Pause</button> <button onClick={handleSkip}>Next</button> <button onClick={handlePrevious}>Prev</button> </> ); }
In the code block above, we imported the songs and images. Next, we created a song array containing objects. Each object has a
title,
artist,
img_src for the imported images, and
src for the imported songs.
After that, we mapped through the song array to get to the song’s
src, which we passed into the files parameter. Remember, we have to pass it in as an array, but then the
map() method creates a new array from calling a function. Therefore, we can pass it to the
files parameter.
We also created our methods and passed them to the various buttons. We’ll create a
Player.js file to handle the buttons while we take care of the functionality in
App.js:
// Player.js export default function Player({ play, pause, next, prev }) { return ( <div className="c-player--controls"> <button onClick={play}>Play</button> <button onClick={pause}>Pause</button> <button onClick={next}>Next</button> <button onClick={prev}>Previous</button> </div> ); }
In the code block above, we created a
Player.js file, then caught the props coming from
App.js, and finally passed them into the buttons.
Creating the functionalities
To create the functionalities for our application, we import
useState to get the current index of the song. We then set the image to the current photo, the artist to the current artist, and the title to the current
// App.js import React, { useState } from 'react'; import Player from './Player'; import { AudioPlaylist } from 'ts-audio'; // Music import // Pictures import export default function App() { const [currentSong, setCurrentSong] = useState(0); const [isPlaying, setIsPlaying] = useState(false); // Songs Array const playlist =AudioPlaylist({ files: songs.map((song) => song.src), }); const handlePlay = () => { playlist.play(); setIsPlaying(true); }; const handlePause = () => { playlist.pause(); setIsPlaying(false); }; const handleSkip = () => { playlist.next(); setIsPlaying(true); setCurrentSong( (currentSong) => (currentSong + 1 + songs.length) % songs.length ); }; const handlePrevious = () => { playlist.prev(); setIsPlaying(true); setCurrentSong( (currentSong) => (currentSong - 1 + songs.length) % songs.length ); }; return ( <> <div className="App"> <div className="c-player"> <div className="c-player--details"> {' '} <div className="details-img"> {' '} <img src={songs[currentSong].img_src} </div> <h1 className="details-title">{songs[currentSong].title}</h1> <h2 className="details-artist">{songs[currentSong].artist}</h2> </div> <Player play={handlePlay} pause={handlePause} isPlaying={isPlaying} setIsPlaying={setIsPlaying} next={handleSkip} prev={handlePrevious} /> </div> </div> </> ); }
We created a state event and set it to zero. When we click the next button, we set the state to the sum of the remainder of the current state, one, and the song’s length, divided by the song’s length:
currentSong + 1 + songs.length) % songs.length
When we click the previous button, we set the state to the remainder of the current song, minus one, plus the song’s length divided by the song’s length:
currentSong - 1 + songs.length) % songs.length
We also created a state event that checks if the song is playing or not, and then we passed it as props to the
Player component. Finally, we handled the functionalities for changing the image, artists, and song title.
When we start the application, everything seems to work; the images change when clicking on the Next button. However, the songs playing don’t match the pictures and artist names displayed on the screen. Sometimes, two or more songs are playing simultaneously.
Problem solving: Mismatched song details
When we click on the next or previous buttons, we are recalculating values and effectively causing a re-render. To stop this, we wrap the song array and the created instance of the playlist in a
useMemo Hook, as seen below:
// App.js import React, { useState, useMemo } from 'react'; import Player from './Player'; import { AudioPlaylist } from 'ts-audio'; // Music import // Pictures import export default function App() { const [currentSong, setCurrentSong] = useState(0); const songs = useMemo( () => [ { = useMemo(() => { return AudioPlaylist({ files: songs.map((song) => song.src), }); }, [songs]);
The
useMemo Hook effectively caches the value so that it doesn’t need to be recalculated and therefore doesn’t cause a re-render.
Adding styling
We’ll use icons from Font Awesome Icons in this tutorial. You can install the Font Awesome package using the commands below:
yarn add @fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core yarn add @fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons yarn add @fortawesome/react-fontawesome
Copy and paste the code below into the
Player.js file:
// Player.js import { FontAwesomeIcon } from '@fortawesome/react-fontawesome'; import { faPlay, faPause, faForward, faBackward } from '@fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons'; export default function Player({ play, pause, next, prev, isPlaying, setIsPlaying }) { return ( <div className="c-player--controls"> <button className="skip-btn" onClick={prev}> <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faBackward} /> </button> <button className="play-btn" onClick={() => setIsPlaying(!isPlaying ? play : pause)} > <FontAwesomeIcon icon={isPlaying ? faPause : faPlay} /> </button> <button className="skip-btn" onClick={next}> <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faForward} /> </button> </div> ); }
In the code block above, we get the props from the
App.js file, then handle them inside the
Player.js file. For styling, copy and paste the code below into your
index.css file:
* { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif; } body { background-color: #ddd; } .App { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 100vh; max-width: 100vw; } .c-player { display: block; background-color: #0a54aa; max-width: 400px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 50px; border-radius: 16px; box-shadow: inset -6px -6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), inset 6px 6px 12px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); } .c-player > h4 { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 500; text-align: center; } .c-player > p { color: #aaa; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; font-weight: 600; } .c-player > p span { font-weight: 400; } .c-player--details .details-img { position: relative; width: fit-content; margin: 0 auto; } .c-player--details .details-img img { display: block; margin: 50px auto; width: 100%; max-width: 250px; border-radius: 50%; box-shadow: 6px 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), -6px -6px 12px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); } .c-player--details .details-img:after { content: ''; display: block; position: absolute; top: -25px; left: -25px; right: -25px; bottom: -25px; border-radius: 50%; border: 3px dashed rgb(255, 0, 0); } .c-player--details .details-title { color: #eee; font-size: 28px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), -2px -2px 4px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); text-align: center; margin-bottom: 10px; } .c-player--details .details-artist { color: #aaa; font-size: 20px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), -2px -2px 4px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; } .c-player--controls { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 30px; } .c-player--controls .play-btn { display: flex; margin: 0 30px; padding: 20px; border-radius: 50%; box-shadow: 4px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), -4px -4px 10px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4), inset -4px -4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), inset 4px 4px 10px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); border: none; outline: none; background-color: #ff0000; color: #fff; font-size: 24px; cursor: pointer; } .c-player--controls .skip-btn { background: none; border: none; outline: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(77, 148, 59); font-size: 18px; }
Conclusion
In this article, we’ve learned about ts-audio, an agnostic, easy-to-use library that works with the
AudioContext API. We learned about ts-audio’s methods and how it makes it easier to work with audio files. Finally, we learned how to build a working music player using ts-audio. “Build a Spotify clone with React and ts-audio”
Why did you use a library ts-audio that has 21 weekly downloads? Isn’t that a little risky? Or it’s just my paranoia and there’s nothing to be afraid of 😀
Oftentimes, we should use highly downloaded packages. It’s always risky using 21-weekly-download package.
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https://blog.logrocket.com/build-spotify-clone-react-ts-audio/
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Most of the programs need data to work. This data is provided to the program while running or built into the program since the beginning. JSON is one of the ways to store this data in an organized and easy-to-handle manner. On the other hand, a python dictionary is one of the data types that can store a sequence of elements simultaneously in a well-formatted manner, just like JSON.
Therefore, in this article, let us understand some of the common methods to convert python Dict to JSON after a brief introduction of JSON and dictionary in python.
What is JSON in Python?
JSON(Javascript Object Notation) is a standard format to transfer the data as a text that can be sent over a network. JSON is a syntax for exchanging and storing data over the network. It uses lots of APIs and databases that are easy for humans and machines to read and understand. Python has an inbuilt package named 'json', which you can use to work with JSON data. To use this feature, you have to import the JSON package in python programming.
Python JSON stores the data in the form of key-value pairs inside curly brackets({}), and hence, it is pretty similar to a python dictionary. But here, the JSON key is a string object with double quotation mark compulsorily. However, the value corresponding to the key could be of any data type, i.e., string, integer, nested JSON, or any other sequence data type similar to an array.
For Example
import json # some JSON: a = '{ "name":"Jack", "age":21, "city":"California"}' # parse x: b = json.loads(a) print(b["city"])
Output
California
Remember that the JSON exists as a string but not a string from the data context.
What is Dictionary in Python?
Dictionary is one of the data types in python used to store the sequence of data in a single variable. Python dictionary helps store the data values like a map that is not supported by any other data type which holds only a single value as an element. Dictionary is an unordered and changeable collection of data elements stored in the form of key:value pairs inside the curly brackets({}). Here the colon(:) represents the key associated with its respective value.
Dictionary values can be of any data type and allow duplicate values, whereas dictionary keys are unique and immutable.
For Example
sample_dict = { "vegetable": "carrot", "fruit": "orange", "chocolate": "kitkat" } print(sample_dict)
Output
{'vegetable': 'carrot', 'fruit': 'orange', 'chocolate': 'kitkat'}
Remember that dictionary keys are case sensitive; therefore, the same name but different cases of the key will be treated distinctly.
Difference Between Dictionary and JSON
Convert Dict to JSON in Python object. The below example displays the conversion of a python dictionary to a JSON object.
For Example
import json Fruit_Dict = { 'name': 'Apple', 'color': 'Red', 'quantity': 10, 'price': 60 } Fruit_Json = json.dumps(Fruit_Dict) print(Fruit_Json)
Output
{"name": "Apple", "color": "Red", "quantity": 10, "price": 60}
2) Converting nested dictionary to JSON
You can create a nested dictionary in the above example by declaring a new dictionary inside the default dictionary. To convert the nested dictionary into a json object, you can use the dumps function itself. Here, we have used indent=3, which refers to the space at the beginning of the code line:
For Example
import json dictionary = { 'fruit':{"Grapes": "10","color": "green"}, 'vegetable':{"chilli": "4","color": "red"}, } result = json.dumps(dictionary, indent = 3) print(result)
Output
{ "fruit": { "Grapes": "10", "color": "green" }, "vegetable": { "chilli": "4", "Grapes": "10", }, "vegetable": { "chilli": "4", "color": "pink" }
3) Convert dictionary to JSON quotes
You can declare a class and use it for the string representation to convert it into json object. Here, we have declared the class using the __str__(self) method, and the variable 'collect' is declared along with the variable 'result' to assign with the class and convert into the json object.
For Example
import json class fruits(dict): def __str__(self): return json.dumps(self) collect = [['apple','grapes']] result = fruits(collect) print(result)
Output
{"apple": "grapes"}
4) Convert dictionary to JSON array
You can declare an array to check the keys and values of the dictionary and convert it into json object. The for loop stores the value, and the dumps() method stores the dictionary. Check out the below example for a better understanding of the approach.
For Example
import json dictionary = {'Apple': 3, 'Grapes': 1} array = [ {'key' : i, 'value' : dictionary[i]} for i in dictionary] print(json.dumps(array))
Output
[{"key": "Apple", "value": 3}, {"key": "Grapes", "value": 1}]
5) Convert dictionary to JSON using sort_keys
Using this method, you can use the sort_keys attribute inside the dumps() method and set it to “true” to sort the dictionary and convert it into json object. If you set it to false, the dictionary won’t be sorted to find the json object in python.
For Example
import json dictionary ={"Name": "jack", "Branch": "IT", "CGPA": "8.6"} result = json.dumps(dictionary, indent = 3, sort_keys = True) print(result)
Output
{ "Branch": "IT", "CGPA": "8.6", "Name": "jack" }
Conclusion
As discussed above, JSON is a data format, and a dictionary in python is a data structure. If you wish to exchange data for different processes, you should use JSON format to serialize your python dictionary. Therefore, it is essential and recommended to learn all the above methods to convert python dictionaries to a json object and make your programming easy and efficient. To learn more about conversion in python, visit our article “3 Ways to Convert List to Tuple in Python”.
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https://favtutor.com/blogs/dict-to-json-python
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Python Hash Algorithms
July 11, 2002 | Fredrik Lundh
This note describes how Python calculates hash values for some internal data types.
Strings #
Strings (both 8-bit and Unicode) use the following hash function:
class string: def __hash__(self): if not self: return 0 # empty value = ord(self[0]) << 7 for char in self: value = c_mul(1000003, value) ^ ord(char) value = value ^ len(self) if value == -1: value = -2 return value
The hash value -1 is reserved (it’s used to flag errors in the C implementation). If the hash algorithm generates this value, we simply use -2 instead.
The c_mul function in this example is an ordinary C multiplication, using long (usually 32-bit) arguments. In C, the result simply wraps around when the result gets too large (only the low 32 bits are kept), which is exactly what we want in this case.
Getting the same behaviour from Python is a bit tricker; Python’s multiplication operator either gives an overflow error, or in later versions, happily returns a Python long large enough to hold the entire result. And given that we’re multiplying the hash with a million for each character, that’s a really really large number, for anything but the shortest strings.
Anyway, here’s a rather ugly Python implementation:
def c_mul(a, b): return eval(hex((long(a) * b) & 0xFFFFFFFFL)[:-1])
Note that you cannot use int instead of eval here; the latter converts 0xFFFFFFFF to -1, the former throws an exception in that case.
(I’m sure there’s some better way to simular a C multiplication in Python, but I’ll leave that for another day.)
Integers #
For ordinary integers, the hash value is simply the integer itself (unless it’s -1).
class int: def __hash__(self): value = self if value == -1: value == -2 return value
For long Python integers, things are a little tricker. For now, let’s just say that the hash algorithm is designed to make sure that an ordinary integer and a long integer with the same value will hash to the same value.
(alright, calculating the hash value for a positive long integer isn’t that hard: take the integer, add the low 15 bits to the hash, shift it 15 bits to the right, and keep doing that until you run out of bits. Dealing with negative numbers, or really large positive integers is a bit tricker, unless you’re implementing the algorithm in C).
Tuples #
The tuple hash function is similar to that used for strings, but instead of character values, it’s using hash values for the individual members.
class tuple: def __hash__(self): value = 0x345678 for item in self: value = c_mul(1000003, value) ^ hash(item) value = value ^ len(self) if value == -1: value = -2 return value
(In Python 2.4 and later, the algorithm is slightly different.)
Instead of “seeding” the hash with the first item, this function use a fixed seed (and from the look of it, a lot of research went into finding the right value ;-).
Another, less obvious difference is that this hash function may fail, if the tuple contains something that doesn’t have a hash value (like a list or dictionary). In that case, the hash(item) call will raise a TypeError exception.
Comment:
Floats? Booleans? What else?
Posted by Fredrik (2006-10-26)
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http://www.effbot.org/zone/python-hash.htm
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It’s just data
Wow. Thanks a lot, Sam. I looked at the slides a few times and now have a few questions/comments.
1.) It seems my familiarity with XSD prevents me from seeing things from a fresh perspective but I was wondering what about the presentation made you state that validation is less deterministic than you thought?
2.) One of his slides seems to mix current and potential future namespaces for XSD. I can't tell this was an example of potential usage of XSD [Aaaarrghh, canOfWorms.open()] or some example about how namespaces work. I really hope it's the latter.
3.) Did anyone really believe that inheritance in XSD models inheritance in programming environments? I assume he glossed over this since it was a bullet point among many others and if no language lawyers were in the audience he may have gotten away with saying that.
PS: It's interesting that the opinions are simultaneously not those of IBM and (c) IBM Corporation. :)
1) deterministic was probably an inappropriate word. I was not previously aware of all the facilities provided which allow for redefinition. Come to think about it, this point was made by Don not Noah.
2) Noah was not advocating its usage in this manner, merely explaining what presumably is a FAQ: why location is optional.
3) Not much time was spent on inheritance.
I'm off to the airport...not much time. So. quick answers to Dare:
1) I did not discuss determinism...I think that was indeed Don Box. We ran out of time, but the point on inheritance was to show that inheritance of data (XML) is different in some ways than inheritance of methods. Restriction vs. extension is in some respects an attempt to provide a useful framework for data inheritance
2) Potential namespaces: nothing is planned. This was to illustrate that namespaces in an XSD document have many potential uses, and that <import> exists primarily to disambiguate the ones there for use in the document (including in appinfo, for example) from those that extend the vocabulary being defined. Without import, your processor wouldn't know the namespaces comprosing the vocab. being defined until it started to encounter constructs like ref=, well into the file.
3) Some folks seem to believe that the refinement mechanisms are indeed sometimes useful to map the data inheritance in some programming systems. My point in the talk is that it's at best 80/20, probably not that. Interestingly, Don seemed to make the case that it works quite well for .Net, but I assume you and he know that better than I. My point is that each language system is a bit different, and schema is not exactly any of them, but still sometimes useful for the purpose.
Re: intellectual property. No conflict. I wrote this talk to reflect my personal opinions, which in most cases probably line up with IBM's, but not necessarily always. Regarding the copyright, that's just a statement of fact. Work I do on their time and at least the majority of technical work I do in the computer field is owned by them. If you want permission to publish the slides, it would be nice if you ask me, but legally the ultimate decision lies with them I expect. The only reason for mentioning the copyright at all is that it's probably approriate for someone to check before taking the material and publishing it in a book, for example. So in short: they own it, but they don't have to agree with it :-).
Finally: if you want to persue this, please move it to schema dev. I'm unlikely to follow the thread here on a regular basis. Thanks.
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http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/906.html
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CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM Error using PropWare and Visual Studio Code
Having trouble setting up PropWare with Visual Studio Code on a Windows 10 system(s)
The background is that a young sharp co-op student has been successfully producing propeller C/C++ code using Visual Studio Code for file generation and Propware from the command line to compile and download. We have been trying to get the same setup on my computer(s) following the guide on David Zemon's site using the information on the Getting Started page and the Download page (MS Windows section) but are unsuccessful in running cmake.
The PropWare is on the C drive (C:\PropWare) as is the PropGCC (C:\parallax). Attempted with SimpleIDE installed (C:\Program Files (x86)\SimpleIDE) and not installed.
The extensions (think should not influence command line operations?) installed in Visual Studio Code are:
Name: C/C++ Id: ms-vscode.cpptools Description: C/C++ IntelliSense, debugging, and code browsing. Version: 1.3.1 Publisher: Microsoft VS Marketplace Link: Name: CMake Id: twxs.cmake Description: CMake langage support for Visual Studio Code Version: 0.0.17 Publisher: twxs VS Marketplace Link: Name: CMake Tools Id: ms-vscode.cmake-tools Description: Extended CMake support in Visual Studio Code Version: 1.7.1 Publisher: Microsoft VS Marketplace Link:
The banner at the bottom of Visual Studio Code shows "No Kit Selected"
The CMakeLists.txt file is as follows:
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12) set(PROPWARE_PATH C:/PropWare/share/PropWare) find_package(PropWare REQUIRED) project(GettingStarted) create_simple_executable(${PROJECT_NAME} GettingStarted.cpp)
and the GettingStarted.cpp file is
#include <PropWare/hmi/output/printer.h> int main () { pwOut << "Hello, world!"; return 0; }
There are two error messages associated with the GettingStarted.cpp file:
#include errors detected. Please update your includePath. Squiggles are disabled for this translation unit (C:\PropellerProjects\GettingStarted\GettingStarted.cpp). cannot open source file "PropWare/hmi/output/printer.h"
but unsure if they relate to the cmake problem.
Upon running cmake the error message (with an empty Bin directory) is as follows
PS C:\PropellerProjects\GettingStarted\bin> cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" .. -- Found PropWare: C:/PropWare/share/cmake-3.13/Modules/PropellerToolchain.cmake (found version "3.0.0.228") CMake Error: CMake was unable to find a build program corresponding to "Unix Makefiles". CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM is not set. You probably need to select a different build tool. -- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred! See also "C:/PropellerProjects/GettingStarted/bin/CMakeFiles/CMakeOutput.log".
The CMake files in the bin directory are attached.
With the caveat that i am essentially ignorant of all matters IDE and compiling, a few items in CMakeCache stood out:
//Path to a program. CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM:FILEPATH=CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM-NOTFOUND //The CMake toolchain file CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE:FILEPATH=C:/PropWare/share/cmake-3.13/Modules/PropellerToolchain.cmake CMAKE_EXTRA_GENERATOR:INTERNAL= //Name of generator. CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=Unix Makefiles //Generator instance identifier. CMAKE_GENERATOR_INSTANCE:INTERNAL= //Name of generator platform. CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM:INTERNAL= //Name of generator toolset. CMAKE_GENERATOR_TOOLSET:INTERNAL=
In looking around for hints on CMake_Make_Program program errors, common problems appear to be absence of a compiler or undefined tool path neither of which seem to be the problem and absence of or undefined path for nmake.exe.. At some point in our trouble shooting i seem to recall an nmake.exe error but it has not recurred.
Unsure if there should be a value assigned after the ...:INTERNAL= statements or not.
Any advice or troubleshooting tips would be much appreciated.
Bruce Guest
Respectfully, @DavidZemon
Hi @bruceg! Great to hear someone still finds PropWare useful.
The CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM variable defines the path to the middleman build system. You invoke CMake -> CMake generates Makefiles -> you invoke Make -> make invokes compiler/propeller-load/etc. There are multiple flavors of Make out there, so CMake needs to know what flavor you want to use so that it knows exactly how to generate the Makefiles.
It appears that the PropWare documentation still says that GNU Make is included with the Windows distributable... that's not true anymore. Hasn't been for a while. Sorry for the confusion. You'll need to pick a Make flavor yourself and get it installed and working. This has, for a long time, been the part that has given me the most trouble on Windows, and is no small part of why I gave up on actively maintaining PropWare (Windows users are the majority of users -> I don't like Windows -> Windows instructions are not as well tested -> majority of users find PropWare difficult to use -> I loose interest).
You can try this installable - I've had luck with it in the past. But I've also seen that one fail to work. No idea if it will work for you today or not. You could also try Ninja:. I remember doing some tests with it many years ago, and it worked fine, but it does prevent the "debug" target from doing any good, so just be aware of that (Ninja tries to make your life "easier" by hiding unnecessary compiler output, and the way PropWare is designed, Ninja doesn't know the difference between compiler output and propeller-load's/your program's output, so it all gets hidden). You could also try NMake - that's Microsoft's Make flavor. It comes bundled with full Visual Studio installations (not VSCode).
There's a version of GNU Make included in the MinGW package. That's a complicated mess I haven't poked at in a long while, but it might work.
And there's Cygwin. That should theoretically work quite nicely, since you just install Cygwin and then it has a package manager with the real version of GNU Make that you can install. I think I tested this some 7 or 8 years ago, but I don't remember at all whether or not it worked and if it did what (if any) issues I had to overcome. I would think it would work very well and very seamlessly, and that the only reason I don't recommend it in PropWare's documentation is because it runs contrary to my goal of making it as easy as Arduino (I don't like the idea that you should need to install Propware AND a compiler AND Cygwin AND Make).
If you can integrate VSCode with WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux), that is by far the easiest way to get compilation working. You just follow all of the Linux instructions and it works wonderfully. The only trick might be getting the serial port to work through the WSL layer so you can actually program the board.... I haven't tried it in years, and certainly not since WSL2 became a thing.
Once you do have a flavor of Make installed, you'll need to make sure you pass the right string to CMake's -G flag. The "Command-Line Build Tool Generators" section of this CMake docs page has the list of options available:
Let me know how it goes. I'd be happy to help some more and maybe we can find a proper solution to PropWare + Make on Windows.
Cheers,
David
@DavidZemon
Thank you very much for your quick response, was just looking at the CMake-generator page pondering the depths of my ignorance when your post came through, so your explanation tied everything together perfectly. Went with GNU Make direct via the Make for Windows page and "Setup program" package route. Other then having to manually put make on the Windows path it was straight forward. Will also give Cygwin a whirl on another machine and see how that goes and report back.
Thank you for PropWare and thanks again for your help (i appreciate your lack of enthusiasm for Windows, will get to Linux one day...),
Bruce
Excellent! Glad you got it working. If you run into any issues, feel free to let me know either here in the forums or in the issue tracker. Or if any of the open issues are directly affecting you, let me know and I can probably get it closed out.
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https://forums.parallax.com/discussion/173335/cmake-make-program-error-using-propware-and-visual-studio-code
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I am very new to programming so can someone please help with this problem.
I have managed to read a sentence into an array and changed all the characters to upper case now I have to move each character 3 places in the alphabet, so some kind of wrap around will be necessary. If you programme for a living don't worry about me stealing your job!!
Here is my code so far:
//Create an array.
//invite the user to key in a sentence.
//put the sentence into the array.
//Then using seperate functions....
//convert all the characters to upper case.
// encrypt the message by moving each character 3 places in the //alphabet.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void main( int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[] )
{
char sentence[100];
printf ("Please enter a sentence and press enter:\n\n");
gets(sentence);
printf ("\nThe sentence you keyed in was:\n\n%s\n\n",sentence);
char *p;
for( p = sentence; p < sentence + strlen( sentence ); p++ )
{
if( islower( *p ) )
_putch( _toupper( *p ) );
else
_putch( *p );
}
}
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http://cboard.cprogramming.com/c-programming/6362-simple-encryption-using-array.html
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ftw.h - file tree traversal
#include <ftw.h>
The <ftw.h> header defines the FTW structure that includes at least the following members:
int base int level
The <ftw.h> header defines non-existent file.
The <ftw.h> header defines macros for use as values of the fourth argument to nftw():
- FTW_PHYS
- Physical walk, does not follow symbolic links. Otherwise, nftw() will follow links but will not walk down any path that crosses itself.
- FTW_MOUNT
- The walk will not cross a mount point.
- FTW_DEPTH
- All subdirectories will be visited before the directory itself.
- FTW_CHDIR
- The walk will change to each directory before reading it.
The following are declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes must be provided for use with an ISO C compiler.
int ftw(const char *, int (*)(const char *, const struct stat *, int), int); int nftw(const char *, int (*) (const char *, const struct stat *, int, struct FTW*), int, int);
The <ftw.h> header defines the stat structure and the symbolic names for st_mode and the file type test macros as described in <sys/stat.h>.
Inclusion of the <ftw.h> header may also make visible all symbols from <sys/stat.h>.
None.
None.
ftw(), nftw(), <sys/stat.h>.
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http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xsh/ftw.h.html
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Created on 2016-11-08 04:07 by methane, last changed 2017-09-10 17:25 by rhettinger. This issue is now closed.
I surprised how functools make import time slower.
And I find namedtuple makes it slower.
When I replaced
_CacheInfo = namedtuple("CacheInfo", ["hits", "misses", "maxsize", "currsize"])
this line with `_CachedInfo._source`:
(before)
$ ~/local/py37/bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s 'import importlib, functools' -- 'importlib.reload(functools)'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 1.21 ms +- 0.01 ms
(replaced)
$ ~/local/py37/bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s 'import importlib, functools' -- 'importlib.reload(functools)'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 615 us +- 12 us
I feel this patch is safe enough to be landed in 3.6.
I doubt this deserves a change. The slow import is the case only the first time functools is imported. Later imports will just use the cache (sys.modules). And if this is gonna change, maybe we don't have to copy the entire namedtuple structure?
> The slow import is the case only the first time functools is imported. Later imports will just use the cache (sys.modules).
Yes. But first import time is also important for CLI applications.
That's why mercurial and Bazaar has lazy import system.
Since many stdlib uses functools, many applications may be suffered from
slow functools import even if we remove it from site.py.
> maybe we don't have to copy the entire namedtuple structure?
The doc says it's a namedtuple. So it should be namedtuple compatible.
> Yes. But first import time is also important for CLI applications.
That's why mercurial and Bazaar has lazy import system.
The lazy import system could benefit many libs so the result could be impressive. But here only functools is enhanced, half a millisecond is reduced.
Performance of course is important, but replicating code sounds not good. It means you have to maintain two pieces.
> The lazy import system could benefit many libs so the result could be impressive. But here only functools is enhanced, half a millisecond is reduced.
On the other hand, implementing lazy import makes application complex.
This patch only enhance functools, but it is very important one module.
Even if we remove functools from site.py, most applications relies on it,
especially for functools.wraps().
This patch can optimize startup time of them.
Half milliseconds is small, but it isn't negligible on some situation.
Some people loves tools quickly starts. For example, there are many
people maintain their vimrc to keep <50~100ms startup time.
And Python is common language to implement vim plugins.
Additionally, it make noise when profiling startup time.
I've very confused when I saw PyParse_AddToken() in profile.
Less noise make it easy to optimize startup time.
> Performance of course is important, but replicating code sounds not good. It means you have to maintain two pieces.
Yes. Balance is important.
I want to hear more opinions from more other devs.
What is the main culprit, importing the collections module or compiling a named tuple?
Using namedtuple is not new in 3.6, thus this is not a regression that can be fixed at beta stage.
Inlining the source of a named tuple class looks ugly solution. It would be better to write the source in separate file and import it. Makefile can have a rule for recreating this source file if collections.py is changed.
More general solution would be to make namedtuple() using cached precompiled class and update the cache if it doesn't match namedtuple arguments.
Yet one solution is to make namedtuple() not using compiling, but return patched local class. But Raymond is against this.
> What is the main culprit, importing the collections module or compiling a named tuple?
In this time, later.
But collections module takes 1+ ms to import too.
I'll try to optimize it.
> Using namedtuple is not new in 3.6, thus this is not a regression that can be fixed at beta stage.
Make sense.
> More general solution would be to make namedtuple() using cached precompiled class and update the cache if it doesn't match namedtuple arguments.
What "precompiled class" means? pyc file? or source string to be
executed?
> Yet one solution is to make namedtuple() not using compiling, but return patched local class. But Raymond is against this.
I'll search the discussion.
I think anther solution is reimplement namedtuple by C.
As far as I remember, attrs [1] does it.
[1]
Here is a sample patch that make namedtuple() not using dynamic compilation. It has rough the same performance effect as inlining the named tuple source, but affects all named tuples.
(tip)
$ ~/local/py37/bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s 'import importlib, functools' -- 'importlib.reload(functools)'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 1.21 ms +- 0.01 ms
(namedtuple-no-compile.patch)
$ ~/local/py37/bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s 'import importlib, functools' -- 'importlib.reload(functools)'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 677 us +- 8 us
Nice!
One of problems with this patch is that it make instantiating a namedtuple much slower (due to parsing arguments by Python code). This can be solved by using eval() for creating only the __new__ method (see commented out line "result.__new__ = eval(...)"). This increases the time of creating named tuple class, but it still is faster than with current code.
This.
> half a millisecond is reduced.
I would like to caution against any significant changes to save microscopic amounts of time. Twisting the code into knots for minor time savings is rarely worth it and it not what Python is all about.
> Half milliseconds is small, but it isn't negligible on some situation.
I would say that it is almost always negligible and reflects a need for a better sense of proportion and perspective.
Also, in the past we've found that efforts to speed start-up time were measurable only in trivial cases. Tools like mercurial end-up importing and using a substantial chunk of the standard library anyway, so those tools got zero benefit from the contortions we did to move _collections_abc.py from underneath the collections module.
In the case of functools, if the was a real need (and I don't believe there is), I would be willing to accept INADA's original patch replacing the namedtuple call with its source.
That said, I don't think half millisecond is worth the increase in code volume and the double maintenance problem keeping it in-sync with any future changes to namedtuple. In my opinion, accumulating technical debt in this fashion is a poor software design practice.
I'll echo Raymond's concerns here, as we simply don't have the collective maintenance capacity to sustain a plethora of special case micro-optimisations aimed at avoiding importing common standard library modules.
I will note however, that there has been relatively little work done on optimising CPython's code generator, as the use of pyc files and the fact namedtuples are typically only defined at start-up already keeps it out of the critical path in most applications.
While work invested there would technically still be a micro-optimisation at the language level, it would benefit more cases than just avoiding the use of namedtuple in functools would.
Alternatively, rather than manually duplicating the namedtuple code and having to keep it in sync by hand, you could investigate the work Larry Hastings has already done for Argument Clinic in Python's C files:
Argument Clinic already includes the machinery necessary to assist with automated maintenance of generated code (at least in C), and hence could potentially be adapted to the task of "named tuple inlining". If Victor's AST transformation pipeline and function guard proposals in PEP's 511 and 510 are accepted at some point in the future, then such inlining could potentially even be performed implicitly some day.
Caring about start-up performance is certainly a good thing, but when considering potential ways to improve the situation, structural enhancements to the underlying systems are preferable to ad hoc special cases that complicate future development efforts.
Thanks Nick. I'm going to mark this as closed, as the proposal to microscopic to warrant incurring technical debt.
If someone comes forward with more fully formed idea for code generation or overall structural enchancement, that can be put in another tracker item.
> If someone comes forward with more fully formed idea for code generation or overall structural enchancement, that can be put in another tracker item.
I noticed argument clinic supports Python [1]. So there is one way to code generation already.
Attached patch uses Argument Clinic and Makefile to generate source.
[1]:
Updated patch: fixed small issue in argument clinic, and added
comment why we use code generation.
Ah, I had forgotten that Larry had already included Python support in Argument Clinic.
With the inline code auto-generated from the pure Python implementation, that addresses the main maintenance concerns I had. I did briefly wonder about the difficulties of bootstrapping Argument Clinic (since it uses functools), but that's already accounted for in the comment-based design of Argument Clinic itself (i.e. since the generated code is checked in, the previous iteration can be used to generate the updated one when the namedtuple template changes).
Raymond, how does this variant look to you?
(reopen the issue to discuss about using Argument Clinic)
Argument Clinic is not needed, since we can use Makefile.
The concern with using the "generate a private module that can be cached" approach is that it doesn't generalise well - any time you want to micro-optimise a new module that way, you have to add a custom Makefile rule.
By contrast, Argument Clinic is a general purpose tool - adopting it for micro-optimisation in another file would just be a matter of adding that file to the list of files that trigger a clinic run. functools.py would be somewhat notable as the first Python file we do that for, but it isn't a novel concept overall.
That leads into my main comment on the AC patch: the files that are explicitly listed as triggering a new clinic run should be factored out into a named variable and that list commented accordingly.
> That leads into my main comment on the AC patch: the files that are explicitly listed as triggering a new clinic run should be factored out into a named variable and that list commented accordingly.
done.
Argument Clinic is used just for running the generating code and inlining the result. This is the simplest part of Argument Clinic and using it looks an overhead. Argument Clinic has other disadvantages:
* In any case you need a rule in Makefile, otherwise the generated code can became outdated.
* Generated code depends not just on the generator code, but on the code of the collections module.
* Even tiny change in the generating code, namedtuple implementation or Argument Clinic code could need regenerating generated code with different checksums.
My second idea, more general solution, was making namedtuple itself using external caching. This would add a benefit for all users of namedtuple without changing a user code or with minimal changes.
namedtuple itself can save a bytecode and a source in files (like Java creates additional .class files for internal classes) and use a bytecode if it is not outdated. Generalized import machinery could be used for supporting generated code in a sync.
I think external cache system introduces more complexity and startup overhead than AC.
I think functools is the only "very common" module using namedtuple, because
`functools.wraps()` is used to create decorator functions.
But if general solution for all namedtuple is necessary to make agreement,
I think C implemented namedtuple may be better.
structseq is faster than namedtuple, not only when building type, but also
using instance.
$ ./python -m perf timeit -s 'import sys; vi = sys.version_info' -- 'vi.major, vi.minor, vi.micro'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 130 ns +- 2 ns
$ ./python -m perf timeit -s 'from collections import namedtuple; VersionInfo=namedtuple("VersionInfo", "major minor micro releaselevel serial"); vi=VersionInfo(3, 7, 0, "alpha", 0)' -- 'vi.major, vi.minor, vi.micro'
.....................
Median +- std dev: 212 ns +- 4 ns
Sorry INADA but I think this is all a foolish and inconsequential optimization that complicates the code in a way that isn't worth it (saving only a 1/2 millisecond in a single import. Also, we don't want the argument clinic code to start invading the pure python code which is used by other Python implementations.
I'm also concerned that the slowness of namedtuple creation is causing people to avoid using it. I can see why we wouldn't want a complicated solution like using Argument Clinic, but it's not clear to me why Serhiy's approach in namedtuple-no-compile.patch was rejected. This approach could provide a speedup for all namedtuple instantiations without complicating the implementation. I wrote a similar implementation in and found that it speeds up namedtuple creation, uses less code, and creates only one necessary backwards compatibility break (we no longer have _source).
I like your idea. Would you make pull request?
> creates only one necessary backwards compatibility break
> (we no longer have _source).
IMO, this is an essential feature. It allows people to easily build their own variants, to divorce the generated code from the generator, and to fully understand what named tuples do (that is in part why we get so few questions about how they work).
You all seem to be in rush to redesign code that has been stable and well served the needs of users for a very long time. This all seems to be driven by a relentless desire for micro-optimizations regardless of actual need.
BTW, none of the new contributors seem to be aware of named tuple's history. It was an amalgamation of many separate implementations that had sprung up in the wild (it was being reinvented many times). It was posted as ASPN recipe and went through a long period of maturation that incorporated the suggestions of over a dozen engineers based on use in the field. It went through further refinement when examined and discussed on the pythoh-dev incorporating reviews from Guido, Alex, and Tim. Since that time, the tools has been broadly deployed and met the needs of enormous numbers of users. Its use is considered a best practice. The code and API have maintained and improved an intentionally slow and careful pace.
I really, really do not want to significantly revised the stable code and undermine the premise of its implementation so that you can save a few micro-seconds in the load of some module. That is contrary to our optimization philosophy for CPython.
As is, the code is very understandable, easy to maintain, easy to understand, easy to create variants, easy to verify that it is bug free. It works great for CPython, IronPython, PyPy, and Jython without modification.
I agree with Raymond here - the standard library's startup benchmarks are *NOT* normal code execution paths, since normal code execution is dominated by the actual operation being performed, and hence startup micro-optimizations vanish into the noise.
Accordingly, we should *not* be redesigning existing standard interfaces simply for the sake of allowing them to be used during startup without significantly slowing down the interpreter startup benchmark.
By contrast, it *is* entirely OK to introduce specialised types specifically for internal use (including during startup), and only making them available at the Python level through the types module (e.g. types.MappingProxyType, types.SimpleNamespace).
At the moment, the internal PyStructSequence type used to define sys.flags, sys.version_info, etc *isn't* exposed that way, so efforts to allow the use of namedtuple-style interfaces in modules that don't want to use namedtuple itself would likely be better directed towards making that established type available and usable through the types module, rather than towards altering namedtuple.
That approach would have the potential to solve both the interpreter startup optimisation problem (as the "types" module mainly just exposes thing defined by the interpreter implementation, not new Python level classes), *and* provide an alternate option for folks that have pre-emptively decided that namedtuple is going to be "too slow" for their purposes without actually measuring the relative performance in the context of their application.
I disagree with the rejection of this request. The idea that "_source is an essential feature" should be backed by usage statistics instead of being hand-waved as rejection cause.
Folks, you're talking about removing a *public*, *documented* API from the standard library. The onus would thus be on you to prove *lack* of use, *and* provide adequate justification for the compatibility break, not on anyone else to prove that it's "sufficiently popular" to qualify for the standard backwards compatibility guarantees. Those guarantees apply by default and are only broken for compelling reasons - that's why we call them guarantees
Don't be fooled by the leading underscore - that's an artifact of how namedtuple avoids colliding with arbitrary field names, not an indicator that this is a private API:
"It would be faster" isn't adequate justification, since speed increases only matter in code that has been identified as a bottleneck, and startup time in general (let alone namedtuple definitions in particular) is rarely the bottleneck.
So please, just stop, and find a more productive way of expending your energy (such as by making PyStructSequence available via the "types" module, since that also allows for C level micro-optimizations when *used*, not just at definition time).
Nick, can you stop closing an issue where the discussion hasn't been settled? This isn't civil.
There.
So unless and until he gets overruled by Guido, Raymond's decision to reject the proposed change stands.
Just because I disagree with you doesn't mean I'm pestering anyone. Can you stop being so obnoxious?
Check the issue history - the issue has been rejected by Raymond, and then reopened for further debate by other core developers multiple times.
That's not a reasonable approach to requesting reconsideration of a module/API maintainers design decision.
I acknowledge that those earlier reopenings weren't by you, but the issue should still remain closed until *Raymond* agrees to reconsider it (and given the alternative option of instead making the lower overhead PyStructSequence visible at the Python level, I'd be surprised if he does).
Sorry, I don't have much data at this point, but it's not the first time that I noticed that namedtuple is super slow. We have much more efficient code like structseq in C. Why not reusing it at least in our stdlib modules?
About the _source attribute, honestly, I'm not aware of anyone using it. I don't think that the fact that a *private* attribute is document should prevent it to make Python faster.
I already noticed the _source attribute when I studied the Python memory usage. See my old isuse #19640: "Drop _source attribute of namedtuple (waste memory)", I later changed the title to "Dynamically generate the _source attribute of namedtuple to save memory)".
About "Python startup time doesn't matter", this is just plain wrong. Multiple core developers spent a lot of time on optimizing exactly that. Tell me if you really need a long rationale to work on that.
While I'm not sure about Naoki's exact optimization, I agree about the issue title: "Optimize namedtuple creation", and I like the idea of keeping the issue open to find a solution.
Yes, I'm saying you need a really long justification to explain why you want to break backwards compatibility solely for a speed increase.
For namedtuple instances, the leading underscore does *NOT* indicate a private attribute - it's just there to avoid colliding with field names.
Speed isn't everything, and it certainly isn't adequate justification for breaking public APIs that have been around for years.
Now, you can either escalate that argument to python-dev, and try to convince Guido to overrule Raymond on this point, *or* you can look at working out a Python level API to dynamically define PyStructSequence subclasses. That won't be entirely straightforward (as my recollection is that structseq is designed to build on static C structs), but if you're successful, it will give you something that should be faster than namedtuple in every way, not just at definition time.
Benchmark comparing collections.namedtuple to structseq, to get an attribute:
* Getting an attribute by name (obj.attr):
Mean +- std dev: [name_structseq] 24.1 ns +- 0.5 ns -> [name_namedtuple] 45.7 ns +- 1.9 ns: 1.90x slower (+90%)
* Getting an attribute by its integer index (obj[0]):
(not significant)
So structseq is 1.9x faster than namedtuple to get an attribute by name.
haypo@speed-python$ ./bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s "from collections import namedtuple; Point=namedtuple('Point', 'x y'); p=Point(1,2)" "p.x" --duplicate=1024 -o name_namedtuple.json
Mean +- std dev: 45.7 ns +- 1.9 ns
haypo@speed-python$ ./bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s "from collections import namedtuple; Point=namedtuple('Point', 'x y'); p=Point(1,2)" "p[0]" --duplicate=1024 -o int_namedtuple.json
Mean +- std dev: 17.6 ns +- 0.0 ns
haypo@speed-python$ ./bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s "from sys import flags" "flags.debug" --duplicate=1024 -o name_structseq.json
Mean +- std dev: 24.1 ns +- 0.5 ns
haypo@speed-python$ ./bin/python3 -m perf timeit -s "from sys import flags" "flags[0]" --duplicate=1024 -o int_structseq.json
Mean +- std dev: 17.6 ns +- 0.2 ns
---
Getting an attribute by its integer index is as fast as tuple:
haypo@speed-python$ ./bin/python3 -m perf timeit --inherit=PYTHONPATH -s "p=(1,2)" "p[0]" --duplicate=1024 -o int_tuple.json
.....................
Mean +- std dev: 17.6 ns +- 0.0 ns
> So structseq is 1.9x faster than namedtuple to get an attribute by name.
Oops, I wrote it backward: So namedtuple is 1.9x slower than structseq to get an attribute by name.
(1.9x slower doesn't mean 1.9x faster, sorry.)
> Speed isn't everything, and it certainly isn't adequate justification for breaking public APIs that have been around for years.
What about the memory usage?
> See my old issue #19640 (...)
msg203271:
"""
I found this issue while using my tracemalloc module to analyze the memory consumption of Python. On the Python test suite, the _source attribute is the 5th line allocating the most memory:
/usr/lib/python3.4/collections/__init__.py: 676.2 kB
"""
I respect Raymond's rejection. But I want to write down why I like Jelle's approach.
Currently, functools is the only module which is very popular.
But leaving this means every new namedtuple makes startup time about 0.6ms slower.
This is also problem for applications heavily depending on namedtuple.
Creating namedtuple is more than 15 times slower than normal class. It's not predictable or reasonable overhead.
It's not once I profiled application startup time and found namedtuple
account non-negligible percentage.
It's possible to keep `_source` with Jelle's approach. `_source` can be equivalent source rather than exact source eval()ed.
I admit it's not ideal. But all namedtuple user
and all Python implementation can benefit from it.
It's possible to expose StructSeq somewhere. It can make it faster to
import `functools`.
But it's ugly too that applications and libraries tries it first
and falls back to namedtuple.
And when it is used widely, other Python implementations will be forced
to implement it.
That's why I'm willing collections.namedtuple overhead is reasonable and predictable.
> It's possible to expose StructSeq somewhere.
Hum, when I mentioned structseq: my idea was more to reimplement
namedtuple using the existing structseq code, since structseq is well
tested and very fast.
On python-dev Raymond agreed to reopen the issue and consider Jelle's implementation ().
Re-opening per discussion on python-dev.
Goals:
* Extend Jelle's patch to incorporate lazy support for "_source" and "verbose" so that the API is unchanged from the user's point of view.
* Make sure the current test suite still passes and that the current docs remain valid.
* Get better measurements of benefits so we know what is actually being achieved.
* Test to see if there are new positive benefits for PyPy and Jython as well.
Should we consider a C-based implementation like? It could improve speed even more, but would be harder to maintain and test and harder to keep compatible. My sense is that it's not worth it unless benchmarks show a really dramatic difference.
As for Raymond's list of goals, my PR now preserves _source and verbose=True and the test suite passes. I think the only docs change needed is in the description for _source (), which is no longer "used to create the named tuple class". I'll add that to my PR. I haven't done anything towards the last two goals yet.
Should the change be applied to 3.6? It is fully backwards compatible, but perhaps the change is too disruptive to be included in the 3.6 series at this point.
Thanks).
Why not just do the following:
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
>>> Point._source
"from collections import namedtuple\nPoint = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])\n"
>>>
The docs make it seems as if the primary use case of the _source attribute is
to serialize the definition. Returning a source which produces a class with
different performance/memory characteristics goes against that.
> Should we consider a C-based implementation like?
> It could improve speed even more, but would be harder to maintain and
> test and harder to keep compatible. My sense is that it's not worth
> it unless benchmarks show a really dramatic difference.
I've just filed a ticket for this:
I added a benchmark suite (using Victor's perf utility) to cnamedtuple. The results are here:
To summarize: type creation is much faster; instance creation and named attribute access are a bit faster.
I benchmarked some common namedtuple operations with the following script:
#!/bin/bash
echo 'namedtuple creation'
./python -m timeit -s 'from collections import namedtuple' 'x = namedtuple("x", ["a", "b", "c"])'
echo 'namedtuple instantiation'
./python -m timeit -s 'from collections import namedtuple; x = namedtuple("x", ["a", "b", "c"])' 'x(1, 2, 3)'
echo 'namedtuple attribute access'
./python -m timeit -s 'from collections import namedtuple; x = namedtuple("x", ["a", "b", "c"]); i = x(1, 2, 3)' 'i.a'
echo 'namedtuple _make'
./python -m timeit -s 'from collections import namedtuple; x = namedtuple("x", ["a", "b", "c"])' 'x._make((1, 2, 3))'
--------------------------------------
With my patch as it stands now I get:
$ ./ntbenchmark.sh
namedtuple creation
2000 loops, best of 5: 101 usec per loop
namedtuple instantiation
500000 loops, best of 5: 477 nsec per loop
namedtuple attribute access
5000000 loops, best of 5: 59.9 nsec per loop
namedtuple _make
500000 loops, best of 5: 430 nsec per loop
--------------------------------------
With unpatched CPython master I get:
$ ./ntbenchmark.sh
namedtuple creation
500 loops, best of 5: 409 usec per loop
namedtuple instantiation
500000 loops, best of 5: 476 nsec per loop
namedtuple attribute access
5000000 loops, best of 5: 60 nsec per loop
namedtuple _make
1000000 loops, best of 5: 389 nsec per loop
So creating a class is about 4x faster (similar to the benchmarks various other people have run) and calling _make() is 10% slower. That's probably because of the line "if len(result) != cls._num_fields:" in my implementation, which would have been something like "if len(result) != 3" in the exec-based implementation.
I also cProfiled class creation with my patch. These are results for creating 10000 3-element namedtuple classes:
390005 function calls in 2.793 seconds
Ordered by: cumulative time
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
10000 0.053 0.000 2.826 0.000 <ipython-input-5-c37fa4922f0a>:1(make_nt)
10000 1.099 0.000 2.773 0.000 /home/jelle/qython/cpython/Lib/collections/__init__.py:380(namedtuple)
10000 0.948 0.000 0.981 0.000 {built-in method builtins.exec}
100000 0.316 0.000 0.316 0.000 {method 'format' of 'str' objects}
10000 0.069 0.000 0.220 0.000 {method 'join' of 'str' objects}
40000 0.071 0.000 0.152 0.000 /home/jelle/qython/cpython/Lib/collections/__init__.py:439(<genexpr>)
10000 0.044 0.000 0.044 0.000 {built-in method builtins.repr}
30000 0.033 0.000 0.033 0.000 {method 'startswith' of 'str' objects}
40000 0.031 0.000 0.031 0.000 {method 'isidentifier' of 'str' objects}
40000 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 {method '__contains__' of 'frozenset' objects}
10000 0.022 0.000 0.022 0.000 {method 'replace' of 'str' objects}
10000 0.022 0.000 0.022 0.000 {built-in method sys._getframe}
30000 0.020 0.000 0.020 0.000 {method 'add' of 'set' objects}
20000 0.018 0.000 0.018 0.000 {built-in method builtins.len}
10000 0.013 0.000 0.013 0.000 {built-in method builtins.isinstance}
10000 0.009 0.000 0.009 0.000 {method 'get' of 'dict' objects}
So about 35% of time is still spent in the exec() call to create __new__. Another 10% is in .format() calls, so using f-strings instead of .format() might also be worth it.
Thanks Joe! I adapted your benchmark suite to also run my implementation. See for the code and results. The results are consistent with what we've seen before.
Joe's cnamedtuple is about 40x faster for class creation than the current implementation, and my PR only speeds class creation up by 4x. That difference is big enough that I think we should seriously consider using the C implementation.
I want to focus on pure Python implementation in this issue.
While "40x faster" is more 10x faster than "4x faster", C implementation
can boost only CPython and makes maintenance more harder.
And sometimes "more 10x faster" is not so important.
For example, say application startup takes 1sec and namedtuple
creation took 0.4sec of the 1sec:
4x faster: 1sec -> 0.7sec (-30%)
40x faster: 1sec -> 0.61sec (-39%)
In this case, "4x faster" reduces 0.3sec and "more 10x faster" reduces
only 0.09sec.
Of course, 1.9x faster attribute access () is attractive.
But this issue is too long already.
> While "40x faster" is more 10x faster than "4x faster", C
> implementation can boost only CPython and makes maintenance more harder.
As a counter argument against "let's not do it because it'll be harder to maintain" I'd like to point out that namedtuple API is already kind of over engineered (see: "verbose", "rename", "module" and "_source") and as such it seems likely it will remain pretty much the same in the future. So why not treat namedtuple like any other basic data structure, boost its internal implementation and simply use the existing unit tests to make sure there are no regressions? It seems the same barrier does not apply to tuples, lists and sets.
> Of course, 1.9x faster attribute access () is attractive.
It is indeed and it makes a huge difference in situations like busy loops. E.g. in case of asyncio 1.9x faster literally means being able to serve twice the number of reqs/sec:
I didn't say "let's not do it".
I just want to focus on pure Python implementation at this issue,
because this thread is too long already.
Feel free to open new issue about C implementation.
Even if C implementation is added later, pure Python optimization
can boost PyPy performance. ()
General note about this issue: while the issie title is "Optimize namedtuple creation", it would be *nice* to not only optimization the creation but also attribute access by name:
Maybe we can have a very fast C implementation using structseq, and a fast Python implementation (faster than the current Python implementation) fallback for non-CPython.
Yeah, it looks like the standard `_pickle` and `pickle` solution would work
here.
> it would be *nice* to not only optimization the creation
> but also attribute access by name
FWIW, once the property/itemgetter pair are instantiated in the NT class, the actual lookup runs through them at C speed (no pure python steps). There is not much fluff here.
Side-note: Some of the objections to a C level namedtuple implementation appear to be based on the maintenance hurdle, and other have noted that a structseq-based namedtuple might be an option. I have previously attempted to write a C replacement for namedtuple that dynamically created a StructSequence. I ran into a roadblock due to PyStructSequence_NewType (the API that exists to allow creation of runtime defined structseq) being completely broken (#28709).
If the struct sequence API was fixed, it should be a *lot* easier to implement a C level namedtuple with minimal work, removing (some) of the maintenance objections by simply reducing the amount of custom code involved.
The testnewtype.c code attached to #28709 (that demonstrates the bug) is 66 lines of code, and implements a basic C level namedtuple creator function (full support omitted for brevity, but aside from _source, most of it would be easy). I'd expect a finished version to be low three digit lines of custom code, a third or less of what the cnamedtuple project needed to write the whole thing from scratch.
Microbenchmark for caching docstrings:
$ ./python -m perf timeit -s "from collections import namedtuple; names = ['field%d' % i for i in range(1000)]" -- "namedtuple('A', names)"
With sys.intern(): Mean +- std dev: 3.57 ms +- 0.05 ms
With Python-level caching: Mean +- std dev: 3.25 ms +- 0.05 ms
New changeset 8b57d7363916869357848e666d03fa7614c47897 by Raymond Hettinger in branch 'master':
bpo-28638: Optimize namedtuple() creation time by minimizing use of exec() (#3454)
|
https://bugs.python.org/issue28638
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- Because every so often, it occurs to you to do something nice for someone, without expecting anything in return (hey, it's been known to happen)
These events are all heavily charged with lust, appreciation, sincere regret and a whole heapin' helping of other high-caliber emotions. So, you swing by the neighborhood florist after work. Everybody's really nice and earnestly ask if they can help, but what are you supposed to say? "Why yes, I'd like something to help me get to Second Base, at the very least."
Of course, shopping online alleviates these awkward situations. So, you visit 1-800-Flowers, where you get immediately slammed with 178 categories, and cheese crates and bouquets named Fields of Europe and Autumn's Eternal Ascent aren't helping. You need to know which flowers best assist your intention, and you need to know now.
There's a fundamental disconnect between your reason for buying flowers and the flower-buying process. And that's the problem: buying flowers is a process, not an experience. You're clicking through screen after screen of nearly identical items, or staring at endless assortments behind the cooler door, and that original urgency starts to fade into frustration and confusion.
That's where Banana Florist comes in. Check us out at
Banana Florist Blog
Recent Posts
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Fl_Image
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+----Fl_Shared_Image
#include <FL/Fl_Shared_Image.H>
The Fl_Shared_Image class supports caching, loading,
and drawing of image files. Most applications will also want to
link against the fltk_images library and call the
fl_register_images()
function to support standard image formats such as BMP, GIF, JPEG, and PNG.
fltk_images
fl_register_images()
The constructors create a new shared image record in the
image cache.
The constructors are protected and cannot be used directly
from a program. Use the get() method instead.
The destructor free all memory and server resources that are
used by the image. The destructor is protected and cannot be
used directly from a program. Use the release() method
instead.
The add_handler function is not described on this page. Can someone please explain the purpose of this function. I noticed it in the file_chooser example. I understand it registers some type of callback function, but I'm not sure I understand how and when this callback gets called. Thanks!
[ Reply ]
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May 28, 2009 08:26 PM|j3rich0|LINK
Hello, I'm following a screencast on the WCF Starter Kit and this one involves building a bookmark service, anyway at point he opens up the definition for ICollectionService<Bookmark> and that opens up Service.base.svc.cs which he edits and so on. Well that doesn't happen with me, instead the definition for ICollectionService opens up System.ServiceModel.Web.SpecilizedServices.ICollectionService.cs which is read-only and I can't modify. So what am I doing wrong?
thanks
May 29, 2009 01:54 PM|randallt|LINK
I haven't watched the sceencast, but I'm guessing that you've following the definition of the wrong class or member. You shouldn't need to change the ICollectionService.cs. You want to change the service that derives from the ICollectionService. You can also just right click on the Service.svc file and choose "View Code".
~Randall
May 29, 2009 03:40 PM|j3rich0|LINK
I am opening the correct class, the ICollectionService base class is where the UriTemplates are defined so I do need to change it if I want to change the URIs
this is the screencast I am talking about,
if you go to ~4:39 you can see he opens the definition for ICollectionService
Member
10 Points
Jun 12, 2009 12:11 AM|cosophy@gmail.com|LINK
Well, the screencast you were watching was using Starter Kit Preview 1 (anyway it is not the Preview 2 on the Codeplex now). In Preview 2, the service class inherits from the default ICollectionService<Item> in the sevicebase file which is compiled to the
dll we install. So, you can not modify it. :)
Jun 16, 2009 03:20 PM|St4Rp|LINK
The good news is however there is a way to customize, as the code still comes along with the installer package. All the files you need are in the zipped folder within your installation directory at "%programfiles%\WCF REST Starter Kit Preview 2\WCF REST Starter Kit Preview 2.zip\Microsoft.ServiceModel.Web\Microsoft.ServiceModel.Web\SpecializedServices". So you could copy the appropriate file into your current project folder in order to start customization. Let say you are going to customize SingletonService, then copy the SingletonServiceBase.cs into your project folder and alter the original "Microsoft.ServiceModel.Web.SpecializedServices" namespace to your own project's namespace. This makes sure the compiler will not confuse the classes (e.g. SingletonServiceBase<...>) living within the installed Microsoft.ServiceModel.Web.dll assembly. You perhaps also will need to delete the using directive in the Service.svc.cs file referring to the Microsoft.ServiceModel.Web.SpecializedServices namespace.
Member
10 Points
Jun 19, 2009 06:32 PM|Yavor Georgiev - MSFT|LINK
St4Rp's tip is exctly correct - in the Preview 2 release of the starter kit you need to pull in the base class into your project and modify it. In Preview 1 that code was readily available in the template itself. I'll bring this up with the team so we can find a better way to expose things like the UriTemplates for customization.
Thanks,
-Yavor
6 replies
Last post Jun 20, 2009 04:44 AM by j3rich0
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Shape Implementations
Code Examples
Shape Classes
shape.cc
Compound Shape Class
#include <math.h>
#include "shape.h"
// Draw the rectangle by drawing its lines. */
void Rectangle::draw(Drawable &d) {
d.line(origx, origy, origx + width, origy);
d.line(origx + width, origy, origx + width, origy + height);
d.line(origx + width, origy + height, origx, origy + height);
d.line(origx, origy + height, origx, origy);
}
// This constructs an ellipse. It mostly remembers the parameters it
// needs to run draw.
Ellipse::Ellipse(int sx, int sy, int width, int height):
Shape(sx + width / 2, sy + height /2)
{
// Major and minor axis, as they are known.
a = width/2;
b = height/2;
// Determine type and set parameters.
skinny = width < height;
if(skinny)
{
// Swap the width and height, so we'll compute as if
// fat, but we'll transpose each point when we plot it.
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
// Might as well do these things once, since our ellipse does
// not change shape.
asqr = a*a;
bsqr = b*b;
bsqr_over_asqr = bsqr/asqr;
asqr_over_bsqr = asqr/bsqr;
}
// Plot a point of the ellipse. The point is in the first quadrant, and
// is plotted in all four. Also, if the ellipse is skinny, the point is
// transposed, since draw always draws a wide ellipse.
void Ellipse::plot(Drawable &d, int x, int y)
{
if(skinny)
{
int tmp = x;
x = y;
y = tmp;
}
d.set(x, y);
d.set(-x, y);
d.set(-x, -y);
d.set(x, -y);
}
// Draw the ellipse.
void Ellipse::draw(Drawable &d)
{
// Create an offset drawable that will let us draw around the
// origin.
OffsetDrawable od(d, origx, origy);
// Plot the points. This loop plots in the first quadrant, and assumes
// a wide ellipse. It relies on plot to transpose for a skinny
// ellipse, and plot all four quadrants. It uses increasing x
// values, which will produce non-decreasing y values.
// We plot the first part by moving x and computing y. We end this
// part when the change in y per x step becomes more than one. In the
// next part, we generate points by stepping y and computing x values.
int x = 0, y = b;
int next_x = 0, next_y = b;
for(next_x = 1; next_x <= a; ++next_x)
{
plot(od, x, y);
next_y = (int)rint(sqrt(bsqr - bsqr_over_asqr*next_x*next_x));
if(y - next_y > 1) break;
x = next_x;
y = next_y;
}
while(y > 0)
{
plot(od, x, y);
--y;
x = (int)rint(sqrt(asqr - asqr_over_bsqr*y*y));
}
plot(od, x, y);
}
Shape Classes
Compound Shape Class
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Do any of you VF chaps here know what they might be selling? I've seen a number of these guys in and around our street in Palmerston North this week.
Whatifthespacekeyhadneverbeeninvented?
#include <std_disclaimer>
Any comments made are personal opinion and do not reflect directly on the position my current or past employers may have.
DarthKermit: These guys all appear to be Indian to me, so that might be why my partner had trouble understanding him.
Andib: It's likely they will be selling VDSL or UFB (If your area has it) & Mobile.
Unfortunately because they're typically employed by a third party company to which the actual sales staff contract to, they're not provided who is and isn't a VF customer so will just go to every house on the street.
Whatifthespacekeyhadneverbeeninvented?
Mike
Retired IT Manager.
The views stated in my posts are my personal views and not that of any other organisation.
It's our only home, lets clean it up then...
Take My Advice, Pull Down Your Pants And Slide On The Ice!
Handle9: I love having door to door sales repellant. It's of the BBD variety (big black dog).
#include <std_disclaimer>
Any comments made are personal opinion and do not reflect directly on the position my current or past employers may have.
Use this link to sign up to Bigpipe broadband and you'll get $20 off your first bill: Referral Link
DarthKermit:mattwnz: I saw an indian vodafone guy a week or so ago door knocking when I was on a walk, maybe the same area? Didn't come to my door this time though. I'm not in a UFB area though.
What street was that in?
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Essential tools and techniques for the Cell BE software developer
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Help us improve this content
Level: Intermediate
Michael Kistler (mkistler@us.ibm.com), Austin Research Laboratory, IBMSidney Manning (sid@us.ibm.com), Systems & Technology Group, IBM
08 Aug 2006
Software development for new architectures can be an intimidating prospect, but the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell BE) SDK 1.1 provides the debugging tools you need to tackle it for the Cell BE architecture. This article describes how to use new versions of the GNU Debugger (GDB) to diagnose problems in both PPU and SPU programs.
Programmers face several new challenges in developing applications for
the Cell BE processor. With nine cores, multiple
Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs), and non-coherent memory, the design
of the Cell BE processor presents an environment where debugging is both more
important and more complex than in traditional architectures. The Cell BE
SDK contains several tools to aid in debugging, the most important of
which are the GNU Debugger, or GDB, and the IBM Full-System Simulator for the
Cell Broadband Engine, or SystemSim.
GDB is a command-line debugger available as part of the GNU development
environment. Because of the Cell BE processor's unique
characteristics, GDB has been modified so that there are actually two
versions of the debugger -- ppu-gdb for debugging PPE programs, and
spu-gdb for debugging SPU programs. The IBM Full-System Simulator
for the Cell BE processor can be used alone or in conjunction with GDB
to observe and control program execution in fine detail to facilitate
problem diagnosis. The simulator lets you view many aspects of the
simulated system with an easy-to-use graphical user interface. You can also control many aspects
of the simulator using Tcl commands.
This article describes how to begin debugging Cell BE software, starting with a description of how to debug PPE and SPU programs, followed by a brief description of some simulator features for
debugging common problems in Cell BE applications. The final section
describes how to debug the Linux® kernel for the Cell BE processor running on the IBM
Full-System Simulator.
Debugging PPE
programs
There are several approaches to debugging programs running on the PPE.
If you have access to Cell BE hardware, you can use the standard approach of
running the application under GDB. A similar approach is to run the
application under GDB inside the simulator. The file system provided with
the Cell BE SDK for use inside the simulator already has GDB installed.
After the application is running under GDB, you can simply use the standard
commands available in GDB to debug the application. Many
excellent resources are available on GDB commands and debugging techniques
(see Resources).
Another approach that is available both for hardware-based and
simulator-based debugging is to run the application under
gdbserver. gdbserver is a companion program to GDB that implements
the GDB remote serial protocol. This is used to convert GDB into a
client/server-style application, where gdbserver launches and controls the
application on the target platform, and GDB connects to gdbserver to
specify debugging commands. The connection between GDB and gdbserver can
be either through a traditional serial line or through TCP/IP.
To exploit this feature, you must have a version of GDB that supports the
64-bit PowerPC® architecture. On 64-bit PowerPC host systems, this version
of GDB might be available as part of the standard OS installation.
Otherwise, download and build a version of GDB with the appropriate
architecture support. Listing 1 illustrates the steps needed to
configure, compile, and install the correct version of GDB. Simply cut and
paste this into a file and execute it as a shell script, sh file. If the wget of
the GDB source fails, download it manually from one of the many mirror
sites and comment out that line of the script. By default the install
stage installs into /usr/local/; for those who do not have write access to
/usr/local, specify the --prefix option on
configure to specify a different installation directory (for example, configure --target=powerpc64-linux --prefix
/home/sdkuser/local).
sh file
wget
--prefix
configure --target=powerpc64-linux --prefix
/home/sdkuser/local
#
# Script to download and build gdb for ppc64.
#
mkdir -p base
mkdir -p obj
wget -c -P base
tar jxvf base/gdb-6.3.tar.bz2
pushd obj
../gdb-6.3/configure --target=powerpc64-linux
make all
make install
popd
Remote debugging using gdbserver can occasionally be useful when running
applications on real hardware, but it is especially valuable for debugging
applications on the simulator since it enables the use of graphical
debuggers such as DDD and Eclipse. To employ this approach, you need a
version of gdbserver for the target platform and network connectivity.
gdbserver typically comes packaged with GDB and is installed on the
file system for the simulated system in the Cell BE SDK. For network
connectivity to the simulated system, you must enable bogusnet
support in the simulator, which creates a special ethernet device that
uses a "call-thru" interface to send and receive packets to the host
system. See the simulator documentation for details on how to enable
bogusnet (see Resources).
To start a remote debugging session, launch the application on the target
platform (either hardware or inside the simulator) using gdbserver as
follows:
gdbserver :2101 myprog arg1 arg2
gdbserver :2101 myprog arg1 arg2
where :2101 is a parameter to gdbserver
specifying the TCP/IP port to be used for communication, myprog is the name of the program to be debugged, and
arg1 arg2 are the command line arguments to
myprog. Then start GDB from the client system
(for the simulator this will be the host system of the simulator):
:2101
myprog
arg1 arg2
/usr/local/bin/powerpc64-linux-gdbtui myprog
/usr/local/bin/powerpc64-linux-gdbtui myprog
You should have the source and compiled executable version for myprog on
the host system. If your program links to dynamic libraries, GDB will
attempt to locate these when it attaches to the program. If you are
cross-debugging, you will need to direct GDB to the correct versions of
the libraries or it will try to load the libraries of the host platform.
For the Cell BE SDK 1.1, this is accomplished with the following gdb command:
set solib-absolute-prefix /opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/ppu/sysroot
set solib-absolute-prefix /opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/ppu/sysroot
Then at the (gdb) prompt connect to the server with the command:
target remote 172.20.0.2:2101
target remote 172.20.0.2:2101
Note that the :2101 parameter in this command
matches the TCP/IP port parameter used when starting gdbserver. The IP address of the simulator is generally fixed to the 172.20.0.2
address but you can verify this IP address by issuing the ifconfig command
in the console window of the simulator. Giving the simulator a symbolic
name is useful and can be done by editing the host system's /etc/hosts
file as shown here:
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
172.20.0.2 mambo
Figure 1
shows the example:
Debugging SPU programs
To debug SPU programs, you need to have Version 1.0.1 or later of the
Cell BE SDK installed. This is the first version that includes SPU GDB
and the necessary kernel and library support. As part of the SDK install
process, SPU GDB is installed as spu-gdb on the file system to be
used by the system running inside the simulator.
You can use SPU GDB to launch and debug stand-alone SPU programs in much
the same way as GDB is used on PPE programs. Stand-alone SPU programs are
self-contained applications that execute entirely on the SPU. Listing 3
presents a simple stand-alone SPU program, Listing 4 presents its trivial
Makefile, and Figure 2 presents a sample
debug session for this program using SPU GDB. (Note: Recursive SPU
programs are generally a bad idea due to the limited size of local
storage. We've made an exception here since it allows us to illustrate
the backtrace command of GDB with a simple
example.)
backtrace
#include <stdio.h>
#include <spu_intrinsics.h>
unsigned int
fibn(unsigned int n)
{
if (n <= 2)
return 1;
return (fibn (n-1) + fibn (n-2));
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
unsigned int c;
c = fibn (8);
printf ("c=%d\n", c);
return 0;
}
CC=/opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/spu/bin/spu-gcc
simple: simple.c
$(CC) simple.c -g -o simple
Source-level debugging of SPU programs with GDB is similar in nearly all
aspects to source-level debugging for the PPE. For example, you can set
breakpoints on source lines, display variables by name, display a stack
trace, and single-step execution. Figure 2 illustrates the backtrace
output for the simple stand-alone SPU program.
GDB also supports many of the familiar techniques for debugging SPU
programs at the assembler code level. For example, you can display
register values, examine the contents of memory (which for the SPU means
local storage), disassemble sections of the program, and step execution at
the machine instruction level. Figure 3 illustrates some of these
facilities.
One point that deserves special mention is the way GDB deals with the SPU
registers. Since each SPU register can hold multiple fixed or floating
point values of several different sizes, GDB treats each register as a
data structure that can be accessed with multiple formats. The GDB ptype
command, illustrated in Listing 5, shows the mapping used for SPU registers.
(gdb) ptype $r80
type = union __gdb_builtin_type_vec128 {
int128_t uint128;
float v4_float[4];
int32_t v4_int32[4];
int16_t v8_int16[8];
int8_t v16_int8[16];
}
To display or update a specific slot in an SPU register, specify the
appropriate field in the data structure, as shown in Listing 6.
(gdb) p $r80.uint128
$1 = 0x00018ff000018ff000018ff000018ff0
(gdb) set $r80.v4_int32[2]=0xbaadf00d
(gdb) p $r80.uint128
$2 = 0x00018ff000018ff0baadf00d00018ff0
Debugging Cell BE applications
Cell BE applications generally contain functions that execute on the PPE
as well as on the SPUs. In some cases, the SPU portion of the application
can be recast as a stand-alone SPU program so that the previous approach
can be used. Otherwise you can attach SPU GDB to the SPU program after it
has been created by the PPE portion of the application. To accomplish
this, you must set the environment variable SPU_DEBUG_START to 1. This
directs the libspe library to create each SPE thread in the stopped state
and wait for a signal to start execution. After creating the SPE thread,
libspe also prints a message with the thread ID of the SPU program, which
you must specify to SPU GDB with the -p command
line option. After SPU GDB has attached to the target thread, it signals
the thread to begin execution.
-p
The Full-System Simulator for the
Cell Broadband Engine (SystemSim) provides only one console window for interaction with the
simulated system, which means you have to either start the application in
the background, or background it after it starts running. Whatever method
you use, access to a shell prompt is required when it is time to attach to
the SPE thread.
One of the most common things programmers do is transfer program data
from Main Storage to Local Storage using DMA. If a buffer address is
wrong, the program might hang or get a bus error. If mailboxes are used to
coordinate communication between the PPE and SPE, and one of the two
threads falls out of sync for some reason, the program might hang. In both of these instances it is helpful to be able to use a debugger to track down
the source of the problem.
Figure 4 illustrates a typical bus error. The program is run and
immediately gets a bus error. Then the environment variable
SPU_DEBUG_START is set. This stops the SPE threads just after getting
loaded, and gives the programmer a chance to attach to them. After the
debugger has attached, the program is allowed to continue to the point of
failure. Here the debugger reveals that the SPU program was at line 20
when the error occurred. Since line 20 is waiting for the completion of
the DMA that was initiated at line 18, this suggests this DMA is the cause
of the bus error. In this case, the effective address specified on the
DMA, ef_addr, is the address of the parameter
supplied when the SPE thread was created. By inspecting the PPE portion
of the application which started the SPE thread, shown in Figure 5, you can
now identify the source of the problem. The PPE program malloc'ed the
memory but the address looks like a stack address. The PPE source should
have passed buffer[i], that is, the missing array subscript was the
problem.
ef_addr
Beginning with the Cell BE SDK 1.1, it is also possible to do remote
debugging of SPU programs using an approach similar to that described
above for PPE programs. Remote debugging of SPU programs is performed
with the spu-gdbserver application, which operates in a similar
fashion to gdbserver. As with remote debugging for PPE programs, bogusnet
should be enabled to allow network connectivity between the host and
simulated system.
To start a remote debugging session for the SPU portion of an
application, start the application just as you would for local debugging.
When it is time to attach the debugger to the SPE thread, use
spu-gdbserver in place of spu-gdb. For example, to attach to the SPE
thread with ID 375, issue the command:
spu-gdbserver :2101 --attach 375
After spu-gdbserver has attached to the SPE thread, start SPU GDB on the
simulator host system and use the target command to attach to the
gdbserver that is running on the simulator. Figure 6 shows a GDB session
running within the Data Display Debugger (DDD) that has connected to the
gdbserver running in the simulator. Note the "target
remote mambo:2101" GDB command in the lower window of the figure.
In this example, mambo is a symbolic name for
the IP address of the system running on the simulator. This name and the
corresponding IP address were added to the host system's /etc/hosts file
as described above.
target
remote mambo:2101
mambo
Many of the graphical front-ends for GDB can easily be configured to use
SPU GDB, enabling full graphical, source-level debugging of SPU programs.
Figure 6 shows the use of DDD with SPU GDB. DDD is included with Fedora
Core 5. To verify if it is installed do an rpm -q
ddd, and the result should be similar to:
rpm -q
ddd
ddd-3.3.11-5.2
ddd-3.3.11-5.2
If ddd is not already installed, you can install it from the FC-5
distribution CDs or with a yum install ddd.
To run DDD with SPU GDB, use the -debugger argument to specify the name of
the debugger program. If you are using the Cell BE SDK 1.1, this name is
/opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/spu/bin/spu-gdb. For
example:
yum install ddd
/opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/spu/bin/spu-gdb
ddd -debugger /opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/spu/bin/spu-gdb myprog
ddd -debugger /opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/spu/bin/spu-gdb myprog
Debugging features in SystemSim
The simulator has a vast array of debug facilities. This section explores some that are helpful for SPU debugging.
Detecting SPU stack overflow
The SPU Local Store has no memory protection, and memory access wraps from the end of Local Store back to the beginning. An SPU program is
free to write anywhere an illegal instruction exception.
Even with a debugger it can be difficult to track down this type of
problem because the cause and effect can occur far apart in the program
execution. Adding printf's just moves the failure point around.
The simulator has a feature that monitors selected addresses or regions
of Local Store for read or write accesses. This feature can identify stack overflow conditions. To make this easy to use, a Tcl
procedure is provided with the simulator that creates the triggers
functions to detect stack overflow for a given SPU program. The Tcl
procedure is called enable_stack_checking, and
is invoked in the simulator command window as follows:
enable_stack_checking
enable_stack_checking [spu_number] [spu_executable_filename]
enable_stack_checking [spu_number] [spu_executable_filename]
This procedure uses the nm system utility to determine the area of Local
Store that will contain program code and creates trigger functions to trap
writes by the SPU into this region (see the SystemSim documentation for
further information on trigger functions). Figure 7 shows the simulator
console window and command window from a simulator run that employed
enable_stack_checking to detect a stack overflow in a Cell BE application.
Note: The simulator's method of detecting stack overflow only looks for
stack overflow into the text and static data segments and thus does not detect stack
overflows into the heap. Another approach (that currently only works
using gcc) is to enable stack checking by the compiler. The -fstack-check
compile flag results in the insertion of runtime tests which will detect
both forms of stack overflow. The program halts in the event of overflow.
DMA alignment errors
Another common error in SPU programs is a DMA that specifies an invalid
combination of Local Store address, effective address, and transfer size.
The alignment rules for DMAs specify that transfers for less than 16 bytes
must be "naturally aligned," meaning that the address must be divisible by
the size. Transfers of 16 bytes or more must be 16-byte aligned. The size
can have a value of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or a multiple of 16 bytes to a maximum
of 16KB. In addition, the low-order four bits of the Local Store address
must match the low-order four bits of effective address (in other words, they must
have the same alignment within a quadword). Any DMA that violates one of
these rules will generate an alignment exception which is presented to the
user as a bus error.
The simulator checks all these alignment requirements and raises
alignment exceptions as necessary to match the behavior of the hardware.
But in addition to this, the simulator also generates warning messages to
aid the programmer in finding and correcting these problems. Figure 8
illustrates a warning message, "WARNING: 441391050: GET command with illegal size (12) (< 16 and not 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8)," (highlighted in red in the figure) issued by the simulator
for a DMA alignment exception.
Kernel debugging
Debugging the Linux kernel can be a difficult task, in part because the
kernel is a complex piece of software, but also because the debugger cannot
rely on basic OS functions being available or working properly. On the
Cell BE SDK, kernel debugging is simplified because the IBM Full-System
Simulator, part of the Cell BE SDK, allows a debugger running on the host
system to debug a Linux kernel running inside the simulator.
To debug the Linux kernel at the source level, you should build a version
of the kernel that contains the debugging information. To do this, you
need a version of the Linux kernel source that contains support for the
Cell BE platform. The easiest way to do this is to download and install the
kernel source RPM from the Linux on CBE-based Systems Web site at the
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC; see Resources). The process for building the
kernel depends on the host system, installed tools, and other details, and
is beyond the scope of this paper. This article only covers the necessary steps
to enable the debugging information. The example commands shown
illustrate these steps on a Linux x86 platform with Cell BE SDK 1.1
installed.
To enable debugging information in the kernel, go to the directory where
you will build the kernel and type:
ARCH=powerpc PLATFORM=cell CROSS_COMPILE=/opt/sce/toolchain-3.2/ppu/bin/ppu- make xconfig
The make xconfig command brings up the
configuration menu shown in Figure 9. Scroll down and click on the
"Kernel hacking" in the left-hand set of options, then click on the
"Compile the kernel with debug info" (DEBUG_INFO) on the right-hand side
set of options. This option specifies that symbols and source information
are retained in the generated binary to allow source-level debugging. In
some cases, you might also choose to turn off certain compiler
optimizations to make debugging easier. In particular, disabling the
-fomit-frame-pointer optimization allows the
debugger backtrack command to work reliably, and changing the optimization
level from -Os to -O0 will make it easier for GDB to associate
individual instructions with a line in the source code. After making all
the desired changes, save the configuration, exit the configuration dialog, and then rebuild the kernel.
make xconfig
-fomit-frame-pointer
-Os
-O0
Next, start the simulator with the newly built kernel. To ensure that
the simulator is using the new kernel, create a symbolic link named vmlinux to the new kernel in the current directory
before starting the simulator. To verify that the correct kernel is being
used, check the name of the kernel file displayed by the simulator during
start-up.
vmlinux
Now you are ready to start a debug session. First, start the simulator
and click on the "Service GDB" button; notice that the text of the button
changes to "Waiting for GDB... ." In another window, change directories to
the location where you compiled vmlinux and start the GDB session with the
command
/usr/local/bin/powerpc64-linux-gdbtui vmlinux
/usr/local/bin/powerpc64-linux-gdbtui vmlinux
then at the (gdb) prompt type
break start_kernel
target remote :2345
continue
break start_kernel
target remote :2345
continue
You should see something very similar to Figure 10.
Now GDB is attached to the simulator and can monitor and control the
execution of the Linux kernel. From here it is possible to set additional
breakpoints, display variables by name, display processor registers,
display a stack trace, single-step execution, and so on.
Conclusion
The Cell BE SDK provides most of the standard GNU debug facilities and taken
with some of the facilities found in the simulation environment, developers
have at their disposal the tools needed to debug many problems. The key
to simplifying any debugging task is to program defensively from the
beginning and use sound software engineering principles.
Resources
About the authors
Michael Kistler is a Senior Software Engineer in the IBM Austin Research Laboratory. He joined IBM in 1982 and has held technical and management positions in MVS, OS/2, and Lotus Notes development. He joined the IBM Austin Research Laboratory in May 2000 and is currently working on simulation technologies for IBM's Power and PowerPC processors and systems. His research interests are parallel and cluster computing, fault tolerance, and full system simulation of high-performance computing systems. Mr. Kistler received his BA in Computer Science from Susquehanna University in 1982 and MS in Computer Science from Syracuse University in 1990.
Sid Manning is a Development Programmer with IBM Systems & Technology Group..
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ECMA OpenXml is a recognized open standard for saving and retrieving office documents that enables cross-platform document porting and sharing. The Office 2007 uses this format for its data persistence for word, excel and power point lineups. There is a OpenXml SDK CTP available for it to download from MSDN, which lets you create your own office component that works on universal format.
Now, using OpenXml SDK creating office components is easier than before, also it promises to bring you cross product and platform flavor.
OpenXml document generally looks like
<w:document
w:
<w:body>
<w:p>
// items goes here
</w:p>
</w:body>
</w:document>
<w:p> wraps up every paragraph and below it goes all the style elements and text nodes. Now, the reason why I mentioned this OpenXml here is LINQ. In a moment, I will show how it is possible to create an easy word document parser using the OpenXml SDK and a bit LINQ.
Now starting , you have to add the following reference to your project.
This Dll comes a part of the OpenXml SDK , you can either copy it to your project or ref it from where it is installed, it is not installed in GAC. So, I supplied it with the download provided with this post as well.
This is the sample document that we will be parsing using LINQ and OpenXml SDK.The main thing to do so, is to create the processing document, which takes a file path / stream and a bool value named readWriteMode, true means both way.
using (WordprocessingDocument doc = WordprocessingDocument.Open(_path, true))
{
MainDocumentPart mPart = doc.MainDocumentPart;
using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(mPart.GetStream()))
{
}
}
Now, the starting node for the processing doc is MainDocumentPart, which is divided up into several OpenXmlPart derived objects (base of all the document parts), we can work with the whole document or with smaller parts basis on our data need. Anyway, next and the only thing is to get around a stream for the XML doc and process it with LINQToXML.
XDocument xDocument = XDocument.Load(XmlReader.Create(reader));
So , the step is to use XmlReader.Create to get a clean XML and then pass it to XDocument , as there are special characters in the stream, which the XDocument cant process directly. We also need to create XNameSpace and XName elements, which will be used to query the document for what we are looking.
XNamespace w = "";
// the elements we will be looking for data.
XName rPr = w + "pPr";
XName p = w + "p";
Finally, its all LINQ to get the list of text blocks and styles attached to them , in case of this document there are three blocks (1. Title 2. br 3. Text). The parsing and fill up looks like the following, here a lot of null checks are used to avoid pitfalls , as the nodes are not consistent all the way down.
var query = from element in xDocument.Descendants(p)
select new Document
{
ItemProperty = element.Element(rPr) != null ?
((from sElement in element.Descendants(rPr)
select new ItemProperty
{
Style = sElement.IsEmpty == false ?
(sElement.Element(w + "pStyle") != null ?
sElement.Element(w + "pStyle").Attribute(w + "val").Value :
string.Empty) : string.Empty,
Lang = sElement.IsEmpty == false ?
(sElement.Element(w + "lang") != null ?
(sElement.Element(w + "lang").Value ?? string.Empty) :
string.Empty) : string.Empty
}).First<ItemProperty>()) : null,
Text = element.Value == string.Empty ? "<br/>"
: element.Value
};
return query.ToList<Document>();
In the code, Document is the custom class that looks like
public class ItemProperty
{
public string Style { get; set; }
public string Lang { get; set; }
}
public class Document
{
public string Text { get; set; }
private ItemProperty _itemProperty = new ItemProperty();
public ItemProperty ItemProperty { get; set; }
}
That's it , we got the document in the memory , now either we can print it in console or make our custom viewer to show it, but for the time being I will print the lines on console :-)
// the function whose code is shown above
IList<Document> list = GetParagraphs();
foreach (Document doc in list)
{
Console.WriteLine(doc.ItemProperty.Style + ":" + doc.Text);
}
Download the full source here
Have Fun!!
Not yet, sure a great topic to write
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24iX Systems.de . Email: info@24ix. .org.5 locale. help hooks Internationalisation i18n i18n. templates or styles. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. search hooks. 11. po files Content Construction Kit more information flexinode. node Search improvements Fix the search. Alte Kirchstr.Task Modules/Areas Team of volunteers Messina Halfelven Stefan Nagtegaal status Design themes Design a total of ten 10 themes.de Tel. of which at least 5 are templates or themes.24ix. themes Adrinux Bèr Kessels Mega Grunt WIP sepeck Stefan Nagtegaal Bert Boerland Bryght WIP End-user documentation drupal.
module theme system TODO TODO TODO WIP Fund-raising and marketing drupal.module book. 11. Alte Kirchstr. menu.inc. Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . interface to vocabularies in ways other taxonomy system than simply a selectbox Publish/Subscribe: share and aggregate vocabularies among Drupal sites John VanDyk Mathias TODO 24iX Systems.Task according to Install system Introduce an install wizard system Move to business area Make Drupal able to act as backend for "leaflet" sites..de . open/closed vocabularies. core. groupware TODO mindmap.24ix.de Tel. block. modules Team of volunteers Wittens Adrian Rossouw status TODO core..module menu.org WIP Taxonomy system improvements Taxonomy: standardize vocabulary metadata.module menu system. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. and maybe keep an organized collection of links.24ix.de Tel. 11..de . publish some photos. Drupal suits your needs well.Task Modules/Areas syndication system and API Team of volunteers Neil Drumm rkendall Eric Scouten status RSS improvements TODO Image module improvements image module. Email: info@24ix. Incoming stories are automatically voted upon by the audience and the best stories bubble up to the home page. Examples: Debian Planet | Kerneltrap Personal Web Sites Drupal is great for the user who just wants a personal web site where she can keep a blog. Examples: urlgreyhot | Langemarks Cafe Aficionado Sites 24iX Systems. file.: 07000 7000 850 .
Drupal flourishes when it powers a portal web site where one person shares their expertise and enthusiasm for a topic. No longer do you have to wait for a webmaster to get the word out about your latest project. Example: PUNTBARRA. Example: Entomology Index International Sites When you begin using Drupal. 11. there are many Drupal sites implemented in a wide range of languages. We provide a list of these people. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Examples: Sudden Thoughts | Tipic Resource Directories If you want a central directory for a given topic. Drupal suits your needs well.24ix. o Instructions for being listed on this page are at the bottom.org can mark themselves as providing Drupal-related services. and its easy web based publishing.de . o Outsite of this page.: 07000 7000 850 . any user on Drupal.de Tel. Email: info@24ix. Users can register and suggest new resources while editors can screen their submissions. Examples: ia/ | Dirtbike Intranet/Corporate Web Sites Companies maintain their internal and external web sites in Drupal.COM | cialog Drupal hosting and services This page highlights people and organizations who offer services related to Drupal. Drupal works well for these uses because of its flexible permissions system. you join a large international community of users and developers. Thanks to the localization features within Drupal. Alte Kirchstr. Visit the dirt bike and information architecture sites to see how they use Drupal. o 24iX Systems.
V. V. CascadeHosting A small webhosting company run from Portland Oregon.: 07000 7000 850 . GrafiX Internet B. and answer any drupal related questions at drupal@cascadehosting. We'll setup Drupal for free as part of our $99/year account. CascadeHosting offers cheap web hosting ($99/year includes free domain registration) and web programming contract services. o Services Moshe Weitzman Teledynamics Communications webschuur. and if you take advantage of our special offer at of contents Hosting OpenSourceHost CascadeHosting Grafix Internet B.V.opensourcehost. GrafiX Internet B. Alte Kirchstr.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. We are most proud to be the 24iX Systems.com/ you will receive an additional 100 megs of space and 1 gig of bandwidth added to the hosting package of your choice. consult the system requirements page in the Drupal handbook. co-location.24ix. For more information.com Steven Wittens Gerhard Killesreiter o Drupal Hosting The following companies offer a web hosting platform suitable for running a Drupal site. 11. provides transit. For Drupal hosting. The Netherlands. and dedicated servers in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Known hosting companies include: OpenSourceHost OpenSourceHost is a specialized web hosting company focusing on providing quality web space and support for open source content management systems. Email: info@24ix.com. we provide graphical installation instructions.de Tel. For more information on Drupal's system requirements. as well as other open source software systems. check their Drupal page.
drupaldevs. _exit().nl) is fairly humble. and our name to pass mouth to mouth. and support.grafix. Qualifications I am intimate with Drupal's inner workings.V.org. Services Consulting on Drupal installation. 11.nl or by phone at +31(0)180 . and security consultancy. Email: info@24ix. our hardware).org.dedicated server provider of choice for www. We strive to make our combination of service and support legendary. Network. We believe in 'medieval marketing'. MA USA.450170 We can offer: o o o o o Server co-location starting from 59 €/month (Our network. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Rack (cabinet) space starting from 1/3 rack and up to entire datacenter cages. as well as some offspring projects such as www. operating system. training. Custom Drupal software development also provided.de . Raw or managed transit capacity starting from 1 Mbps to gigabits per second.24ix. as a service provider for your drupal-based deployment! Contact us at sales@grafix.drupal. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. Drupal Services The following people or organizations provide services related to Drupal. It would honor us if you will consider GrafiX Internet B. your hardware).com Boston. Moshe Weitzman weitzman @ tejasa. and can complete custom projects with speed and quality. 24iX Systems. spread wide and far by our many satisfied customers.: 07000 7000 850 . and _syndication(). I have authored much of the o o o o Distributed Authentication e-mail handling official Maintainer of Drupal's user system Hooks such as _head(). and thus our web presence (www. Dedicated Servers starting from 200 €/month (Our network.
contacts. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Marlboro College is integrating the Drupal authentication system with their own LDAP based directory. This module was incorporated into the Civicspace project. These enhancements were donated back to the Drupal project. They maintain one Drupal site for many courses in their catalog. while maintaining a single user account across all sites. Moshe's design notes for this implementation are documented in this email (note: the stumbling block was solved). 24iX Systems. and an enhanced image.24ix. Email: info@24ix. Music For America based their ambitious site on Drupal. and PHP graphing utilities. and asked Moshe to develop modules for tracking their artists. venues. They also share language translations across sites.de . The Drupal ldap_integration. They contracted with me to write an LDAP. Thanks Pixelworks. Rowland Institute at Harvard uses Drupal as an intranet for their community of scientists and technicians. an events module.de Tel. This portal requires integration with a survey engine. 11. Special planned enhancements include a powerful new calendar with deep taxonomy integration. and more. Planned enhancements include affiliate tracking and enhanced subscription features. University of Vienna is now running one of the most advanced Drupal pods in the world [staging site].: 07000 7000 850 .module is powering that integration. along with ongoing support. Alte Kirchstr. Moshe delivered a flexible node module which could serve all these purposes at once.org is deploying a portal site where patients complete surveys and receive instant graphical feedback about their mood state over time.module. National Society of Hispanic Professionals is relaunching their web site using Drupal as a Content Management System and community engine. Moodcenter. Moshe delivered installation and webmaster training to Rowland. statistics application.
For more information. 11. and hide troll posts. manufacturing and emergency response applications. but never made much money. It is an innovative business model in a sector which has shown promise. It is a marketplace where users may upload songs and then receive commissions based on how many users download and purchase these songs. FBE has also sponsored Moshe to build photo gallery functionality based on a tagging system like Flickr and Delicio. Alte Kirchstr. or for solid solutions for your companies web-presence: we can offer it! For more details please do not hesitate to get in touch with us.com webschuur.de Tel. Sympatico-Lycos and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Moshe is delivering custom modules for upload/download.us. Moshe is currently enhancing Drupal's queue and moderation systems in order to highlight strong posts. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. These groups are similar to Yahoo Groups. FTP integration. We can provide the help and advice to create a dynamic website. TCI has been involved in large-scale Internet portal research for over 10 years. o ShareNewYork is a community web site built around legal online sharing of music. This work is being released back to the Drupal community. Thanks FBE. Ontario Canada. Also. Whether you are looking for cutting edge technology for your organizations web-based communication.24ix. visit Teledynamics Communications' Drupal services page or check their Drupal related information. Bèr Kessels (ber@webschuur.de . webschuur. Established in 1983. and users post messages to their group home page.com) Turnhoutsebaan 34/3 2140 Antwerpen 24iX Systems. o Teledynamics Communications Teledynamics Communications Inc is an internet and opensource consulting company based in Sauble Beach. where anyone can create a public or private group. and more. o Finnish Broadcasting Company enables their users to create and grow organic groups. Our portfolio includes community sites for military. from scratch or from an existing site. automatic MP3 data extraction.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Moshe is working on a custom module which will publish a new home page evrry day based on moderation ratings submitted by the community.com is a small scaled company that builds content management system (CMS) driven websites.CodeOrange is a thriving community site based loosly on current news. ecommerce and PayPal integration.
In the past I managed to reduce Drupal's execution time by improvements to the database queries.6 I have worked on improving the search. I've also worked on making sure Drupal was Unicode/UTF-8 compatible. a remindme extension for the event module. I have also been successfull in getting a significantly improved 24iX Systems. he has closely followed and participated in Drupal's development for about three years.org website (Bluebeach). which has a fully validating and accessible XHTML/CSS theme. Email: info@24ix.org Freiburg. Qualifications: During my work with Drupal I have implemented solutions for a variety of problems including .de . Services: Consulting on Drupal setup and training.24ix.België Telephone ++32 (0)3 6632292 www. Specifically.module. I created two of the original Drupal themes.: 07000 7000 850 . custom extensions to existing and development of new modules according to the client's specifications. For Drupal 4.an access control module.net Bonheiden/Leuven. Belgium Services: Custom Drupal development (modules) and design (templates and themes). several filtering modules (HTML Corrector. so I have intimate knowledge of the code and its features. Alte Kirchstr. URLfilter) and core's Poll module. Smileys.com Steven Wittens steven@acko. Contact me with your needs and specifics and we can work something out. which I also maintain. I have authored most of the filter system (which handles transforming the user-supplied text into HTML).de Tel. Qualifications: I am a long-time Drupal core developer. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Gerhard Killesreiter killes@drupaldevs.webschuur. Recently I have been successfully trying to decrease Drupal's page execution time even further by caching some data structures. 11. I run my own Drupal site. I also designed the theme for the Drupal. and the listhandler module. Germany Gerhard is a freelance Drupal IT consultant.but not limited to .
"I have been a small part of the Open Source community since 1996 and I've been a regular Unix user since 1986. These technologies. it's well worth getting to grips with the nitty-gritty of Drupal if you'd like to fully customize it's operation. Radio Userland." [ read more ] o Teledynamics Communications: community plumbing for the web "Drupal is." [ read more ] o The Fuzzy Group: performance of open source portal software . Drupal: Powerful and Free. a framework for building websites which serve a community of interest. The current page maintainer will then add your organization to this page. offer compelling benefits for most organizations. as it claims. especially beneficial for use on larger intranets." [ read more ] o 24iX Systems. and the administrator of the system is given the ability to veto content submitted by contributing authors. Email: info@24ix. These low-cost tools help knowledge workers with two core concerns of KM: knowledge creation and knowledge sharing.module into the Drupal core for the 4."What Drupal does provide is an extensible framework. pointed out to me just how good the performance of Open Source applications can be ? when it is done correctly. and my favorite." [ read more ] o K-logging: supporting KM with web logs . Community Plumbing.5 release and will work on achieving PHP 5 compatibility.org with the appropriate details. A recent experience with an Open Source portal application. Most packages also permit authors to publish an XML feed of content. and some packages even allow for categorization of entries. But Some Assembly Required . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. which will allow you to expand and improve your intranet over time. 11.de Tel. a community record as much as it is a community forum. Popular software includes MovableType. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 ."There are many robust web log tools that are inexpensive or even free. an infrastructure.24ix.de . but it's also more than this. Drupal. They allow individuals to publish content to a web site easily. any of the variations of Slashcode. Drupal. Drupal presentations and articles Intranet Journal. Drupal has the latent ability to transform the web from a glut of brochures to a dynamic ecology of knowledge.locale. If you have the time and expertise. which grew up on the Internet. How to be listed on this page Send an e-mail to drupal-devel@drupal. The screens for adding new articles are simple.
'Dorp' is the Dutch word for village.: 07000 7000 850 . The inital idea was simple: a drop in a circle. I like the idea that the infinity-eyes symbolise the infinite possibilities that Drupal offers :) See more versions of the logo in the marketing section. Feature overview Sites that use Drupal Where does the name 'Drupal' come from? Drupal (droo-puhl) is the English pronunciation for the Dutch word 'druppel' which stands for 'drop'.24ix. Kristjan Jansen (Kika) came up with idea of putting two side-way drops together to form an infinity-sign. a round nose and a mischievous smile.. After some more work by Steven Wittens. or water.. Of course it would have to do something with a drop. Alte Kirchstr. Steven Wittens (UnConeD) created a 3D drop. the idea came up of a cartoony drop with a face. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. That's the 'story' behind it. an obvious matter was the choice and creation of a logo. but the idea didn't get too far mainly because 3D is hard to print.org was available. . It was featured as an "O" in a liquidish "Drop".de .Druplicon (the logo) After Drupal had been created. The word stuck.org community blog after Dries made a typo when he checked to see if dorp. hard to edit. Donating to the Drupal project 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix. etc. it resembled a face. The word drop was chosen for the drop. When put into a filled circle..de Tel. When the community grew. When the logo-issue had come up again.. the Druplicon was created: a stylised drop with the infinity eyes.
Alternative methods If you are inspired to donate something. to save time and resources.24ix. where you can pay with an existing account or create a paypal account. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 .PayPal Drupal currently uses PayPal for receiving donations. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. User's guide Designed for users of Drupal sites. in the top bottom block. (Sometimes. Tou find the button on each page. Email: info@24ix. 11. Instead of being in pre-generated (static) files. Basic concepts What is "content management"? Drupal is a "content management system".) 24iX Systems. or other files. a script runs on the web server. photos. this non-technical guide offers "getting started" instructions and suggestions. When you click on that link/button you will be led to PayPal. Drupal is a "dynamic" rather than a "static" system. but also here below. please see this excellent HOWTO on donating to Open Source projects. content like the text on pages is stored in a database. This means it's a system for managing website content--like articles. Pay for enhancements If you are willing to pay for particular enhancement. querying the database and putting the content of the page into a template. consider contacting someone listed on the Services page.de Tel. these scripts are run ahead of time and the resulting pages are "cached" or stored on the server instead of being generated afresh with each visitor. When visitors bring up a page.de . but do not want to use PayPal.
this user guide introduces some of the more common options and functionalities. partners . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. so the administrator of a site can turn on and off different capabilities and make many settings that change the look and functionality of a site. 11.: 07000 7000 850 . For more in-depth information. Drupal is highly configurable.de . you can see the administrator's guide and the Drupal forums. staff. Email: info@24ix. o All this means that what you see on a particular Drupal site. all you usually have to do is: o o o register with a Drupal site log in (type in the user name and password you got by registering). As with modules. o Drupal is designed to be easily extended through "modules"--blocks of code that provide extra functionality or enhancements. you as a user don't have to write web pages. and type content (articles. etc.) into forms that you submit. there are both core and contributed themes. o The basic look and feel of a Drupal site can be changed through different "themes".24ix.that each can see and do different things on the site. Alte Kirchstr. and what you can do there. o Drupal has a system of privileges that makes it possible to create different types of users . members. Instead.de Tel. Of variations and modules Drupal is not a single type of website--it is many. So we can't give you a definitive guide here! Instead. Some modules come with every Drupal installation ("core" modules).So to create or edit pages. You don't have to know HTML (the language web pages are written in). Registering and logging in Registering as a user 24iX Systems.for instance. while others can be individually downloaded and installed from the Drupal website ("contributed" modules). depends to a very high degree on what the site administrator(s) have chosen to present. This user guide explains the steps and gives you other background info.
Otherwise. To see what tweaks you can make to your account. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. when the new page loads it will include a new block with your user name at the top. see above (or. The next page that comes up will generally have some information on the site's policies for registration. enter a user name of your choice and an email address to which you have access and hit "submit". log in and then follow the menu links: my account > edit account Account Settings 24iX Systems. Changing your account settings As a registered user. If you haven't already done so. Logging in Before you can add or edit content. This will typically be on the left or right side of the page (it is a "block" in Drupal talk).) In some cases. you should get an automatically-generated email confirming your registration and giving you an initial password to use. a site administrator will add you as a user. This is the menu you use to start entering and editing content. if applicable. Now you're ready to log in.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . Click the link that says "Create new account". If so. look for a small form called “User login” on the main page of the site you want to register with (usually on the right or the left of the page).de Tel. Then check your email account. Enter your user name and password and hit "submit". Email: info@24ix. Assuming everything's working as planned. you can change settings to control information about yourself and also your use and experience of a Drupal site.de . After reading them. they will send you a user name and password that you can use to log on.To add or edit content on a Drupal site. (Sometimes the site administrator has chosen to enable "anonymous" posts of things like comments. request that your site administrator register you). to register. Alte Kirchstr. you usually need to log in. register as a user. in which case you can post them without registering. Within a few minutes. Then hit the main page of the site you're wishing to use and look for a "User login" form. usually you have to first be registered as a user.
but may still be edited. As mentioned at the beginning. Please see the profile module for more information on this. See the documentation for individual modules for instructions on how to use these additional options. time zone Your site administrator may allow users to set their time zone. you're ready to start posting content. Drupal sends you a default password that is often hard to remember. signature If comments are enabled. you may also see additional tabs. These are controlled by the profile module. If the site administrator has made more than one theme available.de Tel.Different information is available to be edited here depending on what features your site administrator has installed. password Enter in a new password in both fields to set it.: 07000 7000 850 . Different types of content 24iX Systems. Creating new content As a registered and logged-in user. different features will cause different fields to display on your user account page. and allows you to enter more information about yourself.de . Some examples might include "Personal Information". Alte Kirchstr. you will be able to set a default signature. "Workplace". you will be able to select what you would like the default theme to be for your account. block configuration The site administrator may make some blocks (chunks of content that are usually displayed in a left and/or right column) optional. Additional Information Aside from the account settings tab. Sometimes a particular site will have more than one theme installed. so it is recommended that you change your password to something you can easily remember. according to the offset you enter here. This will be copied into new comments for you automatically. You can enable and disable the display of these blocks by checking and unchecking the boxes next to them. etc.24ix. theme A "theme" is the basic look and feel of a Drupal site. Email: info@24ix. titled according to the information they contain. This will cause all dated content on the site to display in local time. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
Basically. you have permissions to edit that type of content. you might find a dropdown list of topics.24ix. In general. o Or else on a particular page. look for a link that says "create content". Permissions What types of content you can create or edit depends on the privileges that have been assigned to the "role" or user group you're a member of. This might be. 11. o Submission queue I submitted a story.de Tel. Topics/categories/terms Content on Drupal websites is usually organized using categories through a system called "taxonomy". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Often. you bring up a form. enter text into it (like the title and content of an article). This means that articles submitted are marked for evaluation. an article. If one of these links say "administer" or something like "edit this page". for instance. you can think of a node as the content of a page. So to add an article. If this seems hard to relate to. 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. Many of these are organized into what are called "nodes". So don't worry! When a site administrator has had a chance to look over your submission. A taxonomy has different "terms" that are used as categories for articles. These links say things like "12 comments" (if there are comments that have been made on the article) and "read more" (if you're looking at a short version of an article). they'll make the decision about whether it meets the criteria for posting. you can think of topics as being like folders on your hard drive--they help to organize content. a Drupal site is set up with a "submission queue". but it doesn't appear anywhere! Sometimes a Drupal site is set up so that when you submit a story it goes straight up on the site. Email: info@24ix. though.: 07000 7000 850 .de . When you're adding an article. you choose where on the site to categorize your article. Click this to get a listing of the types of content you have permission to post. so that you can find similar things in the same place. and hit a button to submit the form. to find out what you can do: On your user menu (the collection of links that has your user name as a title). By selecting one. look for links at the bottom of an article. Content is added or updated through web page forms.There are various types of content that you can post using Drupal.
look for comment-related links at the bottom of the article. Email: info@24ix.) At the top of your personal menu. this might read "login or register to post comments". Alte Kirchstr. offering your own ideas. Preparing content Before posting directly to a site. If you reply. it's important to try to ensure that your comments are respectful and constructive. you should see something like "Add new comment". you may want to start in a word processing program.de . etc. When you do log in. If you're not logged in. Etiquette Comments can be a great way of enriching a community site--but they can also lead to unfriendly. 11. your comment will be indented to show that it is part of that discussion. This means you can comment directly on an article--or you can reply to an existing comment.Creating comments Comments allow you as a user to interact with the content on a site--to respond to an article. or critique.de Tel. Making comments When you bring up an article to read. forum topics.: 07000 7000 850 . Potential advantages include: 24iX Systems. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. "Threaded" comments Comments in the Drupal system are "threaded". Click on the link and you're ready to comment away. you'll find a link called "create content". additions. This list reflects the privileges assigned to your user account or to the group ("role") your account is part of. As with any communication.24ix. Adding "nodes" (stories. Click this and you'll see a list of the types of content you can create. even harassing exchanges.
Email: info@24ix. If your article is one that could be usefully commented on. Access to spell-check and other editing features.. 11. Title 24iX Systems. Creating a story To get to the menu for adding content. Admin stuff At the top of the form is some administrative stuff. Depending on how much formatting you wish to do. Apply formatting as desired (e. If you're not sure what to do.o o Saving time online. Bring up the HTML (encoded) view of the text. the "composer" that comes with Mozilla and Netscape. These include. italics). Drupal supports discussion/comments on postings--but such comments are not always appropriate. Click on "story" at the bottom of the "create content" menu. just look at the "Allow user comments" bit. Otherwise. Steps: o o o Type or copy and paste your text into the HTML editor. keep the default "Read/write". click "create content" on the Admin menu. You'll be presented with a list of types of content you can create. for instance. choose "Disabled".: 07000 7000 850 . bold. You'll get the "Submit story" form.24ix. you could also consider using an HTML editor. This is a particular consideration if you're on dial-up. Notice that on the right-hand main page space is a description of each type of content--a handy reference. Alte Kirchstr. to have formatted copy.de . From here. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. This HTML is what you'll copy and paste into Drupal's input form. it is just a matter of filling in the form and posting it.
<p>This is a paragraph. indicating that you are turning it "off").de . enclose them in "p" tags. To make something italic. just type and include double line returns (hit "enter" twice) at the and of each paragraph. Alternately you can just type straight in. What you're seeing when you pull down the menu is all the sections available on the website.: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr. So. then put each list item in "li" (yes. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. But hey. choose the appropriate section for your story and continue down the form. if you're a novice. just copy and paste it into this field. Try to be descriptive and catchy.de Tel. Body The "body" field is where you put the main content of the page. This is the section your article will go in--or in the technical language of Drupal ("taxonomy terms"). with their structure. For the most basic page. You can optionally format your entry in friendly old HTML. first open a list with a "ul" tag (that stands for "unordered list"). just enclose it in "b" tags. put it in "i" tags: <i>This is in italics</i> To put things nicely in paragraphs.</p> To make bullets. Email: info@24ix. If you've typed this into a word processor or HTML editor. for 24iX Systems. like this: <b>This text is bold</b> Note that there is always an opening tag (no forward slash) and a closing tag (a forward slash before the tag name. 11.24ix. Topics Next comes the "Topics" pull-down menu. Here's a quick primer: If you want something to be bold.The title is straightforward enough. don't worry--that's not as difficult as it sounds.
Alte Kirchstr. to make sure the breaking point is appropriate. Here's how it looks: <ul> <li>This is the first bulleted item</li> <li>This is the second bulleted item</li> </ul> And to make headlines. Don't forget at the end to close off your list with a closing "ul" tag. Email: info@24ix. You do this by typing in: <!--break--> The "teaser" will end at the point you put the <!--break-->. use "h2" (we're starting at 2 because these are really sub-headlines and shouldn't be bigger than the original page title). And you're set! You can preview the page you've prepared by hitting "Preview" (recommended. like at a paragraph return--but it's better to decide yourself. 11. For a second-level headline.de . for a first-level headline. Alternative ways to enter content 24iX Systems.24ix. the software will choose a breaking point for you. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and sometimes required) or you can bravely or recklessly just go ahead and publish it by hitting "Submit". was it? Decide where you want the "teaser" (the part of the main text used in links to the article) to end. That is.de Tel. with a paragraph after it: <h2>This is the Headline</h2> <p>And here is the paragraph</p> That wasn't too painful.: 07000 7000 850 ."list") tags. use "h3". If you do nothing. And so on! Example. use "h" tags. using numbers as appropriate.
you might be able to enter new articles without ever logging on to the site. The "xmlrpc. you may be able to input and edit content using one of a number of "blog" softwares. then for "Path" put the rest of the address.php" for Path. These include programs that run on your desktop and allow you to simply type in content. This is explained in the w. here's some steps to get going: o o Download the software from. 24iX Systems. In fact. if any. Email: info@24ix. without having to log on to a website and follow links to bring up a form. Posting and editing content with w. desktop program.ca" for host and "site/xmlrpc.ca/site/" you would put "www. you're ready to roll. and have your content automatically loaded onto your site. Cryptic question to ask: "Is the bloggerapi enabled?" If the answer is yes.wbloggar.php" part is the Drupal file that handles the blogging input. you might want to check in with an administrator on the site you're working on to make sure it accepts blog posts.gworks.de Tel. When it comes time to set the "Blog Tool" selection. Drupal includes functionality for "blogging"--creating "blogs" or web-based journals. If you've confirmed that blog support is enabled.de . hit a "post" button. choose "MovableType" (and not "Drupal").bloggar is a gratis software for Windows designed for "blogs" (web-based journals).bloggar w.Depending on what's available on your site. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: and install.gworks. Before trying out one of the blogging softwares. For "Host" put the domain of the website you're using. This is because (at time of writing) the Drupal support in w.php". If it's no.bloggar is outdated. followed by "/xmlrpc. you could request that it be enabled to allow you quick update abilities. it can allow you to post content easily and quickly to almost any part of a website using a simple. Alte Kirchstr. So if the address was ". If this functionality is enabled on your site.bloggar help files. 11. Keep in mind that blogging software can be used for more than blogs.: 07000 7000 850 . Set up a new account.
Clicking this link will bring up a page with a form for changing the page.bloggar is as simple as opening the program. 2.0. log in and then bring up the page you wish to edit. Please note that PHP 5.24ix. A Web Server that can execute PHP scripts Recommended: Apache.x. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix.de .: 07000 7000 850 . We recommend using the latest version of PHP 4. Successfully tested with version 2.2.1+. Older releases will run on PHP 4. Look below the article (or article summary) for a link that says "administer".x. or sometimes "edit this page". Installation System requirements 1. When you click it. When correctly set up.de Tel. In doing so. Editing and deleting content To edit or delete existing content. Development with version 1. PHP As of Drupal 4. you might see this below all pages or only certain ones (like those that you yourself submitted). selecting a category (the "taxonomy term" to use) and hitting post. Drupal is being developed with IIS compatibiliy in mind. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. This guide includes extensive HowTo's for using all core modules. change the text or settings and then submit.0 is not yet supported by Drupal.6+. typing in some text. look for a "delete" button near the bottom of the page.Now you're ready to start posting. you'll get a second chande to confirm that you wish to delete the page--or to change your mind! Administrator's guide An administrator’s guide for installing and configuring a Drupal site.bloggar offers.x. Depending on your user permissions.3. and IIS is reported to be working.0. 24iX Systems. If you wish to delete the page. 11. you can take advantage of the text formatting functionality w. posting a web page from w. Optional: IIS. we require PHP version 4. To edit the page.
htaccess that ships with drupal. See here for how to change configuration settings for other interfaces to PHP. the windows version of PHP has built in support for this extension.6 2004/11/27 11:28:55 dries Exp $ 24iX Systems. only PostgreSQL is actively maintained and supported. that setting php configuration options from . ie.module).de Tel.save_handler user In addition.0.txt. 3. Alte Kirchstr. This extension is enabled by default in a standard PHP installation. AllowOverride is not None. Optional: Any PEAR supported Database. if php is installed as an Apache module. Note.: 07000 7000 850 . Currently.17 or newer (for our use of INNER JOIN's with join_condition's). though. v3. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix. Experiences with other Databases are greatly welcome. if the .cache_limiter none (we only mention directives that differ from the default php.23.htaccess is actually read. 11. MySQL 4 is fine. however.htaccess only works 1.ini-recommended starting with PHP 4.24ix. PHP needs the following configuration directives for drupal to work: session. we recommend the following settings: session.de . 2. Installation process // $Id: INSTALL. 3. Using a PEAR supported Database (see below) requires (of course) PEAR to be installed. so you shouldn't need to set them explicitely.PHP XML extension (for {bloggerapi|drupal|jabber|ping}.6) These settings are contained in the default . with Apache (or a compatible webserver).v 1.inidist / php. A PHP-supported Database Server Recommended: MySQL.
ini and can be overwritten in a .org. you will need PHP's XML extension.If you want support for clean URLs.cache_limiter none These values are set in php. 24iX Systems.de . . 11. (More information can be found in the Drupal handbook on drupal. DOWNLOAD DRUPAL You can obtain the latest Drupal release from user In addition. Jabber. Email: info@24ix.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .htaccess file.net/). SERVER CONFIGURATION -------------------Your PHP must have the following settings: session. This extension is enabled by default in standard PHP4 installations.) INSTALLATION -----------1. other web server and database combinations such as IIS and PostgreSQL are possible but tested to a lesser extent.REQUIREMENTS -----------Drupal requires a web server. RSS syndication. OPTIONAL COMPONENTS ------------------.php. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.To use XML-based services such as the Blogger API. we recommend the following settings: session. Alte Kirchstr.net/) and either MySQL. PostgreSQL or a database server supported by the PHP PEAR API (. PHP4 (. you'll need mod_rewrite and the ability to use local .htaccess files. you can print out your local PHP settings with PHP's phpinfo() function.org/. NOTE: The Apache web server and MySQL database are strongly recommended.
At the MySQL prompt.x. check the database documentation.tgz $ tar -zxvf drupal-x. you will be asked for the dba_user database password.x/* drupal-x. CREATE THE DRUPAL DATABASE These instructions are for MySQL. where 'drupal' is the name of your database 'nobody@localhost' is the userid of your webserver MySQL account 'password' is the password required to log in as the MySQL user 24iX Systems. Next you must login and set the access database rights: $ mysql -u dba_user -p Again. enter following command: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: the current tar.gz format and extract the files: $ wget. You will need to use the appropriate user name for your system.x/ containing all Drupal files and directories.tgz This will create a new directory drupal-x. "dba_user" is an example MySQL user which has the CREATE and GRANT privileges.x. Move the contents of that directory into a directory within your web server's document root or your public HTML directory: $ mv drupal-x.x.x.de . 11.: 07000 7000 850 . First.* TO nobody@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password'.24ix.x/.x. Email: info@24ix.x. If you are using another database.htaccess /var/www/html 2. you must create a new database for your Drupal site: $ mysqladmin -u dba_user -p create drupal MySQL will prompt for the dba_user database password and then create the initial database files.x.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. In the following examples.
de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. 0 rows affected to activate the new permissions you must enter the command flush privileges.com".de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. In addition. you can skip to the next section.php' file as appropriate. you must set the database URL and the base URL to the web site. you must load the required tables: $ mysql -u nobody -p drupal < database/database. Additional site configurations are created in subdirectories within the 'sites' directory.: 07000 7000 850 . a single Drupal installation can host several Drupal-powered sites. 3. CONNECTING DRUPAL The default configuration can be found in the 'sites/default/settings. 11. LOAD THE DRUPAL DATABASE SCHEME Once you have a database. MySQL will reply with Query OK.example. Before you can run Drupal. and then enter '\q' to exit MySQL.mysql 4. The configuration for www. Open the configuration file and edit the $db_url line to match the database defined in the previous steps: $db_url = "mysql://username:password@localhost/drupal". Email: info@24ix.example. Set $base_url to match the address to your web site: $base_url = " successful. The new directory name is constructed from the site's URL.24ix. If you don't need to run multiple Drupal sites.php' file which specifies the configuration settings. each with its own individual configuration.php' file within your Drupal installation. The easiest way to create additional sites is to copy the 'default' directory and modify the 'settings. Each site subdirectory must have a 'settings.com could be in 24iX Systems.
the setup would look like this: sites/sub.example.com. using the first configuration file it finds: sites/ themes/: custom_theme 24iX Systems.'sites/example.example.com/settings.com/settings.com.php' (note that '. Alte Kirchstr.sub.example. The setup for a configuration such as this would look like the following: sites/default/settings. Sites do not each have to have a different domain. For example.sub.example. sub. For example.php sites/example.com/).com/site3).php Each site configuration can have its own site-specific modules and themes that will be made available in addition to those installed in the standard 'modules' and 'themes' directories. simply create a 'modules' or 'themes' directory within the site configuration directory.php sites/sub.example.com/: settings. and sub.php sites/sub.php sites/ Tel.24ix.site3/settings.php sites/example.site3/settings.example.com. example. To use site-specific modules or themes.php sites/default/settings. 11.com.site3/settings.com/settings.example.example.php When searching for a site configuration (for example sites/example.example.site3/settings. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 .com.com/settings.de .php sites/sub.com/site3 can all be defined as independent Drupal sites. Email: info@24ix. Drupal will search for configuration files in the following order.com.' should be omitted if users can access your site at. if sub. You can use subdomains and subdirectories for Drupal sites also.sub.com/settings.php sites/sub.dom has a custom theme and a custom module that should not be accessible to other sites.
de Tel. this will pass control to the modules and the modules will decide if and what they must do. one theme.org. Email: info@24ix.-q.: 07000 7000 850 . Enable modules via "Administration configuration - 24iX Systems. Use your administration panel to enable and configure services.org. set some general settings for your site with "Administration configuration". 6. your Drupal website defaults to a very basic configuration with only a few active modules.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. you must call the cron page. consult the Drupal handbook at drupal. Alte Kirchstr.modules/: custom_module NOTE: for more information about multiple virtual hosts or the configuration settings. CRON TASKS Many Drupal modules have periodic tasks that must be triggered by a cron job. 5. Example scripts can be found in the scripts/ directory. Create an account and login. CONFIGURE DRUPAL You can now launch your browser and point it to your Drupal site.de .php More information about the cron scripts are available in the admin help pages and in the Drupal handbook at drupal. The first account will automatically become the main administrator account. For example. To activate these tasks. The following example crontab line will activate the cron script on the hour: 0 * * * * wget -O . and no user access rights. 11. DRUPAL ADMINISTRATION --------------------Upon a new installation.
In general.php by visiting. Modify the new configuration file to make sure it has the correct information.: 07000 7000 850 . read through the instructions which accompany the different configuration settings and consult the various help pages available in the administration panel. Run update.com/update.php). UPGRADING --------1.conf or includes/conf. 5.com. Log on as the user with user ID 1.theme which defines a function header() that can be changed to reference your own logos. 4.php. Several sample themes are included in the Drupal installation and more can be downloaded from drupal. you will want to customize the look of your site. each theme contains a PHP file themename. check the themes/ directory for README files describing each alternate theme. For more information on configuration options. User permissions can be set with "Administration accounts .de Tel. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix. MORE INFORMATION 24iX Systems. CUSTOMIZING YOUR THEME(S) ------------------------Now that your server is running.de .especially your configuration file (www. Note that additional community-contributed modules and themes are available at. 2.permissions". Alte Kirchstr.org/.modules".example. Remove all the old Drupal files then unpack the new Drupal files into the directory that you run Drupal from. Most themes also contain stylesheets or PHP configuration files to tune the colors and layouts.example. 3.24ix.org. Customizing each theme depends on the theme. 11. Backup your database and Drupal directory .
please consult the Drupal handbook at. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr.php Change RewriteBase to: # Modify the RewriteBase if you are using Drupal in a subdirectory and the # rewrite rules are not working properly: RewriteBase /subdirectory Remove any #'s in front of the RewriteBase line in case it's commented out. Make sure your $base_url in conf. You can also find support at the Drupal support forum or through the Drupal mailing lists. Linux specific guidelines Installing PHP.de Tel.24ix.org/. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 .de . you need to alter the .php is set correctly as well.htaccess file in Drupal's root. Change ErrorDocument to: # Customized server error messages: ErrorDocument 404 /subdirectory/index. Installing Drupal in a subdirectory If you install Drupal in a subdirectory.---------------For platform specific configuration issues and other installation and administration assistance. MySQL and Apache under Linux 24iX Systems. 11.
3.php Look for a line that begins with "$base_url = ". and unpack them in the same directory. Email: info@24ix.Installing MySQL shouldn't be too much of a burden.com/development/ to the root directory of behind DirectoryIndex. download Apache and PHP.php in IfModule mod_dir. Change Path In your new directory. Make sure you include .de Tel. Somewhat down httpd. Therefore. open the file includes/conf. You might need to modify the .com. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. The last thing to do is to add index. set AllowOverride to "All" instead of "None". Alte Kirchstr. just follow these simple steps: Copy Files Copy the files of your Drupal installation from the old directory to your new directory. update this so that $base_url equals the path to your new directory. follow the "quick install"-instructions in the INSTALL-file located in your PHP directory.htaccess file as well. 24iX Systems.24ix. 11. After the compilation process you have to set the DocumentRoot in Apache's httpd.mysite. Once MySQL has been installed. Please do note that you'll also need the MySQL client RPM.htaccess files so drupal can override Apache options from within the drupal directories. All you have to do is grab the RPMs from the MySQL website.mysite.x' with your version of Apache. Save the file and close it.: 07000 7000 850 .php in the DocumentRoot and will display it as its main page. When configuring PHP do not forget to replace 'apache_1. not only the MySQL server one.conf to the path of your drupal-directory. when using a Linux distribution that can handle RPMs. Apache will then look for index. Make sure your Apache is setup to allow .de .htaccess. To install Apache together with PHP and MySQL.conf they ask you to set Directory to whatever you set DocumentRoot to. Moving Your Drupal Installation To A New Directory If for instance you need to move your installation from www.
it is now safe to delete the files in your old Drupal directory. If you wish to update the database. You can set the include path in your conf. Specifically.. Use Query Analyzer or Enterprise Manager to do the following: Create a database for your site. dump the required tables into your database by executing the file database.mssql schema and get MSSQL working again. Once you have a proper database.de Tel. Email: info@24ix.php file: ini_set("magic_quotes_sybase". ".c:/php/pear"). you will need the following: o o o PHP with the MSSQL extension active PEAR must be installed and on your include path.24ix. ini_set("include_path". substitute dbo. and create/delete tables. 11. MS SQL Server Guidelines Update: with Drupal 4. Create a user who has may read/write data. you currently cannot use the forum and tracker modules.php with something similar to . o Note that the bottom of the database. please send a note to the drupal-devel mail list..de . make sure you update it to point to your new installation. Alte Kirchstr. MSSQL is not supported because we have no maintainer for this piece of the application. Please post here if you find a way around this. Add the following line to your includes/conf.Update Cron If you set up Cron on your old installation. o o o 24iX Systems.4. In order to use MS SQL Server. Delete Old Directory Test that everything is working in your new installation.mssql in your Query Analyzer. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.. 1).GREATEST wherever you find GREATEST.: 07000 7000 850 . If you are using a prior version. If so.mssql file contains function(s) which only work in SQL 2000. These functions seem not to work without minor modification to the Drupal source code.
or use /usr/sbin/apachectl restart). PHP is also available from Marc Liyanage. You'll need to be root (or sudo) to do this. or any combination of "Options". OSX Specific Guidelines Install and configure Mysql and PHP. and "Limit" # # AllowOverride None AllowOverride All 24iX Systems. Can also be "All".de . The stock version of Apache should be fine.conf (in /private/etc/httpd).: 07000 7000 850 . Turn on "personal web sharing" in the sharing panel of System Preferences.php: $db_url = "mssql://username:password@hostname/dbname".24ix. then back on again. so that Drupal's clean urls will work (they depend upon rewrite rules in . 11.php so Drupal can access the database you have created. Don't forget to restart apache after modifying httpd. # # This controls which options the . Email: info@24ix. # "AuthConfig". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: (turn personal web sharing off. Server Logistics provides nice precompiled packages and instructions. Edit the following line in includes/conf.htaccess files in directories can # override. locate the following section and allow overrides. "FileInfo". Alte Kirchstr.de Tel.htaccess). In httpd.o Set the database options in includes/conf.
pgsql You will be prompted for your database password.24ix. On success. 11. Once you have a proper database.de Tel.php: $db_url = "pgsql://username:password@hostname/dbname". Email: info@24ix. You will be prompted for that user's password.Drupal goes into /Library/WebServer/Documents/. 24iX Systems. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Create a PostgreSQL database for your site.php so Drupal can access the database you have created. or ~/Sites. Set the database options in includes/conf. Alte Kirchstr. PostgreSQL specific guidelines 1. 3. All has gone well if there are no lines marked "Error:" printed to the screen. createdb -U username dbname where username is the owner of the database (this user must have permission to create databases) and dbname is the name of your database. Edit the following line in includes/conf. dump the required tables into your database: psql -u username dbname < database/database.: 07000 7000 850 . You should see a progress report as the tables are created.de . the following is displayed: CREATE DATABASE 2.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If you want to install them separately. and MySQL in one easy download.postgresql. Otherwise.Installing PostgreSQL on Windows Postgres is easily installed and administered on Windows. As of this writing. Alte Kirchstr. see the guidelines below.org/guides/GUITools">PostgreSQL GUI's o Go ahead and create your database tables via phpPgSQL or via the command line as described here. After completing installation.: 07000 7000 850 . PHP. Email: info@24ix. have a look at Miniserver Foxserv PHPHome Installing Apache (with PHP) on Windows The first step to getting Drupal running on your Windows machine is to set up the Apache web server. It will save you frustation at the command line. 24iX Systems. See PostgreSQL on Windows for the options you have. the apparently easiest choice for PostgreSQL on Windows is "UltraSQL by PeerDirect" mentioned at above link. o You might want to install phpPgSQL in order to admin your database. See the README file enclosed in the download and Installing the PeerDirect PostgreSQL beta for Windows for more instructions.de Tel. A more complete list of all known PostgreSQL GUI tools is available at <A href=" . o Windows specific guidelines Several packages exist which install Apache. It is available from here. o Grab the latest copy of Apache and PHP. the username for your DB is your windows login name and there is no password.24ix. While you're at it. it's best to install PHP along the way because you'll be editing the same files for both of them. 11.
0.exe. Next. If there is no such file.php index.phps ScriptAlias /php/ 'C:/php/' where the path points to the folder you installed PHP to.de . the Apache-Installer defaults to C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache. o Go to the folder where you have installed Apache.0. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. make sure there are no spaces in the paths. If you keep this. Installing MySQL on Windows o After downloading the latest stable release version of MySQL. C:\Windows\Temp) o Use the Start Apache as a service icon in your Start Menu. When prompted choose custom install.save_path to a valid temporary folder on your harddrive (e.ini-dist and copy it. and execute it.conf. Alte Kirchstr. httpd.html Change your Documentroot value to the folder where you unzipped Drupal. Remember to use forward slashes. 11. group. 24iX Systems. you quite certainly will run into problems with cgi.1 Change DirectoryIndex index.24ix. change ServerName to 127. check for a php.: 07000 7000 850 . When prompted for the directories to install the programs into. It's best to do a full install. Action application/x-httpd-php '/php/php.and php-scripts not finding paths. which you have to edit next: Search for ServerAdmin and change it to your e-mail address If you want to do local testing only. Search for AddType and add the following lines: AddType application/x-httpd-php .Run the setup files and install the packages. locate the setup.php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source . Search for a section called [mail function] and fill in your outgoing mailserver (SMTP) and email-address. go to the section called [Session] and change the session.ini. o o Everything should work fine now.html to DirectoryIndex index. go to your PHP folder and edit php. Oddly enough.g. In there is a file. o Next.de Tel.exe' Find <Directory and change that value to <Directory 'C:/Drupal'> with the same path as your Documentroot value. Email: info@24ix. and under that you will see a folder conf. Changing this to something like C:\progs\web\Apache and C:\progs\web\PHP will do just fine.
ini Make the following modifications: Change include_path to ''. 24iX Systems. and start winmysqladmin. mod_rewrite powers this feature. Make sure it exists and is the same folder your specified in the Apache setup procedure. then everything is set up correctly.php which contain the following: <?PHP phpinfo(). You probably want to disable logging in IIS. Email: info@24ix. If you get the PHP information page.ini tab. Change doc_root to your preferred work folder (''drive:pathtofiles'').: 07000 7000 850 . just go over the settings again for PHP to make sure everything is ok. Select all components.'' Change sendmail_from to ''your@email. and choose "create shortcut in startmenu" option. Create a basic php file.exe Choose a username and password for yourself. and type in:. Using Clean URLs with IIS Drupal can display brief. everything fine. For IIS. you will use a custom error handler for this. In the console.de Tel. Go to the MySQL folder. For Apache sites. since every page view is considered an error using this technique. pretty URLs like those at drupal. Change session. If admin program runs with a green light. Set register_globals to equal "On" Save the changes. Open your web browser. If not.mail. click on the my. extract the archive to c:\php or something similar. and continue until done. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr.save_path to a temporary folder (''drive:pathtotemp'') and make sure the temporary folder exists. ?> and save it in your work folder.de .o o o o o o o Choose a path to install it.address'' Change SMTP to 'your. Copy php. use the same configuration as your email client uses.smtp. which is c:\mysql. In the my.service' If you don't know your smtp server. for example test.org.ini-optimized to php.php.ini tab. and copy the php. Close the admin console and restart it. also chck that all the configurable options are correct in accordance to your computer. I recommend keeping to the default. Installing PHP4 on Windows o o o o o After obtaining the latest stable release of PHP.24ix.ini file to your Windows directory.
php. and press Submit.")) { $qs = explode(". You cannot just browse to a subdirectory if you happenned to install to a subdirectory. right click and select properties -> custom errors tab set the HTTP Error 404 and 405 lines to MessageType=URL. parse_str($parts['query']. $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']). $arr). Alte Kirchstr. // set to 1 if using clean URLS with IIS // CODE if ($active && strstr($_SERVER["QUERY_STRING"]. do so by editing the variable table directly. } } ?> Installing Drupal on Windows 24iX Systems. if ($parts["query"]) { $_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"] .= '?'. $_SERVER["QUERY_STRING"]). $arr). 11. $url = array_pop($qs). if any. $_SERVER["QUERY_STRING"] = $parts["query"].php.24ix. URL=/index. prepend your subdir before /index. the first two lines should be edited. If you aren't using a subdirectory.php?q=admin/system. $_SERVER["ARGV"] = array($parts["query"]). $parts = parse_url($url). // enter a subdirectory. paste the following code into the bottom of includes/conf. } $_GET["q"] = trim($parts["path"]. $_GET = array_merge($_GET.o o o o o o make sure your Drupal is working well without clean urls enabled. set $sub_directory to "".: 07000 7000 850 . enable clean URLS. If you get into trouble. $_REQUEST = array_merge($_REQUEST. otherwise. then set $active=1 and enjoy! <?php // CONFIGURATION $sub_dir = "/41/". If you are using Drupal in a subdirectory. "/"). and have to disable clean URLs later. Email: info@24ix.de Tel.php browse to index. use "" $active = 0. // remove cruft added by IIS if ($sub_dir) { $parts["path"] = substr($parts["path"]. ". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. strlen($sub_dir)).". unset($_GET. $parts["query"]. $arr). $_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"] = $parts["path"]. open your Internet Services Manager or MMC and browse to the root directory of the web site where you installed Drupal.de .
Drupal Adminstration V. Upgrading an Existing Drupal Site X. Scheduling Tasks VIII. 11. and c) we don't want to maintain redundant documentation. Optional Components IX.[this page used to contain verbose windows installation guidelines. they got removed because they were a) just a copy of the general installation guidelines.net/) and MySQL or a database server supported by the PHP PEAR API (. Requirements II. b) misleading ("start by extracting the archive to the PHP working folder"). 24iX Systems.)] Installing Drupal on Windows Ext ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table of Contents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: . don't rely on "wget" and "tar" etc. Connecting it All Together IV. this page should only contain windows specific guidelines that differ significantly from the general guidelines.net/). Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr. NOTE: The Apache web server and MySQL database are strongly recommended.php. There are many out there. My personal favorite (because it worked out of the box) is FoxServ (. Installation III. other web server and database combinations such as IIS and PostgreSQL are possible but tested to a lesser extend. MySQL or PHP.de Tel.php. latter would be put so generally that we don't need anything here (eg. Customizing Themes VII. PHP4 (. Setting Permissions VI. More Information ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Requirements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Drupal requires a web server.: 07000 7000 850 .net/projects/foxserv/). I strongly recommend a complete web server packaged installer if you are at all new to Apache. preferably.
24ix. Move the contents of that directory into a directory 24iX Systems. we recommend the following settings: session. copy it to your "www. Downloading Drupal You can obtain the latest Drupal release from. There is a very helpful function in PHP that gives you all the information about how PHP is setup on your server. 11. At the time of this writing it has a 30 day trial period. For example. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You can find this information out easily with PHP's phpinfo() function.php. I recommend picozip (. You may need a tool to uncompress the files. This directory can be several directorys deeper than the unzipped directory.picozip. " <?php echo phpinfo(). The directory we are concerned about has the index.cache_limiter none The php. This will create a new directory drupal-x. ?> " and save the file to your server (where php is installed).ini file: session.save_handler user In addition.com" or "localhost" directory and view it in a browser.de . Click the downloads link. Download the most current tar.ini file is located so you can make any changes there. Email: info@24ix.mydomain. Alte Kirchstr.ini file.de Tel. This function also shows you where your php. Enter one line of text.gz format and extract the files. These settings can be set in . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Installation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Step 1.ini file is usually found in the WinNT directory. These can be set in the php. Be sure to have apache running when you test it.x/ containing all Drupal files and directories.org/.Server Configuration Your PHP setup must have the following settings enabled. To find out about your PHP settings simply create a file called phpinfo.php page and modules directory in it.htaccess file (in the drupal directory) overridding whatever is set in the php.x.: 07000 7000 850 .com/) because it is easy and supports a huge number of compression formats.
"C:\FoxServ\www\drupal". Be sure to check the database documentation for your specific database if you have any questions. 11.htaccess file.mydomain. Tell the guy thank you and donate. I would recommend copying it to a directory but if you are ready you can copy the files to root of the site which would be something like. If you are using another database and you know a little bit about databases you should be able to follow along quite nicely.Find and open MySQL-Front. To do so: . I received an error that prevented the program to launch when I tried to "Launch Program Now" from the installation program but on a second attempt the Start > Programs > menu it launched successfully. Alte Kirchstr. Creating the Database with MySQL-Front If you are going to create a database from the command line skip to the next section.de . on my local machine I copy the files to. 24iX Systems.com/www" or ". You can see hidden files in Explorer by going to the menu item Tools > Folder Options > View > Hidden Files and Folders > Show Hidden Files. Creating the Drupal Database These instructions are geared toward a MySQL database. you must create a new database for your Drupal site.mydomain. Alternatively you can use MySQL. An Open Session window will appear. On my local machine I created a directory of the name of the domain name it is part of.24ix.de Tel. For this part of the tutorial I am going to use MySQL-Front to create and setup our Drupal database.de/. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. I will list the command line instructions after the MySQL-Front instructions. To follow alongin the next steps you will need to login to your MySQL database with a user account that has the CREATE and GRANT privileges. Step 2. Email: info@24ix. NOTE: when copying files. ensure you also copy the hidden . For example.within your web server's document root or your public HTML directory. You can goto and download MySQL-Front from.: 07000 7000 850 .Opening MySQL Front .com/var/www/html".mysqlfront. You will need to use the appropriate user name for your system. At the time of this writing it is free. "D:\FoxServ\www\" (locally) or ". otherwise continue on here.exe from the command line to achieve the same thing. First.
. There is also a toolbar icon that adds a new database. 24iX Systems. Click OK to login to your mysql account.To create our new drupal database. .Login to MySQL . "drupal" or the same name as your domain.A New Database dialog appears.com" or an IP "127. Assuming you login successfully you will be shown a list of databases attached to the mysql server.0. You have the option to choose the database to startup in.1". Try what it says and if it doesn't work use the Command line method listed below or contact the authors of MySQL-Front at. . .de Tel.Enter the name of your new drupal database. 11.24ix.myserver. If you installed mysql yourself the username is "admin" or "root" and the password is blank (on a fresh mysql installation). Enter "localhost" if you are running it locally.Creating a New Connection Session . Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . . .. For this tutorial we will try to stay with menu commands. . If you get any errors the program will let you know about it and sometimes offers accurate advice on what to do to fix it. Otherwise enter your password now. If your password is blank you do not need to enter anything here. I dont know what Connection Saver is. The default port for mysql is "3306". If you dont know your're userid and password you will need to contact your hosting company or whoever set it mysql on your server and get a userid or send them these instructions. Default Timeout is 30 seconds.de . Click the Ok button to save your new mysql session connection and to take you back to the Open Session window. This would be " a New Database .Select the new session you just made and click the OK button. Connection Saver is active by default.Click the New button to create a new connection session for drupal.Switch to the login tab and enter the username that you setup when you installed mysql. Email: info@24ix. You will choose this at another time because we have not created our database yet.Under the Common tab enter the name for your connection. If you are running it on your local machine I would name it. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. select Database > New > Database from the menu bar.de/. A window will prompt you for your password if a password was not supplied (when you were creating the session connection).Switch to the Connection tab and enter the name of the server that has mysql running on it. In this tutorial we will call it "Drupal Connection". An Add Session window will appear.
I dont seem to be doing something right here. "myUserId" with the name of the drupal account that will be responsible for administering your drupal database.Importing the Drupal Database Scheme Once you have created your new database. If you are smart you will write these down now. No speeka englace. . go back and check for misspelling and incorrect syntax and try again.In the Common tab enter the name of the new user. If everything went hunky dory then we should see our new user listed.Select Database > Run from the menu bar.: 07000 7000 850 .Click on the SQL Editor and copy this code into it: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myDatabaseName. I recommend using all lowercase in the names you specify to avoid case sensitive errors later on. . "myPassword" with the password for your "myUserId@myDomainName" user ID. If not then check the error messages. Cancel out of that. This will add a new user with permissions necessary to administer your drupal database. 11."mydomainname". Substitute. "I am german.24ix. In the password field enter a password. An Add User window will appear.Next you must set the access database rights. "dba_user". . If you are running drupal on a local machine enter. . In this tutorial we will use.Substitute "myDatabaseName" with the name of your database. . To do this you must go to the "Importing the Drupal Database Scheme" section in the Command Line section or obtain an additional file called. Right click on Users in the Host tree and select Database > New > User from the menu bar. If successful you will get "O rows affected" in the MySQL-Front status bar. you must load the required drupal tables into it.de . Email: info@24ix. If you are not then skip it. You will get an error in german if you enter the wrong hostname. Click on Users in the Host tree and select View > Refresh from the menu bar. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.Switch to the Hosts tab and enter "localhost" or the name of your session connection. "localhost". 24iX Systems.* TO myUserId@myDomainName IDENTIFIED BY 'myPassword'. Interpreted it says. Alte Kirchstr. MySQL will then create the initial database files. If you are smart you will write your username and password down now.Creating a User with Access Rights ." Ok. Let's skip this method. We are going to run a script in MySQL-Front's SQL Query. .Let's verify that we created a new user. . Finally substitute. Substitute "myDomainName" with the name of of your domain. .
It would be better to have them manage it. . "d:\FoxServ\mysql\bin>". wait for it. If you did everything right command prompt will look like this. (cue ghost sounds). "dir" and "cd".24ix.sql" is not included with the drupal distribution.sql". It took 10 seconds to export it to ". on my machine the directory to the "mysql\bin" folder is "D:\FoxServ\mysql\bin".sql" file. Email: info@24ix..You must create a new database for your Drupal site for it to work. Click the OK button. You gotta a lesson in "Running MySQL from the Command Line". . "Dir" lists the contents of the directory and "cd" changes the directory. This is what people used to work in before graphical user interfaces available.de .: 07000 7000 850 . MySQLFront cannot import "*. Well.Right click on your new drupal database in the Host tree and select Import > SQL File. The two commands you use to browse are."database.ok fine. . But whatever. If you see something like that then pat yourself on the back. An Import Options window will appear. you can write me or request it from the HEAD team at drupal. Enter "cd\" to get to the root of your hard drive and then enter "cd FoxServ\mysql\bin". At the time of this writing the "database.. You are a big boy now.Now enter the following where "dba_user" is the name of the user id that has database administration rights to create your drupal database and "drupal" is the name of the drupal database to create: 24iX Systems. You will be presented with a scary black window with a square flashy thing. If you did not receive any errors then you have just created your drupal database! Yea! Creating the Database from the Command Line If you have already created a database using MySQL-Front skip to the next section. 11. "database.sql".sql" directory and select the file. This is the SQL script that will create your drupal tables. Click Ok and your database will be created.sql". The tool to do this is the mysql.exe" resides.exe file that can be run from the command line. This is called the command line. This is a MySQL import compatible MySQL database. Ok I was going to explain this but if you are installing a web site then you dont need to know this. Alte Kirchstr. To get to the command line goto Start > Run and enter "cmd".org. And ten seconds to import it to my test database. . Browse to the "[drupal install dir]/database/database.Browse to the directory where "mysql. I made the file because I imported the database from the command line and once it was in MySQL-Front I exported it to "database. (.de Tel. Otherwise you aren't going anywhere buddy.Creating the Database . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.) Change directories to the mysql directory.mysql" files which are the only kind included with drupal distribution.
You must include the semicolon at the end of the line for MySQL to evaluate your statement. "myDrupalUserID@localhost" is the new Drupal UserId.* TO myDrupalUserID@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'myDrupalUsersPassword'.Again. let's get that command prompt back up. What? You closed the command line window? No. Alte Kirchstr.Next you must login into your new database and set the user's database access rights. excuse me. "localhost" is the server where MySQL is installed and running and "myDrupalUsersPassword" is the new password for "myDrupalUserID@localhost" required to log in as the MySQL user. . pretty isn't it? . I'll keep going.de . You will now be at the mysql command line prompt which looks like "mysql> ". For now just leave the password field blank and press the entertainme key. Enter the following and press Enter: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myDrupalDatabase.: 07000 7000 850 . To do that we need to log into the MySQL command prompt.Now we need to create a new user that drupal can use to have access rights to the database. Email: info@24ix.de Tel. enter following command where 'myDrupalDatabase' is the name of your new drupal database. . no NO! This wont work at all! That's it I quit. (What drupal slave master? I am bound by the GPL to finish writing this on pain of death? Is it death by snoose snoose? No? Hmmm.mysqladmin -u dba_user -p create drupal . Note: if you just setup your mysql to run on your computer or server or whatever then you DO NOT HAVE A PASSWORD YET!!!! AAHHHHAHGGGG! That is ok. Fine.24ix. 11. Enter the password and hit enter. Ok.Setting Access Rights .) Ehem.Make sure we are in the same directory as before and enter the following where "dba_user" is the name of the user id that has database adminstration rights: mysql -u dba_user -p . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. . Calm down. You can set it later. If you receive no messages and are back to the command prompt then you have just created the your drupal database. you will be asked for the dba_user database password.Creating a new user with permissions . where was I? Oh right. Enter it (or dont if you dont have one) and press enter. We still need to import the database tables and setup a user before we can go further.At the MySQL prompt.SQL will prompt you for the dba_user database password. This is a command prompt that mysql creates inside the bigger command prompt. 24iX Systems.
de . . You will be returned back to the command prompt. MySQL will reply with "Query OK.and press enter. On my machine it is "D:\FoxServ\mysql\bin". . .We must now exit the mysql command prompt to finish creating our database.: 07000 7000 850 .Once you have created your new database.exe" resides (that is the directory you are in right now). To activate the new permissions you must enter the the following from the mysql command prompt: flush privileges. 24iX Systems. That is called living by faith.Importing the Drupal Database Scheme . Email: info@24ix.de Tel.If this attempt is successful. 11. Now would be a good time to copy the database (using windows explorer) to the same directory where "mysql. Enter the password you created for your "myDrupalUserID" account.. . 0 rows affected < 0. you must load the required drupal tables into it. It's was only necessary when we created a user but not used after that.where "myDrupalDatabase" is the name of your new drupal database.Activating Permissions . If you receive absolutely no messages whatsoever then the drupal database was successfully imported.. "myDrupalUserID" is the new MySQL userid you just created(without the "@locahost") for use with your new drupal database and "database/database. This refreshes and applies the permission to the new user we just made. otherwise it just sits there. Alte Kirchstr. waiting. waiting.You must activate the new permissions for MySQL to apply the last step to the current running databases. To exit mysql command prompt type 'exit' and press enter.mysql" is the path to the mysql database stored in the "[drupal install dir]/database/" directory.. . Note: You must remember to include the semicolon at the end of every statement you enter at the mysql prompt.You will be prompted to enter a password. When entering the userid remember to leave off the "@domainname" we specified in previous steps. To do so enter the following from the command prompt: mysql -u myDrupalUserID -p myDrupalDatabase < database/database.mysql .08 sec >". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: MySQL Command Prompt .24ix. waiting. Believing it worked even when you see no sign. If you do receive an error then I suggest checking the specified the path to the database and spelling errors.
Before you can run Drupal. " Tel. Open the "conf. Setting the Path to the Drupal Directory on your Server . If you've got this far then you can conclude that your drupal database was installed and setup successfully. the "conf. But nothing else.This step is also essential. If you dont get this you will only see the home page.php" file is located in "D:\FoxServ\www\mytestsite\includes\conf. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. "D:\FoxServ\www\test".Type "exit" and press enter to exit the command window.This step is essential.mysite.php" file is located in "D:\FoxServ\www\includes\conf. 11.php" file in a text editor.. This is the login script to get into your specific MySQL drupal database. .php" configuration file (in whatever drupal install you are in) and edit the $db_url line to match the values we defined in the previous steps: $db_url = "mysql://myDrupalUserID:myPassword@localhost/myDrupalDatabase". .php".php file.com". ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Connecting it All Together ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------We are almost done.mysite.: 07000 7000 850 . On my second drupal install.24ix. Remember how I said you can have multiple drupal sites running? Here is where you can configure that. So if you put your drupal files into a directory say. The database URL creates a connection string to connect to your database.Close the Command Prompt window . I have two duplicate sites on my server. my test site.Browse to the "includes" directory in your drupal server install directory and open the "conf. I've copied the orginal files to both the root "D:\FoxServ\www" and the test directory. Alte Kirchstr.php". On my machine the "conf.com/drupal" then you would put the same thing here. 24iX Systems. you must set the database URL and the base URL to the web site. The base URL is the location.de . Drupal server options are specified in includes/conf. Setting the Path to the Drupal Database .php file exists on your server. Email: info@24ix. the directory where your index.Set $base_url to match the address and directory of drupal on your web site: $base_url = ". Before Drupal will work we need to setup a few more settings.
If everything is setup correctly you will be at the home page of your new Drupal site.yourdomainname. Use your administration panel to enable and configure services. $base_url = "". . place this in your includes directory. Make sure Apache and MySQL services are running.modules". Use only one that matches your specific configuration: $base_url = ". Alte Kirchstr. $base_url = "".NOTE: for more information about multiple virtual hosts or the configuration settings. consult the Drupal handbook at drupal. your Drupal website defaults to a very basic configuration with only a few active modules.: 07000 7000 850 .configuration . 11.Here are some more examples. set some general settings for your site with "Administration .org/.accounts . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Drupal Adminstration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------You can now launch your browser and test your site! Browse to the root directory where Drupal is installed. For more information on configuration options.de Tel. Setting up more than one dupal site on one machine using Virtual Hosts Besides the method I've mentioned above Drupal also allows for multiple virtual host installations. If someone validates this and would include any steps I have forgot then i will add it here for the benefit of others. To configure a virtual server host.org. Enable modules via "Administration .mysite. Email: info@24ix. read through the instructions which accompany the different configuration settings and consult the various help pages available in the administration panel. and no user access rights.com. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Setting Permissions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24iX Systems.24ix. Note that additional community-contributed modules and themes are available at. NOTE: This part of the instructions (setting up virtual hosts) is not not tested. User permissions can be set with "Administration .configuration".php file we worked with earlier and rename it to "". one theme. make a copy of the conf. For example.de . Upon a new installation.php". 56414 Steinefrenz Web:".
Enter "adminstrator" and press the Add button. Email: info@24ix. Write your user name and password to both down in a secure location. Except in certain cases you will want to create additional roles for the different users that use your site. You can go back and change this after you get familiar with Drupal (think a few months from now). Goto Administer > Accounts > Permissions. The first thing you need to do is create a master user account. I recommend creating another account with administrative permissions for security reasons and using that from now on. On this page enter the new account information and click Create Account. You have to give them (an anonymous visitor) privileges to view your site. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Customizing Themes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Now that your server is running. You can now log out of the adminstrator account (write down the password) and login with your secondary adminstrator account.org.: 07000 7000 850 . For now go to Administer > Accounts > Roles and add "Adminstrator". If we are going to create a new adminstrator user account for ourselves we will need to change this. "access content" check the checkbox. we are one step away from creating our secondary adminstor account. Set your administrator account to have all permissions for now and click save permissions. 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. Giving Permissions to a Role By default all the roles have very limited capabilities. 11. We can change this in the Permissions page. Neither will anyone who visits the site. This is the page to give users the permission to see the content on your site. Creating a New User Finally. The first account will automatically become the main administrator account for the site. Here is a table filled with options for all your different roles.24ix. Follow the on screen instructions to create an account and login. Creating the Administrator Role By default Drupal only has two roles.de Tel. anonymous visitor and authenticated user. Several sample themes are included in the Drupal installation and more can be downloaded from drupal. Goto Administer > Accounts > New User. Please note. New roles have no permissions set.de . To enable anonymous users to see your site content find a row called. you will want to customize the look of your site. You can add additional adminstrator accounts at any time.Out of the box you will not have permission to do or view anything but the home page. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
Customizing each theme depends on the theme. Alte Kirchstr. This extension is enabled by default in standard PHP4 installations.php page. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Optional Components ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. (More information can be found in the Drupal handbook on drupal.php More information about the cron scripts are available in the admin help pages and in the Drupal handbook at drupal. In general. Most themes also contain stylesheets or PHP configuration files to tune the colors and layouts.-q . I dont know the Windows equivalent of this section. To activate these tasks.de Tel. This is called a cron job and they are setup in the cron. each theme contains a PHP file themename. check the themes/ directory for README files describing each alternate theme.24ix. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Scheduling Tasks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Many Drupal modules have periodic tasks that must be triggered at specific interviews. Example scripts can be found in the scripts/ directory. .) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Upgrading an Existing Drupal Site ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24iX Systems.htaccess files. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. 11. Please email me if you know. Email: info@24ix.theme which defines a function header() that can be changed to reference your own logos. you must call the cron page. this will pass control to the modules and the modules will decide if and what they must do.org. The following example crontab line will activate the cron script on the hour: 0 * * * * wget -O . RSS syndication. you'll need mod_rewrite and the ability to use local . you will need PHP's XML extension.: 07000 7000 850 .If you want support for clean URLs.To use XML-based services such as the Blogger API. Jabber.
Customizing Themes VII. 3. You can also find support at the Drupal support forum or through the Drupal mailing lists. Setting Permissions VI.com. More Information ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Requirements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Drupal requires a web server.example. Scheduling Tasks VIII.com/update. 24iX Systems. Overwrite all the old Drupal files with the new Drupal files.php. Drupal Adminstration V. Connecting it All Together IV. Modify the new configuration file to make sure it has the correct information.de .example. Alte Kirchstr.24ix.php. Run update.php.php by visiting). Email: info@24ix. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------More Information ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------For platform specific configuration issues and other installation and administration assistance.org/.: 07000 7000 850 .php). 5. Installing Drupal on Windows Ext ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table of Contents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------I.conf or includes/conf. PHP4 (. 4. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Upgrading an Existing Drupal Site X.net/) and MySQL or a database server supported by the PHP PEAR API (. Optional Components IX.1. Requirements II. please consult the Drupal handbook at your configuration file (www. Installation III. 2. Log on as the user with user ID 1.de Tel. Backup your database and Drupal directory . 11.
mydomain.ini file is located so you can make any changes there.htaccess file (in the drupal directory) overridding whatever is set in the php. we recommend the following settings: session. " <?php echo phpinfo(). copy it to your " file is usually found in the WinNT directory.cache_limiter none The php. 11. ?> " and save the file to your server (where php is installed). Be sure to have apache running when you test it. To find out about your PHP settings simply create a file called phpinfo. other web server and database combinations such as IIS and PostgreSQL are possible but tested to a lesser extend. Downloading Drupal 24iX Systems. MySQL or PHP. My personal favorite (because it worked out of the box) is FoxServ (. For example. You can find this information out easily with PHP's phpinfo() function. There are many out there. Alte Kirchstr. I strongly recommend a complete web server packaged installer if you are at all new to Apache.de Tel.de . These settings can be set in . This function also shows you where your php. These can be set in the php.net/projects/foxserv/). Email: info@24ix.NOTE: The Apache web server and MySQL database are strongly recommended.ini file.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. There is a very helpful function in PHP that gives you all the information about how PHP is setup on your server. Enter one line of text. Server Configuration Your PHP setup must have the following settings enabled.com" or "localhost" directory and view it in a browser.ini file: session.save_handler user In addition. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Installation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Step 1.php.
picozip. "D:\FoxServ\www\" (locally) or " can obtain the latest Drupal release from. This directory can be several directorys deeper than the unzipped directory.: 07000 7000 850 . You may need a tool to uncompress the files.x/ containing all Drupal files and directories.com/www" or ". Be sure to check the database documentation for your specific database if you have any questions.de/. I received an error that prevented the program to launch when I tried to "Launch Program Now" from the installation program but on a second attempt the Start > Programs > menu it launched successfully. Move the contents of that directory into a directory within your web server's document root or your public HTML directory. on my local machine I copy the files to. For this part of the tutorial I am going to use MySQL-Front to create and setup our Drupal database.24ix. If you are using another database and you know a little bit about databases you should be able to follow along quite nicely. At the time of this writing it is free. I would recommend copying it to a directory but if you are ready you can copy the files to root of the site which would be something like. ensure you also copy the hidden . Alternatively you can use MySQL.de Tel. This will create a new directory drupal-x. You will need to use the appropriate user name for your system.mydomain. Creating the Drupal Database These instructions are geared toward a MySQL database.org/. The directory we are concerned about has the index.php page and modules directory in it.gz format and extract the files. Alte Kirchstr. I recommend picozip (. Click the downloads link. "C:\FoxServ\www\drupal". Download the most current tar. 24iX Systems.mysqlfront.exe from the command line to achieve the same thing. Step 2. To follow alongin the next steps you will need to login to your MySQL database with a user account that has the CREATE and GRANT privileges. You can goto and download MySQL-Front from. Tell the guy thank you and donate. I will list the command line instructions after the MySQL-Front instructions. NOTE: when copying files.de . 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix.com/var/www/html". For example.htaccess file. You can see hidden files in Explorer by going to the menu item Tools > Folder Options > View > Hidden Files and Folders > Show Hidden Files. At the time of this writing it has a 30 day trial period.x.com/) because it is easy and supports a huge number of compression formats. On my local machine I created a directory of the name of the domain name it is part of.
This would be " MySQL Front .Find and open MySQL-Front. To do so: .Click the New button to create a new connection session for drupal. otherwise continue on here. If you installed mysql yourself the username is "admin" or "root" and the password is blank (on a fresh mysql installation). An Add Session window will appear. Default Timeout is 30 seconds.Login to MySQL . First. If you get any errors the program will let you know about it and sometimes offers accurate advice on what to do to fix it. Try what it says and if it doesn't work use the Command line method listed below or contact the authors of MySQL-Front at. Click OK to login to your mysql account. You have the option to choose the database to startup in. Click the Ok button to save your new mysql session connection and to take you back to the Open Session window. If your password is blank you do not need to enter anything here. A window will prompt you for your password if a password was not supplied (when you were creating the session connection). An Open Session window will appear.0.Select the new session you just made and click the OK button. If you dont know your're userid and password you will need to contact your hosting company or whoever set it mysql on your server and get a userid or send them these instructions. I dont know what Connection Saver is.: 07000 7000 850 . 24iX Systems. The default port for mysql is "3306". Enter "localhost" if you are running it locally. .Creating the Database with MySQL-Front If you are going to create a database from the command line skip to the next section.myserver. You will choose this at another time because we have not created our database yet. Otherwise enter your password now.Switch to the Connection tab and enter the name of the server that has mysql running on it.24ix. .Switch to the login tab and enter the username that you setup when you installed mysql.Under the Common tab enter the name for your connection. In this tutorial we will call it "Drupal Connection". you must create a new database for your Drupal site. . .de . .mysqlfront. 11. Email: info@24ix.Creating a New Connection Session .com" or an IP "127. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.1". Alte Kirchstr. Connection Saver is active by default.
In the Common tab enter the name of the new user. . .24ix. "mydomainname".A New Database dialog appears. .Substitute "myDatabaseName" with the name of your database.de Tel. Substitute "myDomainName" with the name of of your domain. Finally substitute. .Switch to the Hosts tab and enter "localhost" or the name of your session connection.: 07000 7000 850 . Right click on Users in the Host tree and select Database > New > User from the menu bar. For this tutorial we will try to stay with menu commands. Substitute. No speeka englace. "localhost".Creating a User with Access Rights . I dont seem to be doing something right here. In the password field enter a password." Ok.Enter the name of your new drupal database. "myUserId" with the name of the drupal account that will be responsible for administering your drupal database. "myPassword" with the password for your "myUserId@myDomainName" user ID. .* TO myUserId@myDomainName IDENTIFIED BY 'myPassword'. I recommend using all lowercase in the names you specify to avoid case sensitive errors later on. Email: info@24ix. . select Database > New > Database from the menu bar.Assuming you login successfully you will be shown a list of databases attached to the mysql server. You will get an error in german if you enter the wrong hostname. In this tutorial we will use. We are going to run a script in MySQL-Front's SQL Query. MySQL will then create the initial database files. "dba_user". If you are smart you will write your username and password down now. Cancel out of that. If you are running it on your local machine I would name it. "I am german. If you are not then skip it. "drupal" or the same name as your domain. Alte Kirchstr.Next you must set the access database rights. 24iX Systems. . If you are running drupal on a local machine enter. There is also a toolbar icon that adds a new database. An Add User window will appear.Creating a New Database . .de . Let's skip this method. 11. Interpreted it says.Click on the SQL Editor and copy this code into it: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myDatabaseName. If you are smart you will write these down now.To create our new drupal database. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
Select Database > Run from the menu bar. This is what people used to work in before 24iX Systems. You will be presented with a scary black window with a square flashy thing.sql". This will add a new user with permissions necessary to administer your drupal database.sql". go back and check for misspelling and incorrect syntax and try again. . It took 10 seconds to export it to ". At the time of this writing the "database.org. Click on Users in the Host tree and select View > Refresh from the menu bar. .sql" directory and select the file.24ix. This is the SQL script that will create your drupal tables. Otherwise you aren't going anywhere buddy. To do this you must go to the "Importing the Drupal Database Scheme" section in the Command Line section or obtain an additional file called.de Tel. MySQLFront cannot import "*. Click Ok and your database will be created. An Import Options window will appear. you can write me or request it from the HEAD team at drupal.exe file that can be run from the command line. Email: info@24ix. Browse to the "[drupal install dir]/database/database. If you did not receive any errors then you have just created your drupal database! Yea! Creating the Database from the Command Line If you have already created a database using MySQL-Front skip to the next section. It would be better to have them manage it. If everything went hunky dory then we should see our new user listed. And ten seconds to import it to my test database. To get to the command line goto Start > Run and enter "cmd". 56414 Steinefrenz Web:" is not included with the drupal distribution.You must create a new database for your Drupal site for it to work.sql". If not then check the error messages. This is called the command line.Let's verify that we created a new user.de . Alte Kirchstr. you must load the required drupal tables into it. (cue ghost sounds). But whatever. I made the file because I imported the database from the command line and once it was in MySQL-Front I exported it to "database.mysql" files which are the only kind included with drupal distribution. "database.: 07000 7000 850 .Right click on your new drupal database in the Host tree and select Import > SQL File. This is a MySQL import compatible MySQL database. "database. If successful you will get "O rows affected" in the MySQL-Front status bar. . 11. You gotta a lesson in "Running MySQL from the Command Line".Creating the Database . Click the OK button. The tool to do this is the mysql.sql" file. .Importing the Drupal Database Scheme Once you have created your new database..
: 07000 7000 850 . I'll keep going.ok fine.exe" resides .Make sure we are in the same directory as before and enter the following where "dba_user" is the name of the user id that has database adminstration rights: mysql -u dba_user -p . If you did everything right command prompt will look like this. you will be asked for the dba_user database password. Email: info@24ix. (. Enter it (or dont if you dont have one) and press enter. This is a command prompt that mysql creates inside the bigger command prompt. "Dir" lists the contents of the directory and "cd" changes the directory. Well. Note: if you just setup your mysql to run on your computer or server or whatever then you DO NOT HAVE A PASSWORD YET!!!! AAHHHHAHGGGG! That is ok. "d:\FoxServ\mysql\bin>".) Ehem. If you see something like that then pat yourself on the back. . (What drupal slave master? I am bound by the GPL to finish writing this on pain of death? Is it death by snoose snoose? No? Hmmm. excuse me. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: you must login into your new database and set the user's database access rights. You can set it later. . pretty isn't it? 24iX Systems.SQL will prompt you for the dba_user database password.Browse to the directory where "mysql. "dir" and "cd". . Enter "cd\" to get to the root of your hard drive and then enter "cd FoxServ\mysql\bin". . We still need to import the database tables and setup a user before we can go further. What? You closed the command line window? No. on my machine the directory to the "mysql\bin" folder is "D:\FoxServ\mysql\bin".. Ok I was going to explain this but if you are installing a web site then you dont need to know this. The two commands you use to browse are.Setting Access Rights .) Change directories to the mysql directory.Again. where was I? Oh right. Ok. 11. You are a big boy now.de Tel. wait for it. let's get that command prompt back up.graphical user interfaces available. To do that we need to log into the MySQL command prompt. For now just leave the password field blank and press the entertainme key. no NO! This wont work at all! That's it I quit. Alte Kirchstr. Calm down.24ix.de .. Fine. If you receive no messages and are back to the command prompt then you have just created the your drupal database. You will now be at the mysql command line prompt which looks like "mysql> ". Enter the password and hit enter.
de Tel. This refreshes and applies the permission to the new user we just made. .Exit MySQL Command Prompt .Once you have created your new database. You will be returned back to the command prompt.de . Email: info@24ix.and press enter. you must load the required drupal tables into it. waiting.. Alte Kirchstr. ..: 07000 7000 850 . To exit mysql command prompt type 'exit' and press enter.08 sec >". . "myDrupalUserID@localhost" is the new Drupal UserId.mysql .Now we need to create a new user that drupal can use to have access rights to the database. To activate the new permissions you must enter the the following from the mysql command prompt: flush privileges.You must activate the new permissions for MySQL to apply the last step to the current running databases. You must include the semicolon at the end of the line for MySQL to evaluate your statement. .At the MySQL prompt. 11. enter following command where 'myDrupalDatabase' is the name of your new drupal database. waiting.We must now exit the mysql command prompt to finish creating our database.If this attempt is successful.. "myDrupalUserID" is the new MySQL userid you just created(without the "@locahost") for use with your new drupal database and 24iX Systems.* TO myDrupalUserID@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'myDrupalUsersPassword'. otherwise it just sits there. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. "localhost" is the server where MySQL is installed and running and "myDrupalUsersPassword" is the new password for "myDrupalUserID@localhost" required to log in as the MySQL user.Activating Permissions . To do so enter the following from the command prompt: mysql -u myDrupalUserID -p myDrupalDatabase < database/database. MySQL will reply with "Query OK. . .where "myDrupalDatabase" is the name of your new drupal database.Creating a new user with permissions .Importing the Drupal Database Scheme . Note: You must remember to include the semicolon at the end of every statement you enter at the mysql prompt. 0 rows affected < 0.24ix. waiting. Enter the following and press Enter: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myDrupalDatabase.
That is called living by faith. Setting the Path to the Drupal Database . If you receive absolutely no messages whatsoever then the drupal database was successfully imported. Enter the password you created for your "myDrupalUserID" account. Alte Kirchstr. 11.php" file in a text editor. On my machine the "conf. I have two duplicate sites on my server. you must set the database URL and the base URL to the web site.php". . Before you can run Drupal.exe" resides (that is the directory you are in right now). It's was only necessary when we created a user but not used after that.Browse to the "includes" directory in your drupal server install directory and open the "conf. On my machine it is "D:\FoxServ\mysql\bin". Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . Drupal server options are specified in includes/conf. the "conf.Type "exit" and press enter to exit the command window.de Tel. On my second drupal install. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Connecting it All Together ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------We are almost done.php".mysql" is the path to the mysql database stored in the "[drupal install dir]/database/" directory. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Now would be a good time to copy the database (using windows explorer) to the same directory where "mysql.php" configuration file (in whatever drupal install you are in) and edit the $db_url line to match the values we defined in the previous steps: 24iX Systems. ."database/database. I've copied the orginal files to both the root "D:\FoxServ\www" and the test directory. my test site.24ix. Believing it worked even when you see no sign. Open the "conf. Remember how I said you can have multiple drupal sites running? Here is where you can configure that. The database URL creates a connection string to connect to your database. If you do receive an error then I suggest checking the specified the path to the database and spelling errors. When entering the userid remember to leave off the "@domainname" we specified in previous steps. "D:\FoxServ\www\test".php" file is located in "D:\FoxServ\www\mytestsite\includes\conf.Close the Command Prompt window . Before Drupal will work we need to setup a few more settings.php file.php" file is located in "D:\FoxServ\www\includes\conf.You will be prompted to enter a password. If you've got this far then you can conclude that your drupal database was installed and setup successfully.de .
This is the login script to get into your specific MySQL drupal database.Set $base_url to match the address and directory of drupal on your web site: $base_url = ". the directory where your index. consult the Drupal handbook at drupal.com. $base_url = "".com". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Setting the Path to the Drupal Directory on your Server . your Drupal website defaults to a very basic 24iX Systems. If everything is setup correctly you will be at the home page of your new Drupal site. 11.yourdomainname. The base URL is the location. Upon a new installation. Alte Kirchstr. If someone validates this and would include any steps I have forgot then i will add it here for the benefit of others.This step is essential. .mysite. . So if you put your drupal files into a directory say.php file exists on your server. place this in your includes directory. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Drupal Adminstration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------You can now launch your browser and test your site! Browse to the root directory where Drupal is installed. Setting up more than one dupal site on one machine using Virtual Hosts Besides the method I've mentioned above Drupal also allows for multiple virtual host installations.com/drupal" then you would put the same thing here.php file we worked with earlier and rename it to "www. ".: 07000 7000 850 . $base_url = "". Make sure Apache and MySQL services are running. .php". Use only one that matches your specific configuration: $base_url = " . Email: info@24ix. But nothing else. Here are some more examples.$db_url = "mysql://myDrupalUserID:myPassword@localhost/myDrupalDatabase". If you dont get this you will only see the home page. NOTE: This part of the instructions (setting up virtual hosts) is not not tested. To configure a virtual server host.mysite.This step is also essential. make a copy of the conf.com/directoryWhereDrupalIs".24ix.NOTE: for more information about multiple virtual hosts or the configuration settings.de Tel.org.
modules". User permissions can be set with "Administration . set some general settings for your site with "Administration .de . For more information on configuration options. Neither will anyone who visits the site. 11. and no user access rights.configuration". Giving Permissions to a Role By default all the roles have very limited capabilities. You have to give them (an anonymous visitor) privileges to view your site. 24iX Systems. Enter "adminstrator" and press the Add button. Follow the on screen instructions to create an account and login.configuration . For example. Write your user name and password to both down in a secure location. You can add additional adminstrator accounts at any time. You can go back and change this after you get familiar with Drupal (think a few months from now). read through the instructions which accompany the different configuration settings and consult the various help pages available in the administration panel. Here is a table filled with options for all your different roles.configuration with only a few active modules. The first thing you need to do is create a master user account. New roles have no permissions set. Email: info@24ix. Please note.org/. This is the page to give users the permission to see the content on your site. Creating the Administrator Role By default Drupal only has two roles.24ix. anonymous visitor and authenticated user. For now go to Administer > Accounts > Roles and add "Adminstrator". Set your administrator account to have all permissions for now and click save permissions. Enable modules via "Administration . Use your administration panel to enable and configure services.accounts . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Goto Administer > Accounts > Permissions. Note that additional community-contributed modules and themes are available at.: 07000 7000 850 .de Tel.permissions". I recommend creating another account with administrative permissions for security reasons and using that from now on. one theme. We can change this in the Permissions page. Except in certain cases you will want to create additional roles for the different users that use your site. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Setting Permissions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Out of the box you will not have permission to do or view anything but the home page. Alte Kirchstr. If we are going to create a new adminstrator user account for ourselves we will need to change this. The first account will automatically become the main administrator account for the site.
Please email me if you know. we are one step away from creating our secondary adminstor account.theme which defines a function header() that can be changed to reference your own logos. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Scheduling Tasks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Many Drupal modules have periodic tasks that must be triggered at specific interviews. In general. Creating a New User Finally.24ix. 11. "access content" check the checkbox. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Customizing Themes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Now that your server is running.de .php page.-q Tel. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. The following example crontab line will activate the cron script on the hour: 0 * * * * wget -O . you will want to customize the look of your site. Most themes also contain stylesheets or PHP configuration files to tune the colors and layouts. each theme contains a PHP file themename. Several sample themes are included in the Drupal installation and more can be downloaded from drupal. This is called a cron job and they are setup in the cron.org. check the themes/ directory for README files describing each alternate theme. 24iX Systems. You can now log out of the adminstrator account (write down the password) and login with your secondary adminstrator account.php More information about the cron scripts are available in the admin help pages and in the Drupal handbook at drupal. Goto Administer > Accounts > New User. you must call the cron page.To enable anonymous users to see your site content find a row called. On this page enter the new account information and click Create Account. To activate these tasks.org. this will pass control to the modules and the modules will decide if and what they must do. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . Customizing each theme depends on the theme. I dont know the Windows equivalent of this section. Example scripts can be found in the scripts/ directory.
Run update. you will need PHP's XML extension. Backup your database and Drupal directory .org.htaccess files.To use XML-based services such as the Blogger API. you'll need mod_rewrite and the ability to use local .org/. (More information can be found in the Drupal handbook on drupal. Jabber.especially your configuration file (www. 2. Windows XP IIS development test system guidelines Note.example. Alte Kirchstr. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------More Information ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------For platform specific configuration issues and other installation and administration assistance. Log on as the user with user ID 1. Email: info@24ix. please consult the Drupal handbook at). This extension is enabled by default in standard PHP4 installations. You can also find support at the Drupal support forum or through the Drupal mailing lists.de .com. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Modify the new configuration file to make sure it has the correct information.com/update. 3.: 07000 7000 850 .de Tel.php by visiting.) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Upgrading an Existing Drupal Site ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 5. 11.24ix. It is NOT suitable for use in setting up a Windows IIS server on the 24iX Systems. Overwrite all the old Drupal files with the new Drupal files.If you want support for clean URLs. .example. RSS syndication. this guide is for setting up a development/test site on a Windows XP system. 4.conf or includes/conf.php.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Optional Components ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
ugent.0.4 Download wget.de .Internet.24ix. NOTE: It is a VERY BAD security practise to install a production IIS website with InetPub on the drive with OS (usually the C: Drive). While your intention may only be to have one site. Windows XP is NOT Suitable for site hosting on the Internet but is nice for a locally hosted development system.3. Alte Kirchstr. do not rely on this.: 07000 7000 850 . 11.php This example uses PHP 4. It does not take into account basic steps in securing the underlying OS or an IIS server against outside hacking. system name: COMP1 database name: site_drupal database user: site_user password: changeme Choose a naming convention of some sort. ============================================== Download the following in preparation.php.0. Assumptions of this document.mysql. Download php to c:\support\php to C:\support\drupal\core Download Modules of interest to c:\support\drupal\modules 24iX Systems.exe for Windows to c:\support\wget Tel.html This example uses 0. Email: info@24ix.com/downloads/mysql/4.com/downloads/mysqlcc. Even when testing.9.html This example uses 4. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Download Drupal 4.4.18 Download MySQL Control Center to c:\support\mysql. practice good standards so that you may establish a habit of good practices..6 installer Download the MySQL installer to c:\support\mysql.
: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. Launch Internet Information Services Admin Go down to your Default Web Site -right click and select properties -select the documents tab and click add and add index. Alte Kirchstr.de .advanced -find -select IUSR_COMP1 -click the write Allow box and ok Do the same for C:\app\PHP\uploadtemp directory Right click php. 11.0 compatible) right click C:\app\PHP\sessiondata and select Sharing and Security -choose the security tab -Click add . Windows components highlight Internet Information Services -select details -select World Wide Web service Click ok or finish Close out Control Panel Browse to You should get the Welcome to Windows XP Server Internet Services page -if not. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: (and php4ts.============================================== Windows XP Go to add/remove programs. troubleshoot this problem before you continue.de Tel. ============================================== Now to the installs Run the php installer -when it asks for a directory location. 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix. Execute box is selected by default.php -click ok and out Open up Explorer and browse to C:\Inetpub\wwwroot and delete everything in it.dll) select Properties -click the Security tab Add / advanced / Find now -select IUSR_COMP1 -The Read &. php is now installed From your Administrative tools menu. install to C:\app\PHP -Accept all the defaults (allow IIS 4.
Launch MtSQLCC Name: local Host Name: localhost User Name: root Password: changeme Select Add. mysql> /q. uncomment port=3306 choose save modifications close and relaunch winmysqladm MySQL should now be running and responding on port 3306.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr.ini tab. Install MySQL -change the install directory to c:\app\mysql Accept all the other defaults. Email: info@24ix. mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES.de . troubleshoot before proceeding.: 07000 7000 850 . (we're only using it to create the my. choose the my.exe log in as user root and leave the password blank. enter site_drupal right click on site_drupal and connect right click on the Users table -create new user Username: site_user Host: localhost Password: changeme 24iX Systems. let's set a root password.24ix. 11. ============================================== Install MySQLCC accept all the defaults. c:\app\mysql\bin> mysql -u root mysql> UPDATE mysql. Now. browse to C:\app\mysql\bin and launch winmysqladm.user SET Password=PASSWORD('changeme') WHERE User='root'. If not.============================================== Note: There are probably better ways to do this but this consistently works for me. right click on local and choose connect right click on Database and choose Create new database. you can test by telnet localhost 3306. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: file) anyway.
Yours will depend on your site config. This is not a Drupal issue. Installing a new theme is very straightforward: 24iX Systems.crimsoneditor. I do mine every four hour. You can view your success by using MySQLcc. You can use the downloaded wget.txt $db_url = "mysql://site_user:changeme@localhost/site_drupal". then there were no errors.de . You are now at step 5 of Drupal's Install. Alte Kirchstr. 11. Line 31 will work as is. Open C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\includes\conf.php in an editor. If there were errors troubleshoot and solve before you move on.com as it has context highlighting for php amoung others but choose your favorite) Change line 17 per the Install. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. but it is a bad habit to ignore it. $base_url = "http://". There may be consequences to it's use that I am unaware of. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']. (If you use host headers it will adapt nicely to all of them). Alternatively you can replace it with this line that I found in the forums.txt. Installing new themes Once you get Drupal installed and you start to come to terms with it you will probably want to customize the way it looks.: 07000 7000 850 .mysql Enter password: changeme If you get a c: prompt.Check site_drupal Check All Privileges mysql -u site_user -p site_drupal < database.exe to schedule tasks with the Windows Scheduler. (I prefer Crimson Editor www. alternatively you may download Cygwin of Microsoft's Services for Unix and use the tools in those packages.de Tel. so change it to your computer name $base_url = "". Email: info@24ix. There are several themes which you can download from the Drupal web site which should get you started. this is a mySQL issue. Choose the support forum accordingly.24ix.
Email: info@24ix. 5.data field for use by drupal's profile module. I used a perl script to fetch each ezPublish article with LWP::UserAgent.4 themes do not work with Drupal 4. 3. 2. the content of these pages will be left in ezxml. 3.1. 11. themes/box_grey.de Tel.24ix. Doesn't know how to access ezPublish pages that require login. links. Read any README or INSTALL files in the package to find out if there are any special steps needed for this theme.5 and reverse. Alte Kirchstr. check the default box in the themes administration page. Here are the sql and perl scripts I used. ezPublish maintains articles in ezxml. Here are the steps: 1. 2. 6. version 4. Edit your user preferences and select the new theme. If you want it to be the default theme for all users. 5. I modified ezPublish's "printer-friendly" article template to insert html comments showing the start and end of teaser and body. I used sql statements to extract articles.: 07000 7000 850 . I used phpMyAdmin to extract the entire ezPublish database. For example. and users from ezPublish and insert them into drupal database. Upload the contents of the package to a new directory in the themes directory in your Drupal site. then installed it at the target site. Download a new theme package. I performed a basic installation of drupal. go to themes and enable the new theme (Drupal will auto-detect its presence). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Migrating from other weblog software to Drupal Migrating from ezPublish I've migrated an ezPublish site to drupal. and update the content of the drupal database. Please note the following limitations: 1. 24iX Systems. Note that themes for different Drupal versions are not compatible. extract the html-formatted teaser and body. and created the first user.de . I used a perl script to extract user's first and last names from ezPublish and package them into the users. 4. Go to the admin interface of your Drupal installation. 4.
comment. Email: info@24ix. select @ezp_url := ") from users.teaser.sql The following is the content of migrate.).status.max(nid).: 07000 7000 850 .)] mysql -ppassword drupal < migrate.0) from term_data.title. name.com". 'story'.max(tid).body) select id+@nid.max(uid). Doesn't fix internal links (links to other pages on same site). revisions. # # Insert all ezpublish articles as drupal "story" nodes # INSERT INTO node (nid. Doesn't do any content except articles.de .de Tel. # nid # type # title 24iX Systems. and & (&. link categories. Move ezp database content to drupal database [note from editor ax: you have to escape the special characters < (<. type. > (>.uid. and users. created. article categories. select @tid := if(max(tid).2.). select @nid := if(max(nid). Alte Kirchstr.0) from node. select @role_authenticated_user := rid from role where name = 'authenticated user'. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. users. links. attributes. promote. but does identify nodes containing them. 11.sql: select @uid := if(max(uid).24ix.
revisions. ''. ''. # # Insert all ezpublish weblinks as nodes # select @weblink_nid:= max(nid)+1 from node. body) select id+@weblink_nid. contents. Alte Kirchstr. name. 11. 24iX Systems. teaser. 2. 1. created. 2. ''. created. type. status. attributes.de Tel. 0. 'weblink'. 1. comment. contents # uid # status # comment # promote from ezp. title. promote. users.de . Email: info@24ix. uid. 1.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . INSERT INTO node (nid.eZArticle_Article where IsPublished.1.
change_stamp. weblink. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. url. click.: 07000 7000 850 .de .de Tel. url)). INSERT INTO weblink ( nid. threshold. checked. #feed. 24iX Systems. concat('http://'. ''. Alte Kirchstr. description.24ix. refresh. created. #size. spider_site #spider_url ) select id+@weblink_nid. ''. monitor. ''.0. 11. if (url regexp '://'. Email: info@24ix. description from ezp.
$username. my $select = $dbh->prepare( q/select nid from node where type='story'/ ). my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new(). Alte Kirchstr. my $req = POST $uri.my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:mysql:$database:$server". [ ]. # # print "******************\n". Email: info@24ix.de Tel. # Send the request. 24iX Systems. receive the response my $response = $ua->request($req)->as_string. print "$response\n\n\n". $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $password ) or croak "Can't connect to database". } else { print "Can't parse $url\n". if ($teaser and $body) { $update->execute( $teaser.24ix.de . (my $teaser. my $update = $dbh->prepare( q/update node set teaser=?.com/article/articleprint/$ezpid/-1/0/". body=? where nid=?/ ).: 07000 7000 850 . $id ). my $body) = parse( $response ). $select->execute. "$teaser\n<!--break-->\n$body". # The following is the "printer-friendly" url for ezp article my $url = ". my $uri = URI->new( $url ). 11. uc($url). while (my $id = $select->fetchrow) { my $ezpid = $id. "\n".
: 07000 7000 850 . 24iX Systems.24ix.body starts -->\n(.*?)<!-.ata=".*?)<!-. $body.de Tel. my $body. if ($s =~ /<!-. } Get ezpublish user real names for drupal profile.tpl # sub parse { my $s = shift. Email: info@24ix. had to escape this with "d. i also wrapped the lines ("my $template=") at 80 chars to make this look better here .module [note from ax to cheryl: this code triggers "suspicious input" because it of "data=".body ends ->\n/ms) { $body = $1. 11.} } # # Look for lines placed there by articleprint.hope i didn't introduce any bugs] #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict.teaser ends ->\n/ms) { $teaser = $1.teaser starts -->\n(. } return $teaser. Alte Kirchstr. } if ($s =~ /<!-. my $teaser.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
use DBI.s:1:"0" .s:1 1:"profile_zip". Alte Kirchstr. my $server = 'localhost'.s:17:"profile_biography". Email: info@24ix.s:5:"pass2". my $last) = $select->fetchrow) { 24iX Systems.24ix.s:%d:"%s". my $first. my $verbose. my $template='a:13:{s:16:"profile_realname".s:5:"pass1".de Tel. 11.a:0:{}}'.s:0:"". $password ) or croak "Can't connect to database".s:13:"profile_state". LastName from ezp. $username. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. use Carp.eZUser_User/ ).de .s:11:"profile_job".\ s:0:"". $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1. my $password = 'password'.\ s:0:"". $select->execute.s:15:"profile_country".s:12:"profile_city".s:5:"block". my $update = $dbh->prepare( q/update users set data=? where uid=?/ ).s:0:"".s:15:"profile_ address". # difference between ezp user id and drupal uid (see @uid in migrate.s:0:"".s: 16:"profile_homepage". my $username = 'me'. while ((my $id.s:0:"".sql) my $iddifference = 1. my $select = $dbh->prepare( q/select ID.\ s:0:"". FirstName. my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:mysql:$database:$server".s:0:"".s:11:"weblink_new". my $database = 'drupal'.: 07000 7000 850 .\ s:0:"".s:0:"".
dump' into table node (type. length( $name ).title. Email: info@24ix. after you've loaded the database script from the Drupal distribution. you would need to pre-load the topics in Drupal. bodytext as body.my $name = ($first || '') . introtext as teaser. $update->execute( $profile.: 07000 7000 850 . Geeklog subjects are lost: To preserve categories. then create a script that would insert items from *_stories as mapped in the above example. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. } Migrating from Geeklog The partial migration of stories from Geeklog into story-nodes Drupal is a mapping of the *_stories table into the nodes table.revisions). this data can be inserted into the database with load data infile '/tmp/stories. ($first && $last ? ' ' : '') .users. this creates the load file. This is not a perfect transformation.created. 11.body. title. a quick way to do the transform is to dump the stories out into a format suitable for load data infile: select 'story' as type. but then to fetch the nid node id number from the newly inserted record and do a 24iX Systems. unix_timestamp(date) as changed. unix_timestamp(date) as created. $id+$iddifference ).24ix. Alte Kirchstr.de . '' as users. $name ). '' as revisions from tc_stories into outfile '/tmp/stories. ($last || ''). but it's a start.teaser. my $profile = sprintf( $template.de Tel.changed.dump'.
When I started playing with Drupal I tried to import my LiveJournal in several ways. Email: info@24ix.de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . Migrating from LiveJournal In some respects. Since the terms of our new site were only superficially similar to the categories we'd used in Geeklog. This posting is for people who wish to either include their LJ data in a Drupal site or to leave LJ behind and import their data wholesale into a Drupal Blog.. we chose instead to fix up the categories later by doing keyword searches on stories to get a list of nid and then pairing those to the new topics by hand using SQL via mysql Bug: After inserting stories using the above method.search on the term_data to get the tid number. then insert the pair into the term_node table. there is no need to migrate from Livejournal. It's great. the stories will be in the archives. A more serious bug is that the nodes do not appear in search results -..de . and you will have to create a suitable LJ style to make it work.. but you can. but will not appear on the main page (use update node set promot = 1 to fix this for all or selected items). and all the othe great stuff the LJ offers. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. as such. have as many styles are you wish. 11.. one thing I can't offer here is the 'friends' feature. If anyone see a mechanism for making their export system any better 1) email me... you may not be aware that you can.!! Import your LJ through an IFRAME held in a Book Page or similar Not ideal to be honest.24ix. but I expect someone will post a comment explaining how to fix this. You may be happy with one of these. Interestingly. 'They' will not tell you this anywhere. These are listed in order of best integration with Drupal.I don't know that much about the inner workings of Drupal. in fact. You will rely upon the LJ commenting feature. 2) email livejournal. 24iX Systems. although I did use this approach for a week or two.
You'll need IE5..You could have one style for people who view your journal directly at livejournal.xml This will work if imported into the newsfeeds section of your Drupal site. Using provided Import Module You *could* use the 'import' module to connect to the RSS feed provided by LiveJournal for every PAID user. Use the Livejournal Module to import the raw data into Drupal Current Download: from my site I've written a module to import an entire LiveJournal into a Drupal Blog. and another for your importing IFRAME.de Tel. 11. Note that this will only work for paid users of LJ.24ix.com/customview. so I guess we have to be grateful. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: </iframe> When you define your custom style at LJ.com..livejournal. I guess the advantage here is that you can still use LJ and yet (fairly) dynamically pull content into Drupal.Alternate content for non-supporting browsers --> Your browser won't work here.: 07000 7000 850 . you'll be told the style id to use..cgi? user=rowanboy&styleid=186838" width="100%" height=300" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" allowtransparency="false"> <!-. Alte Kirchstr. A standard RSS feed is provided at a url similar to: the actual content will still live at LiveJournal. You simply reference them (in an IFRAME) like this: <!-Setup journal --> <iframe src=". It's pretty good that LJ even bother with this. 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix.com/users/rowanboy/rss.livejournal.de .
you'll probably understand my motives. I prefered this approach as I now own my data. If you have MT installed with a MySQL database I presume there might be an easier way to do this.] I used a different strategy.24ix. such as bring over MT categories or comments.is to export your LJ month by month to an XML file. The alternative to the RSS feed .: 07000 7000 850 . Worked quite well for me. it's my data.. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If LJ went bust. I'm working on a more dynamic approach. Migrating from Movable Type I [ax: jibbajabbaboy] 've chronicled my experience migrating a MovableType site to Drupal. Note: The module I've written will expect you to post this file on the 'net while you import it. In essense. but I didn't have the need to do anything fancy. moved here from a separate book page (and fixed the HTML).de Tel. the module takes this file and stuffs it into a user blog.which I'll reiterate has *no content* . You can then decide whether to publish your entries or not..] Senor Dude recommended using a modified Movable Type template to generate all the entries to be migrated as a single file of xml. Save the resulting XML somewhere. but required a bit of work setting up index templates to export MT data as a MySQL dump with INSERT statements. and use it to directly generate inserts into the node table. [ax: cowboyd used another strategy. 24iX Systems. I detailed the process here. but once you see how this works. Repeat for each month that you've been using LJ.de . YOu'll find what you need to do this here. then cobbling together a quicky parser in perl with XML::SAX to generate mysql insert statements. Sigh. My site is now live using drupal.com. 11. The final migrated Drupal site is now live at. moved here from a comment.This kind of assumes that you're willing to bin LiveJournal at present. I had to make a couple of modifications to his code to get the thing working. but this I worked this way because it was much quicker for me. [ax: cherylchase details on cowboyd's method above.. The process was fairly simple. so I wrote a really quick perl script to parse the MT rss feed.
it is stored as bodyextended and in D4B formatting rules are also preserved) all your comments (with anonymous support. <?xml version="1.1 & CVS.de Tel.de . with drupal. excerpt. His final site now at". including your RSS feeds so permalink is preserved [aztek: John Downey has come up with his own conversion script modified from the one in this book. It is written in perl as an MT plugin utilizing MT libraries to extract from the database and then feed it into the MySQL database directly.24ix. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Install the following as a new Movable Type template called Drupal Convert. It will import o o o o o o o o all your bloggers all your defined categories all your entries including body.: 07000 7000 850 . extended (in 4.[jseng: mt2drupal is another trick you can use to migrate MT to Drupal. 11. Extract Movable Type content as xml 1.catdevnull. in CVS and D4B) all incoming trackbacks (stored as comments) all your outgoing trackbacks (D4B only) all your trackbacks trackers (D4B only) keep all your old archives as url_alias.rdf specified as the Output File.net has a view of his experiences starting over again with Drupal.4. Alte Kirchstr.
24iX Systems. So bear in mind: do not steal. sorted in ascending date order. as long as you understand the way drupal uses its themes. because drupal displays blog entries in reverse node id (database insert) order. after all. Creating a new template under PHPtemplate is as easy as copy-pasting one of the folders. Moving your MT styles and templates Of course you want to make your new drupal site look and feel as much as possible like your old MT site. Rename it to something you like: MyTemplate for example. There are numerous articles on drupal.: 07000 7000 850 . and I stick to the easiest method.de Tel. read the shipped install text on how to do this. I will stick only to the drupal part of the story. Email: info@24ix. To do this. this is not an article about stealing. and rebuild. 11. This. so that they can be used on the new drupal site. in my opinion. but do not have to be the same. but you do need to know at least basic CSS coding.24ix. The PHP template can be installed as any other theme. Alte Kirchstr. This document is not a tutorial on how to use PHP template.! Drupal knows many methods for theming.</item> </MTEntries> </items> 2. its about how to port your own MT creations to drupal. PHP template.org that explain in detail how to configure PHP template. That's not a too big problem. The file will contain the last 1000 Movable Type entries. so non-PHP programmers can re -create the old styles. This article might help on the way in doing so. The best is to copy the MoveableToDrupal folder and paste it as MyTemplate.rdf for you.de . you do not need to know PHP. Save the template. It depends on your own preferences what theming method you choose. This will be helpful if you are turning them into drupal blog entries. however is far out of the scope of this article. because. encoded as XML. Luckily this is not too hard. you will be able to modify little things so that they /look/ like the MT styles. Since I do not know the way MT templates are built and created. Movable Type will offer to rebuild drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. go look for them yourself and use them to configure the template. After all.
modules. But PHPtemplate is not really one of them. tutorials. The file phptemplate. of course. just the way most CMS-es do. So it is a template in a theme. You can install a theme and the look and feel of your site has changed. They are the actual templates. Back to business: drupal can have virtually any HTML DOM.de Tel.24ix. Drupal knows themes. If you know enough PHP just open them and move some of the code around.blog and it has some more differences. And ask if anybody is interested in receiving that money (or that something else) for the simple task of rewriting the MT CSS. Some of them are styles.node instead of .Now some technical blabla on the way PHPtemplate works. clients with loads of money) lying around you wish to get rid of. we have sidebars and a main content. Get it? No? Alright: Drupal has themes. some images and a few are . Got it now? So inside those sub-folders (for example the folder MyTemplate) there are some files.de . All the folders inside the PHPtemplate folder are templates. post a message on drupal. Drupal uses the id . well. Email: info@24ix.theme is the actual theme. or blue robot. but in general it is kind of similar to that of MT.php files. like chameleon. 11. The big difference is that PHPtemplate is not just a theme. It allows you to create templates in the theme. Some basic changes you should make are: MT selector Drupal PHP template selector #banner 24iX Systems. In PHP template . As said above: you will need CSS skills to do this. It uses some fancy coding to create another templating system. But now over to the real stuff: using the style sheet(s) to re-create you MT design.: 07000 7000 850 . but acts more like a layer. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. if you don't have those.org or on the support list and tell you've got some money or something else (stories. Alte Kirchstr.
Email: info@24ix.node .side ..blog . For all other stiles and selectors.blogbody (P) .24ix.node H2 (A) . that should get you on the road.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr.content These are some basic changes .sidebar-right #content .de .node ..title . 11.: 07000 7000 850 .header .sidebar-left or .main-content H3. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
: 07000 7000 850 . i.de . Alte Kirchstr. $uid = 1. $username = "". <html> <head> <title>Export</title> </head> <body> <?php //set variable defaults $hostname = "".24ix. $db = "". Set the variables below the //set variable defaults comment to the correct values 13.de Tel. Save and rebuild the template 14.php specified as the Output File 11.php in your web browser If the import is successful.The import defaults to using uid 1. Email: info@24ix. the output will be a single sentence listing the number of entries and comments imported. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. 11. Create a new Movable Type Index template called Drupal Import with import. $password = "". // get next node number from sequences table 24iX Systems. Cut and paste the following into the Template body textarea 12. Load import. the site admin (change the $uid variable to import to another user) o All posts are promoted to the front page o All comments have a published status o MT categories (Drupal taxonomy terms) are not exported o Instructions: 10.
$node_teaser = <<<NE <$MTEntryBody$> NE. Email: info@24ix. $node_body = <<<NB <$MTEntryBody$><$MTEntryMore$> NB. $node_teaser = mysql_escape_string($node_teaser). Alte Kirchstr.$username. mysql_select_db($db) or die("Could not select database ". //get post status $status = strtolower("<$MTEntryStatus$>"). } else { 24iX Systems. $node_rows = mysql_num_rows($result)+1. if ($status == "publish") { $node_status = 1. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $node_body = mysql_escape_string($node_body).$password) or die("Could not connect to server").de .de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . $node_title = mysql_escape_string($node_title). 11. <MTEntries lastn="1000" sort_order="ascend"> $node_title = <<<NT <$MTEntryTitle$> NT.$link = mysql_connect($hostname. $result = mysql_query("SELECT nid FROM node").24ix.$db).
created.". 2. if (mysql_errno($link)) { echo mysql_errno($link) . pid. Alte Kirchstr. subject. status. mysql_query($comments_insert_query).= $arr[$i]. ''. $arr = explode(" ". timestamp. <MTComments sort_order="ascend"> $comment_text = <<<CT <$MTCommentBody$> CT. '$node_teaser'. '$node_title'. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $i<5. for($i=0. comment. '1/'. score. UNIX_TIMESTAMP('<$MTEntryDate format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"$><$MTBlogTimezone$>'). </MTComments> 24iX Systems. '<$MTCommentIP$>'. 1. 0. UNIX_TIMESTAMP('<$MTEntryDate format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"$><$MTBlogTimezone$>'). 0. Email: info@24ix. $comment_text = mysql_escape_string($comment_text). '$node_body').: 07000 7000 850 . promote. $node_status. "\n".".$comment_text). $uid. uid." ".$node_status = 0. $i++) { $subject . ": " . } $comments_rows++. } $node_insert_query = "INSERT INTO node (type.de Tel. UNIX_TIMESTAMP('<$MTCommentDate format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"$><$MTBlogTimezone$>'). revisions.de . users. users) VALUES (NULL. '$subject'. $node_rows. // grab the first five words of the comment as the comment subject $subject = "".i:0. body) VALUES ('blog'. 11. 0. hostname. thread.}'). 0. '$comment_text'. nid. status. mysql_error($link) .24ix. uid. title. comment. 'a:1:{i:0. ''. teaser. changed. } $comments_insert_query = "INSERT INTO comments (cid.
mysql_error($link) .id) VALUES ('comments_cid'. } </MTEntries> // echo the number of rows added to the nodes table echo($node_rows. mysql_error($link) . 56414 Steinefrenz Web:) VALUES ('node_nid'. ": " . ": " .24ix. } mysql_close($link). Alte Kirchstr. if (mysql_errno($link)) { echo mysql_errno($link) . 11. mysql_query($node_insert_query).$node_rows+1)").: 07000 7000 850 ."). mysql_query("INSERT into sequences (name. Email: info@24ix." comments inserted. if (mysql_errno($link)) { echo mysql_errno($link) .de Tel. so we have the correct nid for the comment insert next time $node_rows++. "\n". "\n". mysql_query("INSERT into sequences (name. ": " .de ." blog entries and ").$comments_rows+1)"). "\n". if (mysql_errno($link)) { echo mysql_errno($link) . ?> 24iX Systems. } // echo the number of rows added to the comments table echo($comments_rows.// increment node_rows counter. mysql_error($link) .
my $handle = "start_$tagname". $self->{_characters} . $element) = @_. my $tagname = $element->{LocalName}. 11.6 is too old). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. I'm posting it here. But because he didn't publish it in the Drupal Handbook. sub characters { my ($self. This may takes quite a while to run.24ix. 5. my $teaser_length = 600. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. @ISA = qw(XML::SAX::Base).de . You'll need to install XML::SAX (easy enough with cpan). package Node.$data) = @_. use XML::SAX::Base.</body> </html> Parse xml into sql insert statements This code was originally published by Senor Dude.= $data->{Data}. 24iX Systems.: 07000 7000 850 . and because I added code to improve the generation of the teaser (the original code just put the whole body into the teaser). package ConversionFilter. You'll need to have perl of a high enough version to handle the iso-8859-1 encoding (I used 5. my $type = 'blog'.8. use XML::SAX::ParserFactory. depending upon what parser it locates. } sub start_element { my ($self. Email: info@24ix.
my $handle = "end_$tagname". Email: info@24ix.if ($self->can($handle)) { $self->$handle($element). Alte Kirchstr. } sub start_item { my $self = shift. my $tagname = $element->{LocalName}.de . } sub end_element { my ($self. 11. } $self->SUPER::start_element($element). } $self->SUPER::end_element().de Tel. $element) = @_. $self->clear_characters(). $self->{_current_item} = new Node(). print $self->{_current_item}->insert_statement(). } 24iX Systems. } sub start_description { my $self = shift. if ($self->can($handle)) { $self->$handle($element). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. } sub end_item { my $self = shift.
$self->{_current_item}->{description} = $self>get_characters().sub end_description { my $self = shift. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. } 24iX Systems. $self->{_current_item}->{title} = $self>get_characters().de . $self->{_current_item}->{created} = $self>get_characters().24ix. $self->clear_characters().: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr. } sub start_date { my $self = shift.de Tel. } sub end_title { my $self = shift. 11. $self->clear_characters(). } sub start_title { my $self = shift. $self->{_characters} = "". Email: info@24ix. } sub end_date { my $self = shift. } sub clear_characters { my $self = shift.
} if (my $length = rindex($body. return bless {}. $size)) { return substr($body. if ($size == 0) { return $body. my $size = $teaser_length. } if (my $length = rindex($body. "<br />".sub get_characters { my $self = shift.module sub node_teaser { my $body = shift. 11.24ix. "</p>". sub new { my $class = shift.de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. "<br>". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $length). } if (length($body) < $size) { return $body. $size)) { return substr($body. } package Node. } # Borrowed from node. 0. $length). Alte Kirchstr. $size)) { 24iX Systems. $class. return $self->{_characters}. } if (my $length = rindex($body. 0.de .
11. attributes. 0. $length).24ix.''.'". $length). } if (my $length = rindex($body.''. } if (my $length = rindex($body. my $teaser = mysql_escape( node_teaser( $self>{description} ) ). "? ". $size).title. "! ". $size)) { return substr($body. } if (my $length = rindex($body.1. 0. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www."'. 0. "\n".2.de Tel. $size)) { return substr($body. ".: 07000 7000 850 .teaser. $size)) { return substr($body.". revisions. my $body = mysql_escape($self->{description}).1.body)".uid. 24iX Systems. promote. 0.comment. $length + 1). 0. users. 0.''. $length + 1). ". created. Alte Kirchstr. mysql_escape($self>{title}). return "INSERT INTO node ".return substr($body.1. $length + 1). } if (my $length = rindex($body. " VALUES ('$type'. Email: info@24ix.de . "(type.status. $size)) { return substr($body. } return substr($body. } sub insert_statement { my $self = shift.
$string =~ s/(\'|\")/\\$1/g. my $parser = new XML::SAX::ParserFactory->parser(Handler => $handler). $string =~ s/\n/\\n/mg. you'll need to find the maximum node id that mysql generated for you.rdf >mt./convert.'$body'). return $string.sql 24iX Systems. } package main. but drupal actually sets node ids explicitly.\n". 56414 Steinefrenz Web:($self>{created})."'). and bump the next node id that drupal intends to assign to be larger than that. } sub to_mysql_date { my $string = shift.pl drupal.'$teaser'. $parser->parse_uri($filename). return $string."UNIX_TIMESTAMP('". Email: info@24ix. Insert content into drupal nodes The final trick is that the insert statements count on mysql's auto_increment feature. $string =~ s/\+00:00$//. my $handler = new ConversionFilter(). % /bin/perl .de Tel.de . 11. my $filename = $ARGV[0]. } sub mysql_escape { my $string = shift. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. $string =~ s/T/ /. So after you run the generated mysql.
11. +----------+ 1 row in set (0. using a select statement).de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . +----------------+----+ | name | id | +----------------+----+ | users_uid | 8 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 3 | | vocabulary_vid | | term_data_tid | node_nid | comments_cid | | | +----------------+----+ 5 rows in set (0. You can do this by hand in mysql. Alte Kirchstr. %mysql -ppassword drupal 24iX Systems. The following attaches the term with term id 1 to all the nodes (whose node ids I determined by some characteristic of the nodes themselves. Email: info@24ix.de .24ix. Setting terms for inserted nodes you probably want to assign terms to the inserted nodes.% mysql -ppassword drupal +----------+ | max(nid) | +----------+ | 83 | select max(nid) from node. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: sec) mysql> update sequences set node_nid = 84.25 sec) mysql> select * from sequences.
you need to be sure that the 'name' column in the PHP Nuke user table isn't blank. Email: info@24ix.email.url. 24iX Systems. Drupal uses PHP-based themes mixed with HTML markup.users(name.real_email. Migrating from PHPNuke Migrating themes Just like PHPNuke themes.: 07000 7000 850 .userid.mysql> insert into term_node select nid. For example.bio) select name. 11. If you find this intimidating. footer. 1 from node where nid >= 6 and nid <= 83.nuke_users set name=uname where name=''.fake_email.bio from phpnuke.de Tel.url. The following examples are for going from PHP Nuke 5 to Drupal 3.de . Both have similar functions for header. Migrating from PostNuke I've written a MySQL script to migrate from a PostNuke database to a Drupal one. from within MySQL type: update phpnuke. First.uname. you can try this script which includes more instructions.nuke_users. Second.femail. box and story (node).24ix. Alte Kirchstr. copy the valid data from the PHP Nuke user table to the Drupal user table: insert into drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Migrating users Migrating users: To migrate users from PHP Nuke to Drupal takes two simple MySQL commands.
Currently it migrates Themes.php?op=modload&name=News&file =article&sid=1972&mode=nested&order=0&thold=0 so it seems like it could be rewritten to node/view/1972 Is this possible? Admittedly. I wrote it to migrate Puntbarra. Any suggestions would be helpful. I know very little about mod_rewrite.: 07000 7000 850 . but all of these methods have at their heart the .htaccess for PN legacy URLs in I'll be migrating Kairosnews from PostNuke to Drupal CVS this weekend.php configuration file and the search-sequence where the Drupal program will search first for a configuration named for the current page and then to the current host before settling for the default. Alte Kirchstr. More than one drupal site on one machine There are several possible configurations for running multiple Drupal servers on the same hardware. The current PN default story url looks like this: modules. they can share configurations or split them or. I'm concerned about the fact tha any links to them from around the web will go dead. Some consolation is that the . You can separate them by directories or by vhosts. 11. have a mixture.htaccess be configured to rewrite the urls? The node ids will be taken from the current story id's. Comments. Configuring mod_rewrite in .de . Email: info@24ix.COM (the Catalan version of Slashdot) in early September./include/conf. Polls and Poll comments. General Rules for Multiple Drupal Deployments 24iX Systems. These were the only tables which I was interested in. It has been a bit complicated given the fact PostNuke database structure is horrible. Since the site has almost 2000 stories. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Can .24ix. so that part will not be a problem.htaccess rules will take those dead links and refer them to the home page instead of 404ing them. Take it from my sandbox.de Tel. Stories. in some cases. Users.
com/travel/ and. . the configuration file would be . the most common and minimal option is to set the $db_url that specifies the host./include/drupal.php -rw-rw-r-1 drupal drupal includes/yourdomain.mysite.altserver.net may have one primary drupal server at the DOCUMENT_ROOT location. This allows you to redefine the theme.php 24iX Systems.g. As an example. the vhost drupal. this can be best accomplished by using symbolic links: $ ls -l includes/*.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. if you have a directory partitioned host at drupal.com/~joe/ and). but a second site may begin at DOCUMENT_ROOT/altserver.com/sport/) or if you want to provide users on your system with a personal drupal site (e.. Email: info@24ix.mysite./include/vhost. This might be useful if you want to setup multiple sites about different topics (e.24ix.~joe. Drupal IDs When using multiple drupal servers on the same hardware.de Tel. but you can also include assignments to override anything in the VARIABLES table.g.com.net/altserver your usename to login to some other Drupal server would be USENAME@drupal. For this case. Multiple directories Drupal allows you to setup multiple drupal sites using different directories on top of one physical source tree.net. blocks perpage limits. but the general form for the alternate configuration filename is: . 11.uri. each new configuration will result in a new host component for the username@<i>host</i> Drupal login ID (used when logging into a foreign Drupal server). even the name you use for anonymous.php Within that configuration file. Alte Kirchstr. database and login for the Drupal tables. For example.Each of the possible multi-drupal scenarios is discussed in more detail in the sections that follow. the site footer and contact email.php Note how the path separator ('/') must be changed to a dot. When using Unix/Linux as your host operating system.
yourdomain1. we tried to support vhosts in the best possible way in order to make the life of any administrator easier.0. ~joe If you want Joe to be able to configure his own drupal site. you can setup multiple configuration files in your includes-directory. Therefore.com. While running more than one engine (by using vhosts) can be very useful for development and testing purpose.com/~joe/ use: $ ln -s . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: you created the configuration file.: 07000 7000 850 . create another symbolic link to make the configuration file includes/yourdomain.com 24iX Systems.com.de Tel.~joe.0. create a fake directory using symbolic links that matches the URI.com.and name-based virtual hosts (vhosts).~joe.php -rw-rw-r-1 drupal drupal includes/. $ ls -l includes/*. Email: info@24ix. For a drupal site with URI . We do so by making it possible to run an unlimited amount of vhosts on the same physical source tree.com.php /home/joe/ Multiple domains or vhosts Multiple domains or vhosts using different databases Apache supports both IP.yourdomain2. Alte Kirchstr.php -rw-rw-r-1 drupal drupal includes/ available to Joe in his home directory: $ ln -s /path-to-drupal/includes/yourdomain. 11.php The only thing left to be done is to setup the corresponding vhosts in your Apache configuration file. it might even be more interesting for hosting companies. Moreover. though by using different configuration files.1 DocumentRoot /home/www/drupal ServerName www. Note that the DocumentRoot points to the same source tree twice: NameVirtualHost 127.
php $ ls -l includes/*.example.php.cookie_domain correctly. simply use symbolic links to setup the required configuration files: $ ln -s includes/yourdomain. 11.yourdomain. Tuning your server for optimal Drupal performance There is quite a lot of tuning that can be done to your web server and its supporting software to increase the ultimate performance of Drupal. Email: info@24ix.php file to www. This document is an attempt to compile into one place the many tuning tips that have proven beneficial to other Drupal users.php lrwxrwxrrx 1 drupal drupal includes/www. In the case above. you will need to set the value of PHP's session. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. by all means please do! 24iX Systems.com/drupal/ you would rename your conf.g.com.de Tel.yourdomain2.com.includes/yourdomain.com. If you want cookies to be shared between two sites.com".com Multiple domains using the same database If you want to host multiple domains (or subdomains) on top of the same database (e.php includes/www.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix.php.com/ and .. For example if the URL to your installation is /home/www/drupal ServerName -rw-rw-r-1 drupal drupal includes/yourdomain. If you have something you can add.php If your installation isn't in the root folder then you need to specify the path to the Drupal installation.yourdomain.com.com. set it to ".htaccess file. You can do this through Drupal's .com/).drupal. Alte Kirchstr.
Tuning tips: 1.ini explains: "You can redirect all of the output of your scripts to a function. Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. Overview: From the PHP FAQ "PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Drupal 4.de .ini: output_handler = ob_gzhandler A comment in php. Email: info@24ix.Tuning PHP Drupal utilizes the PHP Hypertext Preprocessing language.0. 11. you can add the following to php. Installation: Basic PHP installation is detailed here. if you set output_handler to 'ob_gzhandler'.24ix.6 or later. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel.1 and earlier) require PHP 4.2+ requires PHP 4. output will be transparently compressed for browsers that support gzip or deflate encoding. For example." This functionality is further described here. If you have CPU cycles to spare. Setting an output handler automatically turns on output buffering. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Additional resources: 24iX Systems. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C.1 or later.: 07000 7000 850 . Earlier versions of Drupal (4." Compatibilty: PHP can be installed on a wide variety of operating systems with a wide variety of web servers.
optimizer. your web server must compile the PHP script into an executable format. Overview: According to the project's home page: "Turck MMCache is a free open source PHP accelerator. 11.de Tel.24ix. resulting in a quick and noticeable performance increase.o PHP Project Page PHP Caches PHP is a scripting language. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Also it uses some optimizations to speed up execution of PHP scripts. including: o o o o o Turck MMCache PHP Accelerator Alternative PHP Cache (APC) After Burner Zend Accelerator Turck MMCache The Turck MMCache has been confirmed to work well with Drupal. A PHP cache can be installed to save and re-use compiled PHP scripts. so that the overhead of compiling is almost completely eliminated.: 07000 7000 850 . thus greatly reducing the amount of overhead required for Drupal to display a web page. Each time a PHP script is run to generate a webpage with Drupal. Installation is quite simple. Turck MMCache typically reduces server load and increases the speed of your PHP code by 1-10 times. encoder and dynamic content cache for PHP." 24iX Systems.de . This results in an obvious amount of overhead each time a page is generated. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix. It increases performance of PHP scripts by caching them in compiled state. There are a number of PHP caches (aka accelerators) available.
11.49 4.57 0.1 and later.31 99. compatible with PHP 4.44 95.11 99.29 99.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .1+: 2.00 0.00 0.de Tel.59 0.88 96.52 0. Alte Kirchstr.05 3.18 95.33 0.20 0.01 99. The following versions of MMCache have been tested successfully with Drupal 4.79 0.3 and Apache 2..00 %system 1. you should immediately notice an improvement.3. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: 95.de .44 %nice 0.85 0. or wherever you told them to be written with the 'mmcache. If no files are appearing.10 0. Email: info@24ix.15.00 0.36 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.64 95.11 %idle 94.36 0.23.50 0.00 0. CPU Utilization: The sar utility from the sysstat collection gathers system activity numbers over time. 24iX Systems.0.3. Once properly installed.86 4.12 0.12 0.38 0.00 0. something is wrong. working with Apache 1.76 3.38 99.cache_dir' directive. Installation: Step-by-step installation instructions can be found here.71 3. 2.00 0.00 0.Compatibility: The Turck MMCache runs on Linux and Windows.45 Troubleshooting: An easy way to tell if MMCache is working properly after following the installation instructions is to see if temporary files are being created in '/tmp/mmcache'.00 0.
de Tel. 11. be sure that PHP has properly loaded mmcache.) Additional resources: o Turck MMCache Home Page Configuration This section of the administrators guide will help you through some common configuration processes.24ix. Alte Kirchstr. If it's not there. Customizing the interface When launching a new drupal site. 24iX Systems. A site can even have multiple themes.ini' file. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. then MMCache is not loaded. be sure to remove it when you're finished troubleshooting.php' in a public place.First. be sure to look in your web server's error log to see if there are any hints there. If you created 'phpinfo. Search for any occurances of the word 'MMCache'. and be sure that you modified the correct 'php.: 07000 7000 850 . Verify that you installed 'mmcache. Also.de .ini) Path' on that same page.so' into the directory specified by the 'extension_dir' directive. Email: info@24ix. For security reasons it is very unwise to make this information available to the general public. here are some things you can do to personalize the design and architecture of your drupal site. ?> Load that file in your browser to find a wealth of useful information. A good first step is to go to administer > themes and set a new theme as your default.php' as follows: <?php phpinfo(). Double check your 'Configuration File (php. The look and feel of Drupal is primarily controlled by the theme you have applied to your site. o Choose a Theme. (Note that the phpinfo() function call reveals a _lot_ of information about your system. Create a short script on your web browser called 'phpinfo. try restarting your web browser to be sure the latest configuration changes have been made. Finally. You can find more themes on the download page after the list of modules.
The menus that are displayed on the top and bottom of the page are configured in administer > themes. if you are using a theme that uses the PHPTemplate theme engine. using straight HTML. Therefore.de Tel. then your navigation must be defined in that theme's individual theme area (see : primary and secondary link functionality is retarded).Once you download a new theme you will need to instal it on your system. which was designed for running drupal in different languages. 11. o Customize Text Strings You can also change the text strings throughout drupal using the locale feature. Disable Login Block 24iX Systems. o Customize the Navigation.24ix. In fact. Select the configure tab and scroll down to Menu Settings. The primary and secondary links can be defined here. Unfortunately. Each theme has an individual configuration page (listed at the top of the global settings page) as well. you can personalize almost all of the text in drupal.de . Alte Kirchstr. Here are some alternative ways of allowing contributors and administrators to login to you site. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Customizing user login In the default setup the Drupal login block is always displayed unless a user is logged in. Theme development requires a working knowledge of HTML/CSS and possibly some rudimentary PHP depending on the complexity of your theme. you can replace a string like "create blog entry" with html markup such as references to graphics. many developers will want to write their own themes. Many Drupal sites will need a more unique look than these prebuilt themes can offer. If the primary links are left blank your navigation will be created based on your installed modules. o Create your own Theme.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix.
Dynamic Login Link If you still want users to be able to access the login from a link that is displayed on all pages you can create a custom login block. This is the name the block is given in your block admin menu. if (!$user->uid) { // Change the following line's text to whatever you want. To disable the login block 1. Alte Kirchstr. Copy and paste the following code into the textarea: <?php global $user.. 3. 9.de . return 'Logged in as ' . return '<a href="/user/login/">Login/create account. Change the block type to PHP and fill out whatever title and description you want. Email: info@24ix.</a>'. Goto the block configuration ( administer > blocks ) 2. 7. This also confuses the bulk of your users that will not have the option to login. Enable the block and give it a weight.: 07000 7000 850 . } elseif ($user->uid) { // The following line will display the username you are logged in as. You do not need to fill in the Block title unless you want this text to appear at the top of the block on your site. } ?> 8. 6. Select the add tab on the block administration page 5. 11.com/user.de Tel. 4.example.It will not always be desirable to display a login block on your Drupal site. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Deselect the check box for User login in the Enabled column Your regular content editors and administrators can still login to the site by directly accessing the login page. Fill in the Block description. then you probably don't want a large portion of your screen real-estate taken up with a login block that doesn't relate to them.24ix. $user->name. Deselect the "User login" block from the block administration page ( administer > blocks ). If you are using Drupal to create a site that has a very limited number of people actually logging into the system to create or edit content. 24iX Systems.
Enable the Drupal cache: One of the most dramatic performance improvements you can make with Drupal is by enabling cache support. 2. This can be found on your site at "administer > configuration > modules". such as a link from Slashdot. You can find some tips here.module enabled. go to "administer > configuration > modules > statistics" on your site. the auto-throttle. To enable the access log. it can be extremely difficult to prepare for unexpected loads. 3. then click "Save configuration. Enable the access log: With the statistics. Alte Kirchstr. It is not important how long you retain access logs. The access log writes an entry in a database table every time your site serves a page. 'Be a part of our community'. When you have little or no control over how your webserver is tuned.de Tel. and walks you through its configuration. Tuning the auto-throttle: 1. go to your site's main configuration page at "administer > configuration" and check "Enabled" under the words "Cache support:". and click "Enabled" under the words "Enable access log:". 'Login to tell your own story' Congestion control: tuning the autothrottle Overview: This page will be of most benefit to Drupal users that have their websites hosted on a shared server. you will first need to enable the statistics module. 11. and PHP. you now must enable the access log. you should first tune the operating system. Enable the statistics module: To use the auto-throttle. To enable the cache. The steps below describe Drupal's built in congestion control mechanism. Email: info@24ix.Voila! You now have a custom login link that doesn't display after your users login. Please note: if you have complete control over the server that's hosting your website. so if you 24iX Systems. and click 'Save configuration'. Put a check mark in the status column. webserver. The link text 'Login/create account' text in the block code can be changed to whatever you want such as 'Contribute'.24ix. The auto-throttle utilizes this information to monitor how much traffic is hitting your site. database. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 .de . This greatly reduces the overhead associated with displaying a page to an anonymous guest.
Enable the throttle module: Now you need to enable the throttle module. but feel free to adjust the "weight" and "region" for whatever you prefer. you should now see the "Throttle status" block. However.by default. then you don't need to set up any permissions -. 4. For this example. The throttle module provides a block for this purpose. as there is some overhead involved in displaying this block in the form of 1 database query per page displayed.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. click "Save configuration".24ix. do not check "custom" or "throttle". 6. When finished. Go to the block administration page on your site at "administer > configuration > blocks". Enable the auto-throttle: When you reload your website. Email: info@24ix. you will need to give your administrative group the "acess throttle box" permission. Enable the "throttle status" block: In order to properly tune the auto-throttle on your website. The auto throttle can be enabled on the throttle module administration page at "administer > configuration > modules > throttle". If you are the only adminsitrator of your site. Now click "Save blocks". It is important to be aware that all users that are in this role will now see the "throttle status" block. Go to the user permission administration page on your site at "administer > accounts > permissions" and locate the "access user list" permission. 5.de . Configure "throttle status" block access permissions: It is not desireable to allow your site's users to view the "throttle status" block that we have just enabled. This block is only intended as an administrative tool. uid=1 has all permissions. you can safely adjust this all the way down to 1 hour. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and enable the "Throttle status" block.: 07000 7000 850 . 7. we need to have an understanding of how much traffic your site gets. All it says at this point is "Throttle: disabled". meaning that currently the auto-throttle is not turned on. 11. Place a check mark in the appropriate role's column and click "Save permissions". and you adminster your site as uid=1. then click 'Save configuration'.are only using this information for the auto-throttle and want to keep your database as small as possible. You can quickly find this page by clicking the word "disabled" within your 24iX Systems. if you have multiple administrators or administer your site with a different user account. Return to the module administration page on your site at "administer > configuration > modules" and put a check mark in the status colum.
In our example. including pages viewed by yourself. The first option is the "Auto-throttle multiplier". getting a good feel for how busy your site is on average. This continues until your site is serving more than 5 times a normal load (1 page per second). 24iX Systems.: 07000 7000 850 . On the resulting administration page. Monitoring the "Throttle status" block: You should now notice that there is more information displayed in the "Throttle status" block. you want to know how busy your site is on average at the busiest time of each day. you will need to monitor this block carefully. search engine spiders/bots. It is generally a good idea to set your auto-throttle multiplier to a number nearest how many pages your site serves on average when it is busy. registered users. 24 being level 2. so we will set the auto-throttle multiplier to "12 (0. The only thing we're interested in at this time is the bottom section that should read something like.36. and cron. In our example. When our site starts serving 12 pages a minute. at which time the auto-throttle level will be set to 5.de Tel. Tuning the auto-throttle: Once again return to the throttle module administration page at "administer > configuration > modules > throttle". and click "Save configuration". 9.48. We will now use this information to tune our throttle.24.12. the auto-throttle will adjust itself to be at level 1. and so on up to 60 being 5. "This site has served 13 pages in the past minute.24ix. we move up to level 2."Throttle status" block. with 0 being level 0. Each of the numbers in the parenthesis is a "throttle level". To properly tune the auto-throttle. this was 12. Each of these numbers is a multiple of the number 12 that we have selected. Should the site become twice as busy as normal and start serving 24 pages in a minute. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix.60)". click "enabled" underneath the words "Enable auto-throttle". In particular. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. anonymous guests.de . (A quick shortcut is to click on the word "enabled" within your "Throttle status" block. RSS clients. 11. 8." This means exactly what it says: during the past 60 seconds. your Drupal-powered website has served 13 pages to visitors of your site. we will assume that your site is serving between 10-12 pages a minute when it is busy. 12 being level 1.) We will now adjust the two options within the "Auto-throttle-tuning" section of this page. This includes all pages that have been served.
indicating that your site is currently experiencing a severe load. When the load starts to decline. Alte Kirchstr. or even an inentional DoS (Denial of Serive) attack. To throttle blocks go to the block administration page on your site at "administer > configuration > blocks". as it will be rare that the autothrottle actually causes them to be temporarily-disabled. This fancily named configuration option is used to minimize the overhead of using the auto-throttle. Be aware that the lower you set this value. the cost of generating pages on your site will require less database queries and thus your site will be able to better withstand a greater number of hits.de . Auto-throttling blocks: In Drupal 4. Email: info@24ix. It is recommended that you select nearly all boxes. 11. the blocks will remain disabled. Under these heavy loads. such as a link from Slashdot.: 07000 7000 850 . By automatically disabling blocks. This could happen for a number of reasons. If you set this value to 10%. or being indexed by sometimes overaggressive googlebots. it is possible to configure blocks to be automatically disabled when the auto-throttle reaches a maximum level of 5.de Tel. so database queries are considered expensive. you may find your site choking. all blocks that have "throttle" enabled will be automatically disabled. however for busy sites you may wish to set it lower. except perhaps "Navigation" and "User login". then we only perform the extra database query for approximately 1 out of every 10 pages displayed by your Drupal-powered site. the blocks will be automatically restored. Now. you may even wish to enable the throttle for the "User login" block so that users will be discouraged from logging in under heavy loads. the longer your auto-throttle will take to detect a surge in load. when your site comes under a heavy load. optimizing your page and helping to prevent your database from choking. usually reporting a MySQL error saying something like "Too many connections". for any blocks that should be disabled when your site is under a severe load click the "throttle" checkbox. You see. It is unlikely you'd want to set this to anything higher than 10%. Thus.24ix. as each page viewed by a user has to be dynamically built rather than displaying them from the cache. to calculate the current throttle level this module has to perform a database query. it turns out that one of the primary bottlenecks on a shared server is the database.The second option is the "Auto-throttle probability limiter". As long as your site remains under a severe load. we adjust the "probability limiter" so that we perform our extra database query on only a certain percentage of page views. If you have an especially under-powered webserver. However.4 and higher (or the latest CVS version). 24iX Systems. 10. Now. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
11. Now. It is recommended that you experiment in your development environment. When the load starts to decline. all modules that have "throttle" enabled will be automatically disabled. what was a perfect throttle setting a few months ago may be too high or too low this month. Now. 12. throttling modules will usually have a larger affect than throttling blocks. Deciding which modules to throttle can be more difficult than deciding which blocks to throttle. It may be that your shared webserver 24iX Systems.de Tel. Slashdotted! Even with the auto-throttle enabled and configured. the modules will remain disabled. you may find that when you actually get linked to by an extremely busy site such as Slashdot your own site still chokes. however it is important to continue to monitor the "Throttle status" block to be sure you have properly configured your site. watch the "Current level" field. once again indicating that your site is currently experiencing a severe load. when your site comes under a heavy load. So. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Continuous auto-throttle tuning: Your site is now potentially able to deal with heavier loads. and be sure that under an average busy load you're not going above level 2. Generally speaking. pages and/or blocks that the module may have generated. 13. go to the module administration page on your site at "administer > configuration > modules".11. then you'll probably want to go back and adjust the Auto-throttle multiplier" to a lower value. All aspects of the module will be disabled. Email: info@24ix. As long as your site remains under a severe load. it is also possible to configure entire modules to be automatically disabled when the autothrottle reaches a maximum level of 5.de . To throttle modules. the more modules you will want to throttle. Alte Kirchstr. including any links. In particular.4 and higher (or the latest CVS version). If you are. disabling modules and seeing how this affects your site. then you'll probably want to go back and adjust the "Auto-throttle multiplier" to a higher value as described earlier. the modules will be automatically restored.24ix. On the other hand. for any module that should be disabled when your site is under a severe load click the "throttle" checkbox. Also note that over time your site's popularitly may change. if your site is always showing a "Current level" of 0. The more under-powered your webserver.: 07000 7000 850 . Auto-throttling modules: In Drupal 4. optimizing your page and helping to prevent your database from choking.
rss feeds) from multiple sources onto your websites. 4. Define the Title.de Tel. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: can't handle the load. 3. Define the URL of the remote news feed. Talk to your web host about how they can better tune your webserver. as this may have a negative impact on your site's performance. Alte Kirchstr.com/coolnewsfeed. RSS) to your site Drupal has the ability to aggregate syndicated content (e. Email: info@24ix. automatically disabling large images when your site comes under a heavy load. Adding syndicated content (newsfeeds. and syndication.module's "throttle_status()" function. rss. Refer to the throttle. Set the Update interval. This will be the heading of the newsfeed throughout the site. and enable the aggregator module 2. Add a new newsfeed To add a newsfeed or syndicated content to your Drupal site: 1. It is not advised to increase this value much beyond 10% however. Goto the modules configuration page (administer > modules). Enable "throttle" for all but the absolutely essential modules. To learn more about this concept including such confusing terms as newsfeeds. Try adjusting the "Auto-throttle probability limiter" to a higher percentage. atom.g. (this is perhaps the most significant suggestion) Hack your theme to be auto-throttle aware.de . 5.24ix. 11. however don't give up too quickly.rss 6.: 07000 7000 850 .. Only pull content as much as you actually need to. Once you have enabled the aggregator module you will be able to go to the aggregator configuration page (administer > aggregator). Keep in mind that some news feeds are staring to instal throttling software that may prevent you from accessing their feeds too often.. again so that the auto-throttle is quicker to detect a surge. please read Drupal as a news aggregator for a more in-depth description of these services. Here are a few more tips: Try adjusting the "Auto-throttle multiplier" to a lower value so your auto-throttle can detect a surge sooner. Enable "throttle" for all but the absolutely essential blocks. Select the add feed tab.example. such as. 24iX Systems.
The power of this feature is being able to bring multiple news feeds together under one category. Select the List tab and select the edit link in the row of the newsfeed item you would like to add to this category. We will now need to add one or more news feeds to this category. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Goto the newsfeed config page (administer > aggregator) and select the add category tab.de .example. Provide a Title and Description. where 1 is the number of the newsfeed you have created.: 07000 7000 850 . 6. Once you have selected this option you must enable your newsfeed block in the blocks configuration page (administer > blocks) If you leave the Latest items block setting at it's default your users will only be able to access the news feeds through the aggregator URL. Now when new news items come in they will be displayed in the category block.24ix. 3. or can be accessed through either method through the news aggregator link in the site navigation block. The options control the number of items displayed in this block. o Individual display as blocks This method is described in the setup above o Display of newsfeeds in category blocks Newsfeeds can be broken up into categories. 7. Configuring newsfeed display Newsfeeds can be displayed individually as blocks on your site. 4. Email: info@24ix.com/yoursite/aggregator/sources/1. 5.7.example. If you want the items for this news feed to have a block then you must change the Latest items block selection from it's default. 11. To make news feeds defined to this category appear as a block select a number of items from the Latest items block pull-down. To get the old news items into the new 24iX Systems.de Tel. 2. Alte Kirchstr. Under Automatically file items select the checkbox next to the category you just created. If you already have news items updated on your site the category will not index them. To create a category: 1. Enable this new block on the block configuration page (administer > blocks ). within categories which are also listed as blocks. then return to the newsfeed config page (administer > aggregator).com/yoursite/aggregator or..
such as RSS blocks. allowing other sites to syndicate their content. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. To find the RSS feed for a user. o Auto-throttle: congestion control Collaborative book or documentation writing The book organises content into a nested hierarchical structure.de . ready for the user to add explanation. Then look for the XML icon at the bottom of their blog page. the user will be taken to the blog entry form.Drupal also makes available a Blogs block under block management.24ix. o A most recent blogs block-. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and the like. Select the administer link below each individual entry when viewing user blogs and check Promoted to Front Page.module establishes its hierarchy.Promoting individual blog posts -. with the title.: 07000 7000 850 . o Promoting individual blog posts automatically -. a link to the item. etc. sections.Administrators using node as the Default front page setting can elect to promote any user blog posts to the front page. select view recent blog entries). Alte Kirchstr. o Additional features Blog it -. will have an icon in place of the textual blog it link. Every node in the book has a parent node which "contains" it. Email: info@24ix. 24iX Systems. It is particularly good for manuals. view their personal blog (in their personal information.Users with blogs will see a blog it link option when viewing posts in the latest news page of the news aggregator. A book is simply a collection of nodes that have been linked together. and a link to the source already entered in the text input field. These nodes are usually of type book page. This is how book.de Tel.Click administer » content » configure » default workflow. Other news listings. 11.each individual user blog has their own RSS feed. At any given level in the hierarchy. but you can insert nodes of any type into a book outline. o User Blog RSS syndication -. This will work if "node" is the Default front page. When the blog it option is selected. then check the promote box in the personal blog entry column. allowing you to have chapters.
There. Leave the log message and type fields blank for now. Only administrators are allowed to create new books. To add a new node into your book. administrators may also export their books to a single. Book pages contain a log message field which helps your users understand the motivation behind an edit of a book page. nodes may be edited. which are really just nodes whose parent is <top-level>. click on the administer link. flat HTML page which is suitable for printing. Like other node types. and body. Finally. When a parent node is deleted. Maintaining a FAQ using a collaborative book Collaborative books let you easily set up a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) section on your web site. They can have sections like 24iX Systems. This capability makes it easy to revert to an old version of a page. books use permissions to determine who may read and write to them. depending on your configuration.: 07000 7000 850 . Whenever you come across a post which you want to include in your FAQ. To do so. Then click on the edit book outline button at the bottom of the page. Alte Kirchstr. click on the create content » book page link. Give it a thoughtful title. You will probably want to designate <top-level> as the parent of this page.a book can contain many nodes. reorganized. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. use the create content » book page link. After you have submitted this book page. Administrators may review the hierarchy of their books by clicking on the collaborative book link in the administration pages. Books are quite flexible. These nodes are now orphans. A title like "Estonia Travel . it may leave behind child nodes. book submissions and edits may be subject to moderation.de .FAQ" is nice. Administrators should periodically review their books for orphans and reaffiliate those pages as desired. Each edited version of a book page is stored as a new revision of a node. Then place the relevant post wherever is most appropriate in your book by selecting a parent. The main benefit is that you don't have to write all the questions/answers by yourself . 11. To include an existing node in your book. you are ready to begin filling up your book with questions that are frequently asked. click on the "outline"-tab on the node's page. Similarly.24ix. should that be desirable. You may always edit these fields later. removed from book.de Tel. you have to create a new book which will hold all your content. All these sibling nodes are sorted according to the weight that you give them. Email: info@24ix. This enables you to place the node wherever you'd like within the book hierarchy.let the community do it for you! In order to set up the FAQ. and deleted. This behavior may change in the future.
de Tel. the Drupal comment module creates a discussion board for each Drupal node.: 07000 7000 850 . then use the create content » book page link.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. you can reorganize posts in your book so that it stays organized. print "product: " . Notes: Any comments attached to those relevant posts which you designate as book pages will also be transported into your book. Email: info@24ix. story.php?variable1=hello) Comment system When enabled. To get the data you submit from a form you can do this: print "variable1: " . o You may wish to edit the title of posts when adding them to your FAQ. o If you don't see the administer link. Alte Kirchstr. weblog post. This is a great feature. $_POST["size"] . An administrator can give comment 24iX Systems. change $_POST to $_GET if you used GET as your form method or if you are using a URL to set the variables. print "size: " . page. then you probably have insufficient permissions. Clear titles improve navigability enormously. If you are creating a post solely for inclusion in your book.com/page. etc.Flying to Estonia.24ix."<br>". o Printing PHP Variables from GET or POST Forms The collaborative book allows administrators to add PHP code to the page body for extra power. Users can post comments to discuss a forum topic. o Book pages may come from any content type (blog."<br>". $_POST["variable1"] . As you get more experienced with the book module. Remember that all future comments and edits will automatically be reflected in your book. 11. This is done on the same page as the Edit book outline button. $_POST["product"] . You do NOT use the PHP tags ("<?php" and "?>"). Eating in Estonia and so on. etc. collaborative book page. story.). (eg: yoursite. since much wisdom is shared via comments."<br>".
o Collapsed — Displays only the title for each post. o Post comments — Allows users to post comments into an administrator moderation queue. Administrators can set the default settings for the comment control panel. editing and deleting all comments. along with other comment defaults. o Flat — Displays the posts in chronological order. o When a user chooses save settings. with no threading whatsoever. users will have another control panel option to control thresholds (see below). o o 24iX Systems.de Tel. Filters.24ix. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . The choice of which permissions to grant to which roles (groups of users) is left up to the site administrator. Administrators can control access to various comment module functions through administer » users » configure » permissions. all comment permissions are disabled by default. smileys and HTML that work in nodes will also work with comments. assuming no others have been posted since. The following permissions: Access comments — Allows users to view comments. the comments are then redisplayed using the user's new choices. Additional comment configurations Comments behave like other user submissions in Drupal. bypassing the moderation queue. in administer » comments » configure. and users can (optionally) edit their last comment. Administrate comments — Allows users complete control over configuring.permissions to user groups. Users can control the chronological ordering of posts (newest or oldest first) and the number of posts to display on each page. Additional settings include: Threaded — Displays the posts grouped according to conversations and subconversations. Alte Kirchstr. o Post comments without approval — Allows users to directly post comments. o Expanded — Displays the title and text for each post. Know that in a new Drupal installation. 11. o Moderate comments — Allows users to rate comment postings (see more on moderation below). NOTE: When comment moderation is enabled. User control of comment display Attached to each comment board is a control panel for customizing the way that comments are displayed.de .
Users can then request that Drupal send them an e-mail when new comments are posted (the notify module requires that cron. As users read comments. Comment moderation On sites with active commenting from users.24ix. This page is a useful way to browse new or updated nodes and comments. At the same time. With comment moderation. Visit the comment board for any node. Content which the user has not yet read is tagged with a red star (this graphic depends on the current theme). disabled by default. and tracks comments read by individual site members. the administrator can turn over comment moderation to the community. each comment is automatically assigned an initial rating. Members which have logged in will see a notice accompanying nodes which contain comments they have not read. Go to administer » comments » configure » moderation votes. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. enter the textual labels which users will see when casting their votes. There is a link to the recent posts page in the navigation block. the administrator must grant moderate comments permissions. The tracker module. and Drupal will display a red "new" label beside the text of unread comments. Alte Kirchstr. they can apply a vote which affects the comment rating. In the vote field. Moderation votes The first step is to create moderation labels which allow users to rate a comment. a number of options in administer » comments » configure must be configured. Email: info@24ix. Some administrators may want to download.php be configured properly).de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . Those comments with ratings lower than the set threshold will not be shown. displays all the site's recent posts. Drupal displays the total number of comments attached to each node. To enable moderation.de . Some examples are o o Excellent +3 Insightful +2 24iX Systems.Notification of new comments Drupal provides specific features to inform site members when new comments have been posted. Then. users have an additional option in the control panel which allows them to set a threshold for the comments they wish to view. install and configure the notify module.
these examples include the vote value as part of the label. NOTE: Comment ratings are calculated by averaging user votes with the initial rating. although that is optional. When comment moderation is enabled and the thresholds are created. 24iX Systems. you can control the order in which the votes appear to users.de . Moderator vote/values matrix Next go to administer » comments » configure » moderation matrix. you may want to enter some initial comment scores.o o o Useful +1 Redundant -1 Flame -3 So that users know how their votes affect the comment. 11. Drupal will assign a rating of 0 as the default. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. users will find another comment control panel option for selecting their thresholds. note that the Minimum score is asking you for the lowest rating that a comment can have in order to be displayed. with negative votes at the bottom. Initial comment scores Finally. Enter the values for the vote labels for each permission role in the vote matrix. They'll use the thresholds you enter here to filter out comments with low ratings. you might visit Slashdot and view one of their comment boards associated with a story.24ix. Email: info@24ix. Using the weight option. Setting the weight heavier (positive numbers) will make the vote label appear at the bottom of the list. To see a common example of how thresholds work.de Tel. To encourage positive voting. you'll have to create some comment thresholds to make the comment rating system useful. When creating the thresholds. at the top.: 07000 7000 850 . Creating comment thresholds In administer » comments » configure » moderation thresholds. Alte Kirchstr. If you do not assign any initial scores. Consequently. You can reset the thresholds in their comment control panel. positive votes. Lighter (a negative number) will push it to the top. you'll probably want to create more than one threshold to give users some flexibility in filtering comments. In administer » comments » configure » moderation roles you can assign a beginning rating for all comments posted by a particular permission role. a useful order might be higher values. The values entered here will be used to create the rating for each comment.
24ix. However. 11. which stands for chronograph. Make sure to adjust them to fit your needs.com/cron. weekly and monthly jobs (or anything with a period measured in seconds).com/cron. cron is an ideal solution. such as cleaning up logfiles. Take a look at the example scripts in the scripts-directory. Cron.: 07000 7000 850 . Cron Some modules require regularly scheduled actions. It can be used to control the execution of daily. Drupal will try its best to run the tasks as close to the specified intervals as possible. When all the tasks are finished. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. The more you visit cron. where n is the period of that task. Note that cron does not guarantee the commands will be executed at the specified interval.de Tel. After all. Alte Kirchstr.php or /usr/bin/wget -o /dev/null -O /dev/null is accessed. Whenever. you can always ask someone else to set up an entry for you.com/cron. cron will run: it calls the _cron hook in each module allowing the module to run tasks if they have not been executed in the last n seconds. use a browser like lynx or wget but make sure the process terminates: either use /usr/bin/lynx -source . A good crontab line to run the cron script once every hour would be: 00 * * * * /home/www/drupal/scripts/cron-lynx. Email: info@24ix.sh 24iX Systems. and if most of your administration does not require your direct involvement. For the Unix/Linux crontab itself.com/cron. cron is done. Automating tasks is one of the best ways to keep a system running smoothly.com/cron. The recommended way to set up your cron system is to set up a Unix/Linux crontab entry (see "man crontab") that frequently visits. virtually any Unix/Linux machine with access to the internet can set up a crontab entry to frequently visit system and crontab Drupal comes with system-wide defaults but the setting-module provides control over many Drupal preferences. the more accurate cron will be.php. behaviours including visual and operational settings.php. If your hosting company does not allow you to set up crontab entries.php. is a periodic command scheduler executing commands at intervals specified in seconds.
0. reducing response time and the server's load. the main application of this feature is the Drupal sites page. e-mail address.org as its directory server. don't kick off cron by requesting or some of the environment variables will not be set correctly and features may not work as expected.Note that it is essential to access cron. Cache Drupal has a caching mechanism which stores dynamically generated web pages in a database.drupal. Just set your site's name. For example.: 07000 7000 850 .php.php using a browser on the web site's domain.com/cron. Alte Kirchstr. The listing of your site will occur shortly after your site's next cron run. and enable this feature using the dropdown directly below. fresh Drupal installations can use drupal.de . Drupal stores and sends cached pages compressed.24ix. Then make sure that the field called Drupal XML-RPC server on the administer » settings » drupal page is set to. slogan and mission statement on the administer » settings page. Only pages requested by "anonymous" users are cached. Directory Server (Drupal Sites) The "Drupal" module features a capability whereby other drupal sites may call home to report their existence. For example. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. this enables a pod of Drupal sites to find. Drupal administrators should simply enable this feature to get listed on the Drupal sites page. Email: info@24ix.de Tel. instead it takes only one SQL query to display it. By default. 24iX Systems.1/cron. By caching a web page.0. Currently.php should be called using the domain name which you want to have listed at drupal. use a publicly accessible domain name such as. In turn. 11.org as their directory server and report their existence. Instead. Drupal does not have to create the page each time someone wants to view it. do not run it using command line PHP and avoid using localhost or 127. In order to reduce server load and save bandwidth.org/xmlrpc. this feature is perfectly capable of aggregating pings from all of your departmental drupal installations sites within an enterprise. This reporting occurs via scheduled XML-RPC pings.example.0.org. Note that cron.php. cooperate and advertise each other. Also note that your installation need not use drupal.
The syndicated content always includes titles. Along with the headline. Alte Kirchstr. users will be given additional information about the forum on the main forum page. Once you have done this. For users to access them they must have the "access content" permission and to create a topic they must have the "create forum topics" permission. you can subscribe to feeds from other sites and display their content for your site users. Each term will become a forum. For example: "troubleshooting" . Drupal also has a news aggregator built in as a standard feature. If you fill in the description field. most sites typically provide either the first few paragraphs of the story or a short summary. Icons To disable icons. You may use images of whatever size you wish. also known as headlines.Discussion forums Creating a forum The forum module uses taxonomy to organize itself. such as AmphetaDesk. When doing this. All files in the icon directory are assumed to be images. go to administer » settings » forum and set Forum vocabulary to the one you have just created. for the newest published stories. Simply enable the aggregator module in administer » modules. Each headline acts as a direct link to the stories on the remote site.de Tel."Please ask your questions here. syndicate their most recent site content for others to display.de .: 07000 7000 850 . With it. choose a sensible name for it (such as "fora") and make sure under "Types" that "forum" is selected.24ix. To create a forum you first have to create a taxonomy vocabulary. Many individuals use client-based news aggregators on their personal computer to aggregate content. but it is recommended to use 15x15 or 16x16." When you are happy with your vocabulary. There will now be fora active on the site. Drupal as a news aggregator Thousands of web sites. then click administer » aggregator and enter the feeds that you choose. Email: info@24ix. These permissions can be set in the permission pages. especially news sites and weblogs. 11. add some terms to it. set the icon path as blank in administer » settings » forum. 24iX Systems. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
or Rich Site Summary. select the add feed tab at the top of the aggregator administration page. Once there. The 1 hour default is typically the minimum you will want to use.de Tel. and as title for the news feed block.rdf. obtain the full URL of the RSS page providing syndication. In that case. Email: info@24ix.com's The Evolution of RSS NOTE: Enable your site's XML syndication button by turning on the Syndicate block in block management.24ix.The update interval is how often Drupal will automatically access the RSS URL for the site for fresh content. without extensively searching the web. Often you need only look for a red XML button. RDF Site Summary. To learn much more about RSS. try an RSS syndication directory such as Syndic8. click administer » aggregator. depending on whom you talk to. use the web site name from which the feed originates. o URL -.xml and .Here you'll enter the fully-qualified URL for the feed for the site you want to subscribe to. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. Some sites do not make their RSS feeds as easy to find.What do I need to subscribe to a feed? The standard method of syndication is using the XML-based RSS format. 11.The text entered here will be used in your news aggregator.rss. within the administration configuration section.rdf. Configuring news feeds To subscribe to an RSS feed on another site. Most weblog sites that offer syndication will have an obvious link on the main page. o Update interval -. RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication.: 07000 7000 850 . here are some good introductions: o o Mark Pilgrim's What is RSS WebReference. Accessing another site's RSS page more frequently can be considered impolite because it requires the other site's server to handle your automatic o 24iX Systems. such as the one Drupal uses for site syndication. As a general rule. Common file tags for RSS pages are . .de .org/slashdot. Drupal will then ask for the following: Title -. Example:. To syndicate a site's content. Or maybe you want to find a number of feeds on a given topic.
7. then the categorize tab. edit the feed and make sure that the URL was entered correctly. Alte Kirchstr. Select update items on the main news aggregation page.: 07000 7000 850 .php must be configured to have your feeds updated regularly. 11. If you wish to have a block of the last x items from that category. Now every time you add a feed. To take advantage of this feature.24ix. If you have the multiple-select option enabled in the aggregator configuration. 11. Go to administer » aggregator then click on the add category tab. 2. If you do not see any items listed for that feed. you can select a category which the items will automatically appear under. you'll have to manually update feeds one at a time within the news aggregation administration section by using update items. click sources. Tagging Individual Items in the Aggregator 9. you can select more than one category for an item by holding down CTRL (PC) or CMD (Mac) and clicking on each category. then the category you wish to look at. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Otherwise. click categories. select the number of items in "Latest items block".requests. then a description. then the feed source you with to look at. Add a title to the category.de . plus to the right. you can tag individual items in your aggregator to appear in a category. 8. You will be presented with a list of items to categorize. note that cron. go to administer -> blocks and look for the category you just created. then the categorize tab. Here you have two options: 1.de Tel. Alternatively. check to see if it is working properly. Using the News Aggregator The news aggregator has a number of ways that it displays your subscribed content: 24iX Systems. the categories which you can assign to each item. Creating Categories in the Aggregator 6. click "news aggregator" 10. Once you submit your new feed. To place the block on your sidebar. in your sidebar navigation. To get to the categorization screen. Email: info@24ix.
Drupal terminology As you start to read the Drupal documentation and learn how it works it will help a lot if you know what a few words mean. Some modules are part of the core Drupal system (eg.Organizes incoming content by bundles.Displays an alphabetical listing of all subscribed feeds and a description. displaying titles which link to the originating post.de . o RSS feed blocks In addition to providing subscribed content through the news aggregator. the first few paragraphs or summary of the originating post (if any). with a link to each category. The title acts as a link to an individual feed page.Latest News -. o News by Source -. Enable any or all of the blocks using block management. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. which acts as a link to an individual feed page. The name of the source. listing information about that feed and incoming content for that feed only. The list of categories that the feed (or feed item) belongs to. o News Sources -. Drupal automatically can create a block for every feed as well as every category. o News by Topic -. Also has an icon which acts as blog it link. General terms Module A module is a piece of code which extends Drupal to provide a specific piece of functionality. A description.Displays all incoming content in the order received with The title of the original post. listing information about that feed and incoming content for that feed only. the taxonomy and blog modules) and some others (eg.24ix. Also has an icon which acts as blog it link. Alte Kirchstr. the weblinks and image modules) live in the contributions CVS repository and must be downloaded from there. though the administrator can choose whether or not a feed or category gets its own blocks by configuring the individual feeds and categories. displaying titles which link to the originating post.: 07000 7000 850 . Theme 24iX Systems.de Tel. Email: info@24ix. 11.Organizes incoming content by feed.
There are additional themes available in the contributions CVS repository. Template A HTML-writer-readable file that is mostly HTML with special codes to substitute in values provided by a engine. Appears in the theme selection list with the same precedence as themes and templates. it could be a poll. There is additional information on the taxonomy system in the documentation. Blocks are not nodes. Engine A special type of theme that moves the HTML markup generation to template files (using any templating system). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Story Page 24iX Systems. $content. $content. 11. Style A CSS file (or files) replacing the default CSS of a theme or engine. Block Blocks are what are sometimes called "Slash Boxes". $region = "main") method. Box Box is a container for content on Drupal pages. Taxonomy Taxonomy is literally "the science of classification". which you can use to classify and organize content on your web site. a book page an image etc. The look of boxes can be controlled by each theme by defining the box($subject. they are just a way of positioning data within a page. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . Node Nodes are probably the hardest Drupal concept to grasp but they are really quite simple. Email: info@24ix.A PHP file of functions which turn arguments into HTML markup. One special thing about them is that they can contain customized PHP code in order to make their content dynamic. Node types Site page Site pages are static pages which are typically (but not required to be) linked into the main navigation bar. Drupal modules define themeable functions which can be overridden by the theme file. Each box has a title and some content. The look of blocks can be controlled by each theme by defining the block($subject. When people refer to "a node" all they mean is a piece of content within Drupal.de Tel. They are the navigational or content additions that live on the left or right side of a page when you view it in your browser.24ix.de . Also tells the theme selector what templates have been defined. Drupal uses taxonomy to describe the category system. a story. $region = "main") method. Almost all content in Drupal is stored as a node.
news stories) and is expected to expire off of the page. They are a place where members of the community can write their own thoughts and not have to worry about being ontopic for the site. this allows you to add custom fields to a users database entry. Extending user information (profiles) Drupal has a profile module for extending user information fields. are another term for an online journal or diary. Email: info@24ix. Really the only special part about book pages these days is that like static pages they can contain PHP code.Story pages are the generic page type that most content management systems have.de Tel. public. private and if they are part of the new user registration process.de .24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. Comments are what allow people to add comments to any other node that has been created. Blog Blogs.: 07000 7000 850 . Book Page Book pages are designed to be part of a collaborative book. Once a forum is created anyone can ask questions or comment on other peoples questions. Stories are generally used for information which is only relevant for a period of time (eg. or weblogs. New forums can only be created by administrators of the site and are generally dedicated to a particular topic or queestion. About extending the profile module: The profile module can be extended to include additional information by adding in new form fields. In addition it allows you to specify whether these new options are mandatory. 11. Poll A poll is where a multiple choice question is asked and users can answer and see other peoples answers to questions. Originally only book pages could be a part of a book but these days all node types can be part of a book. This adds custom fields to the user's database entry. Comment Comments actually aren't nodes. Forum Forums are the same thing as online bulletin boards. You can choose from a variety of form fields to appear on the profile entry page: o o single-line textfield multi-line textfield 24iX Systems. An example of a collaborative book is the Drupal developer documentation. they are their own special content type.
Many people love to see their web site showing a lot less English. How to extend the profile module: 8. Make sure the directory is created and make sure you have that directory has write permissions (that is. public. 9. Add in custom fields: Navigate to the administration area: administer » user configure » profile Select a form field type under 'Add new field' Follow onscreen instructions for configuring this field. Navigate to the administration area for user module configuration page under administer » users » configure 11. for Picture support.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. Note: you must write in your directory name. and far more of their own 24iX Systems.module. private.module Note that user pictures (or avatars) or pictures are part of the user. and primarily use English to interact with users. and if they are part of the new user registration process. chmod to 755). 13. not the profile module. Enable the profile module: In administer » modules select in the 'Enable' column where you see: profile | Support for configurable user profiles. and 'save field'. Email: info@24ix.de . This is also true for a great deal of web sites. 10. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. select Enabled (Enable picture support. Pictures (avatars) in the user.o o o o o checkbox list selection freeform list URL date You may also specifiy whether the profile options are mandatory. Click 'save configuration' Locale or internationalization support Most programs are written and documented in English. most people are less comfortable with English than with their native language. However. and would prefer to use their mother tongue as much as possible.) 12. In the Pictures settings.24ix. Alte Kirchstr.
Why? To help individuals and communities address the challenges of information overload. then the string is remembered.de Tel. These are editable with quite convenient desktop editors specifically architected for supporting your work with GNU Gettext files. Moderation. it tries to translate it into the currently selected language. An easier. trust metrics and collaborative filtering. valuable or entertaining items. The export functionality enables you to share your translations with others.language. where you can search for untranslated strings. collaborative rating We like to experiment with moderation. The import feature allows you to add strings from such files into the site database. Alte Kirchstr. so you can look up untranslated strings easily. If a translation is not available.de . Not to mention the fact that readercontributed content and other levels of interactivity tend to become chaotic. Moderation queue 24iX Systems. Therefore Drupal provides a framework to setup a multi-lingual web site. and should slide down the gullet far more easily. First is the integrated web interface. worthwhile. How to interface translation works Whenever Drupal encounters an interface string which needs to be displayed. bloated and disreputable. Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. Therefore. or to overwrite the default English texts. people quickly tend to become overwhelmed and seek assistance in identifying the most interesting. As each new piece of information competes for attention. we decided to develop a public system powered by a community that aims to bring quality content to everyone's attention and to filter out all junk: to sort the wheat from the chaff. and specify their translations via simple web forms. The output should be something clean and homogenized featuring quality content. This is achieved by the use of GNU gettext Portable Object files.24ix. Drupal provides two options to translate these strings. generating Portable Object files from your site strings. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and much less time consuming method is to import translations already done for your language.
Creating a poll is much like creating any other node. Hence. comment moderation provides a technical solution to a social problem. the node is pushed over the threshold and up it goes on the public page. The title of the poll should be the question. then enter the answers and 24iX Systems.de Tel. This lets people assign a score to a comment on how good they think the comment is or how visible they think it should be. when too many people voted to drop a node. Email: info@24ix. that is. In the latter. nodes that have been submitted. Alte Kirchstr. the node will get trashed. On the other hand. 11. the overall rating is just a simple average of all ratings. To view the results one needs the "access content" permission. flamebait and trolls. their node is added to a queue. Polls or enquetes Users with the correct permissions can create and/or vote on polls. but do not yet appear on the public front page. Click "create poll" in your user box. can submit new content for consideration. To hide or get get rid of spam. Comments with high ratings are more visible than comments with a lower rating.24ix. All registered users can access this list of pending nodes. After someone has submitted something. comments that gain the approval of participants will gradually move up through statistical effects and pointless comments will sink into oblivion. o o o o To create a poll a user needs the "create polls" permission. Comment rating Anyone with a user account will be able to moderate comments.de . When more than one person rates a comment. To vote on a poll question a user must have the "vote on polls" permission. Those registered users can vote whether they think the node should be posted or not. To administer polls you need the "administer nodes" permission.: 07000 7000 850 . When enough people vote to post a node. That way. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: who visits and has some news or some thoughts they'd like to share. the purpose of comment moderation is two-fold: o o To bring the really good comments to everyone's attention.
the "base" vote counts. The sidebar each block appears in depends on both which theme you are using (some are left-only.: 07000 7000 850 . some both). MetaWeblog API. and most of the Moveable Type API extensions. o User settings. You can choose to let your users decide whether to show/hide certain blocks. recent forum topics). Specifically.g. The Poll item in the navigation links will take you to a page where you can see all the current polls. Its throttle checkbox. You do this by assigning a weight to each block.de Tel. it currently implements the Blogger API. A block's visibility depends on: Its enabled checkbox. o Its function. Throttled blocks are hidden during high server loads. o o o 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix. some right. which can often offer richer functionality that online forms based editing. This allows users to contribute to drupal using external GUI applications. Lighter blocks (smaller weight) "float up" towards the top of the sidebar.de . Alte Kirchstr.24ix. 11. Disabled blocks are never shown. vote on them (if you haven't already) and view the results. and on the settings in block management. These are usually generated automatically by modules (e. Dynamic blocks (such as those defined by modules) may be empty on certain pages and will not be shown. Post content using the Blogger API This module adds support for several XML-RPC based blogging APIs. Its path options. Putting blocks with content in the sidebars Blocks are the boxes visible in the sidebar(s) of your web site. Blocks can be configured to only show/hide on certain pages. The block management screen lets you specify the vertical sort-order of the blocks within a sidebar. You can also choose the time period over which the vote will run. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Heavier ones "sink down" towards the bottom of it. but you can also create your own blocks.
In the Search Settings (a submenu item under Home » administer » settings) page.had. Recommended search settings: Minimum word length to index: 2 (the default) Minimum word length to search for: 2 (the default) Noise words: Here is a suggested list of noise words for English.as.did.all. Email: info@24ix.could.another.in.can.by.has.de Tel.for.get.it.-q. Search configuration Check that the Search module is selected in Home » administer » settings.me.php You need to add: 00 * * * * wget -O . 24iX Systems. The normal entry looks like this: 00 * * * * wget -O .from.an.if.like.each.more.at. Be sure cron.is.before. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. been. they each will need a separate crontab entry. The Search box should now appear in your banner.any.many.into.her.make.came. Recommended settings are below. and a body which can be as long as you wish.but.php for each of your vhosts.be.most. The Drupal engine will render the content of the block.) about.being.php is running.might.between.24ix. It updates the search keyword indexes. Alte Kirchstr. If you are using multiple virtual drupal sites with their own database instances in MySQL. save the configuration. a description.also.are.here.-q. his.after.come.Administrator defined blocks An administrator defined block contains content supplied by you (as opposed to being generated automatically by a module).org/node/view/1202 for this and Dutch noise words.drupal.de . Each admin-defined block consists of a title.because. do.he.how.: 07000 7000 850 . (Thanks to.
the all time top stories.what.should. the statistics module needs to be enabled before you can use it. Email: info@24ix. top nodes and access log Introduction The statistics module keeps track of numerous statistics for your site but be warned. The module counts how many times.where. node being accessed (if any).such. as this module supports four separate permissions.must.take.out.said. and the last stories read.my. and the time the page was viewed. this adds 1 database query for each node that is viewed (2 queries if it's the first time the node has ever been viewed).with.much. and from where -. A configurable block can be added which can display a configurable number of the day's top stories. thus everything comes disabled by default.was.there. user ID (if any).under.through. You can individually configure how many posts are displayed in each section. the all time top stories.now. Logged information includes: HTTP referrer (if any).of.still.were.those. same.that.the.too.while.well. o o Notes on using the statistics: If you enable the view counters for content.using HTTP referrer -each of your posts is viewed.we. them. o As with any new module.24ix.way.over.see.this.: 07000 7000 850 . o A configurable user page can be added. Alte Kirchstr.you. 11. which can display the day's top stories.other.these. 24iX Systems.who. this adds 1 database query for each page that Drupal displays.our.their. very.never.then.your Help text position: Link from above search output (on the Search Results page) Statistics.de . the IP address of the user.on. o If you enable the access log.they.de Tel. and the last stories read. Also refer to the permissions section.or.some.to.than. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. Once we have that count the module can do the following with it: The count can be displayed in the node's link section next to "# comments". would.since.only. statistical collection does cause a little overhead.
If you disable all sections of this block. Alte Kirchstr.allows you to turn on and off the node-counting functionality of this module. what node they've viewed. If it is turned on. 11. and the last content viewed. submit -> moderate -> post -> comment).php" o enable node view counter -. Pages are also unique in that they shortcut the typical lifecycle of user generated content (i. the all time top viewed content. provide alternative mechanisms for link creation. o discard access logs older than -. like xtemplate. Support for static pages The page module is used when you want to create content that optionally inserts a link into your navigation system. and the number of posts displayed for each can be configured with a drop down menu. it will not appear. an extra database query is added for each node displayed.de . User access permissions for pages 24iX Systems. after which time it is deleted from the database table.24ix.de Tel. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. o display node view counters -. where they came from (referrer). Email: info@24ix.allows you to configure how long an access log entry is saved. however.: 07000 7000 850 . and their user name. not all themes support the link insertion behavior. You can also. o Popular content block This module creates a block that can display the day's top viewed content.allows you to globally disable the displaying of node view counters. Each of these links can be enabled or disabled individually. Enabling the log adds one database call per page displayed by Drupal.Configuring the statistics module There are some configuration options added to the main administer » settings » statistics section: enable access log -. To use this you need to run "cron. Some themes. such as the remote host's IP address. At this time.e.allows you to turn the access log on and off. Don't forget to enable the block. This log is used to store data about every page accessed. which increments a counter. create pages that don't have this link by skipping the link text field in the page form.
They cannot edit or delete pages. administrators also choose with which Drupal node types to use these classifications. For example. Consider another vocabulary for use alongside of Topics.de . Taxonomy (alias sections and categories) Unlike many content management systems. or vocabulary. one which classifies nodes in another way: Content with terms o o o o News Reviews Announcements Opinions 24iX Systems. Drupal does much more than implement a simple category list for each content type. edit own pages: Allows a role to add/edit pages if they own the page.24ix. Whether creating either very simple or extremely complex taxonomies. Vocabularies and Terms Each category group. Drupal's flexible taxonomy system allows administrators to create a virtually unlimited number of separate classification schemes. Alte Kirchstr. Once nodes are created and tagged. You must enable this permission to in order for a role to create a page.de Tel. a web-based discussion community might have a vocabulary Topics with terms such as o o o o o Technology Politics Education Religion Sports An administrator might also choose to create multiple vocabularies for use with the same node type. Instead. can contain multiple category entries. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: pages: Allows a role to create pages.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. Use this permission if you want users to be able to edit and maintain their own pages. for tagging content. users have various options for browsing category organized content. or terms. Email: info@24ix. even if they are the authors.
Topics. Think of these as see also-references (this item not used by many Drupal modules). So. users would find large vocabularies and terms unwieldy to use and maintain. Alte Kirchstr. Related terms (Optional) -. users will be offered a none option as the default for each vocabulary.A vocabulary may be associated with either a single or multiple node types. Otherwise. And do not worry. 11. Normally.New vocabularies can also be created or added to at any time.Allows users to categorize nodes by more than one term. such as Miscellaneous. Drupal displays multiple vocabularlies in alphabetical order. Email: info@24ix. NOTE: When creating terms for a new vocabulary. Description (Optional) -. Weight (Optional) -. with as few or as many terms as the administrator may need. for example.Allows a tree-like taxonomy (see Using Hierarchies below).de Tel.24ix.Allows relationships between terms within this vocabulary. Creating a Vocabularly When setting up a vocabulary. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. ambitious administrators can also update nodes with the new tag and remove the catchall category tag. administrators might want to provide users with a catchall term. Hierarchy (Optional) -.A description of the vocabulary (this item may be used by some modules and feeds). Setting a vocabulary weight heavier (positive numbers) 24iX Systems. If an expected node is unavailable.Requires a user to select a term in this vocabularly in order to submit the node. Required (Optional) -.Allows the administrator to set the priority of this vocabularly when listed with other vocabularies. check and make sure that the module for the specific node type has been activated. Useful for cross-indexing content. when vocabularlies are left on the default of zero.: 07000 7000 850 .de . Nodes may then appear on multiple taxonomy pages. Types (Required) -. Long before reaching Drupal's limits at handling very large classification schemes. but not book pages. an administrator might select to have a vocabulary associated with stories and blogs. Once new terms are created.A name for this vocabulary. when creating a node. Drupal will prompt for: o o o o o o o o Vocabulary name (Required) -. Administrators can then review nodes tagged with Miscellaneous to see if a need exists for new terms. Multiple select (Optional) -.
Enter synonyms for this term.e. 11. the vocabulary Food could include the following categories and subcategories: o Dairy 24iX Systems.de . Synonyms can be used for variant spellings.The name for this term. Alte Kirchstr. Creating Terms Once finished defining the vocabulary.Description of the term (this item may be used by some modules and feeds). When creating a term. and other terms that have the same meaning as the added term. a vocabulary must be populated with terms. Email: info@24ix. the examples above may be the only structure necessary for tagging site content. acronyms. much like Yahoo categories or subject classifications used by libraries. For example.than other vocabularies will make the specific vocabularly appear at the bottom of the list. o Weight (Optional) -. o o Advanced: Using Hierarchies For many users needing simple classification schemes. Example: Technology. note that the available options may depend on what was selected for related terms. Description (Optional) -.The weight is used to sort the terms of this vocabulary (see explanation of weight above). o Parent (Required) -.Select the term under which this term is a subset -. i. consider the hierarchy option when creating vocabularies. unauthorized terms (this item not used by many Drupal modules).: 07000 7000 850 . o Synonyms (Optional) -.de Tel.the branch of the hierarchy that this term belongs under (only required when heirarchy is enabled for the vocabulary). but which are not explicitly listed in this thesaurus. one synonym per line. Useful for specifying which vocabulary a user sees first when creating a node. Lighter (a negative number) will push the vocabularly to the top of the list. Hierarchies allow the creation of sophisticated taxonomies with categories and subcategories in a tree structure.24ix. For more elaborate classification needs. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. hierarchy and multiple select when creating the vocabulary: Term name (Required) -.
Just select both parents when creating the term Milk.de . 11. many Drupal themes display the categories applied to the node.: 07000 7000 850 . Drupal will then display a browsable listing for all nodes tagged with that term. For an example of a Drupal site which makes use of both multiple categories and heirarchies to classify hundreds of nodes. Using Vocabularies: Displaying Nodes by Terms When displaying nodes. for a different term.24ix. both in teaser listings on the Drupal home pages and in full. Examine the Taxonomy URL for one such category listing. The end of the URL should look something like this: taxonomy/page/or/1 And another Taxonomy URL. Email: info@24ix. single-node view. Don't forget that that the order of term siblings (e. Alte Kirchstr. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: o Drink Alchohol Beer Wine Pop Milk o Meat Beef Chicken Lamb o Spices Sugar Note that the term Milk appears within both Dairy and Drink.de Tel. If the user selects any category term. Beef. something like this taxonomy/page/or/2 24iX Systems.g. Chicken. check out Langemarks Cafe's Categories page. Lamb) can be controlled with the weight option. This is an example of multiple parents for a term.
then has the querystring parameter. listing all nodes for either term returns more than a user may need. download and install the optional taxonomy_html and taxonomy_dhtml modules from the Drupal downloads page. To create a boolean "AND" listing. Just place the cursor over any edit term and look to the status bar at the bottom of the browser. See how the URL format for the RSS feed is very similar to the Taxonomy URL: taxonomy/feed/or/1. Building individual Taxonomy URL's is not the most user friendly way to provide site users access to browseable listings. Want to combine more categories? Just add more commas and numbers.: 07000 7000 850 .2 The resulting listing includes all nodes tagged with either term.de . it starts with taxonomy/feed. Each module provides a slightly different approach 24iX Systems. Know that you can use the taxonomy section in Drupal site administration to find out any Term ID. Alte Kirchstr. In addition to displaying Drupal nodes by category on site. Then substitute the new Term ID's found there to create a different category listing. 11. Nor do administrators necessarily want to build custom blocks for users with links to each category listing. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Drupal has category specific RSS feeds for other sites to access your site content.2 . Sometimes. These numbers. To significantly extend the means of accessing nodes by category.2 Built like a Taxonomy URL.de Tel. tell Drupal which categories to display. and finally the term IDs. A user might only be looking for nodes which exist in both categories only. Email: info@24ix.Note that Taxonomy URLs always contain one or more Term IDs at the end of the URL. Now combine the Term ID's above in one URL using a comma as a delimter taxonomy/page/or/1.24ix. change the querystring parameter from "or" to "and": taxonomy/page/and/1. 1 and 2 above.
11. as well as optional side blocks. you want: $tax = array (3.: 07000 7000 850 .6). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Reviews and underneath all blogs or stories which matched. and customize the 'Physicians' subject and the $tax array. named 'operator'.to creating vocabularly and term listings pages for users.de Tel. $tax the list of tids that you are inetrested in.net You will need to create a new Block of type=php. Email: info@24ix. So in your case. Try both and decide which is best for users on your site.24ix. assuming the term ID for movies is '3' and the term ID for Anime is '6'. It is also the study of classification and a research area of information science in the digital age. Drupal admnistrators who want to push the limits of the Drupal taxonomy system might want to read about classification theory and application. The third element.de . Alte Kirchstr. 24iX Systems. Either will certainly increase each site user's ability to browse content More about Taxonomy Taxonomy is more than just a module in Drupal. can be and or or. as well as how it applies to Drupal taxonomy module development. see the block named Physicians at Internists. Answer As a demo. "operator" => "or")..
By following the recent posts link in the user block.24ix. while ($obj = db_fetch_object($result)) { $node = node_load(array('nid' => $obj->nid)).<?php // paste this code into a custom block of type=php // customize the $tax array and the $subject as needed $tax = array(1.xml 24iX Systems. Aliases have a many to one relationship with their original Drupal URLs. $node->nid). $result = taxonomy_select_nodes($tax. URL aliasing Background A very powerful feature of Drupal is the ability to have control over all paths. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. An example of where a multiple aliases come in handy is creating a standard RSS feed URL: node/feed => rss. $items).de . although it is not enabled by default. } return theme('item_list'. $operator). $operator = "or". The path module is the tool that provides this functionality and is part of the basic Drupal installation. "node/view/". In other words you can have many different aliases map to a single path. a user may quickly review all recent postings. $items[] = l($node->title. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. ?> Tracker The tracker module is a handy module for displaying the most recent posts.: 07000 7000 850 . 2). 11. Email: info@24ix..
if ($aliased != $path) { return $aliased.node/feed => index. Only an administrator with access to the website source code can set up this kind of aliases. This interface displays all aliases and provides a way to create and modify them. For example. following this example: function conf_url_rewrite($path. $path). Drupal would use rss. delete the aliases for node/feed and create the index.de Tel. You can define a conf_url_rewrite function in conf.Allows users to access the alias administration interface. $path).rdf When Drupal generates links for a path with multiple aliases it will choose the first alias created per system URL.xml as the default alias rather than index. 2. You might like to see completely different URLs used by Drupal. administer url aliases . This is also the location to build aliases for things other than nodes. 'node/\1'. 1. 11. Enabling this permission will display a path field to the user in any node form. Permissions Two permissions are related to URL aliasing: create url aliases and administer url aliases.Allows users to create aliases for nodes.rdf.rdf alias before rss. To change this behavior. allowing them to enter an alias for that node. or even URLs translated to the visitors' native language. 'display/\1'.xml. They will be able to edit/delete the alias after it is created using the same form. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Mass URL aliasing Drupal also comes with user defined mass URL aliasing capabilities. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. So in our above example.24ix. you can create an alias for a taxonomy URL or even remap the admin path (although the original admin path will still be accessible since aliases do not cancel out original paths). in which case this feature is handy. $mode = 'incoming') { if ($mode == 'incoming') { // URL coming from a client return preg_replace('!^display/(\d+)$!'.de . } } } 24iX Systems. create url aliases . } else { // URL going out to a client $aliased = preg_replace('!^node/(\d+)$!'.
Email: info@24ix. The ping module automatically notifies weblogs. 24iX Systems. Only the 'incoming' and 'outgoing' modes are supposed to be supported by your conf_url_rewrite function.com must be informed about your site's updates. the administrator doesn't have to do anything to participate in the Weblogs. Drupal implements the XML-RPC interface of weblogs. then the display/3 alias will not be effective when outgoing links are created. You can create a news section for example aliasing nodes and taxonomy overview pages falling under a 'news' vocabulary. so if you have the 'contact' page alias from the example above. Watchdog The watchdog module monitors your web site. Weblogs.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You cannot only use this feature to shorten the URLs. but also to add completely new subURLs to an already existing module's URL space. It can ping the following sites: Weblogs. It is vital to check the watchdog report on a regular basis as it is often the only way to tell what is going on. Alte Kirchstr. performance data. warnings and operational information. errors. This is the job of the ping module and when installed. To get your Drupal site listed.com when your site is updated.com system.com. or to compose a bunch of existing stuff together to a common URL space. 11.This function will shorten every node/$node_id type of URL to display/$node_id. You need extensive knowledge of Drupal's inner workings and regular expressions though to make such advanced aliases. capturing system events in a log to be reviewed by an authorized individual at a later time. The watchdog log is simply a list of recorded events containing usage data.de .gs notification Drupal can pings sites automatically to notify them that your site has changed. Incoming URLs however always work with the mass URL aliased variant.: 07000 7000 850 .com.de Tel. a web site that tracks and displays links to changed weblogs and news-oriented web sites. weblogs.com. Individual URL aliases defined on the browser interface of Drupal take precedence. or to translate them to you own language. technorati. thus having news/15 and news/sections/3 instead of node/15 and taxonomy/term/3.com and blo. To do so.
User management can be easily accessed in administer » users.Com for RSS.gs.gs must be informed about your site's updates. Email: info@24ix.readers of the site who are either do not have an account or are not logged in.com for RSS system. blo.gs system. This is the job of the ping module and when installed. Alte Kirchstr. User management system Drupal offers a powerful access system that allows users to register. This is the job of the ping module and when installed.Com for RSS must be informed about updates to your RSS feed. Use the configuration tab to manage the access rules. or group. maintain user profiles. Users assigned to the role. The ping feature requires crontab. Weblogs. To get your Drupal site listed. By default. etc. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. login. a way of assigning specific permissions to a group. permissions. If 24iX Systems. To get your Drupal site listed. use and administration of Drupal. Authenticated users. Common examples of roles used with which you may be familiar include: anonymous user. might be given more permissions. because they took the time to register. blo. o authenticated user -. moderator.: 07000 7000 850 . a directory of recently updated weblogs and tools for tracking interesting weblogs. the administrator doesn't have to do anything to participate in the blo.com. a web site that tracks and displays links to recently changed RSS feeds in XML format. The ping module automatically notifies Weblogs.gs. and roles of different users. the administrator doesn't have to do anything to participate in the the weblogs. Drupal automatically defines two roles as a part of site installation: anonymous user -.Com for RSS when your site is updated. in the spirit of services like Weblogs.gs when your site is updated. are granted those permissions assigned to the role.Weblogs.the role assigned to new accounts on a Drupal site. Managing permissions with user roles Roles. blogtracker and blogrolling. o The anonymous user role should typically have the least access to the site of all roles. To do so. Drupal implements the XML-RPC interface of blo. authenticated user.com. The ping module automatically notifies blo.de Tel.24ix. and administrator. allow you to fine tune the security. such as the ability to create some types of content.de . 11. logout.
are usually reserved for the most trusted site users. 6. when administer permissions are granted on modules associated with specific node types. 7. 11. editing and removal.administrator approval is required for new users. 24iX Systems.Administer permissions. such as "administer content" and "administer users". Enter a label for the new role in the available text field at the bottom of the current list of roles. Assigning permissions and users to roles Access to almost all Drupal modules can be controlled by either enabling or disabling permissions for a given role. Alte Kirchstr. To do this. To create new roles: 3. As a security precaution. the user will be able to edit and delete all content for that node type on the entire site. select the permissions sub-tab.: 07000 7000 850 .de Tel. Go to the user management screen ( administer » users ) and select the configure tab and then the roles sub-tab. Then you can add this user to your new role under the Roles section of the user edit page. Consider the following descriptions of permissions: o Administer -. The first Drupal account created on a new installation. Once the role is added. the anonymous and authenticated users are configured with very minimal permissions during a site install. 5.de . More trusted users might be granted special privileges through an administratorcreated role. Reminder: you'll have to assign access administration pages rights to any role which also needs to configure site options in the administration menu. including administration and content creation. Email: info@24ix. To add users to this role you will need to edit individual user accounts.24ix. always has full permissions for all Drupal activities. sometimes referred to as the "root user". 4. Go to the user management screen ( administer » users ) and select the configure tab and then the permissions sub-tab to begin enabling or disabling permissions. These administration privileges grant users extensive control of the specific module(s) described by the permission title. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and must be manually added to that role through the user administration interface. For example. Your new role will be listed as a new column in the permission matrix. You'll have to consider which permissions to enable. or if they match certain criteria (such as having a company email address). you may be able to grant more permissions that way. select the list tab and edit the desired user. Grant permissions to the new role.
the username and password are correct. User authentication Registered users need to authenticate by supplying either a local username and password.These permissions generally enable a user to create content. you'll need to enable maintain permissions for the authenticated user. For security's sake. the prior saved environment is recreated. even if it is merely turned off and on. Alte Kirchstr. as well as allowing the author of the submitted content to edit their own content. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. or one from another Drupal website.: 07000 7000 850 .de .Permissions which grant access allow users read-only rights or general use of specific site modules. the specified type of content. When you enter a password it is also hashed with MD5 and compared with what is in the database. The local username and password. User preferences and profiles 24iX Systems. 11. the cookie does not contain personal information but acts as a key to retrieve the information stored on your server's side. and until that session is over. Delphi. Once a user authenticated session is started. although giving access administration should generally be reserved for the most trusted users. which is stored in a cookie. Email: info@24ix. Drupal relies on PHP's session support. without any significant configuration privileges. the user won't have to re-authenticate. or a remote username and password such as a jabber. these roles do not permit the creation of content. hashed with Message Digest 5 (MD5). o Adjusting permissions after adding modules Whenever a module is enabled. permissions for that module are unassigned to all roles. Generally applies to node types. o Maintain -. Drupal will check whether a specific session ID has been sent with the request. To keep track of the individual sessions. When a visitor accesses your site. If the hashes match.Allows users to create. As a security precaution. Most access permissions are safe to assign to any user role.Access -. See distributed authentication for more information on this innovative feature. Typically. the so-called session ID. but not necessarily edit later.de Tel. are stored in your database. an administrator always needs to assign permissions to roles any time a module is enabled. A visitor accessing your website is assigned an unique ID. If you want to allow new site members to keep a weblog or work on the collaborative book. If this is the case. o Create -.24ix.
and logs in with a username of joe@remote. and distributed authentication names. even if that user never registered at drupal. For example. you do not have to fill out a registration form if you are already a member of Drupal. signature. see the jabber_user() function in /modules/jabber.org. Drupal Drupal is the name of the software which powers drupal. There are Drupal web sites all over the world.Each Drupal user has a profile. and he will always be logged into the same account.org in the same manner. and many of them share their registration databases so that users may freely login to any Drupal site using a single Drupal ID.org. homepage.org. Using distributed authentication Distributed authentication One of the more tedious moments in visiting a new website is filling out the registration form. and a set of preferences which may be edited by clicking on the user account link. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. or SOAP) and asks: "Is the password for user Joe correct?".de . and is unique to Drupal. This capability is called distributed authentication.delphiforums. Email: info@24ix. the software which powers drupal. 11. Also. users will find a page for changing their preferred time zone. 24iX Systems. There.: 07000 7000 850 . and immediately be recognized. Of course. username. Joe may keep on logging into drupal.24ix. This works because Drupal knows how to communicate with external registration databases. HTTP POST. These hooks are described in the Developer section of the Drupal Handbook. a user must be logged into reach those pages. Module developers are provided several hooks for adding custom fields to the user view/edit pages. Here at drupal. then we create a new drupal.delphiforums. administrators may make profile and preferences changes in the Admin Center on behalf of their users.org account for Joe and log him into it. Joe likes that idea. Drupal informs Joe on registration and login screens that he may login with his Delphi ID instead of registering with drupal. Changes made here take effect immediately. lets say that new user 'Joe' is already a registered member of Delphi Forums.org. password.com server behind the scenes (usually using XML-RPC. If Delphi replies yes.module. For an example. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Drupal then contacts the remote. language. theme. Distributed authentication enables a new user to input a username and password into the login box. e-mail address.org.com and his usual Delphi password.
However the functions are simple enough that only minimal hacking should be required to upgrade from different table structures.So please feel free to login to your account here at drupal. In it's current state it is only useful for upgrading from post node v2 Drupal. Please keep in mind it is not perfect and only one possible solution.tgz Notes on the script: The update script needs to be run under Drupal rc2 since it includes various Drupal functions. I would like to make available to the Drupal community an update script to make this process easier.: 07000 7000 850 . An example of a valid Drupal ID is mwlily@www. Some brief instructions are included in the download. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. The script is available to download here:. 11. roles and permissions 24iX Systems.org with a username from another Drupal site. This may also be useful if you are considering switching from another CMS to Drupal v3. The format of a Drupal ID is similar to an email address: username@server. For problems with installation. Email: info@24ix.00 Upgrading your Drupal database can be tedious and sometimes painful.de .de Tel.org/downloads/update. I have also added some thoughts on the upgrade process in general.00 to 3. please address your questions at proper places Upgrading from Drupal 2. Upgrading from previous versions This chapter contains articles that discuss the upgrading process of your drupal installation. please note that comments are not meant to address problems you fund during installation.drupal. Other considerations: Users.org.24ix.
Backups It is a good idea to backup any data which you would be sad to lose.de Tel. Read about roles and permissions here.24ix.0. Alte Kirchstr. you need to backup your Drupal database. and any Drupal PHP scripts which you might have customized. 24iX Systems. just a simple way of dumping sections.0 database to the latest development version.0 has an automatic upgrade script what upgrates your database from version 3.php and follow the instructions.: 07000 7000 850 . If others have useful information regarding how to move from dupal2/nuke/phpslash/slash etc. Check the insert statement in the update_users() function. 11.0 to 4. Lastly: remember the usual caveats about backing up your data! Upgrading from Drupal 3. Email: info@24ix. To backup Drupal data. This is of course not the best way to utilize meta-tags.00 and later versions Drupal 4.php file. to Drupal please submit a revised copy of this page or anther book page.Users will need to be given a role when they are insert into the database. You might also wish to backup the conf. easy option. I chose to dump sections as meta-tags all belonging to the one collection. the technique for doing this is here.00 to 4. Somewhat obscured on that page is a suggestion to just copy the right mysql files to another computer (the /data directory). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: . Note: same update script also allows to update your 4. Or if you would get fired if you lost it. The script creates the collection. Point your browser to. That is a good. Sections vs Meta-tags In upgrading from sections to meta-tags.com/update. If you use MYSQL.
and everything should work fine. Remove the index. Alte Kirchstr.24ix. "method POST is not allowed for the URL /index. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. If you don't find an answer here. Original posting . especially when trying to log in.php file.htm" Error Solution by: Al Your Drupal directory contains both an index. and it tells you the error is near the end of the file.de . The extra whitespace being added probably is caused by a bad unpacking program and / or a windows editor adding it.php first before index. ask your question in the Support forum.Troubleshooting FAQ Perhaps your question has been asked and answered already.: 07000 7000 850 . 11.org/node/view/653#2238 + edited slightly] If you ever get an error "headers already sent" with one of your files.html and index.html file or configure your web server to look for index. Installation / Configuration "headers already sent" error [taken from. Just delete them.htaccess page forbidden 24iX Systems. that probably means that there are extra spaces or lines after the closing ?> php tag. Check this FAQ or perform a search to find an answer.
If you already have a favorite SMTP function you want to use you will have to create your own wrapper function.: 07000 7000 850 . $message. Modify your configuration file (conf. 24iX Systems. You can now hook up your own custom SMTP library to Drupal instead of using the default PHP mail() function.org/viewcvs/contributions/tricks/smtp/?cvsroot=c ontrib for an example. If you continue to have problems. 2002. This function should take the parameters and pass them to the SMTP lib.php) to include: $conf["smtp_library"] = "path/to/wrapper. Email: info@24ix. For more people mail() will work just fine. then ensure that the SMTP configuration is set properly in your php. or if E-mail sent by Drupal is bouncing. but for others this is a major problem and it does not work properly. $header).de . You will probably have to configure the SMTP lib in some way.24ix. If you just want to get started you will have to download a custom wrapper function from the Drupal contrib repository. $subject.ini. Alte Kirchstr. Check out. 11. Make an include file that defines a user_mail_wrapper function: user_mail_wrapper($mail.inc". ie use somethings like: Options FollowSymLinks -Indexes Original posting E-Mail from Drupal is Bouncing or not being Sent If you are not receiving any E-mails from Drupal.htaccess file which by default only has "-Indexes".Solution: Add "FollowSymLinks" to the Options line to the . with modifications. the use the "user_mail_wrapper" option included with Drupal.drupal. Originally written by Kjartan on January 9. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.
: 07000 7000 850 . That list could 24iX Systems. Themes: marvin and unconed have no generic navigation block but has the same links in the menu on the top of the page. Each module -each function. The theme: example. altered or any other synonym.inc from the repository above to ensure that the proper settings for your SMTP server are being. Internet explorer. what I call "functional navigation". tweaked. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix.) changes its name to name of the user after the user logs in.de .24ix. How can I adminstrate my navigation on my drupal site? A lot of questions come up about how navigation on drupal can be modified.de Tel. In the poast drupal used to have a .Customize smtp. Netscape. Alte Kirchstr. Other themes do not have any version of generic navigation block. 11.could add a link to a general list of links. Opera.
5.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. based on their function. link_page() "<br />" ).= theme("links". You can print a list of linkes using for example: <?php $output . link_page().= theme("links".de .then be displayed anywhere in drupal.4 there was a general. But as of drupal 4. So you will need to add this manually somwhere. even after I enable Navigation block in the configuration of blocks. ?> Please refer to the documentation on drupal. generic Navigation block but most of the themes do not display it. even in 4. the list will then be something like blogs :: forum :: mypage :: weblinks Not all themes use this function. For most of the CMS powered sites a functional navigation is the best method of navigation: forums. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. " " ?> :: " ).3 people started inventing all sorts of navigation modules. standard "navigation" block introduced.de Tel. So as of 4. Q: I like the first. or even hardcoded (D)html to make the navigation easy. In fact. so subelements were not possible. So in drupal 4. with permissions and of course multi-levelled (as was the previous too). fully configurable. But this one was not configurable. For example in a custommade sideblock you can say: <?php return $output . These modules would use tabs. This is different in some releases of drupal! Q: What does the Navigation block in block config refer to? (which block displayed above is THE navigation block?) 24iX Systems. nowadays only very few do. blocks.5RC JonBob together with lots of others came up with a nice menu system.org about printing vs returning in blocks. Only modules could add items in that block. blogs etc all have their own specific content-display and content navigation. 11. Alte Kirchstr. A: The links list is still present in drupal. The list has only one level.
but you will then not be able to get into your adminstration. So be carefull! Q: Where is the first (generic) Navigation block defined? What to look for if I want to add it to my theme? I like xtemplate so far so that's where I would like to have the generic navigation block. Email: info@24ix. //Or something very similar ?> How do I unset the clean urls? After enabling the clean urls in configuration all content is inaccessible.php You should add the line $conf['clean_url'] = 0. link_page() "<br />" ). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. A: That is an implementaion of <?php print $output .A: That is the default drupal navigation blok. somewhere in this file. because you cannot browse to the specific page anymore. Run the mysql command: UPDATE variable SET value = 's:1:"0".' WHERE name = 'clean_url'. It offers multi-levelled navigation. Clean urls are those fancy looking addresses: instead of theme("links". Problem is that you cannot set it back. 24iX Systems.com/foo/bar with clean urls. You can disable this block. And the next one is to modify you config file /includes/conf.24ix. Alte Kirchstr. There are two solutions: The first one is very handy if you have mysql access.de Tel.com/?q=/foo/bar you see for example).: 07000 7000 850 .de . 11.server. other than typing in the urls by hand. does not support (all) clean urls. It is also a place where some modules place their navigation too (event.server. because the system you run drupal on.
It really is a great tool. I've checked the status of the item and everything seems OK.:/path/to/pear"). Anyone can help? Thanks in advance.no content on main page for non admin users Hi there! First of all thanks for the effort you put in Drupal. 24iX Systems. The story is visible on the main page () only if I'm still logged in as admin. Alte Kirchstr.24ix. 2) Install PEAR and set the above line 3) Request your Host to install PEAR 4) Find a new host I hope this helps all those posts regarding the Safe Mode issue. I just installed 4. I've created an admin user following the installation manual and posted a test story. update PHP's include path to include your PEAR directory: // ini_set("include_path". The reasons: 1) Using a host that has Safe Mode enabled 2) PEAR is missing How to Fix it: 1) edit your includes/conf. ". Email: info@24ix.de .3 and I'm trying to build my website. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If you can think of any otehr solutions please add them here.1.php on line 11.: 07000 7000 850 . PHP Safe Mode Issue The error we all hate: warning: Cannot set time limit in safe mode in /home/virtual/site12/fst/var/www/html/cron.php to show the correct location of PEAR This line looks like: # If required.de Tel. 11.0 on Linux/Apache1. If I click "logout" I get an empty page with the login box on the right and no content.
module(105) : eval()'d code on line 1 When putting a piece of PHP code in pages/nodes. I didn't see anything about this in the manual.2 / Apache 1.15 / MySQL 3. 11.3.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix.module. Alte Kirchstr. you must not include the <?php ?> tags around it. If it's there please excuse the questions.23.What is the minimum version of PHP? Which Version of PHP is required? I am running RedHat 6. However.12 / PHP 3. start your entry with ?>. I have a question about nodes. when I do this I'm getting a parse error in page. I only get this when I select php from the list box.3.0. PHP content won't parse Are you getting errors like this? Parse error: parse error in /home/htdocs/drupal/modules/page.0 and any help would be appreciated so kevin can get his site live. Schedule and Expire Nodes Hello.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. This is on Drupal 4.51 Nodes cant create static php page In an attempt to find a temporary work around for kevinlebo's static page problem I created a directory called static in the drupal root directory and in that directory I created a an test.html file.php file). I then created a static php page in drupal that consisted of include() for the html file trying to avoid the large html file from being put in the database where I believe it is getting mangled. Email: info@24ix. Thanks.de Tel. 1)Is it possible to schedule when a node is to appear on the front page? I would like to great a node in advance and 24iX Systems. If you want to use a mix of PHP and HTML (like in a .
de . 24iX Systems. then (trying to fix something) I empty the search index db. In my experimenting I seems to have problem searching chinese. 2)Is it possible to set an expiration date on a node so that it appears static on the front page until a certain date then loses the static flag? Thanks Joe Cotellese Clearstatic. Blocks The block module outputs the boxes which typically appear beside the main content on drupal pages. How can I do to process those nodes again? Thanks! search multibytes language I am trying to setup a chinese portal website using drupal. I know the phpbb has no problem searching chinese. Now when I run cron. Custom Blocks Repository Drupal offers great possibilities for administrators to add custom HTML and PHP blocks. In this repository you can add the code of your custom-made blocks. The ones you think are interesting for others.php.de Tel.org Search Search index db empty / incomplete Hi!.schedule when it is to appear. I run cron. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. This module also presents an administrator page for managing these boxes. 11.: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix. Does anybody have any clue? Thanks.php again don't process the old nodes (the ones which were in db before empty). so it should not be a php issue.24ix.
n. n. PLease add them as book-pages and not as comments.0. switch ($section) { case 'admin/system/modules#description': $output = t("Block that display the latest comments. <?php $result = db_query_range("SELECT n.de .$node>nid).1. Fredrik Jonsson.title.Of course we could add them as modules.created DESC ". 11 Dec 2003) function latest_comments_help($section = "admin/help#latest_comments") { $output = "".module v0. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . } 24iX Systems. "node/view/". Its very handy when you have journal that uses not only blog nodes. n. 2004-01-05 // (Based on latest.module v0.0. Alte Kirchstr. while ($node = db_fetch_object($result)) { $output[] = l(check_output($node->title). 10). but this way. 11. people have a space to add their code. weblinks etc. or even as phpfiles in the CVS.org/node/view/4587 <?php // latest_comments.24ix.changed FROM node n WHERE n.1. A very simple block to show all nodes that are published in a list .ordered by creation date. } return theme_item_list($output). without having to a apply for CVS access."). break.nid. but also images.status = 1 ORDER BY n. ?> latest comments From. Email: info@24ix. so that we can keep comments for commenting the contributed codes Block to show all published content in a list. 0.de Tel. John Clift.created.
though it would be easy to change this. $result = db_query_range("SELECT c.timestamp DESC "."#".$comment->cid). and only works on 'story' nodes. } $output = theme("theme_item_list". while ($comment = db_fetch_object($result)) { $items[] = l(check_output($comment>subject). } } ?> Latest stories block Here is a simple module which displays the titles of the last n changed stories in a block. theme("block".timestamp.1."node/view/". $commentslist = latest_comments(). John Clift. $items). c. linked. Email: info@24ix.0. c. $result = db_query("SELECT n. n.created. return $output.nid.cid FROM comments c ORDER BY c. 11 Dec 2003 // Module displays a block which lists the titles.subject. n. $nlimit). [?php // ---. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: DESC LIMIT $nlimit"). } // Database query to get the latest comments // $nlimit sets the number of comments titles to display function latest_comments() { $nlimit = 10. } else { $blocktitle = t("Latest comments"). 0. Needs to be topped and tailed with php script open and close angle brackets.// latest.$comment->nid.de . c.module v0.copy from here --. // of the last five stories to be added or modified // Database query to get the latest story nodes // $nlimit sets the number of node titles to display function latest_nodes($type) { $nlimit = 5. return $blocks. while ($node = 24iX Systems.type = '$type' ORDER BY n.changed FROM node n WHERE n.: 07000 7000 850 . 11.org/modules/codefilter/codefilter. n.nid. $delta = 0) { if ($op == "list") { $blocks0 Warning: Unexpected character in input: '\' (ASCII=92) state=1 in /home/www/drupal. $commentslist). } // Function to display titles of latest comments in a block function latest_comments_block($op = "list".return $output.24ix. It was made specifically for my site.title. $blocktitle. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel.module on line 28 "info\" = t("Latest comments").
that is versioned by CVS and generated from the source code. Look there for upto-date and version-specific information. you need to apply for contributor privileges. Types of Contributions There are two basic types of contributions you can make to Drupal's code base: (a) "contributed" modules or themes and (b) contributions to the drupal "core". To make a contribution. o In contrast.de . 11.: 07000 7000 850 . As long as contributions meet some minimal criteria .24ix. doing so via a contributed module is in many ways the easiest way to begin. If you have major enhancements you wish to contribute. community-driven project. Contributed code has a relatively low set of requirements to meet.org website) are collaboratively produced by users and developers all over the world. There are several ways to contribute to Drupal: Improve or enhance the software Provide support and documentation for other users (e.g. This means that the software and its supporting features (documentation. Email: info@24ix. o "Contributions" are the community-produced modules and themes available on the Drupal site. by posting additions or updates to the Drupal Handbook or answering requests on user forums or issues). o o This section focuses on the first of these three. the drupal. produce your contribution. o Provide financial support to Drupal development.they do what they claim to and have some demonstrable benefit without unduly replicating alreadyavailable functionality . Alte Kirchstr.they are approved.. changes to the Drupal core are made through a thorough consultative process to ensure the overall integrity of the software. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. 24iX Systems. and then notify the contributions manager to request a review of your work before posting. o o CVS log messages Browse CVS repository Contributing to Drupal Drupal is a collaborative.
11. Note that you don't have to be logged in nor a member of drupal. The first thing we will do when you report a bug is tell you to upgrade to the newest version of Drupal.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. Your bug reports play an essential role in making Drupal reliable.org to submit bugs. Bug reports can be posted in connection with any project hosted on drupal. These changes respond to identified problems in the existing code. and choose the project you think you have found the bug in.org. So you'll probably save us both time if you upgrade and test with the latest version before sending in a bug report. and doing upgrades for compliance with a new release version. and then see if the problem reproduces.. including the description of the problem itself. Email: info@24ix. After previewing the submission. Please include any error messages you received and a detailed description of what you were doing at the time. you will need to choose a related component and you will be able to provide more details about the bug. Bug reports If you found a bug.Changes to the Drupal core are generally of three types: Bug fixes. These changes are enhancements on what is already available. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. you can also begin by simply taking on existing tasks on the task list. introducing or improving in-line comments. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. New features. You can submit a new bug via the submit issue form. eliminating unneeded database queries).de . Provide a sensible title for the bug. These changes are to improve the quality of the code or bring it up to date with changes elsewhere in Drupal.g. Code maintenance. While you can create your own issues. Feature suggestions 24iX Systems. send us the bug report and we will fix it provided you include enough diagnostic information for us to go on. improving efficiency (e. This can include bringing code in line with coding standards.
Every module has a feature request subcategory. The core features provided by Drupal are listed on the features page. and thus the 'Feature' module is not the appropriate place to submit feature requests.de .. and familiarity with the coding guidelines. planning. To properly file a feature request. Your suggestions play an essential role in making Drupal more usable and feature-rich. Task List The Drupal bug database contains many issues classified as "bite-sized" tasks -tasks that are well-defined and self-contained. Any potential change has to be considered not only on its own merits but in relation to the aims and principles of the project as a whole. you should be subscribed to that list).org to suggest features.I wish Drupal could do that" or "I like the xxx feature. If you have questions as you go. They are also made on a priority basis--fixes come before additions.de Tel. please notify the other developers by mailing drupaldevel@drupal. You don't need broad or detailed knowledge of Drupal's design to take on one of these.: 07000 7000 850 . and changes for which there is a high demand come before proposals that have gone relatively unnoticed. Email: info@24ix. Each task is something a volunteer could pick off in a spare evening or two. just a pretty good idea of how things generally work. but it should work better". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Please note that there is a Drupal contributed module named 'Features' which is used on the feature page mentioned above.org (of course.How many times you have dreamed "Gee. You will be able to categorize the issue as a feature request with the Issue Information / Category dropdown. and thus suitable for a volunteer looking to get involved with the project. 11. and consultation. first choose the project it is related to and then after hitting preview set the other related options. You can submit a feature request by creating a new issue connected to the component the feature is related to. Alte Kirchstr. send us you wishes as a feature suggestions. The revision process Changes to the Drupal core are usually made after consideration. If you start one of these.24ix. 24iX Systems.. ask the dev list or update the task (updates are sent to the list automatically). Send the patch to the list when ready. Note that you don't have to be logged in nor to be a member of drupal. If you want to improve Drupal.
The particular stages that a new feature goes through vary. It's all part of collaboratively building a quality open source project. priority is usually given to development for the "HEAD" (the most 24iX Systems. The proposed changes are current.org forum. Individual Drupal community members may vote for (+1) or against (-1) the change. starting out at the discussion level . Especially for new features. If you submit suggestions that don't end up being adopted. Rolled into another related initiative. Discussion raising issues on the proposed direction or solution.de Tel.org project system. the proposal might be: o o o o Shelved as impractical or inappropriate. The process of discussion and revision might be repeated several times to encompass diverse input.can save you a lot of time.de . Posting an issue through the drupal. Alte Kirchstr. Superceded by another change. but a typical cycle for a significant change might include: o o o o o o o General discussion of the idea. Criteria for evaluating proposed changes The following criteria are used by core developers in reviewing and approving proposed changes: o o The changes support and enhance Drupal project aims. this voting system can help quantify support. which may include a real-time meeting through IRC.rather than jumping straight into code changes . The discussion itself may have beneficial outcomes. While informal. 11. Revisions to address issues. This can be a chance to gauge support and interest. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If you're considering substantive changes. scope the issue. Email: info@24ix. and get some direction and suggestions on approaches to take. Review of the changes and further discussion. for example through a posting in a drupal. Possible application of the patch. Put off until other logically prior decisions are made.: 07000 7000 850 . please don't be discouraged! It doesn't mean that your ideas weren't good--just that they didn't end up finding a place.24ix. At any point in the process. Producing a patch with specific proposed code changes.
make a good case. Tips for contributing to the core The following tips might improve the chances of your contributions being accepted: Take a step back and objectively evaluate whether the changes are appropriate for the Drupal core. Specifically. Benefits of a change must outweigh these costs. There may have been significant changes since the last release. and testing your changes.24ix. Could the feature be implemented as a contributed module rather than a patch to the core? Will the change benefit a substantial portion of the Drupal install base? Is the change sufficiently general for others to build upon cleanly? o Be explanatory. show them in a nutshell what your changes would o 24iX Systems. e. Every addition to the code base increases the quantity of code that must be actively maintained (e. updated to reflect new design changes or documentation approaches).g.g. 11.o o o o o recent development version of the code.de Tel. Ask yourself: Is the feature already implemented? Search the forums and issue tracker. The change will be used by a significant portion of the installed Drupal base as opposed being relevant only to a small subset of Drupal users.g. this means coding in accordance with the Drupal coding standards..: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Don't count on others downloading. At a minimum. e. Demand is indicated by. Rather.. so developing for the CVS version means that The proposed change doesn't raise any significant issues or risks. issues that have been raised in the review process have been satisfactorily addressed.org issues system or comments in forums or the drupal-dev email list. The changes are well coded. installing.. Alte Kirchstr. But it also means that the coding is intelligent and compact. also referred to as the CVS version) as opposed to released versions. added procedure calls or database queries. Elegant solutions will have greater support than cumbersome ones that accomplish the same result. There is demonstrated demand and support for the change. Also. provide descriptions and illustrations. comments on the drupal. The benefits of the change justifies additional code and resource demands.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. added code increases the overall Drupal footprint through.
Be friendly and respectful. update your changes to work with the current CVS version. running or anything Drupal related this is the list to post your questions. view archive · search archive · mailman page Drupal-cvs 24iX Systems. requests. 11. or issues raised.o o o o o mean. don't necessarily give up. view archive · search archive · mailman page Drupal-docs The place for non-programmers that want to contribute and work on documentation. find another way to present it.: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr. If you're still convinced your idea has merit. Email: info@24ix. Acknowledge the effort others put in. If you don't get any response right away. If some time has gone by. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Be persistent. Mailing lists Drupal-support If you need help with installing.de Tel. Revise your work accordingly. If appropriate. view archive · search archive · mailman page Drupal-devel This list is for those who want to either take part or just observe Drupal development. in a timely way. Anticipate and address questions or concerns. to suggestions. Be open to suggestions and to other ways of accomplishing what you're aiming for. provide screenshots.24ix. Respond.de .
p. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. unique keys) yourself.24ix.perm FROM {role} r LEFT JOIN {permission} p ON r. . Name every constraint (primary.. TIME. DATE. Indentation UPPERCASE reserved words lowercase (or Capitalize) table names lowercase column names Example: SELECT r.x PostgreSQL Reserved Words MS SQL Server Reserved Words Some commonly misused keywords: TIMESTAMP. TYPES. foreign. This happened with the moderation_roles table which initially defined a key without explicite name as KEY (mid).21.de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . This got mysqldump'ed as KEY mid (mid) which resulted in a syntax error as mid() is a mysql function (see [bug] mysql --ansi cannot import install database).rid.de . ORDER BY name -. TYPE.may be o Naming Use plural or collective nouns for table names since they are sets and not scalar values. Even if this may work with your (MySQL) installation. MODULE.. See also [bug] SQL Reserved Words. Reserved Words for column and/or table names.rid on one line with prev. INDEX users_sid_idx. 11. References: 24iX Systems.o Don't use (ANSI) SQL / MySQL / PostgreSQL / MS SQL Server / .x. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix.. 3. it may not with others or with other databases. Some references: (ANSI) SQL Reserved Words MySQL Reserved Words: 4.23. o Capitalization. Otherwise you'll see funny-looking system-generated names in error messages. DATA.rid = p. 3. Index names should begin with the name of the table they depend on.. eg.
24ix. 11. the CVS server has been setup to mail all CVS commits to all maintainers. Without CVS. Therefore. Email: info@24ix. In large software development projects. Additional references o o o o CVS book CVS docs CVS FAQ CVS guide from TLDP Drupal CVS repositories Main repository There are two ways to access the latest Drupal sources in the main CVS repository. follow these steps: o If you don't have it yet.de . 24iX Systems. Thus. Thus. CVS helps to keep track of all changes. it does not require any effort to inform the other people about the work you have done.SQL for Smarties: Advanced SQL Programming RDBMS Naming conventions SQL Naming Conventions CVS repositories CVS is a tool to manage software revisions and release control in a multideveloper.o o o o Joe Celko . it is all too easy to overwrite each others' changes unless you are extremely careful. If you just want to have a quick look at some files. multi-group environment. and by reading the mails everyone is kept up to date.Ten Things I Hate About You Joe Celko . CVS helps you if you are part of a group of people working on the same project. install a recent copy of CVS (if you are on Windows. you may check CVS front ends for Windows). If you need the complete source tree to study and work with the code. In addition. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . multi-directory. it's usually necessary for more then one software developer to be modifying modules of the code at the same time. It comes in very handy to maintain local modifications.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. use the ViewCVS web interface.
do 24iX Systems.org:/cvs/drupal login The required password is 'anonymous' (without the quotes). For anonymous (read-only) access.de Tel. o o To check out the latest drupal sources.gz. Alte Kirchstr. run the command: $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs. o o Once you have a copy of the Drupal source tree. you can browse it via the web interface.org:/cvs/drupal-contrib checkout contributions To check out contributions for a certain Drupal version. etc. If you can't or don't want to use CVS. 11.drupal.txt for more information.: 07000 7000 850 . As the Main repository.txt and README.org:/cvs/drupal-contrib login The required password is 'anonymous' (without the quotes). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. you can download nightly CVS snapshots from. use $ cvs update -dP in the source root dir to update all files to it's latest versions (-d: Create any (new) directories that exist in the repository if they're missing from the working directory. See the contributions FAQ.org:/cvs/drupal checkout drupal This will create a directory called drupal containing the latest drupal source tree. -P: Prune empty directories . do the following: o o Login by running the command $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.de .drupal. themes.directories that got removed in the repository will be removed in your working copy. too).o o Login by running the command: $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.drupal. Contributions repository The Contributions repository is a seperate CVS repository where people can submit their modules. o o o To check out the latest drupal contributions. translations. run the command: $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs. Email: info@24ix.24ix.
drupal. Select CVS Checkout.de .24ix. etc. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11.shtml and install it.CVS Checkout and CVS >.org:/cvs/drupal-contrib checkout -r <version tag> contributions o where <version tag> is one of the tags listed under "Q: How do I control the releases of my module/theme?" here. do $ cvs update -dP in the source root dir. themes.o $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.: 07000 7000 850 . It's freely available under the GPL.]drupal.tortoisecvs. Right-click on it.org/download. There are two new sections in the context menu . translations. o Fill in the following fields: o Protocol: Password server (:pserver:) Server: [cvs. select the folder under which you want the Drupal source directory to live. o In Windows Explorer. If you want to add your own modules.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. Download TortoiseCVS from.. Email: info@24ix. o o To update your tree to the latest version. you need CVS write access: CVS front ends for Windows TortoiseCVS TortoiseCVS lets you work with files under CVS version control directly from Windows Explorer. The following tutorial teaches how to use TortoiseCVS with Drupal.org Repository folder: /cvs/drupal (main distro) or /cvs/drupal-contrib (contributions) User name: anonymous Module: drupal (main distro) or contributions (contributions) 24iX Systems.
follow the process described above.wincvs. A log window which monitors the checkout process will appear. To get Drupal modules and themes that are stable and ready for production (which you can also download from the Drupal downloads page). right-click it and do a "CVS Update". Enable "Get tag/branch". A new directory (named like the module selected before) with the sources will be created.24ix. CVS operation completed" at the end of the log. but before hitting "OK" you need to: Click on the "Revision" tab on the CVS checkout dialog. Checking out the whole CVS repository will take a while. o If everything works. Just select the files which you have patched in Windows Explorer.de . they also include a lot of other useful 24iX Systems. Then you may wish to read Creating and sending your patches WinCVS WinCVS is another graphical CVS client available for MS Windows and for Macs.org/.de Tel. o To bring your Drupal source tree up-to-date. Then right click into the CVS => Make Patch menu item. so if you haven't installed these yet. CVS On Mac OS X Step By Step CVS Step one to using any application is of course to install it . o o o You can also generate patch files with TortoiseCVS.CVS is installed as standard by the Apple Developer tools. you will see the message "Success. Enter anonymous and press "OK".and press "OK". The checkout / update process is similar to the one described above. You can download the latest version from. o o The process above retrieves the freshest files from the repository (the so-called HEAD branch). Enter DRUPAL-4-1-0 or DRUPAL-4-00 depending on the version you are using in the tag/branch field.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. download the latest version and install it. 11. You will be asked for password. Email: info@24ix. o Hit OK. These are sometimes unstable. select it's root folder ("drupal" / "contributions").
it will ask you if you want to save it . Email: info@24ix.de . but free).24ix. my one is called 'drupal_cvs'.cvsignore (note the '. so you can quit it. Alte Kirchstr. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: files which OS X creates in each folder. To do this you need to open the Terminal (Application>Utilities->Terminal).stuff like Project Builder and File Merge (Developer Membership required. You've finished with the Terminal. CVL If you're new to CVS it can look a bit daunting. You can name the folder anything you want. Step four is to create a folder to put the CVS files into.: 07000 7000 850 . 24iX Systems. but fortunately for Mac OS X users there's an excellent application called CVL which means that you don't need to go anywhere near the Terminal to make use of CVS! Step two is to download CVL and install it:.') and press return.sente. 11.DS_Store specifies which file types you want CVS to ignore Now press the keys: Control and x at the same time This closes the document you've just written. The best place to do this is in the 'Sites' folder.press y for yes.de Tel. and type the following: cd takes you to root of your account pico opens the Pico text application .ch/software/cvl/ Setup Step three is to set CVS to ignore the invisible . to make it easy to use them through the Apache server built into your system. then type in the name of the file .
Step five open the CVL application. Next go to Tools->Repositories->Show Repositories The Drupal repository is now listed in the Repositories window.. 11.. Email: info@24ix. Choose Module: drupal (main distro) or contributions (contributions) New work area location: Choose. as the whole of the Repository needs to be downloaded . this is your Work Area. CVS User: your Username (that you applied for CVS with) Host: drupal. this may take some time. Press Checkout. Alte Kirchstr. In Repository type choose pserver.you can see this happening if you open the console window (Tools->Console->Show Console).: 07000 7000 850 . don't worry if you don't see anything at first.de .. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:.. you now need to Checkout (download) the latest version of the Drupal CVS like this: Tools->Repositories->Add Choose a repository dialog box will appear. where you work on projects before uploading them to the repository for others to use. Checkout Module dialog box appears.org Path: /cvs/drupal (main distro) or /cvs/drupal-contrib (contributions) Password: your password (that you applied for CVS with) Click OK. 24iX Systems. CVL usually thinks about what it's doing for a minute or two before taking action. Wait patiently. Select it and press Checkout. select the folder you created in step four.de Tel. When this is finished you will have a copy of the Drupal repository files in the folder you created on your hard drive.
. Alte Kirchstr. delete folders .24ix. To do this select the files and folders and Control+Click. choose Add To Work Area (or through the menu File>Add To Work Area).create new files with BBEdit (or whatever you use)...de . Notes Read Me File If you create a Drupal module or theme.: 07000 7000 850 . then Control+Click on the folder and choose Update from the contextual menu that pops up (or through the menu File->Update).. you will want to include a Read Me file to give users a description and installation instructions. Once you've done some work you want to upload back to the Drupal server here's what you do: Update the CVS by selecting the folder the new work is in. but for this to work you need to be careful in how you create the file: File must be called README (with no spaces and in capitals) 24iX Systems. (or through the menu File->Commit. This Read Me file will also be automatically used by Drupal on the Downloads page. You can see this by using the CVL menu Work Area->Open Recent and selecting the repository you just downloaded (drupal or contributions).it's just a regular folder. select your files and folders and Control+Click. Next you need to tell CVS to mark the files and folders for upload next time you send your changes to the Drupal repository. CVS now shows any new files or folders that you have added (with a blue * in front). 11. Email: info@24ix. To upload your work to the Drupal repository.). drag files to the trash.Using CVS / CVL You now have a Work Area on your hard drive which is a mirror of the Repository on the Drupal server.de Tel. choose Commit. CVS will now add your work to the Drupal repository. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You can use this work area in the same way you would any other folder on your hard drive . add new folders.
drupal. For example.org:/cvs/drupal login ~cvs. A tag is a marker which defines a snapshot of all the files in the CVS at a certain moment.org/drupal directory and using the command ~/cvs.: 07000 7000 850 .org/drupal which contains the current CVS code. 24iX Systems. Here's a quick guide on using tags and branches. Alte Kirchstr.de . This assumes you have successfully checked out the 'main' and 'contributions' repositories. The HEAD branch is special and is used to refer to the latest development version.drupal. and trim unused directories (-P).org$ cvs co drupal This should leave you with a folder cvs. For instance.4. For example.drupal.x versions belong in the DRUPAL-4-4 branch. I usually make a folder in my home directory for each cvs server.0 release. cvs. ~cvs.de Tel.File must not have an extension. Whenever we release a specific version. You can keep this up-to-date by going into the cvs.4.drupal. we create a tag. create any new directories that exist in the repository (-d). we use tags and branches. In my case.24ix. you've made the CVS folder and here you check out your copy of the CVS version of Drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. the tag DRUPAL-4-4-0 specifies all files at the time of the 4. but NOT Simple Text which will always add an extension.org$ cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.drupal. see "Show files using tag:" at ViewCVS (at the bottom). so use something like BBEdit which lets you create files without extensions. In Drupal's case. A branch specifies a major Drupal version. 11.drupal.org.org/drupal$ cvs update -dP which will give you the latest copy. For an up-to-date complete list of branches and tags.drupal. Email: info@24ix. Apply for contributions CVS access Using CVS with branches and tags To manage the different Drupal versions. Note that you don't need to specfiy the server at this point since the drupal directory contains a CVS folder that contains the repository and root information. all 4.
drupal.3.24ix.3.3 folder and execute ~/cvs.0 that contains the 4.org$ cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.drupal.org:/cvs/drupal -q checkout -d drupal-4. Once it's been checked out. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If you download it directly with the release tag it's going to overwrite your drupal folder.3.org/drupal-4.drupal.de . Sorry. I haven't used the windows clients for CVS.0 version. Alte Kirchstr.drupal. a GNU/UNIX client for windows.3 -r DRUPAL-4-3 drupal That's going to create a new directory cvs.org:/cvs/drupal-contrib login ~cvs. You could probably do this same thing on your windows box by installing one of the windows GUIs or using Cygwin.de Tel.3. Email: info@24ix.org$ cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs. I just haven't tried them (for very long).drupal. you don't need to worry about specifying it again.3$ cvs update -dP to keep your copy of the 4.0 version. 11. I'm sure they would work.drupal.3. ~cvs.org/contributions directory. Probably the easiest way it to use TortoiseCVS. Just go into the drupal-4.: 07000 7000 850 . The CVS directory in the drupal-4.org$ cvs co contributions Which leaves you with the latest contributions in the cvs. But now you want to have a nice copy of the 4.drupal.0 directory has the tag information along with repository and root information like we saw before. and you don't want to have to download the tgz file all the time.org/drupal-4. You probably want to keep it simple and use this command: ~cvs. The CVS maintainer has branched the drupal repository and tagged it to keep track of this release.drupal. Available Branches The available branches currently are: o HEAD 24iX Systems. Windows You may have noticed this was geared towards the linux user.You've also done this for the contributions.0 branch up to date.
de Tel.24ix. release tags. Email: info@24ix. the required password is ‘anonymous’: cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs. Tracking Drupal source with CVS Note: The following assumes you have both basic knowledge of CVS and your own local repository set up and working. and start by downloading the source. 11. If you’ve been modifying the Drupal source code for your own purposes (or developing a module or theme) and manually applying your changes to the Drupal source every time it updates. you may be glad to learn that CVS can help make this easier. and the vendor tag. Other tags for DRUPAL-4-3 are DRUPAL-4-3-1 and DRUPAL-4-3-2.de . In this case we’ll export using anonymous CVS (we could also just download a tarball).: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: export -r HEAD drupal 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. Begin by logging in to the anonymous CVS server.drupal. This is usually referred to as ‘tracking third-party sources’ and requires knowledge of the CVS concepts branching.org:/cvs/drupal login Then export the newest development version of drupal using the HEAD release tag: cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.drupal. We’ll work through an example here and explain these concepts as we go. An Example Lets assume we’d like to track current Drupal CVS HEAD.
php) the version history now looks like something like this: HEAD +-----+ [Main trunk] fileone. Email: info@24ix.de . a vendor tag of ‘drupal’ and a release tag of ‘HEAD20040110’. Any files modified at this point are now HEAD on the main trunk of the module.2 + \ +---------+ [Vendor Branch] + 1. cvs commit We now have a drupal module with a special ‘vendor branch’ (identified by the vendor tag). Alte Kirchstr. which contains the drupal source files we imported.1.24ix.de Tel..org): cd drupal cvs import -ko -m "Import CVS HEAD on Jan 10th 2004" sites/drupal drupal HEAD20040110 Before we can customize we need to checkout into a working directory. a module location/name of ‘sites/drupal’ (customize that to suit your own CVS repository). In this example we import with a log message including the date ‘-m "message text"’. 11. whilst the unmodified files remain HEAD on the vendor branch (HEAD being what is produced by cvs update)..1.php *------------+ 1.1 + +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040110) +-----+ 24iX Systems.. Then we can modify a file or files and commit: cvs checkout drupal cd drupal .: 07000 7000 850 .Now that we have a local copy of the drupal source we can import it into our own CVS repository.. and a main trunk with our modified files. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. For an individual file (fileone. We also use the -ko option to prevent keyword expansion (this preserves the CVS $ Id $ tags used on drupal.modify a file or files.
php *------------+ 1.de Tel.Updating the vendor branch At some later point the drupal source code will have been updated and we’ll want to add the updated version to our repository.php * \ \ +---------+ HEAD +---------+ 24iX Systems. by both. a single files revision history can now appear four different ways..: 07000 7000 850 .1.1. by the vendor (drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: . 11. Alte Kirchstr.1 + +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040110) +-----+ If the file was modified only by the vendor. Email: info@24ix. We do this by repeating the process described above. our modified version remains the head revision: HEAD +-----+ [Main trunk] fileone. If the file was modified only by us. depending on whether it has been modified by us.org. we get a fresh copy of the source from drupal.2 + \ \ +---------+ [Vendor Branch] + 1. the new version becomes the HEAD revision: [Main trunk] filetwo. or not at all.org).24ix.
11.2 + +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040110) +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040111) Our version of filethree. Alte Kirchstr.php remains the HEAD revision.2 + \ \ +---------+ [Vendor Branch] +---------+ +-----+ + 1.1.php.24ix.1.[Vendor Branch] + 1.1. but this is clearly not desirable since it doesn’t carry the latest changes.php *------------+ 1. Email: info@24ix. In fact. Leaving us with a new revision which becomes HEAD: HEAD +-----+ +-----+ [Main trunk] filethree.1 +----------+ 1.de Tel.2 +-------+ 1.de .1 +----------+ 1.2 + +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040110) +---------+ (tag:HEAD20040111) And if the file was modified by both us and the vendor: HEAD +-----+ [Main trunk] filethree. during our import of the latest source CVS would have warned us of conflicts between the two versions of filethree. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:.: 07000 7000 850 .1.1.3 + \ \ +---------+ +---------+ +-----+ +-----+ 24iX Systems.php *------------+ 1..3.: 07000 7000 850 . Keep the documentation current. images etc all added to your CVS repository.1. or considered stable and workable but the author of the patch. 11.g. 4. o Branch your module to maintain several customized web sites off a single tracked branch of the drupal core. 2. instead of the development (CVS HEAD) version. If I read in a README that change X wasn't a good idea after all it makes the reviewer wonder why. 3. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. static pages. Alte Kirchstr. Document the status of your patch. but the basic process can be used to achieve many different things.de Tel.1. Always document your changes. Email: info@24ix. It is important to know if this is an early test.de .[Vendor Branch] + 1.1. Try to keep some track of your reasoning too. themes.2). some examples: Track a specific release of Drupal (e. 4. whilst still tracking and importing updates to the drupal core.1. o Reading the following resources is highly recommended.. It takes longer to find the set of files relating to one change if it is mixed in with 2 other patches. 24iX Systems. or 4.1 +----------+ 1. Split different set of patches into different directories. o Maintain your customized sites with modules. This example has been kept very simple for the purposes of explanation.
5. We now use Doxygen to automatically generate documentation from the latest drupal sources. 7. etc. This allows us to ensure that documentation is up-to-date. Please make sure your script passes the code-style. API Documentation is available for: o o o Drupal 4. but it will ensure some level of compliance with the coding standards. There is a different directory structure for that. Email: info@24ix. Is there a debugger for PHP where I can set breakpoints. see values change. PHP Debugger What do you folks use for debugging PHP? I'm getting $conf and header errors on my Drupal installation and would like to track them down.de . Just mail it to the devel list and find out quicker if people like it or not. 11. Try to maintain patches in the sandbox.3. Sandboxes should be for more extensive changes. If you are using CVS then you can use diff (cvs -H diff) 9. and include in the README when it was last synced.24ix. 8. Small patches are quick to check and find out if work.x Drupal CVS HEAD Doxygen Formatting Conventions 24iX Systems. and to simultaneously track multiple versions of the documentation. Don't use a sandbox for developing modules.: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr. They are so much easier to check than compete files. 6. All patches should be against the latest CVS version of Drupal.de Tel. If your patch is 4 lines long don't bother to put it in a sandbox. It isn't perfect. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and sometimes a bit too strict. learning Drupal in the process.x Drupal 4.4.? Thanks for your help.pl script. APIs and functions (Doxygen) If you are interested in developing Drupal modules or hacking away at the Drupal core then this is the place to find details about all the functions and classes defined in Drupal.
The following notes pertain to the Drupal implementation of Doxygen. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.v 1.de . There is an excellent manual at the Doxygen site. Any mentions of functions or file names within the documentation will automatically link to the referenced code. Our style is to use as few Doxygen-specific commands as possible. For example: <?php /* $Id: theme. so typically no markup need be introduced to produce links. which controls the output of Drupal. which makes it much easier to keep the documentation consistent with the source code. Alte Kirchstr. The documentation is extracted directly from the sources.Doxygen is a documentation generation system.24ix.202 2004/07/08 16:08:21 dries Exp $ */ /** * @file * The theme system. * * The theme system allows for nearly all output of the Drupal system to be * customized by user themes. */ 24iX Systems. the syntax we use is: /** * Documentation here */ Doxygen will parse any comments located in such a block. General documentation syntax To document a block of code. Documenting files It is good practice to provide a comment describing what a file does at the start of it. so as to keep the source legible.inc. Email: info@24ix. 11.: 07000 7000 850 .
Email: info@24ix.de Tel. After all the parameters. as follows: /** * Convert an associative array to an anonymous object. with a description indented on the following line. * * Empty e-mail addresses are allowed. Further description may follow after a blank line. A longer description with usage notes may follow after a blank line.de . See RFC 2822 for details. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Functions that are easily described in one line may omit these directives. Alte Kirchstr. Documenting functions All functions that may be called by other files should be documented. 11. * @return * */ function valid_email_address($mail) { TRUE if the address is in a valid format. like so: /** * Verify the syntax of the given e-mail address.The line immediately following the @file directive is a short description that will be shown in the list of all files in the generated documentation. private functions optionally may be documented as well. The first line of the block should contain a brief description of what the function does. Each parameter should be listed with a @param directive. A function documentation block should immediately precede the declaration of the function itself. * * @param $mail * A string containing an email address. */ function array2object($array) { 24iX Systems. a @return directive should be used to document the return value if there is one.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .
If the implementation is rather standard and does not require more explanation than the hook reference provides... $element = 0.The parameters and return value must be described within this one-line description in this case. $attributes = array()) { .de .: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Documenting hook implementations Many modules consist largely of hook implementations. add a grouping instruction to the documentation of all such functions: /** * Format a query pager. Documenting themeable functions In order to provide a quick reference for theme developers. * * . a shorthand documentation form may be used: /** * Implementation of hook_help(). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. * @ingroup themeable */ function theme_pager($tags = array(). } 24iX Systems.24ix. we tag all themeable functions so that Doxygen can group them on one page..de Tel. To do this. Alte Kirchstr. reminds the developer that this is a hook implementation. $limit = 10. */ function blog_help($section) { This generates a link to the hook reference.. 11. and avoids having to document parameters and return values that are the same for every implementation of the hook.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. not in any lower subdirectory. For example.The same pattern can be used for other functions scattered across multiple files that need to be grouped on a single page.de . the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar with "the system". Separate your changes: Separate each logical change into its own patch. diff -F^f: Use the additional -F^f argument to diff to create patches that are easier to read. go: cvs diff -u -F^f [file to patch] > [outfile] Coding style: If your code deviates too much from the Code Conventions.de Tel. make sure to create it in "unified diff" format. Note that we prefer technical reasoning above marketing: give us clear reasons why "this way" is good. separate those changes into two or more patches. if your changes include both bug fixes and performance enhancements.24ix. Justify your changes and try to carry enough weight. Describe your changes: Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes and try to be as specific as possible. The easiest way to get set up for making and sending patches is to get CVS working. Then you can just type: cvs diff -u -F^f [file to patch] to generate a patch. separate those into two patches. or unmodified source tree. It is important to note the version to which this patch applies. and a new module which uses that new API. diff -u: Use diff -u or diff -urN to create patches: when creating your patch. Verifying your patch 24iX Systems. check the diff and patch explanation. If your changes include an API update. as supplied by the -u argument to diff. To output it to a file. This text is a collection of suggestions which can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted. Creating and sending your patches If you don't know what a patch is. For a person or company who wishes to submit a change. This will be the last function definition if the files adhere to the Drupal Code Conventions. it is more likely to be rejected without further review and without comment. Make sure to create patches against a "vanilla". F^f tells diff to include the last matching line in the header of the created patch. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . Patches should be based in the root source directory.
Alte Kirchstr. Please make their lives easier by assuring the following: Test your code! Make sure your code is clean and secure.txt new.24ix. If your patch is just a quick hack. then don't set your issue to Patch status.de Tel. It allows maintainers to look at changes easily without blindly integrating them.The CVS review team is overloaded reviewing patch submissions. The patches this command generates are much easier to distribute and allow maintainers to see quickly and easily what changed and to make a judgement. Patch is diff's complement and takes a patch file generated by diff and applies it against a file or a group of files. o Patch against HEAD. then don't assign your issue to Patch status o o Submitting your patch: Patches should be submitted via the issue tracker.patch 24iX Systems. 11. a diff command for comparing two files would be: $ diff old. Diff can write into different formats. If you only have a patch against a prior revisision. Why? Because diff and patch provide an immense amount of control. Setting the status to patch is important as it adds the patch to the patch queue. The actual usage of diff and patch is not complicated. We use them for content control even though we distribute our code via CVS. Diff is the first command in the set. attach your patch using the file upload form and set the issue's status to patch. At its simplest. It has the simple purpose to create a file called a patch or a diff which contains the differences between two text files or two groups of text files. Diff and patch Diff and patch are two complementary tools for recording and applying changes between two sets of files. although the unified difference format is preferred. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. maintainers can read and judge the patch before it ever gets near a tree.de .txt > oldnew. Email: info@24ix. Patches can be submitted via e-mail and in plain text. Create a bug report or feature request.: 07000 7000 850 .
you should use: $ patch -p0 -u <tree. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. if you have made a change in foo. Email: info@24ix. we prefer patches in unified format. to create a patch against the CVS tree: cvs diff -u -F ^function foo.module: diff -u -F ^function foo. a comparison of two source trees is often desired.24ix.txt new.module > foo. Based on our examples above. 11. so the following form of the command is often used.module newfoo.For drupal.diff To unapply the patch.module > foo.txt > oldnew.patch It is helpful to keep a reference in the patch file to which function was patched. command line or visual) o Generic: 24iX Systems. A possible command to do so is: $ diff -ruN old new > tree.patch Or if you want to patch entire tree.: 07000 7000 850 . Alte Kirchstr.patch Generally. we could do: $ patch < oldnew. do diff local files.exe built-in diff.diff Diff and patch on Windows diff (against a cvs source with the cvs. the process of patching the file is even simpler. use: $ patch -p0 -R <tree. For example.patch Or if you had downloaded Drupal instead of checking it out from CVS and were creating a patch against a local copy of foo. however.module.diff Once a patch is generated. you need a windows diff program.de Tel. so we add -u to the command line: $ diff -u old.de .
the output will include the diff of all differing files in this directory and all subdirectories. o via WinCVS/TortoiseCVS external diff WinCVS: Menubar > "Admin" > "Preferences" > "WinCVS" > "External diff program ".de . examples: "1972-0924 20:05". "Full diff options [are] available from the diff dialog"]. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. TortoiseCVS. file_to_diff. . if you specify a directory. make sure it has the proper line endings see the CVS manual for a complete list of and additional options o via WinCVS GUI Just select the file you edited and right-mouse-click > "diff selection" (or press the "diff selected"-icon on the toolbar. The resulting diff is output to the WinCVSConsole and can be copied and pasted.exe of your cvs package (WinCVS." Some external visual diff programs for Windows: Araxis Merge (commercial) ExamDiff CSDiff for those who can live w/ java: Guiffy (commercial) 24iX Systems.find the cvs.patch] -u: unified format -r: revision(s) to diff no -r: compare the working file with the revision it was based on one -r: compare that revision with your current working file two -r: compare those two revisions -D: use a date_spec to specify revisions. if you send a patch. This brings up a "Diff settings" dialog box that offers some limited options as "revisions to diff" and "ignore whitespace/case" [update 2003-Feb-07: starting with WinCvs 1. Alte Kirchstr. TortoiseCVS: CVS > "Preferences" > "External diff application". file_to_diff: path to the file or directory you want to diff.saves the diff in file_to_diff. "24 Sep 1972 20:05".3b11. cygwin.patch instead of outputting it on stdout. This program will be invoked by the "Diff selection" when "Use the external diff" is checked. file_to_diff.: 07000 7000 850 ...patch: creates a patch . Email: info@24ix.) and make sure it is in your PATH cd to your drupal root dir cvs diff -u [[-r rev1|-D date1] [-r rev2|-D date2]] [file_to_diff] [>. This program will be invoked by "CVS Diff .. or do Menubar > "Query" > "diff selection").de Tel. >..24ix.
which allows for launching of special diff programs for certain file types.WinMerge you may find more here Notes: While these programs do a nice job in showing file differences visually. or like cygwins's dos2unix / d2u): cvs diff [options] file_to_diff file_to_diff. side by side. unfortunately. in the preferences. A workaround for this is to. specify a batch-file that calls the external diff with the u option. Alte Kirchstr.patch and manually convert file_to_diff.patch | unix2dos -u > o convert: save "cvs diff"s output to a file: cvs diff [options] file_to_diff > file_to_diff. which makes them impossible to apply on unix boxes [1][2]. there seems to be no way to convince "cvs diff" to output unix line endings*..de Tel. Note that this 'Make Patch' option can make recursive patches when applied to directories.24ix. See its Make Patch option. patch 24iX Systems. You cannot specify the "-u" in the External diff preferences (eg "diff -u") as this will result in "Unable to open 'diff -u' (The system cannot find the file specified. Email: info@24ix.)". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: to unix line endings.de . though) . every developers editor should be capable of this.) line endings: an issue with using diff on windows is that generated patches have windows line endings. besides. there are many dos2unix versions that operate on files.update: TortoiseCVS lets you save patches. Clark. 11. Another workaround is meta-diff. non of them (as i can tell) allows to actually save the difference in unified format (most allow to save a standard diff.: 07000 7000 850 . It does unified format by default.
squirrel. external diffs. Do not take a review personally. nothing. So I would recommend installing cygwin . Do review the code not the person. It is a learning experience. 4.de Tel. Might also teach you a trick or two you didn't know about.de . Do not feel obligated to review others code even if people review your code.org/software/emacs/windows/faq11.html. Alte Kirchstr. please let me know Cygwin .that works.. If you get a bad review deal with it and make your patch better. but only once a week. for a discussion of this. Some I've found:. Do remind people nicely that it would be nice if someone reviewed your code. 8. Do this get good review: Do make sure the code actually works. check CVS and binary files diff and patch You can try also integrated diff/patch packages like a GNU diffutils for Windows Rules of reviewing patches 1. Email: info@24ix. patched cvs versions . Do not demand that your code gets reviewed.I haven't found any Windows-GUI for patch. Do give friendly suggestions on how a person can improve their code.nl/people/jvromans/tpj0403-0016b. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 7.) 5. so the only choice is a Windowsport of the unix-command-line-tool. * and i tried a lot: checking out all files with unix line endings. 3. 6.. Your time will come. Do help to review other peoples code as it will make your own code better. If you know of a Windows-GUI for patch. including many standard UNIX-tools (including diff and patch) o pre-compiled binaries.gnu. It will make your more critical and likely to spot your own mistakes. various -kb options. 2.a UNIX environment for Windows. Working code is a big plus. available from various places. you have a nice unix environment . 11. (It comes highly recommended. and not working properly. but after that.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .it takes a while.html#patch o Note: I found many of the precompiled binaries having problems with pathnames etc. 24iX Systems.
To get your project listed on drupal. Dowloads and packaging As soon your project page has been activated and given it is properly configured.org. apply for a CVS account and commit your project to the repository. Before creating a project page on drupal.org will automatically package your project and make it available for 24iX Systems. Do comment on the user interface. module or translation) needs to be maintained in the contributions repository.org Creating a project Each drupal. drupal.org after it has been committed to CVS. add tasks or request new features. Do write documentation both in the code and for the users. It will appear soon after you committed some code/updates to the contributions repository. Do make suggestions on how to improve the patch. the contributions/modules/my_module module has the short name my_module. 11.org/node/add/project_project/. Do make sure the code uses available support functions and doesn't re-invent the wheel. people will be able to file bugs against your project. Once the project page became available. If you are not using the drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 9. Do give your vote (+1/-1) as to wether this should be included in Drupal. Just do it. Do look at the code and make sure it follows the Drupal coding standards. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix. Do this when reviewing: Do make sure the patch does everything in item 8.de . Do comment on the general coding style.de Tel. Note that the newly created project will not be instantly available.org infrastructure. you can't setup a project page on drupal. Your project will also become available for download. Make sure that the 'Short project name' matches the directory name in the CVS repository. Maintaining a project on drupal. For example.Do make sure the patch is current with Drupal CVS. fill in the form at.: 07000 7000 850 . Feel free to refuse to review patches that don't apply nicely to Drupal CVS.24ix.org nor can you offer your module for download at drupal. 10.org project (a contributed theme.org.
If you found a new maintainer or if you are willing to maintain an orphaned project. won't be packaged and can't get a project page on drupal. please add a note to your project page and ask in the forums whether someone is willing to take over maintenance.org website: 24iX Systems.de Tel. themes. if you branch your project using the DRUPAL-4-5 branch name. Branching and releases are restricted to the modules. Drupal.org site maintainers Below is an alphabetical list of users who have additional permissions to help maintain the drupal. Managing releases Releases are handled using CVS branches. However. By default. Personal sandboxes in the sandbox directory can't be branched. only the CVS HEAD version (development version) of your project is packaged and offered for download. The projects are packaged once or twice a day so it will not be available instantly. A list of valid branch names can be found in the contributions repository's FAQ. you must use the correct branch names.org. Proper communication is key so make sure to mark your project as orphaned.: 07000 7000 850 . get in touch with a site maintainer so we can transfer maintainership.org will package the Drupal 4. For this to work.5 compatible release of your project.de . As projects are only packaged once or twice a day. Alte Kirchstr. drupal. If you found a bug that needs to be fixed in several releases of your project. 11.download. make sure to commit the fix to the different branches unless you are no longer maintaining certain releases of your project. theme-engines and translations directories in the contributions repository.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Orphaned projects If you are no longer capable of maintaining your project.txt. it might take up to 24 hours for new releases to become available on the website or for updates to propagate to the downloads. Email: info@24ix.
and you want to help maintain Drupal. jvandyk 13. Goba 11.: 07000 7000 850 .org/ 24iX Systems.24ix. A more complete solution would be unit tests as proposed by Moshe Weitzman. JonBob 12.de Tel. Richard Eriksson 19. here is what I will do in the future: 1.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Steven 23. adrian 2. but they'd also be a lot more work.. FactoryJoe@civi. Enable the menu module and disable the 'log out' link. 2... Dries 8. drumm 9. cel4145 7. Roland Tanglao@. sepeck 22. TDobes 24. Drupal test suite Drupal is currently lacking some test suite to be run by developers before submitting important patches. Robert Castelo 20. ax 3.. Boris Mann 5.drupaldevs. Kjartan 16.org 15.org. Ok. Run wget -r --delete-after. get in touch with Dries. killes@www. The following setup isn't really a test suite but it is a start to avoid the most embarrassing errors.1. nedjo 18.drop. 10. kika 14. Alte Kirchstr. 11. bryankennedy 6. 21. Email: info@24ix. walkah If you have been around for a while. Bèr Kessels 4. moshe weitzman 17.
drupaldevs. A Drupal module is simply a file containing a set of routines written in PHP. the module code executes entirely within the context of the site. Module developer's guide Developer documentation can be found at. wget will access every Drupal page linked from the frontpage.de Tel. Email: info@24ix. You can later have a look at the error logs and find out if any errors where caused.org is my development site. a module is not any different from a regular PHP file: it is more of a notion that automatically leads to good design principles and a good development model.where killes.mozilla directory.: 07000 7000 850 . If I want to test as an authenticated user I do wget -r --delete-after --cookies=off --header='Cookie: PHPSESSID=xxx'. Note that this can take some time.org documents the Drupal APIs and presents an overview of Drupal's building blocks along with handy examples.txt inside my . adaptability. where xxx is my cookie that I got out of cookies. 24iX Systems. 11.de . and continuity which in turn allows people to customize the site to their needs and likings.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. o Introduction to Drupal modules When developing Drupal it became clear that we wanted to have a system which is as modular as possible. You can add -wait=5 to the options if you don't want a free stress test. Hence it can use all the functions and access all variables and structures of the main engine. o The Drupal developer guide provides guidlines as how to upgrade your modules (API changes) along with development tips/tutorials.org/ and in the remainder of the Drupal developer's guide below. In fact. 3. A modular design will provide flexibility. When used.drupaldevs. Modularity better suits the open-source development model.
let's dissect the URL. This is done by iterating through the modules directory where all modules must reside. I'm running on an OS X machine. For an overview of currently supported hooks. This random code should then be able to do whatever needed to enhance the functionality. Say your module is named foo (i. the engine calls each module's exported functions.0. Drupal's page serving mechanism A Walk Through Drupal's Page Serving Mechanism or Tiptoeing Sprightly Through the PHP This is a commentary on the process Drupal goes through when serving a page.php CVS/ database/ favicon.24ix.e.1/~vandyk/drupal/?q=node/1 A visual companion to this narration can be found here. (A node is a thing. we will choose the following URL.module) and if there was a hook called bar.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. For convenience.txt cron. modules/foo. please look at the API documentation generated from the Drupal souce code. The places where code can be executed are called "hooks" and are defined by a fixed interface. Before we start.) . The idea is to be able to run random code at given places in the engine.because otherwise you can't easily have people working in parallel without risk of interference. Email: info@24ix. It looks like this: CHANGELOG.txt 24iX Systems. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. so the site I'm serving lives at /Users/vandyk/Sites/. which asks Drupal to display the first node for us. The drupal directory contains a checkout of the latest Drupal CVS tree.ico includes/ index.de Tel.0. In places where hooks are made available. you may want to print it out and follow along. usually a web page. the engine will call foo_bar() if this was exported by your module.php INSTALL.
the includes/common.php xmlrpc. Drupal then builds its navigation menu and sets the variable $status to the result of that operation. Next. The code in conf_init would be easier to understand if the variable $file were instead called 24iX Systems. form generation and validation. etc. if no site-specific configuration file is found. but it also executes code towards the end of bootstrap. First. which looks very simple and is only a few lines long.txt update. bringing in all the functions that are necessary to get Drupal's machinery up and running.php So the URL above will be be requesting the root directory / of the Drupal site.: 07000 7000 850 . The call to fix_gpc_magic() is there to check on the status of "magic quotes" and to ensure that all escaped quotes enter Drupal's database consistently. sets up caching.php. the includes/bootstrap.php'. It returns the name of the sitespecific configuration file. sets the variable $config equal to the string 'conf'.php. In the switch statement. First.php scripts/ themes/ tiptoe.LICENSE.inc file. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Next. Simple. in the default case it will include 'conf. There's a call to drupal_page_header(). Email: info@24ix. and notifies interested modules that the request is beginning. Drupal checks for cases in which a Not Found or Access Denied message needs to be generated. it destroys any previous variable named $conf. and finally a call to drupal_page_footer(). which starts a timer." Next.txt misc/ modules/ phpinfo.inc file is included.de Tel. let's pick up the show with the execution of index. eh? Let's delve a little more deeply into the process outlined above. it calls conf_init(). Let's take a broad look at what happens during the execution of index. it includes the named configuration file. So. The first line of index. Thus.txt MAINTAINERS.html. Alte Kirchstr.php includes the includes/bootstrap. This function allows Drupal to use site-specific configuration files if it finds them. 11.inc. which notifies all interested modules that the request is ending.de . Drupal closes up shop and the page is served. One variable/value pair is passed along with the request: the variable 'q' is set to the value 'node/1'.24ix.inc file is included. giving access to a wide variety of utility functions such as path formatting functions. Apache translates that into index.
Alte Kirchstr. 1>anonymous user. Now that the database connection is set up. the $user->roles array contains one entry.: 07000 7000 850 . The last thing bootstrap. If MySQL is being used. Second. the most useful result of parsing database. Likewise $conf_filename would be a better choice than $config. setting the $db_url variable. the $base_url for the website. calls module_invoke_all() for the 'init' and 'exit' hooks. What the code does is to tell PHP to use Drupal's own session storage functions (located in this file) instead of the default PHP session code.inc file is now parsed. Since I am running as an anonymous user. Email: info@24ix. It does this by calling the variable_init() function. $db_type.de Tel.. We're done with bootstrap.inc files is brought in.now it's time to get things set up for modules. if caching has been enabled it retrieves the cached page.mysql. the database.inc file is included but no actual code is executed. We have a database connection. an array of configuration options. The includes/module. that is. with the primary goal of initializing a connection to the database. the pear database abstraction layer is used. If a persite configuration file exists and has already populated the $conf variable. A call to PHP's session_start() function thus calls Drupal's sess_open() and sess_read() functions. the optional $db_prefix variable.$potential_filename. In both cases.inc does is to set up the global variable $conf. 11. The selected configuration file (normally /includes/conf. It should be noted that name-value pairs in the per-site configuration file have precedence over name-value pairs retrieved from the "variable" table by variable_init().php and call drupal_page_header(). this populated array is passed in to variable_init(). The sess_read function creates a global $user object and sets the $user->roles array appropriately. a populated array of namevalue pairs is returned and assigned to the global $conf variable.inc! Now it's time to go back to index.. Oddly. This function has two responsibilities. The database.24ix. Although the global variables $db_prefix. if Postgres is being used.php) is now parsed. If caching is not 24iX Systems. if you are keeping track of page execution times. it's time to start a session by including the includes/session. and the $languages array (default is "en"=>"english").inc file.de . the $conf variable is null and an empty array is passed in. First. Otherwise. and exits. in this include file the executable code is located at the top of the file instead of the bottom. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. where it will live for the duration of this request.inc is a global variable called $active_db which contains the database connection handle. a session has been set up. and $db_url are set. it starts a timer if $conf['dev_timer'] is set.
inc makes is xmlrpc. containing functions that help behind the scenes with sortable tables.inc. But in addition to putting all these utility functions into our namespace. as it is readily apparent what the function call to set_error_handler() does.inc itself. with includes finished. which contains common file handling functions. as well as the FILE_SEPARATOR.: 07000 7000 850 . it simply exits and returns control to index. Drupal 24iX Systems.inc for paging through large datasets (it has nothing to do with calling your pager).24ix.php. we find an include statement for common. The comment "// set error handler:" at the end of common. Alte Kirchstr. common. Although one would expect a quick check of whether or not this request is actually an XML-RPC call.de . common.ini). This file is chock-full of miscellaneous utility goodness. for theme support. 11.inc. The constants FILE_DOWNLOADS_PUBLIC = 1 and FILE_DOWNLOADS_PRIVATE = 2 are set here. and menu. it prints the error message to the screen.inc. if any error reporting is enabled via the error_reporting directive in PHP's configuration file (php. you'll note that the variable q has been set. This error handler creates a watchdog entry to record the error and. which is an array that points to the active symbol table at the point the error occurred. Instead.enabled or the page is not being served to an anonymous user (or several other special cases. Finally. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. no such check is done here. pager. Drupal's error_handler() does not use the last parameter $variables.php. over 30 variable assignments are made. all kept in one file for performance reasons.php. charset=utf-8".inc is redundant. Given the paucity of code here.inc.inc file. with all sorts of functions for dealing with XML-RPC calls. An xmlrpc_init() function instead may help performance here? A small tablesort.de Tel. Email: info@24ix. Back at index.php includes some files on its own. which is \\ for Windows machines and / for all others. like when feedback needs to be sent to a user). many constants are defined that are used later by the menu system. a performance boost could be gained by moving these into common. The Content-Type header is now sent to the browser as a hard coded string: "Content-Type: text/html. they will be ready.inc.inc file is included as well. apparently so that if this request turns to actually be an XML-RPC call. The next inclusion that common. The last include done by common. If you remember that the URL we are serving ends with /~vandyk/drupal/?q=node/1. They include theme.inc sets PHP's error handler to the error_handler() function in the common.inc is file. In menu.
can be 24iX Systems. other modules are include_once'd via module_list(). by convention. so it calls module_invoke("admin".de Tel. The first one is "admin". First. 11. The next time module_list() is called. system. If the value of q is a path alias. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. it is simply module_list() and not $module_list = module_list()). with documentation about what they are expected to return. The filter module defines FILTER_HTML* and FILTER_STYLE* constants while being included. Alte Kirchstr.. This sleight-of-hand happens before any modules see the value of q. it determines whether the module is eligible by looking at the throttle column of the "system" database table. Once all modules have been include_once'd and their names added to the $list local array.24ix. The full list of hooks available to module developers. In this case it is the string "init". The returned $list is discarded because the module_list() invocation is not part of an assignment (e. In order to be loaded.: 07000 7000 850 . To see how the callbacks work let's step through the init callback for the first module. the status column of the "system" database table must be set to 1). a module must (1) be enabled (that is. it is simply a symbol that call modules have agreed to abide by.g.now parses this out and checks for any path aliasing for the value of q. This function runs require_once on the admin. then. Module initialization now happens via the module_init() function. it will simply return its static variable $list rather than rebuilding the whole array. We see that as we follow the final objective of module_init().de . the array is sorted by module name and returned. Email: info@24ix. to send all modules the "init" callback. Drupal replaces the value of q with the actual path that the value of q is aliased to. The module_invoke_all() function now steps through the list of modules it got from calling module_list()."init"). it looks at $conf["throttle_level"] to see whether the load is high enough to exclude the module. you must return it as an array. and (2) Drupal's throttle mechanism must determine whether or not the module is eligible for exclusion when load is high. the function is called and the returned result. The lesson learned here is that if you are writing a module and intend to return a value from a callback. Cool. If a function by this name exists. The module_invoke() function simply puts the two together to get the name of the function it will call. [Jonathan Chaffer: Each "hook" (our word for what you call a callback) defines its own return type. user and watchdog modules. The strategy here is to keep the module list inside a static variable called $list inside the module_list() function. In this case the name of the function to call is "admin_init". ends up in an array called $return which is returned after all modules have been invoked. This string could be anything. that is. filter. if the module is eligible. if any. Next. First module_invoke_all() is called and passed the string enumerating which callback is to be called.
de Tel. we are an anonymous user with no theme selected. If the user is not an anonymous user and has a language preference set up. ilayer. would it die if my URL ended with "/?xml=true" or "/?format=xml"? The next step in common. so the default xtemplate theme is used.inc is to call init_theme(). form. In our case. creates a new object called xtemplate as a global variable. A comment indicates that someone is aware that this doesn't work. Email: info@24ix. Thus. layer. This retrieves the user's permissions and stashes them in a static variable called $perm.org/doxygen/drupal/group__hooks. the value at $conf["theme_default"] is used. Cookie: the three places that unescaped quotes may be 24iX Systems.inc. Then there is a nonfunctional line where SetNullBlock is called.24ix. user_access() is called.php! A call to fix_gpc_magic() is in order. head.found here:. Also. otherwise. style. html. the two-character language key is returned. expression. Whether or not a user has permission for a given action is determined by a simple substring search for the name of the permission (e. is currently "0access content. The actual check for suspicious input data is carried out by valid_input_data() which lives in common. data. Our $perm string. Alte Kirchstr.inc's executable code is a call to locale_init() to set up locale data. frame. blink. I wondered why both the keys and values of the $_REQUEST array are examined.g.inc. Now we're back to index.theme calls include_once("themes/xtemplate/xtemplate. dynsrc. meta. object. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. script. applet. the file themes/xtemplate/xtemplate.html ] Back to common. Inside this object is an xtemplate object called "template" with lots of attributes. If any of these are matched watchdog records a warning and Drupal dies (in the PHP sense). To find out whether or not the user has permission to bypass this check. alert.: 07000 7000 850 . embed. datasrc. ". which the user has selected. frameset. In our case. Why the 0 at the beginning of the string? Because $perm is initialized to 0 by user_access(). You'd think that for consistency this would be called theme_init() (of course.de .inc". iframe. that would be a namespace clash with a callback of the same name). This seems very time-consuming. The inclusion of xtemplate.theme is include_once'd. 11. "bypass input data check") within the $perm string. Post. There is a check for suspicious input data. as an anonymous user.. and then include_once's the chosen theme. This finds out which themes are available. If the user's selected theme is not available. The last gasp of common. lowsrc. xml. It simply goes through an array it's been handed (in this case the $_REQUEST array) and checks all keys and values for the following "evil" strings: javascript. that's "en". The "gpc" stands for Get. the key of the single-entry global array $language is returned.
Much more information on this topic is available in the developer documentation. and $_REQUEST arrays. Back in index. Then the system realizes that we're not going to be building any menus for an anonymous user and bows out. We're done. The next step is to set up menus. the switch statement doesn't match either case and we approach the last call in the file.] We jump to menu_execute_active_handler() in menu.de Tel. path index. but also determines what function will be handed the responsibility of displaying the page. then sess_close() which simply returns 1. This sets up a $_menu array consisting of items.inc.inc to update the session database table. and visible arrays. slashes will be stripped from $_GET.inc. $_COOKIE. If deemed necessary by the status of the boolean magic_quotes_gpc directive in PHP's configuration file (php. This takes care of caching the page we've built if caching is enabled (it's not) and calls module_invoke_all() with the "exit" callback symbol.: 07000 7000 850 . so slashes do not need to be stripped. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. The "q" variable (we usually call it the Drupal path) is matched against the available menu items to find the appropriate callback to use. Email: info@24ix.de . but let's go ahead and follow the logic anyway. Although you may think we're done. since it is the "magic quotes" that are being fixed. 11. local tasks. The menu system doesn't just handle displaying menus to the user. PHP's session handler still needs to tidy up. the magic_quotes_gpc directive is set to "Off".ini). [Update: Jonathan Chaffer enlightens me: This step is crucial. 24iX Systems.php. to drupal_page_footer in common. $_POST. not the magic. In my distribution of PHP.found. It calls sess_write() in session. Alte Kirchstr. The real meat of the node creation and formatting happens here.24ix. but is complex enough for a separate commentary. I'm not sure why we're setting up menus for an anonymous user. It seems odd that the function is not called fix_gpc_magic_quotes.
11.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix.24ix. Alte Kirchstr.Tips for database compatibility 24iX Systems.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.. and MS SQL Server). Email: info@24ix.0: function form($action. $form. Converting 3. If possible. Once your query succeeds in all tools. $from is 0 and $count is the maximum number of records you want returned. it is helpful to create shell databases in each and then run sample queries in each platform's query dispatch tool. $method = "post". You should test any complex queries for ANSI comptibility using this tool by Mimer If you are developing on MySQL. The differences between each platform are slight . Alte Kirchstr.de Tel.24ix. Don't use auto-increment or SERIAL fields. MySQL. you should use the db_query_range() function instead of db_query().In order to ensure that your module works with all comptible database servers (currently Postgres. o o o o o o o o When you need to LIMIT your result set to cetain number of records. The syntax of the 2 functions is the same. Those parameters are $from and then $count. $options = 0) 24iX Systems.0 modules to 4. 11.de . congratulate self. use it's ANSI compatibility mode If can install all database servers in your environment. Instead. provide SQL setup scripts for each supported database platform. you'll need to remember a few points. Don't use '' when you mean NULL Avoid table and field names that might be reserved words on any platform.0 Required changes Modified form function: Drupal 3. Usually. with the addition of 2 required parameters at the end of db_query_range().: 07000 7000 850 .
print form($form). } 24iX Systems.0: function *_block() { $blocks[0]["info"] = "First block info". print form($REQUEST_URI. $action = 0.1 Required changes Modified block hook: Drupal 4. $blocks[0]["content"] = "First block content".24ix. Converting 4.de .// Example global $REQUEST_URI. $nid). Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . $options = 0) // Example $form = form_hidden("nid". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $method = "post". $form). $blocks[1]["content"] = "Second block content".0 modules to 4. $blocks[1]["subject"] = "Second block subject". $nid). 11. $blocks[1]["info"] = "Second block info". Email: info@24ix.de Tel. Drupal 4. $form = form_hidden("nid". // return array of blocks return $blocks. $blocks[0]["subject"] = "First block subject".0: function form($form.
return $blocks. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr. } } } Modified taxonomy API: Drupal 4. &$tree. $depth = -1. $parent = 0.} Drupal 4. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: function *_block($op = "list". // return array of block infos } else { switch($delta) { case 0: $block["subject"] = "First block subject".24ix. $delta = 0) { if ($op == "list") { $blocks[0]["info"] = "First block info". $block["content"] = "First block content".0: function taxonomy_get_tree($vocabulary_id. return $block. $key = "tid") 24iX Systems.: 07000 7000 850 . $block["content"] = "Second block content". case 1: $block["subject"] = "Second block subject". $blocks[1]["info"] = "Second block info".de Tel. 11. return $block.de .
de .com/blog. taxonomy_get_term_by_name($name). lm()... $anchor = ""]) became url("search/bla").2 Some points posted by Axel on drupal-devel on migrating 4.com/user/42. "op" => "bla"). $key = "tid") Changes: . l("view node"... $parents = 0.$attributes = array(). $attributes = array()]) became l("view node". for the code: drupal_url(array("mod" => "search".24ix..: 07000 7000 850 .1 modules to 4. meaning we'll [can] have clean URLs like. Email: info@24ix. meaning. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. [dries] bit the bullet and converted every single URL in Drupal's code.0 modules to CVS [updated and added to by ax]: o the big "clean URL" patch: Over the weekend. with the first url part being the module. $query = NULL]) similar. o o Take advantage of pager functions Move hardcoded markup from modules to themes. 11. "module"[. and so on.Drupal 4. $anchor = "". "id" => $nid). $depth = -1. the second (typically) being the operation ($op). using theme_invoke Converting 4. array("op" => "view".there is no more a "parent" property. 24iX Systems.php?mod=bla&op=blub.1: $tree = taxonomy_get_tree($vocabulary_id. Alte Kirchstr. "node"[. which meant "module link" and used to be module. but "parents" which is an array . is now l("title". "node/view/$nid"[. more arguments are handled differently per module convention.1.de Tel.the result tree is now returned instead of passed by reference Optional changes o o Take advantage of new taxonomy functions taxonomy_get_vocabulary_by_name($name).com/archive/2003/01/06..
. and la(). "new or updated posts". level).de . "admin/bla/blub/. is now l("title". now these same arguments must be accessed as arg(1). [drupal-devel] theme("function") vs $theme>function() and [drupal-devel] [CVS] theme() o <. ask dries or zbynek one more note." After fixing those functions. though: you do not add <. so it got refactored . menu("admin/node/nodes/0". 0).. which meant "admin link" and used to be admin.. note that doesn't get an extra menu entry.). some forms don't work (taxonomy > add term).you only add <._conf_options() became <.inc. $comment->timestamp) please add / update / correct! 24iX Systems.. with a weight of 0 in the 3..module>. adds a menu entry "new or updated posts" 1 level below "post overview" (admin/node/nodes) and 2 level below "node management" (admin/node) (ie. 11. this first try resulted in poor performance and a not-so-good api. "node_admin".. well.. for the callback ("node_admin") . "op".see [drupal-devel] X-mas commit: administration pages.._settings() . "id" etc. o o o [from comment_is_new function lost] + comment_is_new($comment) node_is_new($comment->nid."bla/blub/. this.24ix.see [drupal-devel] renaming 2 functions.: 07000 7000 850 . you'll need to edit your _page() function and possibly others so that they get their arguments using the arg() function (see includes/common. this: you use menu() to add entries to the admin menu.() ._admin. see [drupal-devel] renaming 2 functions. so it probably will change again. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. isn't really satisfying..see [PATCH] menus. at the 3. arg(3). neither (you cannot build arbitrary menu-trees. These arguments used to be globals called "mod". .de Tel.module>.._settings() to the menu (they automatically go to "site configuration > modules > module settings" .. but is accessed via "site configuration > modules > modules settings" o the administration pages got changed quite a lot to use a "database driven link system" and become more logical/intuitive . o $theme->function() became theme("function"). level. as of time ax is writing this... Email: info@24ix. things. with a line "help" below the main heading..module>. Alte Kirchstr."). for example.module>. "help". and i won't write more about this here.
to every _page hook (probably in the node module) so that we can use this system through out Drupal but for right now.2 modules to 4.de Tel.somehow -.3.: 07000 7000 850 . db_query("DELETE FROM {book} WHERE nid = %d". This is the active help block. New help system From Michael Frankowski message: There is a block of text placed at the top of each admin page by the admin_page function. See the original feature request and the corresponding discussion at the mailing list for details. After 4. so that the table prefix can be dynamically prepended to the table name. Because Drupal matches URLs in order to stick "other" stuff in the _help hook we have taken to sticking descriptors after a "#" sign. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $node->nid). (context sensitive help?) If the URL of the admin page matches a URL in a _help hook then the text from that _help hook is displayed on the top of the admin page.24ix. if there is no match the block it not displayed. So far the following discriptors are recoginised: 24iX Systems. Dries committed Slavica's table prefix patch which allows for a configurable "prefix to each drupal mysql table to easily share one database for multiply applications on server with only one database allowed. + db_query("DELETE FROM book WHERE nid = %d". eg. $node->nid).0 is out the door the function menu_get_active_help() should probably be rename/moved into the help module and be attached -.3 Database table prefix On 2003 Jul 10." This patch requires all table names in SQL-queries to be enclosed in {curly brackets}. Alte Kirchstr.Converting 4.de . there is a block of text displayed at the top of every admin page. 11.
*** How to build up a _help hook: Start with this template -function _help($section){ $output = "".24ix.de Tel. 24iX Systems. switch ($section) { } return $output. Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . displayed on the admin/help page and through the modules individual help link. In the future we will probably recognise #block for the text needed in a block displayed by the help system. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. but there) -> The name of a module admin/system/modules#description -> The description found on the admin/system/modules page. Alte Kirchstr. 11. break. } In the template replace with the name of your module.admin/system/modules#name (unused. admin/help# -> The modules help text. user/help# -> The help for a distrbuted authorization module.de . IF you want to add help text to the overall administrative section. (admin/help) stick this inside the switch: case 'admin/help#': $output = t('The text you want displayed').
You have this kind of tree: + Administration | -> Your area | | | | -> Overall admin help. break.24ix. 24iX Systems. you have a page that individually configures your module.: 07000 7000 850 .de . | -> Your configuration -> help $field == "description" -> The description placed in the module list.de Tel. Change the function line to this: function _help($section = 'admin/help#') { Now that you have the template started place a case statement in for any URL you want a "context sesitive" help message in the admin section. *** How to convert a _system hook: There are three things that can appear in a _system hook: $field == "name" -> The module name. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. case 'admin/system/modules/': $output = t('Your new help text'). you want to add some text to the top help area. it is at admin/system/modules/.If you also want this same text displayed for an individual help link in your menu area. Email: info@24ix. An example. 11. Alte Kirchstr.
" after the line and a "case '':" before it where name is one of the following: If $system is $system["name"] then case is case 'admin/system/modules#name':.: 07000 7000 850 . Replace the $system[] that is normally at the front of each one with $output."). Email: info@24ix. return $system[$field].24ix. Alte Kirchstr. now place a "break.de Tel. } Ends with -function example_help($section) { 24iX Systems. $system["admin-help"] = t("Can you believe that I would actually write an indivdual setup page on an EXAMPLE module??"). An example: Starts with -function example_system($field){ $system["description"] = t("This is my example _system hook to convert for the help system I have spent a lot of time with.$field == "admin-help" this -> The help text placed at the TOP of modules individual configuration area.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. If $system is $system["description"] then case is case 'admin/system/modules#description': If $system is $system["admin-help"] then case is case 'admin/system/modules/': Then remove the _system function and you are done. Take the text for each one and move it into the _help hook. 11.
Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr. case 'admin/system/modules/example': $output = t("Can you believe that I would actually write an indivdual setup page on an EXAMPLE module??"). to find your text in a new location by changing the function call _auth_help() to _help("user/help#"). 24iX Systems. switch ($section) { case 'admin/system/modules#example': $output = t("This is my example _system hook to convert for the help system I have spent a lot of time with. } *** How to convert an _auth_help hook: Okay. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. break. What a terrible thing for me to do.").: 07000 7000 850 . break. } return $output.de . which normally displays that help text. There are two places you have to deal with: 1) The text inside the _auth_help hook needs to be moved inside the _help hook under the section "user/help#" and 2) You have to change the _page hook.24ix. you have written your Distributed Authorization module. How do you convert it? It is not that hard.$output = "". and given us a great help text for it and I had to go and ruin it all by changing the help system.de Tel. 11.
drupal. "Example DA".24ix. it is not THAT terrible.de Tel.org\">visit the site</a></p>". Alte Kirchstr. Using this example you cannot login to <i>%s</i> because it has no _auth hook. theme("box". "this web site"). theme("footer"). exampleda_help('user/help#exampleda')). 11.de . theme("footer"). Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. "Example DA". theme("box". } 24iX Systems. } function exampleda_auth_help() { $site = variable_get("site_name". $site). return sprintf(t($html_output). An example: function exampleda_page() { theme("header").</p> <p>To learn about about Drupal you can <a href=\"www. } Ends with -function exampleda_page() { theme("header"). $html_output = " <p>This is my example Distributed Auth help. exampleda_auth_help()).See.: 07000 7000 850 .</p> <p><u>BUT</u> you should still use Drupal since it is a <b>GREAT</b> CMS and is only getting better.
array("%site" => "<i>$site</i>". t(). } return $output } *** So what's all this business with the %-signs and the array's?? Well. Gabor Hojtsy (Goba) raised a very good point.</p>". "this web site").function exampleda_help($section) { $visit the site<a>")).= "<p>This is my example Distributed Auth help. break. $output . $output . Email: info@24ix. 11. $output = t($output. "%drupal" => "<a href=\".</p>". then Dries Buytaert (Dries) only strengthen that point by mentioning that "t-wrapping".= "<p><u>BUT</u> you should still use Drupal since it is a <b>GREAT</b> CMS and is only getting better. $output . propernames and titles only wasted space. Alte Kirchstr.
If you are doing a LONG block of help text. or url() calls -. 11. see above example for a multiline block. you 24iX Systems.24ix. or an "<a href=\". Creating modules: post 4.e.3. providing additional functionality to your Drupal installation.buy removing HTML links from the translations so that people didn't have to remember URLs. A module is a collection of functions that link into Drupal.both an external one and an internal one. "example/url") call.de . a URL -. translate it only at the end of 'case' block. Email: info@24ix. array("%something" => )).1). Drupal version > 4. Where is an l(t("example text").: 07000 7000 850 .url\">example text</a>" block. Alte Kirchstr. internal ones are l() calls. With all this in mind anything that was a proper name. For an example you can look above. The nice thing about this if you are using the same URL again. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. just before the "break. So please pull out that type of text in your block of help text. it will tranlate all of them.3. After reading this tutorial.de Tel.". and again you can use the same %something again and again and only place a single copy in your array area.1 Introduction This tutorial describes how to create a module for Drupal-CVS (i.I replaced the text with %something and at the end of the help section I would place a line like this one: $output = t($output.
and retrieve information from Drupal nodes. Start your module by creating a PHP file and save it as 'onthisdate. This tutorial will not help you write modules for Drupal 4. It does not cover caching.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr.24ix.will be able to create a basic block module and use it as a template for more advanced modules and node modules. where "hook" is a well defined function name. write links. 24iX Systems. so having these well defined names means Drupal knows where to look.de Tel. and not <? to enclose your PHP code. and review other modules and the [Drupal handbook] and [Coding standards] for more information. we'll start by creating a block module that lists links to content such as blog entries or forum discussions that were created one week ago.module'. Drupal will call these functions to get specific data.3. Email: info@24ix.de . This tutorial assumes the following about you: o o o o o Basic PHP knowledge. including syntax and the concept of PHP objects Basic understanding of database tables. All functions in your module are named {modulename}_{hook}. use the longhand <?php tag.1 or before. fields. 11. <?php ?> As per the [Coding standards]. Use this tutorial as a starting point. records and SQL statements A working Drupal installation Drupal administration access Webserver access This tutorial does not assume you have any knowledge about the inner workings of a Drupal module. Getting Started To focus this tutorial. The full tutorial will teach us how to create block content. nor does it elaborate on permissions or security issues. This tutorial will not necessarily prepare you to write modules for release into the wild.
break.de Tel.24ix. You'll see this code pattern in other modules. and won't enable it properly when installed.Telling Drupal about your module The first function we'll write will tell Drupal information about your module: its name and description.de . This is on purpose. output for "admin/help#onthisdate" will display on the main help page accessed by the admin/help URL for this module (/admin/help or ?q=admin/help). as the current version of Drupal CVS won't display the module name. <?php /* Commented out until bug fixed */ /* function onthisdate_help($section) { switch($section) { case "admin/system/modules#name": $output = "onthisdate". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. The recommended way to process this variable is with a switch statement. Until this 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. 11. The hook name for this function is 'help'.". case "admin/system/modules#description": $output = "Display a list of nodes that were created a week ago. In particular. so start with the onthisdate_help function: <?php function onthisdate_help($section) { } ?> The $section variable provides context for the help: where in Drupal or the module are we looking for help. default: $output = "onthisdate". break. } */ ?> You will eventually want to add other cases to this switch statement to provide real help messages to the user. break. Note:This function is commented out in the above code. Email: info@24ix. } return $output.: 07000 7000 850 .
bug is fixed. and you're going to do permission control. Announce we're have block content There are several types of modules: block modules and node modules are two. forum.: 07000 7000 850 . If they are not. give permission to anyone who can access site content or administrate the module. "administer onthisdate"). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. <?php function onthisdate_perm() { return array("administer onthisdate"). you can tell Drupal who can access your module. At this point. We'll use the user_access function to check access permissions later. 24iX Systems. } ?> You'll need to adjust who has permission to view your module on the administer » accounts » permissions page. Node modules generate full page content (such as blog. Block modules create abbreviated content that is typically (but not always. the permissions page will list the same permission multiple times. 11.24ix. You can do this by adding strings to the array that is returned: <?php function onthisdate_perm() { return array("access onthisdate". Alte Kirchstr. Telling Drupal who can use your module The next function to write is the permissions function. comment out your help function. or your module may not work.de Tel. Be sure your permission strings must be unique to your module. Here. and not required to be) displayed along the left or right side of a page. you may want to define a new permission set. } ?> If you are going to write a module that needs to have finer control over the permissions. or book pages). Email: info@24ix.de .
24iX Systems.24ix.de Tel. In here. In all other situations. In particular. see. and 11:59pm a week ago.de .php for more information on time format) for midnight a week ago.: 07000 7000 850 . We'll use this database field to find our data. } else { // our block content } } ?> Generate content for a block Now. A module can generate content for blocks and also for a full page (the blogs module is a good example of this). we care about the specific case where the block is being listed in the blocks page. Alte Kirchstr. Specifically. we'll display the block content. When a node is first created. First. we need to generate the 'onthisdate' content for the block.net/) for more details. the time of creation is stored in the database.php. 11. Our goal is to get a list of content (stored as "nodes" in the database) created a week ago.We'll create a block content to start. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. we want the content created between midnight and 11:59pm on the day one week ago. we need to calculate the time (in seconds since epoch start.net/manual/en/function. such as on the admin/system/block page if ($op == "list") { $block[0]["info"] = t("On This Date"). $delta=0) { } ?> The block function takes two parameters: the operation and the offset. so let's start our next function: <?php function onthisdate_block($op='list'. $delta=0) { // listing of blocks. we'll demonstrate a basic way to access the database. Email: info@24ix. <?php function onthisdate_block($op='list'. or delta. The hook for a block module is appropriately called "block". and later discuss node content. return $block. This part of the code is Drupal independent. see the PHP website (. We'll just worry about the operation at this point.
This means that. 0. You can find more information on the Drupal website by reading the [Table Prefix (and sharing tables across instances)] page in the Drupal handbook. such as on the admin/system/block page if ($op == "list") { $block[0]["info"] = t("On This Date")..de . $today['mon'].<?php function onthisdate_block($op='list'. // calculate midnight one week ago $start_time = mktime(0. // we want items that occur only on the day in question. This is necessary so that your module will support database table name prefixes. "{node} WHERE created >= '" . "'".de Tel.. title. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. you would adjust the SQL statement to select specific types of content (by adding the 'type' column and a WHERE clause checking the 'type' column). forum posts. ($today['mday'] . <?php $query = "SELECT nid. so calculate 1 day $end_time = $start_time + 86400. } else { // our block content // Get today's date $today = getdate(). For a real module. this is okay. Alte Kirchstr. $start_time . $end_time . For this tutorial. Email: info@24ix. for the most part. you can write your database SQL statement and not worry about the backend connections. created FROM " . return $block. 24iX Systems. etc. $delta=0) { // listing of blocks.24ix. We're selecting content from the node table. which is the central table for Drupal content. We'll get all sorts of content type with this query: blog entries. "' AND created <= '". 11. $today['year']). } } ?> The next step is the SQL statement that will retrieve the content we'd like to display from the database.7). 0. Note: the table name is enclosed in curly braces: {node}. ?> Drupal uses database helper functions to perform database queries. // 60 * 60 * 24 = 86400 seconds in a day .: 07000 7000 850 .
de . the block * doesn't show. This is what Drupal expects from a block function.: 07000 7000 850 . */ return. return $block.24ix. Alte Kirchstr.= '<a href="' . '">' . Let's ignore this for now. while ($links = db_fetch_object($queryResult)) { $block_content . '</a><br />'. the database rows) that match our SQL query.de Tel. If you do not include both of these. our block function looks like this: 24iX Systems. and not necessarily include the <br /> at the end of the link. but be aware of this issue when writing modules that others will use. This adjusts the URL to the installations URL configuration of either clean URLS: or Also. and db_fetch_object() to look at the individual records: <?php // get the links $queryResult = db_query($query).We'll use db_query() to get the records (i. you will want to provide an easy way for others (in particular. 11. $links>nid ) . You may also notice the bad coding practice of combining content with layout.e. If you are writing a module for others to use. } ?> Notice the actual URL is enclosed in the url() function. which is what we want. Putting it all together. we return an array that has 'subject' and 'content' elements. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. } // check to see if there was any content before setting up the block if ($block_content == '') { /* No content from a week ago. the block will not render properly. } // set up the block $block['subject'] = 'On This Date'. $links->title . non-programmers) to adjust the content's layout. If we return nothing. An easy way to do this is to include a class attribute in your link. Email: info@24ix. // content variable that will be returned for display $block_content = ''. $block['content'] = $block_content. url('node/view/' .
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $today['year']). 0. "{node} WHERE created >= '" . $links->title . ($today['mday'] .de Tel. title. 24iX Systems.24ix. 11. return $block. Email: info@24ix. // we want items that occur only on the day in question. 0. created FROM " . return nothing. Alte Kirchstr. Let's do that. // Get today's date $today = getdate(). // 60 * 60 * 24 = 86400 seconds in a day $'. $today['mon']. $delta=0) { // listing of blocks. $block['content'] = $block_content. } } ?> Installing.= '<a href="'. $end_time . "' AND created <= '". such as on the admin/system/block page if ($op == "list") { $block[0]["info"] = t("On This Date"). } // set up the block $block['subject'] = 'On This Date'.: 07000 7000 850 . // get the links $queryResult = db_query($query).7).
. and navigate to the modules administration page to get an alphabetical list of modules. comment out the help function for the moment.module file to the modules directory of your Drupal installation. either is okay. Enable the module by selecting the checkbox and save your configuration. Be sure to adjust the location (left/right) if you are using a theme that limits where blocks are displayed. For this tutorial. 11. Navigate to the blocks administration page: admin/system/block or administer » configuration » blocks in the menus. Log in as your site administrator. head to another page.: 07000 7000 850 . If you have a description and no module name. the blocks are displayed after the page has rendered the content. you'll need to copy your onthisdate. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and must have the . Now. we'll need to also enable it in the blocks administration menu and specify a location for it to display.de Tel.de . as you will just enable the module. You'll then have the module name. but the 'onthisdate' description You'll see both the module name and the description Which of these three choices you see is dependent on the state of the CVS tree. If you don't have content.To install the module. Email: info@24ix.. In the menus: administer » configuration » modules. say select the module. or via URL: http://. and won't use the help system. you'll need to 24iX Systems.. Enable the module by selecting the enabled checkbox for the 'On This Date' block and save your blocks.24ix.. Alte Kirchstr. but no description. your installation and the help function in your module. and you won't see the change until you go to new page. the block will display with links to the content.module name extension. The file must be installed in this directory or a subdirectory of the modules directory. In some themes. Because the module is a blocks module./admin/system/modules or Note: You'll see one of three things for the 'onthisdate' module at this point: o o o You'll see the 'onthisdate' module name and no description You'll see no module name. If you have content that was created a week ago. and this bothers you.
and adjust the "Authored on:" date to be a week ago.: 07000 7000 850 .24ix. ?> 24iX Systems. The configuration page uses the 'settings' hook.de Tel. Similarly.. We would like only administrators to be able to access this page. Alternately.. you may have a lot of content created on the day one week ago. } .de . So. you can use that module's permission string.fake some data. } } ?> If you want to tie your modules permissions to the permissions of another module. we'd like to make it better. let's create a configuration page for the administrator to adjust this information. we might not want to display all the links to content created last week. The "access content" permission is a good one to check if the user can view the content on your site: <?php . // check the user has content access if (!user_access("access content")) { return message_access(). Email: info@24ix. so we'll do our first permissions check of the module here: <?php function onthisdate_settings() { // only administrators can access this module if (!user_access("admin onthisdate")) { return message_access().. if your site has been around for a while. You can do this by creating a blog. If we have a site that has been around for a while. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Create a module configuration (settings) page Now that we have a working module. 11.. Alte Kirchstr. if we have a busy site. and you'll see a large number of links in the block. content from a week ago might not be as interesting as content from a year ago. forum topic or book page.
= form_textfield(t("Maximum number of links"). which has a default value of 3.de . 2. title. t("The maximum number of links to display in the block.: 07000 7000 850 . For now. "{node} WHERE created >= '" . 3). "' AND created <= '". We don't need to worry about creating an HTML text field or the form. Navigate to the settings page: admin/system/modules/onthisdate or administer » configuration » modules » onthisdate. ?> You can test the settings page by editing the number of links displayed and noticing the block content adjusts accordingly.We'd like to configure how many links display in the block. We use the form_textfield function to create the form and a text box of size 2. Email: info@24ix. 2.")). we'll just use the form_textfield function. $end_time . There are other form functions that will automatically create the HTML form elements for use. as Drupal will do so for us. We use variable_get to retrieve the value of the system configuration variable "onthisdate_maxdisp". 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. return $output. so we'll need to adjust our query statement in the onthisdate_block function: <?php $limitnum = variable_get("onthisdate_maxdisp". Of course. "onthisdate_maxdisp". } $output . } ?> This function uses several powerful Drupal form handling features. so we'll create a form for the administrator to set the number of links: <?php function onthisdate_settings() { // only administrators can access this module if (!user_access("admin onthisdate")) { return message_access(). Adjust the number 24iX Systems. We also use the translate function of t(). accepting a maximum length of 2 characters. created FROM " . $query = "SELECT nid. variable_get("onthisdate_maxdisp". Alte Kirchstr. "3"). $start_time . 11. we'll need to use the configuration value in our SQL SELECT. "' LIMIT " .de Tel. $limitnum.
= '<a href="'. $end_time . $today['year']). // get the links $queryResult = db_query($query). // 60 * 60 * 24 = 86400 seconds in a day // NOTE! No LIMIT clause here! We want to show all the code $query = "SELECT nid.de Tel. The block displays a maximum number of links. <?php function onthisdate_all() { // content variable that will be returned for display $page_content = ''. However. is not a Drupal hook. 0. while ($links = db_fetch_object($queryResult)) { $page_content . Contrary to all our other functions. Adding menu links and creating page content So far we have our working block and a settings page. copy the code to the new function onthisdate_all(). you'll break the block. ($today['mday'] . Notice the number of links in the block adjusts accordingly. title. "'". 11. We'll write this ExtremeProgramming style.of links and save the configuration. We'll discuss below. "' AND created <= '". // we want items that occur only on the day in question. <?php function onthisdate_all() { } ?> We're going to use much of the code from the block function. let's create a page that lists all the content that was created a week ago. there may be more links than the maximum we show. and duplicate the code. // calculate midnight one week ago $start_time = mktime(0. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. so calculate 1 day $end_time = $start_time + 86400.: 07000 7000 850 . If we need to use it in a third place. $today['mon']. For now. So.$links- 24iX Systems.7). If you enter "c" in the maximum number of links.de . 0. created FROM " .24ix. Email: info@24ix. $start_time .url('node/view/'. we'll refactor it into a separate function. // Get today's date $today = getdate(). in this case. "{node} WHERE created >= '" . 'all'. Note:We don't have any validation with this input. Alte Kirchstr.
so for now. Alte Kirchstr. When creating pages.. '</a><br />'. // check to see if there was any content before setting up the block if ($page_content == '') { // no content from a week ago. we're including layout in the code.3.>nid).x themes.'">'. let the user know print theme("page". This is a change from previous 4. $content_string).de . which may confuse the user. we'll include the formatting in our content: <?php print theme("page". 11.: 07000 7000 850 .. Themes control the look of a site. $links->title . the topic of another tutorial.24ix. Note that we are responsible for outputting the page content with the 'print theme()' syntax. } ?> We have the page content at this point. return. } ?> Letting Drupal know about the new function As mentioned above. We need to tell Drupal how to access the 24iX Systems. the function we just wrote isn't a 'hook': it's not a Drupal recognized name. "No events occurred on this site on this date in history. but we want to do a little more with it than just return it. ?> The rest of our function checks to see if there is content and lets the user know."). and should be avoided. It is. This is preferable to showing an empty or blank page.. This is bad. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. however. } print theme("page".de Tel. <?php function onthisdate_all() { . we need to send the page content to the theme for proper rendering. We use this with the theme() function. As noted above.. } . $page_content).
"</div>". 1 = don't disp menu menu("onthisdate". $node=0) { } ?> There are many different types. Navigate to /onthisdate (or ?q=onthisdate) and see what you get. array("title" => t("More events on this day. the content generated by onthisdate_all will be displayed.de . arg. l(t("more"). Alte Kirchstr. adding this to the $block_content variable before saving it to the $block['content'] variable: <?php // add a more link to our page that displays all the links $block_content .= "<div class=\"more-link\">". Add these lines just before that $block['subject'] line.: 07000 7000 850 . The final "1" in the arguments tells Drupal to not display the link in the user's menu. but we're going to use only 'system' in this tutorial. 11.de Tel. The title of the page will be "On This Date". Email: info@24ix.function when displaying a page. ?> 24iX Systems. 1). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $node=0) { if (($type == "system")) { // URL. page title. <?php function onthisdate_link($type. We do this with the _link hook and the menu() function: <?php function onthisdate_link($type. Adding a more link and showing all entries Because we have our function that creates a page with all the content created a week ago. we're saying if the user goes to "onthisdate" (either via ?q=onthisdate or http://. "onthisdate"."))) . we can link to it from the block with a "more" link.24ix. t("On This Date")./onthisdate). Make this "0" if you want the user to see the link in the side navigation block.. "onthisdate_all". 1. } } ?> Basically. func called for page content..
24ix.3 modules to 4.3. Email: info@24ix. Please check the [Drupal Handbook] for more details on these two subject.This will add the more link. not just administrative pages. and node systems. adding menus to specific entries or dates. If you start writing modules for others to use. major changes have been made to the theme. We recommend you start with a block module of your own and move onto a node module. Most themes and modules will require some changes. providing better help for the user.de Tel. it can be entertaining. This is continuing the work done for Drupal 4. you'll want to provide more details in your code. Instead of using the block function. you could get only a particular user's content for a specific week. or using the menu callback arguments to adjust what year you look at the content from. Alternately. However. Alte Kirchstr. Further notes As is.3. with a few enhancements. which 24iX Systems. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Comments in the code are incredibly valuable for other developers and users in understanding what's going on in your module.de . this tutorial's module isn't very useful. Two topics very important in module development are writing themeable pages and writing translatable content. And we're done! We now have a working module.: 07000 7000 850 . Follow the Drupal [Coding standards]. you can write a filter or theme. consider expanding the menu and page functions. It created a block and a page. Converting 4. You'll also want to expand the help function. Alternately. Menu system The Drupal menu system has been extended to drive all pages. especially if you're going to add your module to the project.4 Since Drupal 4. menu. You should now have enough to get started writing your own modules. Try modifying the select query statement to select only nodes of type 'blog' and see what you get.
3.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . The _link hook in all modules is called. you know how to create the other. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. For example. } ?> The following points should be considered when upgrading modules to use the new menu system: o The _page hook is obsolete. the above menu() calls would cause example_foo("bar". 24iX Systems. Pages will not be shown unless they are declared with a menu() call as discussed above. We now have consistency between administrative and "normal" pages. The callback is responsible for printing the requested page. print theme("page".de Tel. " . 0. Email: info@24ix. $theNumber) { $output = $theString. Alte Kirchstr. The flow of page generation now proceeds as follows: 1." . "example_page". if the current URL is example/foo/bar/12. This will usually involve preparing the content.$theNumber. "example_foo"). 11. and then printing the return value of theme("page"). t("foo"). so that modules can use menu() to add items to the menu. t("example").integrated the administrative menu with the user menu. a module could define: <?php function example_link($type) { if ($type == "system") { menu("example". t("example"). menu("example/foo". } } ?> 2.de . 4. For example. just declare that function as a "catchall" callback: <?php menu("example". To convert former _page hooks to the new system as simply as possible. The menu system examines the current URL. when you learn to create one. For example: <?php function example_foo($theString. The callback may set the title or breadcrumb trail if the defaults are not satisfactory (more on this later). $output). "example_page"). 12) to get invoked. and finds the "best fit" for the URL in the menu.
see converting 4. o The title of the page is printed by the theme system. ?> The trailing MENU_HIDE argument in this call makes the menu item hidden. If the default title is not satisfactory. $title. $breadcrumb should be a list of links beginning with "Home" and proceeding up to. Alte Kirchstr. Old administrative callbacks returned their content. o Theme system For full information on theme system changes. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. the current page.de Tel. o The breadcrumb trail is also printed by the theme. so the callback functions but the module does not clutter the user menu. ?> 24iX Systems.de . this can be done by calling drupal_set_breadcrumb($breadcrumb) before theme("page") gets called. it can be changed by calling drupal_set_title($title) before theme("page") gets called. ?> New usage: <?php print theme("box". The following points are directly relevant to module development: o All theme functions now return their output instead of printing them to the user.: 07000 7000 850 .MENU_HIDE). administrative and normal callbacks alike are responsible for printing the entire page. In the new system. or by passing the title to theme("page") as a parameter.24ix. $title. Email: info@24ix. or by passing the breadcrumb to theme("page") as a parameter. 11. $output). so page content does not need to be wrapped in a theme("box") to get a title printed. $output).3 themes to CVS. Old theme() usage: <?php theme("box". If the default one needs to be overridden (to present things like forum hierarchies). but not including.
Alte Kirchstr. The full syntax of this function is <?php theme("page". o 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix. array(1. $title.name>. 11. The _node() hook has been deprecated. as theme() will do this automatically.3)). project. Example: <?php function theme_example_list($list) { return implode('<br />'. o The naming of theme functions defined by modules has been standardized to theme_<. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Module developers should use the theme("page") function which wraps the content in the site theme. } print theme('example_list'. This will allow some of the more convoluted code in. $list). Node system The node system has been upgraded to allow a single module to define more than one type of node. ?> where $title and $breadcrumb will override any values set before for these properties._<.2.module to be tidied up.24ix. modules that define nodes should use _node_name() and _help(). o The _node_name() function should return a translated string containing the human-readable name of the node type.module>. When using a theme function there is no need to include the theme_ part..de Tel. o The theme("header") and theme("footer") functions are not available anymore.de .Modules that define their own theme functions should also return their output. ?> Theme functions must always be called using theme() to allow for the active theme to modify the output if necessary. In its place. $output. for example. $breadcrumb).: 07000 7000 850 .
and >. should return a translated string containing the description of the node type. Alte Kirchstr. etc. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. } } ?> "name" is new. case "prepare": // Do preparing on $text return $text.24ix. 'conf_filters') have been merged into one 'filter' hook. and should return a friendly name for the filter. Email: info@24ix. $text = "") { switch ($op) { case "name": return t("Name of the filter"). mathematical formulas. This means. when called with parameter "node/add#modulename". o Filter system o The various filter hooks ('filter'. A module that provides filtering functionality should implement: <?php function example_filter($op. case "process": // Do processing on $text return $text.The _help() function.. Common examples include filtering pieces of PHP code. If you don't need 24iX Systems. o Modules wishing to use the new ability to define multiple node types should see the Doxygen documentation for hook_node_name() and hook_node_types(). to convert meaningful HTML characters like < and > into entities such as <. "prepare" is also new. it should be moved into "prepare" instead. If your filter currently performs such a step in the main "process" step.: 07000 7000 850 . case "settings": // Generate $output of settings return $output.de Tel. if HTML tags are allowed. This is an extra step that is performed before the default HTML processing. It is not allowed to do anything other than escaping in the "prepare" step.de . 11. It is meant to give filters the chance to escape HTML-like data before it can get stripped.
although none of those should have been called from modules. o Node filtering is optimized with the node_prepare() function now. Any module can inject short tips about the filter defined via the _help hook. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $main = 0) { if ($main) { theme("node". Normal filtering is performed here. $page. that indicates whether the node is being viewed as a standalone page or as part of a larger context. your filter should simply return $text without processing in this case. The check_output() function is still available with the same functionality. o The _compose_tips hook (defined by the contrib compose_tips. $breadcrumb[] = l(t("foo"). Alte Kirchstr. $node. If your filter provides configurable options. This is important because nodes may change the breadcrumb trail if they are being viewed as a page. which now supports short tips to be placed under textareas. the following hooks have changed: o The _view hook has been changed to return its content rather than printing it. and thus most of the filter function names changed. Otherwise. Hook changes Other than those mentioned above. The compose_tips URL is thus changed to filter/tips. and the changed $text is returned.de . 11. you should return them here (using the standard form_* functions). which only runs the body through the filters if the node view page is displayed. "process" is the equivalent of the old "filter" hook. $main). but more advanced functionality exists in the core. It also has an extra parameter. "settings" is the equivalent of the old "conf_filters" hook. You can emit extensive compose tips related to the filter you define via the _help hook with the 'filter#long-tip' section identifier. only the teaser is filtered.module. 24iX Systems. The form_allowed_tags_text() function is replaced with filter_tips_short(). ""). Email: info@24ix.module) is not supported anymore. Old usage: <?php function example_view($node.24ix. o The filter handling code has been moved to a new required filter. "foo").de Tel. with the 'filter#short-tip' section identifier. } else { $breadcrumb[] = l(t("Home").: 07000 7000 850 .any escaping.
This provides more precise control over result group titles. $main). Instead. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Calls to url() or l() that have '#' in the $url parameter need to be updated. You can add JavaScript code or CSS to the HTML head part with the drupal_set_html_head() function instead. $node. has been removed. Alte Kirchstr. The second argument $help. check the story. Drupal's path aliasing won't work for URLs with # in them. typically used to print submission guidelines. } } ?> The _form hook used by node modules does no longer take 3 arguments.de Tel. $main = 0. } return theme("node". 24iX Systems. ""). $page). } else { if ($page) { $breadcrumb[] = l(t("Home"). For examples. o The _head hook is eliminated and replaced with the drupal_set_html_head() and drupal_get_html_head() functions.: 07000 7000 850 . theme("node". but a two element array with the result group title and the result set array. $main. the help should be emitted using the module's _help hook.de . $page = 0) { if ($main) { return theme("node". $main. $breadcrumb) .24ix. If you don't update such calls. $node. $node->body. Email: info@24ix. $breadcrumb[] = l(t("foo"). 11. o See also the description of the _compose_tips hook changes below. drupal_set_breadcrumb($breadcrumb). o Emitting links o The functions url() and l() take a new $fragment parameter. $page).$node->body = theme("breadcrumb". forum or blog module. o The _search hook was changed to not only return the result set array. } } ?> New usage: <?php function example_view($node. "foo"). $node."<br />".
please use node_feed() instead. Also modules using node_feed() should provide an absolute link in the 'link' key. Any module which send email should be updated so that links in the email have absolute urls instead of relative urls. 'error') unless used to print an error message below a form item. Contributed modules must be updated whenere an absolute url is required. o The menu API is much more consistent with the rest of Drupal's API..o Drupal now emits relative URLS instead of absolute URLs. The new features include: The administrator may now customize the menu to reorder.) to print error messages should be updated to use drupal_set_message(. Alte Kirchstr." which will by default be displayed as tabs on the page content.de .. remove.5 Menu system The Drupal menu system got a complete rewrite. <?php drupal_set_message(t('failed to update X'.24ix. set the second parameter to 'error' ?> // o Modules that print status messages directly to the screen using status() should be updated to use drupal_set_message().4 modules to 4.. o 24iX Systems. <?php drupal_set_message(t('updated X')). The status() function has been removed. and add items. o Menu items may be classified as "local tasks.de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. For example: Any module that outputs an RSS feed without using node_feed() should be updated. 'error')).. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Note: this is discouraged. ?> Converting 4.. 11. You do this using a parameter in your call to l() or url() Status and error messages o Modules that use theme('error'. if any. .
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. MENU_FALLTHROUGH. t('blog entry'). 'callback' => 'blog_page'. The hook reference in the Doxygen documentation details all the specifics of this new hook. 'access' => user_access('maintain personal blog'). 0. t('RSS feed'). 'title' => t('my blog'). 1. 'title' => t('blog entry').de Tel. menu('blog'. 'type' => MENU_SUGGESTED_ITEM). Email: info@24ix. 'access' => user_access('maintain personal blog')). In its place. rather than making many calls to menu() in your hook_link() implementation. 24iX Systems. 'type' => MENU_DYNAMIC_ITEM). you will implement hook_menu() to return an array of the menu items you define. MENU_HIDE. MENU_LOCKED). $items[] = array('path' => 'blog/'. 'type' => MENU_CALLBACK). if ($may_cache) { $items[] = array('path' => 'node/add/blog'. MENU_LOCKED). } return $items. user_access('access content') ? 'blog_page' : MENU_DENIED. Alte Kirchstr. the old pattern: <?php function blog_link($type. $user->uid. $user->uid. menu('blog/'.de . $node = 0. MENU_HIDE). The old hook_link() remains.: 07000 7000 850 . we have hook_menu(). if ($type == 'system') { menu('node/add/blog'. 'callback' => 'blog_feed'. In short. 'title' => t('blogs'). As an example. $items = array(). 'title' => t('RSS feed'). t('blogs'). user_access('maintain personal blog') ? MENU_FALLTHROUGH : MENU_DENIED. 0). 0. 11. but will no longer be called with the "system" argument. } } ?> becomes: <?php function blog_menu($may_cache) { global $user. $main) { global $user. $items[] = array('path' => 'blog/feed'. 'access' => user_access('access content'). MENU_SHOW. user_access('access content') ? 'blog_feed' : MENU_DENIED.24ix. 'access' => user_access('access content'). t('my blog'). menu('blog/feed'.The menu() function is no more. $items[] = array('path' => 'blog'.
Node modules' hook_form() implementations no longer take an "error" parameter" and should not worry about displaying errors. Instead of calling theme('node'. as before). 11.} ?> Drupal now distinguishes between 404 (Not Found) pages and 403 (Forbidden) pages. Node changes The database field static has been renamed to sticky. so hook_view() was changed slightly to no longer require a return value. Most significant is that paths of the form "node/view/52" are now "node/52" instead. This operation needs to be invoked after the filtering of the node. Instead. check the links printed by your code. The same applies to hook_nodeapi('form_post') and hook_nodeapi('form_pre'). Email: info@24ix. it does change the node API slightly: The _validate hook and the _nodeapi('validate') hook of the node API no longer take an "error" parameter. however. while "node/edit/52" becomes "node/52/edit". 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. they should set the "access" attribute of their newly-declared menu item to FALSE. and should no longer return an error array.module to inject HTML elements into the view of nodes safely. To set an error. It simplifies the forms and validation code.24ix.de . and the calling code will take care of sending the result to the theme. Use this instead of adding that information to the field description. Modules may also want to take advantage of the drupal_access_denied() function. the hook can just modify $node as it sees fit (including running $node->body and $node->teaser through the filters. Path changes Some internal URL paths have changed. $node) and returning the result as before. Most modules o o 24iX Systems. modules should abandon the practice of not declaring menu items when access is denied to them. and also preventing the callback from being invoked by typing in the URL.: 07000 7000 850 . o In order to allow modules such as book. call form_set_error(). Alte Kirchstr. which prints a 404). hook_nodeapi() was extended to respond to the 'view' operation. which prints a 403 page (the analogue of drupal_not_found(). To accommodate this.de Tel. This will have the effect of the menu item being hidden. All of the form_ family of functions can take a parameter that marks the field as required in a standard way. Error handling of forms (such as node editing forms) is now done using form_set_error().
as the return value from the hook is just discarded.title FROM {node} n WHERE n. node_access_join_sql() . the node module takes care of this check. so that they properly check for whether the user has access to the node before listing it.: 07000 7000 850 .nid. node_access_where_sql() .will just work under the new semantics. ?> See node access rights in the Doxygen reference. but the $node parameter is now required to be passed by reference (this was common but optional before).status = 1 AND '. ?> become <?php db_query('SELECT n.24ix. Filtering changes This change affects non-filter modules as well! Please read on even if your module does not filter.de . See the hook API for details. Check_output() changes 24iX Systems.title FROM {node} n '. Alte Kirchstr. The check for $node->status should be removed. n. The filter system was changed to support multiple input formats. Email: info@24ix. Each input format houses an entire filter configuration: which filters to use.nid. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.' AND foo').' WHERE n. A value should only be returned from this hook if the node module needs to override whatever access is granted by the node_access table. The filter system now supports multiple filters per module as well. 11. Node listing queries need to be changed as well. Queries of the form <?php db_query('SELECT n.de Tel. n. in what order and with what settings.status = 1 AND foo'). o We have node-level access control now! This means that node modules need to make very small changes to their hook_access() implementations.
$node->format). /* case 'no cache': return true. ?> The node system will automatically save/load the format value for you. a module which implements content has to take care of managing the format with each item. it is strongly advised to support input formats! To do this.").24ix. Alte Kirchstr.de . you can decide if you want to support multiple input formats or not. you must: o o o o Provide a selector for input formats on your forms.= filter_form('format'. using filter_form(). 11. $format = -1. 24iX Systems. Store the format ID with each content item (the format ID is a number). It's best to start with the following framework: <?php function hook_filter($op.Because of the multiple input formats.de Tel. Pass the format ID to check_output(). then you need to do two things: Pass $node->format as the second parameter to check_output() whenever you use it. o Add a filter format selector to hook_form using a snippet like: o <?php $output . Validate the chosen input format on submission. Email: info@24ix. Filter hook The _filter hook was changed significantly. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Check the API documentation for these functions for more information on how to use them. However. the default format will always be used.: 07000 7000 850 . using filter_access(). $delta = 0. If your module provides content outside of the node system. case 'description': return t("Short description of the filter's actions. if your module accepts input through the browser. If your module uses the node system and passes content through check_output(). If you don't. $text = '') { switch ($op) { case 'list': return array(0 => t('Filter name')).
case 'settings': $output = . Alte Kirchstr.*/ case 'prepare': $text = . If a filter has no configurable settings. This allows the setting to be set separately for each input format. but be sure to remove it again if it's not needed. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Modules no longer need to call filter_tips_short() to display them. Email: info@24ix.de Tel. it should return nothing for the settings. you should now include the $format parameter in the variable names for filter settings. it should be changed to "myfilter_something_$format". The 'prepare'... because there is now a separate overview of all enabled filters. return $text. If your filter's output is dynamic and should not be cached. 'process' and 'settings' operations still work the same as before. Finally. Unlike before. case 'process': $text = . However. If your filter has a setting "myfilter_something". default: return $text. A module's filter tips are returned through the filter_tips hook: 24iX Systems. Only do this when absolutely necessary. rather than a message like we did before.. return $output... Beware of the filter cache when developing your module: it is advised to uncomment 'no cache' while developing. you can normally ignore the $delta paramter: it is used to have multiple filters inside one module. because this turns off caching for any input format your filter is used in. uncomment the 'no cache' snippet. the 'settings' operation should only be used to return actually useful settings. add your filter to two different input formats and give each instance different settings.de .. with only small changes. return $text..24ix. 11. the filter system now includes caching. } } ?> When converting a module to 4.: 07000 7000 850 .5. A filter does not need its own on/off toggle. Verify that each input format retains its own settings. To check if it works correctly. Filter tips Filter tips are now output through the format selector.
If a submission was rejected. you should not use drupal_goto(). o When processing a form submission.de Tel. $format.5 modules to HEAD Block system Every block now has a configuration page to control block-specific options.: 07000 7000 850 . Once this change is made. Alte Kirchstr.24ix. 11. make sure you use $format to retrieve the setting for the current input format. Modules which have configurations for their blocks should move those into hook_block(). $long tells you whether to return long or short tips. but simply print out the form along with error messages. 24iX Systems.<?php function hook_filter_tips($delta. "form". modules will still be compatible with Drupal 4. The only required changes to modules implementing hook_block() is to be careful about what is returned.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. you should use drupal_goto() to redirect to the result if the submission was accepted. If your filter's tips depend on its settings. o Converting 4. This prevents a double post when people refresh their browser right after submitting. } } ?> As in the filter hook you can ignore the $delta parameter if you're upgrading an existing module. Pay particular attention to the "categories". Do not return anything if $op is not 'list' or 'view'. Email: info@24ix. Other changes In addition to the above mentioned changes: hook_user() was changed to allow multiple pages of user profile information. Messages set with drupal_set_message() will be saved across the redirect.5. The new syntax of the hook is given in the API reference. } else { return t("Short tip"). $long = false) { if ($long) { return t("Long tip"). and "view" operations.
Writing a node module This information is superseded by the Doxygen documentation. Database backend The function check_query was renamed to db_escape_string and now has a database specific implementation. please refer to the documentation of hook_search and hook_update_index. implement the additional $op options in your module. For detailed changes. All instance of check_query should be renamed to db_escape_string. The implmentation of 'configure' should return a string containing the configuration form for the block with the appropriate $delta. Email: info@24ix.de Tel.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . Writing efficient database JOINs posted by Craig Courtney on 6/21/2003 to the drupal-devel mailing list. its example node module is a good tutorial. However. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. the standard search is still limited to a keyword search. Modules that implement hook_search and hook_update_index just to have extra node fields indexed no longer need to do this. which will contain the submitted form data for saving. RIGHT OUTER and each requires an ON clause to let the RDBMS know what fields to use joining the 24iX Systems. specific search forms (like project.If a specific block has configuration options. Search system The search system got a significant overhaul. 11. There are three types of join There are 3 kinds of join INNER.module) can still do so. LEFT OUTER. Modules that implement custom. 'save' will have an additional $edit argument.de . Content indexing now uses the node's processed and filtered output. which means that any custom node fields will automatically be included in the index (as long as they are visible to the enduser who views the node). In particular. Alte Kirchstr.
Any values selected out of the right table will be null for those rows where no matching row is found in the right table. It is recommended that you no use right joins as your query can always be rewritten to use left joins which tend to be more portable and easier to read. For example: Table A tid. Email: info@24ix. b. The syntax being the following {left table} {INNER | LEFT | RIGHT} JOIN {right table} ON {join criteria} An INNER JOIN returns only those rows from left table where they have a matching row in right table based on the join criteria.tid = b.tid Result 2: Linux. With all of the joins if there are multiple rows in one table that match one row in the other table will result in that row getting returned many time. tid. 'Debian' Table B fid.name. <null> 24iX Systems.24ix. What an example Debian. What an example Query 2: SELECT a. For each join there are two table the left table and the right table.de .tables. 'What an example' Query 1: SELECT a.message FROM a LEFT JOIN b ON a. A LEFT JOIN returns ALL rows from the left table even if no matching rows where found in the right table.tid Result 1: Linux.name. 11. Very Cool Linux.: 07000 7000 850 . 'Linux' 2. message 1. 1. So it would return all rows in the right table regardless of matching rows in the left table.message FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a. b. A RIGHT JOIN works exactly the same as a left join but reversing the direction. 1.tid = b. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. name 1.de Tel. 'Very Cool' 2. Alte Kirchstr. Very Cool Linux.
Alte Kirchstr.de .Hope that helps in reading some of the queries.24ix. Email: info@24ix. It does not include menu caching.de Tel. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: CVS as of August 2004.: 07000 7000 850 .) 24iX Systems. Drupal's menu building mechanism (Note: this is an analysis of the menu building mechanism in pre-4.
de Tel.24ix. We are looking specifically at how the menu system works and is built. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . from a technical 24iX Systems.This continues our examination of how Drupal serves pages.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix. 11.
the complete node is actually loaded via the node_load() function so it can be examined for permissions.. they have a function called foo_menu() where foo is the name of the module). So each module has a chance to register its own menu items. see the documentation. then returns $_menu. where menu_execute_active_handler() has been called. It is interesting that when the node module receives the menu callback through node_menu(). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. it means a 'super global'. We begin in index.de . Diving in from menu_execute_active_handler(). so the node is gone and needs to be rebuilt 24iX Systems.perspective.inc) An array called $menu_item_list is populated by sending a 'menu' callback to all modules with 'menu' hooks (that is. Alte Kirchstr.24ix. 11. The $node variable into which it was loaded then goes out of scope. the _menu_build() function actually reinitializes the $_menu array. Then it sets up two main arrays within $_menu: the items array and the path index array. The latter function declares the global $_menu array (note the underline. and the path is something like 'node/1' as it is in our present case.de Tel. we immediately set the $menu variable by calling menu_get_menu(). The items array is an array keyed to integers. For an excellent overview of the menu system.php. which is a predefined array in PHP lore) and calls _menu_build() to fill the array.: 07000 7000 850 . Although menu_get_menu() initializes the $_menu array. Email: info@24ix.
it is blasted away. 11.completely later on. but there must be a bug in the Zend IDE because it shows item -44 as null. In fact. See also the comments in menu. The comments says "reassigning menu IDs as needed. whereas up til now the values in the path index array have been integers.: 07000 7000 850 . The path index array entries generated from the database can be recognized because their values are strings. It is called visible and takes into account the access attribute and whether or not the item is hidden in order to filter the items array. Note: the $temp_mid and $mid variables seem to do the same thing. Anyway. Since node/1 is present in the path index. If an equivalent path is already there in the path index array. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. In the items array of the $_menu array. we successfully found a menu item. As each entry is examined.inc for menu_get_menu(). and execution is passed off to node_page() through the call_user_func_array function. read all the comments in menu." This is probably to detect if the user has customized the menu entries using the menu module. It points to menu item -44 in our case. syntactically. Why. Alte Kirchstr. It looks like the code is looking at paths to determine which menu items are children of other menu items. the menu item entry is checked for callback arguments (there are none) and for additional parameters (also none). 24iX Systems. the menu id is used as the key and the entire array entry is the value. Next the menu table from the database is fetched and its contents are used to move the position of existing menu items from their current menu ids to the menu ids saved in the database.inc! Now the path is parsed out from the q parameter of the URL. Now I get sort of lost. Then _menu_build_visible_tree is a recursive function that builds a third subarray inside $_menu. type and weight entry.de Tel. to go along with items and path index. As an anonymous user. to be precise. Email: info@24ix.de . the path index array of the $_menu array is checked to see if the path of this menu item exists. The path index of this menu item is then added as a key with the value being the menu id. cannot only one be used? The path index array contained 76 items when serving out a simple node with only the default modules enabled.24ix. The $menu_item_list array is normalized by making sure each array entry has a path. This seems like a golden opportunity for the node module to cache the node. all items but the Navigation menu item are filtered out.
11. Alte Kirchstr.24ix.Drupal's node building mechanism (This walkthrough done on pre-4.de Tel. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: .) 24iX Systems.5 CVS code in August 2004.: 07000 7000 850 .
de . A numeric $op is set to arg(2) if arg(2) exists.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. remember?) 24iX Systems.24ix. 11.The node_page controller checks for a $_POST['op'] entry and. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. sets $op to arg(1) which in this case is the '1' in node/1. Email: info@24ix. failing that. but in this case it doesn't ('1' is the end of the URL.: 07000 7000 850 .
though. and we continue pell-mell into node_load using the default $revision of -1 (that is.other conditions can be defined to further restrict the upcoming database query) for which we use arg(1). u. the current revision).24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .. Alte Kirchstr. The actual query that ends up being run is SELECT n. u.name. The data field from the users table is serialized. We now have a complete node that looks like the following: Attribute Value body changed This is a test node body 1089859653 comment 2 created data 1089857673 a:1:{s:5. Thus.uid WHERE n = '1' We get back a joined row from the database as an object. How does this relate to the user_roles table? Note that the comment "// Unserialize the revisions and user data fields" should be moved up before the call to drupal_unpack(). we succeed in the 'view' case of the switch statement..de Tel.so the $op is hardcoded to 'view'.de . (serialized data) moderate 0 name nid picture promote admin 1 '' 1 revisions '' roles array containing one key-value pair. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 0 = 24iX Systems.data FROM node n INNER JOIN users u on u. 11.picture. That doesn't stop us. u. $conditions (an array with nid set to desired node id -. so it must be unserialized. The 'revision' key of the _GET array is unset so we need to make brief stop at error_handler because of an undefined index error. for which we use _GET['revision']. and are shunted over to node_load(). Email: info@24ix. and $revision.*.uid. This data field contains the user's roles. u. The function node_load() takes two arguments.
It just retrieves the format. those will be deprecated with the improved menu system. The 'format' column specifies whether we're dealing with a HTML or PHP page.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. We do this via the node_invoke($node. Email: info@24ix. link and description columns from the page table. The 'link' and 'description' fields are used to generate a link to the newly created page. the page module is used. and the specific name of the function we'll call is page_load().de Tel.module is the one we'll call. link and description key-value pairs are added to the node's definition. Now it's time to call the node_invoke_nodeapi() function to allow other modules to do their thing. 11.: 07000 7000 850 . the core themes no longer use this information (unlike some older themes in the contributions repository).g. To that extend. We check each module for a function that begins with the 24iX Systems. however. It's time to notify the appropriate module that this has happened. if the node type is page-foo. The page_load() function turns out to be really simple.. So now we have a node loaded from the database.de . 'load') call. Alte Kirchstr. We return to node_load(). If the name of the node type has a hyphen in it. In this case.'2' score status sticky teaser title type uid users votes 0 1 0 This is a test node body Test page 1 '' 0 All of the above are strings except the roles array. the left part is used. so the page. where the format. E. The node_invoke() function asks node_get_module_name() to determine the name of the module that corresponds with the node's type. the node type is a page. which will be added to the node above. The module called via this callback may return an array of key-value pairs.
The $op argument is 'load'. in this case. $op.module's name and ends with _nodeapi().de . if present as an attribute of $node. the taxonomy module is concerned only with inserts. (Not yet done.de Tel. It is odd that this occurs here. Note that the node is passed in by reference so that any changes made by the module will be reflected in the actual node object we built. no symbols match. We'll try again with taxonomy_nodeapi(&$node. the node is replaced with the appropriate revision of the node. arg(3)). node_show($node. Again. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $arg = 0) in the node. not loads. Next. $node->title). 11. we're ready to get down to business and actually produce some output. However. no symbols are matched in the controller so we just return. back in node_page(). $op. This is done with the statement print theme('page'. 'fields'. So nothing happens. which has a function called comment_nodeapi(&$node. And what that statement calls is complex enough to again warrant another commentary. Again.: 07000 7000 850 . $arg = 0). 'form admin'.24ix. updates and deletes. Note that any of these modules could have done anything to the node if they had wished.) 'Status' field values for nodes and comments Just documenting the status field for the following tables NODES o o 0: not published 1: published 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. We hit paydirt with the comment module. Finally. as all the work that may have been done by modules is summarily blown away if a revision other than the default revision is found.module itself. 'validate' and 'delete' match). this doesn't match any of comment_nodeapi()'s symbols in its controller ('settings'. Our second hit is node_nodeapi(&$node. $op. arg = 0). Email: info@24ix.
de Tel. move them from right to left. then mytheme_node($node) will be invoked instead. 24iX Systems. $node). At the basis of this are Drupal's theme functions.24ix. and this theme has defined a function mytheme_node(). ?> By default. Drupal invokes these functions indirectly using the theme() function. Alte Kirchstr. thus allowing any module to add themeable parts to the default set provided by Drupal. mark-up. For example. this will call theme_node($node). you control all aspects of your drupal site in terms of colors. However. The default theme functions are all named theme_something() or theme_module_something(). Custom themes can implement their own version of these theme functions by defining mytheme_something() (if the theme is named mytheme). Theme functions defined by modules include theme_forum_display() and theme_node_list(). Email: info@24ix.= theme("node". mytheme_forum_display(). layout and even the position of most blocks (or boxes). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . up and down until it fits your needs. You can accommodate rather major changes in overall appearance and significant structural changes. functions named: mytheme_error(). 11. mytheme_node_list().COMMENTS o o o 0: published 1: not published 2: deleted Writing themable modules Note: this page describes Drupal's theming from the code side of things. Some of the basic theme functions include: theme_error() and theme_table() which as their name suggest return HTML code for an error message and a table respectively. corresponding to the default theme functions described above. mytheme_table(). Moreover. if the currently active theme is "mytheme". For example: <?php $node = node_load(array('nid' => $nid)).de . Each theme function takes a particular piece of data and outputs it as HTML. Drupal's theme system is very powerful. etc. You can leave blocks out. $output .
56414 Steinefrenz Web:. Theming overview Note: this page describes the theme system from a themer's perspective.5em solid #FFF. stylesheets and PHP. 11. This way. Alte Kirchstr. Here's how some existing themes are built: Theme Pushbutton Box Grey Box Cleanslate PHPTemplate Bluebeach Engine (PHP) Template (XHTML) Style (CSS) XTemplate . padding-left: 0.5. table#themeoverview tr. However. you should read this page. border-bottom: 0.This simple and straight-forward approach has proven to be both flexible and fast. The template engine will override the theme_functions() and stick the appropriate content into user defined (X)HTML templates. Email: info@24ix. } As of version 4. If you are a module coder looking to make your module themable.65em.stick { border-left: 0px !important.xtmpl .de Tel. specifically the Theming overview. no PHP knowledge is required and a lot of the complexity is hidden away.de .top th { border-bottom: 2px solid #D8E8F5. templates.tpl.css .24ix.php . The new structure makes it easy to plug components together to form your theme: templating engines.: 07000 7000 850 . More information about this can be found in the Theme developer's guide. Drupal's theme system is very flexible.css 24iX Systems.css . Theme developer's guide This section of our handbook documents aspects of our theme system that will be of interest to theme developers. } table#themeoverview tr td.php .css . because direct PHP theming is not ideal for everyone. we have implemented mechanisms on top of this: so-called template engines can act as intermediaries between Drupal and the template/theme.
Drupal will show it in the theme administration screen.png file in the theme directory. you can either customize an existing theme or start from scratch..css file in it. 11.tpl.css themes/chameleon/chameleon.css A 'theme' is now an abstract thing which can be formed in several ways: PHP . .engine themes/pushbutton/xtemplate. Finally.php themes/box_grey/style.24ix. Email: info@24ix. The theme engines will scan every subdirectory for template files (.theme file containing overrides for theme_functions: e. 24iX Systems.theme . Pushbutton.tmpl themes/pushbutton/style.g.. Marvin.: 07000 7000 850 .g. and make it available as a new theme. if there is a screenshot.tpl.): e. Drupal will combine the new stylesheet with the template it belongs in. You can also make CSS-only themes by making a subdirectory in any theme directory and placing a new style.css themes/chameleon/marvin/style.xtmpl.theme themes/chameleon/style.css Themes and templates are placed in their own subdirectory in the themes directory.css themes/box_grey/box_cleanslate/style. Chameleon o Template file (. Alte Kirchstr.php. . If a style. ..de Tel.css themes/box_grey/page. .css file is present. This is how the Marvin and Box Cleanslate themes work.tpl..php) for a templating engine (XTemplate.). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Marvin Chameleon. Box Cleanslate o The directory structure for the example above looks like this: themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.css .php themes/bluebeach/style. PHPTemplate. it will also be used. Creating custom themes If you want to create a custom theme.engine themes/engines/phptemplate/phptemplate. Bluebeach o Style sheet for an existing template or theme: e.css themes/bluebeach/page.de .g.tpl.
and makes it available for selection to administrators: administer -> themes Drupal is distributed with two XTemplate templates included . you can use PHP or XHTML/CSS to modify it. CSS. There are other template engines available in the contributions repository (e. Drupal themes used to be coded directly in PHP. If you want to start from scratch. making it easy for designers to create or modify templates by working on XHTML/HTML and CSS without having to worry about any PHP coding. XTemplate templates are directories which contain all the XHTML/HTML.de Tel. XTemplate theme engine The XTemplate theme system uses templates to layout and style Web pages. XTemplate auto-detects it.: 07000 7000 850 .de . PHPTemplate). It separates logic (PHP).g. which requires you to create an (X)HTML skeleton with special markers. and style (CSS). just copy it to a new directory in themes.To customize an existing theme. Alte Kirchstr.24ix. Templates are located in the themes directory of a Drupal installation: /themes/ Once a template exists in the themes directory. then the easiest solution is to use one of the template engines. See the XTemplate documentation for more info. Then modify the copy as much as you want. Creating a new template 24iX Systems. there are several ways to go. structure (XHTML/HTML).css file in a subdirectory of the theme: it will appear as a new theme in Drupal. Drupal comes with the XTemplate theme engine. then just place a new style.Bluemarine and Pushbutton. Email: info@24ix. As explained above. By default. 11. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: based. image and JavaScript files that a template uses. but is harder to use and maintain than template-based themes. This method is still available. if you only want to alter the CSS of a theme. If you're not a programmer. Depending on whether the theme is template or .
xtmpl file can be edited in DreamWeaver.de . section tags and item tags. All other files in the template are optional. but with a different stylesheet. with content from the database. the xtemplate. The only file required in a template directory is xtemplate. Template Basics xTemplate creates Web pages by substituting place holder tags in a template. and should all be included in the template directory to make the template easy to maintain and portable between Drupal installations. The easiest way to create a new template is to make a copy of an existing template. If you make a subdirectory within your template. The xtemplate. Note that if you name your stylesheet style. 11.: 07000 7000 850 .css file.xtmpl file. containing another style. it will automatically be picked up by Drupal.de Tel.To make a new XTemplate template. and you will not need to add an explicit @import or <link /> for it. using the XHTML from the first template. such as Default or Pushbutton. create a directory in your Drupal installation at this location: /themes/ Whatever you name the new directory will be used as the name of your new template. for instance: /themes/rembrant Once you create a template in this directory. which is a regular HTML or XHTML file containing some XTemplate tags that Drupal substitutes with content when a page is served. There are two kinds of template place holder tags.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. and start making changes to the files.xtmpl. GoLive. then the subdirectory becomes a new theme. These can include CSS. and are linked to from the xtemplate.xtmpl file. BBEdit or any other application you use to work on HTML/XHTML. it will appear on the theme selection page as the "rembrant" template. image or JavaScript files. Email: info@24ix. Section Tags 24iX Systems.css. Alte Kirchstr.
marking areas of the page.BEGIN: title --> <!-. while the {title} tag below is the title for the comments on a page.BEGIN: node --> <!-. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: tags deal with the structure of a Web page.de .END: node --> Item Tags Item tags are place holders for content items.BEGIN: title --> <!-. and are XHTML/HTML comment tags which look like this: <!-. and it's structure. Alte Kirchstr. <!-. who the page was submitted by.de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . Item tags look like this: {title} {submitted} {content} Item tags are associated with the section tag that surrounds them. so that one set of section tags can be contained by annother: <!-. such as the title of a page.END: title --> Some section tags mark areas were the content. Email: info@24ix. will be repeated.END: comment --> Section tags can be nested. or the main content of a page. 11. For instance the comment section may be repeated more than once depending on how many comments are on a page: <!-.END: title --> <!-.BEGIN: comment --> <!-.END: node --> The {title} tag above is the main title of a page.BEGIN: comment --> {title} 24iX Systems. for instance: <!-.BEGIN: node --> {title} <!-.24ix.
It is therefore recommended to leave out the XML prolog. DOCTYPE The DOCTYPE element tells a browser two things. Although the <head> element is included in the Header section. Alte Kirchstr.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict. for instance: <?xml version="1.0 Strict//EN" ". Email: info@24ix. and where the DTD (Document Type Declaration) of that language is located.w3.END: header --> Don't confuse the Header section with the XHTML/HTML <head> element.<!-.the area designers usualy refer to as the "Header". or display it incorrectly. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: header --> <!-. This is an example of a DOCTYPE element: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1. fail to display the page. and specify encoding in a ContentType element in the <head> of your template (which Drupal does automatically). which usually consists of a horizontal bar with the site's logo and some navigation links.dtd"> 24iX Systems.END: comment --> Header Section The Section The xTemplate Header section starts and ends with these tags <!-.0" encoding="utf-8"?> Unfortunately there are many browsers that handle the XML prolog badly. Prolog The WC3 recommends that all XHTML documents should start with an XML prolog specifying the encoding of the document. 11. it also holds the top part of the Web page .: 07000 7000 850 . and either crash.de .24ix.de Tel. which XML language the document is using.
read: Fix Your Site With the Right DOCTYPE! by Jeffrey Zeldman {head_title} Content of the <title> element.</style> Add this tag to allow your template to take advantage of the Drupal theme system's style-switching ability.BEGIN: header --> is OK.css". The xTemplate tag <!-. and which version would suit your needs best. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: . charset=utf8" /> <base href=". or you may get unexpected results in some browsers. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. 11.css).com/" /> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url(misc/drupal. {head} Filled in with the following: <meta http-@import "themes/bluemarine/style. To learn more about the DOCTYPE element.There should be absolutely nothing in your document before the DOCTYPE or XML prolog. and as the page title in search engine listings. if you have a default stylesheet.24ix. Note that. as it will be removed by Drupal before sending the page to the browser.
END: site_name --> The current site name. 11. configurable by the Administrator in the text box in the Drupal theme administration section. configured by the Administrator in the text box "Name" on Drupal page: administer->settings (Display of this item is optional.css and be located in the same directory as your xtemplate.) {site_slogan} The site slogan section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.should be named style. {onload_attributes} The page attributes for the <body> tag.de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: site_name --> <!-.BEGIN: logo --> <!-.24ix.END: logo --> The filename for the site logo.BEGIN: site_slogan --> <!-. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr.de Tel. (Display of this item is optional. {logo} The logo section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.) {site_name} The site name section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.xtmpl file.END: site_slogan --> The current site slogan.: 07000 7000 850 . configured by the Administrator in the text box "Slogan" on Drupal page: administer->settings 24iX Systems.
: 07000 7000 850 . an image or anything else they require. a site message.) {secondary_links} {primary_links} These tags hold whatever the Administrator inputs into the text boxes "Secondary links:" and "Primary links" in the Drupal theme administration section.BEGIN: mission --> <!-. 11.(Display of this item is optional. The Administrator could use these tags to input links to the main sections of the site." {search_button_text} The value of the search submit button: "Search" Mission The Mission section begins and ends with these tags: <!-. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: mission --> {mission} 24iX Systems.END: search_box --> {search_url} The form action: "search" {search_description} The alt text description of the search text box: "Enter the terms you wish to search for. If the Administrator does not specify any "Primary links".BEGIN: search_box --> <!-. Email: info@24ix. the title of the site.24ix. Search Box The Search Box section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr. Drupal will automatically generate a set of links based on the currently-enabled modules.de .
: 07000 7000 850 .BEGIN: title --> <!-.END: title --> {title} The title of the node Tabs The Tabs section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.END: tabs --> {tabs} Draws the Drupal "local tasks" for the current page. Alte Kirchstr. {breadcrumb} The breadcrumb trail of the page.BEGIN: help --> <!-.de Tel.de . appears only on the Home Page. and is configured by the Administrator in the text box "Mission" on Drupal page: administer->settings Title The Title section begins and ends with these tags: <!-. Help The Help section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.The text of the site mission statement. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. 11.BEGIN: tabs --> <!-. the path from Home Page to the current page.END: help --> {help} 24iX Systems.
the image is linked to the poster's profile. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: message --> Message appears when Drupal confirms the results of an action by the user.: 07000 7000 850 .Contains any help information which exists for a particular page. {message} The text of the message. for instance after updating or deleting a page.de Tel.BEGIN: node --> <!-. Picture begins and ends with these tags: <!-.e. if a teaser for the page is always to be displayed on the home page) If the node has not been set to be sticky. the class is set to "node ". 11. Node Section The Node Section The node section (xtemplate.END: picture --> 24iX Systems.xtmpl) contains the main content of the page. Message The Message section begins and ends with these tags: <!-.BEGIN: message --> <!-. Picture Picture contains an image representing the user who posted the content of a node. (i. Alte Kirchstr.de .BEGIN: picture --> <!-.END: node --> {sticky} Sets the class to "node sticky" if a node is "stickied" at the top of lists. Email: info@24ix. This is also sometimes called an "avatar".24ix. and begins and ends with these tags: <!-.
BEGIN: title --> <!-.23:46.de Tel.gif" alt="Username's picture" /></a> Title The title of the main content of the page (node).de . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Taxonomy 24iX Systems. 11.yoursite/files/pictures/picture-1. "node/31" in the example above. Alte Kirchstr. {title} Outputs the text of the node title."> <img src=". the title is output as: <h1 class="title">Node Title</h1> On the Home Page.: 07000 7000 850 . "Node Title" in the example above." >Username</a> on 16 February. {submitted} The username of the person who submitted the node content. 2004 . outputs: Submitted by <a href="user/1" title="View user profile.24ix. Email: info@24ix.{picture} Outputs the following: <a href="user/1" title="View user profile. each node title is output as: <h2 class="title"><a href="node/31" >Node Title</a></h2> {link} Outputs the link to the node . tags begin and end: <!-.END: title --> On a node page.
de .24ix. Tags begin and end: <!-." >add new comment</a> | <a href="admin/statistics/log/node/8">662 reads</a> Comment 24iX Systems.A list of links to taxonomies which the node belongs to.de Tel.">printer-friendly version</a> | <a href="comment/reply/8#comment" title="Share your thoughts and opinions related to this posting. Alte Kirchstr. and the visitor history of the node. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:: links --> <!-.END: links --> {links} Outputs the following (depending on the viewer's permisions): <a href="book/print/8" title="Show a printer-friendly version of this book page and its sub-pages.END: taxonomy --> {taxonomy} Outputs a taxonomy term that the node belonds to: <a href="taxonomy/term/30">Taxonomy Term</a> {content} The main content of the node.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. Links The control options for the node: "printer-friendly version". Email: info@24ix. tags begin and end: <!-.BEGIN: taxonomy --> <!-. "add new comment".
and begins and ends with these tags: <!-.24ix.END: comment --> The content of this section creates the code for a single comment.END: title --> {link} 24iX Systems.The Comment Section The comment section (xtemplate.de Tel.END: avatar --> {avatar} Outputs the following: <div class="avatar"> <a href="user/1" title="View user profile.jpg" alt="username's avatar" /> </a> </div> Title The title of a comment. Alte Kirchstr.site/files/avatars/avatar-1. the image is linked to the poster's profile.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Tags begin and end: <!-.BEGIN: title --> <!-. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11.drupal. Avatar begins and ends with these tags: <!-.de .BEGIN: avatar --> <!-.xtmpl) contains all the comments associated with a node. Avatar Avatar contains an image representing the user who posted the content of a node. and is automaticaly repeated for as many times are there are comments.BEGIN: comment --> <!-."> <img src=".
11.">username</a> on Mon. Tags begin and end: 24iX Systems. changes the comment title into a link to the comment. Alte Kirchstr. Links Displays control links for comment. {title} The text of the comment title. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix. {content} The comment text.11:56. "delete".24ix. Content Displays the content of a comment. Submitted {submitted} Displays the username of the comment poster.BEGIN: new --> <!-. linked to their profile. This is the output: Submitted by <a href="user/10" title="View user profile. New Indicates if a comment is new. Tags begin and end: <!-.If required.END: new --> {new} Adds the word "new" to a comment. such as "reply". Used when displaying comments in certain views. 04/19/2008 .de Tel. and "edit".: 07000 7000 850 .de . and the date and time the comment was posted.
Blocks The Section The blocks section contains the column of boxes which can be used to display various navigation and feature options. Alte Kirchstr. this is added to a CSS class and ID which can be used customise the look of the block. <!-. Block The block section defines the structure of each block. such as Forum Topics.BEGIN: block --> <!-. note the 's' in block/blocks.END: block --> {module} The name of the module who's block is being displayed. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. and Syndicate.24ix.BEGIN: blocks --> <!-. {delta} 24iX Systems.BEGIN: links --> <!-. The section begins and ends with this code: <!-. Blocks sections can be configured to appear on the left or right of a page.<!-. or on both sides.de .de Tel.END: blocks --> {blocks} This tag is replaced by whatever blocks have been switched on in the Administration page (admin/system/block). Who's Online.END: links --> {links} Displays the control links. Email: info@24ix. Blogs.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Email: info@24ix.BEGIN: message --> <!-. The section begins and ends with this code: <!-.BEGIN: footer --> <!-. The section begins and ends with this code: <!-. it's content can be specified by the Administrator (admin/settings). {footer} 24iX Systems.Adds a number to the ID of a block.END: message --> {footer_message} Displays the actual content defined through the field "Footer message" in the "Settings" Administration page (admin/settings). Footer The Footer Section The footer section appears at the very bottom of each page. so that each block has a unique ID even if a module displays more than one block. 11.END: footer --> Message This area holds the mark-up around the message posted by the Administrator. {content} The content of a block.de Tel.de . Alte Kirchstr.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . {title} The title of the block.
css" /> Remember to remove this line when completing work on the template. Alte Kirchstr. if one exists. 4. follow these simple steps: In the GoLive menu select "GoLive" then "Web Settings" The Web Settings window will appear. 24iX Systems. (i. performance statistics from devel. Drupal will automatically load your style. In the File Mappings window open the "text/" directory Scroll down until you see "html" in the Suffix column. Drupal will not be able to switch between various styles for your theme. 3. Editing If when opening a template file GoLive asks you which encoding to use. go into source mode and delete "{onload_attributes}" from: <body{onload_attributes}> Remember to add "{onload-attributes}" back once you are finished editing. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 5. you may wish to add the following line temporarily: <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.xtmpl.css.module) Editing With Golive Set Up To edit xTemplate template files (xtemplate. 11.e. select "UTF-8".Outputs footer messages generated by Drupal modules. however.xtmpl) in Adobe GoLive. Email: info@24ix. If all you see after opening a template is "body onload-attributes". If you do not. 6. in the {styles} tag. In xtemplate. 2. click on the "File Mappings" tag.: 07000 7000 850 . Change the suffix of the duplicate html to ""xtmpl" 7. Click on "html" to select it.de Tel. That's it you're done! 1. then click on the "+" button to create a duplicate.de .24ix.
Alte Kirchstr. Creating a new PHPTemplate To create a new PHPTemplate. but it will be available as a downloadable package soon. This is the only file which is absolutely required.php): theme a page theme('block') (block. you can create advanced themes easily. PHPTemplate is an excellent choice for theming if you know a bit of PHP: with some basic PHP snippets. Thus. along with all the extra decorations like a header. for example themes/mytheme. breadcrumbs. Every file contains an HTML skeleton with some simple PHP statements for the dynamic data. create a new directory under your themes directory. You can create files to override the following functions: o o o o o theme('page') (page.tpl.php): theme a block in sidebar theme('box') (box.tpl.tpl. 24iX Systems.tpl.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. Then.php files to theme Drupal's theme_something() functions. It uses individual something.PHPTemplate theme engine PHPTemplate is a theme engine written by Adrian Rossouw (who is also behind the theme reforms in Drupal 4.5).php files. you need to create a file called page.php): theme a node The PHPTemplate package contains example template files for all of these. then PHPTemplate can still be a good choice because only small bits of code are involved.24ix. sidebars and a footer. If you don't know PHP.tpl.php in that directory. Currently it lives in the Contributions CVS repository.de . They can just be copy/pasted into your template.tpl. Note that you will need to visit administer > themes for PHPTemplate to refresh its cache and recognize any new . which outputs the final page contents.php): theme a generic container for the main area theme('comment') (comment. Simply copy them into your theme/mytheme directory and edit them.tpl. Email: info@24ix. It overrides the theme('page') function.php): theme a comment theme('node') (node.de Tel.tpl. tabs.
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $block->path : The path that matches whether or not a block is displayed. Available variables o $block (object) $block->module : The name of the module that generated the block.tpl.tpl. Available variables o $title: The title of the box. For instance: The comment view options are surrounded by box.If you want to theme a function other than the defaults listed here. $block->content : The html content for the block. $block->subject : The block title.de Tel. This template is optional. $block->region : Left (0). Email: info@24ix.php.de . which can be found at themes/engines/phptemplate/block. <div class="<?php print "block block-$block->module" ?>" id="<?php print "block-$block->module-$block->delta". and can be overridden by copying the default template and modifying it.php. 24iX Systems.php Lays out content for blocks (left and/or right side of page).tpl. $block->throttle: Throttle setting. $block->status : Status of block (0. you need to provide an override yourself. 11. Block.tpl.: 07000 7000 850 . or 1).24ix.php.php Prints a simple html box around a page element. Alte Kirchstr. Default template The default block. in the module. $block->delta : The number of the block. ?>"> <h2><?php print $block->subject ?></h2> <div class="content"><?php print $block->content ?></div> </div> Box.tpl. or Right(1) column.
main.o o $content: The content of the box.de Tel. Default template <div class="comment <?php print ($comment->new) ? 'comment-new' : '' ?>"> <?php if ($comment->new) : ?> <a id="new"></a> <span class="new"><?php print $new ?></span> <?php endif. $links : Contextual links below comment. $picture : User picture HTML (include <a> tag. $submitted : Translated post information string. $author : Link to author profile. $title : Link to the comment title. Email: info@24ix. Available variables o o o o o o o o o $new : Translated text for 'new'. $content : Content of link. 11.: 07000 7000 850 . $date : Formatted date for post. just the actual comment.24ix. Default template <div class="box"> <h2><?php print $title ?></h2> <div class="content"><?php print $content ?></div> </div> Comment. $comment(object) : Comment object as passed to the theme_comment function. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: .tpl.php Define the HTML for a comment block. Alte Kirchstr. $region: Region. if the comment is infact new.) . if display is enabled and picture is set. left or right. ?> <div class="title"><?php print $title ?></div> <?php print $picture ?> <div class="author"><?php print $submitted ?></div> <div class="content"><?php print $content ?></div> <?php if ($picture) : ?> <br class="clear" /> 24iX Systems. This doesn't have anything to do with comment threading.
teaser if it is a summary.tpl. o o o o o o o o o o o o Default template <div class="node<?php print ($sticky) ? " sticky" : "". $terms : HTML for taxonomy terms. if enabled. ?> <?php print $picture ?> <div class="info"><?php print $submitted ?><span class="terms"><?php print $terms ?></span></div> <div class="content"> <?php print $content ?> </div> <?php if ($links): ?> <?php if ($picture): ?> <br class='clear' /> <?php endif.de Tel. $taxonomy (array) : array of taxonomy terms. $links : Node links. o $submitted : Translated text. $main : This variable is set to 1 if the node is being displayed on the main page. Available variables $title : Title of node. ?>"> <?php if ($page == 0): ?> <h2><a href="<?php print $node_url ?>" title="<?php print $title ?>"><?php print $title ?></a></h2> <?php endif. if the node info display is enabled for this node type.<?php endif. $name : Formatted name of author. and a node summary. $date : Formatted data. $sticky : True if the node is sticky on the front page. ?> 24iX Systems. o $page : True if on the node view page.php This template controls the display of a node. Email: info@24ix. and not a summary.de .: 07000 7000 850 . $picture : HTML for user picture.24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Alte Kirchstr. ?> <div class="links"><?php print $links ?></div> </div> Node. 11. $node_url : Link to node. $node (object) : The node object. $content : Node content. 0 otherwise.
to be displayed at the top of the page. directory: The directory the theme is located in . messages: HTML for status and error messages. 'right' or 'both') differently. secondary_links (array): An array containing the links as they have been defined in the phptemplate specific configuration block.: 07000 7000 850 . to allow for autoexecution of attached scripts. empty when display has been disabled. always filled in.<div class="links"><?php print $links ?></div> <?php endif. mostly for admin pages. 'left'. search_description: Translated description for the search button. search_box: True(1) if the search box has been enabled. to be used in the header. help: Dynamic help text. empty when display has been disabled. 11. title: Title. language: The language the site is being displayed in. site_slogan: The slogan of the site. 24iX Systems. ?> </div> Page.de Tel. Alte Kirchstr.de .tpl. search_url: URL the search form is submitted to.php This template defines the main skeleton for the page. head: HTML as generated by drupal_get_html_head() (needed to dynamically add scripts to pages) onload_attributes: Onload tags to be added to the head tag. depending on how many sidebars are enabled. site: The name of the site. as this is just the node title most of the time. search_button_text: Translated text on the search button. Email: info@24ix. ie: themes/box_grey or themes/box_grey/box_cleanslate logo: The path to the logo image. primary_links (array): An array containing the links as they have been defined in the phptemplate specific configuration block. as defined in theme configuration. layout: This setting allows you to style different types of layout ('none'. site_name: The site name of the site. tabs: HTML for displaying tabs at the top of the page. breadcrumb: HTML for displaying the breadcrumbs at the top of the page. 56414 Steinefrenz Web:. Available variables o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o head_title: The text to be displayed in the page title. different from head_title.
sidebar_left: The HTML for the left sidebar.?> <?php if ($site_slogan) : ?> 24iX Systems.24ix. is_front: True if the front page is currently being displayed. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.de .0 Strict//EN" ". closure: Needs to be displayed at the bottom of the page.de Tel. mission: The text of the site mission. for any dynamic javascript that needs to be called once the page has already been displayed. footer_message: The footer message as defined in the admin settings.w3. content: The HTML content generated by Drupal to be displayed. Alte Kirchstr. Email: info@24ix. sidebar_right: The HTML for the right sidebar. Default template Here is the contents of the box_grey template's page. This prints out the style tags required. 11.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict. ?>> <div id="header"> <?php if ($search_box): ?> <form action="<?php print url("search") ?>" method="post"> <div id="search"> <input class="form-text" type="text" size="15" value="" name="keys" /><input class="form-submit" type="submit" value="<?php print t("Search")?>" /> </div> </form> <?php endif. ?> <?php if ($site_name) : ?> <h1 id="site-name"><a href="<?php print url() ?>" title="Index Page"><?php print($site_name) ?></a></h1> <?php endif. to give you an idea of the layout of the file.dtd"> <html xmlns=" o o o o o o o styles: Required for stylesheet switching to work.org/1999/xhtml" xml: <head> <title><?php print $title ?></title> <meta http- <?php print $head ?> <?php print $styles ?> </head> <body <?php print theme("onload_attribute"). Used to toggle the mission.: 07000 7000 850 .php.tpl. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. ?> <?php if ($logo) : ?> <a href="<?php print url() ?>" title="Index Page"><img src="<?php print($logo) ?>" alt="Logo" /></a> <?php endif.
?> <?php if ($mission != ""): ?> <p id="mission"><?php print $mission ?></p> <?php endif. ?> </div> <table id="content"> <tr> <?php if ($sidebar_left != ""): ?> <td class="sidebar" id="sidebar-left"> <?php print $sidebar_left ?> </td> <?php endif. ?> <?php if ($messages != ""): ?> <div id="message"><?php print $messages ?></div> <?php endif. ?> <?php if (is_array($primary_links)) : ?> <ul id="primary"> <?php foreach ($primary_links as $link): ?> <li><?php print $link?></li> <?php endforeach.de . ?> <?php if ($help != ""): ?> <p id="help"><?php print $help ?></p> <?php endif. ?> <td class="main-content" id="content-<?php print $layout ?>"> <?php if ($title != ""): ?> <h2 class="content-title"><?php print $title ?></h2> <?php endif. ?> </ul> <?php endif. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. ?> <!-.de Tel.?> <br class="clear" /> </div> <div id="top-nav"> <?php if (is_array($secondary_links)) : ?> <ul id="secondary"> <?php foreach ($secondary_links as $link): ?> <li><?php print $link?></li> <?php endforeach. 11.end main content --> </td><!-.: 07000 7000 850 . ?> </ul> <?php endif. Alte Kirchstr.start main content --> <?php print($content) ?> <!-. Email: info@24ix.<span id="site-slogan"><?php print($site_slogan) ?></span> <?php endif.mainContent --> <?php if ($sidebar_right != ""): ?> <td class="sidebar" id="sidebar-right"> <?php print $sidebar_right ?> </td> <?php endif. ?> <?php if ($tabs != ""): ?> <?php print $tabs ?> <?php endif.24ix. ?> 24iX Systems.
including translating the parameters to 24iX Systems.?> </body> </html> Overriding other theme functions If you want to override a theme function not included in the basic list (block.php file in your theme's directory.</tr> </table> <?php if ($breadcrumb != ""): ?> <?php print $breadcrumb ?> <?php endif. node. This file should contain the required <?php ?> tags. $title = NULL) { ?> Now you need to place a stub in your theme's template. Email: info@24ix. </div><!-. $title = NULL) { // Pass to phptemplate.?></p> <?php endif. These stubs instruct the engine what template file to use and which variables to pass to it. We will use theme_item_list() as an example. like this: <?php /** * Catch the theme_item_list function. The function definition for theme_item_list() looks like this: <?php function theme_item_list($items = array(). ?> Validate <a href=". you need to locate the appropriate theme function to override. you need to create a template. 11. To do this.php. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: --> <?php print $closure.de .24ix.org/check/referer">XHTML</a> or <a href=". you need to tell PHPTemplate about it. Alte Kirchstr.w3. You can find a list of these in the API documentation.: 07000 7000 850 . and redirect through the template api */ function phptemplate_item_list($items = array(). comment. First. page). along with stubs for the theme overrides.de Tel.org/css-validator/check/referer">CSS</a>. box.w3. ?> <div id="footer"> <?php if ($footer_message) : ?> <p><?php print $footer_message.
thus allowing any module to add themeable parts to the default set provided by Drupal. You will most likely only override the basic theme hooks (pages. A PHP theme consists of overrides for Drupal's built-in theme functions. The default theme functions in Drupal are all named theme_something() or theme_module_something(). This file is a regular PHP file. To create a PHP theme. To override the function theme_something().de .. } ?> We replaced the word theme in the function name with phptemplate and used a call to _phptemplate_callback() to pass the parameters ($items and $title) to PHPTemplate. define the function mytheme_something() in your . Now. and apply your changes there: many 24iX Systems. you can create a item_list. but you can theme anything from lists to links if you desire. The element names are the names that the variables // will be assigned within your template. This function should follow the same logic as the original theme_item_list(). Email: info@24ix. Plain PHP themes PHP themes are the most direct way of themeing Drupal. return _phptemplate_callback('item_list'. blocks. and inside that directory create a mytheme. It is easiest to start with Drupal's function. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: file. This function should have the same definition as the original.).an associative array. 'title' => $title)).theme file. which will be used to theme item lists. create a directory in your themes directory (we will assume themes/mytheme in this document). nodes. .php file in your theme's directory.24ix. Alte Kirchstr. array('items' => $items. 11.de Tel. so make sure it contains <?php ?> tags.tpl. return HTML code for an error message and a table respectively. In your . Some of the basic theme functions include: theme_error() and theme_table() which as their name suggests. you can override any of these functions. Note that you will need to visit admininster > themes for PHPTemplate to refresh its cache and recognize the new file..: 07000 7000 850 . Theme functions defined by modules include theme_forum_display() and theme_node_list().theme file.
theme: <?php function chameleon_features() { return array( 24iX Systems. In your code. you can reapply to your customizations if the original was changed. it is advised to implement all Drupal features.. logo. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Aside from theme functions.24ix. there is one function that you need to include.. . it is best to mark the changes between the original Drupal function and your customized version.). Alte Kirchstr. If you are planning on releasing your theme to the public. The theme should check the settings default_logo (boolean) and logo_path (string). 11. The theme system will provide toggles and settings for these features in the administration section. you can retrieve the value of these settings though theme_get_setting().theme functions contain code logic within them. That way.: 07000 7000 850 .g. This function should return an array of strings. search box. so others can customize your theme. Email: info@24ix. mission statement.de . Available features are: A logo can be used. marking the features your theme supports (e. To avoid problems when upgrading Drupal in the future.de Tel. called mytheme_features()..
Alte Kirchstr. and be correct.24ix. 'toggle_slogan'.de .. some hints: o o o o o o indent with 2 spaces match the indentation of (long) opening and closing block html tags distinguish between php and html indentation.org/TR/html4/strict.> . the same should apply for themes and included html.theme file and its functions inside the .dtd"> 24iX Systems. 'toggle_secondary_links'). o o but function header($ <html . themes are tied to their directory name.
. Alte Kirchstr. format_date($node>created... format_date($node->created.> .node: "<?php print $node->title. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. o o but function node($node. ?>" --> <div class="nodetitle"><?php print $node->title."</span>". "small").") ). print "<div class=\nodetitle\>$node->title</div>". " .node: \$node->title\ -->\n".de Tel. print "<div class=\nodebody\><span class=\nodedate\>". Email: info@24ix.. " . o o o o o prefer php in html over html in php. $main = 0) { ?> <!-. this not only saves the superfluous leading spaces.. not function node($node.de . ?></div> <div class="nodebody"> <span class="nodedate"><?php print $this->links( array(format_name($node).<html .and not the other way round .: 07000 7000 850 .. $main = 0) { print "\n<!-. $this->links( array(format_name($node). Updating your themes 24iX Systems.") ) . ?></span> after all. PHP is a HTML embedded scripting language . 11. but also makes it much easier to find matching opening and closing tags defined in functions with different indentation. "small").24ix.
Changes in function header() o Function header() takes now an optional parameter $title. Alte Kirchstr. So. "").de Tel.de . you should use a more complex syntax: if ($title) { 24iX Systems.: 07000 7000 850 . Converting 3.As Drupal develops with each release it becomes necessary to update themes to take advantage of new features and stay functional with Drupal's theme system.". Email: info@24ix.24ix.site slogan. variable_get("site_slogan".0 themes to 4. Instead function header() { you should use function header($title = "") { o Previously all pages in Drupal site had the fixed page title: sitename .for example when displaying single node. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Now the page title can be dynamic . 11. instead print variable_get("site_name".sitename. the page title can be note title . "drupal") .0 Required changes Changes in class definition Theme class definition uses now a different syntax: Instead class Theme extends BaseTheme { you should use class Theme_themename extends BaseTheme { where themename is name of your theme in lowercase." .
o node_index() is no longer used because Drupal 4. Email: info@24ix." . variable_get("site_name". array("%a" => format_name($node). instead print strtr(t("Submitted by %a on %b"). it outputs $title and site name. "drupal") . 11. ""). if not. please remove it. array("%a" => format_name($node->name). you should use print strtr(t("Submitted by %a on %b"). "drupal") : variable_get("site_name".0 has more sophisticated classification system than Drupal 3. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www." .print $title . variable_get("site_name". Changes in function node() o format_name() accepts now parameter $node. So. Alte Kirchstr. Also $node->timestamp is replaced with $node->created." .". o If you used theme_account() function (what outputs login/membership box) in header(). So instead plain simple 24iX Systems.de Tel.de .". If yes.". it outputs site name and slogan. "%b" => format_date($node->created))).24ix." variable_get("site_slogan". variable_get("site_slogan". "%b" => format_date($node>timestamp))). Login box placement is controlled in Administration > blocks page from now on and theme_account() is no longer used. "drupal").0 meta tags. "drupal") . This piece of code checks if $title is present. } else { print variable_get("site_name".: 07000 7000 850 . not $node->name. ""). } of if you want to use compact version of the same construction: print $title ? $title. ".
print node_index($node). not $comment->name. } } print $this->links($terms). "index").24ix. Instead if ($main) { print $this->links(link_node($node)). Email: info@24ix. o o o Function link_node() accepts an optional parameter $main. $main)) { print $this->links($links).de Tel.: 07000 7000 850 . you have to use $terms = array(). Instead print strtr(t("Submitted by %a on %b"). 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. if (function_exists("taxonomy_node_get_terms")) { foreach (taxonomy_node_get_terms($node->nid) as $term) { $terms[] = l($term->name. array("%a" => format_name($comment->name). } Changes in function comment() o format_name() accepts now parameter $comment. Alte Kirchstr. you should use 24iX Systems. 11. } you should use if ($links = link_node($node.de . "%b" => format_date($comment>timestamp))). array("or" => $term->tid).
56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $system["description"] = "description of the theme". "%b" => format_date($comment>timestamp))). Alte Kirchstr. please remove it. Changes in function footer() o If you used theme_account() function (what outputs login/membership box) in footer() function.de . all Drupal 4. 11.24ix.0 themes should also work in Drupal 4. array("%a" => format_name($comment).1 Optional changes theme_head 24iX Systems. Login box placement is controlled in Administration > blocks page from now on and theme_account() is no longer used.0 themes to 4.print strtr(t("Submitted by %a on %b").: 07000 7000 850 . Optional changes New function: system() o o o o o o Optionally theme can have a system() function what provides info about theme and its author: $system["name"] = "theme name".de Tel. Email: info@24ix.1 Required changes There is no required changes. $system["author"] = "author name". return $system[$field]. } function system($field) { Converting 4.
Insert a function theme_head() inside your theme. <. variable_get("mytheme_sidebar". tag: <html> <head> <?php print theme_head().head>. 24iX Systems. "right").. <. Example: function mytheme_settings() { $output = form_select("Sidebar placement".24ix. "mytheme_sidebar". tags. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. right after the HTML's <../head>.: 07000 7000 850 . tags such as Javascript. CSS and more. Email: info@24ix. This change allows modules to incorporate custom markup inside <.meta>. Converting 4.head>. ?> > Optional changes Take advantage of settings() hook Themes can now populate settings to adminstration pages using the function <em>themename</em>_settings().de . 11. ?> . "left" => t("Sidebar on the left").2 Required changes Add a theme_onload_attribute() to a <body> tag: <body <?php print theme_onload_attribute(). "right" => t("Sidebar on the right")). array( "none" => t("No sidebars").1 themes to 4. Alte Kirchstr.
">. a theme is a collection of functions. mytheme_node(). The BaseTheme class is no more and. A nonexhaustive list is o o read-more: affects the formatting of the 'read more' link cell-highlight: affects the cell in the table header which is currently the sort key. mytheme_system()) is no longer used.a. Instead.php" alt="">.a href="<. Converting 4.3 No changes are required :) A few more CSS classes are available to you if you wish to use them.de Tel. The theme description used on the theme administration page should instead be returned by a new function called mytheme_help(). Examples: mytheme_page().3 modules to 4.2 themes to 4.php If you theme has the logo and you have made it to link <.: 07000 7000 850 .?php print path_uri(). Email: info@24ix.3 themes to 4.de . you no longer have to use a class for your theme. 11. o mytheme::system() (or in the new parlance. Alte Kirchstr.} Direct you site logo to index. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Prefix your theme function with your theme's name. this cell also has an image which you can override in your theme->image directory (most images are overridable in this way). The theme system is no longer built on PHP's object model.4.24ix.
and help text for each page. } ?> This function should return the HTML code for the full page. The breadcrumb trail is returned from the latter function as an array of links. A theme can obtain the values set before by calling the functions drupal_get_title().: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. Most themes use the following new code-snippet in their page function: 24iX Systems. including the header. } if (isset($breadcrumb)) { drupal_set_breadcrumb($breadcrumb). } } ?> All theme functions now return their output instead of printing them to the user. There should be no print or echo statements in your theme. $breadcrumb = NULL) { if (isset($title)) { drupal_set_title($title). Note that it is important to set the title and the breadcrumbs for Drupal with the setter functions as suggested above. The page theme function should override the title and breadcrumb trail retrieved from Drupal. Alte Kirchstr. footer and sidebars (if any). menu_get_active_help(). $title = NULL. drupal_get_breadcrumb()). This way modules acting on the title or breadcrumb values can use the real value when generating blocks for example.de Tel. o The mytheme_header() and mytheme_footer() functions and no longer used. it can be formatted into a string by using theme("breadcrumb". } . o <?php function mytheme_page($content. status messages. for example. 11.de . It is now expected that mytheme_page() will return these elements.. instead of just using the values provided as parameters. place the breadcrumb trail above the title or in the footer. o Themes now have the responsibility of placing the title. drupal_get_messages().switch ($section) { case 'admin/system/themes#description': return t("A description of mytheme"). and drupal_get_breadcrumb(). a mytheme_page() function is introduced instead. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. in case some explicit value is provided in the function parameters (see above).. This gives them the flexibility to.24ix. breadcrumb trail.
} foreach (drupal_get_messages() as $message) { list($message. "</div>". } ?> o o To improve block themeability. t("Status") . } if ($help = menu_get_active_help()) { $output . $output . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $page = 0) { if (!$page) { $$help</div><hr />".= theme("breadcrumb". Otherwise only the teaser will be filtered for performance reasons. The old has become function theme_block($subject. that indicates to the theme whether to display the node as a standalone page or not. 11. $output . } return $output. Example: o <?php function mytheme_node($node. therefore the HTML head part should include the return value of drupal_get_html_head() instead of the return value of theme("head"). drupal_get_breadcrumb()). $node->body . then the title of the node should not be printed.= "<strong>"."</strong>: $message<hr />". $content. "</h2>". o The theme_node() function takes an extra parameter now. $main = 0. $node->teaser .= "<div>". $region = "main") 24iX Systems. If $page is true. theme_block() has been changed.= "<h2>$title</h2>". Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 .<?php if ($title = drupal_get_title()) { $output . } ?> The _head() hook is eliminated and replaced with the drupal_set_html_head() and drupal_get_html_head() functions. } if ($main && $node->teaser) { $output . } else { $output .de Tel.
as an outdated theme will prevent you from accessing vital parts of your site. A typical location is below the page title. 11. 24iX Systems. For xtemplate templates.k.24ix. Tabs (a. Converting 4. By default. your template must be named xtemplate.css (as mentioned below in the "Styles" section).a.function theme_block($block) with $block being an object containing $block->subject. drupal_get_breadcrumb()).xtmpl. See this cvs log message for details. while templates simply are placed in subdirectories of themes.de Tel. Themes are responsible for printing these. $block>content. functions to be performed on the current location. etc.= theme("breadcrumb". Local Tasks) Drupal now separates out menu items that are "local tasks". and your default stylesheet must be named style. See the doxygen doc for details and for how you can style blocks with CSS. For example. Make sure you read through this entire guide. Template engines now reside in subdirectories of themes/engines.: 07000 7000 850 .5 Note: the theme system changed significantly in 4. theme_blocks() has been improved to allow themes to hook into (change) the blocks before outputting them.5. o Also. rather than hiding behind their template engine. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. these are rendered as a set of tabs. Alte Kirchstr.4 themes to 4. Template engines compatible with Drupal 4. Email: info@24ix.5 will identify templates based on their filename and send the appropriate listings to the theme system. the old Xtemplate pushbutton template has moved from themes/xtemplate/pushbutton to themes/pushbutton. Directory structure Templates are now seen as themes unto themselves.de . so that <?php if ($title = drupal_get_title()) { $output .
$output .END: title --> After: <!-. } if ($tabs = theme('menu_local_tasks')) { $output .= "<small>$help</small><hr />". 11. } if ($help = menu_get_active_help()) { $output . Before: <!-.= "<small>$help</small><hr />".= "<h2>$title</h2>".: 07000 7000 850 . drupal_get_breadcrumb()). } ?> For xtemplate templates.END: title --> Status Messages 24iX Systems.BEGIN: title --> {breadcrumb} <h1 class="title">{title}</h1> <!-.= theme("breadcrumb". } if ($help = menu_get_active_help()) { $output .= "<h2>$title</h2>".24ix. Alte Kirchstr. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: $tabs.de .BEGIN: tabs --> <div class="tabs">{tabs}</div> <!-.BEGIN: title --> {breadcrumb} <h1 class="title">{title}</h1> <!-. Email: info@24ix.de Tel. } ?> becomes <?php if ($title = drupal_get_title()) { $output .END: tabs --> <!-.$output .
which returns the appropriate image and link HTML. t("%user's avatar". Email: info@24ix. if (empty($avatar) || !file_exists($avatar)) { $avatar = variable_get("theme_avatar_default". Before: <?php foreach (drupal_get_messages() as $message) { list($message. } if ($avatar) { $". 0)) { $avatar = $node->profile_avatar. Instead. Before: <?php if (module_exist("profile") && variable_get("theme_avatar_node". we now use the theme_status_messages() function.de Tel.5. the method by which themes display avatars has changed. Themes now call theme_user_picture. Sticky In Drupal 4. If your theme uses special styling for this type of post.5. you'll want to change any references from "static" to "sticky". } else { $avatar = file_create_url($avatar). "Anonymous")))) . User Picture In Drupal 4.
node. simply replace: <!-. Email: info@24ix. Enable the following modules.BEGIN: avatar --> <div class="avatar">{avatar}</div> <!-.END: picture --> Theme Screenshots The new theme selector looks for a screenshot of each theme with the filename screenshot. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes.= theme('user_picture'. Donec dictum ultrices massa. } } ?> After: <?php $output . nunc nulla iaculis elit. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra.24ix. Screenshots are optional and themes without screenshots will simply display "no screenshot" on theme selection pages. Alte Kirchstr.BEGIN: picture --> {picture} <!-.} $output . story. 24iX Systems. Create the following story node: title: Donec felis eros. Sed blandit. nascetur ridiculus mus. 11. page. per inceptos hymenaeos. for some extra menu items: aggregator. Log in as administrator user. 2. Donec dolor. To create a screenshot which matches those in core.de .END: avatar --> with: <!-. vitae. Vivamus vestibulum felis <a href="#">nec libero. Nunc venenatis pretium magna. ?> For xtemplate templates. tracker 3. blog. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: $avatar. follow these instructions: 1. body: Morbi id lacus. Duis lobortis</a>.png in each directory. blandit non. Etiam malesuada diam ut libero.de Tel. $node).: 07000 7000 850 . justo nec euismod laoreet.
de . Alte Kirchstr.png" in theme (or style) directory. and make sure the tabs are visible. title. In each theme / theme engine. } 'toggle_search' 24iX Systems. 6. To implement each of these functions. tabs. themes / theme engines should call the theme_get_setting function. Maecenas rhoncus tincidunt eros. Cut out a piece about 420x254 resized to 150x90 (35% zoom).= " <h1 class=\"site-name ti l(variable_get('site_name'. If there are no settings for the current theme. links). porta non. this function should return an array of settings which the theme supports. 5. Try to show useful page elements (menu.de Tel. mattis nonummy. Email: info@24ix. Donec vestibulum porttitor purus. which will return data regarding the administrator's setting for this particluar theme.24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . _features hook value Description theme_get_settings call 'logo' <?php if ($logo = theme_get_setting('logo')) { theme allows $output .= " <a href=\". Centralized Theme Configuration The theme system now has the ability to store certain common configuration items for each theme. 'drupal'). ipsum. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Sed ultricies bibendum ante. " "</h1>". global values will be returned. some themes may not wish to utilize all of these settings. } ?> <?php if (theme_get_setting('toggle_search')) $output . dolor. However. Mauris nibh ligula. of site logo } ?> 'toggle_name' theme allows site name to be switched on/off theme allows search box to be switched <?php if (theme_get_setting('toggle_name')) { $output . and a code snippet of the appropriate theme_get_settings call. fermentum id.4. Below is a table of values for the _features hook.= search_form(). aliquam euismod. a description of their function. so a theme_features hook has been introduced. Take a screenshot. Aenean justo. Donec eu lectus et elit porttitor rutrum. 11. porttitor sed. Applied a plain 'sharpen' filter to the thumbnail. Save as "screenshot. Look at the node. 7. Phasellus augue tortor./\" customization title=\"Home\"><img src=\"$logo\" alt=\" /></a>". cursus eget.
array("%a" format_name($node). Email: info@24ix. 11. } ?> N/A (Global Setting) <?php $output .= theme_get_setting('primary_li ?> 'toggle_secondary_links' <?php $output . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: .". '') .: 07000 7000 850 . $com $output . "%b" => format_date( >created))) : ''.= $mission..de . Alte Kirchstr. } ?> 'toggle_primary_links' <?php $output ." <?php if (theme_get_setting('toggle_comment_user_ && $picture = theme('user_picture'.= theme_get_setting("toggle_node_info_$nod ? t("Submitted by %a on %b.= " <div class=\"site-slogan variable_get('site_slogan'. ?> 24iX Systems.= theme_get_setting('secondary_ ?> 'toggle_node_user_picture' <?php if (theme_get_setting('toggle_node_user_ && $picture = theme('user_picture'. $nod $output . } ?> theme allows comment user pictures 'toggle_comment_user_picture' to be switched on/off Allow admin to specify which node types should display "Submitted by."</div> } ?> 'toggle_mission' <?php if ($mission = theme_get_setting('missio $output .= $picture.de Tel.= $picture..24ix.
Converting 4. Theme-specific settings are still possible as well. _help hook The theme_help hook is no longer used. (If the default style is selected) For xtemplate themes.\n". This allows individual styles to override your common CSS rules (if you use any). rather than on a separate page. but recommended.= " <. you need to add the {styles} tag add the end of your <head> section. Each "style" is defined by a style. $output . but are now placed in a group on the appropriate theme's tab.= drupal_get_html_head(). themes should add a call to theme_get_styles() within their <head> block. It can be removed if desired.de .message Note that all of these settings are optional.5 themes to HEAD 24iX Systems.= "<. 11. The "default" style for each theme (the stylesheet in which you define color scheme and other general presentation items) should be renamed to style. You should also remove any references to it from your theme or template. For example: <?php $output . In order to accomplish this style switching. Drupal will reference it in theme_get_styles().css file in a subdirectory of the theme.css is listed before theme_get_styles().24ix.css\" />. Styles The theme system now allows for switching between different "styles" for each theme.: 07000 7000 850 .de Tel.link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"themes/chameleon/common. $output .= theme_get_styles(). ?> Notice how the reference to common.css and placed in your theme directory. Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr./head>. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. $output .". They are still read from the theme_settings.
The search box <input> tag should have the name attribute set to edit[keys] rather than keys. The guidelines for core theme screenshots are (starting from a blank Drupal site): 1. 11. Theme screenshot guidelines Every theme for 4. fermentum id. Aenean justo. but instead are passed as an array in $node->links. Duis lobortis</a>. Look at the node. Vivamus vestibulum felis <a href="#">nec libero. mattis nonummy. per inceptos hymenaeos. Take a screenshot.png placed in the theme/template/style directory. story. 3. it needs to be altered. Mauris nibh ligula. justo nec euismod laoreet.Search form If your theme implements a search form. Nunc venenatis pretium magna. Node links Node links no longer use the link_node() function. tracker. Log in as the first user. and make sure the tabs are visible. 4. for some extra menu items: aggregator. Create the following story node: Donec felis eros. porttitor sed. Email: info@24ix.: 07000 7000 850 . PHP-based themes will need to be updated to pass this array through theme('links'). ipsum. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes. nunc nulla iaculis elit. Enable the following modules. Etiam malesuada diam ut libero. vitae. dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra.5+ needs a screenshot in the form of a screenshot. cursus eget. Maecenas rhoncus tincidunt eros. Donec vestibulum porttitor purus. Template-based themes shouldn't need any changes. blandit non Morbi id lacus. aliquam euismod. 2. Phasellus augue tortor. porta non. 24iX Systems. Alte Kirchstr. Donec dolor. node.24ix. Donec eu lectus et elit porttitor rutrum. Donec dictum ultrices massa.de Tel. nascetur ridiculus mus. Sed blandit. It is best that screenshots are consistent. page. blog.de . Sed ultricies bibendum ante. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www.
just click on click "create book page" link in your login menu (you have to be logged in to see it) and type away. file bugs. You will need to apply for a CVS account. Optionally you can add a log message if you please. links). you will be able to check your theme into the Drupal CVS repository. 7. in paletted colorspace to cut down on size. in which you explain why you wrote the documentation.org To add your theme to Drupal. Alte Kirchstr. select it under Parent drop-down menu. Apply a standard 'sharpen' filter to the thumbnail for clarity.de . 11. title. Documentation writer's guide How and when do I add a page? It's very easy to add a page. 6. You will have to set the correct parent to page. Themes are tracked the same way that code is. Create a project and the download will be created for it automatically. When you feel like writing a piece of documentation about a problem that hasn't already been addressed. 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix. Save as a PNG. Once you are approved.: 07000 7000 850 . Cut out a piece about ~420x254 resized to exactly 150x90 (~35% zoom out). in the CVS repository.de Tel. If you do add your theme. it must be GPL. Do not include images or other copyrighted works that you do not want to see re-used or otherwise altered.24ix. and generally desire that you keep the theme up to date with current versions of Drupal. Try to show only useful page elements (menu. users will likely post suggestions. tabs.org.5. Example: Adding your theme to Drupal. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. Don't include browser chrome.
As with adding any post. and think that you can do better by rewriting it completely or adding/changing some things. The pages with a less heavy weight will stay at the top while pages with heavy weights will sink deeper.Finally you give your piece of documentation a weight. if not thousands of people.: 07000 7000 850 . and then Submit. Since you are the ones that run into problems and often find the answers to them.de Tel. then do something about it. What is this book about? Frankly. Alte Kirchstr. To do so. Email: info@24ix. Your post will be queued and reviewed by an Administator.de . It isn't something static that we provide and can't be changed or updated. or you think it could have been written better. click edit this page at the bottom of the book page. not maintained by one or a few but handed out to hundreds. 11. that's all there's to it. So the main thing is that there aren't any limits to the documentation anymore. you might want to send email to webmaster at drupal. You'll see the current page in an HTML form and you can start adding/changing. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You preview and finally commit. You can rewrite/update the pages in this book. This book is a way of dynamicly contributing to documentation so it grows and improves When you read a piece of documentation here and you don't like it. If noone approves the change. you and the rest of the community decide what will be included. This books provides a way of easily sharing solutions with the rest of the world Adding screenshots Screenshots in Drupal. After submitting your update it may go in a submission queue where an administrator will review and approve the change. Voila. This book is all about improving FAQs and information. you have to preview to see if everything went OK.org requesting a review.24ix.org must follow these standards: 24iX Systems. How and when do I update a page? Update a page when you find that a piece of information isn't written too well.
please turn off cooltype font smoothing when taking screenshots under XP.sidebars. Most people don't have this feature and it increases the filesize somewhat. As of version 4. If you operating system or capturing utility supports this. see Screenshots in GNOME Documentation Translator's guide This is the Drupal translator's guide. 24iX Systems.module that enables you to share translations through the use of PO files. When preparing to capture. Alte Kirchstr. custom links etc. Google bars. Drupal includes an extended locale.de . toolbars. Keep only the URL address bar and make sure it is long enough that current URL won't be hidden. please download the Drupal POT translation templates.: 07000 7000 850 . If this is the case.Format: PNG-8 PNG is preferred because its lossless compression and small file size. Size: It is preferred that image size do not exceed 700 x 700 pixel size. Browser window All screenshots must include entire browser window eg title bar and scrollbars. try to capture only the browser window.de Tel.5. not entire desktop (otherwise you have to crop it in image utility manually). you might want to start a translation yourself.0. Windows XP If you can. PO files are files containing translations as used by the GNU gettext program. User contributed PO files for various languages can be found on the download page.24ix. JPG is not suitable . If your language is not present. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You can get a PO file editor and start translating. GIF is denied because on licencing issues. For reference. tabs. It will not cover the use of the various programs that can be used to do a translation. 11. remove all distracting items from your browser application . Email: info@24ix. These programs are usually quite well documented. It will cover most aspects of translating Drupal's user interface.it leaves artifacts and its 24-bit color depth is unneccesary when dealing with screenshots.
If you don't know your code. You should only put the individual translated files in this directory. The translated files should be stored in contrib-cvs/translations/id where id is the ISO 639 language code. which is what others will download from this site.de Tel. you will be made the maintainer.pot to .24ix. If you have write access to the contrib CVS you can commit your files yourself. ask in drupal-devel. create an issue on the Translation templates project and upload your PO files. and your translation becomes available on the download page Translation templates Translators should start by downloading the tarball and translating the files to their language of choice. Note that the Drupal team will not check contributed translations for accuracy or errors. Email: info@24ix. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. A script will generate a merged id.de .: 07000 7000 850 . 11.po. Some helpful developer will then come by and put them in CVS for you.You should translate the individual PO files (per module) rather than one big file. create an issue for this project and attach your files to it. Make sure to fill out the header section of each file and rename them from . If you do not have a CVS account.po. Alte Kirchstr. In any case a project for your translation will be created. The individual files are automatically packaged into one large file per language in the CVS repository. Once you have completed a reasonable part of the translation.
de Tel.module gets an event. certain guidelines need to be agreed upon by the translator community for a particular language.module currently contains the following files: de. Please add those guidelines as child pages to this book page. hu.po file for their language using msgmerge. Instructions for running the script can be found in the README that comes with the core POT files.pot file. es. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: extension. event.24ix. Translations should be added to the same directory. Such guidelines should include a wordlist for words that occur in Drupal's strings. A non-Drupal example for the bengali language can be seen here.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. This file should be placed in a suddirectory po.po. In this way they can avoid using different translations for terms that occur in both files. multiple plural forms are a recent addition to the gettext standard. but re-use existing ones from an existing translation project.pot. e. It will be helpfull to not set up a new word list. the Drupal POT file is split up into small files that do not contain doubly occurring strings. event. 11. Other areas which need guidelines will differ from language to language. Translators should take care to populate their started translation with the strings from the general. Translation guidelines To achieve translations that are consistent throughout a whole Drupal site.poEdit is said to not yet support multiple plural forms. the po subdirectory of event. Distributing the translation effort To facilitate easier handling of a community translation effort. 24iX Systems.g. Module authors can use the extractor.po.po.po.g. Alte Kirchstr. he. Translation of contributed modules Translatable strings from contributed modules are not included in the Drupal core POT files.php script which comes with the core PO files to generate a POT file on their own. but with a . The generated POT file should be named as the module. Be sure to get a recent version for all editors.de . E.
5.pot file. then it is possible to create PO files that only change those strings. Status overview Language 4. Status of the translations The table below presents an overview of the status of each translation project. Of course. This ensures that those strings are translated to the same string. but those strings will be appended to the general.pot file.de .All strings that occur more than once in the Drupal core distribution are put into the general. If a language has several options on how to translate some strings. This page is updated daily by the package script: it was last updated 2 hours 29 min ago. An example would be German where your can translate you either as Du or Sie depending on the audience of your site. Alte Kirchstr. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. some coordination among the project members is still needed to ensure the quality of the translation. files that have ten or less translatable strings will not get their own POT file. Email: info@24ix.:.de Tel. 11. Also.24ix.
Make a single file from the loose *. $ msgcat --use-first general. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. You should execute this.po Off course you should change nl into your own language code.po files. the following commands will do (*nix only). msgfmt --statistics $i . while being in the folder with the . do echo $i .po files from CVS If you want to make a single po file from a CVS folder containing all the small po files.po. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . 11. Email: info@24ix. done Some PO editors already include this feature.de . Recycling old translations 24iX Systems.po | msgattrib --no-fuzzy o nl.24ix.de Tel.po [^g]*.
pot . Troubleshooting When doing translations or importing them. put the small PO files into a subdirectory drupal-pot and your it.pot`.de Tel.Drupal users with existing translations might want to add those to the translations download page. several problems can occur.po file into another one. please file bug reports against the project in question. Let us assume you have an Italian translation.po file for you. do msgmerge --compendium /path/to/it. To do this they first need to export their translation from the localization manage languages screen (export subtab). Then go to the empty directory and execute the following command from the command line: for i in /path/to/drupal-pot/*. Weird characters or question marks Symptom: After importing a translation you find all kind of weird characters or question marks on your site. We will split the single. you treat it as a PO compendium. i. First.po -o `basename $i . This guide assumes a Unix/Linux environment. 11. To use this file as a basis for a new translation.de . The above mentioned process will create an it. large PO file into the smaller files that the Drupal translation Project requires. Alte Kirchstr.24ix.e. Then create an empty directory where you want to keep your new small PO files. check if your PO editor doesn't have a function for this. If you use Windows. If you think you found a bug in either a translation or in Drupal's locale module. done After a while (yes this will take a few minutes) you should have a directory of small PO files that have the matching strings inserted.: 07000 7000 850 . Here we collect some of the more common issues found. If you have a more general question you can ask it in the translations forum. a library of pre-translated strings. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 24iX Systems. Email: info@24ix.po /dev/null $i .
If you want to aquire printed paper versions. print a leaflet or need some texts for a report. you can get in contact with drupal on info@drupal. If you think you can write a nice text on why people should choose drupal for their itsolutions. or if you have a nice drupal logo you can create a book page here. Solution 2: You do not have the correct font installed to display the language in question. amount and shipping costs. Drupal is fully UTF-8 aware and expects translations to be supplied in that character set as well.org to discuss the use. If you are a designer. Marketing resources This section provides resources for people who want to market drupal. Whether you want to publish a story with a logo on your website. Please file a bug against the translation in question. Booklet Here you can preview and download a drupal PDF booklet.Solution 1: The translator did not use UTF-8. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. that can be used for promotion of Drupal.de Tel. this might be the place to look. 24iX Systems. 11.de . The comments under the bookpages can be used to discuss the contents of that page. Email: info@24ix.24ix. you can ask those in the forums. Alte Kirchstr. You can change the charset of a PO file using GNU msgconv.: 07000 7000 850 . Please note that if you have questions concerning any content in this section. marketeer or a writer you can be of help here too.
de Tel.24ix.de .The booklet in PDF format A collage of the booklet Druplicon If you wish to use or edit the Druplicon.: 07000 7000 850 . Email: info@24ix. you can use following logos (all logos use RGB color): Bitmap versions 24iX Systems. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: www. 11. Alte Kirchstr.
Email: info@24ix. Alte Kirchstr.: 07000 7000 850 . 56414 Steinefrenz Web: . 11.PNG version PNG version 3D cellshaded Vector formats EPS version Other formats 24iX Systems.de Tel.
3.0 for highlight. please add an issue Logo colors Web color Main drop color: #0077C0 Light-shade color: #81CEFF RGB color Main drop color: 00. 11.com). Alte Kirchstr.24ix.de . linked to drupal. There's no 1:1 match in RGB and CMYK color.0 for main drop color and 47. 56414 Steinefrenz Web: Tel. Default Dark version Light version 24iX Systems. 255 CMYK color CMYK color is used in 4-color printing and prepress industry.27. Email: info@24ix. you can use the following buttons. so it's difficult to bring out corresponding color values. 119.3. Powered by Drupal logos If you wish to display the Druplicon on your Drupal website.jasc. One combination to try is CMYK 91.org.2. 206.Paint Shop Pro version (www.: 07000 7000 850 . 192 Light-shade color: 129. if you can provide other useful formats.
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New issue 37 by stefano....@gmail.com: Optional arguments
Related to issue 12, I want to stub out a function with optional arguments.
I can't know in advance whether the optional arguments will be provided or
not.
IgnoreArg() is no help with missing arguments.
def bar(one, two=None):
pass
The test subject may call
bar(1)
or
bar(1, two=None)
or
bar(1, None)
or
bar(1, 42)
I'd like to be able to do
bar(1, two=IgnoreArg())
and have it match all of the above.
Comment #1 on issue 37 by steve.mi...@gmail.com: Optional arguments
Mox is intended to be used for deterministic tests.
Why can't you know in advance what your code is going to do?
OK, I only really need the first two examples above.
I have to stub out a function in another library for a test, and there are
multiple versions of this library in production. The new version passes
two=None, the other doesn't.
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Mean shift clustering algorithm is a centroid-based algorithm that helps in various use cases of unsupervised learning. It is one of the best algorithms to be used in image processing and computer vision. It works by shifting data points towards centroids to be the mean of other points in the region. It is also known as the mode seeking algorithm. The algorithm’s advantage is that it assigns clusters to the data without automatically defining the number of clusters based on defined bandwidth.
Kernel Density Estimation
Like other clustering algorithms, Mean shift is based on the concept of Kernel Density Estimation(KDE), which is a way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable. KDE is a problem where the inferences of the population are made by data smoothing. It works by providing weights to each data point. The weight function is called a kernel. There are many kinds of kernels, one kind of kernel is the Gaussian kernel. Adding all those kernels together creates a density function(probability surface). The resultant density function variation depends on the used bandwidth parameter.
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In the image below, we can see the distribution of some data points in a surface plot.
And in the image below, we can see the KDE surface where our data points are distributed in the surface plot(first image). The hills can be considered as the kernel.
In the contour plot of the KDE surface, we can see the exact smoothing of our data points.
From the images, we can understand how the KDE works in smoothing the data sets to make inferences from the data points. As the size of circles in the plot decreases, the density of the data point increases, which means most of the points in the kernel are trying to be on the small circle where the mean shift comes into the picture, which tries to increase or decrease the density function.
Mean shift
Mean shift is based on the idea of KDE, but what makes it different is that using the bandwidth parameter. We can make the points climb uphill to the nearest peak on the KDE surface. So, iteratively shifting each point to climb uphill to the peak.
The bandwidth parameter used to make the KDE surface varies on the different sizes. For example, we have a tall skinny kernel which means a small kernel bandwidth and in a case where the size of the kernel is short and fat, which means a large kernel bandwidth. A small kernel bandwidth makes the KDE surface hold the peak for every data point more formally, saying each point has its cluster; on the other hand, large kernel bandwidth results in fewer kernels or fewer clusters.
Here we can see the formation of kernels with bandwidth values is equal to two.
In the image, we can see what happens when the bandwidth value is low.
Let’s consider a kernel function 𝐊(xi – x) gives the weight to nearby points for defining the mean. So the weighted mean of the density in a window calculation is determined by.
Where N(x) is the neighbourhood of x.
The value of m(x) – x is called the mean shift.
As discussed before, from the mathematical formula, we can understand that the mean shift tries to shift the point, and when performed iteratively, it will move to the KDE peak.
Basically, in the whole algorithm, after making a copy of data points, those copied points are shifted against the original copy to reach the peak of its kernel surface. Next in the article, we will see how we can implement the algorithm using python with randomly generated data points to find out the clusters according to the size and bandwidth parameter.
Implementations in Python
Importing the libraries:
import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.cluster import MeanShift from sklearn.datasets.samples_generator import make_blobs import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D ordinates = [[2, 2, 3], [6, 7, 8], [5, 10, 13]] X, _ = make_blobs(n_samples = 120, centers = cordinates, cluster_std = 0.60)
Setting up the coordinates and generating the random data around the coordinates:
Visualizing the data points:
data_fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10)) ax = data_fig.add_subplot(111, projection ='3d') ax.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], X[:, 2], marker ='o',color ='green') plt.show()
Output:
Here we can see how the data is distributed in space. In space, we can easily say that there can be 3 clusters according to the coordinates as the inferences of the data. Now we will proceed with the mean shift to predict the cluster and define the centroids of the clusters. Sklearn provides the estimation function for bandwidth according to the data so that we don’t need to be worried about the bandwidth parameter. Importing the estimated bandwidth function.
Importing libraries:
from sklearn.cluster import estimate_bandwidth bandwidth = estimate_bandwidth(X, quantile=0.2, n_samples=500)
Now we can define the mean shift cluster model and fit it into our data.
msc = MeanShift(bandwidth=bandwidth, bin_seeding=True) msc.fit(X) cluster_centers = msc.cluster_centers_ labels = msc.labels_ cluster_label = np.unique(labels) n_clusters = len(labels_unique) n_clusters
Output:
Here we can see it has been predicted as we have estimated there should be 3 clusters.
Visualizing the clusters:
msc_fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10)) ax = msc_fig.add_subplot(111, projection ='3d') ax.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], X[:, 2], marker ='o',color ='yellow') ax.scatter(cluster_centers[:, 0], cluster_centers[:, 1], cluster_centers[:, 2], marker ='o', color ='green', s = 300, linewidth = 5, zorder = 10) plt.title('Estimated number of clusters: %d' % n_clusters) plt.show()
Output:
Here in the green color we can see the cluster’s centroids and easily separate the data into 3 clusters. As we have discussed, it is very useful for image processing and computer vision. Next in the article, I am going to separate the colours of the images using the mean shift clustering algorithm. More formally, we can call it image segmentation using mean shift as we know that the pixel values in any image are based on the colors present in the image. Here I am using a thermograph as the image because the colours in this image are well distributed, and the number of colors is insufficient, so in the procedure, we will not get confused.
Importing the libraries.
import numpy as np from sklearn.cluster import MeanShift, estimate_bandwidth from sklearn.datasets.samples_generator import make_blobs from itertools import cycle from PIL import Image import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.pylab as pylab %matplotlib inline
Input:
img = Image.open('/content/drive/MyDrive/Yugesh/Mean Shift Clustering Algo/Thermography_results_sm.jpg') img = np.array(image) # saving the image shape shape = img.shape # reshaping image reshape_img = np.reshape(image, [-1, 3]) #plotting the image plt.imshow(image) plt.title(img.shape)
Output:
Here we can see the image and its size as the title of the image. We have reshaped the image to flatten it so that the size of the array the model required we can get it. As we have discussed the bandwidth function of sklearn here, I am defining the bandwidth using the function.
Input:
bandwidth = estimate_bandwidth(reshape_img, quantile=0.1, n_samples=100) bandwidth
Output:
Fitting the meanshitt on reshape_img:
msc = MeanShift(bandwidth=bandwidth, bin_seeding=True) msc.fit(reshape_img)
Output:
Checking the insights of the model so that we can know what is going behind:
print("shape of labels : %d" % msc.labels_.shape) print( msc.cluster_centers_.shape) print("number of estimated clusters : %d" % len(np.unique(msc.labels_)))
Output:
Here we can see that it has generated 8 clusters which means that the image has clustered into 8 color segments—changing the shape of the labels, equivalent to the shape of the original image.
labels = msc.labels_ result_image = np.reshape(labels, shape[:2])
Let’s draw the images original and segmented.
fig = plt.figure(2, figsize=(14, 12)) ax = fig.add_subplot(121) ax = plt.imshow(img) ax = fig.add_subplot(122) ax = plt.imshow(result_image) plt.show()
Output:
Here we can see the original image and the resulting image. Using the pixel sizes of the images, we have generated the clusters using the mean shift algorithm. It has given us clusters for the image pixel values(note – the pixel values vary between 0 to 255). This is one of the easiest techniques to solve image segmentation and other image processing problems. We have seen earlier in the topic how it works and provides centroids to the data points, and also we have seen how it uses the mean shift in the KDE surface. There are various advantages of the algorithms like no effects of outliers, efficiency for complex structure datasets and no need to iterate between several clusters.
References
- A demo of the mean-shift clustering algorithm.
- Build your own mean shift.
- Google Colab for basic implementation code.
- Google Colab for image segmentation.
- image..
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Joomla! 1.5 Development Cookbook — Save 50%
Solve real world Joomla! 1.5 development problems with over 130 simple but incredibly useful recipes
This article by James Kennard shows how we can interact with the current user, logged in or not, and how we can interact with their session.
This article contains the following recipes:
-
Introduction
When a user starts browsing a Joomla! web site, a PHP session is created. Hidden away in the session is user information, this information will either represent a known registered user or a guest.
We can interact with the session using the session handler, a JSession object.
When we work with the session in Joomla!, we must not use the global PHP $_SESSION variable or any of the PHP session functions.
Getting the session handler
To interact with the session we use the session handler; this is a JSession object that is globally available via the static JFactory interface. It is imperative that we only use the global JSession object to interact with the PHP session. Directly using $_SESSION or any of the PHP session functions could have unintended consequences.
How to do it...
To retrieve the JSession object we use JFactory. As JFactory returns an object, we must use =& when assigning the object to a variable. If we do not and our server is running a PHP version prior to PHP 5, we will inadvertently create a copy of the global JSession object.
$session =& JFactory::getSession();
How it works...
If we look at the JSession class, we will notice that there is a getInstance() method. It is tempting to think of this as synonymous with the JFactory::getSession() method. There is, however, an important difference, the JSession::getInstance() method requires configuration parameters. The JFactory::getSession() method accepts configuration parameters, but they are not required.
The first time the JFactory::getSession() method is executed, it is done by the JApplication object (often referred to as mainframe). This creates the session handler. It is the application and JFactory that deal with the configuration of the session. Subsequent usage of the JFactory::getSession() method will not require the creation of the object, and thus simply returns the existing object. The following sequence diagram shows how this process works the first time it is executed by the JApplication object:
When the JFactory::getSession() method is subsequently executed, because session will already exist, the _createSession() method is not executed.
The diagram is a simplification of the process; additional complexity has not been included because it is outside the scope of this recipe.
See also
For information about setting and retrieving values in the session, refer to the next two recipes, Adding data to the session and Getting session data.
Adding data to the session
Data that is set in the session is maintained between client requests. For example, we could display announcements at the top of all our pages and include an option to hide the announcements. Once a user opts to hide the announcements, by setting a value in the session, we would be able to 'remember' this throughout the user's visit.
To put this into context, we would set a session value hideAnnouncements to true when a user opts to hide announcements. In subsequent requests, we will be able to retrieve the value of hideAnnouncements from the session and its state will remain the same.
In Joomla!, session data is maintained using a JSession object, which we can retrieve using JFactory. This recipe explains how to set data in the session using this object instead of using the global PHP $_SESSION variable.
Getting ready
We must get the session handler, a JSession object. For more information, refer to the first recipe in this article, Getting the session handler.
$session =& JFactory::getSession();
How to do it...
The JSession::set() method is used to set a value in the session. The first parameter is the name of the value we want to set; the second is the value itself.
$session->set('hideAnnouncements', $value);
The JSession::set() method returns the previous value. If no value was previously set, the return value will be null.
// set the new value and retrieve the old
$oldValue = $session->set('hideAnnouncements', $value);
echo 'Hide Announcement was ' . ($oldValue ? 'true' : 'false');
echo 'Hide Announcement is now ' . ($value ? 'true' : 'false');
Lastly, we can remove data from the session by setting the value to null.
// remove something
$session->set('hideAnnouncements', null);
How it works...
The session contains a namespace-style data structure. Namespaces are required by JSession and by default all values are set in the default namespace. To set a value in a different namespace, we use the optional JSession::set() third parameter.
$session->set('something', $value, 'mynamespace');
Sessions aren't just restricted to storing basic values such as strings and integers. The JUser object is a case in point—every session includes an instance of JUser that represents the user the session belongs to. If we add objects to the session, we must be careful. All session data is serialized. To successfully unserialize an object, the class must already be known when the session is restored. For example, the JObject class is safe to serialize because it is loaded prior to restoring the session.
$value = new JObject();
$session->set('aJObject', $value);
If we attempt to do this with a class that is not loaded when the session is restored, we will end up with an object of type __PHP_Incomplete_Class. To overcome this, we can serialize the object ourselves.
// serialize the object in the session
$session->set('anObject', serialize($anObject));
To retrieve this, we must unserialize the object after we have loaded the class. If we do not do this, we will end up with a string that looks something like this O:7:"MyClass":1:{s:1:"x";s:10:"some value";}.
// load the class
include_once(JPATH_COMPONENT . DS . 'myclass.php');
// unserialize the object from the session
$value = unserialize($session->get('anObject'));
There's more...
There is an alternative way of setting data in the session. User state data is also part of the session, but this data allows us to save session data using more complex hierarchical namespaces, for example com_myextension.foo.bar.baz. To access this session data, we use the application object instead of the session handler.
// get the application
$app =& JFactory::getApplication();
// set some data
$app->setUserState('com_myextsion.foo.bar.baz, $value);
An advantage of using user state data is that we can combine this with request data. For more information refer to the next recipe, Getting session data.
The JApplication::setUserState() method is documented as returning the old value. However, a bug prevents this from working; instead the new value is returned.
See also
For information about retrieving values from the session, refer to the next recipe, Getting session data.
Getting session data
Data that is set in the session is maintained between client requests. For example if during one request we set the session value of hideAnnouncements to true, as described in the previous recipe, in subsequent requests we will be able to retrieve the value of hideAnnouncements and its state will remain the same.
In Joomla!, session data is maintained using the global JSession object. This recipe explains how to get data from the session using this object instead of from the normal global PHP $_SESSION variable.
Getting ready
We must get the session handler, a JSession object. For more information, refer to the first recipe in this article, Getting the session handler.
$session =& JFactory::getSession();
How to do it...
We use the JSession::get() method to retrieve data from the session.
$value = $session->get('hideAnnouncements');
If the value we attempt to retrieve is not set in the session, the value null is returned. It is possible to specify a default value, which will be returned in instances where the value is not currently set in the session.
$defaultValue = false;
$value = $session->get('hideAnnouncements', $defaultValue);
How it works...
The session contains a namespace-style data structure. Namespaces are required by JSession and by default all values are retrieved from the default namespace. To get a value from a different namespace, we use the optional third JSession::get() parameter.
$value = $session->get('hideAnnouncements', $defaultValue,
'mynamespace');
It is possible to store objects in the session. However, these require special attention when we extract them from the session. For more information about storing objects in the session, refer to the previous recipe, Adding data to the session.
There's more...
There is an alternative way of getting data from the session. User state data is also part of the session. The user state data allows us to store session data using more complex hierarchical namespaces, for example com_myextension.foo.bar.baz. To access user state data, we use the application object instead of the session handler.
// get the application (this is the same as $mainframe)
$app =& JFactory::getApplication();
// get some user state data
$value = $app->getUserState('com_myextsion.foo.bar.baz');
User state data is usually combined with request data. For example, if we know the request may include a value that we want to use to update the user state data, we use the JApplication::getUserStateFromRequest() method.
// get some user state data and update from request
$value = $app->getUserStateFromRequest(
'com_myextsion.foo.bar.baz',
'inputName',
$defaultValue,
'INTEGER'
);
The four parameters we provide this method with are the path to the value in the state data, the name of the request input from which we want to update the value, the default value (which is used if there is no value in the request), and the type of value. This method is used extensively for dealing with display state data, such as pagination.
// get global default pagination limit
$defaultListLimit = $app->getCfg('list_limit');
// get limit based on user state data / request data
$limit = $app->getUserStateFromRequest(
'global.list.limit',
'limit',
$defaultListLimit,
'INTEGER'
);
See also
For information about setting values in the session, refer to the previous recipe, Adding data to the session.
Checking for session data
A little known, or at least little used ability of JSession is the capability to check whether or not a value has already been set in the session. This can be useful to determine the current state of an extension in the current session. For example, we may have a plugin that we want to behave differently the first time it is executed in a session.
Getting ready
We must have an instance of the session handler, which is a JSession object. For more information refer to the first recipe in this article, Getting the session handler.
$session =& JFactory::getSession();
How to do it...
The JSession::has() method determines if a value exists in the session. The method returns a Boolean response, true means that the session has the value, while false means the session has not got the value.
if ($session->has('someValue')) {
// some value exists in the session :)
} else {
// some value does not exist in the session :(
}
How it works...
The session contains a namespace style data structure. Namespaces are required by JSession, and by default, existence of a value is checked in the namespace default. To check for a value in a different namespace, we use the optional second parameter.
if ($session->has('someValue', 'mynamespace')) {
// mynamespace some value exists in the session
} else {
// mynamespace some value does not exist in the session
}
See also
For more information about dealing with session data, refer to the previous three recipes, Getting the session handler, Adding data to the session, and Getting session data.
Checking the session token
Every session contains a token. This is a random generated string that is used to prevent security weaknesses such as Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF).
How to do it...
We can access the token directly in the session using the JSession::getToken() method.
$token = JSession::getToken();
Although this is acceptable, it does not really conform to the standard Joomla! way of dealing with tokens.
The token value should be kept a closely guarded secret. It is crucial that we do not give away the value of the token, because it could be used to compromise the site.
Getting the user
A JUser object describes a user of the system. The user who initiated the request is always represented as a JUser object, even if the user is not logged in! This recipe explains how we retrieve the JUser object that represents the current user.
In instances where the user is not logged in, the JUser object represents an anonymous user. In Joomla! we refer to anonymous users as guests. The following diagram expresses the guest state of the global JUser object:
How to do it...
To retrieve the JUser object that represents the current user, we use JFactory. As JFactory returns an object we must use =& when assigning the object to a variable. If we do not and our server is running a PHP version prior to PHP 5, we will inadvertently create a copy of the global JUser object.
$user =& JFactory::getUser();
So now that we have the global JUser object, what do we do with it? We generally retrieve JUser objects when we want to find out something about a user. For example, we can use a JUser object to determine a user's email address (as described in the last recipe, Sending an email to the user). All of the remaining recipes in this article explain what we can do with JUser objects.
There's more...
Sometimes we may want to retrieve data that relates to other users. If we want to retrieve a different user (represented as a JUser object) when we call the static JFactory::getUser() method, we add the numeric ID or the username of the user we want to retrieve.
// retrieve a user based on ID
$aUser =& JFactory::getUser(100);
// retrieve a user based on username
$anotherUser =& JFactory::getUser('anotherusername');
Obviously, we wouldn't use hardcoded values. This is simply intended to make the usage of the method clearer, that is, a number to load based on ID, and an alphanumeric string to load based on a username.
Use ID whenever possible
As Joomla! uses the PHP is_numeric() function to determine if it is retrieving a user based on an ID or a username, if a username contained only numbers, the method could be tricked into retrieving a different user. For this reason we should use a user's ID whenever possible. If we only have the user's username, we can use the static JUserHelper::getUserId() method to manually retrieve their ID.
On the other hand, if we want to retrieve a number of users and we are executing a query that will retrieve data to which users are associated, we can JOIN with the #__users table. The following example shows a query in which the table #__mytable contains the foreign key owner, which relates to the primary key (id) of the #__users table:
SELECT `mytable`.*, `u`.`name` AS `owner`
FROM `#__mytable` AS `mytable`
LEFT JOIN `#__users` AS `u` ON `mytable`.`owner` = `u`.`id`
The following table describes some of the more useful #__users fields that are available to us:
See also
The next recipe explains how to determine if the current user is or is not logged in.
Determining if the current user is a guest
Guests are users who are not logged into the site. Guests generally have very restricted access rights, which can significantly modify the way in which the logic of an extension flows. This recipe explains how to determine if the current user is a guest or a registered user.
Getting ready
To complete this recipe, we need the current user represented as a JUser object. For more information, refer to the previous recipe, Getting the user.
$user =& JFactory::getUser();
How to do it...
We use the JUser::get() method to retrieve the Boolean value of guest. If this value is true, the user is a guest, otherwise they are a registered user.
if ($user->get('guest') {
// user is a guest
} else {
// user is logged in user
}
How it works...
Whenever a user starts browsing an instance of Joomla! they always start off as a guest. We can, therefore, think of JUser objects as being guests by default. Once a user successfully logs in, the value of guest is set to false. Technically, the user's ID is also set at this point, and so it is possible to use the ID to determine if the user is a guest. However, this is not recommended. There is a useful diagram in the introduction to the previous recipe that explains this in more detail.
Getting the user's name and username
A user's name is their actual name, for example Fred Bloggs. A user's username is the name they use to log into the system, for example fbloggs. An important distinction between the two is that the username is unique while the name is not. As usernames are unique, when we display information about a user to another user, we tend to use usernames, for example in a thread on a forum. Conversely, when addressing a user directly we tend to use their name, for example in an email notification or a welcome message.
Getting ready
To complete this recipe, we need the JUser object that represents the current user. For more information, refer to the recipe Getting the user earlier in this article.
$user =& JFactory::getUser();
How to do it...
The following example extracts the user's username and name and outputs them:
// get username and name of user
$username = $user->get('username');
$name = $user->get('name');
// output information about the user
echo "$username's real name is $name";
How it works...
The JUser::get() method retrieves public data from the JUser object. Note that by public data we mean public in terms of object access, not legally public for everyone to see. When dealing with a user that is logged in, their username and name is directly populated in the JUser object with data from the #__users table in the database (or from a comparable source, dependent on the user plugins).
There's more...
Sometimes a user may not be logged in, that is, they may be a guest. In these instances, we need to pay a little more attention because the username and name will both be set to null. The following example shows how combining this recipe with the previous recipe, Determining if the current user is a guest, we can better deal with usernames and names
if ($user->get('guest') {
// user is a guest
$username = JText::_('ANONYMOUS');
$name = JText::_('ANONYMOUS');
} else {
// user is a registered user
$username = $user->get('username');
$name = $user->get('name');
}
ANONYMOUS is not defined in any of the core language files, so we must define this, or a suitable equivalent, in our extension's language files.
>> Continue Reading The Session and the User with Joomla! 1.5: Part 2
If you have read this article you may be interested to view :
About the Author : Packt
Post new comment
|
https://www.packtpub.com/article/session-and-user-joomla-15-part-1
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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refinedweb
| 3,171
| 54.12
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Drop the default values, use the value that users are most likely to click.
- Use the highlighted option as the default focus when users scroll through the list.
- If users are not required to click a value, include a "None" value in the drop-down list. Always place "None" (:).
Code sample: Creating a drop-down list. public class MyUi extends UiApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { MyUi theApp = new MyUi(); theApp.enterEventDispatcher(); } public MyUi() { pushScreen(new MyUiScreen()); } } //Create the custom screen for the application by extending the //MainScreen class. In the screen constructor, invoke setTitle() to //specify the title for the screen. class MyUiScreen extends MainScreen { public MyUiScreen() { setTitle("UI Component Sample"); //In the screen constructor, create a drop-down list that displays a //list of words or phrases by using the ObjectChoiceField class. //Create a String array to store the items that you want to display in //the drop-down list. Create an int to store the default item to //display in the drop-down list. In the ObjectChoiceField constructor, //specify the label for the drop-down list, the array of items to //display, and the default item. In example, Wednesday is the default. //Invoke add() to add the drop-down list to the screen. String choices[] = {"Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday", "Friday","Saturday","Sunday"}; int iSetTo = 2; add(new ObjectChoiceField("First Drop-down List",choices,iSetTo)); //In the screen constructor, create a second drop-down list that //displays a list of numbers by using the NumericChoiceField class. //In the NumericChoiceField constructor, specify the label for the //drop-down list, the first and last number to display in the //drop-down list, the increment to use for the list of numbers, and //the default number. In the following code sample, the numeric parameters //are stored in int objects. The numbers 1 to 31 are included in the //drop-down list and by default the number 10 is displayed. //Invoke add() to add the second drop-down list to the screen. int iStartAt = 1; int iEndAt = 31; int iIncrement = 1; iSetTo = 10; add(new NumericChoiceField( "Numeric Drop-Down List",iStartAt,iEndAt,iIncrement,iSetTo)); } //To override the default functionality that prompts the user to save //changes before the application closes, in the extension of the //MainScreen class, override the MainScreen.onSavePrompt() method. //In the following code sample, the return value is true which //indicates that the application does not prompt the user before closing. public boolean onSavePrompt() { return true; } }
|
http://developer.blackberry.com/bbos/java/documentation/dropdown_lists_1970204_11.html
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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refinedweb
| 408
| 54.22
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You can click on the Google or Yahoo buttons to sign-in with these identity providers,
or you just type your identity uri and click on the little login button.
Maarten wrote :
In the following Python fragment, the variable "x" is referenced before it
is assigned in two occasions:
def f(n):
if n == 0:
if x == 1:
pass
else:
print x
x = 3
There is a rule in the "variables" checker that should catch errors like
this: message E0601. But for some reason this message is not issued.
The reason seems to be the "if x == 1" statement. If this is replaced by
"pass", the message will be issued.
I looked at the code of the variables checker and the implementation of
E0601 is in the visit_name() method. This is the final part of the
decision whether to issue the message or not:
if (maybee0601
and stmt.source_line() <= defstmt.source_line()
and not is_defined_before(node)
and not are_exclusive(stmt, defstmt)):
self.add_message('E0601', args=name, node=node)
I added some debug prints and the reason the message is not issued is that
"are_exclusive(stmt, defstmt)" returns True. Here "stmt" is the "if x ==
1" statement and "defstmt" is the "x = 3" assignment. Indeed those two
branches are exclusive. However, that is not a valid reason why the use of
"x" should be considered correct. In fact, when the branch in which a
variable is assigned is exclusive to a branch in which a variable is used,
that would be a reason to consider its use wrong.
I hope someone who is more familiar with the pylint code can figure out
what the proper role of are_exclusive() should be for triggering E0601.
most of the fix done in astng (0.19.0)
Ticket #5719 - latest update on 2009/09/01, created on 2008/08/06 by Sylvain Thenault
|
https://www.logilab.org/ticket/5719
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
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refinedweb
| 307
| 70.02
|
Hi guys,
I met a problem about interference when I'm using PWM OUTPUT on LED and DAC OUPUT of my Teensy 3.2
This is the sketch that allowed me to understand this behavior.
As you can see from...
Type: Posts; User: darioconcilio
Hi guys,
I met a problem about interference when I'm using PWM OUTPUT on LED and DAC OUPUT of my Teensy 3.2
This is the sketch that allowed me to understand this behavior.
As you can see from...
Breaking news!
Thank you for support and problem was a weld on the MKL02Z32VFG4!
My biggest doubt was that the scheme needed other supporting components, but so, fortunately, it is not!
Thanks...
Thank you for your response.
I ordered the bootloader directly.
Hi guys,
I developed my project using Teensy 3.2, and now I'm trying to produce a my custom board.
I based myself on the schema that I found here
I purchased the MKL02Z32VFG4 component with...
Thank you for reply Theremingenieur.
It is sad to hear this because they are good products, but if you have to do a business project, there is a problem with the bootloader, not all electronic...
Hi guys,
is it possible to buy it through a European distributor?
I'm trying to use SparkFun LSM6DS3 with Teensy 3.2, but I have strange behavior.
I follow the sketch sequence as soon as the led stays fixed, then I execute the program in python (using python 2.7...
Hi guys,
I'm trying to usa standard python rawfile-uploader.py and CopyFromSerial example.
I attached screenshot that shows error.
What is the problem?
I attached breadboard also.
I'm...
I'm sorry. I'm checking again my circuit and...
I had just mistaken the GND pin on the speaker, this created abnormal behavior.
I'm an idiot! Sorry.
Hi guys,
I'm working with Teensy 3.6 and DACS.
#include <Audio.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <SD.h>
#include <SerialFlash.h>
Hi guys, I'm thinking if is it possibile compress an array generated by wav2sketch...
I would try to generate a sketch in order to have all values compressed and then decompress them as needed, do...
OK. I ran again EraseEverything and now It works all ok.
Thank you very much for your support!
I don't understand where I wrong, can you show me your connections Teensy3.2-Flash?
And then, in WrtiteConfig method is correct SerialFlash.remove(fileName); or I have to use erase?
WP is to...
Strange...... I'm reading CopyFromSD sketch and I not found createErasable method but create method.
A portion skecth of ufficial CopyFromSD, I read that it uses remove and create methods.
...
Hi guys,
I writed a simple project because I'm trying to overwrite a config file with different value, but it seems that it not takes effect.
Synthesizing...
This sketch read MYFILE.CFG, that...
I hear the interference bluetooth from DAC,
just do the voltage teensy3.2.
I simply connect BT HC-06 in this schema (power supply range 3.6V - 6V)*:
BT_VCC = T_V3.3
BT_GND = T_GND
BT_RX =...
Ok!
I think I understand.
I connect HOLD and WP to pin 2 = HIGH level,
after that, I find out that there are problem using 72 Mhz clock, then I compile again at 48Mhz, and all it works.
Thank...
This is my breadboard
8338
this is schema of flash Cypress S25FL256SAGMFIR01
8339
there are my scketches
what do you mean?
pin 7 of flash or pin 7 of teensy?
Because pin 7 of flash is CS, it is already connected to 9,
instead pin 7 of teensy 3.2 is DOUT/RX3, I do not think you mean this
8303
Another thing,
if connected WP to VCC+, the sketch RawHadrwareTest shows me this
Raw SerialFlash Hardware Test
Read Chip Identification:
JEDEC ID: 0 0 0
Part Nummber: (unknown...
Nothing.... same results, if I connect WP to VCC+
Thank you for note, I'm new....
This evening I'll try to change pin of WP...
Into documentation shows this
I'm think that is correct connect pin WP to GND, is it correct for you?
My sketch is this
#include <SerialFlash.h>
#include <SPI.h>
VCC => 3.3V of Teensy 3.2
CS => pin 9
SO/IO1 => pin 12
SCK => pin 13
SI/SO0 => pin 11
VSS => GND
WP#/IOS2 => GND
I compiled on Teensy 3.2 72 Mhz optimized speed, Arduino 1.6.12 with...
HI to all,
I'm using sketch EraseEverything on Teensy 3.2 with flash S25FL256S on macOS Sierra.
It shows me
Flash Memory has 33554432 bytes.
Erasing ALL Flash Memory:
estimated wait: 67...
I corrected my post, T3.2
I'm using 1.6.12 with T 1.31 it works! (macOs Sierra)
it compiled correctly:
#include <ADXL345.h>
#include <L3G4200D.h>
#include <Audio.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <SD.h>...
Hi to all,
are there examples that show better way to write and read simply text file?
I have some confusion, because I'm new....
I'm using Teensy 3.2 connected with S25FL256S
Hi to all,
I'm trying CopyFromSD with S25FL256S Flash.
I'm not sure if I connected correctly flash and SD shield (Sparkfun with red shield)
Flash to Teensy 3.2:
CS => 9
SCK => 14
SO => 7...
Ok, now.
I read again PlaySdWav and I see that it could activate the Optimization Mode.
I found a file SD_t3.h
// This Teensy 3.x optimized version is a work-in-progress.
//
// Uncomment...
I'm sorry for rules, I did not mean to violate it.
I expressed myself badly, the piece of code was just to show the structure Audio.
In reality, you have already answered my question, in your last...
Hi,
I'm trying to use Audio Library with Accell and Gyro sensor.
[CODE]
AudioPlaySdWav EventPlaySdWav; //xy=150,302
AudioPlaySdWav HumPlaySdWav; //xy=151,232
AudioMixer4 ...
Extactly, Teensy 3.2, ok I'll try it this evening, thank you for precious support!
They used this approach,
how can I keep this?
Ok my problem is this: I projected a circuit using and I try to use Audio Library, it's all OK! Great!
Now I met a problem because my friends are using...
Can Audio Library use SdFat library?
This is ink
Ehm, I met this compiler error.
What's up?
C:\Users\Dario\Documents\Arduino\libraries\MahonyAHRS-master\src\MahonyAHRS.cpp: In static member function 'static float Mahony::invSqrt(float)':...
Thank you very much!
You are great!
Hi to all,
I'm trying demo scketch but where I find MahonyAHRS.h and relative version for Teensy 3.2?
Actually I'm trying with LC.
I'm thinking... but how can I close or dispose an SD instance?
I'm trying to clear my question.
Can I stop all instance of Audio library and SD/SPI library and in second time riactivate all?
Thank you Paul, I'll try it.
Stay tuned.... :-)
Hi to all,
I would use a PlaySdWav, then open SD play a specific wav file, but before this, I use other library to open a specific file, this file is in same SD card.
It seems that after open...
Great! You are wonderful!
Thank you.
Ok! it works.
Thank you.
Thank's Paul, but It could add a costructors without parameter?
Sothat I could create an AudioConnection in my header file, and then I'll instance varaible in cpp file?
Hi,
I'm trying to play on subfolder of SD, but I don't know which way I have to take.
I tryed to call open methods, as I use when I keep a files, but I think that is a bad way.
Infact, it take...
Good job!
Thank you.
Hi to all,
Has AudioConnection class a costructors with 0 parameter?
I can't find header file of this class, I'm finding in ..\Arduino\hardware\teensy\avr\libraries\Audio
Is it correct my search...
Hi to all,
I would create a my library that incapsulates all work with audio.
But the problem is, where I have to write code about AudioConnections?
First: I tryed declare my 3 patchcords into...
Oh my God!
Ok... don't worry be happy.
In Arduino: DI >
The circuit:
* SD card attached to SPI bus as follows:
** MOSI - pin 11 on Arduino Uno/Duemilanove/Diecimila
** MISO - pin 12 on...
|
https://forum.pjrc.com/search.php?s=6ee600d9cc7758cd530d72f1c607a2b0&searchid=4835028
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
refinedweb
| 1,400
| 78.14
|
- The XHTML 2 Disaster
- The WHAT Working Group?
- Apps, Not Documents
- Save Me!
- Next Week
In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee described a very simple SGML profile for marking up online documents. This defined a few tags for marking up text. The original web browsers, Sir Tim's WorldWideWeb for NeXTSTEP and a terminal-based UNIX version, included support for this language. A couple of years later, Mosaic introduce support for inline images.
Over the next couple of years, things like tables and forms appeared in various browsers. The HTML 2.0 specification was published in 1995 by the IETF and was a formalization of the various features that were well-supported.
After this, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) took over evolving the standard. HTML 3 was released a couple of years later and, again, standardized something that was roughly the overlap between various different existing implementations. This was at the height of the browser war, when Microsoft, Netscape, and a few other players were competing heavily based on features.
Then the W3C adopted a different approach. For HTML 4, they decided to define the standard as the working group felt it should be used, rather than as it was used. This involved deprecating a lot of presentation-related markup and delegating things to CSS that had previously been done in HTML.
HTML 4 had both a transitional profile which deprecated these tags, and a strict version that removed them. It was followed by XHTML 1.0, which used the same tags but required documents to be well-formed XML.
The XHTML 2 Disaster
Flushed with success, the W3C then began working on XHTML 2. XHTML 1 had a few advantages over HTML 4. They could both display the same documents. It is possible to transform one to the other quite trivially. The requirement of XHTML to be well-formed XML provides some additional advantages, however. XML documents are allowed to contain any arbitrary tags. As long as they are properly namespaced, you can include things like MathML and SVG inline inside XHTML documents, without needing to make them separate files. This speeds up loading, because the browser gets everything in one goit doesn't need to parse the main file and then get the referenced files, and it means that everything goes in the same DOM tree, so can be modified from JavaScript.
This is only now starting to be well-supported by browsers, and even modern browsers that do support inline SVG are quite picky about the documents that they will accept as being XML (for example, requiring DTDs, .xhtml file extensions, or specific MIME types).
The goal for XHTML 2 was simplicity. All presentation-related tags were removed. All tags that duplicated the function of other tags were removed. Anything that duplicated the functionality of some other W3C standard (XForms, XFrames, and so on) was removed. The standard was then decomposed into various smaller profiles so that implementers could easily define subsets for different uses.
It was, unfortunately, a classic example of second-system syndrome. XHTML 2, in the current working drafts, is quite a nice standard. It's clean, easy to implement, and easy to produce. It is, unfortunately, only vaguely compatible with XHTML 1. That is to say, there is a smalland not very usefulsubset of XHTML 1 that is also a subset of XHTML 2.
This rather destroys any advantages of the simplicity of XHTML 2. Browser writers still have to support XHTML 1 and earlier versions, but now they'd have to support what is effectively a completely new language as well.
XHTML 2 is what, in hindsight, the W3C would like HTML 1.0 to have been. Unfortunately, it's not possible to completely reset the web and say “Okay, that was just a trial run; now we'll have the real version of HTML, so please update all your sites now.” XHTML 2 has been 10 years in the making, and now looks like it will never be released.
|
http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1561901
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
refinedweb
| 668
| 64.91
|
Hi, I am trying to implement maxpool fonction from scatch (for fun) and use backward() on it.
In my implementation below, the output Y of maxpool is correct (I verified it).
But the gradient of the input at a zero tensor, which is wrong.
code :
import torch def maxpool_fp(X): pool_dim = 2 pool_stripe = 2 bs, cx, dx, _ = list(X.size()) # batch size ; nb of channel of X ; dimension of X dy = int(X.shape[2] / pool_stripe) # dimension of Y Y = X[:, :, :dy, :dy] * 1 # *1 to avoid: RuntimeError: leaf variable has been moved into the graph interior for yn in range(bs): for yc, x in enumerate(X[yn]): for yh, h in enumerate(range(0, dx, pool_stripe)): for yw, w in enumerate(range(0, dx, pool_stripe)): Y[yn, yc, yh, yw] = torch.max(x[h:h + pool_dim, w:w + pool_dim]).item() return Y X = torch.randn(2, 2, 8, 8, requires_grad=True) Y = maxpool_fp(X) S = torch.sum(Y) S.backward() print("S =", S) # ==> Correct print("X.grad\n", X.grad) # ==> zero tensor !!!!!!!!!!
|
https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/maxpool-from-scratch/90951
|
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refinedweb
| 175
| 75.2
|
MCOMMAND_JOIN issue
- merkvilson last edited by r_gigante
Hello PluginCafe :)
I need to merge 2 objects in OBJECT_GENERATOR plugin and return the result but it returns only 1 object. my code looks like this. Am I doing something wrong?
import c4d, os from c4d import plugins, utils, Vector as v class Otest(c4d.plugins.ObjectData): def GetVirtualObjects(self, op, hh): virtualDoc = c4d.documents.BaseDocument() cube1 = c4d.BaseObject(c4d.Ocube) cube1.SetAbsPos(v(0,0,110)) virtualDoc.InsertObject(cube1) cube2 = c4d.BaseObject(c4d.Ocube) cube2.SetAbsPos(v(0,0,-110)) virtualDoc.InsertObject(cube2) virtualDoc.ExecutePasses(c4d.threading.GeGetCurrentThread(), True, True, True, c4d.BUILDFLAGS_INTERNALRENDERER) output = utils.SendModelingCommand(command = c4d.MCOMMAND_JOIN, doc = virtualDoc, list = [cube1,cube2])[0] return output if __name__ == "__main__": plugins.RegisterObjectPlugin(id = 1000000, str = "Test", g = Otest, description = None, info = c4d.OBJECT_GENERATOR, icon = None)
Hi @merkvilson; MCOMAND_JOIN have changed in R18, now objects have to be under the same hierarchy.
See Behaviour of MCOMMAND_JOIN different in R18 or [Python] SendModelingCommand().
Cheers,
Maxime.
You have to combine objects to null, for example:
import c4d from c4d import gui def smc(listy): null = c4d.BaseObject(c4d.Onull) for o in listy: o.InsertUnder(null) res = c4d.utils.SendModelingCommand(command = c4d.MCOMMAND_JOIN, list = [null], mode = c4d.MODELINGCOMMANDMODE_ALL, bc = c4d.BaseContainer(), doc = doc) return res[0] def main(): obs = doc.GetActiveObjects(0) doc.InsertObject(smc(obs)) c4d.EventAdd() if __name__=='__main__': main()
Thanks guys!
It worked!
I had to double-check this in SDK
btw. is it possible to sort the search results by date? I was getting 8 years old posts when looking for this topic.
For sure go to (you can also access this page by clicking on the little bolts/nuts which appears after a click on the top search bar.)
Then on this page, you can define more option to search, and you can decide which kind of sorting you prefer.
Cheers,
Maxime.
Thanks, buddy. Will take this into account
Finally please do not forget to mark your topic as solved. See Q&A Functionality
.
I was looking for "Solved" option in tags section but could not find it.
Finally, I figured this out.
Seems like this is because my browser's zoom is set to 150%
Hi,
thanks for pointing out this issue. We'll see if can get a fix for that (not all tags visible, if zooming in with browser).
In the end Maxime wasn't referring to tags at all. Instead he was talking about the Q&A Function we have in this forum. I took the freedom to mark this thread as solved (see this shiny green stamp next to the headline
).
Cheers,
Andreas
|
https://plugincafe.maxon.net/topic/11271/mcommand_join-issue/4
|
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|
refinedweb
| 438
| 51.95
|
Opened 11 years ago
Last modified 8 years ago
#1913 new Feature Requests
Null deleter for shared_ptr
Description
As raised in this () message on the boost-users mailing list, it would be very nice if the smart pointer library contained a null deleter object so it could be used for stack/static objects. To save the user having to define their own.
Attachments (1)
Change History (5)
comment:1 Changed 10 years ago by
comment:2 Changed 10 years ago by
comment:3 Changed 8 years ago by
comment:4 Changed 8 years ago by
Changed 6 years ago by
makes null_deleter available from boost/smart_ptr/null_deleter.hpp, minimal docs & test case
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
This ticket is raised against version 1.35.0 At least in 1.42 there is one hidden away in boost::serialization. It is difficult to know though why it is there:
#include <boost/serialization/shared_ptr.hpp>
class Foo
{
};
Foo foo; boost::shared_ptr<Foo> sharedfoo( &foo, boost::serialization::null_deleter() );
|
https://svn.boost.org/trac10/ticket/1913
|
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refinedweb
| 169
| 63.09
|
This white paper investigates a technique for real-time simulation of deep ocean waves on multi-processor machines under simulated work loads using threading.
Computer graphicists have a long history of attempting to model the real world. When designing immersive experiences, our goal is to design environments that look and feel as compelling as those in the real world. We can trace the origins of these simulations to previous deep thinking by physicists and computational scientists working in the applied sciences. In this article we investigate the simulation of compelling deep ocean waves. To improve the performance of our solution we have a multi-threaded workload to take advantage of dual processor machines. We demonstrate our technique with a real-time demonstration running on a two processor machine and provide an implementation able to run in real-time with integrated graphics solutions such as the Intel® 965 Express Chipset and Mobile Intel® 965 Express Chipset family.
First, we describe a list of previous work. Next, we lay out the mathematics of a summation of sine waves approach used for our implementation. We then give details of our implementation including the mechanisms we used for threading. Source code is provided with the demonstration to be used in your own multi-threaded ocean rendering extensions and implementation.
A number of researchers have investigated water simulation. One of the most successful has been Tessendorf, whose deep ocean water simulations have been used in movies such as Titanic* and Waterworld* [5], [6]. Since then there have been a number of other researchers and developers that have approached the problem with an eye towards real-time simulation. In his book, Interactive Simulation of Water Surfaces, Miguel Gomez [2] describes an implicit solution for height fields. In some cases this solution may be preferred, but a major disadvantage is the need to maintain at least two meshes--the previous mesh and the current mesh, in order to calculate the next mesh to be rendered. Another downside is the need to obtain neighbor information to calculate the next position for each vertex. Mark Finch provides an explicit solution that does not require this information in his book, Effective Water Simulation from Physical Models [3], and provides a number of other advantages as listed below:
- No neighbor information needed for position updates, making it easy to parallelize.
- Since no neighbor information is needed it is also easy to implement in a vertex shader in situations where a developer is better off doing the water simulation on the graphics subsystem.
- A fully parameterized simulation to give us precise control over our geometry.
- If desirable, normal can be updated based only on local vertex data, again simplifying parallelization in a vertex shader implementation. Alternatively, normal updates can use neighbor information. We compare the two approaches on the CPU in this article.
- Easy to scale and extend: We plan to add features to our water simulation. A parameterized solution makes this easy.
- Algorithm can be multi-purpose: We can use the same approach for the larger, low frequency waves of the surface and normal maps that simulate higher frequency surface waves created by wind.
In his book, Rendering Ocean Water, John Isidoro [4] uses a Sum of Sines approach similar to that described in [3]. They present the associated assembly level vertex and pixel shader code for implementation and a walkthrough of the technique in low level DX8 vertex and pixel shader assembly. We present a CPU based algorithm inspired by [3] that can be mapped to HLSL or left on the CPU.
First, we review a few basic definitions for waves from physics [Giancoli85], [3].
Amplitude: The maximum height of a crest or trough relative to the normal level. The total swing from a crest to a trough is twice the amplitude.
Wavelength: The distance between two successive crests.
Velocity: How fast the wave moves per unit time. ?, a phase constant, is used to represent speed where ? = velocity * (2 ?)/wavelength...
3.1 Sum of Sines Approach to Wave Generation
Figure 3-1. Wave Physics
In Figure 3-1, the wavelength is the distance between two crests, the velocity is the distance a wave moves in one unit time, and the amplitude is the distance from the origin to the top of a crest.
3.2 Static Wave Modeling
Let’s start from the basics. This way, if your application does not need some of these parameters you can eliminate them and follow the steps below to derive your procedural wave geometry. First, since we want our waves to have a periodic, controllable parameterization we chose a sine wave:
For our simulations we find it desirable to stay in a normalized space where all values produced are between 0 and 1 for the height of each sine wave. This way, we find it easier to think about what we need to do to position the water simulation in the world. Therefore, we need to shift our sine wave such that it produces no negative values:
While this has shifted us up so that our values are positive, we can see that we will be producing values larger than 1.0. Therefore, we will scale the results so that it fits into our 0..1 height domain:
Many times, particularly in deep ocean simulation, these large scale sinusoidal movements are desirable. However, it is often the case that we want to have steeper swells in our ocean, for example to signify an approaching storm. To simulate this effect, we add an exponent, steepness, to our simulation framework:
Next, w e want to be able to adjust the height of our wave, also known as the amplitude. To accomplish this we will introduce a scale factor into our simulation:
3.3 Dynamic Wave Modeling
We now have a wave with a sinusoidal pattern that we can control steepness and amplitude. However, we would like to have greater control over the surface. For example, we would like to take into account the speed and direction of the wave as well as the wavelength.
Since we are simulating a 2 dimensional height field we need to consider the movement in each direction. To accomplish this we project the x, y position onto a wave direction vector using a dot product. For simplicity we assume the direction vector is parallel to the flat surface and therefore has no z component. Recall the result of a dot product between two vectors is a scalar value we denote as S:
Next, we want to take into account the frequency of the wave. We know from physics that the wavelength relates to frequency as frequency = 2*
/wavelength. Therefore we can use the wavelength as input and generate the frequency by this function. Since we want this to influence the periodicity of our values delivered to our sin function, we incorporate this into our function:
We have a wave that takes into account direction and wavelength to determine position, but does not actually move across the surface. The final variability we introduce is to vary the velocity of the wave. Again, we know from physics that the phase constant
is related to velocity by the equation:
We enhance our equation as follows, where t is time:
In summary, we now have a function that takes into account wavelength, amplitude, velocity, direction, position, steepness, and amplitude:
Where
and
3.4 Wave Composition
A single wave function would be adequate if our simulation is a simple case. However, we are going to want to have a greater degree of variability to simulate a true deep ocean surface. Observing an ocean surface you notice that there are multiple wa ves coming from multiple directions that interfere with one another at any given point to create peaks, troughs, etc. that variate vibrantly. To simulate this we will take into account several waves by summing their positions at any point in our simulation. We have chosen to limit the number of sine waves to 4. and found that this provides an adequate amount of variability. To simulate the height of a position (x,y) we have the equation:
3.5 Surface Normals
For shading of the surface it is important to know the surface normal. Assuming we were using a tessellated surface we could update the position of each vertex using Equation 3 above then recalculate normals for the surface by re-computing face normals then averaging these together for each vertex. However, there is an alternative that needs consideration, an explicit solution presented in [3]. We can take the derivative in the x and y direction to determine the rate of change of the surface normal. We refer to these as the binormal and tangent vectors respectively. Previously we showed that a given position (x,y) has a surface height based on the function Position(x,y,t) = (x,y,f(x,y,t)). The binormal and tangent for a height field (assuming for simplicity that the height field is oriented along an x-y grid) are:
simplifies to
and
simplifies to
The cross product is therefore:
Now, we need to compute the derivative of f(x,y,t) and sum them together for each sine wave we are compositing for the final position. To accomplish this we will differentiate f(x,y,t) with respect to x and y for each wave composing our geometry simulation:
Where
Differentiation with respect to y follows similarly:
For the final surface normal we compute each component as follows and normalize the result:
3.6 Multi-threading
In the past many game engine designers have used threading in their games. Typically this is for functionality that maps well to threading on the task level. These architectural decisions were often made not so much to increase performance as they were to simplify coding. In this case we would like to explore using multiple threads to increase performance. Here, we limit ourselves to the simplest case of two threads: one to handle the initialization, rendering, and other aspects of a game engine, and one thread for water wave simulation.
At a very high level a game can be broken into three tasks: initialization, world update, and rendering. We are going to focus on threading the world update of our workload since this has to take place each frame and will provide us the most benefit. Figure 3-2 has a diagram showing how the workload will be partitioned. Thread A manages the game initialization and rendering, thread B handles the vertex position and normal generation for our water simulation.
Next, we need to think about the implications of threading a graphics application. Since threading of DirectX can greatly decrease the performance of an application we want to avoid this. The reason DirectX actually slows down is due to the thread safe version of DirectX only permitting one thread to enter the API at any one time. In some cases this may be the right decision but for our water simulation we decided to keep all rendering in one thread.
Figure 3-2. Two Threaded Simulation
A simple diagram of a two threaded simulation and how we load balanced our water simulation for each iteration of the render loop. TN represents the time it takes to do the operation in each thread.
Thread A is our main thread that controls the initialization, AI, user interaction, rendering, and shutdown sequence. Thread B will do our simulation. In this case thread A would just sit idle because we only have the water to simulate. One way to think about this is that the work given to thread A and thread B should be balanced such that neither thread sits idle waiting for the other thread to complete, or at the very least that this time be kept to a minimum. This load balancing technique generalizes as we increase the number of threads used for simulation: to obtain maximum benefit from threading, spread the workload as evenly as possible across the available threads.
Our first implementation was inspired by [2]. However, the need for neighbor information does not make it amenable to a parallel implementation[1]. Also, the lack of parameters to control the surface was not what we were looking for. Modeling the wave surface as an elastic membrane forces us into an ‘add energy then let it go’ way of thinking, when really we want a repeatable, rolling wave simulation. Therefore, we favored the implementation described in [3]. This implementation has a number of advantages described in Chapter 2.
Figure 4-1. Deep Ocean Wave Simulation
In Figure 4-1, we present our implementation. In the upper left one can see the controls for each of the sine waves that control the surface properties. On the right, a button that allows us to switch between threaded and non-threaded implementations, adjust how the normals are calculated and save parameterizations for future recall. Our demo is adapted from the BasicHLSL demo from [11].
4.1 User Interface
One feature of the work in [3] is the ability to have full control over all the surface parameters. Our implementa tion features the ability to control in real time all surface parameters: amplitude, velocity, direction, and the exponent from Equation 2. Additionally, these parameters can be saved and recalled for later simulations. To compare the threading and non threaded versions there is a button on the right hand side of the GUI. The controls for the waves can be removed so as not to block the view of the simulation.
4.2 C++ Implementation of Sum of Sines with Exponent
Next, we present the actual method used for our multi-threaded CPU implementation of the sum of sines approach. This is adapted directly from Equation 2.
void CSinWaterMesh::TakeStepSumOfWavesWithExp( float t,
int numOfWavesToSum )
{
for( int i=0; i<m_iNumRows; i++ )
{
for( int j=0; j<m_iNumCols; j++ )
{
for( int k=0; k<numOfWavesToSum; k++ )
{
CVector3 posVect;
float dotresult = 0.0f;
float phase_constant = 0.0f;
float final = 0.0f;
posVect.Init( m_pVB[i*m_iNumCols+j].x,
m_pVB[i*m_iNumCols+j].y,
0.0f );
if( m_bSumWave[k] )
{
dotresult = m_direction[k].Dot( &posVect );
dotresult *= ( 2*(float)MYPI ) / m_wavelength[k];
phase_constant = t*
( (m_speed[k]*2*(float)MYPI) / m_wavelength[k] );
final = ( dotresult + phase_constant );
final = ( sin(final) + 1.0f ) / 2.0f;
&
nbsp; final = m_amplitude[k] * pow( final, m_kexp[k] );
}
else
{
final = 0.0f;
}
if( k!=0 )
{
m_pVB[i*m_iNumCols+j].z += final;
}
else
{
// The first wave calculated will overwrite the
// summation from the last frame.
m_pVB[i*m_iNumCols+j].z = final;
}
}
}
}
}
4.3 Normal Calculation
Equation 4 presents an explicit calculation for normal generation and was the approach we expected to find best. However, we found it much faster to calculate vertex normals by averaging the face normals. The key to speeding up this implementation was to know who the neighbors were for each vertex without having to search per frame. To do this we pre-calculate a neighbor list for each vertex. This is not possible with a DX9 GPU based implementation because we do not have access to neighbor data, but on the CPU this is much faster than the calculation using the derivative. Therefore, if using a GPU Equation 4 is still the best way to do normal calculations, but for the CPU a traditional averaging of face normals is faster, including the time, of course, to calculate the new face normals.
4.4 Multi-threading
For the first implementation, the goal was to get a multi-threaded version of the demo to run and calculate updated surface normals and position correctly. The simplest way to do this was to create a function which wrapped the mesh update function inside a thread and create a new thread whenever the mesh needed to be updated. So, once per frame, a new thread would be launched to compute the new height values for the mesh. It worked, but the performance of this implementation was not good.
For the second implementation, the on-demand thread model was replaced with a thread pool model. In our implementation, we only need a second thread to help the main rendering thread so we only have one thread in our thread pool. The idea behind a thread pool is to create the threads at startup and have them available when needed by the main thread. This eliminates t he penalties in starting up and shutting down threads every time one is needed. The disadvantage of a thread pool is resources allocated to threads when they are not running. Additionally, depending upon how a thread pool is implemented, there may be threads that are needlessly taking CPU cycles in idle wait loops. To compensate for this one can use a strategy of periodic polling or use an OS synchronization object. The idea is to not be stuck in a spin loop consuming CPU resources; instead just periodically poll to see if we have the data we need to run. The idea was to reduce the overhead associated with the second thread by creating only one thread and removing that cost from the render loop. We simulate a real game engine workload by putting an additional workload in thread A to perform while thread B is computing the mesh and normals. This workload can take a variable amount of time and is meant to represent the other aspects of the water simulation that runs independent of the result of the water wave solver. Examples would be user interaction, other physics calculations such as collision detection, AI, etc. If one were running a water simulation the work could be partitioned at the task level where we place the work of surface calculation in one thread and normal generation in another. Another alternative would be to perform loop level decomposition and do a portion of the grid on one thread, a portion of the grid on another thread, and have a bit of overhead where the grids are stitched together if neighbor information is needed.
Thread Creation
To create a thread we use the function __beginthreadex(…). We chose this implementation based on the tradeoffs between the win32 functions and C run-time implementations of threading discussed in [1]. Basically, __beginthreadex(..) has less problems and is more reliable with the same functionality as CreateThread(..). Indeed, this was verified by our own experimentation. The documentation in Microsoft Visual Studio.Net 2005* states that using CreateThread(…) with the C run time can cause small memory leaks when the thread calls ExitThread(…).
#include <process.h>
HANDLE hThreadHandle; //unsigned long
DWORD dwThreadid;
.
.
hThreadHandle = (HANDLE) _beginthreadex(void *security,
unsigned stack_size,
unsigned (_stdcall *)(void *),
void *arg,
unsigned initflag,
unsigned *threadaddr,
);
The parameters to the call __beginthreadex(..) are as follows: the first parameter is to a security attributes structure. Setting this parameter to NULL means the thread gets a default security level. The second is the stack size. If this parameter is set to 0 the stack size will be set to the same as the current thread. The next parameter is the address of the user function that the new thread will call when it begins executing. The three remaining parameters are as follows: arg is a value passed to the new thread, initflag is an additional flag to control the state of the thread on thread creation, and finally an address to write the thread identifier. For our application you can see the call in the code:
hThreadHandle = (HANDLE) _beginthreadex( NULL,
0,
LaunchTakeStepThread,
(void*)&g_time,
0,
(unsigned int*)&dwThreadId );
Thread Execution
Now that the thread has been created, it waits using the sleep() function until its told to work. The sleep() function is passed the sleep time in milliseconds. Passing it a value of 0 causes it to give up its current time slice and wait until it is called again. When we are ready to have the thread begin execution, the master thread will tell the helper thread by incrementing a shared variable. The shared variable is a location in memory that both threads share. The master thread increments the value to tell the helper thread it has consumed the values and is ready to receive the next mesh. The helper thread computes the next set of data, sets this value, and goes to sleep until awakened again by the master. This is known as a producer/consumer relationship.
The body of the helper thread, the producer:
while(we are not exiting the thread)
{
TakeStep();
Time += Time_Increment;
bStepComplete = true;
while(bStepComplete && !bExitThread)
{
Sleep(0);
}
}
The master thread consumes the mesh produced by the helper thread and tells the thread to go ahead and compute the next mesh.
while(1)
{
while(!bStepComplete)
{
// Wait for the grid update to finish
Sleep(0);
}
//Copy the vertex info to the “real” VB.
g_pGrid->CopyVBToRenderVB();
//Allow the other thread to compute a new set of vertices
g_pGrid->ResetStepComplete(); //resets bStepComplete
}
ResetStepDone() functionality depends on the methodology for mutual exclusion. For the critical section code we must enter the critical section, set a value, and leave the critical section. For interlocking, we will use an interlocked decrement. Each of these is considered in Section 4.5.
Thread Deletion
Using the implementation described above, the helper thread is automatically deleted when the function we started with _beginthreadex(…) reaches the end. In some cases thread deletion would require _endthreadex(..), however this was not necessary for our implementation.
4.5 Mutual Exclusion
As mentioned in the Thread Execution section, our simulation is in essence a producer/consumer relationship where the helper thread is the producer and the main thread is the consumer of water meshes. In a typical producer/consumer model, the producer puts completed data items into a storage space, where the consumer then removes and consumes those data items. The size of this queue limits how far “ahead” of the consumer the producer can go. We decided to pay the synchronization cost every frame, and not allow the producer to proceed on the next frame’s data until the current frame had been consumed. The reason for this is that in many games, the next frame relies on data from the current frame, such as AI or physics calculations, or player input.
In our implementation, synchronization is done by both threads polling a state variable, m_bStepDone, which reports whether the mesh has been updated since the last time a mesh was consumed. To protect this state variable, we tried two methods of synchronized access described in Aaron Cohen’s book – Win32 Multithreaded Programming: interlocked accesses and critical sections [1]: interlocked accesses and critical sections. Choosing between the two is application dependent. Interlocking tends to be easiest and best when using a shared variable. Critical sections are more general and can be used anywhere in the code to wrap sections of code or data at a larger granularity. The example that comes with the article permits either implementation to be compiled. They are described as being the fastest synchronization primitives available in Windows.
Interlocked accesses are done through a set of functions which map directly to atomic CPU instructions for read-modify-write scenarios. These atomic operations prevent situations where the variables get into an incorrect state due to read/write ordering issues between the threads.
There are only three functions for interlocking:
InterlockedIncrement(), InterlockedDecrement(), and InterlockedExchange().
The InterlockedIncrement and InterlockedDecrement each allow an increment or decrement of a long value respectively. The InterlockedExchange permits a swap of one value with another in a single atomic operation.
Critical sections are synchronization primitives which can be used to protect code or data through the principle of mutual exclusion. Before executing the protected code or accessing the protected memory, a thread must acquire the critical section. If the critical section is not available, which occurs when another thread has already acquired the critical section, the thread is blocked until the critical section becomes available. Note that several different resources, code and/or data, may be protected by a single instance of a critical section, depending on the needs of the application.
Visual Studio Properties
Be sure to set the properties in Visual Studio properly. Specifically, the compiler flags for VC++, Project->Properties->Configuration Properties->C/C++->Code Generation->Runtime Library->select appropriate multi-threaded library. Figure 4-2 shows where this is located on the Property Pages in the Runtime Library section.
Figure 4-2. Property Pages Location in the Runtime Library Section
5.1 Code Optimization
After developing the workload, we used VTune™ Performance Analyzer for performance analysis. VTune analyzer showed that most of the time the helper thread was executing a function, LookupTriIndex() to lookup triangle indices for every vertex 6 times, to determine which triangle normals to average to compute the vertex normal. LookupTriIndex() is itself a linear function, so the entire normal calculation process was O(n2). The normal calculation process needed to be redone. We had two options: speed up the normal lookup process or calculate the normals directly using the partial derivatives of the wave equations. For the sake of comparison, we implemented both of these options, and left the original algorithm in as well.
Figure 5-1. Single Processor vs. Dual Processor Performance
Figure 5-1 displays the frames per second with 3 different mesh sizes. A single processor (UP) and a dual processor (DP) implementation are compared. The workloads increase in the amount of time they take to execute and are the simulations of the other aspects of a game engine. For example: AI, collision detection, etc.
5.2 Performance Analysis
We have several dimensions of performance to discuss. To validate our implementation we created 3 workloads to simulate 3 different scenarios, each increasing in time that processor one takes to complete its work and request the results from thread 2. In the single processor case, performance decreases as the simulated workload is increased. This is expected: there’s more work to be done, and one CPU resource to perform that work. Note that in the dual processor cases, there is little or no absolute performance (FPS) difference whether there is no workload, workload 1 or workload 2. Another way of saying this is that on a DP machine, workload 2 is essentially free in a properly load balanced situation. But for all 3 meshes, workload 3 does cause the frame rate to drop on a dual processor system. This shows that the simulated workload on the primary thread now takes longer than the mesh and normal generation on the helper thread. Therefore, performance is now bound by the simulated workload rather than by the geometry calculations.
5.3 Load Balancing
Looking at relative performance, we see that with no simulated workload for the primary thread, the benefit of two processors gets less as the mesh size increases. With workloads 1 and 2, for both larger meshes, we know that absolute performance did not change, thus relative performance is better with the increased workload. One may wonder how it is possible that absolute performance could decrease, yet relative performance increase as shown by workload 3 on both larger meshes. This indicates that workload 3 is “closer” to the ideal balance than workload 2 for those mesh sizes. Presumably, the ideal workload balance would be found between workload 2 and 3. Looking at the 40x40 mesh, the ideal workload balance appears to be between workload 1 and 2. The key result was as expected: multithreaded performance is best when each thread has a large workload relative to the thread overhead and the workloads are well-balanced with respect to each other.
While we have completed our work on deep ocean wave geometry, there are still a number of issues for us to tackle for a truly compelling ocean water simulation. First, we would like to compute normal maps using the same basis as for our deep ocean waves. This will improve our simulation and better reflect the higher frequency wave components generated by wind on the top of the surface—this will not be true geometry but have all the costs and benefits of normal maps in other situations. There are a number of things we can do to improve the lighting and shading of the surface. Most importantly, the calculation of lighting taking into accounts the reflection and refraction vectors. We would also like to incorporate some of the techniques presented in [8] to improve this lighting with High Dynamic Range Imaging techniques. We would also like to research the simulation of foam on the water surface.
As for threading, there are also a few issues left to explore. For example, we would like to compare this implementation to one in which we do loop level decomposition. Additionally, we are interested in exploring how well this implementation scales with additional threading and doing implementations with some of the work with threading on the CPU and some of the work on the GPU, as well as using an OS level synchronization object for synchronization of threads.
Adam Lake is a Sr. Software Engineer in the Software solutions group leading The Modern Game Technologies Project specializing in next generation computer graphics algorithms and architectures.
David Reagin is a software engineer at Intel Corporation, where he validated microprocessor designs for 7 years before pursuing his interest as a graphics developer and evangelist. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Georgia tech.
[Cohen98] Aaron Cohen and Mike Woodring. Win32 Multithreaded Programming. O’Reilly and Associates. 1998.
[Gomez00] Miguel Gomez. Interactive Simulation of Water Surfaces. Game Programming Gems 1. Edited by Mark Deloura. Pages 187-194.
[Finch04] Mark Finch. Effective Water Simulation from Physical Models. GPU Gems: Programming Techniques, Tips, and Tricks for Real-Time Graphics. Edited by Randima Fernando. Pages 5-29. 2004.
[Isidoro02] John Isidoro, Alex Vlachos, and Chris Brennan. Rendering Ocean Water. Direct3D ShaderX: Vertex and Pixel Shader Tips and Tricks. Pages 347-356. 2002.
[Tessendorf01] Simulating Ocean Water. SIGGRAPH2001 Course Notes. 2001.
[IMDB04] Credits for Titanic..
[Vterrain04] Web site:. Index for Water Simulation. 2004.
[Lake04] Adam Lake and Cody Northrop. Real-Time High Dynamic Range Environment Mapping.
[QuickMath04]. November 4, 2004.
[Giancoli85] Douglas Giancoli. Physics, Principles with Application, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. 1985.
[MSSDK04] Microsoft Corporation DirectX 9.0 SDK Summer 2004 Update.. August 2004.
WaveDemo code sample (ZIP 2.9 MB)
[EDITOR'S NOTE: This article was independently acquired and published by Gamasutra for inclusion on its platform-agnostic Intel Visual Computing microsite. It is republished here with permission from both Gamasutra’s editors and the article’s author.]
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refinedweb
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Not ready to install anything? Try our in-browser tutorial.
To start building .NET apps you just need to download and install the .NET SDK (Software Development Kit).
Open a new command prompt and run the following commands:
dotnet new console -o myApp cd myApp
The
dotnet command creates a
new application of type
console for you. The
-o parameter creates a directory named
myApp where your app is stored, and populates it with the required files. The
cd myApp command puts you into the newly created app directory.
The main file in the
myApp folder is
Program.cs. By default, it already contains the necessary code to write "Hello World!" to the Console.
using System; namespace myApp { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); } } }
In your command prompt, run the following command:
dotnet run
Congratulations, you've built and run your first .NET app!
Visual Studio is a fully-featured integrated development environment (IDE) for developing .NET apps on Windows.
Download .NET and Visual Studio
Now that you've got the basics, you can keep learning with the .NET Quick Starts. In the first Quick Start you'll learn about collections.
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Hello! On Thu, Mar 22, 2007 at 09:44:03AM +0100, Martin Sandve Alnæs wrote: > If I subtract two equal matrices, I get the scalar 0. In GiNaC (A-A) is always transformed into 0 (number). I admit this is ugly, but fixing it would be very difficult (if possible at all). > This messes up later calculations, since a scalar doesn't have op(i), numeric::nops() returns zero, so loops like this for (size_t i = 0; i < e.nops(); ++i) { // do something } should work fine. > transpose(), etc. You have to explicitly check for .is_zero(). > If I do a+(-b) instead of a-b, I get a zero matrix as wanted. Interesting. I get zero (a number) in both ways: $ cat test_matr_minus.cpp #include <iostream> #include <ginac/ginac.h> using namespace std; using namespace GiNaC; int main(int argc, char** argv) { matrix a(2, 2); a = 1, 2, 3, 4; cout << "a = " << a << endl; ex test = a - a; cout << "a - a = " << test << endl; ex test2 = a + (-a); cout << "a + (-a) = " << test2 << endl; return 0; } $ g++ test_matr_minus.cpp -lginac $ ./a.out a = [[1,2],[3,4]] a - a = 0 a + (-a) = 0 Best regards, Alexei -- All science is either physics or stamp collecting. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 827 bytes Desc: Digital signature Url :
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Yesterday, I attended a training class at Microsoft’s facility in Malvern, Pennsylvania. This training class was led by Sebastian Meine (sqlity.net) and Dennis Lloyd (curiouslycorrect.com).
The class was from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm with a short break for lunch. During the class, Dennis and Sebastian explained how to use tSQLt () to write unit tests for your database code. tSQLt is a frame work that can be freely downloaded and applied to your database, allowing you to quickly and easily write unit tests. After learning about the framework and working through the exercises during the class, it is immediately obvious to me how this framework and the techniques explained during the class will benefit my organization.
Specifically, writing unit tests for the database will allow me to re-factor the code in a safe way, making sure that the code doesn’t break because I can easily run all of the unit tests for the database, or just the unit tests associated with the code I am in the process of changing.
Since I already have dozens of views, hundreds of functions and thousands of stored procedures, I cannot take the time to write all the unit tests required for the existing stuff, but I will create unit tests for the new code I write and also unit tests for any bug fixes with the existing code. Over time I will have a set of unit tests for my database code that will undoubtedly allow me to spend less time fixing defects and more time writing new functionality.
With my application, most of the bugs discovered by the end user are data related. The tSQLt unit testing framework will allow me to write tests for those bugs and then have confidence that the bug will not return (in the released version of the software).
Thank you Dennis and Sebastian for teaching this class and showing me this framework. I certainly appreciate it and will be sure to start using it.
u should make them part of your build process, and if one fails the build should fail and someone should be tortured.
I am pretty sure that we use the same SQL unit test framework here
I believe it had some issues with procs that had #temp tables but am not 100% sure
It is nice to have things like this, the more you can automate the better…I think the rule is if you have to do it more than twice script it out/automate it
I agree, this was a great seminar. The tSQLt framework makes it easier than I thought possible to use established unit testing practices for testing SQL code.
I plan to write a little more about the framework from the technical side, if you don’t beat me to it
Hi George,
Thanks for the review of the class. We were glad to have you in attendance.
In response to Christiaan’s comment, tSQLt can definitely be used in the build process. You can check out for more information.
And for SQLDenis, can you tell us more about the problem you’ve experienced with #temp tables? You can either email me directly or send a message to the tSQLt Google group:
Happy TDDing!
-Dennis
Hi George,
I know this comment is some time after your post, but I thought it would be worth mentioning a new beta product from Redgate called SQL Test (in case you hadn’t already come across it). This is a small plugin for SQL Management Studio that works with tSQLt and gives you a funky GUI Test runner that makes creating tSQLt and running tSQLt tests very simple.
Andrew,
I am aware of Redgate’s SQL Test. In fact, they approached me several months ago when they requested that I re-write SQL Cop checks to include in SQL Test. I have re-written a couple of the tests already and will finish up the rest in a couple weeks.
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Urgent ! Thank you in advance
Please help me, i don't undestand why my function with find() query doesn't work.
In backend/tools.jsw i have this function :
import wixData from 'wix-data'; export function searchForDuplicates(uID) { wixData.query("Process") .eq("LoginMail", uID) .find() .then( (results) => { if(results.length > 0) { return "profile-found"; } return "profile-not-found"; }) .catch( (err) => { return msg; } ); }
****************************************************************************************************************
In my code page i have this code :
****************************************************************************************************************
import wixUsers from 'wix-users'; import wixData from 'wix-data'; import {searchForDuplicates} from 'backend/tools'; import {getUserEmail} from 'backend/secureModule';
$w.onReady(function () { //TODO: write your page related code here... wixWindow.scrollTo(370, 370); });
export function start_click(event) { //Check if the user already logged in let isLoggedIn = wixUsers.currentUser.loggedIn; if (!isLoggedIn) { wixUsers.promptLogin(); } else { //Check if the user already has a profile in the profiles database searchDuplicates(); } } export function searchDuplicates() { let uID = wixUsers.currentUser.id; return searchForDuplicates(uID) .then( (msg) => { console.log(msg); // I have "undefined" but i don't undestand why if (msg === "profile-found") { wixLocation.to("/profilefound"); } else if (msg === "profile-not-found") { wixLocation.to("/createprofile"); } }) .catch( (error) => { } ); }
Hello
can you provide your website link so i can take a look at it
Thanks
Massa
Hello Massa I do not have an address for the site I'm just creating it. I just wanted if a user wants to create a profile in the database to first look if there is already a profile with the same email address before creating it. for that I create a function in backend which is in charge to verify if there are duplicates then returns the result to the calling function controlled by the click of the user. Unfortunately this function always sends me the undefined value. I have exactly the same code I sent above
when i use only key word .find() i have 2 as result
when i use .eq("LoginMail", uID) .find() i have undefined as result
Thank you.
I just need to know what wrong in my code. for me the function must send me the good result.
Hey
to check if query works test results.totalCount() to see number of records returned. First make sure the query works then when that works you can move forward.
Hello Andreas and thank you
here is my function with display element received and result and all work right
export function searchForDuplicates(uID) { //let uID = wixUsers.currentUser.id; let userID = uID; console.log("searchForDuplicates() from tools module userID : " + userID); wixData.query("Process") .eq("LoginMail", userID) .find() .then( (results) => { console.log("results.length : " + results.length); // here the result is 1 if(results.length > 0) { let pf = "profile-found"; return pf; } let pnf = "profile-not-found"; return pnf; }) .catch( (err) => { let msg = err + " : error searchForDuplicates() from tools module"; return msg; //throw(err); } ); }
and here is the code when un click my button
export function searchDuplicatesBtn_click(event) { let uID = wixUsers.currentUser.id; console.log(uID); return searchForDuplicates(uID) .then( (retVal) => { console.log(retVal); // here I receive undefined if (retVal === "profile-found") { return getUserEmail() .then( (email) => { let userEmail = email; let dataObj = { status: "success", email: userEmail }; wixWindow.openLightbox("Message", dataObj); } ) .catch((err) => { //return err; let dataObj = { status: "error", msgError: err }; wixWindow.openLightbox("Error", dataObj); } ); } else if (retVal === "profile-not-found") { wixLocation.to("/registrering-se"); } }) .catch( (error) => { let errorMsg = error.message; let code = error.code; let msg = "error " + code + ": " + errorMsg; let dataObj = { status: "error", msgError: msg }; wixWindow.openLightbox("Error", dataObj); } ); }
Thank you a lot
Ok and you suspect what part not working?
this i think
.then( (retVal) => { console.log(retVal); // here I receive undefined
When I click the button I receive in debug view these values :
5ae8dfec-d107-4d74-8090-a2b0da60c111
undefined
results.length : 1
results.totalCount : 1
results.length : 1
results.totalCount : 1
I don't know why he shows me the results twice
Hello Thomas,
The problem with your code might be that the values is not being passed in the right way, try using await and async in order to make sure you are getting the values passed correctly, here's a code example of how to use await and asyn in your code:
If you can provide me with your editor link that would be so helpful in order for me to help in debugging the code and fine where the problem exactly is.
Best!
Massa
Firstly thank you for taking the time to come back to me, it is appreciated :)
When I preview my page everything works because the user ID is the admin of the database. Unfortunately when I launch the published site and I log in as a member of the site not a admin, I have this error : error WD_PERMISSION_DENIED: The current user does not have permissions to read on the Process collection.
I tried to see the permissions in the DB but wix does not show me anything and I do not know why. I'm still waiting a day or two to access the permissions of the DB via wix editor. could you tell me please what I need to put as permission at the DB level.
Thank you so much
Best!
Thomas
Hello @thomas.iyad
Make sure of your collection permissions:
change the permission to based on your website needs (go to your collection --> click on permissions --> edit permissions)
Best
Massa
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September 2014 Comics, Poetry, and Reviews from
aka
Stream "In The World"*Top Picks =
Additional Items Received
Masami Akita / John Duncan - The Black Album (Vinyl LP, Tourette,
Experimental)
Really strange packaging for this vinyl LP. The Black Album cover was actually shot to death with BB's (fortunately without the album inside so it should still play) for proper effect. The inner sleeve is bright pink and the record itself is pressed on a beautiful green vinyl. There is no writing on the record labels...one is pure blue and the other is pure black. There are no song titles given. Actually, the only information provided here is a small line of text on the back cover that reads "Recorded in Tokyo and Sasso Marconi, Italy from source recordings made by Duncan at Gran Sasso Nuclear Laboratory (LNGS)." Masami Akita is probably best known by his stage name Merzbow. He teamed up with John Duncan to record this album. So...what lies in the grooves of this strangely packaged LP? More confusion set in as we began the listening process. Our turntable automatically finds where to place the needle on the record. But for some reason it could not find the right spot on this album. Upon closer inspection we found that a couple of the BB's actually did find their way into the packaging and made some scuff marks on the vinyl. So perhaps that is where the problem lies? Even though we couldn't get this one to play...we still dig the cool visuals and neat ideas behind the sound. And...if we could hear it...we'd be willing to bet that we'd dig this one because we love just about everything we've heard on the Tourette label (quite possibly the strangest record label currently operating in the U.S.).
A
Shoreline Dream - The Silent Sunrise
(CD, Latenight Weeknight,
Progressive pop)
The fourth full-length release from A Shoreline Dream who, prior to this, had not released an album in about three years. The guys in this Barnum, Colorado-based band have made quite a name for themselves over the years by providing thick and dreamy shoegazer pop music with a difference. The Silent Sunrise is yet another cool and resilient addition to the band's catalog. The album features nine drony tracks drenched in reverb and effects. These songs have strange soothing effects and also give the listener feelings associated with dreaming. The band made the decision years ago to release music on their own label rather than sign with a company and, thankfully, they're sticking with their guns on that one. A cool spin from start to finish. Our favorites this time around include "The Heart Never Recovered," "Between," and "Sunday Afternoon."
Audio With A G - Sounds of a Jersey Boy: The Music of Bob Gaudio
(Double CD, Rhino, Pop)
To coincide with this past summer's release of the film Jersey Boys, the folks at Rhino are releasing several related items...an 18 CD set that includes most material released by Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons, an 8 CD set that features Valli's solo albums, and this, a double disc various artists set that focuses on hits written by Bob Gaudio. If you're a fan of music from this time period you're gonna love Audio With A G. This whopping double CD set contains 36 tracks by artists such as the previously mentioned Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons, Royal Teens, Jerry Butler, Nancy Wilson, Frank Sinatra, Nina Simone, Diana Ross, Lene Lovich, and more. We have to admit that up until this point we thought that "Short Shorts" was a jingle written for a television commercial...we had no idea it was a hit from the past (?!). This is a great collection of feelgood radio pop from a time gone by when things were a lot simpler...especially in the lyric department. Groovy rockin' stuff for young and old alike.
Big Star - #1 Record (CD, Stax
/ Concord Music Group,
Pop/rock), Radio City (CD, Stax
/ Concord Music Group,
Pop/rock)
These two albums have been reissued over and over and over and over again. And the reason why...is that there continues to be a demand for the cool little pop band from Memphis who, over time, deeply and dramatically influenced so many people. If you want to read/hear our opinion, do a search and find prior reviews (every single Big Star release has been a Top Pick in these pages). These two releases will probably be the ones fans want most. This time the albums have been remastered from the original analog tape sources (and approved by John Fry) so fans can now have what is quite possibly the best digital audio available of the band's first two albums. Stax also offers both of these releases on vinyl. What more can be said that we haven't already said before? We loved 'em before they became ultra hip. We still have our original vinyl LPs. These will always be two of our all-time favorite pop/rock albums. It still seems sad that the original band never received much attention when they were actually recording together. But the memories continue to live on by all those who have been affected by the music. Once again...highly recommended. Top pick.
Sarah
Borges - Radio Sweetheart (CD, Lonesome
Day, Pop)
Formerly the leader of the Boston, Massachusetts-based band Sarah Borges & The Broken Singles, this enchanting singer/songwriter is now striking out on her own. Radio Sweetheart is Borges' debut solo release...and it's a keeper. Sarah's music is slick and accessible...yet it's a far cry from the bad commercial slop that the general public seems to love. Although these songs will appeal to lots of listeners they're probably just a bit too smart for casual airheads...and we like that, of course. Borges writes songs that are immediately warm and familiar sounding...and she's got a voice that really gives her music depth and soul. The songs range from rock to pop to ballads...and no matter what style or sound she delves into this lady makes it work. Ten modern classics here and we love 'em all. Initial standout cuts include "Girl With A Bow," "Think Of What You've Done," "The Waiting and the Worry," and "Record on Repeat." Great resilient stuff that will still sound cool decades from now.
Greg Bowers - Rational Passions (CD, Navona,
Classical)
Music from the more peculiar side of classical music. According to the press release that accompanied this release, this album "...takes its listeners on a trip through the psychological world of music." So you can bet that this is intelligent stuff and well outside the norm. To try and describe this music is somewhat difficult. Some of the passages in these pieces remind us very much of the music you hear in Looney Tunes cartoons when the characters are hopping around getting into mischief. Greg Bowers is currently a Professor at William and Mary College. On this album his compositions are performed by the Boston String Quartet and pianist Karolina Rojahn. Some of these pieces are more traditional sounding classical while others are more peculiar and experimental. "Eurydice Returns," the closing track, is perhaps the most bizarre...seven minutes of pure experimentation that may remind some listeners of The Beatles' "Revolution 9." A strange journey in so many ways, Rational Passions is a work of pure creativity.
Bracket - Hold Your Applause (CD, High Output, Pop/rock)
Bracket is one of our favorite bands ever and they never let us down. Hold Your Applause is yet another direct hit. This album will go down in history as a high point in the band's career because it effectively incorporates all of their previous ideas and sounds into one incredibly energized platter. Applause has a great big rockin' sound like the band's early releases and also features the superb vocal sound they've developed over time. To still be an underground band these guys have accomplished a lot over the years. And even though they're still relatively obscure, the folks who love their music really love it and tend to stick with them over time. The band began way back in 1992 with early recordings released on the Fat Wreck Chords and Caroline labels. Years later they built their own recording studio which is where this album was recorded. Fans may notice that the record label name (High Output) is actually the original name of the band which was later changed to Bracket. Few bands can do the balancing act like these guys. They have managed to retain their original idea and sound while managing to grow artistically. The rockers on this album are presented simply using the basics...which means the band still blows the roof off when they turn up. But there are also tracks that feature the more subdued and pensive sound of the band which, surprisingly, at this point is sometimes reminiscent of The Beach Boys (except the songs are much better). Sixteen killer tracks here and they're all keepers. The album begins and closes with softer tracks ("Not A Pear," "Warren's Song Pt. 27") but never fear...there are plenty of aggressive rockers here. The band is comprised of Marty Gregori, Angelo Celli, Zack Charlos, and Ray Castro. The great news is that the band is already apparently working on yet another brand new album that should be released in the near future. Hold Your Applause is highly recommended listening. An easy and instant TOP PICK.
The Britannicas - High Tea (CD, Jam,
Pop)
The Britannicas is the unlikely trio of Herb Eimerman, Magnus Karlsson, and Joe Algeri. Unlikely only because the three are based in three different countries. In every other respect, these three men were surely somehow destined to play music together. Eimerman lives in the United States, Karlsson lives in Sweden, and Algeri lives in Australia. Because they are separated by space, the three use the internet to trade tracks and record. But what may surprise most folks is how organic and warm this band sounds. The Britannicas sound something like a cross between The Beatles and Teenage Fanclub. The songs are based around cool guitars and pleasing mid-tempo rhythms. These three guys released their debut album in 2010 and it received unanimous praise around the world. High Tea features the band's single "Got A Hold On Me" plus tracks from their 3 Sided Single (all of which have been remixed and remastered), some new originals, plus a cover of Del Shannon's "I Got You." Shimmering bright pop music with a decidedly upbeat sound and feel. Classic pop in every sense of the word. Really nice sounding sincere stuff.
BUH
You sez
Buh.
Ah sez
Buh-MAH-doe.
Bucket
Boys - Burn Baby Burn (CD, PopVirus, Rock/pop)
The first instrumental / soundtrack album from Germany's Bucket Boys. This band isn't at all what you would expect a German band to sound like. Instead of playing electronic or heavy metal music, these folks play guitar-based TexMex that is completely authentic and genuine. And they're tight, tight, tight on their instruments. There's a whole lot to take in here as these folks offer a whopping 20 tracks on Burn Baby Burn...which clocks in at close to 70 minutes (!). If you love guitars like we do well then...you're gonna find a wealth of tracks here to whet your appetite. Cool gripping cuts include "Revenge On Ruby," "Goldrush Girl," "Bullriding," "Lost Memories," and "Early Bird."
Cancers - Fatten The Leeches (CD-R, Kandy Kane, Pop/rock)
If there's one band we totally loved in the 1990s it was The Fastbacks. Almost universally overlooked by everyone but a small group of devoted fans, the band put out some of the best power pop/punk albums of the entire decade. The folks in Athens, Georgia's Cancers have a sound and style that reminds us very much of The Fastbacks. Fatten The Leeches is a superbly recorded batch of cool melodic bubblegum/buzzsaw pop played with conviction and true style. Loud guitars in overdrive...pulsing rhythms...and a female vocalist with a cool detached breathy voice...and songs that are totally cool. What more could you ask for? This band is comprised of Ella (guitar, vocals), Lenny (guitar, drums, vocals, bass), and Luke (bass). Produced by Jack Endino (who has worked with Nirvana, Hole, Babes In Toyland, and Soundgarden), Fatten The Leeches has a nice big fat sound. There just aren't enough loud guitar bands on the planet these days...so the folks in Cancers are providing some welcome relief for those addicted to the nifty sound of ultra-loud fuzz. Killer tracks include "Be Cool," "Hole In My Head," "I Change," and "Dig." Love this one. Top pick.
Casual
Strangers - Casual Strangers (Independently
released CD-R, Pop)
Casual Strangers is a new four piece band based in Austin, Texas. If you think you know what Austin-based bands are supposed to sound like, think again. These folks play slightly trippy psychedelic pop music that is hypnotic and sometimes strangely catchy. The band is comprised of Katey Gunn (vocals, lapsteel, triwave), Paul Waclawsky (vocals, guitar), Jaylinn Davidson (synth, bass), and Jake Mitchell (drums, samples). Housed in a really nice 3D cardboard sleeve, this self-titled album features a wealth of creativity and cool sounds. The rhythms here are instantly addictive...and the lead guitars are totally exceptional. The press release that accompanied this disc compared the music to "...American guitar rock of the 90s, British dream rock of the 80s, and acid-tinged Krautrock of the 70s." That pretty much sums things up nicely. The more we spin this one the better it sounds. Ten gripping tracks including "Tune Your Brain," "Looking Good," "Don't Worry About A Thing," and "Put Your Mussy On My Mussy." Top pick.
Manny
Charlton - Sharp/Sharp Re-Loaded (Double
CD, Angel Air, Pop)
Born in Spain in 1941, Manny Charlton is best known as the guitarist and one of the original members of the band Nazareth. He also produced the band's best known album (Hair of the Dog) which sold over two million copies. After leaving the band Charlton has continued on as a solo artist. Although he hasn't had as much commercial success with his solo releases, it has nothing to do with the quality of the music. Sharp was originally released in 2004 and Sharp Re-Loaded originally came out in 2005. Both have since gone out of print until now. This double disc set presents both albums in their entirety and adds two bonus tracks to each. Manny's twenty-first century music comes from a very different space than Nazareth. These songs are more subdued and mature...but they're just as effective and memorable if not more so. With the right exposure and marketing, our guess is that Charlton's songs could probably outsell Nazareth. Charlton now lives in the United States and continues to tour with the Manny Charlton Band (link above). This double CD set offers a wealth of credible material by a man who's done it all. Twenty-seven tracks total here. Our favorites include "Muddy Water," "Hang On To A Dream," "Cold Front," "Cinema," "Wicked Messenger," and "Pushin' Daisies."
Chvad
SB - Crickets Were The Compass (CD,
Silber / Facility,
Experimental/sound) 'Round." Truly creative stuff. Top pick.
Chrome - Feel It Like A Scientist (CD, King of Spades,
Rock/pop)
Who could have guessed that in 2014 we'd be hearing a new album from Chrome? One of the true underground bands begun in the last century, Chrome returns with a totally cool and relevant album. The band began way back in 1975 and, at that time, was considered very peculiar and unusual. Original vocalist Damon Edge unfortunately passed away back in 1995 but guitarist Helios Creed opted to pick up the ball and continue...with the same basic idea and focus, except updated in many ways. So...what does Feel It Like A Scientist sound like? Interestingly, the first comparison that came to mind is...Hawkwind. These tracks are kinda drony and peculiar and the spacey electronics are coming from the same general territory that the Hawkwind folks flew in way back in the 1970s. But there's actually more to it than that. These Chrome songs are more abstract and unpredictable and they remind us of many of the more adventurous underground bands treading around the United States in the late 1990s. Sixteen cool tracks that prove Chrome is just as relevant today, if not more so, than ever before. Cool rockin' spacey stuff.
Cowboy
Mouth - Go! (CD, Elm City Music,
Pop/rock)
If we hadn't read the press release that accompanied this CD we would never ever have guessed it was being released to celebrate this band's 25th anniversary. And judging from the energized sound of the songs on Go!...our guess is that no one else would know either. After being around two and a half decades most bands would either calm down or change their approach to suit a more mature audience. But not the folks in Cowboy Mouth. This is one loud rockin' album that captures all the excitement and energy of musicians who have just learned to play. But these folks, of course, learned how to play long ago...and now they're hitting the target dead center every single time. Housed in a beautifully-designed triple fold cardboard sleeve, Go! is a pure dose of buzzsaw pop/rock energy. These guys are putting the punch back into rock...something that is sorely needed with all the techno / computerized artists currently flooding the marketplace. Eleven killer cuts including "Go!," "My Little Secret," "Too Much Work," and "Dare."
Brigitte
DeMeyer - Savannah Road (Independently
released CD, Pop)
The sound associated with Nashville, Tennessee is slowly changing over time. As far as the national spotlight is concerned, it still shines on all those glossy schmaltzy superstars whose music pretty much all sounds very similar. But there are currents flowing through the city that prove that the future is looking mighty bright. Brigette DeMeyer is yet another up-and-coming Nashville artist whose music doesn't fit the mold. Instead of canned country, DeMeyer plays cool folky/bluesy Americana-based pop that is resilient, smooth, and depthy. Brigitte's got a really great voice that really gets her ideas and feelings across and she isn't afraid to tackle topics that are deep and intriguing (a good example is "Build Me A Fire," a tribute to her mother's journey through World War II Nazi Germany). This is DeMeyer's sixth full-length release and this just might be the one that pushes her career to the next level. The title track made the U.S. American Top 40 chart earlier this year. Housed in a beautifully designed cardboard sleeve complete with glossy lyric booklet, Savannah Road offers the best that Nashville has to offer in 2014. Killer tracks include "Say You Will Be Mine," "Please Believe Me," "Home Ground," and "My Someday." Top pick.
Dog
Society - In The Shade (Independently
released CD, Rock/pop)
We were blown away by the last release we heard from these guys (Emerge which came out in 2013)...and we're pleased to report that In The Shade is another direct bull's eye. Along with several other artists, these guys are helping to herald in the seventh wave of guitar bands. The songs on In The Shade delve into the genres of buzzsaw rock, melodic pop, independent pop, and more. Recorded at New York City's Flux Studio in January 2014, this album is light years better than anything being released by major labels these days...and it is an independent release, of course. Cool propulsive rhythms...killer guitars...superb vocals with heavenly harmonies... These guys have it all. Twelve precisely-crafted cuts and they're all keepers. Our initial favorites include "Heal Me Friend," "Emerge," "No Reason," and "Laughing Song." Top pick.
Dubb
Nubb & Googolplexia
- Missouri's Hat Split EP (3" CD-R EP, Pancake
Productions / Special Passenger,
Pop)
This is a true split EP from two underground bands who obviously like and admire one another's music. We're always impressed by the packages we received from the cool folks at Pancake Productions because they remind us of the 1980s and 1990s when independent releases truly looked and sounded like independent releases. (Most twenty-first century independent releases nowadays are so slick that you can't even guess they were recorded in someone's guest bathroom.) Housed in a plain brown sleeve with some xeroxed artwork pasted to the front and back, this cool 3" CD-R EP features two tracks by each band...and each is followed by the same band doing a cover of one of the other's songs. How cool is that? Even cooler is the music. We dig the sounds of both Dubb Nubb and Googolplexia. Our favorite cut is Dubb Nubb's Googolplexia cover "Chopping Up Onions" that tells the tale of a very unhappy restaurant worker. Simultaneously hilarious and poignant to say the least. A totally nifty...and totally independent disc. This is being released in advance of a band tour featuring both artists.
Electric Bird Noise - Kind of Black (CD, Silber,
Experimental/sound)
Another puzzling, hypnotic release from Electric Bird Noise. Brian Lea McKenzie is one of those cool guys out there who makes music because that's what he enjoys doing...rather than being motivated by possible fortune and fame. So it's no wonder that he's a perfect fit for the eclectic roster on the Silber label. If you've never heard Electric Bird Noise before well...the band name will give you at least some indication of what to expect. McKenzie writes and records experimental music that is at least to some degree melodic...but not in the traditional sense. Listening to this album, we can't help but be reminded of some of the more bizarre musical segments presented on Brian Eno's Taking Tiger Mountain (it's probably those slightly warped sounding instruments that make it seem as if something is slightly wrong with the music). We've loved everything we've heard thus far from this band. Kind of Black is yet another stunning collection of mind-bending music from one of our favorite underground artists. Top pick.
Michael
J. Evans - Cipher: Variations on a Theme
by Felix Mendelssohn (CD, Navona,
Classical/piano)
When utilized to its full potential, the piano can quite possibly be the most emotionally gripping instrument on the planet. Prepare to be affected by this album of beautifully interpreted Michael J. Evans compositions as presented by pianist Karolina Rojahn. There's a lot to take in here as this album contains no less than 40 (!) tracks...ranging from 16 seconds in length to four and a half minutes (many are less than one minute long). The album begins with the strange sounds of "Original Words" and fourteen other short translations...electronically distorted spoken word pieces that discuss "...the inadequacy of words as a means of expression compared to music." The album then proceeds to prove this point, as these expertly executed compositions are much more expressive than words could ever be. Evans began making music on the piano and saxophone when he was ten years old and has been continuing on his journey ever since. Now based in Washington, D.C., he composes orchestral, chamber, and solo instrumental works. Beautiful music that hypnotizes and calms.
Fargo
- An Original MGM/FXP Television Series: Music by Jeff
Russo (CD, Sony
Classical, Television soundtrack)
Fargo is a new television series based on the popular 1996 film of the same name. That unforgettable film tells the story of a murder-for-hire gone terribly wrong. The television series stars Billy Bob Thornton, Allison Tolman, Colin Hanks, and Martin Freeman and is meeting with similar success. The music for the show was created by composer/songwriter/arranger Jeff Russo, who is also the lead guitarist and co-songwriter of the multi-platinum selling rock band Tonic. Some of the music threaded across these twenty-eight tracks may remind viewers of the music from the original film. These compositions are, for the most part, subdued and brooding...and have strange ominous qualities. We're big fans of the Fargo film. And after hearing this disc we're thinking we'd best get on the bandwagon and see how the television show compares. Intriguing stuff for Fargo fans...as well as anyone who loves some cool unsettling instrumental music to set the right mood for an intriguing evening.
Faded
Paper Figures - Relics (CD, Shorthand, Electronic pop)
The folks in Faded Paper Figures are helping to dispel the myth that all modern bands are comprised of alienated misdirected urban hippies with wealthy parents. The folks in this band are focused, hard working, motivated...and successful. Heather Alden is a doctor, R. John Williams is a Professor at Yale University, and Kael Alden writes music for film, television, video games, and advertisements. Yet even though they all have their professional individual careers they still manage to find time to make music. The three originally began playing together in 2005 in Irvine, California. The response to the initial recordings was so strong that it prompted all three to continue making music. But as their other careers evolved it brought distance between them as they ended up living in different cities. Rather than quit or be drug down by this they continued working together long distance over the internet. Now in 2014 their following is larger and more devoted than ever and their fans will obviously be loving the cool melodic tracks on Relics (the band's fourth full-length release). The album has the overall sound of indie pop but it's much more slick than such a descriptive phrase might imply. The songs on this album are smart and resilient and they feature some wonderfully insightful lyrics. The arrangements are impeccable as are the band's vocals. There's not a bad track to be found here but our initial favorites include "Breathing," "Wake Up Dead," "Who Will Save Us Now?", and "Forked Paths." Great stuff that holds up to many repeated spins... Top pick.
FLUFFY DOPE
The fluffy thing
That was your dope.
Where is it now?
Not nowhere,
Nope.
Ruthann
Friedman - Chinatown (CD, Wolfgang,
Pop)
There have been so many unexpected reappearances in the world of music over the past few years. But here's one that probably caught almost everyone by surprise. This is the first new album from Ruthann Friedman in...40 years. Yup, you read that right. Up until now, her only proper release was an album released on the Warner/Reprise label way back in 1969 (Constant Companion). So many may still be asking...just who is Ruthann Friedman? Well even though you might not know her by name...you most certainly know one of her songs. Ms. Friedman write "Windy" for The Association way back when which ended up being a huge worldwide hit. Unlike other singer/songwriters, instead of pursuing music as a full-time career Ms. Friedman headed off into different directions. And only recently has she become publicly involved in music again. Produced by John Muller in his home and mixed at Jackson Brown's studio, Chinatown offers proof that Ruthann still has that charm that made so many love her music years ago. Joining her on this album are John Muller, David Jenkins, Bill Lane, Aaron Robinson, David Goodstein, Helene Renault, Andy Paul, Yvette Dudoit, Haroula Rose, and, last but not least, Van Dyke Parks (whose name seems to be popping up all over the place lately). Chinatown features eleven intelligent folk/pop tunes that will, once again, stand the test of time. Our favorites include "That's What I Remember," "Chinatown," "All I Have," and "Sideshow."
Glowfriends - Gather Us Together (CD, Jam,
Pop/shoegaze/dream pop)
This is the first release we've heard from Glowfriends in quite some time. This band has certainly grown and evolved since we last heard from them. The band is comprised of April Zimont (vocals, tamborine), Mark Andrew Morris (vocals, guitar, banjo, vibes), JW Hendrix (drums, percussion), Jenn Hendrix (vibes, glockenspiel), and Adam Zimont (guitar, bass). Gather Us Together features thirteen well-crafted tracks that seamlessly combine sounds and ideas from dream pop and shoegazer. More than any other band, these tracks often remind us of the overall sound of babysue favorite Starflyer 59. The guitars are heavenly and the vocals are wonderfully dreamy. Every single track here is a keeper...but our initial favorites include "There Is Grace," "Over and Out," "Tremors," "Without A Sound," and "How We Seldom Think." Really smart stuff, executed to perfection.
Robert
Gordon - I'm Coming Home (CD, Lanark, Rockabilly/pop)
The first new album from Robert Gordon since 2007. On I'm Coming Home Gordon returns to his rockabilly and rock and roll roots to give his fans a treat. Originally the front man in the band Tuff Darts way back when, Robert was reviving the rockabilly genre way, way, way before everyone else. At the time he was doing it very few folks were. On this album Gordon is reunited with bass player Rob Stoner and guest artists include Marshall Crenshaw and David Uosikkinen (The Hooters). Robert's still got that deep resonant voice that clearly cuts through the mix. We're particularly impressed that Gordon chose to cover the tune "Walk Hard," from the criminally overlooked film of the same name featuring the incredibly talented John C. Reilly. Even though the film was a comedy many of the songs (including the title track) were anything but throwaway comedy tracks. Twelve cuts here delivered with class and style. This one will be hit the bull's eye with Robert Gordon fans for sure.
Jean-Philippe
Gregoire - Sounds From the Delta (CD,
Big Round, Jazz)
If there are two words we would use to describe Jean-Philippe Gregoire's guitar playing those words would be...smooth and fluid. This cool fellow has been making music in Paris, France for many years. And now, on his debut release for the Big Round label, he seems poised to transfer some of his success to the United States and beyond. Gregoire's music combines elements from rock, jazz, progressive, blues, and even classical music. This fifty minute album features ten groove-oriented tracks that are slick, moody, and intricate. The overall sound reminds us of a cross between 1950s classic jazz and some of the more subdued progressive rock bands from the 1970s. If you love guitars, there's a good chance you'll go ape over this one. Our favorite cuts include "No Te Preocupes," "One For Mr. K," "Unresolved," and "Just Friends."
Karen
Haglof - Western Holiday (Independently
released CD, Pop/rock)
For some reason the world of serious guitar players is still mainly a man's world. Although there are, of course, tons of ladies who play guitar and sing there are still relatively few whose main emphasis is playing guitar. For that reason along, Karen Haglof instantly stands out from the pack because she is mainly known for her guitar playing. She has played in various bands and with various artists in the 1980s and 1990s including The Crackers, Band of Susans, Rhys Chatham, and Robert Longo. Karen's focus eventually shifted to her career as a hematologist/oncologist affiliated with New York University Hospital. But because music was in her blood she eventually made the wise decision to return to it and thus this, her first solo album, was born. Joining Haglof here are Steve Almaas (bass, vocals) and C.P. Roth (drums, percussion). Interestingly, Mitch Easter plays slide guitar on one track ("Musician's Girlfriend Blues") and the late great Faye Hunter sings on another ("Lincoln Letters"). Western Holiday is one helluva groovy album with plenty of cool vibes, friendly tunes, and of course, the cool guitar sounds that seem to be Karen's trademark. We're sure hoping this album is warmly received because it's a pure dose of totally cool music that comes straight from the heart of a true musician. This is just the beginning of what will surely be a long and rewarding solo career. Well done.
Hammock - The Sleepover Series, Volume One (Independently released
CD, Ambient/atmospheric), The Sleepover Series, Volume Two (Independently
released double CD, Ambient/atmospheric)
One of the world's greatest atmospheric bands...is located in Nashville, Tennessee (!). We've known about Hammock for quite some time now but for folks who don't...the band is the duo of Marc Byrd and Andrew Thompson. And they're probably better known in other parts of the world than in their own hometown...because the music certainly doesn't fit the Nashville mold. The first CD is a reissue of an album originally released in 2006 and has since gone out of print. These tracks were recorded for a sleepover event in which Byrd and Thompson played their ethereal guitar music in order to soothe an audience and put them to sleep. This reissue features new artwork by Pete Schulte and was remastered by Taylor Deupree...and man oh man does it sound niiiiiiiiiiice. We have an entire section of our music library devoted to music designed to calm and sedate. The Sleepover Series, Volume One will instantly be a favorite for us because we love cerebral subtle stuff that helps us to phase out into dreamland. Far from boring by any means, these tracks have a cool heavenly sound that is remarkable and rather majestic. These guys always hit the target here in babysueland. This reissue is just...the best. As if this wasn't enough to push Hammock fans into a dreamy state of bliss, the band has also released The Sleepover Series, Volume Two...a double CD (!) featuring more of the subtle ambient soothing atmospherics presented on the first album. Three killer CDs featuring the intoxicating sound of Hammock...yesssssssSSSSSS... Both of these are, of course, highly recommended. Top picks.
Hawks
Do Not Share - Hawks Do Not Share (Independently
released CD, Progressive)
Hawks Do Not Share is the Portland, Oregon-based trio comprised of George Lewis III (vocals, bass, other instruments), Jeremy Wilkins (keyboards, programming, backing vocals, other instruments), and Britt White (guitar, keyboards, backing vocals). So...is this techno pop...dream pop...or shoegaze...or what? Actually the music these folks create combines elements from all of these and more. There are plenty of dark threads blended into these tracks and yet...the overall sound is not a downer at all. These fellows have created some rather startlingly original tracks here that ought to please a large number of underground music fans. The songs on this self-titled album feature layers upon layers of sounds and plenty of effects...especially reverb. We checked out the band's web site and found a truly lovely video for the song "Break Even" (which, by the way, has some strangely depressing lyrics...or at least it seems that way...?). Ten groovy cuts and they're all keepers. Our favorites include "Forgiveness," "Break Even," "Crumble Lines," and "Disappear." We love the lyrics on this album. Neat.
The
Hawks (of Holy Rosary) - What Team Am I
On? (Independently released CD-R, Pop)
The sound of the real underground. This is the second full-length release from the San Antonio, Texas-based band The Hawks (of Holy Rosary). The band began as the duo of Frank Weysos and Chuck Hernandez but now also includes Christine Roberts, JC Noriega, David Manzano, and John Dalley. The songs on What Team Am I On? should instantly appeal to just about anyone who ever loved The Pixies and The Flaming Lips. This is intelligent underground pop with a peculiar overall vibe and yet the songs are actually rather warm and friendly. We love the fact that these recordings sound very much like a real band playing instead of music that has been hyper-perfected by technology. Eleven groovy cuts. Our initial favorites include "Robert DeNiro," "It's Just Work," "Who Is Myself," and "First Punch." These folks are going places fast because they're doing everything...right.
Here & Here & Here - Here & Here & Here (CD, pfMENTUM,
Improvisation/jazz/modern classical)."
Hyperbubble - Attack of the Titans: Original Soundtrack Music (German
import CD, Pure Pop for Now People,
Pop)
We sure dig Hyperbubble. The band's music is decidedly out-of-synch with almost everything that's out there and yet...instead of altering their course of changing their music to suit a wider audience these musicians stick to their guns and maintain their original focus. That focus being...writing and recording upbeat danceable synth pop that recalls early classic electronic pop artists from the 1980s. The band's songs might best be described as techno bubblegum...because they seem to incorporate equal elements of both. This time around the Hyperbubble folks deliver the soundtrack to the film Attack of the Titans. Because these songs were created as a soundtrack they waver a bit from the standard Hyperbubble approach...but not by much. The rhythms are still addictive and those groovy vocals still sound as cool as ever. So much modern music is way too complex and overblown. That is perhaps why these folks succeed whereas so many fail. Their music is simple, direct, and instantly lovable. Eleven classy cuts here including "The Devastation Was Incredible," "Sky Smasher," and "Condition Red." As always, highly recommended music from this wonderfully clever band. What we're wondering now is...how long will it be before these folks team up with Twink to record an album together? Now that would be something. TOP PICK.
In
Your Eyes - Original Motion Picture Score:
Music by Tony Morales
(CD, Lakeshore, Motion
picture score)
In Your Eyes is a new film about falling in love. The film features Zoe Kazan, Michael Stahl-David, Nikki Reed, Steve Harris, and Mark Feuerstein. Although we haven't seen this film yet our guess is that the score created by Tony Morales is just as integral in this one as the actors and actresses. Up to this point in time Morales is probably best known for the music that he and John Debney created for the History Channel's mini-series Hatfields & McCoys...although he's been involved in a whole slew of other projects as well. Because mega-action and tech-driven films seem to be the main focus these days love stories may be mainly overlooked because of the more subtle nature of the stories. But our guess is that the pensive, calm, introspective sound of this score will probably be one of the main things that sticks with folks. Twenty dreamy cuts including "In Your Eyes," "10 PM Date," "Quirks and Insecurities," and "Together At Last." Beautifully written and executed material that sometimes has a majestic feel.
Mesa
Jane - Level (Independently released
CD, Pop)
Mesa Jane has a simple and direct image and sound...and boy do we dig both. So many folks overdo it when they get to the recording process but Ms. Jane has the great intuitive sense to use only the basics in order to get her point across. We never heard Mesa's debut album (Spandex Heart) but apparently it went over well with a great many folks. The appropriately titled Level offers smooth rhythm-driven tracks with smooth sounds, groovy melodies, and Mesa's ultra velvety voice. What is perhaps most interesting about this album is how much commercial appeal it has...all the while totally retaining artistic integrity (it's rare to hear an artist who can effectively combine both these days). Jane's enchanting presence and personality shine through on every track here. Our initial favorites include "Haunt You," "Love You Endlessly," "Why Don't We," and "I Can't Feel." Intoxicating and real.
Jeremy
- The Solar King (CD, Jam,
Pop), Guitar Heaven (CD, Jam,
Pop)
The Jeremy Band - All Over The World (CD, Jam, Pop)
Jeremy Morris is one of the hardest working individuals in the world of music as well as one of the most prolific. He's been writing and recording for decades as well as running his own Jam label. Unlike most folks who burn out or give up, Jeremy's optimistic view of life is probably what drives him to continue. This past month we received not one...but three releases from Jeremy. And, not surprisingly, they're all extremely entertaining. The Solar King is particularly interesting because it offers insight into Jeremy's beginnings. The album was recorded way back in 1980 and was intended to be the first full-length release. But instead it remained on a shelf never to be heard...until now. This truly is a lost gem that has been unearthed to the delight of pop fans. The playing is inspired and the material is extremely strong. There are many elements of Jeremy's music from that time period that remain in his songs to this very day. The guitars and vocals are wonderfully resilient and magnetic. Close to 68 minutes' worth of heavenly pop here. Wow. Guitar Heaven is yet another instrumental album featuring Jeremy and his guitar. The instrumental universe is different, but just another avenue for Jeremy to display his talents. Although he's mainly known as a singer and songwriter, this fellow should also be recognized just as much for his guitar playing. Guitar Heaven is subtle and soothing and can be appreciated by just about anyone who loves the guitar. All Over The World released under the name The Jeremy Band is a bit of a different album as it was recorded live. The first eleven songs were recorded in San Diego, California in 2013, six others in 2009 (also in San Diego), while the remaining two live tracks were recorded in Chicago in 2003 and Liverpool, England in 2006. This discs show how groovy Morris and his band sound in concert. In many cases the sound quality is so good you'd almost never know these are live recordings. Jeremy Morris is an important man to so many people around the world. Not only because folks enjoy and appreciate the music he makes but also because of his continued support of underground pop. Do yourself a favor and pick up any and/or all of Jeremy's recordings. This man is one of the true originals in the world of pop.
The
Jigsaw Seen - Old Man Reverb (CD, Vibro-Phonic, Pop)
We've been impressed with every release we've heard from The Jigsaw Seen. That said, the folks in this underground pop band have really outdone themselves this time. Old Man Reverb features the most fully focused and realized songs the group has ever written and recorded. And, considering past output, that is really saying something. This album features classic pop that harkens back to the 1960s when melodies and lyrics were the main focal point...but the overall sound is much more current...sometimes reminiscent of 1980s alternative pop bands like Game Theory (except much more accessible than such a comparison might imply). The band is comprised of Dennis Davison (vocals), Jonathan Lea (guitar), Tom Currier (bass), and Teddy Freeze (drums). These guys have received rave reviews from around the globe but, at least at this point in time, still remain a cult favorite. But the folks who love their music really love it. Once again, the packaging is fantastic...a beautiful silver cardboard sleeve with the CD attacked to the back...and designed so that it looks like a big ol' reverb knob. How cool is that? Killer cuts include "Let There Be Reverb," "Idiots With Guitars," "Madame Whirligig," and "Grief Rehearsal." Easily one of the best pop bands currently making music in the United States... TOP PICK.
JUST LIKE PAPA
You look
Just like Papa.
You scowl
Just like Papa.
You pinch
Just like Papa.
You mrowl
Just like Papa.
Ann
Klein - Tumbleweed Symphony (CD, Sowie Sound, Pop)
For just about every well-known celebrity out there on the planet there are several folks just as talented backing them up. But because of the plethora of talent out there you can always bet there are some true stars whose names and music you will probably never hear. Because, after all, none of us can hear it all. Ann Klein is one such talent who is just now stepping into the spotlight. In the past Klein has played with many well-known artists including Joan Osborne, Ani DiFranco, and Kate Pierson. And now, with the release of Tumbleweed Symphony she immediately establishes her own niche in the world of music. This is a great album chock full of feelgood tunes that should appeal to almost everyone. The toe tappers here are great but the softer numbers are where Ann seems to really shine. "Remember to Forget" and "Real Love" are so great that it seems almost impossible that they would not become hugely popular at some point in time. Klein's got it all...great songs...a killer voice...and a great backing band. Exceptional stuff. Recommended.
Lab
Partners - Seven Seas (CD, Pravda, Rock/pop)
This cool Dayton, Ohio-based band's sound immediately grabbed our attention. None of that annoyingly slick sounding processed stuff here...these songs have a neat gripping sound that is driven by hypnotic rhythms and loud overdriven guitars. The sound of the tracks on Seven Seas reminds us very much of many of the cool underground bands in the United States in the mid to late 1990s. There's so much to like here. Instead of sounding like computer generated recordings, these songs sound very much like a real rock band playing. These folks have been at it for about fourteen years now but, if memory serves correctly, this is the first time we've been introduced to their music. These songs tread the line where shoegaze meets alternative underground rock. The guitars are swirly and drenched in reverb and the vocals delivered with an entirely appropriate attitude. Ten totally groovy cuts. These folks get in a groove and stay there for the entire album. Our favorite tracks include "Simple Machine," "Six Times," and "Seven Seas."
The
Legal Matters - The Legal Matters (CD,
Futureman, Pop)."
The Lemon Clocks - Now Is The Time (CD, Jam,
Pop)
The Lemon Clocks is the all-star trio comprised of Jeremy Morris, Todd Borsch, and Stefan Johansson. Now Is The Time seems to suggest that the all three fellows have a deep appreciation for psychedelic 1960s pop. These tracks are spilling over with cool vocal harmonies, driving rhythms, and incredibly trippy guitar sounds that rival just about anything we've heard. While the music is infused with psychedelia, the lyrics are chock full of positive messages about peace, love, and understanding. Morris, Borsch, and Johansson are a perfect match for one another. Their instruments and voices seem to merge into one cohesive wall of sound. If you ever loved any of the bands these guys are involved with you're certain to love this album. Every single one of these thirteen tracks sounds like a potential hit. Thus, Now Is The Time for any other band would be a "best of" collection. But for Jeremy, Todd, and Stefan this is just an excellent and intelligent collection of instantly memorable pop. Our favorite cuts include "Garden of Eden," "The Man Who Lost The Time," "Built To Last," "Now Is The Time," "Not Your Puppet," and "Lemon Clock Land." Top pick..
Oliver-Dawson
Saxon - Blood and Thunder Live (CD,
Angel Air, Hard rock)
Oliver-Dawson Saxon was formed in 1995 by guitarist Graham Oliver and bass player Steve Dawson, both of whom were previously in the band Saxon. The band also includes Haydn Conway, Brian Shaughnessy, and Paul Oliver. Over the past few years the group has managed to have a great deal of success and, in the process, they have become one extremely tight well-oiled heavy metal machine. And for anyone needing proof, Blood and Thunder Live will provide it. Recorded in Germany in 2013, this concert captures these guys on a night when they were absolutely burning white hot. Pummeling drums, throbbing bass lines, nasty guitars, and a real screamer of a vocalist...what more could a heavy metal fan ask for? The crowd was obviously loving every minute of this show as the band plowed through fourteen loud crowd pleasers. Excellent sound quality here that rivals the band's studio recordings. Killer rockers include "Schwemetal Fur Immer," "Whippin' Boy," "Princess of the Night," and "And The Band Played On."
Onward
Chariots - Take Me To Somewhere (Independently
released CD-R Pop)
We rarely review EPs and CD-Rs so you can be sure this one affected us in a powerful way or it wouldn't be appearing here. Onward Chariots is the Brooklyn, New York-based duo of Ben Morss and Rus Wimbish. These guys have a pure pop sound that is slick and stylized. Smart melodies...exceptional vocals...and an overall upbeat positive vibe that is almost impossible to dislike. Five cuts here: "It Doesn't Even Matter," "Vacation," "I Know We'll Find A Way," "The Sound," and "Take Me To Somewhere." Cool sounding stuff.
Origami Arktika - Absolut Gehor (CD, Silber,
Experimental/sound)
Ever wonder what experimental music from Norway sounds like? If so, the music of Origami Arktika may enlighten or confuse you...depending on the mood you're in when you hear it. We can honestly say that we've never heard anything quite like this before. This band is an artist collective and they combine mutated traditional Norwegian folk music with modern drones and experimental electronics. The result...is a bizarre mixture of the past and present...a world where sounds from the past are strangely rooted in the music of the twenty-first century. Listening to this is kinda like watching pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitting together that really shouldn't fit together at all. Forty-four plus minutes of unorthodox recordings from the true underground musical climate of Norway...
The Psycho Sisters - Up On The Chair, Beatrice (CD, Rockbeat,
Pop/folk)
This is an interesting and entertaining album...and just as interesting and entertaining is the way it came to be. The Psycho Sisters are Vicki Peterson and Susan Cowsill. Peterson originally played guitar in The Bangles while Cowsill is one of the original members of the 1960s family band The Cowsills. In the early 1990s the two got together and began making music and quickly became in-demand background singers supporting artists like Jules Shear, Belinda Carlisle, Hootie and the Blowfish, and more. They later became members of The Continental Drifters. Eventually other events in their lives took precedence and a Psycho Sisters album never came to be...until now. Finding they finally had some extra time Vicki and Susan got together and began plowing through cassette tapes of songs they had written years ago and chose the best to record for this, their debut album (along with three well-chosen covers). The strange part here is that...this sounds like anything but a rehashing of old material. The tracks on Up On The Chair, Beatrice have a cool, fresh, vibrant sound that is instantly appealing...and man oh man do these ladies' voices sound great these days. The Psycho Sisters' time has finally come, as their own music is finally available for all to hear. Killer cuts include "Heather Says," "Never, Never Boys," "This Painting," and "Cuddly Toy."
Queen
Esther - The Other Side (Independently
released CD, Soul/pop/rock)
We had to do a double take when we saw the artist this time because...we're absolutely certain that we have a strange childhood connection with Queen Esther. This lady is the real deal. In a world where so many artists are carbon copies of one another or rely on technology to hide a lack of talent or originality, Queen Esther comes across like a real lady with real talent who isn't afraid to bare her soul to the world. Originally from the south (Atlanta, Georgia and Chareston, South Carolina), Esther eventually relocated to New York City where she has worked with an amazing variety of different well-known artists. She composed all thirteen tracks on this album and they're all rather...amazing. Folks are bound to react to the cool vibes on The Other Side. Esther has a voice that really makes her tunes sizzle. And the songs are, for the most part, presented with no filler added...only the essentials necessary in order to get the point across. We love all of the cuts on this album but particular favorites include "Sunnyland," "Jet Airliner," "The Other Side," and "I've Come Undone Again."
QUOTA
Here.
This is your
Quota.
Spend it however you
Like.
Rickity - Greatest Hits Volume 1 (CD, Hyperspace, Rock/soul)
We love the world where soul meets hard rock...but for some reason we rarely hear bands treading in this particular avenue in the world of music. The folks in Rickity remind us very much of babysue favorites The Bellrays. Like The Bellrays, Rickity is basically a hard rock band fronted by a black female vocalist who can belt out a tune like there's no tomorrow. The band is comprised of Perrita (lead vocals), Paul Gifford (vocals, percussion, samples), Teddy Rondeinelli (lead guitar, vocals), Neil Cicione (drums), Paul Latimer (rhythm guitar, keyboards), and Randy Pratt (bass, harmonica). Nine nifty rockers here including "Out of Bounds," "She's The One," "Sizzle," and "Black Limousine."
Riff
Rockit - If I Could Fly (Independently
released CD, Pop)
Riff Rockit may be an artist whose image and music are targeted at children...but we're absolutely certain that teenagers and adults will find a lot to love here as well. This is Riff's third album...and it's chock full of ultra-hummable upbeat pop music that is sure to lift up even the most jaded listeners. Riff's real name is Evan Michael. As a teenager Evan was diagnosed with myeloid leukemia which was certainly devastating. But after having a risky bone marrow transplant he managed to overcome the illness and today he is cancer free. The experience undoubtedly had a profound on Evan and may have been one of the main motivators inspiring him to make music. To present the music Riff's band now features puppets created by the folks at Swazzle (who have been involved with the television shows The Simpsons, The Pee-Wee Herman Show, and Sprout). Kids, teenagers, and adults...if you're looking for a completely fun upbeat experience Riff Rockit and his band will certainly be just what you're looking for. Riff Rockit may be full of image gimmicks...but it all seems to work beautifully in his favor (!). Ultra-catchy cuts include "New Shoes," "Backyard," "Food Groups," and "Wintertime."
Jason
Rubenstein - New Metal From Old Boxes
(CD, Tonecluster Music,
Progressive rock/instrumental)
The sixth full-length release from San Francisco, California's Jason Rubenstein. When many current artists try to recreate the sounds and ideas of progressive rock bands from the 1970s the music comes across sounding tired or like a bad imitation. That is certainly not the case here. Rubenstein's music is credible and inspired...and it has all the spark and sizzle that made the progressive era so exciting in the first place. In Jason's own words, this album "...features classic, loud rock production, and a movie-like tension-filled soundtrack vibe. Imagine if King Crimson, ELP, NIN, Wendy Carlos, and Philip Glass got together to score the soundtrack for a heist movie." Rubenstein is no newcomer to the world of music. He was in a progressive rock band in the 1980s (when the genre was no longer cool) so in some ways New Metal From Old Boxes marks a return to his roots. In addition to making music Jason has also worked as a software engineer at Google and at Pono Music. When Pono folded he suddenly found himself jobless. But instead of sitting around moping he immediately began work on this album. These tracks work on so many different levels. The songs themselves are great. The playing is precise and intricate. And the sound quality is impeccable. If you love progressive instrumental music there's a good chance you'll go apeshit over this one. We sure did. Top pick.
Sassparilla - Pasajero / Hullabaloo (Double CD, Fluff
and Gravy, Pop)
With most albums we can sum up the overall sound after one or two spins. But this band's music...required several listens to begin to understand where these folks are coming from. Apparently the folks in Portland, Oregon's Sassparilla have gone through quite a few changes since they began making music in 2007. Over time the band has begun to focus more and more on their recorded sound rather than just their live shows. And based on the various sounds and styles presented on this double album the time was well spent. So...exactly what kind of music do the folks in Sassparilla play? Hard to say, really...because in the end these tunes stand squarely on their own. Band leader Kevin Blackwell's songs delve into all different styles and terrains...pop, progressive pop, blues, Americana, rockabilly, rock, punk, and more. This double album shows just how diverse his songs can be. But rather than coming across sounding like haphazard scraps that don't fit together, these discs have a nice smooth sense of continuity. Pasejero, the first disc, is focused more on arrangements and studio production while Hullabaloo captures the more playful and spontaneous essence of the live band. While we initially couldn't figure out what was going on here during the first and second spins...by the time we heard these discs ten times or more...the pure substance inherent in the music sank in. We're mighty impressed with this band's music. You could listen to it on all kinds of different levels...as background music...as music to dance to...or as music to probe thoughts by. A great collection of tracks featuring standouts like "Dark Star," "When The Devil Don't Know," "Through the Fence," "It Ain't Easy," and "The Hoot Song." Top pick.
Silvery
Ghosts - Love & Other Ephemera (Independently
released CD, Progressive pop)
Silvery Ghosts is the name of the new project created by New York's Hank Kim who has released two full-length CDs over the past few years. He chose to use a new moniker/band name because, in his own words, "It really seems to fit with the sonic approach that we took with this recording." Recorded at Twin Buffalo Studios in 2013, Love & Other Ephemera is a smart and calming collection of moody pop with intelligent lyrics and slightly atmospheric arrangements. Although this band is basically a solo project, several guests appear on this album to support Kim. Nate Martinez, Kelli Scarr, Tom Zovich, Dan Brantigan, Josh Kaufman, and Karen Waltruch are all here and offer their expert skills. At certain points, Hank's voice and music are slightly reminiscent of Roy Orbison...except much more modern and moody. Ten well-crafted cuts including "At One Arm's Length," "Frozen Summer," and "Arise Lover Surprise."
Street
Priest - More Nasty (Independently released
cassette, Noise)
Although the trend is kinda starting to die down now we're still finding it funny that some artists are choosing to release cassettes (with download cards, of course) rather than CDs or vinyl. The idea is, of course, that because almost everyone downloads their music now the physical thing is just that...any physical thing...because most folks are just going to want to get the music off the internet. This cool little cassette looks very much like something we would have received in the mail way back in the 1980s when independent cassettes were still being released by tons of folks. Street Priest is Jacob Felix Heule. According to his own web site, Heule "is a percussionist and electronic musician focused on sound-oriented improvisation following the traditions of electro-acoustic improv, noise, and 20th-century composition." That pretty much sums things up nicely. This release features four lengthy tracks: "Turk," "Taylor," "Sixth," and "Market." These cuts are experiments that sound as if they were purely spontaneous. Joining Jacob on these recordings are Matt Chandler on bass and Kristian Aspelin on guitar. Strange stuff that blends experimental sounds with modern classical ideas. Neat.
Strike Back - Music From the Cinemax Series: Music by Scott Shields
(CD, Varese Sarabande,
Pop)
This CD presents the music created for seasons three and four of the British television series Strike Back. With the exception of the first track ("Short Change Hero" performed by The Heavy), the music was composed and recorded by Scott Shields who is best known up to this point in time as a member of the band Gun. At one point Shields was working with Joe Strummer (The Clash) who invited him to co-write the soundtrack to the comedy Gypsy Woman. Ever since, Scott has been active in the world of music creation for film and television. Seventeen of the eighteen tracks on this album are instrumentals but unlike most soundtracks the music on this one has much more of a rock and electronic sound. Plenty of great big sounds and cool atmospherics here and it really sounds great when turned up super loud. Killer tracks include "Gas Station," "Killing The Love," and "You Got Your Man."
Test
- Original Score by Ceiri Torjussen
(CD, Wenallt, Film score)
To get ideas for the score to this film, composer Ceiri Torjussen listened to a lot of 1980s music (artists like Brian Eno, Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Cabaret Voltaire, Tangerine Dream, Georgio Moroder, etc.) in order to make music that was appropriate for the time period in which the story of Test takes place. This time is 1985 and two guys in San Francisco have fallen in love with one another...while the AIDS epidemic has just begun to have it's dramatic effects. Sounds like an emotionally charged film (we haven't seen it yet). The score is bound to take listeners back to this time period when keyboard/synth bands were all the rage and folks who were slowly coming to the conclusion that choices in life sometimes had dire consequences. Sixteen precisely-crafted cuts here that can be appreciated as a film score as well as an instrumental album featuring sounds from times gone by. Our favorite tracks include "Dawn," "Star Dancer," "Bad Dreams," and "Hello Sunrise."
Twink - Critter Club (Independently released CD, Toy pop)
There are very few artists in the world who have an image, style, and sound as clearly defined as Twink. The toy piano project created by Mike Langlie, this band's image and sound have become so stylized that Langlie really has no competitors because he has created such a unique presence in the world of music. The latest Twink album is, once again, a direct bull's eye. Although possibly the most accessible album yet (?), Critter Club is cut from the same wonderful fabric as previous releases but this time there is a heavier reliance on traditional instruments backing up the toys. Even though you might not recognize the band name there's a very good chance you've already heard Twink music before. Langlie's music has been featured/included on various television shows on MTV, Nickelodeon, and Comedy Central. The tracks on Critter Club are ultimately creative, fanciful, humorous, and emotionally gripping. Rather than coming off like novelty tracks featuring toys, these songs have all the characteristics that make great pop music. Cool melodies, superb arrangements, and an overall vibe that is simultaneously offbeat and extraordinarily appealing. Assisting Mike this time around are musicians/audio engineers Casey Paquet, Groundfish, Joel Hagglund, Rafi Sofer, Paul Meurens, Matt Renzi, George Berlin, and Mike Quinn. Although more commercial sounding than previous releases, Club is by no means a sellout in any way, shape, or fashion. Mike is not only a songwriter and musician of the highest caliber, but his artwork is also nothing short of fantastic. This album is housed in an imaginatively designed cardboard sleeve complete with three professionally produced playing cards inserted inside (to tie in with the image of three masked animals on the front playing cards). Thirty-six minutes of pure audio bliss. Reward yourself with the sounds of Twink. It will quickly release your inner child and simply make you feel...great. Highly recommended... TOP PICK.
Umbra
Sum - Aun No Has Demostrado Nada (CD,
Acuarela, Pop)
We haven't received any physical releases from the fine folks at Spain's Acuarela label in a while so we were quite excited to receive the latest disc from Umbra Sum.This band is the project created by Ed Sanchez-Gomez. Originally from Costa Rica, Ed now lives in Chicago. Aun No Has Demostrado Nada is an unusual listening experience. Sanchez-Gomez combines the harmonies of the Beach Boys with guitar feedback (a la The Jesus and Mary Chain)...along with a curious dose of Hammock-like atmospherics. The end result is an exotic and somewhat intoxicating batch of intelligent underground pop tunes. This is the first official Umbra Sum release...a curious mini-album that firmly sets the stage for what we fell will be a long and rewarding career. We dig all of Ed's tunes...but particular standout cuts include "Anos Como Flores," "Nuestro Imposible," and "Dulce Reposo."
Ruud
Van Eeten - Inner Music: Works for Saxophone
Quartet, String Quartet, & Piano (CD, Navona,
Classical)
The debut Navona label release from The Netherland's Ruud Van Eeten. Inner Music is divided into three sections. First is the brief (under three minutes) "Punctus Einz for Saxophone Quartet" which is followed by the more lengthy (almost twenty minutes) "Jhero for String Quartet." The third piece ("Piano Quintet No. 1") is divided into four sections. Playing on the album are the Amstel Quartet, the Matangi Quartet, and pianist Saskia Lankhoorn. The music here evokes emotions in the mind of the listener. Van Eeten's compositions are smart, intricate, and involved and yet he leaves plenty of open space in his works so that the listener can easily comprehend the music. His music has a great deal in common with the great classic composers which will thrill many classical music fans. Another exceptional release from the fine folks at Navona who seem to be drawing from an endless well of twenty-first century talent.
Wakey!
Wakey! - Salvation (CD, MummaGrubbs
/ Thirty Tigers, Pop)
This band got their big break a few years back when one of their songs ("War Sweater") was used in the finale of the sixth season of the television show One Tree Hill (bandleader Michael Grubbs even appeared in the show as a bartender). The day after the show aired the song went to #13 on the iTunes chart and led to a signing with the Family Records label. The resulting album (Almost Everything I Wish I'd Said The Last Time I Saw You) went on to become quite successful, reaching the number one position on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart. According to the band web site, as a child Grubbs considered becoming a preacher when he grew up. This could explain some of the sounds and ideas presented on the appropriately-titled Salvation. These songs seem to celebrate life. They have a decidedly uplifting sound and feel and there are some slight threads in the songs that could be interpreted as a form of modern gospel...although the songs definitely fall within the confines of the pop genre. Grubbs has a great voice and his songs could easily appeal to millions upon millions of music fans. Eleven groovy cuts here including "All It Takes Is A Little Love," "I Like You," and "Homeland."
Wei
Zhongle - Raised High / Brought Low
(Vinyl LP, Edible Onion,
Progressive)
It isn't often that we are able to compare a twenty-first century recording artist with the strangely creative British band Henry Cow...but this is most definitely one of those rare cases. Raised High / Brought Low is the second full-length release from Chicago's Wei Zhongle. And hopefully without scaring folks away, we can safely say that this music isn't for everyone...nor does it try to be. The folks in this underground band combine sounds from East Asian classical music, Balkan folk, modern classical, and progressive rock from the 1970s to create a strange musical world where things just sound...different. The music is strange on its own...but just as strange here is the cover of this vinyl album. The front features a disturbing close up shot of a deceased deer's head (courtesy of photographer Rob Jacobs). Quite an unusual package here for those with more eclectic musical tastes...
X-Men: Days of Future Past - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack: Music by John Ottman (CD, Sony
Classical, Soundtrack)
The music for X-Men: Days of Future Past was created by John Ottman...so you know it's good. Ottman is something of a genius in the world of film and music. A leading film composer and award-winning film editor, Ottman has also served as producer on many films. But music seems to be his main interest these days and on this soundtrack he once again shows why he is so in-demand in the twenty-first century. These slickly-produced tracks have a huge smooth sound and, like any great soundtrack should do, they evoke a range of emotions in the mind of the listener. Some of these tracks are subdued and atmospheric while others feature rushing walls of sound. The bulk of the album consists of Ottman originals but the album closes with two well-known classics from the past: Jim Croce's "Time in a Bottle" and Robert Flack's "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face." Over seventy-six minutes' worth of music here. Recommended for X-Men fans as well as serious film soundtrack fanatics.
YES, YES, NO
Does you liking cheese?
Yes, yes, no.
Does your riding thing working?
Yes, yes, no.
Does you shake up when thirsty?
Yes, yes, no.
Does you say yes twice then no?
Yes, yes, no.
Cheryl Barnes - Listen to this
Brian Baugus - Actor songster sage
Bee Bee Bee Bee - Eee Eee Eee Eee
Bend The Riever - So long Joan Fontaine
Brushfire Stankgrass - Micro climntes
Buenos Diaz - The love balloon
Buffalo Clover - Live at the Five
Buffalo Clover - Test your love
Bullets Over Broadway: The Musical - Original broadway cast recording
Sergio Cervetti - Unbridled chamber works
Che Prasad - Christmastime in the apocalypse
Che Prasad - Shiva me timbers
Cinderella - Rodgers and Christopher's Cinderella: A new musical
Dave Ellis - Everything in between
Fearing & White - Tea and confidences
Feel No Other - Feel No Other
Robin George - History
Ferrill Gibbs - Significant trees
Glass House - Long way down
Global Unified - Global Unified
Heavy Glow - Pearls & swine and everything fine
John Michael Hersey - Adirondack
Sydney Hodkinson - A keyboard odyssey
Amanda Homi - Till I reach Bombay
Kandia Crazy Horse - Stampede
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! - The musical
I
If/Then - Original Broadway cast recording
I Love Rich - Respect the rich
Il Rumore Bianco - Mediocrazia
Il Sogno del Marinaio - Canto secondo
Indies Scope - 2013
Intimate Dream - Wonderful thing
In Your Eyes - Original motion picture score: Music by Tony Morales
J
The JAC - Love dumb
Daena Jay - Subdivision
Jersey Boys - Music from the motion picture and Broadway musical
Meanies - Cover their tracks
Michael-Ann - Heavy load
Tim Levan Miller - Boredom longs for fear
Jim Mize - Jim Mize
Moistboyz - 5
Mike Montrey Band - Song by song by song
Monuments Men - Original motion picture soundtrack
Patricia Morehead - Brass rail blues
Morning Birds - Bloom
Charlee Remitz - These veins
Edward Rogers - Kaye
Jefferson Rose Band - Feel like dancing
Roxanna - Exotica
Royal Oui - Royal Oui
S
Chris Sanchez - Guilty
Sarah - Featuring Bruce Barth
Save The Radio - Calculating the sum of your life
Scan Hopper - Mariana bridges
Scattered Bodies - Talking songs
Scenic Route to Alaska - Warrington
Scientist - World EP
Erik Scott - And the earth bleeds
Secret Agent 23 Skidoo - The perfect quirk
David Serby and the Latest Scam - David Serby and the Latest Scam
Shameless - Music from the television series
Sherlock - Original television soundtrack
Ships Have Sailed - Someday
Herb Silverstein - Monday morning: 10 original tunes
The Silvertones - Silvertone avenue
Sine Qua Non - Simple pleasures
Donna Singer - Destiny: Moment of jazz
Soatoa - Latent
Sours - Sours
Spell Kasters - Kastin' the spell
Spycker - Voted away
Neville Staple - Ska crazy!
Ann ie Stela - Whiplash blues
Richard Stoltzman - Resolve
Isobel Stover - Her own sweet world
Third World - Under the magic sun
Matt Turk - Cold revival
U
Ugly Quartet - Mars needs Maurice
Uncommon Evolution - Uncommon Evolution
Unrepeatable Quartet - Edmonton 2012
Vices - Vices
Videoing - Treasure house
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