text stringlengths 454 608k | url stringlengths 17 896 | dump stringclasses 91 values | source stringclasses 1 value | word_count int64 101 114k | flesch_reading_ease float64 50 104 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
So I have the code to make the Reverse Polish Expression work
def rpn(x):
stack = []
operators=['+', '-', '*']
for i in x.split(' '):
if i in operators:
op1 = stack.pop()
op2 = stack.pop()
if i=='+': result = op2 + op1
if i=='-': result = op2 - op1
if i=='*': result = op2 * op1
stack.append(result)
else:
stack.append(float(i))
return stack.pop()
x = str(input("Enter a polish expression:"))
result = rpn(x)
print (result)
if x contains " ":
print("error")
if x contains something other than "integers and +,-,*:
then print an error
You should use
x.split() instead of
x.split(' '), it will extract everything but the spaces from
x.
split() treats multiple successive spaces as one space (so one delimiter), while
split(' ') treats one space as one delimiter.
Here's the difference:
>>> print(' '.split(' ')) ['', '', '', ''] >>> print(' '.split()) []
Given that your code will be dealing only with single-digit numbers:
for i in (_ for _ in x if not _.isspace()): # your algorithm
If you'd like to raise an error:
for i in (_ if not _.isspace() else None for _ in x): if i is None: raise ValueError("Error!") # your algorithm here | https://codedump.io/share/bkInAeM3pw5p/1/reverse-polish-expression---monitoring-the-input | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 190 | 68.57 |
go to bug id or search bugs for
New/Additional Comment:
Description:
------------
Trying to use Unix98 pty's with proc_open gives error " pty pseudo terminal is not support on this system in ". But, /dev/ptmx exists, and devpts is mounted on /dev/pts!
PHP configuration:
'./configure' '--enable-cli' '--disable-cgi' '--with-xsl' '--prefix=/usr/local/php-5.0.4/' '--with-dba' '--with-cdb' '--with-mssql=/usr/local'
Reproduce code:
---------------
<?php
// Create a pseudo terminal for the child process
$descriptorspec = array(
0 => array("pty"),
1 => array("pty"),
2 => array("pty")
);
$process = proc_open("ls -l /", $descriptorspec, $pipes);
if (is_resource($process)) {
echo "OK!";
}
else {
echo "FAIL!";
}
?>
Expected result:
----------------
OK!
Actual result:
--------------
Warning: proc_open(): pty pseudo terminal is not support on this system in /home/skissane/php-5.0.4/ptytest.php on line 8
FAIL!
Add a Patch
Add a Pull Request
Please test the patch in this letter:
Tested with the patch you supplied. (Patch would not apply, so I had to apply most of it by hand.) My test case works with the test you supplied, and --enable-pty supplied as a config option.
Wez (or someone else with CVS comitter rights): why not just check Michael Spector's patch into CVS?.
That should close this issue. No more of your time required :)
Updated test case: added SKIPIF (requires Michael Spector's --enable-pty patch).
--TEST--
Bug #33147 (proc_open: basic test of Unix98 PTYs functionality)
--SKIPIF--
<?php
ob_start();
phpinfo();
$info = ob_get_contents();
ob_end_clean();
if (strpos($info,"--enable-pty") === FALSE) {
die("skip --enable-pty not specified\n");
}
?>
--FILE--
<?php
// Create a pseudo terminal for the child process
$descriptorspec = array(
0 => array("pty"),
1 => array("pty"),
2 => array("pty")
);
$process = proc_open("echo this is working", $descriptorspec, $pipes);
if (is_resource($process)) {
echo "OK\n";
while (!feof($pipes[1]))
echo fread($pipes[1],1024);
}
?>
--EXPECT--
OK
this is working
This is not really a feature/change request -- the feature is already supported in the code; the configure system just needs to be set up so the support can be turned on/off.
I'm still waiting for someone to give me a short and reliable piece of code (shell or C) to test if the functionality is present on the system..
You can use basic shell tools to test system pty piping. The following works on FreeBSD 6.0 but you may have to change the names of your pty/tty devices for other unixes.
Open up two terminal sessions and become root in both.
In the first one type:
ping localhost | tee /dev/ptyp9
In the second one type:
cat < /dev/ttyp9
Thats it. If pty's are working you should start seeing the output of the ping command scroll by in both terminals.
Sadly, but "bug" still present.
This code can be used for pty checking:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pty.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
int master;
int slave;
return openpty(&master,&slave,NULL,NULL,NULL);
}
This appears to still be an issue? There are legitimate uses for this, so not sure why it's being ignored? Looks like there's a patch, even.
things like "open two terminal sessions and become root in them" in the existing comments are hardly helpful because nobody ever should run
./configure
make test
as root and so whatever somebody proposes needs to work in a completly restricted environment and must not fail in headless builds like distributions and everybody building packages for distribution ones to override are using (sise open buildserver, Fedora koji)
But aren't those comments irrelevant? The patch adds the '--enable-pty' option, which would leave it up to the user and/or distribution to enable pty support. In cases where the user or distro package manager knows Unix 98 ptys are supported, they can --enable-pty; otherwise, nothing changes. It doesn't seem it needs to be 'smarter' than that, to me. At the very least, allowing ptys to be used in this way, rather than just disabling entirely (#if 0), is a step in the right direction.
I'm going to apply the patch to 7.1.10 (manually, I'm sure) and test this morning; will post the diff (or a PR on github if that's preferred) if it still works. Looks like it should?
Related To: Bug #65537
Related To: Bug #64150 | https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=33147&edit=1 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 722 | 65.52 |
* Introduction
Those of you that have been on the .NET journey since versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 have probably noticed that there are a few things that are .... different about the .NET 3.0 documentation in the WPF area. In particular, WPF is responsible for having introduced a few broad new concepts into the documentation that are pushing the envelope for CLR and managed code. Some of the WPF SDK team's efforts to present these new concepts in reference material are very much works in progress, destined to change as other technologies also adopt same or similar paradigms in their public APIs.
* Am I the .Fairest of all? System.Reflection and the .NET 3.0 SDK
It's probably not a secret that the "magic" that Microsoft uses to create the framework of their managed SDKs is a reflection process (typically using managed reflection, but sometimes unmanaged reflection also, depending on the API set). Build tools reflect over the sum total of the .NET 3.0 APIs, and we SDK writers fill in the skeleton of what reflection told us about the API with great heaps of geek goodness (that's the goal at least!) However, one thing that System.Reflection does not do particularly well is reflecting against programming concepts that are newer than System.Reflection itself. You can get hints of what's underneath by interpreting custom attributes. But when it comes to something like the XAML language, or dependency properties, System.Reflection as shipped essentially unchanged since 1.1 does not provide nice clean APIs for discovery of 3.0 APIs. If you are writing your own reflection you have to do some extra discovery work (I won't describe that here, it's complex and out of the scope of this topic.) For our SDK's build team, they had to write on-top-of-Reflection code too. Then, various other people including some of us writers had to come up with presentation strategies for how the extra information could/should be presented amidst the more well-established and standard pieces of managed code documentation like Exceptions and Return Value et al.
The Dark Secrets in question are the sections in reference topics that are the results of lots of design meetings and lots of development work. Each Dark Secret represents a particular aspect of programming that is quite relevant to WPF, and new with WPF. The information is all there for you to discover, in the SDK pages. But, we have not been necessarily clear about just what these extra sections that suddenly showed up in the WPF reference are, and what they mean.
Well ... throw open those portals! Let light onto these Dark Secrets of WPF Documentation! All shall be explained!
* Dependency Properties
Many is the time that the question has been asked "just what is a dependency property anyways?" Or, a related and more pointed question: "Why do I care if something is a dependency property?" Our version of the answers: Dependency Properties Overview.
Once past that conceptual hurdle, a next logical question would be "OK, a dependency property is just a way of backing a CLR property, so how can I tell which properties are backed this way?"
And behold, we encounter Dark Secret Number One: dependency properties, and the Dependency Property Information section.
In the documentation, there are two ways to discover that a given property is a dependency property.
1) As you are browsing the members tables for any given type, and are looking at the public properties, read the description. If the property is a dependency property, then the last sentence in the description will read: "This is a dependency property."
I suppose that's not really much of a secret, is it? :-) Nevertheless, it's the kind of text that might be easy to skip over because of its frequency.
2) Suppose you've arrived on a topic page in the SDK that documents a CLR property. What now? Well, yet again, in the same description that got promoted into the members tables, you'll find the sentence "This is a dependency property."
Dependency Property Information
In addition to the descriptions, there is a section within the property page for each dependency property called appropriately enough the Dependency Property Information section. This section contains two items in a table:
* A link to the static field that holds the identifier for the dependency property. A fair number of property system APIs will require this identifier in order to act on a property or to get other information about it. That said, using the property system APIs isn't generally necessary for application programming that just gets or sets a particular existing property, because you can typically call the simpler CLR "wrappers" that are present on dependency properties. The identifier is thus mostly relevant for advanced programming tasks involving dependency properties, such as working with property metadata or tracing property values.
* If a property is a framework-level property, then the Dependency Property Information section lists which "flags" are set to true in the metadata. The flags report certain common characteristics of dependency properties as they are interpreted by the WPF framework level, particularly by subfeatures such as the layout system, data binding, or inheritance of property values. The SDK reports these flags because it is useful for instance to know whether changing a property forces a layout redraw, or whether you can omit specifying two-way state in a Binding because that's already the default for a particular dependency property.
Default Value
One concept that crosses over between dependency properties and 'regular' properties is default value. Generally, the .NET documentation gives you property default values in the Property Value section, and for consistency this is also where the default properties are reported for dependency properties. However, dependency property default value actually comes from property metadata, whereas in a "plain" CLR property it might come from a class ctor or a setter implementation. A dependency property can thus be easily changed by each subclass or new property owner, by overriding property metadata. This happens occasionally in the existing WPF dependency properties. When it does, the overrides by each class will be noted in the Remarks section.
* Routed Events
Before you ask the inevitable "what are routed events?" - here you go ... Routed Events Overview. Now that we have that out of the way ... :-)
Unlike dependency properties, routed events do not have a description convention of something like "this is a routed event". The base elements (UIElement, FrameworkElement, ContentElement, FrameworkContentElement) have lots of routed events; probably 75% of their events are routed. Other classes such as controls will have a smattering of routed events also, perhaps interspersed with standard CLR events that don't route. In order to tell whether an event routes or not, you need to look for the presence or absence of a Routed Event Information section in the event topic.
The Routed Event Information section is a table with three items:
* A link to the static field that holds the identifier for the routed event. As with the property system APIs and dependency property identifiers, event system APIs will require this identifier in order to access the event. Simple operations such as adding or removing handlers don't necessarily require the identifier, and again this is because the routed event will have a "wrapper" so that the intuitive CLR syntax for adding/removing event handlers in each CLR language is supported. But if you use AddHandler directly, or call RaiseEvent, you need to know the routed event's identifier.
* The routing strategy. There are three possibilities: Bubbling, Tunneling and Direct. Here's a little secret: if the event name has Preview in it, then routing strategy is always Tunneling, by convention. But telling Bubbling from Direct is a little harder because there's no differentiating naming convention. Therefore we provide that information in the reference page. Direct events don't actually route beyond the element that raises them, but they still serve a WPF-specific purpose, which is described in Routed Events Overview.
* The delegate type. You can also find that delegate listed in the declarative event syntax, but we repeat it here for convenience, so that you can get straight to the point of writing the appropriate handler.
* Attached Properties
Attached properties are strictly speaking a XAML concept, not a WPF concept. But WPF is the first published adopter of the XAML language, so WPF is also pioneering some documentation concepts for how to document XAML syntax and the XAML language. If you are a code programmer, and you have a look at the documentation for a given attached property, say DockPanel.Dock, you might notice something peculiar: there is only a XAML syntax there, no code syntax. You can verify that if you look at reflection or object browse the DockPanel class: there's no such thing as a "Dock" property to the CLR. To even make this page exist in the otherwise reflection-generated reference, the SDK build team had to inject this page. However, for the benefit of those of us who converse equally freely in markup or code, the syntax sections for attached properties do provide a link to the "real" code API for an attached property, which turns out to be a matched set of Get and Set accessor methods. For the DockPanel class these are GetDock and SetDock. (Sadly, these don't seem to be true links in the MSDN versions of these pages; it works in the Visual Studio and offline Windows SDKs... trust me ...)
* Attached Events
Similar drill for attached events. XAML concept, but with a WPF specific implementation. XAML syntax, but "secret" accessor methods for equivalent code access. In the attached events case, the pattern for these methods is Add*Handler and Remove*Handler. So, for instance, Mouse.MouseDown can have handlers attached on a given UIElement instance by calling AddMouseDownHandler, and removed by RemoveMouseDownHandler. For practical applications, attached events might not be that important, because most are re-exposed by UIElement in more convenient fashion. But attached events might come into your field of view if you are writing a suite of related controls, or implementing a service.
* XAML Syntax
The SDK documentation provides XAML syntax for various XAML usages, such as the object element tag you use to instantiate a class in XAML, attributes you use for setting properties or attaching event handlers, and XAML-specific concepts such as content property or property element syntax. Here comes another dark secret ... well, it's not so secret because I've blogged about it before. XAML is not necessarily bounded by a schema. The ultimate arbitrator of valid XAML is a XAML loader, and the ultimate pass-fail comes from loader actions such as trying to find a matching named type in an assembly, calling its default ctor, and returning an instance. Or, once that object exists, trying to find a property matching an attribute name and then trying to fill it either with a string-to-X conversion of the attribute value, or an even more complicated packaging of whatever XAML exists there in a child relationship for a property element. These degrees of freedom are necessary to keep the eXtensible X in XAML, but they can make documenting an ostensibly static XAML lexicon a bit more difficult. For one thing, the parser will happily allow you to instantiate an element that really has no "home" in an object model. For example, most EventArgs subclasses can be created in XAML, because they conventionally have a default ctor (it's that easy to join the XAML club, folks ... well, that and your assembly has to be either mapped, or prewired by a build target). But, then what? From a narrow definition, XAML is for UI definition. From a wider definition, XAML is for definition of any structure of related objects and their properties that you wish to construct. EventArgs really fits into neither of these definitions, and you cannot put an EventArgs element as a child of anything with dubious exception of a Resources collection. This leaves us XAML documenters in a quandary: is it XAML, or not? This quandary comes up frequently. Generally, we try to document XAML from a scenario standpoint. Is there any REASON why you might want this class instantiated in XAML? If so, we'll show you a syntax. If not, like for EventArgs subclasses in 3.0, we tell you it's not TYPICAL to use this class, even if a XAML loader would create one from XAML in total isolation from any application-oriented object model.
And another secret: there are lots of classes in the frameworks that are XAML capable even though there is no syntax shown (will say something like 'not applicable'). Generally this is because the class comes from an earlier version, and policing the entire pre 3.0 framework for possible legitimate XAML usages is pretty Herculean. So, you customers out there need to know some XAML tricks in order to fill in the blanks. For starters, read the topic XAML and Custom Classes. There's nothing different between a custom class and an existing class when it comes to satisfying a XAML loader with a default ctor and a few other qualifiers. And also have a look at the sample in x:Array Markup Extension. That sample maps the System namespace and mscorlib assemblies such that you can instantiate a String class as a direct object. You could extrapolate on that admittedly silly concept and map more useful things. It's a little hard to even envision the scenarios, but you're a creative bunch out there: show us what you can do! Map some System.Data structures? Who knows what hidden XAML usages lurk in the heart of the pre-3.0 .NET?
* No XAML Attributes lists?
The SDK does not really have a "property page" that is specific for XAML. You can see property listings as part of the general members tables, but it is a little harder to pick out the XAML attributes because some are read-only, some don't use XAML-supportable types, etc. In this area, I think we have to admit that tools and designers do a better job than a members table in the SDK can. That is because tools and designers have the advantage of context; they know specifically what Panel subclass you just instantiated, how it is contained in the element tree, etc. Getting good integration between tools-based Intellisense for the basic list of possibilities, and then being able to F1 for more information that comes from SDK pages, is a next level of sophistication we are really trying to pursue for upcoming tools/SDK releases. The story here is less than pleasing currently.
* No XAML XSD Schema?
I've blogged about that before. Schemas for XAML are hard for a product with as much dimension as WPF. But you might have noticed that the following generation of XAML incorporating technologies (Workflow Foundation, Silverlight) do include XSD type schemas. And for schemas in WPF XAML specifically ... stay tuned ... | http://blogs.msdn.com/b/wpfsdk/archive/2007/05/09/dark-secrets-of-the-wpf-sdk-exposed.aspx | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 2,528 | 53.41 |
Here is the code from Jboss Weld login example application.
public class Users {
@PersistenceContext
private EntityManager userDatabase;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Produces @Named @RequestScoped
public List<User> getUsers(){
return userDatabase.createQuery("select u from User u").getResultList();
}
}
Now the EL code completion should suggest "#{users}" as List<User>, but it doesn't show it. The EL code completion works for @Named web beans perfect.
I'm affected by this one in NB 7.1.1 too.
The code completion for these @Named elements should work now.
Fixed in web-main #4d42e257b416.
Integrated into 'main-silver', will be available in build *201311140002* on (upload may still be in progress)
Changeset:
User: Martin Fousek <marfous@netbeans.org>
Log: #200385 - Code completion doesn't work for @Named @Produces getters in non-named class | https://netbeans.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=200385 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 128 | 51.65 |
Displays video with object-fit: cover with fallback for IE
react-video-cover
A small React component rendering a video with object-fit: cover, or a Fallback if object-fit is not available.
Installation
npm install --save react-video-cover
Basic Usage
Okay, let's say you have a simple video tag like this
<video src="" />
Now you want to display this video so that it always fills some container, while keeping the correct aspect ratio. For this example the container will be 300px by 300px:
<div style={{ width: '300px', height: '300px', overflow: 'hidden', }}> <video src="" /> </div>
We can use object-fit: cover to let the video fill the container:
<div style={{ width: '300px', height: '300px', overflow: 'hidden', }}> <video style={{ objectFit: 'cover', width: '100%', height: '100%', }} </div>
The only problem with this: object-fit is not implemented by IE and Edge.
If you do not have to support IE, I would suggest that you stop right here.
If you want to get the same effect in IE, simply replace the video tag with the react-video-cover component:
<div style={{ width: '300px', height: '300px', overflow: 'hidden', }}> <VideoCover videoOptions={{src: ''}} /> </div>
react-video-cover will set width: 100% and height: 100% because I think these are sensible defaults. You can use the style prop to overwrite it.
Here is the complete example, which also allows you to play/pause by clicking the video:
class MinimalCoverExample extends Component { render() { const videoOptions = { src: '', ref: videoRef => { this.videoRef = videoRef; }, onClick: () => { if (this.videoRef && this.videoRef.paused) { this.videoRef.play(); } else if (this.videoRef) { this.videoRef.pause(); } }, title: 'click to play/pause', }; return ( <div style={{ width: '300px', height: '300px', overflow: 'hidden', }}> <VideoCover videoOptions={videoOptions} /> </div> ); } }
It is also available as Example 3 on the demo-page.
Props
videoOptions
type: Object
default:
undefined
All members of videoOptions will be passed as props to the .
style
type: Object
default:
undefined
Additional styles which will be merged with those defined by this component.
Please note that some styles are not possible to override, in particular:
- object-fit: cover (when the fallback is not used)
- position: relative and overflow: hidden (when the fallback is used)
className
type: String
default:
undefined
Use this to set a custom className.
forceFallback
type: Boolean
default:
false
This component will use object-fit: cover if available, that is in all modern browsers except IE.
This prop forces use of the fallback. This is helpful during troubleshooting,
but apart from that you should not use it.
remeasureOnWindowResize
type: Boolean
default:
false
If set, an event listener on window-resize is added when the Fallback is used.
It will re-evaluate the aspect-ratio and update the styles if necessary.
This has no effect if the fallback is not used.
The classic example where it makes sense to use this is when using a background video.
If you need to react to different events to re-measure the aspect-ratio please see the onFallbackDidMount prop.
onFallbackDidMount
type: Function
default:
undefined
Will be executed when the Fallback is mounted.
The only parameter is a function, which can be used to force a re-measuring, for example after the size of the surrounding container has changed.
Please note that this will only be invoked if the fallback is used, that is in IE.
See ResizableCoverExample for an example implementation.
onFallbackWillUnmount
type: Function
default:
undefined
Will be executed before the Fallback unmounts.
You probably want to use this to clear any event-listeners added in onFallbackDidMount.
Development
To start a webpack-dev-server with the examples:
npm start
Then open
To build the examples:
npm run build-examples
You can find the results in
dist_examples.
To build the Component as published to npm:
npm run build
You can find the results in
dist. | https://reactjsexample.com/displays-video-with-object-fit-cover-with-fallback-for-ie/ | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 624 | 59.53 |
Update 14 hangs when closing windows
Hi,
When I run any Webstart, JavaFX or Applets in an stand-alone window and I click on the X button on the top right everything hangs. I can't even move the mouse pointer anymore. CPU usage is at zero.
I can break out of this hang by hitting ALT-TAB to take focus away from Java. I can then close the Window by right clicking on it in the task bar and choosing "close".
I am running Windows XP. Can anyone else reproduce this?
Gili
I tried FF3 and IE 7. I cannot reproduce with 6u14-b01 on my XP SP3.
I tested with our applet demo ()
Did you try any Webstart or JavaFX applications? That's where I saw it most often...
Gili
Yes. I tried couple JavaFX and WebStart Apps and I don't see any issues.
On , I tried FishSim, FractalTree, Calculator, and ShoppingService
On, I tried SwingSet and Draw
I tried each with FF3 and IE 7 and I can't reproduce. Can you reproduce on more than 1 machine? Can you provide a specific sample for reproducing the issue?
> Yes. I tried couple JavaFX and WebStart Apps and I
> don't see any issues.
>
> On , I tried FishSim,
> FractalTree, Calculator, and ShoppingService
> On
>
> bstart/demos.html, I tried SwingSet and Draw
>
> I tried each with FF3 and IE 7 and I can't reproduce.
> Can you reproduce on more than 1 machine? Can you
> provide a specific sample for reproducing the issue?
Odd. I just tried and I can't reproduce the problem on my home computer. When I get into work tomorrow morning I'll try reinstalling the JDK and testing again. Maybe the installation is corrupt somehow or there is something special about that computer...
Gili
A stack-trace could be quite useful I guess when the hang occurs.
With jconsole such things can be done quite easily :)
FYI,
I can no longer reproduce this issue even on the original machine. The only thing that changed is that I've rebooted the machine in the past couple of days. Maybe it got into a bad state somehow. Anyway, please consider this issue resolved.
Thank you,
Gili
Hi,
um running an app with webstart;
java console says:
Java Web Start 1.6.0_12
Using JRE version 1.6.0_12 Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM
i've seen this hanging happen often.
it happens with windows which show the little yellow sign at the right top side of
the floating window, saying ("java application window")
when closing the window(either by alt-f4, or by app itself) the mouse hangs, there doesn't seem to be any CPU consumption, and as soon as alt-tab is pressed the app continues.
strange thing that sometimes it hangs, some time it doesn't..
mouse hangs, and alt-tab gets things running again, so i m not able to dump the thread stack from the Java Console..
WOW?! when i run "sysinternals process explorer" with an update of 5 sec. as soon as "pe" refreshes, my java app responds/continues ?!
Hi houtman,
Are you absolutely sure this problem affects unsigned Java applications only (those displaying the security warning with the top-level windows) and is not reproducible with signed applications at all? Is it possible to reproduce the issue when running from the command line (and possibly using the "-Djava.security.manager" option to turn the application into the untrusted mode)?
Can you please provide any short test case with the source code that can be used to reproduce that? Also please provide more details regarding the configuration of your software (OS version, installed service packs, etc.). Did you try 6u14, btw? What about older releases - is that reproducible with, say, 6u10?
--
best regards,
Anthony
I've noticed the same problem. I can't say for sure when the bug was introduced but it was around the time 6u10 came out. If I run any of the unsigned webstart demos on Sun's tutorial, then clicking the windows close, minimize or maximize buttons freezes the OS for about 5 secs. If the app has a JButton in it that closes the window, then that's ok. So it seems to have something to do with that little warning icon outside of the window and the window title buttons. Problem still occurs with 6u14.
Now I'm running a plain vanilla XP (latest SP and updates), nothing special about it, no fancy windows theme or window blinds etc. It has a relatively old (by today's standards) nvidia 6800GS graphics card. That's it. I tried reproducing the problem on another notebook running Vista but no luck. It was fine.
Hi ghaneman,
I filed the following CR to track this issue:
6851571 Soft system hang occurs when closing a top-level window with a security warning
It must become available on the bugs.sun.com site in a day or two. We'll try to investigate the bug. Thanks for your experiments.
--
best regards,
Anthony
I filed a bug report on this problem (Incident Review ID: 1476084) in March 2009, but did not follow up further.
I'd like to add the following observations.
1. The problem happens only on release 12 until current release. Release 11 and early have no problem.
2. The problem consistently happens when running the applet in a browser or from appletviewer command line. Strange enough, the same applet on the same computer running from within Eclipse (with jsdk release 12) does not show any problem.
3. The problem happens on a fresh installation of WinXP with no other application. In my case, I wiped out an Optiplex 745, installed XP with service pack 2, upgraded to service pack 3, then installed java release 13.
Here is my test applet
---------- BEGIN SOURCE ----------
=== file AppletFrame.java ===
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AppletFrame extends Applet implements ActionListener {
Button b;
public void init() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
b = new Button("Show Frame!");
add(b, "Center");
b.addActionListener(this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
final Frame f = new Frame("Test Frame");
f.setBounds(200, 200, 300, 400);
f.setVisible(true);
f.add(new Label("Click on X at top right corner to close"));
f.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter(){
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f.dispose();
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What is the status of this?
I still experience this with 6 update 20 on XP.
any known workarounds? same exact symptons as above. | https://www.java.net/node/689866/atom/feed | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 1,089 | 66.64 |
0
Hi i've been assigned with doing a torn square, and i've kinda got it working with the code below.
import turtle turtle.reset() length=100 degree=60 i=0 while i < 4: turtle.forward(length/length*40) turtle.right(degree) turtle.forward(length/2) turtle.left(degree+degree) turtle.forward(length/2) turtle.right(degree) turtle.forward(length/length*40) i+=1 turtle.right(90) else: raw_input("there's hopefully a square, all torn like!")
as you can see i can change the degree so the torn square looks different but i know i'm supposed to do some math equations to work out the degree of the torn length.
pythagorean theorem is what i need. (** is to the power of isnt it?)
a**2 + b**2 = c**2 right?
So my length for
a=40 b=10 .....(all the other code) turtle.forward(a**2+b**2)
but that sends it really really far, do i need to square route the result ?
sorry if i yabbered i tried to use this as my thought pad, still trying to work it out while i'm typing this :P | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/170295/python-torn-square-problem | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 191 | 76.93 |
dennisaranabriljdii
CHAPTER I COMMODATUM
REPUBLIC v. BAGTAS
The Court of Appeals certified this case to this Court because only questions of law are raised.
On 8 May 1948 Jose V. Bagtas borrowed from the Republic of the Philippines through the Bureau of Animal Industry three bulls: a
Red Sindhi with a book value of P1,176.46, a Bhagnari, of P1,320.56 and a Sahiniwal, of P744.46, for a period of one year from 8 May
1948 to 7 May 1949 for breeding purposes subject to a government charge of breeding fee of 10% of the book value of the bulls.
Upon the expiration on 7 May 1949 of the contract, the borrower asked for a renewal for another period of one year. However, the
Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources approved a renewal thereof of only one bull for another year from 8 May 1949 to 7
May 1950 and requested the return of the other two. On 25 March 1950 Jose V. Bagtas wrote to the Director of Animal Industry that
he would pay the value of the three bulls. On 17 October 1950 he reiterated his desire to buy them at a value with a deduction of
yearly depreciation to be approved by the Auditor General. On 19 October 1950 the Director of Animal Industry advised him that
the book value of the three bulls could not be reduced and that they either be returned or their book value paid not later than 31
October 1950. Jose V. Bagtas failed to pay the book value of the three bulls or to return them. So, on 20 December 1950 in the Court
of First Instance of Manila the Republic of the Philippines commenced an action against him praying that he be ordered to return the
three bulls loaned to him or to pay their book value in the total sum of P3,241.45 and the unpaid breeding fee in the sum of P199.62,
both with interests, and costs; and that other just and equitable relief be granted in (civil No. 12818).
On 5 July 1951 Jose V. Bagtas, through counsel Navarro, Rosete and Manalo, answered that because of the bad peace and order
situation in Cagayan Valley, particularly in the barrio of Baggao, and of the pending appeal he had taken to the Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources and the President of the Philippines from the refusal by the Director of Animal Industry to deduct
from the book value of the bulls corresponding yearly depreciation of 8% from the date of acquisition, to which depreciation the
Auditor General did not object, he could not return the animals nor pay their value and prayed for the dismissal of the complaint.
After hearing, on 30 July 1956 the trial court render judgment
. . . sentencing the latter (defendant) to pay the sum of P3,625.09 the total value of the three bulls plus the breeding fees in
the amount of P626.17 with interest on both sums of (at) the legal rate from the filing of this complaint and costs.
On 9 October 1958 the plaintiff moved ex parte for a writ of execution which the court granted on 18 October and issued on 11
November 1958. On 2 December 1958 granted an ex-parte motion filed by the plaintiff on November 1958 for the appointment of a
special sheriff to serve the writ outside Manila. Of this order appointing a special sheriff, on 6 December 1958, Felicidad M. Bagtas,
the surviving spouse of the defendant Jose Bagtas who died on 23 October 1951 and as administratrix of his estate, was notified. On
7 January 1959 she file a motion alleging that on 26 June 1952 the two bull Sindhi and Bhagnari were returned to the Bureau Animal
of Industry and that sometime in November 1958 the third bull, the Sahiniwal, died from gunshot wound inflicted during a Huk raid
on Hacienda Felicidad Intal, and praying that the writ of execution be quashed and that a writ of preliminary injunction be issued.
On 31 January 1959 the plaintiff objected to her motion. On 6 February 1959 she filed a reply thereto. On the same day, 6 February,
the Court denied her motion. Hence, this appeal certified by the Court of Appeals to this Court as stated at the beginning of this
opinion.
It is true that on 26 June 1952 Jose M. Bagtas, Jr., son of the appellant by the late defendant, returned the Sindhi and Bhagnari bulls
to Roman Remorin, Superintendent of the NVB Station, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, as evidenced by a
memorandum receipt signed by the latter (Exhibit 2). That is why in its objection of 31 January 1959 to the appellant's motion to
quash the writ of execution the appellee prays "that another writ of execution in the sum of P859.53 be issued against the estate of
defendant deceased Jose V. Bagtas." She cannot be held liable for the two bulls which already had been returned to and received by
the appellee.
The appellant contends that the Sahiniwal bull was accidentally killed during a raid by the Huk in November 1953 upon the
surrounding barrios of Hacienda Felicidad Intal, Baggao, Cagayan, where the animal was kept, and that as such death was due
to force majeure she is relieved from the duty of returning the bull or paying its value to the appellee. The contention is without
merit. The loan by the appellee to the late defendant Jose V. Bagtas of the three bulls for breeding purposes for a period of one year
from 8 May 1948 to 7 May 1949, later on renewed for another year as regards one bull, was subject to the payment by the borrower
of breeding fee of 10% of the book value of the bulls. The appellant contends that the contract was commodatum and that, for that
reason, as the appellee retained ownership or title to the bull it should suffer its loss due to force majeure. A contract
ofcommodatum is essentially gratuitous.1 If the breeding fee be considered a. And even if the contract be commodatum, still the appellant is
liable, because article 1942 of the Civil Code provides that a bailee in a contract of commodatum
. . . is liable for loss of the things, even if it should be through a fortuitous event:
(2) If he keeps it longer than the period stipulated . . .
(3) If the thing loaned has been delivered with appraisal of its value, unless there is a stipulation exempting the bailee
from responsibility in case of a fortuitous event;
dennisaranabriljdii
The original period of the loan was from 8 May 1948 to 7 May 1949. The loan of one bull was renewed for another period of one
year to end on 8 May 1950. But the appellant kept and used the bull until November 1953 when during a Huk raid it was killed by
stray bullets. Furthermore, when lent and delivered to the deceased husband of the appellant the bulls had each an appraised book
value, to with: the Sindhi, at P1,176.46, the Bhagnari at P1,320.56 and the Sahiniwal at P744.46. It was not stipulated that in case of
loss of the bull due to fortuitous event the late husband of the appellant would be exempt from liability.
The appellant's contention that the demand or prayer by the appellee for the return of the bull or the payment of its value being a
money claim should be presented or filed in the intestate proceedings of the defendant who died on 23 October 1951, is not
altogether without merit. However, the claim that his civil personality having ceased to exist the trial court lost jurisdiction over the
case against him, is untenable, because section 17 of Rule 3 of the Rules of Court provides that
After a party dies and the claim is not thereby extinguished, the court shall order, upon proper notice, the legal
representative of the deceased to appear and to be substituted for the deceased, within a period of thirty (30) days, or
within such time as may be granted. . . .
and after the defendant's death on 23 October 1951 his counsel failed to comply with section 16 of Rule 3 which provides that
Whenever a party to a pending case dies . . . it shall be the duty of his attorney to inform the court promptly of such death .
. . and to give the name and residence of the executory administrator, guardian, or other legal representative of the
deceased . . . .
The notice by the probate court and its publication in the Voz de Manila that Felicidad M. Bagtas had been issue letters of
administration of the estate of the late Jose Bagtas and that "all persons having claims for monopoly against the deceased Jose V.
Bagtas, arising from contract express or implied, whether the same be due, not due, or contingent, for funeral expenses and
expenses of the last sickness of the said decedent, and judgment for monopoly against him, to file said claims with the Clerk of this
Court at the City Hall Bldg., Highway 54, Quezon City, within six (6) months from the date of the first publication of this order,
serving a copy thereof upon the aforementioned Felicidad M. Bagtas, the appointed administratrix of the estate of the said
deceased," is not a notice to the court and the appellee who were to be notified of the defendant's death in accordance with the
above-quoted rule, and there was no reason for such failure to notify, because the attorney who appeared for the defendant was the
same who represented the administratrix in the special proceedings instituted for the administration and settlement of his estate.
The appellee or its attorney or representative could not be expected to know of the death of the defendant or of the administration
proceedings of his estate instituted in another court that if the attorney for the deceased defendant did not notify the plaintiff or its
attorney of such death as required by the rule.
As the appellant already had returned the two bulls to the appellee, the estate of the late defendant is only liable for the sum of
P859.63, the value of the bull which has not been returned to the appellee, because it was killed while in the custody of the
administratrix of his estate. This is the amount prayed for by the appellee in its objection on 31 January 1959 to the motion filed on
7 January 1959 by the appellant for the quashing of the writ of execution.
Special proceedings for the administration and settlement of the estate of the deceased Jose V. Bagtas having been instituted in the
Court of First Instance of Rizal (Q-200), the money judgment rendered in favor of the appellee cannot be enforced by means of a writ
of execution but must be presented to the probate court for payment by the appellant, the administratrix appointed by the court.
CATHOLIC VICAR v. CA
The principal issue in this case is whether or not a decision of the Court of Appeals promulgated a long time ago can properly be
considered res judicata by respondent Court of Appeals in the present two cases between petitioner and two private respondents.
Petitioner questions as allegedly erroneous the Decision dated August 31, 1987 of the Ninth Division of Respondent Court of
Appeals 1 in CA-G.R. No. 05148 [Civil Case No. 3607 (419)] and CA-G.R. No. 05149 [Civil Case No. 3655 (429)], both for Recovery of
Possession, which affirmed the Decision of the Honorable Nicodemo T. Ferrer, Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Baguio and
Benguet in Civil Case No. 3607 (419) and Civil Case No. 3655 (429), with the dispositive portion as follows:
WHEREFORE, Judgment is hereby rendered ordering the defendant, Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Mountain
Province to return and surrender Lot 2 of Plan Psu-194357 to the plaintiffs. Heirs of Juan Valdez, and Lot 3 of
the same Plan to the other set of plaintiffs, the Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano (Leonardo Valdez, et al.). For lack or
insufficiency of evidence, the plaintiffs' claim or damages is hereby denied. Said defendant is ordered to pay
costs. (p. 36, Rollo)
Respondent Court of Appeals, in affirming the trial court's decision, sustained the trial court's conclusions that the Decision of the
Court of Appeals, dated May 4,1977 in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R, in the two cases affirmed by the Supreme Court, touched on the
ownership of lots 2 and 3 in question; that the two lots were possessed by the predecessors-in-interest of private respondents
under claim of ownership in good faith from 1906 to 1951; that petitioner had been in possession of the same lots as bailee in
commodatum up to 1951, when petitioner repudiated the trust and when it applied for registration in 1962; that petitioner had just
been in possession as owner for eleven years, hence there is no possibility of acquisitive prescription which requires 10 years
possession with just title and 30 years of possession without; that the principle of res judicata on these findings by the Court of
Appeals will bar a reopening of these questions of facts; and that those facts may no longer be altered.
dennisaranabriljdii
Petitioner's motion for reconsideation of the respondent appellate court's Decision in the two aforementioned cases (CA G.R. No. CV05418 and 05419) was denied.
The facts and background of these cases as narrated by the trail court are as follows
... The documents and records presented reveal that the whole controversy started when the defendant Catholic Vicar
Apostolic of the Mountain Province (VICAR for brevity) filed with the Court of First Instance of Baguio Benguet on September
5, 1962 an application for registration of title over Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Psu-194357, situated at Poblacion Central, La Trinidad,
Benguet, docketed as LRC N-91, said Lots being the sites of the Catholic Church building, convents, high school building, school
gymnasium, school dormitories, social hall, stonewalls, etc. On March 22, 1963 the Heirs of Juan Valdez and the Heirs of
Egmidio Octaviano filed their Answer/Opposition on Lots Nos. 2 and 3, respectively, asserting ownership and title thereto.
After trial on the merits, the land registration court promulgated its Decision, dated November 17, 1965, confirming the
registrable title of VICAR to Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The Heirs of Juan Valdez (plaintiffs in the herein Civil Case No. 3655) and the Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano (plaintiffs in the
herein Civil Case No. 3607) appealed the decision of the land registration court to the then Court of Appeals, docketed as CAG.R. No. 38830-R. The Court of Appeals rendered its decision, dated May 9, 1977, reversing the decision of the land registration
court and dismissing the VICAR's application as to Lots 2 and 3, the lots claimed by the two sets of oppositors in the land
registration case (and two sets of plaintiffs in the two cases now at bar), the first lot being presently occupied by the convent
and the second by the women's dormitory and the sister's convent.
On May 9, 1977, the Heirs of Octaviano filed a motion for reconsideration praying the Court of Appeals to order the registration
of Lot 3 in the names of the Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano, and on May 17, 1977, the Heirs of Juan Valdez and Pacita Valdez filed
their motion for reconsideration praying that both Lots 2 and 3 be ordered registered in the names of the Heirs of Juan Valdez
and Pacita Valdez. On August 12,1977, the Court of Appeals denied the motion for reconsideration filed by the Heirs of Juan
Valdez on the ground that there was "no sufficient merit to justify reconsideration one way or the other ...," and likewise denied
that of the Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano.
Thereupon, the VICAR filed with the Supreme Court a petition for review on certiorari of the decision of the Court of Appeals
dismissing his (its) application for registration of Lots 2 and 3, docketed as G.R. No. L-46832, entitled 'Catholic Vicar Apostolic
of the Mountain Province vs. Court of Appeals and Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano.'
From the denial by the Court of Appeals of their motion for reconsideration the Heirs of Juan Valdez and Pacita Valdez, on
September 8, 1977, filed with the Supreme Court a petition for review, docketed as G.R. No. L-46872, entitled, Heirs of Juan
Valdez and Pacita Valdez vs. Court of Appeals, Vicar, Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano and Annable O. Valdez.
On January 13, 1978, the Supreme Court denied in a minute resolution both petitions (of VICAR on the one hand and the Heirs
of Juan Valdez and Pacita Valdez on the other) for lack of merit. Upon the finality of both Supreme Court resolutions in G.R. No.
L-46832 and G.R. No. L- 46872, the Heirs of Octaviano filed with the then Court of First Instance of Baguio, Branch II, a Motion
For Execution of Judgment praying that the Heirs of Octaviano be placed in possession of Lot 3. The Court, presided over by
Hon. Salvador J. Valdez, on December 7, 1978, denied the motion on the ground that the Court of Appeals decision in CA-G.R.
No. 38870 did not grant the Heirs of Octaviano any affirmative relief.
On February 7, 1979, the Heirs of Octaviano filed with the Court of Appeals a petitioner for certiorari and mandamus, docketed
as CA-G.R. No. 08890-R, entitled Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano vs. Hon. Salvador J. Valdez, Jr. and Vicar. In its decision dated May
16, 1979, the Court of Appeals dismissed the petition.
It was at that stage that the instant cases were filed. The Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano filed Civil Case No. 3607 (419) on July 24,
1979, for recovery of possession of Lot 3; and the Heirs of Juan Valdez filed Civil Case No. 3655 (429) on September 24, 1979,
likewise for recovery of possession of Lot 2 (Decision, pp. 199-201, Orig. Rec.).
In Civil Case No. 3607 (419) trial was held. The plaintiffs Heirs of Egmidio Octaviano presented one (1) witness, Fructuoso
Valdez, who testified on the alleged ownership of the land in question (Lot 3) by their predecessor-in-interest, Egmidio
Octaviano (Exh. C ); his written demand (Exh. BB-4 ) to defendant Vicar for the return of the land to them; and the
reasonable rentals for the use of the land at P10,000.00 per month. On the other hand, defendant Vicar presented the Register
of Deeds for the Province of Benguet, Atty. Nicanor Sison, who testified that the land in question is not covered by any title in
the name of Egmidio Octaviano or any of the plaintiffs (Exh. 8). The defendant dispensed with the testimony of Mons.William
Brasseur when the plaintiffs admitted that the witness if called to the witness stand, would testify that defendant Vicar has
been in possession of Lot 3, for seventy-five (75) years continuously and peacefully and has constructed permanent
structures thereon.
In Civil Case No. 3655, the parties admitting that the material facts are not in dispute, submitted the case on the sole issue of
whether or not the decisions of the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court touching on the ownership of Lot 2, which in
effect declared the plaintiffs the owners of the land constitute res judicata.
In these two cases , the plaintiffs arque that the defendant Vicar is barred from setting up the defense of ownership and/or
long and continuous possession of the two lots in question since this is barred by prior judgment of the Court of Appeals in
CA-G.R. No. 038830-R under the principle of res judicata. Plaintiffs contend that the question of possession and ownership
dennisaranabriljdii
have already been determined by the Court of Appeals (Exh. C, Decision, CA-G.R. No. 038830-R) and affirmed by the Supreme
Court (Exh. 1, Minute Resolution of the Supreme Court). On his part, defendant Vicar maintains that the principle of res
judicata would not prevent them from litigating the issues of long possession and ownership because the dispositive portion
of the prior judgment in CA-G.R. No. 038830-R merely dismissed their application for registration and titling of lots 2 and 3.
Defendant Vicar contends that only the dispositive portion of the decision, and not its body, is the controlling pronouncement
of the Court of Appeals. 2
The alleged errors committed by respondent Court of Appeals according to petitioner are as follows:
1. ERROR IN APPLYING LAW OF THE CASE AND RES JUDICATA;
2. ERROR IN FINDING THAT THE TRIAL COURT RULED THAT LOTS 2 AND 3 WERE ACQUIRED BY PURCHASE BUT WITHOUT
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE PRESENTED;
3. ERROR IN FINDING THAT PETITIONERS' CLAIM IT PURCHASED LOTS 2 AND 3 FROM VALDEZ AND OCTAVIANO WAS AN
IMPLIED ADMISSION THAT THE FORMER OWNERS WERE VALDEZ AND OCTAVIANO;
4. ERROR IN FINDING THAT IT WAS PREDECESSORS OF PRIVATE RESPONDENTS WHO WERE IN POSSESSION OF LOTS 2 AND 3 AT
LEAST FROM 1906, AND NOT PETITIONER;
5. ERROR IN FINDING THAT VALDEZ AND OCTAVIANO HAD FREE PATENT APPLICATIONS AND THE PREDECESSORS OF PRIVATE
RESPONDENTS ALREADY HAD FREE PATENT APPLICATIONS SINCE 1906;
6. ERROR IN FINDING THAT PETITIONER DECLARED LOTS 2 AND 3 ONLY IN 1951 AND JUST TITLE IS A PRIME NECESSITY UNDER
ARTICLE 1134 IN RELATION TO ART. 1129 OF THE CIVIL CODE FOR ORDINARY ACQUISITIVE PRESCRIPTION OF 10 YEARS;
7. ERROR IN FINDING THAT THE DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IN CA G.R. NO. 038830 WAS AFFIRMED BY THE SUPREME
COURT;
8. ERROR IN FINDING THAT THE DECISION IN CA G.R. NO. 038830 TOUCHED ON OWNERSHIP OF LOTS 2 AND 3 AND THAT
PRIVATE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PREDECESSORS WERE IN POSSESSION OF LOTS 2 AND 3 UNDER A CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP IN
GOOD FAITH FROM 1906 TO 1951;
9. ERROR IN FINDING THAT PETITIONER HAD BEEN IN POSSESSION OF LOTS 2 AND 3 MERELY AS BAILEE BOR ROWER) IN
COMMODATUM, A GRATUITOUS LOAN FOR USE;
10. ERROR IN FINDING THAT PETITIONER IS A POSSESSOR AND BUILDER IN GOOD FAITH WITHOUT RIGHTS OF RETENTION AND
REIMBURSEMENT AND IS BARRED BY THE FINALITY AND CONCLUSIVENESS OF THE DECISION IN CA G.R. NO. 038830. 3
The petition is bereft of merit.
Petitioner questions the ruling of respondent Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. Nos. 05148 and 05149, when it clearly held that it was in
agreement with the findings of the trial court that the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated May 4,1977 in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R, on
the question of ownership of Lots 2 and 3, declared that the said Court of Appeals Decision CA-G.R. No. 38830-R) did not positively
declare private respondents as owners of the land, neither was it declared that they were not owners of the land, but it held that the
predecessors of private respondents were possessors of Lots 2 and 3, with claim of ownership in good faith from 1906 to 1951.
Petitioner was in possession as borrower in commodatum up to 1951, when it repudiated the trust by declaring the properties in its
name for taxation purposes. When petitioner applied for registration of Lots 2 and 3 in 1962, it had been in possession in concept of
owner only for eleven years. Ordinary acquisitive prescription requires possession for ten years, but always with just title.
Extraordinary acquisitive prescription requires 30 years. 4
On the above findings of facts supported by evidence and evaluated by the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R, affirmed by this
Court, We see no error in respondent appellate court's ruling that said findings are res judicata between the parties. They can no
longer be altered by presentation of evidence because those issues were resolved with finality a long time ago. To ignore the
principle of res judicata would be to open the door to endless litigations by continuous determination of issues without end.
An examination of the Court of Appeals Decision dated May 4, 1977, First Division 5 in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R, shows that it reversed
the trial court's Decision 6 finding petitioner to be entitled to register the lands in question under its ownership, on its evaluation of
evidence and conclusion of facts.
The Court of Appeals found that petitioner.
dennisaranabriljdii
By the very admission of petitioner Vicar, Lots 2 and 3 were owned by Valdez and Octaviano. Both Valdez and Octaviano had Free
Patent Application for those lots since 1906. The predecessors of private respondents, not petitioner Vicar, were in possession of the
questioned lots since 1906.
There is evidence that petitioner Vicar occupied Lots 1 and 4, which are not in question, but not Lots 2 and 3, because the buildings
standing thereon were only constructed after liberation in 1945. Petitioner Vicar only declared Lots 2 and 3 for taxation purposes in
1951. The improvements oil Lots 1, 2, 3, 4 were paid for by the Bishop but said Bishop was appointed only in 1947, the church was
constructed only in 1951 and the new convent only 2 years before the trial in 1963.
When petitioner Vicar was notified of the oppositor's claims, the parish priest offered to buy the lot from Fructuoso Valdez. Lots 2
and 3 were surveyed by request of petitioner Vicar only in 1962. the predecessors-in-interest and private respondents were possessors under claim of ownership in
good faith from 1906; that petitioner Vicar was only a bailee in commodatum; and that the adverse claim and repudiation of trust
came only in 1951.
We find no reason to disregard or reverse the ruling of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R. Its findings of fact have become
incontestible. This Court declined to review said decision, thereby in effect, affirming it. It has become final and executory a long
time ago.
Respondent appellate court did not commit any reversible error, much less grave abuse of discretion, when it held that the Decision
of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. No. 38830-R is governing, under the principle of res judicata, hence the rule, in the present cases
CA-G.R. No. 05148 and CA-G.R. No. 05149. The facts as supported by evidence established in that decision may no longer be altered.
WHEREFORE AND BY REASON OF THE FOREGOING, this petition is DENIED for lack of merit, the Decision dated Aug. 31, 1987 in
CA-G.R. Nos. 05148 and 05149, by respondent Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED, with costs against petitioner.
REPUBLIC v. CA
QUINTOS v. BECK
The plaintiff brought this action to compel the defendant to return her certain furniture which she lent him for his use. She appealed
from the judgment of the.
The defendant was a tenant of the plaintiff and as such occupied the latter's house on M. H. del Pilar street, No. 1175. On January 14,
1936, upon the novation of the contract of lease between the plaintiff and the defendant, the former gratuitously granted to the
latter the use of the furniture described in the third paragraph of the stipulation of facts, subject to the condition that the defendant
would return them to the plaintiff upon the latter's demand. The plaintiff sold the property to Maria Lopez and Rosario Lopez and
on September 14, 1936, these three notified the defendant of the conveyance, giving him sixty days to vacate the premises under
one of the clauses of the contract of lease. There after the plaintiff required the defendant to return all the furniture transferred to
him for them in the house where they were found. On
November 5, 1936, the defendant, through another person, wrote to the
plaintiff reiterating that she may call for the furniture in the ground floor of the house. On the 7th of the same month, the defendant
wrote another letter to the plaintiff informing her that he could not give up the three gas heaters and the four electric lamps because
he would use them until the 15th of the same month when the lease in due to expire. The plaintiff refused to get the furniture in
view of the fact that the defendant had declined to make delivery of all of them. On
November 15th, before vacating the house,
the defendant deposited with the Sheriff all the furniture belonging to the plaintiff and they are now on deposit in the warehouse
situated at No. 1521, Rizal Avenue, in the custody of the said sheriff.
In their seven assigned errors the plaintiffs contend that the trial court incorrectly applied the law: in holding that they violated the
contract by not calling for all the furniture on November 5, 1936, when the defendant placed them at their disposal; in not ordering
the defendant to pay them the value of the furniture in case they are not delivered; in holding that they should get all the furniture
from the Sheriff at their expenses; in ordering them to pay-half of the expenses claimed by the Sheriff for the deposit of the
furniture; in ruling that both parties should pay their respective legal expenses or the costs; and in denying pay their respective legal
expenses or the costs; and in denying the motions for reconsideration and new trial. To dispose of the case, it is only necessary to
decide whether the defendant complied with his obligation to return the furniture upon the plaintiff's demand; whether the latter is
bound to bear the deposit fees thereof, and whether she is entitled to the costs of litigation.lawphi1.net
dennisaranabriljdii
The contract entered into between the parties is one of commadatum, because under it the plaintiff gratuitously granted the use of
the furniture to the defendant, reserving for herself the ownership thereof; by this contract the defendant bound himself to return
the furniture to the plaintiff, upon the latters demand (clause 7 of the contract, Exhibit A; articles 1740, paragraph 1, and 1741 of the
Civil Code). eletric lamps. The
provisions of article 1169 of the Civil Code cited by counsel for the parties are not squarely applicable. The trial court, therefore,
erred when it came to the legal conclusion that the plaintiff failed to comply with her obligation to get the furniture when they were
offered to her.
As the defendant had voluntarily undertaken to return all the furniture to the plaintiff, upon the latter's demand, the Court could not
legally compel her to bear the expenses occasioned by the deposit of the furniture at the defendant's behest. The latter, as bailee,
was not entitled to place the furniture on deposit; nor was the plaintiff under a duty to accept the offer to return the furniture,
because the defendant wanted to retain the three gas heaters and the four electric lamps.
As to the value of the furniture, we do not believe that the plaintiff is entitled to the payment thereof by the defendant in case of his
inability to return some of the furniture because under paragraph 6 of the stipulation of facts, the defendant has neither agreed to
nor admitted the correctness of the said value. Should the defendant fail to deliver some of the furniture, the value thereof should be
latter determined by the trial Court through evidence which the parties may desire to present.
The costs in both instances should be borne by the defendant because the plaintiff is the prevailing party (section 487 of the Code of
Civil Procedure). The defendant was the one who breached the contract of commodatum, and without any reason he refused to
return and deliver all the furniture upon the plaintiff's demand. In these circumstances, it is just and equitable that he pay the legal
expenses and other judicial costs which the plaintiff would not have otherwise defrayed.
The appealed judgment is modified and the defendant is ordered to return and deliver to the plaintiff, in the residence to return and
deliver to the plaintiff, in the residence or house of the latter, all the furniture described in paragraph 3 of the stipulation of facts
Exhibit A. The expenses which may be occasioned by the delivery to and deposit of the furniture with the Sheriff shall be for the
account of the defendant. the defendant shall pay the costs in both instances. So ordered.
dennisaranabriljdii
The defendant has admitted that Magdaleno Jimenea asked the plaintiff for the loan of ten carabaos which are now claimed by the
latter, as shown by two letters addressed by the said Jimenea to Felix de los Santos; but in her answer the said defendant alleged
that the late Jimenea only obtained three second-class carabaos, which were subsequently sold to him by the owner, Santos;
therefore, in order to decide this litigation it is indispensable that proof be forthcoming that Jimenea only received three carabaos
from his son-in-law Santos, and that they were sold by the latter to him.
The record discloses that it has been fully proven from the testimony of a sufficient number of witnesses that the plaintiff, Santos,
sent in charge of various persons the ten carabaos requested by his father-in-law, Magdaleno Jimenea, in the two letters produced at
the trial by the plaintiff, and that Jimenea received them in the presence of some of said persons, one being a brother of said Jimenea,
who saw the animals arrive at the hacienda where it was proposed to employ them. Four died of rinderpest, and it is for this reason
that the judgment appealed from only deals with six surviving carabaos.
The alleged purchase of three carabaos by Jimenea from his son-in-law Santos is not evidenced by any trustworthy documents such
as those of transfer, nor were the declarations of the witnesses presented by the defendant affirming it satisfactory; for said reason
it can not be considered that Jimenea only received three carabaos on loan from his son-in-law, and that he afterwards kept them
definitely by virtue of the purchase.
By the laws in force the transfer of large cattle was and is still made by means of official documents issued by the local authorities;
these documents constitute the title of ownership of the carabao or horse so acquired. Furthermore, not only should the purchaser
be provided with a new certificate or credential, a document which has not been produced in evidence by the defendant, nor has the
loss of the same been shown in the case, but the old documents ought to be on file in the municipality, or they should have been
delivered to the new purchaser, and in the case at bar neither did the defendant present the old credential on which should be
stated the name of the previous owner of each of the three carabaos said to have been sold by the plaintiff.
From the foregoing it may be logically inferred that the carabaos loaned or given on commodatum to the now deceased Magdaleno
Jimenea were ten in number; that they, or at any rate the six surviving ones, have not been returned to the owner thereof, Felix de
los Santos, and that it is not true that the latter sold to the former three carabaos that the purchaser was already using;.
Commodatum is essentially gratuitous.
A simple loan may be gratuitous, or made under a stipulation to pay interest.
ART. 1741. The bailee acquires retains the ownership of the thing loaned. The bailee acquires the use thereof, but not its
fruits; if any compensation is involved, to be paid by the person requiring the use, the agreement ceases to be a
commodatum..
The carabaos delivered to be used not being returned by the defendant upon demand, there is no doubt that she is under obligation
to indemnify the owner thereof by paying him their value.
Article 1101 of said code reads:
Those who in fulfilling their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner whatsoever
act in contravention of the stipulations of the same, shall be subjected to indemnify for the losses and damages caused
thereby.
The obligation of the bailee or of his successors to return either the thing loaned or its value, is sustained by the supreme tribunal of
Sapin. In its decision of March 21, 1895, it sets out with precision the legal doctrine touching commodatum as follows:
Although it is true that in a contract of commodatum the bailor retains the ownership of the thing loaned, and at the
expiration of the period, or after the use for which it was loaned has been accomplished, it is the imperative duty of the
bailee to return the thing itself to its owner, or to pay him damages if through the fault of the bailee the thing should have
been lost or injured, it is clear that where public securities are involved, the trial court, in deferring to the claim of the
dennisaranabriljdii
bailor that the amount loaned be returned him by the bailee in bonds of the same class as those which constituted the
contract, thereby properly applies law 9 of title 11 ofpartida 5.
With regard to the third assignment of error, based on the fact that the plaintiff Santos had not appealed from the decision of the
commissioners rejecting his claim for the recovery of his carabaos, it is sufficient to estate that we are not dealing with a claim for
the payment of a certain sum, the collection of a debt from the estate, or payment for losses and damages (sec. 119, Code of Civil
Procedure), but with the exclusion from the inventory of the property of the late Jimenea, or from his capital, of six carabaos which
did not belong to him, and which formed no part of the inheritance.
The demand for the exclusion of the said carabaos belonging to a third party and which did not form part of the property of the
deceased, must be the subject of a direct decision of the court in an ordinary action, wherein the right of the third party to the
property which he seeks to have excluded from the inheritance and the right of the deceased has been discussed, and rendered in
view of the result of the evidence adduced by the administrator of the estate and of the claimant, since it is so provided by the
second part of section 699 and by section 703 of the Code of Civil Procedure; the refusal of the commissioners before whom the
plaintiff unnecessarily appeared can not affect nor reduce the unquestionable right of ownership of the latter, inasmuch as there is
no law nor principle of justice authorizing the successors of the late Jimenea to enrich themselves at the cost and to the prejudice of
Felix de los Santos.
For the reasons above set forth, by which the errors assigned to the judgment appealed from have been refuted, and considering
that the same is in accordance with the law and the merits of the case, it is our opinion that it should be affirmed and we do hereby
affirm it with the costs against the appellant. So ordered.
dennisaranabriljdii
dennisaranabriljdii
10.
In order that a person can be convicted under the abovequoted. loam.
In U.S. vs. Ibaez, 19 Phil. 559, 560 (1911), this Court held that it is not estafa for a person to refuse to nay his debt or to deny its
existence.
We are of the opinion and so decide that when the relation is purely that of debtor and creditor, the debtor can not be held
liable for the crime of estafa, under said article, by merely refusing to pay or by denying the indebtedness.
It appears that respondent judge failed to appreciate the distinction between the two types of loan, mutuum and commodatum,
when he performed the questioned acts, He mistook the transaction between petitioners and respondents Rosalinda Amin, Tan Chu
Kao and Augusto Sajor to be commodatum wherein the borrower does not acquire ownership over the thing borrowed and has the
duty to return the same thing to the lender.
Under Sec. 87 of the Judiciary Act, the municipal court of a provincial capital, which the Municipal Court of Jolo is, has jurisdiction
over criminal cases where the penalty provided by law does not exceed prision correccional or imprisonment for not more than six
(6) years, or fine not exceeding P6,000.00 or both, The amounts allegedly misappropriated by petitioners range from P20,000.00 to
P50,000.00. The penalty for misappropriation of this magnitude exceeds prision correccional or 6 year imprisonment. (Article 315,
Revised Penal Code), Assuming then that the acts recited in the complaints constitute the crime of estafa, the Municipal Court of Jolo
has no jurisdiction to try them on the merits. The alleged offenses are under the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance.
Respondents People of the Philippines being the sovereign authority can not be sued for damages. They are immune from such type
of suit.
With respect to the other respondents, this Court is not the proper forum for the consideration of the claim for damages against
them.
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby granted; the temporary restraining order previously issued is hereby made permanent; the
criminal complaints against petitioners are hereby declared null and void; respondent judge is hereby ordered to dismiss said
criminal cases and to recall the warrants of arrest he had issued in connection therewith. Moreover, respondent judge is hereby
rebuked for manifest ignorance of elementary law. Let a copy of this decision be included in his personal life. Costs against private
respondents.
PRODUCERS BANK v. CA
This is a petition for review on certiorari of the Decision1 of the Court of Appeals dated June 25, 1991 in CA-G.R. CV No. 11791 and of
its Resolution2 dated May 5, 1994, denying the motion for reconsideration of said decision filed by petitioner Producers Bank of the
Philippines.
dennisaranabriljdii
11
Sometime in 1979, private respondent Franklin Vives was asked by his neighbor and friend Angeles Sanchez to help her friend and
townmate, Col. Arturo Doronilla, in incorporating his business, the Sterela Marketing and Services ("Sterela" for brevity).
Specifically, Sanchez asked private respondent to deposit in a bank a certain amount of money in the bank account of Sterela for
purposes of its incorporation. She assured private respondent that he could withdraw his money from said account within a months
time. Private respondent asked Sanchez to bring Doronilla to their house so that they could discuss Sanchezs request. 3
On May 9, 1979, private respondent, Sanchez, Doronilla and a certain Estrella Dumagpi, Doronillas private secretary, met and
discussed the matter. Thereafter, relying on the assurances and representations of Sanchez and Doronilla, private respondent issued
a check in the amount of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (P200,000.00) in favor of Sterela. Private respondent instructed his wife,
Mrs. Inocencia Vives, to accompany Doronilla and Sanchez in opening a savings account in the name of Sterela in the Buendia,
Makati branch of Producers Bank of the Philippines. However, only Sanchez, Mrs. Vives and Dumagpi went to the bank to deposit the
check. They had with them an authorization letter from Doronilla current
account, Sterela, through Doronilla, obtained a loan of P175,000.00 from the Bank. To cover payment thereof, Doronilla issued three
postdated checks, all of which were dishonored. Atienza also said that Doronilla could assign or withdraw the money in Savings
Account No. 10-1567 because he was the sole proprietor of Sterela.5
Private respondent tried to get in touch with Doronilla through Sanchez. On June 29, 1979, he received a letter from Doronilla,
assuring him that his money was intact and would be returned to him. On August 13, 1979, Doronilla issued a postdated check for
Two Hundred Twelve Thousand Pesos (P212,000.00) in favor of private respondent. However, upon presentment thereof by private
respondent to the drawee bank, the check was dishonored. Doronilla requested private respondent to present the same check on
September 15, 1979 but when the latter presented the check, it was again dishonored. 6
Private respondent referred the matter to a lawyer, who made a written demand upon Doronilla for the return of his clients money.
Doronilla issued another check for P212,000.00 in private respondents favor but the check was again dishonored for insufficiency
of funds.7
Private respondent instituted an action for recovery of sum of money in the Regional Trial Court (RTC) in Pasig, Metro Manila
against Doronilla, Sanchez, Dumagpi and petitioner. The case was docketed as Civil Case No. 44485. He also filed criminal actions
against Doronilla, Sanchez and Dumagpi in the RTC. However, Sanchez passed away on March 16, 1985 while the case was pending
before the trial court. On October 3, 1995, the RTC of Pasig, Branch 157, promulgated its Decision in Civil Case No. 44485, the
dispositive portion of which reads:
IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, judgment is hereby rendered sentencing defendants Arturo J. Doronila, Estrella Dumagpi and
Producers Bank of the Philippines to pay plaintiff Franklin Vives jointly and severally
(a) the amount of P200,000.00, representing the money deposited, with interest at the legal rate from the filing of the
complaint until the same is fully paid;
(b) the sum of P50,000.00 for moral damages and a similar amount for exemplary damages;
(c) the amount of P40,000.00 for attorneys fees; and
(d) the costs of the suit.
SO ORDERED.8
Petitioner appealed the trial courts decision to the Court of Appeals. In its Decision dated June 25, 1991, the appellate court
affirmed in toto the decision of the RTC.9 It likewise denied with finality petitioners motion for reconsideration in its Resolution
dated May 5, 1994.10
On June 30, 1994, petitioner filed the present petition, arguing that
I.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN UPHOLDING THAT THE TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE DEFENDANT DORONILLA
AND RESPONDENT VIVES WAS ONE OF SIMPLE LOAN AND NOT ACCOMMODATION;
dennisaranabriljdii
12
II.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN UPHOLDING THAT PETITIONERS BANK MANAGER, MR. RUFO ATIENZA,
CONNIVED WITH THE OTHER DEFENDANTS IN DEFRAUDING PETITIONER (Sic. Should be PRIVATE RESPONDENT) AND AS A
CONSEQUENCE, THE PETITIONER SHOULD BE HELD LIABLE UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE;
III.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN ADOPTING THE ENTIRE RECORDS OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT AND
AFFIRMING THE JUDGMENT APPEALED FROM, AS THE FINDINGS OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT WERE BASED ON A
MISAPPREHENSION OF FACTS;
IV.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN DECLARING THAT THE CITED DECISION IN SALUDARES VS. MARTINEZ, 29 SCRA
745, UPHOLDING THE LIABILITY OF AN EMPLOYER FOR ACTS COMMITTED BY AN EMPLOYEE IS APPLICABLE;
V.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN UPHOLDING THE DECISION OF THE LOWER COURT THAT HEREIN PETITIONER
BANK IS JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY LIABLE WITH THE OTHER DEFENDANTS FOR THE AMOUNT OF P200,000.00 REPRESENTING
THE SAVINGS ACCOUNT DEPOSIT, P50,000.00 FOR MORAL DAMAGES, P50,000.00 FOR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES, P40,000.00 FOR
ATTORNEYS FEES AND THE COSTS OF SUIT.11
Private respondent filed his Comment on September 23, 1994. Petitioner filed its Reply thereto on September 25, 1995. The Court
then required private respondent to submit a rejoinder to the reply. However, said rejoinder was filed only on April 21, 1997, due to
petitioners delay in furnishing private respondent with copy of the reply 12 and several substitutions of counsel on the part of
private respondent.13 On January 17, 2001, the Court resolved to give due course to the petition and required the parties to submit
their respective memoranda.14 Petitioner filed its memorandum on April 16, 2001 while private respondent submitted his
memorandum on March 22, 2001.
Petitioner contends that the transaction between private respondent and Doronilla is a simple loan (mutuum) since all the elements
of a mutuum are present: first, what was delivered by private respondent to Doronilla was money, a consumable thing; and second,
the transaction was onerous as Doronilla was obliged to pay interest, as evidenced by the check issued by Doronilla in the amount
of P212,000.00, or P12,000 more than what private respondent deposited in Sterelas bank account.15 Moreover, the fact that private
respondent sued his good friend Sanchez for his failure to recover his money from Doronilla shows that the transaction was not
merely gratuitous but "had a business angle" to it. Hence, petitioner argues that it cannot be held liable for the return of private
respondents P200,000.00 because it is not privy to the transaction between the latter and Doronilla.16
It argues further that petitioners Assistant Manager, Mr. Rufo Atienza, could not be faulted for allowing Doronilla to withdraw from
the savings account of Sterela since the latter was the sole proprietor of said company. Petitioner asserts that Doronillas May 8,
1979 letter addressed to the bank, authorizing Mrs. Vives and Sanchez to open a savings account for Sterela, did not contain any
authorization for these two to withdraw from said account. Hence, the authority to withdraw therefrom remained exclusively with
Doronilla, who was the sole proprietor of Sterela, and who alone had legal title to the savings account. 17 Petitioner points out that no
evidence other than the testimonies of private respondent and Mrs. Vives was presented during trial to prove that private
respondent deposited his P200,000.00 in Sterelas account for purposes of its incorporation. 18 Hence, petitioner should not be held
liable for allowing Doronilla to withdraw from Sterelas savings account.1a\^/phi1.net
Petitioner also asserts that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial courts decision since the findings of fact therein were
not accord with the evidence presented by petitioner during trial to prove that the transaction between private respondent and
Doronilla was a mutuum, and that it committed no wrong in allowing Doronilla to withdraw from Sterelas savings account. 19
Finally, petitioner claims that since there is no wrongful act or omission on its part, it is not liable for the actual damages suffered by
private respondent, and neither may it be held liable for moral and exemplary damages as well as attorneys fees.20
Private respondent, on the other hand, argues that the transaction between him and Doronilla is not a mutuum but an
accommodation,21 since he did not actually part with the ownership of his P200,000.00 and in fact asked his wife to deposit said
amount in the account of Sterela so that a certification can be issued to the effect that Sterela had sufficient funds for purposes of its
incorporation but at the same time, he retained some degree of control over his money through his wife who was made a signatory
to the savings account and in whose possession the savings account passbook was given.22
He likewise asserts that the trial court did not err in finding that petitioner, Atienzas employer, is liable for the return of his money.
He insists that Atienza, petitioners assistant manager, connived with Doronilla in defrauding private respondent since it was
Atienza who facilitated the opening of Sterelas current account three days after Mrs. Vives and Sanchez opened a savings account
with petitioner for said company, as well as the approval of the authority to debit Sterelas savings account to cover any
overdrawings in its current account.23
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13
dennisaranabriljdii
14
Said rule notwithstanding, Doronilla was permitted by petitioner, through Atienza, the Assistant Branch Manager for the Buendia
Branch of petitioner, to withdraw therefrom even without presenting the passbook (which Atienza very well knew was in the
possession of Mrs. Vives), not just once, but several times. Both the Court of Appeals and the trial court found that Atienza allowed
said withdrawals because he was party to Doronillas "scheme" of defrauding private respondent:
XXX
But the scheme could not have been executed successfully without the knowledge, help and cooperation of Rufo Atienza, assistant
manager and cashier of the Makati (Buendia) branch of the defendant bank. Indeed, the evidence indicates that Atienza had not only
facilitated the commission of the fraud but he likewise helped in devising the means by which it can be done in such manner as to
make it appear that the transaction was in accordance with banking procedure.
To begin with, the deposit was made in defendants Buendia branch precisely because Atienza was a key officer therein. The records
show that plaintiff had suggested that the P200,000.00 be deposited in his bank, the Manila Banking Corporation, but Doronilla and
Dumagpi insisted that it must be in defendants branch in Makati for "it will be easier for them to get a certification". In fact before
he was introduced to plaintiff, Doronilla had already prepared a letter addressed to the Buendia branch manager authorizing
Angeles B. Sanchez and company to open a savings account for Sterela in the amount of P200,000.00, as "per coordination with Mr.
Rufo Atienza, Assistant Manager of the Bank x x x" (Exh. 1). This is a clear manifestation that the other defendants had been in
consultation with Atienza from the inception of the scheme. Significantly, there were testimonies and admission that Atienza is the
brother-in-law of a certain Romeo Mirasol, a friend and business associate of Doronilla.1awphi1.nt
Then there is the matter of the ownership of the fund. Because of the "coordination" between Doronilla and Atienza, the latter knew
before hand that the money deposited did not belong to Doronilla nor to Sterela. Aside from such foreknowledge, he was explicitly
told by Inocencia Vives that the money belonged to her and her husband and the deposit was merely to accommodate Doronilla.
Atienza even declared that the money came from Mrs. Vives.
Although the savings account was in the name of Sterela, the bank records disclose that the only ones empowered to withdraw the
same were Inocencia Vives and Angeles B. Sanchez. In the signature card pertaining to this account (Exh. J), the authorized
signatories were Inocencia Vives &/or Angeles B. Sanchez. Atienza stated that it is the usual banking procedure that withdrawals of
savings deposits could only be made by persons whose authorized signatures are in the signature cards on file with the bank. He,
however, said that this procedure was not followed here because Sterela was owned by Doronilla. He explained that Doronilla had
the full authority to withdraw by virtue of such ownership. The Court is not inclined to agree with Atienza. In the first place, he was
all the time aware that the money came from Vives and did not belong to Sterela. He was also told by Mrs. Vives that they were only
accommodating Doronilla so that a certification can be issued to the effect that Sterela had a deposit of so much amount to be sued
in the incorporation of the firm. In the second place, the signature of Doronilla was not authorized in so far as that account is
concerned inasmuch as he had not signed the signature card provided by the bank whenever a deposit is opened. In the third place,
neither Mrs. Vives nor Sanchez had given Doronilla the authority to withdraw.
Moreover, the transfer of fund was done without the passbook having been presented. It is an accepted practice that whenever a
withdrawal is made in a savings deposit, the bank requires the presentation of the passbook. In this case, such recognized practice
was dispensed with. The transfer from the savings account to the current account was without the submission of the passbook
which Atienza had given to Mrs. Vives. Instead, it was made to appear in a certification signed by Estrella Dumagpi that a duplicate
passbook was issued to Sterela because the original passbook had been surrendered to the Makati branch in view of a loan
accommodation assigning the savings account (Exh. C). Atienza, who undoubtedly had a hand in the execution of this certification,
was aware that the contents of the same are not true. He knew that the passbook was in the hands of Mrs. Vives for he was the one
who gave it to her. Besides, as assistant manager of the branch and the bank official servicing the savings and current accounts in
question, he also was aware that the original passbook was never surrendered. He was also cognizant that Estrella Dumagpi was not
among those authorized to withdraw so her certification had no effect whatsoever.
The circumstance surrounding the opening of the current account also demonstrate that Atienzas active participation in the
perpetration of the fraud and deception that caused the loss. The records indicate that this account was opened three days later
after the P200,000.00 was deposited. In spite of his disclaimer, the Court believes that Atienza was mindful and posted regarding the
opening of the current account considering that Doronilla was all the while in "coordination" with him. That it was he who
facilitated the approval of the authority to debit the savings account to cover any overdrawings in the current account (Exh. 2) is not
hard to comprehend.
Clearly Atienza had committed wrongful acts that had resulted to the loss subject of this case. x x x. 31
Under Article 2180 of the Civil Code, employers shall be held primarily and solidarily liable for damages caused by their employees
acting within the scope of their assigned tasks. To hold the employer liable under this provision, it must be shown that an employeremployee relationship exists, and that the employee was acting within the scope of his assigned task when the act complained of
was committed.32 Case law in the United States of America has it that a corporation that entrusts a general duty to its employee is
responsible to the injured party for damages flowing from the employees wrongful act done in the course of his general authority,
even though in doing such act, the employee may have failed in its duty to the employer and disobeyed the latters instructions.33
There is no dispute that Atienza was an employee of petitioner. Furthermore, petitioner did not deny that Atienza was acting within
the scope of his authority as Assistant Branch Manager when he assisted Doronilla in withdrawing funds from Sterelas Savings
Account No. 10-1567, in which account private respondents money was deposited, and in transferring the money withdrawn to
Sterelas Current Account with petitioner. Atienzas acts of helping Doronilla, a customer of the petitioner, were obviously done in
dennisaranabriljdii
15
furtherance of petitioners interests34 even though in the process, Atienza violated some of petitioners rules such as those stipulated
in its savings account passbook.35 It was established that the transfer of funds from Sterelas savings account to its current account
could not have been accomplished by Doronilla without the invaluable assistance of Atienza, and that it was their connivance which
was the cause of private respondents loss.
The foregoing shows that the Court of Appeals correctly held that under Article 2180 of the Civil Code, petitioner is liable for private
respondents loss and is solidarily liable with Doronilla and Dumagpi for the return of theP200,000.00 since it is clear that petitioner
failed to prove that it exercised due diligence to prevent the unauthorized withdrawals from Sterelas savings account, and that it
was not negligent in the selection and supervision of Atienza. Accordingly, no error was committed by the appellate court in the
award of actual, moral and exemplary damages, attorneys fees and costs of suit to private respondent.
TOLENTINO v. GONZALES SY CHIAM
The principal questions presented by this appeal are:
(a) Is the contract in question a pacto de retro or a mortgage?
(b) Under a pacto de retro, when the vendor becomes a tenant of the purchaser and agrees to pay a certain amount per
month as rent, may such rent render such a contract usurious when the amount paid as rent, computed upon the
purchase price, amounts to a higher rate of interest upon said amount than that allowed by law?
(c)
May the contract in the present case may be modified by parol evidence?
ANTECEDENT FACTS
Sometime prior to the 28th day of November, 1922, the appellants purchased of the Luzon Rice Mills, Inc., a piece or parcel of land
with the camarin located thereon, situated in the municipality of Tarlac of the Province of Tarlac for the price of P25,000, promising
to pay therefor in three installments. The first installment of P2,000 was due on or before the 2d day of May, 1921; the second
installment of P8,000 was due on or before 31st day of May, 1921; the balance of P15,000 at 12 per cent interest was due and
payable on or about the 30th day of November, 1922. One of the conditions of that contract of purchase was that on failure of the
purchaser (plaintiffs and appellants) to pay the balance of said purchase price or any of the installments on the date agreed upon,
the property bought would revert to the original owner.
The payments due on the 2d and 31st of May, 1921, amounting to P10,000 were paid so far as the record shows upon the due dates.
The balance of P15,000 due on said contract of purchase was paid on or about the 1st day of December, 1922, in the manner which
will be explained below. On the date when the balance of P15,000 with interest was paid, the vendor of said property had issued to
the purchasers transfer certificate of title to said property, No. 528. Said transfer certificate of title (No. 528) was transfer certificate
of title from No. 40, which shows that said land was originally registered in the name of the vendor on the 7th day of November,
1913.
PRESENT FACTS
On the 7th day of November, 1922 the representative of the vendor of the property in question wrote a letter to the appellant
Potenciana Manio (Exhibit A, p. 50), notifying the latter that if the balance of said indebtedness was not paid, an action would be
brought for the purpose of recovering the property, together with damages for non compliance with the condition of the contract of
purchase. The pertinent parts of said letter read as follows:
Sirvase notar que de no estar liquidada esta cuenta el dia 30 del corriente, procederemos judicialmente contra Vd. para
reclamar la devolucion del camarin y los daos y perjuicios ocasionados a la compaia por su incumplimiento al contrato.
Somos de Vd. atentos y S. S.
SMITH, BELL & CO., LTD.
By (Sgd.) F. I. HIGHAM
Treasurer.
General Managers
LUZON RICE MILLS INC.
According to Exhibits B and D, which represent the account rendered by the vendor, there was due and payable upon said contract
of purchase on the 30th day of November, 1922, the sum P16,965.09. Upon receiving the letter of the vendor of said property of
November 7, 1922, the purchasers, the appellants herein, realizing that they would be unable to pay the balance due, began to make
dennisaranabriljdii
16
an effort to borrow money with which to pay the balance due, began to make an effort to borrow money with which to pay the
balance of their indebtedness on the purchase price of the property involved. Finally an application was made to the defendant for a
loan for the purpose of satisfying their indebtedness to the vendor of said property. After some negotiations the defendants agreed
to loan the plaintiffs to loan the plaintiffs the sum of P17,500 upon condition that the plaintiffs execute and deliver to him a pacto de
retro of said property.
In accordance with that agreement the defendant paid to the plaintiffs by means of a check the sum of P16,965.09. The defendant, in
addition to said amount paid by check, delivered to the plaintiffs the sum of P354.91 together with the sum of P180 which the
plaintiffs paid to the attorneys for drafting said contract of pacto de retro, making a total paid by the defendant to the plaintiffs and
for the plaintiffs of P17,500 upon the execution and delivery of said contract. Said contracts was dated the 28th day of November,
1922, and is in the words and figures following:
Sepan todos por la presente:
Que nosotros, los conyuges Severino Tolentino y Potenciana Manio, ambos mayores de edad, residentes en el Municipio de
Calumpit, Provincia de Bulacan, propietarios y transeuntes en esta Ciudad de Manila, de una parte, y de otra, Benito
Gonzalez Sy Chiam, mayor de edad, casado con Maria Santiago, comerciante y vecinos de esta Ciudad de Manila.
MANIFESTAMOS Y HACEMOS CONSTAR:
Primero. Que nosotros, Severino Tolentino y Potenciano Manio, por y en consideracion a la cantidad de diecisiete mil
quinientos pesos (P17,500) moneda filipina, que en este acto hemos recibido a nuestra entera satisfaccion de Don Benito
Gonzalez Sy Chiam, cedemos, vendemos y traspasamos a favor de dicho Don Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam, sus herederos y
causahabientes, una finca que, segun el Certificado de Transferencia de Titulo No. 40 expedido por el Registrador de
Titulos de la Provincia de Tarlac a favor de "Luzon Rice Mills Company Limited" que al incorporarse se donomino y se
denomina "Luzon Rice Mills Inc.," y que esta corporacion nos ha transferido en venta absoluta, se describe como sigue:
Un terreno (lote No. 1) con las mejoras existentes en el mismo, situado en el Municipio de Tarlac. Linda por el O. y N. con
propiedad de Manuel Urquico; por el E. con propiedad de la Manila Railroad Co.; y por el S. con un camino. Partiendo de
un punto marcado 1 en el plano, cuyo punto se halla al N. 41 gds. 17' E.859.42 m. del mojon de localizacion No. 2 de la
Oficina de Terrenos en Tarlac; y desde dicho punto 1 N. 81 gds. 31' O., 77 m. al punto 2; desde este punto N. 4 gds. 22' E.;
54.70 m. al punto 3; desde este punto S. 86 gds. 17' E.; 69.25 m. al punto 4; desde este punto S. 2 gds. 42' E., 61.48 m. al
punto de partida; midiendo una extension superficcial de cuatro mil doscientos diez y seis metros cuadrados (4,216) mas
o menos. Todos los puntos nombrados se hallan marcados en el plano y sobre el terreno los puntos 1 y 2 estan
determinados por mojones de P. L. S. de 20 x 20 x 70 centimetros y los puntos 3 y 4 por mojones del P. L. S. B. L.: la
orientacion seguida es la verdadera, siendo la declinacion magnetica de 0 gds. 45' E. y la fecha de la medicion, 1. de
febrero de 1913.
Segundo. Que es condicion de esta venta la de que si en el plazo de cinco (5) aos contados desde el dia 1. de diciembre
de 1922, devolvemos al expresado Don Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam el referido precio de diecisiete mil quinientos pesos
(P17,500) queda obligado dicho Sr. Benito Gonzalez y Chiam a retrovendernos la finca arriba descrita; pero si transcurre
dicho plazo de cinco aos sin ejercitar el derecho de retracto que nos hemos reservado, entonces quedara esta venta
absoluta e irrevocable.
Tercero. Que durante el expresado termino del retracto tendremos en arrendamiento la finca arriba descrita, sujeto a
condiciones siguientes:
(a) El alquiler que nos obligamos a pagar por mensualidades vencidas a Don Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam y en su
domicilio, era de trescientos setenta y cinco pesos (P375) moneda filipina, cada mes.
(b) El amillaramiento de la finca arrendada sera por cuenta de dicho Don Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam, asi como
tambien la prima del seguro contra incendios, si el conviniera al referido Sr. Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam asegurar
dicha finca.
(c) La falta de pago del alquiler aqui estipulado por dos meses consecutivos dara lugar a la terminacion de este
arrendamieno y a la perdida del derecho de retracto que nos hemos reservado, como si naturalmente hubiera
expirado el termino para ello, pudiendo en su virtud dicho Sr. Gonzalez Sy Chiam tomar posesion de la finca y
desahuciarnos de la misma.
Cuarto. Que yo, Benito Gonzalez Sy Chiam, a mi vez otorgo que acepto esta escritura en los precisos terminos en que la
dejan otorgada los conyuges Severino Tolentino y Potenciana Manio.
En testimonio de todo lo cual, firmamos la presente de nuestra mano en Manila, por cuadruplicado en Manila, hoy a 28 de
noviembre de 1922.
(Fdo.) SEVERINO TOLENTINO
dennisaranabriljdii
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dennisaranabriljdii
18
to repurchase," yet in said contract he described himself as a "debtor" the purchaser as a "creditor" and the contract as a "mortgage".
In the case of Rodriguez vs. Pamintuan and De Jesusthe person who executed the instrument, purporting on its face to be a deed of
sale of certain parcels of land, had merely acted under a power of attorney from the owner of said land, "authorizing him to borrow
money in such amount and upon such terms and conditions as he might deem proper, and to secure payment of the loan by a
mortgage." In the case of Villa vs. Santiago (38 Phil., 157), although a contract purporting to be a deed of sale was executed, the
supposed vendor remained in possession of the land and invested the money he had obtained from the supposed vendee in making
improvements thereon, which fact justified the court in holding that the transaction was a mere loan and not a sale. In the case
of Cuyugan vs. Santos (39 Phil., 970), the purchaser accepted partial payments from the vendor, and such acceptance of partial
payments is absolutely incompatible with the idea of irrevocability of the title of ownership of the purchaser at the expiration of the
term stipulated in the original contract for the exercise of the right of repurchase."
Referring again to the right of the parties to vary the terms of written contract, we quote from the dissenting opinion of Chief Justice
Cayetano S. Arellano in the case of Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Philippine Sugar Estates Development Co., which case
was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States and the contention of the Chief Justice in his dissenting opinion was
affirmed and the decision of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands was reversed. (See decision of the Supreme Court of the
United States, June 3, 1918.)1 The Chief Justice said in discussing that question:
According to article 1282 of the Civil Code, in order to judge of the intention of the contracting parties, consideration must chiefly be
paid to those acts executed by said parties which are contemporary with and subsequent to the contract. And according to article
1283, however general the terms of a contract may be, they must not be held to include things and cases different from those with
regard to which the interested parties agreed to contract. "The Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands held the parol evidence was
admissible in that case to vary the terms of the contract between the Government of the Philippine Islands and the Philippine Sugar
Estates Development Co. In the course of the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States Mr. Justice Brandeis, speaking for the
court, said:. . . . This court is always disposed to accept the construction which the highest court of a territory or
possession has placed upon a local statute. But that disposition may not be yielded to where the lower court has clearly
erred. Here the construction adopted was rested upon a clearly erroneous assumption as to an established rule of equity. .
. . The burden of proof resting upon the appellant cannot be satisfied by mere preponderance of the evidence. It is settled
that relief by way of reformation will not be granted unless the proof of mutual mistake be of the clearest and most
satisfactory character.
The evidence introduced by the appellant in the present case does not meet with that stringent requirement. There is not a word, a
phrase, a sentence or a paragraph in the entire record, which justifies this court in holding that the said contract of pacto de retro is a
mortgage and not a sale with the right to repurchase. Article 1281 of the Civil Code provides: "If the terms of a contract are clear and
leave no doubt as to the intention of the contracting parties, the literal sense of its stipulations shall be followed." Article 1282
provides: "in order to judge as to the intention of the contracting parties, attention must be paid principally to their conduct at the
time of making the contract and subsequently thereto."
We cannot thereto conclude this branch of our discussion of the question involved, without quoting from that very well reasoned
decision of the late Chief Justice Arellano, one of the greatest jurists of his time. He said, in discussing the question whether or not
the contract, in the case of Lichauco vs. Berenguer (20 Phil., 12), was apacto de retro or a mortgage:
The public instrument, Exhibit C, in part reads as follows: "Don Macarion Berenguer declares and states that he is the
proprietor in fee simple of two parcels of fallow unappropriated crown land situated within the district of his pueblo. The
first has an area of 73 quiones, 8 balitas and 8 loanes, located in the sitio of Batasan, and its boundaries are, etc., etc. The
second is in the sitio of Panantaglay, barrio of Calumpang has as area of 73 hectares, 22 ares, and 6 centares, and is
bounded on the north, etc., etc."
In the executory part of the said instrument, it is stated:
'That under condition of right to repurchase (pacto de retro) he sells the said properties to the aforementioned
Doa Cornelia Laochangco for P4,000 and upon the following conditions: First, the sale stipulated shall be for
the period of two years, counting from this date, within which time the deponent shall be entitled to
repurchase the land sold upon payment of its price; second, the lands sold shall, during the term of the present
contract, be held in lease by the undersigned who shall pay, as rental therefor, the sum of 400 pesos per
annum, or the equivalent in sugar at the option of the vendor; third, all the fruits of the said lands shall be
deposited in the sugar depository of the vendee, situated in the district of Quiapo of this city, and the value of
which shall be applied on account of the price of this sale; fourth, the deponent acknowledges that he has
received from the vendor the purchase price of P4,000 already paid, and in legal tender currency of this
country . . .; fifth, all the taxes which may be assessed against the lands surveyed by competent authority, shall
be payable by and constitute a charge against the vendor; sixth, if, through any unusual event, such as flood,
tempest, etc., the properties hereinbefore enumerated should be destroyed, wholly or in part, it shall be
incumbent upon the vendor to repair the damage thereto at his own expense and to put them into a good state
of cultivation, and should he fail to do so he binds himself to give to the vendee other lands of the same area,
quality and value.'
xxx
xxx
dennisaranabriljdii
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xxx
The opponent maintained, and his theory was accepted by the trial court, that Berenguer's contract with Laochangco was
not one of sale with right of repurchase, but merely one of loan secured by those properties, and, consequently, that the
ownership of the lands in questions could not have been conveyed to Laochangco, inasmuch as it continued to be held by
Berenguer, as well as their possession, which he had not ceased to enjoy.
Such a theory is, as argued by the appellant, erroneous. The instrument executed by Macario Berenguer, the text of which
has been transcribed in this decision, is very clear. Berenguer's heirs may not go counter to the literal tenor of the
obligation, the exact expression of the consent of the contracting contained in the instrument, Exhibit C. Not because the
lands may have continued in possession of the vendor, not because the latter may have assumed the payment of the taxes
on such properties, nor yet because the same party may have bound himself to substitute by another any one of the
properties which might be destroyed, does the contract cease to be what it is, as set forth in detail in the public
instrument. The vendor continued in the possession of the lands, not as the owner thereof as before their sale, but as the
lessee which he became after its consummation, by virtue of a contract executed in his favor by the vendee in the deed
itself, Exhibit C. Right of ownership is not implied by the circumstance of the lessee's assuming the responsibility of the
payment is of the taxes on the property leased, for their payment is not peculiarly incumbent upon the owner, nor is such
right implied by the obligation to substitute the thing sold for another while in his possession under lease, since that
obligation came from him and he continues under another character in its possessiona reason why he guarantees its
integrity and obligates himself to return the thing even in a case of force majeure. Such liability, as a general rule, is
foreign to contracts of lease and, if required, is exorbitant, but possible and lawful, if voluntarily agreed to and such
agreement does not on this account involve any sign of ownership, nor other meaning than the will to impose upon
oneself scrupulous diligence in the care of a thing belonging to another.
The purchase and sale, once consummated, is a contract which by its nature transfers the ownership and other rights in
the thing sold. A pacto de retro, or sale with right to repurchase, is nothing but a personal right stipulated between the
vendee and the vendor, to the end that the latter may again acquire the ownership of the thing alienated.
It is true, very true indeed, that the sale with right of repurchase is employed as a method of loan; it is likewise true that
in practice many cases occur where the consummation of a pacto de retro sale means the financial ruin of a person; it is
also, unquestionable that in pacto de retro sales very important interests often intervene, in the form of the price of the
lease of the thing sold, which is stipulated as an additional covenant. (Manresa, Civil Code, p. 274.)
But in the present case, unlike others heard by this court, there is no proof that the sale with right of repurchase, made by
Berenguer in favor of Laonchangco is rather a mortgage to secure a loan.
We come now to a discussion of the second question presented above, and that is, stating the same in another form: May a tenant
charge his landlord with a violation of the Usury Law upon the ground that the amount of rent he pays, based upon the real value of
the property, amounts to a usurious rate of interest? When the vendor of property under a pacto de retro rents the property and
agrees to pay a rental value for the property during the period of his right to repurchase, he thereby becomes a "tenant" and in all
respects stands in the same relation with the purchaser as a tenant under any other contract of lease.
The appellant contends that the rental price paid during the period of the existence of the right to repurchase, or the sum of P375
per month, based upon the value of the property, amounted to usury. Usury, generally speaking, may be defined as contracting for or
receiving something in excess of the amount allowed by law for the loan or forbearance of moneythe taking of more interest for
the use of money than the law allows. It seems that the taking of interest for the loan of money, at least the taking of excessive
interest has been regarded with abhorrence from the earliest times. (Dunham vs. Gould, 16 Johnson [N. Y.], 367.) During the middle
ages the people of England, and especially the English Church, entertained the opinion, then, current in Europe, that the taking of
any interest for the loan of money was a detestable vice, hateful to man and contrary to the laws of God. (3 Coke's Institute, 150;
Tayler on Usury, 44.)
Chancellor Kent, in the case of Dunham vs. Gould, supra, said: "If we look back upon history, we shall find that there is scarcely any
people, ancient or modern, that have not had usury laws. . . . The Romans, through the greater."
The collection of a rate of interest higher than that allowed by law is condemned by the Philippine Legislature (Acts Nos. 2655, 2662
and 2992). But is it unlawful for the owner of a property to enter into a contract with the tenant for the payment of a specific
amount of rent for the use and occupation of said property, even though the amount paid as "rent," based upon the value of the
property, might exceed the rate of interest allowed by law? That question has never been decided in this jurisdiction. It is one of first
impression. No cases have been found in this jurisdiction answering that question. Act No. 2655 is "An Act fixing rates of interest
upon 'loans' and declaring the effect of receiving or taking usurious rates."
It will be noted that said statute imposes a penalty upon a "loan" or forbearance of any money, goods, chattels or credits, etc. The
central idea of said statute is to prohibit a rate of interest on "loans." A contract of "loan," is very different contract from that of
"rent". A "loan," as that term is used in the statute, signifies the giving of a sum of money, goods or credits to another, with a promise
to repay, but not a promise to return the same thing. To "loan," in general parlance, is to deliver to another for temporary use, on
condition that the thing or its equivalent be returned; or to deliver for temporary use on condition that an equivalent in kind shall be
dennisaranabriljdii
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returned with a compensation for its use. The word "loan," however, as used in the statute, has a technical meaning. It never means
the return of the same thing. It means the return of an equivalent only, but never the same thing loaned. A "loan" has been properly
defined as an advance payment of money, goods or credits upon a contract or stipulation to repay, not to return, the thing loaned at
some future day in accordance with the terms of the contract. Under the contract of "loan," as used in said statute, the moment the
contract is completed the money, goods or chattels given cease to be the property of the former owner and becomes
becomes the absolute property of the obligor.
A contract of "loan" differs materially from a contract of "rent." In a contract of "rent" the owner of the property does not lose his
ownership. He simply loses his control over the property rented during the period of the contract. In a contract of "loan" the thing
loaned becomes the property of the obligor. In a contract of "rent" the thing still remains the property of the lessor. He simply loses
control of the same in a limited way during the period of the contract of "rent" or lease. In a contract of "rent" the relation between
the contractors is that of landlord and tenant. In a contract of "loan" of money, goods, chattels or credits, the relation between the
parties is that of obligor and obligee. "Rent" may be defined as the compensation either in money, provisions, chattels, or labor,
received by the owner of the soil from the occupant thereof. It is defined as the return or compensation for the possession of some
corporeal inheritance, and is a profit issuing out of lands or tenements, in return for their use. It is that, which is to paid for the use
of land, whether in money, labor or other thing agreed upon. A contract of "rent" is a contract by which one of the parties delivers to
the other some nonconsumable thing, in order that the latter may use it during a certain period and return it to the former; whereas
a contract of "loan", as that word is used in the statute, signifies the delivery of money or other consumable things upon condition of
returning an equivalent amount of the same kind or quantity, in which cases it is called merely a "loan." In the case of a contract of
"rent," under the civil law, it is called a "commodatum."
From the foregoing it will be seen that there is a while distinction between a contract of "loan," as that word is used in the statute,
and a contract of "rent" even though those words are used in ordinary parlance as interchangeable terms.
The value of money, goods or credits is easily ascertained while the amount of rent to be paid for the use and occupation of the
property may depend upon a thousand different conditions; as for example, farm lands of exactly equal productive capacity and of
the same physical value may have a different rental value, depending upon location, prices of commodities, proximity to the market,
etc. Houses may have a different rental value due to location, conditions of business, general prosperity or depression, adaptability
to particular purposes, even though they have exactly the same original cost. A store on the Escolta, in the center of business,
constructed exactly like a store located outside of the business center, will have a much higher rental value than the other. Two
places of business located in different sections of the city may be constructed exactly on the same architectural plan and yet one, due
to particular location or adaptability to a particular business which the lessor desires to conduct, may have a very much higher
rental value than one not so located and not so well adapted to the particular business. A very cheap building on the carnival ground
may rent for more money, due to the particular circumstances and surroundings, than a much more valuable property located
elsewhere. It will thus be seen that the rent to be paid for the use and occupation of property is not necessarily fixed upon the value
of the property. The amount of rent is fixed, based upon a thousand different conditions and may or may not have any direct
reference to the value of the property rented. To hold that "usury" can be based upon the comparative actual rental value and the
actual value of the property, is to subject every landlord to an annoyance not contemplated by the law, and would create a very great
disturbance in every business or rural community. We cannot bring ourselves to believe that the Legislature contemplated any such
disturbance in the equilibrium of the business of the country.
In the present case the property in question was sold. It was an absolute sale with the right only to repurchase. During the period of
redemption the purchaser was the absolute owner of the property. During the period of redemption the vendor was not the owner
of the property. During the period of redemption the vendor was a tenant of the purchaser. During the period of redemption the
relation which existed between the vendor and the vendee was that of landlord and tenant. That relation can only be terminated by
a repurchase of the property by the vendor in accordance with the terms of the said contract. The contract was one of rent. The
contract was not a loan, as that word is used in Act No. 2655.
As obnoxious as contracts of pacto de retro are, yet nevertheless, the courts have no right to make contracts for parties. They made
their own contract in the present case. There is not a word, a phrase, a sentence or paragraph, which in the slightest way indicates
that the parties to the contract in question did not intend to sell the property in question absolutely, simply with the right to
repurchase. People who make their own beds must lie thereon.
What has been said above with reference to the right to modify contracts by parol evidence, sufficiently answers the third questions
presented above. The language of the contract is explicit, clear, unambiguous and beyond question. It expresses the exact intention
of the parties at the time it was made. There is not a word, a phrase, a sentence or paragraph found in said contract which needs
explanation. The parties thereto entered into said contract with the full understanding of its terms and should not now be permitted
to change or modify it by parol evidence.
With reference to the improvements made upon said property by the plaintiffs during the life of the contract, Exhibit C, there is
hereby reserved to the plaintiffs the right to exercise in a separate action the right guaranteed to them under article 361 of the Civil
Code.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we are fully persuaded from the facts of the record, in relation with the law applicable thereto, that
the judgment appealed from should be and is hereby affirmed, with costs. So ordered.
LIWANAG v CA
dennisaranabriljdii
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Petitioner was charged with the crime of estafa before the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 93, Quezon City, in an information
which reads as follows.
That on or between the month of May 19, 1988 and August, 1988 in Quezon City, Philippines and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused, with intent of gain, with unfaithfulness, and abuse of
confidence, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously defraud one ISIDORA ROSALES, in the
following manner, to wit: on the date and in the place aforementioned, said accused received in trust from the
offended party cash money amounting toP536,650.00, Philippine Currency, with the express obligation
involving the duty to act as complainant's agent in purchasing local cigarettes (Philip Morris and Marlboro
cigarettes), to resell them to several stores, to give her commission corresponding to 40% of the profits; and to
return the aforesaid amount of offended party, but said accused, far from complying her aforesaid obligation,
and once in possession thereof, misapplied, misappropriated and converted the same to her personal use and
benefit, despite repeated demands made upon her, accused failed and refused and still fails and refuses to
deliver and/or return the same to the damage and prejudice of the said ISIDORA ROSALES, in the
aforementioned amount and in such other amount as may be awarded under the provision of the Civil Code.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
The antecedent facts are as follows:
Petitioner Carmen Liwanag (Liwanag) and a certain Thelma.
During the first two months, Liwanag and Tabligan made periodic visits to Rosales to report on the progress of the transactions. The
visits, however, suddenly stopped, and all efforts by Rosales to obtain information regarding their business proved futile.
Alarmed by this development and believing that the amounts she advanced were being misappropriated, Rosales filed a case of
estafa against Liwanag.
After trial on the merits, the trial court rendered a decision dated January 9, 1991, finding Liwanag guilty as charged. The dispositive
portion of the decision reads thus:
WHEREFORE, the Court holds, that the prosecution has established the guilt of the accused, beyond reasonable
doubt, and therefore, imposes upon the accused, Carmen Liwanag, an Indeterminate Penalty of SIX (6) YEARS,
EIGHT (8) MONTHS AND TWENTY ONE (21) DAYS OF PRISION CORRECCIONAL TO FOURTEEN (14) YEARS
AND EIGHT (8) MONTHS OF PRISION MAYOR AS MAXIMUM, AND TO PAY THE COSTS.
The accused is likewise ordered to reimburse the private complainant the sum of P526,650.00, without
subsidiary imprisonment, in case of insolvency.
SO ORDERED.
Said decision was affirmed with modification by the Court of Appeals in a decision dated November 29, 1993, the decretal portion of
which reads:
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the judgment appealed from is hereby affirmed with the correction of
the nomenclature of the penalty which should be: SIX (6) YEARS, EIGHT (8) MONTHS and TWENTY ONE (21)
DAYS of prision mayor, as minimum, to FOURTEEN (14) YEARS and EIGHT (8) MONTHS of reclusion temporal,
as maximum. In all other respects, the decision is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Her motion for reconsideration having been denied in the resolution of March 16, 1994, Liwanag filed the instant petition,
submitting the following assignment of errors:
1. RESPONDENT APPELLATE COURT GRAVELY ERRED IN THE AFFIRMING THE CONVICTION OF THE
ACCUSED-PETITIONER FOR THE CRIME OF ESTAFA, WHEN CLEARLY THE CONTRACT THAT EXIST (sic)
BETWEEN THE ACCUSED-PETITIONER AND COMPLAINANT IS EITHER THAT OF A SIMPLE LOAN OR THAT OF
A PARTNERSHIP OR JOINT VENTURE HENCE THE NON RETURN OF THE MONEY OF THE COMPLAINANT IS
PURELY CIVIL IN NATURE AND NOT CRIMINAL.
2. RESPONDENT APPELLATE COURT GRAVELY ERRED IN NOT ACQUITTING THE ACCUSED-PETITIONER ON
GROUNDS OF REASONABLE DOUBT BY APPLYING THE "EQUIPOISE RULE".
dennisaranabriljdii
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Liwanag advances the theory that the intention of the parties was to enter into a contract of partnership, wherein Rosales would
contribute the funds while she would buy and sell the cigarettes, and later divide the profits between
them. 1 She also argues that the transaction can also be interpreted as a simple loan, with Rosales lending to her the amount stated
on an installment basis. 2
The Court of Appeals correctly rejected these pretenses.
While factual findings of the Court of Appeals are conclusive on the parties and not reviewable by the Supreme Court, and carry
more weight when these affirm the factual findings of the trial court, 3 we deem it more expedient to resolve the instant petition on
its merits.
Estafa is a crime committed by a person who defrauds another causing him to suffer damages, by means of unfaithfulness or abuse
of confidence, or of false pretenses of fraudulent acts. 4
From the foregoing, the elements of estafa are present, as follows: (1) that the accused defrauded another by abuse of confidence or
deceit; and (2) that damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary estimation is caused to the offended party or third party, 5 and it is
essential that there be a fiduciary relation between them either in the form of a trust, commission or administration. 6
The receipt signed by Liwanag states thus:
May 19, 1988 Quezon City
Received from Mrs. Isidora P. Rosales the sum of FIVE HUNDRED TWENTY SIX THOUSAND AND SIX HUNDRED
FIFTY PESOS (P526,650.00) Philippine Currency, to purchase cigarrets (sic) (Philip & Marlboro) to be sold to
customers. In the event the said cigarrets (sic) are not sold, the proceeds of the sale or the said products (shall)
be returned to said Mrs. Isidora P. Rosales the said amount of P526,650.00 or the said items on or before
August 30, 1988.
(SGD & Thumbedmarked) (sic)
CARMEN LIWANAG
26 H. Kaliraya St.
Quezon City
Signed in the presence of:
(Sgd) Illegible (Sgd) Doming Z. Baligad
The language of the receipt could not be any clearer. It indicates that the money delivered to Liwanag was for a specific purpose,
that is, for the purchase of cigarettes, and in the event the cigarettes cannot be sold, the money must be returned to Rosales.
Thus,. 7
Neither can the transaction be considered a loan, since in a contract of loan once the money is received by the debtor, ownership
over the same is transferred. 8 Being the owner, the borrower can dispose of it for whatever purpose he may deem proper.
In the instant petition, however, it is evident that Liwanag could not dispose of the money as she pleased because it was only
delivered to her for a single purpose, namely, for the purchase of cigarettes, and if this was not possible then to return the money to
Rosales. Since in this case there was no transfer of ownership of the money delivered, Liwanag is liable for conversion under Art.
315, par. l(b) of the Revised Penal Code.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the appealed decision of the Court of Appeals dated November 29, 1993, is AFFIRMED. Costs
against petitioner.
SAURA IMPORT AND EXPORT CO., INC. v. DBP
In Civil Case No. 55908 of the Court of First Instance of Manila, judgment was rendered on June 28, 1965 sentencing defendant
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) to pay actual and consequential damages to plaintiff Saura Import and Export Co., Inc. in
the amount of P383,343.68, plus interest at the legal rate from the date the complaint was filed and attorney's fees in the amount of
P5,000.00. The present appeal is from that judgment.
In July 1953 the plaintiff (hereinafter referred to as.
dennisaranabriljdii
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Parenthetically, it may be mentioned that the jute mill machinery had already been purchased by Saura on the strength of a letter of
credit extended by the Prudential Bank and Trust Co., and arrived in Davao City in July 1953; and that to secure its release without
first paying the draft, Saura, Inc. executed a trust receipt in favor of the said bank.
On January 7, 1954 RFC passed Resolution No. 145 approving the loan application for P500,000.00, to be secured by a first mortgage
on the factory building to be constructed, the land site thereof, and the machinery and equipment to be installed. Among the other
terms spelled out in the resolution were the following:
1. That the proceeds of the loan shall be utilized exclusively for the following purposes:
For construction of factory building P250,000.00
For payment of the balance of purchase
price of machinery and equipment 240,900.00
For working capital 9,100.00
T O T A L P500,000.00
4. That Mr. & Mrs. Ramon E. Saura, Inocencia Arellano, Aniceto Caolboy and Gregoria Estabillo and China Engineers, Ltd. shall sign
the promissory notes jointly with the borrower-corporation;
5. That release shall be made at the discretion of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation, subject to availability of funds, and as the
construction of the factory buildings progresses, to be certified to by an appraiser of this Corporation;"
Saura, Inc. was officially notified of the resolution on January 9, 1954. The day before, however, evidently having otherwise been
informed of its approval, Saura, Inc. wrote a letter to RFC, requesting a modification of the terms laid down by it, namely: that in lieu
of having China Engineers, Ltd. (which was willing to assume liability only to the extent of its stock subscription with Saura, Inc.)
sign as co-maker on the corresponding promissory notes, Saura, Inc. would put up a bond for P123,500.00, an amount equivalent to
such subscription; and that Maria S. Roca would be substituted for Inocencia Arellano as one of the other co-makers, having
acquired the latter's shares in Saura, Inc.
In view of such request RFC approved Resolution No. 736 on February 4, 1954, designating of the members of its Board of
Governors, for certain reasons stated in the resolution, "to reexamine all the aspects of this approved loan ... with special reference
as to the advisability of financing this particular project based on present conditions obtaining in the operations of jute mills, and to
submit his findings thereon at the next meeting of the Board."
On March 24, 1954 Saura, Inc. wrote RFC that China Engineers, Ltd. had again agreed to act as co-signer for the loan, and asked that
the necessary documents be prepared in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in Resolution No. 145. In connection
with the reexamination of the project to be financed with the loan applied for, as stated in Resolution No. 736, the parties named
their respective committees of engineers and technical men to meet with each other and undertake the necessary studies, although
in appointing its own committee Saura, Inc. made the observation that the same "should not be taken as an acquiescence on (its)
part to novate, or accept new conditions to, the agreement already) entered into," referring to its acceptance of the terms and
conditions mentioned in Resolution No. 145.
On April 13, 1954 the loan documents were executed: the promissory note, with F.R. Halling, representing China Engineers, Ltd., as
one of the co-signers; and the corresponding deed of mortgage, which was duly registered on the following April 17.
It appears, however, that despite the formal execution of the loan agreement the reexamination contemplated in Resolution No. 736
proceeded. In a meeting of the RFC Board of Governors on June 10, 1954, at which Ramon Saura, President of Saura, Inc., was
present, it was decided to reduce the loan from P500,000.00 to P300,000.00. Resolution No. 3989 was approved as follows:
RESOLUTION No. 3989. Reducing the Loan Granted Saura Import & Export Co., Inc. under Resolution No. 145, C.S., from P500,000.00
to P300,000.00. Pursuant to Bd. Res. No. 736, c.s., authorizing the re-examination of all the various aspects of the loan granted the
Saura Import & Export Co. under Resolution No. 145, c.s., for the purpose of financing the manufacture of jute sacks in Davao, with
special reference as to the advisability of financing this particular project based on present conditions obtaining in the operation of
jute mills, and after having heard Ramon E. Saura and after extensive discussion on the subject the Board, upon recommendation of
the Chairman, RESOLVED that the loan granted the Saura Import & Export Co. be REDUCED from P500,000 to P300,000 and that
releases up to P100,000 may be authorized as may be necessary from time to time to place the factory in actual operation:
PROVIDED that all terms and conditions of Resolution No. 145, c.s., not inconsistent herewith, shall remain in full force and effect."
On June 19, 1954 another hitch developed. F.R. Halling, who had signed the promissory note for China Engineers Ltd. jointly and
severally with the other RFC that his company no longer to of the loan and therefore considered the same as cancelled as far as it
was concerned. A follow-up letter dated July 2 requested RFC that the registration of the mortgage be withdrawn.
dennisaranabriljdii
24
In the meantime Saura, Inc. had written RFC requesting that the loan of P500,000.00 be granted. The request was denied by RFC,
which added in its letter-reply that it was "constrained to consider as cancelled the loan of P300,000.00 ... in view of a notification ...
from the China Engineers Ltd., expressing their desire to consider the loan insofar as they are concerned."
On July 24, 1954 Saura, Inc. took exception to the cancellation of the loan and informed RFC that China Engineers, Ltd. "will at any
time reinstate their signature as co-signer of the note if RFC releases to us the P500,000.00 originally approved by you.".
On December 17, 1954 RFC passed Resolution No. 9083, restoring the loan to the original amount of P500,000.00, "it appearing that
China Engineers, Ltd. is now willing to sign the promissory notes jointly with the borrower-corporation," but with the following
proviso:
That in view of observations made of the shortage and high cost of imported raw materials, the Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources shall certify to the following:
1. That the raw materials needed by the borrower-corporation to carry out its operation are available in the
immediate vicinity; and
2. That there is prospect of increased production thereof to provide adequately for the requirements of the
factory."." This point is important, and sheds
light on the subsequent actuations of the parties. Saura, Inc. does not deny that the factory he was building in Davao was for the
manufacture of bags from local raw materials. The cover page of its brochure (Exh. M) describes the project as a "Joint venture by
and between the Mindanao Industry Corporation and the Saura Import and Export Co., Inc. to finance, manage and operate
aKenaf mill plant, to manufacture copra and corn bags, runners, floor mattings, carpets, draperies; out of 100% local raw materials,
principal kenaf.", and to require, in its
Resolution No. 9083, a certification from the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources as to the availability of local raw
materials to provide adequately for the requirements of the factory. Saura, Inc. itself confirmed the defendant's stand impliedly in its
letter of January 21, 1955: (1) stating that according to a special study made by the Bureau of Forestry "kenaf will not be available in
sufficient quantity this year or probably even next year;" (2) requesting "assurances (from RFC) that my company and associates
will be able to bring in sufficient jute materials as may be necessary for the full operation of the jute mill;" and (3) asking that
releases of the loan be made as follows:
a) For the payment of the receipt for jute mill
machineries with the Prudential Bank &
Trust Company P250,000.00
(For immediate release)
b) For the purchase of materials and equipment per attached list to enable the jute
mill to operate 182,413.91
c) For raw materials and labor 67,586.09
1) P25,000.00 to be released on the opening of the letter of credit for raw jute
for $25,000.00.
2) P25,000.00 to be released upon arrival
of raw jute.
3) P17,586.09 to be released as soon as the
mill is ready to operate.
On January 25, 1955 RFC sent to Saura, Inc. the following reply:
Dear Sirs:
dennisaranabriljdii
25
This is with reference to your letter of January 21, 1955, regarding the release of your loan under consideration of P500,000.
As stated in our letter of December 22, 1954, the releases of the loan, if revived, are proposed to be made from time to time,
subject to availability of funds towards the end that the sack factory shall be placed in actual operating status. We shall be able
to act on your request for revised purpose and manner of releases upon re-appraisal of the securities offered for the loan.
With respect to our requirement that the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources certify that the raw materials
needed are available in the immediate vicinity and that there is prospect of increased production thereof to provide adequately
the requirements of the factory, we wish to reiterate that the basis of the original approval is to develop the manufacture of
sacks on the basis of the locally available raw materials. Your statement that you will have to rely on the importation of jute
and your request that we give you assurance that your company will be able to bring in sufficient jute materials as may be
necessary for the operation of your factory, would not be in line with our principle in approving the loan.
With the foregoing letter the negotiations came to a standstill. Saura, Inc. did not pursue the matter further. Instead, it requested
RFC to cancel the mortgage, and so, on June 17, 1955 RFC executed the corresponding deed of cancellation and delivered it to
Ramon F. Saura himself as president of Saura, Inc.
It appears that the cancellation was requested to make way for the registration of a mortgage contract, executed on August 6, 1954,
over the same property in favor of the Prudential Bank and Trust Co., under which contract Saura, Inc. had up to December 31 of the
same year within which to pay its obligation on the trust receipt heretofore mentioned. It appears further that for failure to pay the
said obligation the Prudential Bank and Trust Co. sued Saura, Inc. on May 15, 1955.
On January 9, 1964, ahnost 9 years after the mortgage in favor of RFC was cancelled at the request of Saura, Inc., the latter
commenced the present suit for damages, alleging failure of RFC (as predecessor of the defendant DBP) to comply with its obligation
to release the proceeds of the loan applied for and approved, thereby preventing the plaintiff from completing or paying contractual
commitments it had entered into, in connection with its jute mill project.
The trial court rendered judgment for the plaintiff, ruling that there was a perfected contract between the parties and that the
defendant was guilty of breach thereof. The defendant pleaded below, and reiterates in this appeal: (1) that the plaintiff's cause of
action had prescribed, or that its claim had been waived or abandoned; (2) that there was no perfected contract; and (3) that
assuming there was, the plaintiff itself did not comply with the terms thereof.
We hold that there was indeed a perfected consensual contract, as recognized in Article 1934 of the Civil Code, which provides:
ART. 1954.. There was nothing in said conditions that contradicted the terms laid down
in RFC Resolution No. 145, passed on January 7, 1954, namely "that the proceeds of the loan shall be utilizedexclusively for the
following purposes: for construction of factory building P250,000.00; for payment of the balance of purchase price of machinery
and equipment P240,900.00; for working capital P9,100.00." obligations. It is a concept that derives from the principle that since mutual
agreement can create a contract, mutual disagreement by the parties can cause its extinguishment. 2
dennisaranabriljdii
26
doubt that the said agreement had been extinguished by mutual desistance and that on the initiative of the plaintiff-appellee
itself.
With this view we take of the case, we find it unnecessary to consider and resolve the other issues raised in the respective briefs of
the parties.
WHEREFORE, the judgment appealed from is reversed and the complaint dismissed, with costs against the plaintiff-appellee.
RONO v. GOMEZ
This petition to review a decision of the Court of Appeals was admitted mainly because it involves one phase of the vital
contemporary question: the repayment of loans given in Japanese fiat currency during the last war of the Pacific.
On October 5, 1944, Cristobal Roo received as a loan four thousand pesos in Japanese fiat money from Jose L. Gomez. He informed
the later that he would use the money to purchase a jitney; and he agreed to pay that debt one year after date in the currency then
prevailing. He signed a promissory note of the following tenor:
For value received, I promise to pay one year after date the sum of four thousand pesos (4,000) to Jose L. Gomez. It is
agreed that this will not earn any interest and the payment It is agreed that this will not earn any interest and the
payment prevailing by the end of the stipulated period of one year.
In consideration of this generous loan, I renounce any right that may come to me by reason of any postwar arrangement,
of privilege that may come to me by legislation wherein this sum may be devalued. I renounce flatly and absolutely any
condition, term right or privilege which in any way will prejudice the right engendered by this agreement wherein Atty.
Jose L. Gomez will receive by right his money in the amount of P4,000. I affirm the legal tender, currency or any medium
of exchange, or money in this sum of P4,000 will be paid by me to Jose L. Gomez one year after this date, October 5, 1944.
On October 15, 1945, i.e., after the liberation, Roo was sued for payment in the Laguna Court of First Instance. His main defense
was his liability should not exceed the equivalent of 4,000 pesos "mickey mouse" money and could not be 4,000 pesos Philippine
currency, because the contract would be void as contrary to law, public order and good morals.
After the corresponding hearing, the Honorable Felix Bautista Angelo, Judge, ordered the defendant Roo to pay four thousand
pesos in Philippine currency with legal interest from the presentation of the complaint plus costs.
On appeal the Court of Appeals in a decision written by Mr. Justice Jugo, affirmed the judgment with costs. It declared being a
mechanic who knew English was not deceived into signing the promissory note, and that the contents of the same had not been
misrepresented to him. It pronounced the contract valid and enforceable according to its terms and conditions.
One basic principle of the law on contracts of the Civil Code is that "the contracting parties may establish any pacts, clauses and
conditions they may deem advisable, provided they are not contrary to law, morals or public order." (Article 1255.) Another
principle is that "obligations arising from contracts shall have the force of law between the contracting parties and must be
performed in accordance with their stipulations" (Article 1091).
Invoking the above proviso, Roo asserts this contract is contrary to the Usury law, because on the basis of calculations by
Government experts he only received the equivalent of one hundred Philippine pesos and now he is required to disgorge four
thousand pesos or interest greatly in excess of the lawful rates.
But he is not paying interest. Precisely the contract says that the money received "will not earn any interest." Furthermore, he
received four thousand pesos; and he is required to pay four thousand pesos exactly. The increased intrinsic value and purchasing
power of the current money is consequence of an event (change of currency) which at the time of the contract neither party knew
would certainly happen within the period of one year. They both elected to subject their rights and obligations to that contingency. If
within one year another kind of currency became legal tender, Gomez would probably get more for his money. If the same Japanese
currency continued, he would get less, the value of Japanese money being then on the downgrade.
Our legislation has a word for these contracts: aleatory. The Civil Code recognizes their validity (see art. 1790 and Manresa's
comment thereon) on a par with insurance policies and life annuities.
The eventual gain of Gomez in this transaction is not interest within the meaning of Usury Laws. Interest is some additional money
to be paid in any event, which is not the case herein, because Gomez might have gotten less if the Japanese occupation had extended
to the end of 1945 or if the liberation forces had chosen to permit the circulation of the Japanese notes.
Moreover, Roo argues, the deal was immoral because taking advantage of his superior knowledge of war developments Gomez
imposed on him this onerous obligation. In the first place, the Court of Appeals found that he voluntary agreed to sign and signed the
document without having been misled as to its contents and "in so far as knowledge of war events was concerned" both parties
were on "equal footing". In the second place although on October 5, 1944 it was possible to surmise the impending American
invasion, the date of victory or liberation was anybody's guess. In the third place there was the possibility that upon-re-occupation
the Philippine Government would not invalidate the Japanese currency, which after all had been forced upon the people in exchange
dennisaranabriljdii
27
for valuable goods and property. The odds were about even when Roo and Gomez played their bargaining game. There was no
overreaching, nor unfair advantage.
Again Roo alleges it is immoral and against public order for a man to obtain four thousand pesos in return for an investment of
forty pesos (his estimate of the value of the Japanese money he borrowed). According to his line of reasoning it would be immoral
for the homeowner to recover ten thousand pesos (P10,000, when his house is burned, because he invested only about one hundred
pesos for the insurance policy. And when the holder of a sweepstakes ticket who paid only four pesos luckily obtains the first prize
of one hundred thousand pesos or over, the whole business is immoral or against public order.
In this connection we should explain that this decision does not cover situations where borrowers of Japanese fiat currency
promised to repay "the same amount" or promised to return the same number of pesos "in Philippines currency" or "in the currency
prevailing after the war." There may be room for argument when those litigations come up for adjudication. All we say here and now
is that the contract in question is legal and obligatory.
A minor point concerns the personality of the plaintiff, the wife of Jose L. Gomez. We opine with the Court of Appeals that the matter
involve a defect in procedure which does not amount to prejudicial error.
NEPOMUCENO v. NARCISO
On November 14, 1938, appellant Mariano Nepomuceno executed a mortgage in favor of the appellees on a parcel of land situated in
the municipality of Angeles, Province of Pampanga, to secure the payment within the period of seven years from the date of the
mortgage of the sum of P24,000 together with interest thereon at the rate of 8 per cent per annum.
On September 30, 1943, that is to say, more than two years before the maturity of said mortgage, the parties executed a notarial
document entitled "Partial Novation of Contract" whereby they modified the terms of said mortgage as follows:
(1) From December 8, 1941, to January 1, 1944, the interest on the mortgage shall be at 6 per cent per annum, unpaid
interest also paying interest also paying interest at the same rate.
(2) From January 1, 1944, up to the end of the war, the mortgage debt shall likewise bear interest at 6 per cent. Unpaid
interest during this period shall however not bear any interest.
(3) At the end of the war the interest shall again become 8 per cent in accordance with the original contract of mortgage.
(4) While the war goes on, the mortgagor, his administrators or assigns, cannot redeem the property mortgaged.
(5) When the mortgage lapses on November 14, 1945, the mortgage may continue for another ten years if the mortgagor
so chooses, but during this period he may pay only one half of the capital.
On July 21, 1944, the mortgagor Mariano Nepomuceno and his wife Agueda G. de Nepomuceno filed their complaint in this case
against the mortgagees, which compplaint, as amended on September 7, 1944, alleged the execution of the contract of mortgage and
its principal novation as above indicated, and
7. That as per Annex B, No. 4, it is provided that the mortgagor cannot redeem the property mortgaged while the war goes
on; and that notwithstanding the said provision the herein plaintiffs-mortgagors are now willing to pay the amount of the
indebtedness together with the corresponding interest due thereon;
8. That on July 19, 1944, the mortgagors-plaintiffs went to the house of the mortgagees-defendants to tender payment of
the balance of the mortgage debt with their corresponding interest, but said spouses defendants refuse and still refuse to
accept payment;
9. That because of this refusal of the defendants to accept tender of payment on the mortgage consideration, the plaintiffs
suffered and still suffer damages in the amount of P5,000;
10. That the plaintiffs are now and have deposited with the Clerk of Court of First Instance of Pampanga the amount of
P22,356 for the payment of the mortgage debt and the interest due thereon;
Wherefore, it is more respectfully prayed that this Honorable Court will issue an order in the following tenor:
(a) Ordering the defendants to accept tender of payment from the plaintiffs;
(b) Ordering defendants to execute the corresponding deed of release of mortgage;
(c) Ordering defendants to pay damages in the amount of P5,000; and
dennisaranabriljdii
28
(d) Ordering defendants to pay the amount of P3,000 as attorney's fee and the costs of suit and any other remedy just and
equitable in the premises.
After the trial the court sustained the defense that the complaint had been prematurely presented and dismissed it with costs.
Appellants contend that the stipulation in the contract of September 30, 1943, that "while the war goes on the mortgagor, his
administrators or assigns cannot redeem the property mortgaged," is against public policy and therefore null and void. They cite
and rely on article 1255 of the Civil Code, which provides:
ART. 1255. The contracting parties may establish any pacts, clauses, and conditions they may deem advisable,
provided they are not contrary to law, morals, or public order.
They argue that "it would certainly be against public policy and a restraint on the freedom of commerce to compel a debtor not to
release his property from a lien even if he wanted to by the payment of the indebtedness while the war goes on, which was
undoubtedly of a very uncertain duration."
The first two paragraphs of article 1125 of the Civil Code provide:
ART. 1125. Obligation for the performance of which a day certain has been fixed shall be demandable only when the
day arrives.
A day certain is understood to be one which must necessarily arrive, even though its date be unknown.
Article 1127 says:
ART. 1127. Whenever a term for the performance of an obligation is fixed, it is presumed to have been established for the
benefit of the creditor and that of the debtor, unless from its tenor or from other circumstances it should appear that the
term was established for the benefit of one or the other.
It will be noted that the original contract of mortgage provided for interest at 8 per cent per annum and that the principal together
with the interest was payable within the period of seven years from November 14, 1938. But by mutual agreement of the parties
that term was modified on September 30, 1943, by reducing the interest to 6 per cent per annum from December 8, 1941, until the
end of the war and by stipulating that the mortgagor shall not pay off the mortgage while the war went on.
We find nothing immoral or violative of public order in that stipulation. The mortgagees apparently did not want to have their
prewar credit paid with Japanese military notes, and the mortgagor voluntarily agreed not to do so in consideration of the reduction
of the rate of interest.
It was a perfectly equitable and valid transaction, in conformity with the provision of the Civil Code hereinabove quoted.
Appellants were bound by said contract and appellees were not obligated to receive the payment before it was due. Hence the latter
had reason not to accept the tender of payment made to them by the former.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs against the appellants.
EQUITABLE PCI BANK v. NG SHEUNG NGOR
This petition for review on certiorari1 seeks to set aside the decision2 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 83112 and its
resolution3 denying reconsideration.
On October 7, 2001, respondents Ng Sheung Ngor,4 Ken Appliance Division, Inc. and Benjamin E. Go filed an action for annulment
and/or reformation of documents and contracts57 so they accepted Equitable's proposal and signed the bank's preprinted13 and declared the existence of extraordinary deflation.14 Consequently, the
RTC ordered the use of the 1996 dollar exchange rate in computing respondents' dollar-denominated loans.15 Lastly, because the
dennisaranabriljdii
29
business reputation of respondentswas (allegedly) severely damaged when Equitable froze their accounts, 16 the trial court awarded
moral and exemplary damages to them.17
The dispositive portion of the February 5, 2004 RTC decision1829 and three real properties of Equitable were levied upon.30
On March 26, 2004, Equitable filed a petition for relief in the RTC from the March 1, 2004 order.31 It, however, withdrew that
petition on March 30, 200432
dennisaranabriljdii
3040 but it was denied.41 Thus, this petition.
Equitable asserts that it was not guilty of forum shopping because the petition for relief was withdrawn on thesame The test is whether, in two or more pending cases, there is
identity of parties, rights or causes of actions and reliefs.46
Equitable's petition for relief in the RTC and its petition for certiorari in the CA did not have identical causes of action. The petition
for relief from the denial of its notice of appeal was based on the RTCs judgment or final order preventing it from taking an appeal
by "fraud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence."47 On the other hand, its petition for certiorari in the CA, a special civil action,
sought to correct the grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction committed by the RTC. 48
dennisaranabriljdii
31TCsArticle 130867
dennisaranabriljdii
327181
dennisaranabriljdii
33
The RTC found that respondents did not pay Equitable the interest due on February 9, 2001 (or any month thereafter prior to the
maturity of the loan)85 or the amount due (principal plus interest) due on July 9, 2001. 86Consequently,.1avvphi1oden dollardenominated and peso-denominated loans, as of July 9, 2001, of respondents Ng Sheung Ngor, doing business under the name and
style of "Ken Marketing," Ken Appliance Division and Benjamin E. Go.
PAN PACIFIC SERVICE CONTRACTORS, INC. v. EQUITABLE CI BANK
PAN PACIFIC SERVICE CONTRACTORS, INC. AND RICARDO F. DEL ROSARIO (PETITIONERS) FILED THIS PETITION FOR
REVIEW[1] ASSAILING THE COURT OF APPEALS (CA) DECISION[2] DATED 30 JUNE 2005 IN CA-G.R. CV NO. 63966 AS WELL AS THE
RESOLUTION[3] DATED 5 OCTOBER 2005 DENYING THE MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION. IN THE ASSAILED DECISION, THE CA
MODIFIED THE 12 APRIL 1999 DECISION[4] OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF MAKATI CITY, BRANCH 59 (RTC) BY ORDERING
EQUITABLE PCI BANK[5] (RESPONDENT) TO PAY PETITIONERS P1,516,015.07 WITH INTEREST AT THE LEGAL RATE OF 12% PER
ANNUM STARTING 6 MAY 1994 UNTIL THE AMOUNT IS FULLY PAID.
The Facts
dennisaranabriljdii
34
Pan Pacific Service Contractors, Inc. (Pan Pacific) is engaged in contracting mechanical works on airconditioning system. On 24
November 1989, Pan Pacific, through its President, Ricardo F. Del Rosario (Del Rosario), entered into a contract of mechanical works
(Contract) with respondent for P20,688,800. Pan Pacific and respondent also agreed on nine change orders for P2,622,610.30. Thus,
the total consideration for the whole project was P23,311,410.30.[6] The Contract stipulated, among others, that Pan Pacific shall be
entitled to a price adjustment in case of increase in labor costs and prices of materials under paragraphs 70.1 [7] and 70.2[8] of the
General Conditions for the Construction of PCIB Tower II Extension (the escalation clause). [9]
Pursuant to the contract, Pan Pacific commenced the mechanical works in the project site, the PCIB Tower II extension
building in Makati City. The project was completed in June 1992. Respondent accepted the project on 9 July 1992. [10]
In 1990, labor costs and prices of materials escalated. On 5 April 1991, in accordance with the escalation clause, Pan Pacific claimed
a price adjustment of P5,165,945.52. Respondents appointed project engineer, TCGI Engineers, asked for a reduction in the price
adjustment. To show goodwill, Pan Pacific reduced the price adjustment toP4,858,548.67.[11]
On 28 April 1992, TCGI Engineers recommended to respondent that the price adjustment should be pegged
at P3,730,957.07. TCGI Engineers based their evaluation of the price adjustment on the following factors:
1. Labor Indices of the Department of Labor and Employment.
2. PRICE INDEX OF THE NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE.
PD 1594 AND ITS IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS AS AMENDED, 15 MARCH 1991.
SHIPPING DOCUMENTS SUBMITTED BY PPSCI.
SUB-CLAUSE 70.1 OF THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS.[12]
Pan Pacific contended that with this recommendation, respondent was already estopped from disclaiming liability of at
least P3,730,957.07 in accordance with the escalation clause.[13]
Due to the extraordinary increases in the costs of labor and materials, Pan Pacifics operational capital was becoming inadequate for
the project. However, respondent withheld the payment of the price adjustment under the escalation clause despite Pan Pacifics
repeated demands.[14] Instead, respondent offered Pan Pacific a loan of P1.8 million. Against its will and on the strength of
respondents promise that the price adjustment would be released soon, Pan Pacific, through Del Rosario, was constrained to
execute a promissory note in the amount of P1.8 million as a requirement for the loan. Pan Pacific also posted a surety bond.
The P1.8 million was released directly to laborers and suppliers and not a single centavo was given to Pan Pacific. [15]
Pan Pacific made several demands for payment on the price adjustment but respondent merely kept on promising to release the
same. Meanwhile, the P1.8 million loan matured and respondent demanded payment plus interest and penalty. Pan Pacific refused
to pay the loan. Pan Pacific insisted that it would not have incurred the loan if respondent released the price adjustment on time.
Pan Pacific alleged that the promissory note did not express the true agreement of the parties. Pan Pacific maintained that the P1.8
million was to be considered as an advance payment on the price adjustment. Therefore, there was really no consideration for the
promissory note; hence, it is null and void from the beginning.[16]
Respondent stood firm that it would not release any amount of the price adjustment to Pan Pacific but it would offset the price
adjustment with Pan Pacifics outstanding balance of P3,226,186.01, representing the loan, interests, penalties and collection
charges.[17]
Pan Pacific refused the offsetting but agreed to receive the reduced amount of P3,730,957.07 as recommended by the TCGI
Engineers for the purpose of extrajudicial settlement, less P1.8 million and P414,942 as advance payments.[18]
On 6 May 1994, petitioners filed a complaint for declaration of nullity/annulment of the promissory note, sum of money, and
damages against the respondent with the RTC ofMakati City, Branch 59. On 12 April 1999, the RTC rendered its decision,
the dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, JUDGMENT IS HEREBY RENDERED IN FAVOR OF THE
PLAINTIFFS AND AGAINST THE DEFENDANT AS FOLLOWS:
1.
dennisaranabriljdii
35
On 23 May 1999, petitioners partially appealed the RTC Decision to the CA. On 26 May 1999, respondent appealed the
entire RTC Decision for being contrary to law and evidence. In sum, the appeals of the parties with the CA are as follows:
1. WITH RESPECT TO THE PETITIONERS, WHETHER THE RTC ERRED IN DEDUCTING THE AMOUNT
OF P126,903.97 FROM THE BALANCE OF THE ADJUSTED PRICE AND IN AWARDING ONLY 12%
ANNUAL INTEREST ON THE AMOUNT DUE, INSTEAD OF THE BANK LOAN RATE OF 18%
COMPOUNDED ANNUALLY BEGINNING SEPTEMBER 1992.
2. With respect to respondent, whether the RTC erred in declaring the promissory note void and in awarding
moral and exemplary damages and attorneys fees in favor of petitioners and in dismissing its
counterclaim.
In its decision dated 30 June 2005, the CA modified the RTC decision, with respect to the principal amount due to
petitioners. The CA removed the deduction ofP126,903.97 because it represented the final payment on the basic contract price.
Hence, the CA ordered respondent to pay P1,516,015.07 to petitioners, with interest at the legal rate of 12% per annum starting 6
May 1994.[20]
On 26 July 2005, petitioners filed a Motion for Partial Reconsideration seeking a reconsideration of the CAs Decision
imposing the legal rate of 12%. Petitioners claimed that the interest rate applicable should be the 18% bank lending rate.
Respondent likewise filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the CAs decision. In a Resolution dated 5 October 2005, the CA denied
both motions.
AGGRIEVED BY THE CAS DECISION, PETITIONERS ELEVATED THE CASE BEFORE THIS COURT.
The Issue
Petitioners submit this sole issue for our consideration: Whether the CA, in awarding the unpaid balance of the price
adjustment, erred in fixing the interest rate at 12% instead of the 18% bank lending rate.
wit:
The CA denied petitioners claim for the application of the bank lending rate of 18% compounded annually reasoning, to
Anent the 18% interest rate compounded annually, while it is true that the contract provides for an
interest at the current bank lending rate in case of delay in payment by the Owner, and the promissory note
charged an interest of 18%, the said proviso does not authorize plaintiffs to unilaterally raise the interest rate
without the other partys consent. Unlike their request for price adjustment on the basic contract price,
plaintiffs never informed nor sought the approval of defendant for the imposition of 18% interest on the
adjusted price. To unilaterally increase the interest rate of the adjusted price would be violative of the principle
of mutuality of contracts. Thus, the Court maintains the legal rate of twelve percent per annum starting from
the date of judicial demand. Although the contract provides for the period when the recommendation of the
TCGI Engineers as to the price adjustment would be binding on the parties, it was established, however, that
part of the adjusted price demanded by plaintiffs was already disbursed as early as 28 February 1992 by
defendant bank to their suppliers and laborers for their account.[21]
In this appeal, petitioners allege that the contract between the parties consists of two parts, the Agreement [22] and the
General Conditions,[23].[24] Specifically, petitioners invoke Section 2.5 of the Agreement and Section 60.10 of the
General Conditions as follows:
Agreement
dennisaranabriljdii
36
2.5 IF ANY PAYMENT IS DELAYED, THE CONTRACTOR MAY CHARGE INTEREST THEREON AT
THE CURRENT BANK LENDING RATES, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO OWNERS RECOURSE TO
ANY OTHER REMEDY AVAILABLE UNDER EXISTING LAW.[25]
GENERAL CONDITIONS
60.10 TIME FOR PAYMENT
THE AMOUNT DUE TO THE CONTRACTOR UNDER ANY INTERIM CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY THE ENGINEER PURSUANT TO THIS
CLAUSE, OR TO ANY TERM OF THE CONTRACT, SHALL, SUBJECT TO CLAUSE 47, BE PAID BY THE OWNER TO THE CONTRACTOR
WITHIN 28 DAYS AFTER SUCH INTERIM CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN DELIVERED TO THE OWNER, OR, IN THE CASE OF THE FINAL
CERTIFICATE REFERRED TO IN SUB-CLAUSE 60.8, WITHIN 56 DAYS, AFTER SUCH FINAL CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN DELIVERED TO
THE OWNER. IN THE EVENT OF THE FAILURE OF THE OWNER TO MAKE PAYMENT WITHIN THE TIMES STATED, THE OWNER
SHALL PAY TO THE CONTRACTOR INTEREST AT THE RATE BASED ON BANKING LOAN RATES PREVAILING AT THE TIME OF THE
SIGNING OF THE CONTRACT UPON ALL SUMS UNPAID FROM THE DATE BY WHICH THE SAME SHOULD HAVE BEEN PAID. THE
PROVISIONS OF THIS SUB-CLAUSE ARE WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE CONTRACTORS ENTITLEMENT UNDER CLAUSE
69.[26] (EMPHASIS SUPPLIED)
Petitioners thus submit that it is automatically entitled to the bank lending rate of interest from the time an amount is
determined to be due thereto, which respondent should have paid. Therefore, as petitioners have already proven their entitlement
to the price adjustment, it necessarily follows that the bank lending interest rate of 18% shall be applied. [27]
On the other hand, respondent insists that under the provisions of 70.1 and 70.2 of the General Conditions, it is stipulated that any
additional cost shall be determined by the Engineer and shall be added to the contract price after due consultation with the Owner,
herein respondent. Hence, there being no prior consultation with the respondent regarding the additional cost to the basic contract
price, it naturally follows that respondent was never consulted or informed of the imposition of 18% interest rate compounded
annually on the adjusted price.[28]
A perusal of the assailed decision shows that the CA made a distinction between the consent given by the owner of the project for
the liability for the price adjustments, and the consent for the imposition of the bank lending rate. Thus, while the CA held that
petitioners consulted respondent for price adjustment on the basic contract price, petitioners, nonetheless, are not entitled to the
imposition of 18% interest on the adjusted price, as petitioners never informed or sought the approval of respondent for such
imposition.[29]
We disagree.
It is settled that the agreement or the contract between the parties is the formal expression of the parties rights, duties,
and obligations. It is the best evidence of the intention of the parties. Thus, when the terms of an agreement have been reduced to
writing, it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the parties and their successors in
interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written agreement. [30]
In this case, the CA already settled that petitioners consulted respondent on the imposition of the price adjustment, and
held respondent liable for the balance ofP.
dennisaranabriljdii
37 Courts.[32] respondents.
Article 1956 of the Civil Code, which refers to monetary interest, specifically mandates that no interest shall be due unless
it has been expressly stipulated in writing.Therefore, payment of monetary interest is allowed only if:
(1) there was an express stipulation for the payment of interest; and
(2) the agreement for the payment of interest was reduced in writing. The concurrence of the two conditions is required
for the payment of monetary interest.[33]
We agree with petitioners interpretation that in case of default, the consent of the respondent is not needed in order to
impose interest at the current bank lending rate.
ESPIRITU v. LANDRITO
This is a petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the Decision of the Court of Appeals,1 dated
31 August 2005, reversing the Decision rendered by the trial court on 13 December 1995. The Court of Appeals, in its assailed
Decision, fixed the interest rate of the loan between the parties at 12% per annum, and ordered the Spouses Zoilo and Primitiva
Espiritu (Spouses Espiritu) to reconvey the subject property to the Spouses Landrito conditioned upon the payment of the loan.
Petitioners DULCE, BENLINDA, EDWIN, CYNTHIA, AND MIRIAM ANDREA, all surnamed ESPIRITU, are the only children and legal
heirs of the Spouses Zoilo and Primitiva Espiritu, who both died during the pendency of the case before the Honorable Court of
Appeals.2
Respondents Spouses Maximo and Paz Landrito (Spouses Landrito) are herein represented by their son and attorney-in-fact, Zoilo
Landrito.3
On 5 September 1986, Spouses Landrito loaned from the Spouses Espiritu the amount of P350,000.00 payable in three months. To
secure the loan, the Spouses Landrito executed a real estate mortgage over a five hundred forty (540) square meter lot located in
Alabang, Muntinlupa, covered by Transfer Certificate of Title No. S-48948, in favor of the Spouses Espiritu. From the P350,000.00
that the Landritos were supposed to receive, P17,500.00 was deducted as interest for the first month which was equivalent to five
dennisaranabriljdii
38
percent of the principal debt, andP7,500.00 was further deducted as service fee. Thus, they actually received a net amount
of P325,000.00. The agreement, however, provided that the principal indebtedness earns "interest at the legal rate." 4
After three months, when the debt became due and demandable, the Spouses Landrito were unable to pay the principal, and had not
been able to make any interest payments other than the amount initially deducted from the proceeds of the loan. On 29 December
1986, the loan agreement was extended to 4 January 1987 through an Amendment of Real Estate Mortgage. The loan was
restructured in such a way that the unpaid interest became part of the principal, thus increasing the principal to P385,000. The new
loan agreement adopted all other terms and conditions contained in first agreement. 5
Due to the continued inability of the Spouses Landritos to settle their obligations with the Spouses Espiritu, the loan agreement was
renewed three more times. In all these subsequent renewals, the same terms and conditions found in the first agreement were
retained. On 29 July 1987, the principal was increased to P507,000.00 inclusive of running interest. On 11 March 1988, it was
increased to P647,000.00. And on 21 October 1988, the principal was increased to P874,125.00.6 At the hearing before the trial
court, Zoilo Espiritu testified that the increase in the principal in each amendment of the loan agreement did not correspond to the
amount delivered to the Spouses Landrito. Rather, the increase in the principal had been due to unpaid interest and other charges.7
The debt remained unpaid. As a consequence, the Spouses Espiritu foreclosed the mortgaged property on 31 October 1990. During
the auction sale, the property was sold to the Spouses Espiritu as the lone bidder. On 9 January 1991, the Sheriffs Certificate of Sale
was annotated on the title of the mortgaged property, giving the Spouses Landrito until 8 January 1992 to redeem the property. 8
The Spouses Landrito failed to redeem the subject property although they alleged that they negotiated for the redemption of the
property as early as 30 October 1991. While the negotiated price for the land started atP1,595,392.79, it was allegedly increased by
the Spouses Espiritu from time to time. Spouses Landrito allegedly tendered two managers checks and some cash,
totaling P1,800,000.00 to the Spouses Espiritu on 13 January 1992, but the latter refused to accept the same. They also alleged that
the Spouses Espiritu increased the amount demanded to P2.5 Million and gave them until July 1992 to pay the said amount.
However, upon inquiry, they found out that on 24 June 1992, the Spouses Espiritu had already executed an Affidavit of
Consolidation of Ownership and registered the mortgaged property in their name, and that the Register of Deeds of Makati had
already issued Transfer Certificate of Title No. 179802 in the name of the Spouses Espiritu. On 9 October 1992, the Spouses
Landrito, represented by their son Zoilo Landrito, filed an action for annulment or reconveyance of title, with damages against the
Spouses Espiritu before Branch 146 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati.9 Among the allegations in their Complaint, they stated that
the Spouses Espiritu, as creditors and mortgagees, "imposed interest rates that are shocking to ones moral senses."10
The trial court dismissed the complaint and upheld the validity of the foreclosure sale. The trial court ordered in its Decision, dated
13 December 1995:11
WHEREFORE, all the foregoing premises considered, the herein complaint is hereby dismissed forthwith.
Without pronouncements to costs.
The Spouses Landrito appealed to the Court of Appeals pursuant to Rule 41 of the 1997 Rules of Court. In its Decision dated 31
August 2005, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial courts decision, decreeing that the five percent (5%) interest imposed by the
Spouses Espiritu on the first month and the varying interest rates imposed for the succeeding months contravened the provisions of
the Real Estate Mortgage contract which provided that interest at the legal rate, i.e., 12% per annum, would be imposed. It also ruled
that although the Usury Law had been rendered ineffective by Central Bank Circular No. 905, which, in effect, removed the ceiling
rates prescribed for interests, thus, allowing parties to freely stipulate thereon, the courts may render void any stipulation of
interest rates which are found iniquitous or unconscionable. As a result, the Court of Appeals set the interest rate of the loan at the
legal rate, or 12% per annum.12
Furthermore, the Court of Appeals held that the action for reconveyance, filed by the Spouses Landrito, is still a proper remedy.
Even if the Spouses Landrito failed to redeem the property within the one-year redemption period provided by law, the action for
reconveyance remained as a remedy available to a landowner whose property was wrongfully registered in anothers name since
the subject property has not yet passed to an innocent purchaser for value. 13
In the decretal portion of its Decision, the Court of Appeals ruled 14:
WHEREFORE, the instant appeal is hereby GRANTED. The assailed Decision dated December 13, 1995 of the Regional Trial Court of
Makati, Branch 146 in Civil Case No. 92-2920 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and a new one is hereby entered as follows: (1)
The legal rate of 12% per annum is hereby FIXED to be applied as the interest of the loan; and (2) Conditioned upon the payment of
the loan, defendants-appellees spouses Zoilo and Primitiva Espiritu are hereby ordered to reconvey Transfer Certificate of Title No.
S-48948 to appellant spouses Maximo and Paz Landrito.
The case is REMANDED to the Trial Court for the above determination.
Hence, the present petition. The following issues were raised: 15
I
dennisaranabriljdii
39
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN REVERSING AND SETTING ASIDE THE DECISION OF THE TRIAL COURT AND
ORDERING HEREIN PETITIONERS TO RECONVEY TRANSFER CERTIFICATE OF TITLE NO. 18918 TO HEREIN RESPONDENTS,
WITHOUT ANY FACTUAL OR LEGAL BASIS THEREFOR.
II
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN FINDING THAT HEREIN PETITIONERS UNILATERALLY IMPOSED ON HEREIN
RESPONDENTS THE ALLEGEDLY UNREASONABLE INTERESTS ON THE MORTGAGE LOANS.
III
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN NOT CONSIDERING THAT HEREIN RESPONDENTS ATTORNEY-IN-FACT IS NOT
ARMED WITH AUTHORITY TO FILE AND PROSECUTE THIS CASE.
The petition is without merit.
The Real Estate Mortgage executed between the parties specified that "the principal indebtedness shall earn interest at the legal
rate." The agreement contained no other provision on interest or any fees or charges incident to the debt. In at least three contracts,
all designated as Amendment of Real Estate Mortgage, the interest rate imposed was, likewise, unspecified. During his testimony,
Zoilo Espiritu admitted that the increase in the principal in each of the Amendments of the Real Estate Mortgage consists of interest
and charges. The Spouses Espiritu alleged that the parties had agreed on the interest and charges imposed in connection with the
loan, hereunder enumerated:
1. P17,500.00 was the interest charged for the first month and P7,500.00 was imposed as service fee.
2. P35,000.00 interest and charges, or the difference between the P350,000.00 principal in the Real Estate Mortgage dated 5
September 1986 and the P385,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate Mortgage dated 29 December 1986.
3. P132,000.00 interest and charges, or the difference between the P385,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate
Mortgage dated 29 December 1986 and the P507,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate Mortgage dated 29 July
1987.
4. P140,000.00 interest and charges, or the difference between the P507,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate
Mortgage dated 29 July 1987 and the P647,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate Mortgage dated 11 March 1988.
5. P227,125.00 interest and charges, or the difference between the P647,000.00 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate
Mortgage dated 11 March 1988 and the P874,125 principal in the Amendment of the Real Estate Mortgage dated 21 October 1988.
The total interest and charges amounting to P559,125.00 on the original principal of P350,000 was accumulated over only two years
and one month. These charges are not found in any written agreement between the parties. The records fail to show any
computation on how much interest was charged and what other fees were imposed. Not only did lack of transparency characterize
the aforementioned agreements, the interest rates and the service charge imposed, at an average of 6.39% per month, are excessive.
In enacting Republic Act No. 3765, known as the "Truth in Lending Act," the State seeks to protect its citizens from a lack of
awareness of the true cost of credit by assuring the full disclosure of such costs. Section 4, in connection with Section 3(3) 16 of the
said law, gives a detailed enumeration of the specific information required to be disclosed, among which are the interest and other
charges incident to the extension of credit. Section 617 of the same law imposes on anyone who willfully violates these provisions,
sanctions which include civil liability, and a fine and/or imprisonment.
Although any action seeking to impose either civil or criminal liability had already prescribed, this Court frowns upon the
underhanded manner in which the Spouses Espiritu imposed interest and charges, in connection with the loan. This is aggravated by
the fact that one of the creditors, Zoilo Espiritu, a lawyer, is hardly in a position to plead ignorance of the requirements of the law in
connection with the transparency of credit transactions. In addition, the Civil Code clearly provides that:
Article 1956. No interest shall be due unless it has been stipulated in writing.
The omission of the Spouses Espiritu in specifying in the contract the interest rate which was actually imposed, in contravention of
the law, manifested bad faith.
In several cases, this Court has been known to declare null and void stipulations on interest and charges that were found excessive,
iniquitous, and unconscionable. In the case of Medel v. Court of Appeals, 18 the Court declared an interest rate of 5.5% per month on
a P500,000.00 loan to be excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable and exorbitant. Even if the parties themselves agreed on the interest
rate and stipulated the same in a written agreement, it nevertheless declared such stipulation as void and ordered the imposition of
a 12% yearly interest rate. In Spouses Solangon v. Salazar,19 6% monthly interest on a P60,000.00 loan was likewise equitably
reduced to a 1% monthly interest or 12% per annum. In Ruiz v. Court of Appeals,20 the Court found a 3% monthly interest imposed
dennisaranabriljdii
40
on four separate loans with a total of P1,050,000.00 to be excessive and reduced the interest to a 1% monthly interest or 12% per
annum.
In declaring void the stipulations authorizing excessive interest and charges, the Court declared that although the Usury Law was
suspended by Central Bank Circular No. 905, s. 1982, effective on 1 January 1983, and consequently parties are given a wide latitude
to agree on any interest rate, nothing in the said Circular grants lenders carte blanche authority to raise interest rates to levels
which will either enslave their borrowers or lead to a hemorrhaging of their assets.21
Stipulation authorizing iniquitous or unconscionable interests are contrary to morals, if not against the law. Under Article 1409 of
the Civil Code, these contracts are inexistent and void from the beginning. They cannot be ratified nor the right to set up their
illegality as a defense be waived.22 The nullity of the stipulation on the usurious interest does not, however, affect the lenders right
to recover the principal of the loan.23.
While the terms of the Real Estate Mortgage remain effective, the foreclosure proceedings held on 31 Ocotber 1990 cannot be given
effect. In the Notice of Sheriffs Sale24 dated 5 October 1990, and in the Certificate of Sale25 dated 31 October 1990, the amount
designated as mortgage indebtedness amounted to P874,125.00. Likewise, in the demand letter26 dated 12 December 1989, Zoilo
Espiritu demanded from the Spouses Landrito the amount of P874,125.00 for the unpaid loan. Since the debt due is limited to the
principal of P350,000.00 with 12% per annum as legal interest, the previous demand for payment of the amount of P874,125.00
cannot be considered as a valid demand for payment. For an obligation to become due, there must be a valid demand. 27Nor can the
foreclosure proceedings be considered valid since the total amount of the indebtedness during the foreclosure proceedings was
pegged at P874,125.00 which included interest and which this Court now nullifies for being excessive, iniquitous and exorbitant. If
the foreclosure proceedings were considered valid, this would result in an inequitable situation wherein the Spouses Landrito will
have their land foreclosed for failure to pay an over-inflated loan only a small part of which they were obligated to pay.
Moreover, it is evident from the facts of the case that despite considerable effort on their part, the Spouses Landrito failed to redeem
the mortgaged property because they were unable to raise the total amount, which was grossly inflated by the excessive interest
imposed. Their attempt to redeem the mortgaged property at the inflated amount of P1,595,392.79, as early as 30 October 1991, is
reflected in a letter, which creditor-mortgagee Zoilo Landrito acknowledged to have received by affixing his signature herein.28 They
also attached in their Complaint copies of two checks in the amounts of P770,000.00 and P995,087.00, both dated 13 January 1992,
which were allegedly refused by the Spouses Espiritu.29 Lastly, the Spouses Espiritu even attached in their exhibits a copy of a
handwritten letter, dated 27 January 1994, written by Paz Landrito, addressed to the Spouses Espiritu, wherein the former offered
to pay the latter the sum of P2,000,000.00.30 In all these instances, the Spouses Landrito had tried, but failed, to pay an amount way
over the indebtedness they were supposed to pay i.e., P350,000.00 and 12% interest per annum. Thus, it is only proper that the
Spouses Landrito be given the opportunity to repay the real amount of their indebtedness.
Since the Spouses Landrito, the debtors in this case, were not given an opportunity to settle their debt, at the correct amount and
without the iniquitous interest imposed, no foreclosure proceedings may be instituted. A judgment ordering a foreclosure sale is
conditioned upon a finding on the correct amount of the unpaid obligation and the failure of the debtor to pay the said amount.31 In
this case, it has not yet been shown that the Spouses Landrito had already failed to pay the correct amount of the debt and,
therefore, a foreclosure sale cannot be conducted in order to answer for the unpaid debt. The foreclosure sale conducted upon their
failure to payP874,125 in 1990 should be nullified since the amount demanded as the outstanding loan was overstated;
consequently it has not been shown that the mortgagors the Spouses Landrito, have failed to pay their outstanding obligation.
Moreover, if the proceeds of the sale together with its reasonable rates of interest were applied to the obligation, only a small part of
its original loans would actually remain outstanding, but because of the unconscionable interest rates, the larger part corresponded
to said excessive and iniquitous interest.
As a result, the subsequent registration of the foreclosure sale cannot transfer any rights over the mortgaged property to the
Spouses Espiritu. The registration of the foreclosure sale, herein declared invalid, cannot vest title over the mortgaged property. The
Torrens system does not create or vest title where one does not have a rightful claim over a real property. It only confirms and
records title already existing and vested. It does not permit one to enrich oneself at the expense of another.32 Thus, the decree of
registration, even after the lapse of one (1) year, cannot attain the status of indefeasibility.
Significantly, the records show that the property mortgaged was purchased by the Spouses Espiritu and had not been transferred to
an innocent purchaser for value. This means that an action for reconveyance may still be availed of in this case. 33
Registration of property by one person in his or her name, whether by mistake or fraud, the real owner being another person,
impresses upon the title so acquired the character of a constructive trust for the real owner, which would justify an action for
reconveyance.34 This is based on Article 1465 of the Civil Code which states that:
Art. 1465. If property acquired through mistakes or fraud, the person obtaining it is, by force of law, considered a trustee of an
implied trust for benefit of the person from whom the property comes.
The action for reconveyance does not prescribe until after a period of ten years from the date of the registration of the certificate of
sale since the action would be based on implied trust. 35 Thus, the action for reconveyance filed on 31 October 1992, more than one
year after the Sheriffs Certificate of Sale was registered on 9 January 1991, was filed within the prescription period.
dennisaranabriljdii
41
It should, however, be reiterated that the provisions of the Real Estate Mortgage are not annulled and the principal obligation
stands. In addition, the interest is not completely removed; rather, it is set by this Court at 12% per annum. Should the Spouses
Landrito fail to pay the principal, with its recomputed interest which runs from the time the loan agreement was entered into on 5
September 1986 until the present, there is nothing in this Decision which prevents the Spouses Espiritu from foreclosing the
mortgaged property.
The last issue raised by the petitioners is whether or not Zoilo Landrito was authorized to file the action for reconveyance filed
before the trial court or even to file the appeal from the judgment of the trial court, by virtue of the Special Power of Attorney dated
30 September 1992. They further noted that the trial court and the Court of Appeals failed to rule on this issue. 36
The Special Power of Attorney37 dated 30 September 1992 was executed by Maximo Landrito, Jr., with the conformity of Paz
Landrito, in connection with the mortgaged property. It authorized Zoilo Landrito:
2. To make, sign, execute and deliver corresponding pertinent contracts, documents, agreements and other writings of whatever
nature or kind and to sue or file legal action in any court of the Philippines, to collect, ask demands, encash checks, and recover any
and all sum of monies, proceeds, interest and other due accruing, owning, payable or belonging to me as such owner of the aforementioned property. (Emphasis provided.)
Zoilo Landritos authority to file the case is clearly set forth in the Special Power of Attorney. Furthermore, the records of the case
unequivocally show that Zoilo Landrito filed the reconveyance case with the full authority of his mother, Paz Landrito, who attended
the hearings of the case, filed in her behalf, without making any protest.38She even testified in the same case on 30 August 1995.
From the acts of Paz Landrito, there is no doubt that she had authorized her son to file the action for reconveyance, in her behalf,
before the trial court.
IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the instant Petition is DENIED. This Court AFFIRMS the assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals,
promulgated on 31 August 2005, fixing the interest rate of the loan between the parties at 12% per annum, and ordering the
Spouses Espiritu to reconvey the subject property to the Spouses Landrito conditioned upon the payment of the loan together with
herein fixed rate of interest. Costs against the petitioners.
NACAR v. GALLERY FRAMES
This is a petition for review on certiorari assailing the Decision1 dated September 23, 2008 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP
No. 98591, and the Resolution2 dated October 9, 2009 denying petitioners motion for reconsideration.
The factual antecedents are undisputed.
Petitioner Dario Nacar filed a complaint for constructive dismissal before the Arbitration Branch of the National Labor Relations
Commission (NLRC) against respondents Gallery Frames (GF) and/or Felipe Bordey, Jr., docketed as NLRC NCR Case No. 01-0051997.
On October 15, 1998, the Labor Arbiter rendered a Decision3 in favor of petitioner and found that he was dismissed from
employment without a valid or just cause. Thus, petitioner was awarded backwages and separation pay in lieu of reinstatement in
the amount of P158,919.92. The dispositive portion of the decision, reads:
With complainants prayer for the payments of separation pay in
lieu of reinstatement to his former position, considering the strained relationship between the parties, and his apparent reluctance
to be reinstated, computed only up to promulgation of this decision as follows:
xxxx
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered finding respondents guilty of constructive dismissal and are
therefore, ordered:.
SO ORDERED.4
dennisaranabriljdii
42
Respondents appealed to the NLRC, but it was dismissed for lack of merit in the Resolution 5 dated February 29, 2000. Accordingly,
the NLRC sustained the decision of the Labor Arbiter. Respondents filed a motion for reconsideration, but it was denied. 6
Dissatisfied, respondents filed a Petition for Review on Certiorari before the CA. On August 24, 2000, the CA issued a Resolution
dismissing the petition. Respondents filed a Motion for Reconsideration, but it was likewise denied in a Resolution dated May 8,
2001.7
Respondents then sought relief before the Supreme Court, docketed as G.R. No. 151332. Finding no reversible error on the part of
the CA, this Court denied the petition in the Resolution dated April 17, 2002. 8
An Entry of Judgment was later issued certifying that the resolution became final and executory on May 27, 2002.9 The case was,
thereafter, referred back to the Labor Arbiter. A pre-execution conference was consequently scheduled, but respondents failed to
appear.10
On November 5, 2002, petitioner filed a Motion for Correct Computation, praying that his backwages be computed from the date of
his dismissal on January 24, 1997 up to the finality of the Resolution of the Supreme Court on May 27, 2002. 11 Upon recomputation,
the Computation and Examination Unit of the NLRC arrived at an updated amount in the sum of P471,320.31.12
On December 2, 2002, a Writ of Execution13 was issued by the Labor Arbiter ordering the Sheriff to collect from respondents the
total amount of P471,320.31. Respondents filed a Motion to Quash Writ of Execution, arguing, among other things, that since the
Labor Arbiter awarded separation pay of P62,986.56 and limited backwages ofP95,933.36, no more recomputation is required to be
made of the said awards. They claimed that after the decision becomes final and executory, the same cannot be altered or amended
anymore.14 On January 13, 2003, the Labor Arbiter issued an Order 15 denying the motion. Thus, an Alias Writ of Execution16 was
issued on January 14, 2003.
Respondents again appealed before the NLRC, which on June 30, 2003 issued a Resolution17 granting the appeal in favor of the
respondents and ordered the recomputation of the judgment award.
On August 20, 2003, an Entry of Judgment was issued declaring the Resolution of the NLRC to be final and executory. Consequently,
another pre-execution conference was held, but respondents failed to appear on time. Meanwhile, petitioner moved that an Alias
Writ of Execution be issued to enforce the earlier recomputed judgment award in the sum of P471,320.31.18
The records of the case were again forwarded to the Computation and Examination Unit for recomputation, where the judgment
award of petitioner was reassessed to be in the total amount of only P147,560.19.
Petitioner then moved that a writ of execution be issued ordering respondents to pay him the original amount as determined by the
Labor Arbiter in his Decision dated October 15, 1998, pending the final computation of his backwages and separation pay.
On January 14, 2003, the Labor Arbiter issued an Alias Writ of Execution to satisfy the judgment award that was due to petitioner in
the amount of P147,560.19, which petitioner eventually received.
Petitioner then filed a Manifestation and Motion praying for the re-computation of the monetary award to include the appropriate
interests.19
On May 10, 2005, the Labor Arbiter issued an Order20 granting the motion, but only up to the amount ofP11,459.73. The Labor
Arbiter reasoned that it is the October 15, 1998 Decision that should be enforced considering that it was the one that became final
and executory. However, the Labor Arbiter reasoned that since the decision states that the separation pay and backwages are
computed only up to the promulgation of the said decision, it is the amount of P158,919.92 that should be executed. Thus, since
petitioner already receivedP147,560.19, he is only entitled to the balance of P11,459.73.
Petitioner then appealed before the NLRC,21 which appeal was denied by the NLRC in its Resolution22 dated September 27, 2006.
Petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration, but it was likewise denied in the Resolution 23dated January 31, 2007.
Aggrieved, petitioner then sought recourse before the CA, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 98591.
On September 23, 2008, the CA rendered a Decision24 denying the petition. The CA opined that since petitioner no longer appealed
the October 15, 1998 Decision of the Labor Arbiter, which already became final and executory, a belated correction thereof is no
longer allowed. The CA stated that there is nothing left to be done except to enforce the said judgment. Consequently, it can no
longer be modified in any respect, except to correct clerical errors or mistakes.
Petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration, but it was denied in the Resolution 25 dated October 9, 2009.
Hence, the petition assigning the lone error:
I
dennisaranabriljdii
43
WITH DUE RESPECT, THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS SERIOUSLY ERRED, COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION AND
DECIDED CONTRARY TO LAW IN UPHOLDING THE OF THE SAME DECISION.26
Petitioner argues that notwithstanding the fact that there was a computation of backwages in the Labor Arbiters decision, the same
is not final until reinstatement is made or until finality of the decision, in case of an award of separation pay. Petitioner maintains
that considering that the October 15, 1998 decision of the Labor Arbiter did not become final and executory until the April 17, 2002
Resolution of the Supreme Court in G.R. No. 151332 was entered in the Book of Entries on May 27, 2002, the reckoning point for the
computation of the backwages and separation pay should be on May 27, 2002 and not when the decision of the Labor Arbiter was
rendered on October 15, 1998. Further, petitioner posits that he is also entitled to the payment of interest from the finality of the
decision until full payment by the respondents.
On their part, respondents assert that since only separation pay and limited backwages were awarded to petitioner by the October
15, 1998 decision of the Labor Arbiter, no more recomputation is required to be made of said awards. Respondents insist that since
the decision clearly stated that the separation pay and backwages are "computed only up to [the] promulgation of this decision," and
considering that petitioner no longer appealed the decision, petitioner is only entitled to the award as computed by the Labor
Arbiter in the total amount ofP158,919.92. Respondents Labor Arbiter as it violates the rule on immutability of judgments.
The petition is meritorious.
The instant case is similar to the case of Session Delights Ice Cream and Fast Foods v. Court of Appeals (Sixth Division), 27 wherein
the issue submitted to the Court for resolution was the propriety of the computation of the awards made, and whether this violated
the principle of immutability of judgment. Like in the present case, it was a distinct feature of the judgment of the Labor Arbiter in
the above-cited case that the decision already provided for the computation of the payable separation pay and backwages due and
did not further order the computation of the monetary awards up to the time of the finality of the judgment. Also in Session Delights,
the dismissed employee failed to appeal the decision of the labor arbiter. The Court clarified, thus:bound, the NLRC decision is final, reviewable only by the CA on jurisdictional grounds.
dennisaranabriljdii
44. 28.29 A recomputation up until full satisfaction, as
expressed under Article 279 of the Labor Code. The recomputation.30
That the amount respondents.31
Finally, anent the payment of legal interest. In the landmark case of Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 32 the Court laid
down the guidelines regarding the manner of computing legal interest, to wit:. 33
Recently, however, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Monetary Board (BSP-MB), in its Resolution No. 796 dated May 16, 2013,
approved the amendment of Section 234 of Circular No. 905, Series of 1982 and, accordingly, issued Circular No. 799, 35 forbearance of any money, goods or credits and the rate allowed in judgments, in the
absence of an express contract as to such rate of interest, shall be six percent (6%) per annum.
dennisaranabriljdii
45
Section 2. In view of the above, Subsection X305.136 of the Manual of Regulations for Banks and Sections 4305Q.1,37 4305S.338 and
4303P.139 of the Manual of Regulations for Non-Bank Financial Institutions are hereby amended accordingly.
This Circular shall take effect on 1 July 2013.
Thus,40.
Corollarily, in the recent case of Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. and Eduardo B. Olaguer v. Bangko Sentral Monetary
Board,41 this Court affirmed the authority of the BSP-MB to set interest rates and to issue and enforce Circulars when it ruled that
"the BSP-MB may prescribe the maximum rate or rates of interest for all loans or renewals thereof or the forbearance of any money,
goods or credits, including those for loans of low priority such as consumer loans, as well as such loans made by pawnshops, finance
companies and similar credit institutions. It even authorizes the BSP-MB to prescribe different maximum rate or rates for different
types of borrowings, including deposits and deposit substitutes, or loans of financial intermediaries."
Nonetheless, with regard to those judgments that have become final and executory prior to July 1, 2013, said judgments shall not be
disturbed and shall continue to be implemented applying the rate of interest fixed therein.1awp++i1
To recapitulate and for future guidance, the guidelines laid down in the case of Eastern Shipping Lines 42 are accordingly modified to
embody BSP-MB Circular No. 799,.1wphi1
II. With regard particularly to an award of interest in the concept of actual and compensatory damages, the rate of
interest, as well as the accrual thereof, is imposed, as follows: 6% per annum to be computed from default,
i.e., from judicial or extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of Article 1169 of the Civil Code..
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Decision dated September 23, 2008 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 98591, and the
Resolution dated October 9, 2009 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Respondents are Ordered to Pay petitioner:
(1) backwages computed from the time petitioner was illegally dismissed on January 24, 1997 up to May 27, 2002, when
the Resolution of this Court in G.R. No. 151332 became final and executory;
(2) separation pay computed from August 1990 up to May 27, 2002 at the rate of one month pay per year of service; and
(3) interest of twelve percent (12%) per annum of the total monetary awards, computed from May 27, 2002 to June 30,
2013 and six percent (6%) per annum from July 1, 2013 until their full satisfaction.
dennisaranabriljdii
46
The Labor Arbiter is hereby ORDERED to make another recomputation of the total monetary benefits awarded and due to petitioner
in accordance with this Decision.
JARDENIL v. SOLAS
This is an action for foreclosure of mortgage. The only question raised in this appeal is: Is defendant-appellee bound to pay the
stipulated interest only up to the date of maturity as fixed in the promissory note, or up to the date payment is effected? This
question is, in our opinion controlled by the express stipulation of the parties.
Paragraph 4 of the mortgage deed recites:
Que en consideracion a dicha suma aun por pagar de DOS MIL CUATROCIENTOS PESOS (P2,4000.00), moneda filipina,
que el Sr. Hepti Solas se compromete a pagar al Sr. Jardenil en o antes del dia treintaiuno (31) de marzo de mil
novecientos treintaicuarto (1934), con los intereses de dicha suma al tipo de doce por ciento (12%) anual a partir desde
fecha hasta el dia de su vencimiento o sea treintaiuno (31) de marzo de mil novecientos treintaicuatro (1934), por la
presente, el Sr. Hepti Solas cede y traspasa, por via de primera hipoteca, a favor del Sr. Jardenil, sus herederos y
causahabientes, la parcela de terreno descrita en el parrafo primero (1.) de esta escritura.
Defendant-appellee has, therefore, clearly agreed to pay interest only up to the date of maturity, or until March 31, 1934. As the
contract is silent as to whether after that date, in the event of non-payment, the debtor would continue to pay interest, we cannot in
law, indulge in any presumption as to such interest; otherwise, we would be imposing upon the debtor an obligation that the parties
have not chosen to agree upon. Article 1755 of the Civil Code provides that "interest shall be due only when it has been expressly
stipulated." (Emphasis supplied.)
A writing must be interpreted according to the legal meaning of its language (section 286, Act No. 190, now section 58, Rule 123),
and only when the wording of the written instrument appears to be contrary to the evident intention of the parties that such
intention must prevail. (Article 1281, Civil Code.) There is nothing in the mortgage deed to show that the terms employed by the
parties thereto are at war with their evident intent. On the contrary the act of the mortgage of granting to the mortgagor on the
same date of execution of the deed of mortgage, an extension of one year from the date of maturity within which to make payment,
without making any mention of any interest which the mortgagor should pay during the additional period (see Exhibit B attached to
the complaint), indicates that the true intention of the parties was that no interest should be paid during the period of grace. What
reason the parties may have therefor, we need not here seek to explore.
Neither has either of the parties shown that, by mutual mistake, the deed of mortgage fails to express their agreement, for if such
mistake existed, plaintiff would have undoubtedly adduced evidence to establish it and asked that the deed be reformed accordingly,
under the parcel-evidence rule.
We hold therefore, that as the contract is clear and unmistakable and the terms employed therein have not been shown to belie or
otherwise fail to express the true intention of the parties and that the deed has not been assailed on the ground of mutual mistake
which would require its reformation, same should be given its full force and effect. When a party sues on a written contract and no
attempt is made to show any vice therein, he cannot be allowed to lay any claim more than what its clear stipulations accord. His
omission, to which the law attaches a definite warning as an in the instant case, cannot by the courts be arbitrarily supplied by what
their own notions of justice or equity may dictate.
Plaintiff is, therefore, entitled only to the stipulated interest of 12 per cent on the loan of P2, 400 from November 8, 1932 to March
31, 1934. And it being a fact that extra judicial demands have been made which we may assume to have been so made on the
expiration of the year of grace, he shall be entitled to legal interest upon the principal and the accrued interest from April 1, 1935,
until full payment.
PRISMA CONSTRUCTION & DEVT CORP v. MANCHAVEZ
We resolve in this Decision the petition for review on certiorari 1 filed by petitioners Prisma Construction & Development
Corporation (PRISMA) and Rogelio S. Pantaleon (Pantaleon) (collectively, petitioners) who seek to reverse and set aside the
Decision2 dated May 5, 2003 and the Resolution3 dated October 22, 2003 of the Former Ninth Division of the Court of Appeals (CA)
in CA-G.R. CV No. 69627. The assailed CA Decision affirmed the Decision of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 73, Antipolo City
in Civil Case No. 97-4552 that held the petitioners liable for payment of P3,526,117.00 to respondent Arthur F. Menchavez
(respondent), but modified the interest rate from 4% per month to 12% per annum, computed from the filing of the complaint to
full payment. The assailed CA Resolution denied the petitioners Motion for Reconsideration.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The facts of the case, gathered from the records, are briefly summarized below.
On December 8, 1993, Pantaleon, the President and Chairman of the Board of PRISMA, obtained aP1,000,000.004 loan from the
respondent, with a monthly interest of P40,000.00 payable for six months, or a total obligation of P1,240,000.00 to be paid within
six (6) months,5 under the following schedule of payments:
January 8, 1994 .
P40,000.00
P40,000.00
P40,000.00
April 8, 1994 .
P40,000.00
May 8, 1994 ..
P40,000.00
June 8, 1994
Total
dennisaranabriljdii
47
P1,040,000.006
P1,240,000.00
To secure the payment of the loan, Pantaleon issued a promissory note7 that states:
I, Rogelio S. Pantaleon, hereby acknowledge the receipt of ONE MILLION TWO HUNDRED FORTY THOUSAND PESOS (P1,240,000),
Philippine Currency, from Mr. Arthur F. Menchavez, representing a six-month loan payable according to the following schedule:
January 8, 1994 .
P40,000.00
P40,000.00
P40,000.00
April 8, 1994 .
P40,000.00
May 8, 1994 ..
P40,000.00
June 8, 1994
P1,040,000.00
P320,000.00
October 8, 1995.
P600,000.00
November 8, 1995.
P158,772.00
January 4, 1997 .
P30,000.0011
As of January 4, 1997, the petitioners had already paid a total of P1,108,772.00. However, the respondent found that the petitioners
still had an outstanding balance of P1,364,151.00 as of January 4, 1997, to which it applied a 4% monthly interest. 12 Thus, on August
28, 1997, the respondent filed a complaint for sum of money with the RTC to enforce the unpaid balance, plus 4% monthly
interest, P30,000.00 in attorneys fees, P1,000.00 per court appearance and costs of suit.13
In their Answer dated October 6, 1998,. 14
THE RTC RULING
The RTC rendered a Decision on October 27, 2000 finding that the respondent issued a check for P1,000,000.00 in favor of the
petitioners for a loan that would earn an interest of 4% or P40,000.00 per month, or a total ofP240,000.00 for a 6-month period. It
noted that the petitioners made several payments amounting toP1,228,772.00, but they were still indebted to the respondent
for P3,526,117.00 as of February 11,15 1999 after considering the 4% monthly interest. The RTC observed that PRISMA was a oneman corporation of Pantaleon and used this circumstance to justify the piercing of the veil of corporate fiction. Thus, the RTC
ordered the petitioners to jointly and severally pay the respondent the amount of P3,526,117.00 plus 4% per month interest from
February 11, 1999 until fully paid.16
The petitioners elevated the case to the CA via an ordinary appeal under Rule 41 of the Rules of Court, insisting that there was no
express stipulation on the 4% monthly interest.
THE CA RULING
dennisaranabriljdii
48
The CA decided the appeal on May 5, 2003. The CA found that the parties agreed to a 4% monthly interest principally based on the
board resolution that authorized Pantaleon to transact a loan with an approved interest of not more than 4% per month. The
appellate court, however, noted that the interest of 4% per month, or 48% per annum, was unreasonable and should be reduced to
12% per annum. The CA affirmed the RTCs finding that PRISMA was a mere instrumentality of Pantaleon that justified the piercing
of the veil of corporate fiction. Thus, the CA modified the RTC Decision by imposing a 12% per annum interest, computed from the
filing of the complaint until finality of judgment, and thereafter, 12% from finality until fully paid. 17
After the CA's denial18 of their motion for reconsideration,19 the petitioners filed the present petition for review on certiorari under
Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
THE PETITION
The petitioners submit that the CA mistakenly relied on their board resolution to conclude that the parties agreed to a 4% monthly
interest because the board resolution was not an evidence of a loan or forbearance of money, but merely an authorization for
Pantaleon to perform certain acts, including the power to enter into a contract of loan. The expressed mandate of Article 1956 of the
Civil Code is that interest due should be stipulated in writing, and no such stipulation exists. Even assuming that the loan is subject
to 4% monthly interest, the interest covers the six (6)-month period only and cannot be interpreted to apply beyond it. The
petitioners also point out the glaring inconsistency in the CA Decision, which reduced the interest from 4% per month or 48% per
annum to 12% per annum, but failed to consider that the amount of P3,526,117.00 that the RTC ordered them to pay includes the
compounded 4% monthly interest.
THE CASE FOR THE RESPONDENT
The respondent counters that the CA correctly ruled that the loan is subject to a 4% monthly interest because the board resolution
is attached to, and an integral part of, the promissory note based on which the petitioners obtained the loan. The respondent further
contends that the petitioners are estopped from assailing the 4% monthly interest, since they agreed to pay the 4% monthly interest
on the principal amount under the promissory note and the board resolution.
THE ISSUE
The core issue boils down to whether the parties agreed to the 4% monthly interest on the loan. If so, does the rate of interest apply
to the 6-month payment period only or until full payment of the loan?
OUR RULING
We find the petition meritorious.
Interest due should be stipulated in writing; otherwise, 12% per annum
Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good
faith.20 When the terms of a contract are clear and leave no doubt as to the intention of the contracting parties, the literal meaning of
its stipulations governs.21 In such cases, courts have no authority to alter the contract by construction or to make a new contract for
the parties; a court's duty is confined to the interpretation of the contract the parties made for themselves without regard to its
wisdom or folly, as the court cannot supply material stipulations or read into the contract words the contract does not contain.22 It is
only when the contract is vague and ambiguous that courts are permitted to resort to the interpretation of its terms to determine
the parties intent.
In the present case, the respondent issued a check for P1,000,000.00.23 In turn, Pantaleon, in his personal capacity and as authorized
by the Board, executed the promissory note quoted above. Thus, the P1,000,000.00 loan shall be payable within six (6) months, or
from January 8, 1994 up to June 8, 1994. During this period, the loan shall earn an interest of P40,000.00 per month, for a total
obligation of P1,240,000.00 for the six-month period. We note that this agreed sum can be computed at 4% interest per month,
but no such rate of interest was stipulated in the promissory note; rather a fixed sum equivalent to this rate was agreed
upon.
Article 1956 of the Civil Code specifically mandates that "no interest shall be due unless it has been expressly stipulated in writing."
Under this provision, the payment of interest in loans or forbearance of money is allowed only if: (1) there was an express
stipulation for the payment of interest; and (2) the agreement for the payment of interest was reduced in writing. The concurrence
of the two conditions is required for the payment of interest at a stipulated rate. Thus, we held in Tan v. Valdehueza24 and Ching v.
Nicdao25 that collection of interest without any stipulation in writing is prohibited by law.1avvphi1:26
dennisaranabriljdii
49
default, i.e., from judicial or extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of Article 1169 of the Civil Code." (Emphasis
supplied)
We reiterated this ruling in Security Bank and Trust Co. v. RTC-Makati, Br. 61,27 Sulit v. Court of Appeals,28Crismina Garments, Inc. v.
Court of Appeals, 29 Eastern Assurance and Surety Corporation v. Court of Appeals,30 Sps. Catungal v. Hao, 31 Yong v. Tiu,32 and Sps.
Barrera v. Sps. Lorenzo.33 Thus, the RTC and the CA misappreciated the facts of the case; they erred in finding that the parties agreed
to a 4% interest, compounded by the application of this interest beyond the promissory notes six (6)-month period. The facts show
that the parties agreed to the payment of a specific sum of money of P40,000.00 per month for six months, not to a 4% rate of
interest payable within a six (6)-month period.
Medel v. Court of Appeals not applicable
The CA misapplied Medel v. Court of Appeals34 in finding that a 4% interest per month was unconscionable.
In Medel, the debtors in a P500,000.00 loan were required to pay an interest of 5.5% per month, a service charge of 2% per annum,
and a penalty charge of 1% per month, plus attorneys.
Applying Medel, we invalidated and reduced the stipulated interest in Spouses Solangon v. Salazar 35 of 6% per month or 72% per
annum interest on a P60,000.00 loan; in Ruiz v. Court of Appeals,36 of 3% per month or 36% per annum interest on a P3,000,000.00
loan; in Imperial v. Jaucian,37 of 16% per month or 192% per annum interest on a P320,000.00 loan; in Arrofo v. Quio,38 of 7%
interest per month or 84% per annum interest on aP15,000.00 loan; in Bulos, Jr. v. Yasuma,39 of 4% per month or 48% per annum
interest on a P2,500,000.00 loan; and in Chua v. Timan,40 of 7% and 5% per month for loans totalling P964,000.00. We note that in
all these cases, the terms of the loans were open-ended; the stipulated interest rates were applied for an indefinite period.; 41 they only assailed the
application of a 4% interest rate, since it was not agreed upon.
It is a familiar doctrine in obligations and contracts that the parties are bound by the stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions they
have agreed to, which is the law between them, the only limitation being that these stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions are
not contrary to law, morals, public order or public policy. 42 The payment of the specific sum of money of P40,000.00 per month was
voluntarily agreed upon by the petitioners and the respondent. There is nothing from the records and, in fact, there is no allegation
showing that petitioners were victims of fraud when they entered into the agreement with the respondent.
Therefore, as agreed by the parties, the loan of P1,000,000.00 shall earn P40,000.00 per month for a period of six (6) months, or
from December 8, 1993 to June 8, 1994, for a total principal and interest amount ofP1,240,000.00. Thereafter, interest at the rate of
12% per annum shall apply. The amounts already paid by the petitioners during the pendency of the suit, amounting
to P1,228,772.00 as of February 12, 1999,43 should be deducted from the total amount due, computed as indicated above. We
remand the case to the trial court for the actual computation of the total amount due.
Doctrine of Estoppel not applicable
The respondent submits that the petitioners are estopped from disputing the 4% monthly interest beyond the six-month stipulated
period, since they agreed to pay this interest on the principal amount under the promissory note and the board resolution.
We disagree with the respondents contention.
We cannot apply the doctrine of estoppel in the present case since the facts and circumstances, as established by the record, negate
its application. Under the promissory note,44,45 on the other
hand, simply authorizes Pantaleon to contract for a loan with a monthly interest of not more than 4%. This resolution merely
embodies the extent of Pantaleons authority to contract and does not create any right or obligation except as between Pantaleon
and the board. Again, no cause exists to place the petitioners in estoppel.
Piercing the corporate veil unfounded
We find it unfounded and unwarranted for the lower courts to pierce the corporate veil of PRISMA.
The doctrine of piercing the corporate veil applies only in three (3) basic instances, namely: a) when the separate and distinct
corporate personality defeats public convenience, as when the corporate fiction is used as a vehicle for the evasion of an existing
obligation; b) in fraud cases, or when the corporate entity is used to justify a wrong, protect a fraud, or defend a crime; or c) is used
in alter ego cases, i.e., where a corporation is essentially a farce, since it is a mere alter ego or business conduit of a person, or where
dennisaranabriljdii
50
the corporation is so organized and controlled and its affairs so conducted as to make it merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit
or adjunct of another corporation.46 In the absence of malice, bad faith, or a specific provision of law making a corporate officer
liable, such corporate officer cannot be made personally liable for corporate liabilities.47
In the present case, we see no competent and convincing evidence of any wrongful, fraudulent or unlawful act on the part of PRISMA
to justify piercing its corporate veil. While Pantaleon denied personal liability in his Answer, he made himself accountable in the
promissory note "in his personal capacity and as authorized by the Board Resolution" of PRISMA.48 With this statement of personal
liability and in the absence of any representation on the part of PRISMA that the obligation is all its own because of its separate
corporate identity, we see no occasion to consider piercing the corporate veil as material to the case.
WHEREFORE, in light of all the foregoing, we hereby REVERSE and SET ASIDE the Decision dated May 5, 2003 of the Court of
Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 69627. The petitioners loan of P1,000,000.00 shall bear interest ofP40,000.00 per month for six (6)
months from December 8, 1993 as indicated in the promissory note. Any portion of this loan, unpaid as of the end of the six-month
payment period, shall thereafter bear interest at 12% per annum. The total amount due and unpaid, including accrued interests,
shall bear interest at 12% per annum from the finality of this Decision. Let this case be REMANDED to the Regional Trial Court,
Branch 73, Antipolo City for the proper computation of the amount due as herein directed, with due regard to the payments the
petitioners have already remitted. Costs against the respondent.
SIGA-AN v. VILLANUEVAP
dennisaranabriljdii
51free.
dennisaranabriljdii
52 toPexpressitiapplies
where (1) a payment is made when there exists no binding relation between the payor, who has no duty to pay, and the person who
dennisaranabriljdii
53P.
dennisaranabriljdii
54P.
CIR v. ISABELA CULTURAL CORPORATION
Petitioner Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) assails the September 30, 2005 Decision 1 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP
No. 78426 affirming the February 26, 2003 Decision2 of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) in CTA Case No. 5211, which cancelled and
set aside the Assessment Notices for deficiency income tax and expanded withholding tax issued by the Bureau of Internal Revenue
(BIR) against respondent Isabela Cultural Corporation (ICC).
The facts show that on February 23, 1990, ICC, a domestic corporation, received from the BIR Assessment Notice No. FAS-1-86-90000.
The deficiency income tax of P333,196.86, arose from:
(1) The BIRs disallowance of ICCs claimed expense deductions for professional and security services billed to and paid
by ICC in 1986, to wit:
(a) Expenses for the auditing services of SGV & Co.,3 for the year ending December 31, 1985;4
(b) Expenses for the legal services [inclusive of retainer fees] of the law firm Bengzon Zarraga Narciso Cudala
Pecson Azcuna & Bengson for the years 1984 and 1985.5
(c) Expense for security services of El Tigre Security & Investigation Agency for the months of April and May
1986.6
(2) The alleged understatement of ICCs interest income on the three promissory notes due from Realty Investment, Inc.
The deficiency expanded withholding tax of P4,897.79 (inclusive of interest and surcharge) was allegedly due to the failure of ICC to
withhold 1% expanded withholding tax on its claimed P244,890.00 deduction for security services. 7
On March 23, 1990, ICC sought a reconsideration of the subject assessments. On February 9, 1995, however, it received a final notice
before seizure demanding payment of the amounts stated in the said notices. Hence, it brought the case to the CTA which held that
the petition is premature because the final notice of assessment cannot be considered as a final decision appealable to the tax court.
This was reversed by the Court of Appeals holding that a demand letter of the BIR reiterating the payment of deficiency tax, amounts
to a final decision on the protested assessment and may therefore be questioned before the CTA. This conclusion was sustained by
this Court on July 1, 2001, in G.R. No. 135210.8 The case was thus remanded to the CTA for further proceedings.
On February 26, 2003, the CTA rendered a decision canceling and setting aside the assessment notices issued against ICC. It held
that the claimed deductions for professional and security services were properly claimed by ICC in 1986 because it was only in the
said year when the bills demanding payment were sent to ICC. Hence, even if some of these professional services were rendered to
ICC in 1984 or 1985, it could not declare the same as deduction for the said years as the amount thereof could not be determined at
that time.
The CTA also held that ICC did not understate its interest income on the subject promissory notes. It found that it was the BIR which
made an overstatement of said income when it compounded the interest income receivable by ICC from the promissory notes of
Realty Investment, Inc., despite the absence of a stipulation in the contract providing for a compounded interest; nor of a
circumstance, like delay in payment or breach of contract, that would justify the application of compounded interest.
Likewise, the CTA found that ICC in fact withheld 1% expanded withholding tax on its claimed deduction for security services as
shown by the various payment orders and confirmation receipts it presented as evidence. The dispositive portion of the CTAs
Decision, reads:
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, Assessment Notice No. FAS-1-86-90-000, are hereby CANCELLED and SET ASIDE.
SO ORDERED.9
dennisaranabriljdii
55
Petitioner filed a petition for review with the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the CTA decision, 10 holding that although the
professional services (legal and auditing services) were rendered to ICC in 1984 and 1985, the cost of the services was not yet
determinable at that time, hence, it could be considered as deductible expenses only in 1986 when ICC received the billing
statements for said services. It further ruled that ICC did not understate its interest income from the promissory notes of Realty
Investment, Inc., and that ICC properly withheld and remitted taxes on the payments for security services for the taxable year 1986.
Hence, petitioner, through the Office of the Solicitor General, filed the instant petition contending that since ICC is using the accrual
method of accounting, the expenses for the professional services that accrued in 1984 and 1985, should have been declared as
deductions from income during the said years and the failure of ICC to do so bars it from claiming said expenses as deduction for the
taxable year 1986. As to the alleged deficiency interest income and failure to withhold expanded withholding tax assessment,
petitioner invoked the presumption that the assessment notices issued by the BIR are valid.
The issue for resolution is whether the Court of Appeals correctly: (1) sustained the deduction of the expenses for professional and
security services from ICCs gross income; and (2) held that ICC did not understate its interest income from the promissory notes of
Realty Investment, Inc; and that ICC withheld the required 1% withholding tax from the deductions for security services.
The requisites for the deductibility of ordinary and necessary trade, business, or professional expenses, like expenses paid for legal
and auditing services, are: (a) the expense must be ordinary and necessary; (b) it must have been paid or incurred during the
taxable year; (c) it must have been paid or incurred in carrying on the trade or business of the taxpayer; and (d) it must be
supported by receipts, records or other pertinent papers. 11
The requisite that it must have been paid or incurred during the taxable year is further qualified by Section 45 of the National
Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) which states that: "[t]he deduction provided for in this Title shall be taken for the taxable year in
which paid or accrued or paid or incurred, dependent upon the method of accounting upon the basis of which the net income is
computed x x x".
Accounting methods for tax purposes comprise a set of rules for determining when and how to report income and deductions. 12 In
the instant case, the accounting method used by ICC is the accrual method.
Revenue Audit Memorandum Order No. 1-2000, provides that under the accrual method of accounting, expenses not being claimed
as deductions by a taxpayer in the current year when they are incurred cannot be claimed as deduction from income for the
succeeding year. Thus, a taxpayer who is authorized to deduct certain expenses and other allowable deductions for the current year
but failed to do so cannot deduct the same for the next year. 13
The accrual method relies upon the taxpayers right to receive amounts or its obligation to pay them, in opposition to actual receipt
or payment, which characterizes the cash method of accounting. Amounts of income accrue where the right to receive them become
fixed, where there is created an enforceable liability. Similarly, liabilities are accrued when fixed and determinable in amount,
without regard to indeterminacy merely of time of payment. 14
For a taxpayer using the accrual method, the determinative question is, when do the facts present themselves in such a manner that
the taxpayer must recognize income or expense? The accrual of income and expense is permitted when the all-events test has been
met. This test requires: (1) fixing of a right to income or liability to pay; and (2) the availability of the reasonable accurate
determination of such income or liability.
The all-events test requires the right to income or liability be fixed, and the amount of such income or liability be determined with
reasonable accuracy. However, the test does not demand that the amount of." Accordingly, the term "reasonable accuracy" implies something
less than an exact or completely accurate amount.[15]
The propriety of an accrual must be judged by the facts that a taxpayer knew, or could reasonably be expected to have
known, at the closing of its books for the taxable year.[16] Accrual method of accounting presents largely a question of fact;
such that the taxpayer bears the burden of proof of establishing the accrual of an item of income or deduction. 17
Corollarily, it is a governing principle in taxation that tax exemptions must be construed in strictissimi juris against the taxpayer and
liberally in favor of the taxing authority; and one who claims an exemption must be able to justify the same by the clearest grant of
organic or statute law. An exemption from the common burden cannot be permitted to exist upon vague implications. And since a
deduction for income tax purposes partakes of the nature of a tax exemption, then it must also be strictly construed. 18
In the instant case, the expenses for professional fees consist of expenses for legal and auditing services. The expenses for legal
services pertain to the 1984 and 1985 legal and retainer fees of the law firm Bengzon Zarraga Narciso Cudala Pecson Azcuna &
Bengson, and for reimbursement of the expenses of said firm in connection with ICCs tax problems for the year 1984. As testified by
the Treasurer of ICC, the firm has been its counsel since the 1960s. 19 From the nature of the claimed deductions and the span of
time during which the firm was retained, ICC can be expected to have reasonably known the retainer fees charged by the firm as
well as the compensation for its legal services. The failure to determine the exact amount of the expense during the taxable year
when they could have been claimed as deductions cannot thus be attributed solely to the delayed billing of these liabilities by the
dennisaranabriljdii
56
firm. For one, ICC, in the exercise of due diligence could have inquired into the amount of their obligation to the firm, especially so
that it is using the accrual method of accounting. For another, it could have reasonably determined the amount of legal and retainer
fees owing to its familiarity with the rates charged by their long time legal consultant.
As previously stated, the accrual method presents largely a question of fact and that the taxpayer bears the burden of establishing
the accrual of an expense or income. However, ICC failed to discharge this burden. As to when the firms performance of its services
in connection with the 1984 tax problems were completed, or whether ICC exercised reasonable diligence to inquire about the
amount of its liability, or whether it does or does not possess the information necessary to compute the amount of said liability
with reasonable accuracy, are questions of fact which ICC never established. It simply relied on the defense of delayed billing by the
firm and the company, which under the circumstances, is not sufficient to exempt it from being charged with knowledge of the
reasonable amount of the expenses for legal and auditing services.
In the same vein, the professional fees of SGV & Co. for auditing the financial statements of ICC for the year 1985 cannot be validly
claimed as expense deductions in 1986. This is so because ICC failed to present evidence showing that even with only "reasonable
accuracy," as the standard to ascertain its liability to SGV & Co. in the year 1985, it cannot determine the professional fees which said
company would charge for its services.
ICC thus failed to discharge the burden of proving that the claimed expense deductions for the professional services were allowable
deductions for the taxable year 1986. Hence, per Revenue Audit Memorandum Order No. 1-2000, they cannot be validly deducted
from its gross income for the said year and were therefore properly disallowed by the BIR.
As to the expenses for security services, the records show that these expenses were incurred by ICC in 198620and could therefore be
properly claimed as deductions for the said year.
Anent the purported understatement of interest income from the promissory notes of Realty Investment, Inc., we sustain the
findings of the CTA and the Court of Appeals that no such understatement exists and that only simple interest computation and not a
compounded one should have been applied by the BIR. There is indeed no stipulation between the latter and ICC on the application
of compounded interest.21 Under Article 1959 of the Civil Code, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary, interest due should not
further earn interest.
Likewise, the findings of the CTA and the Court of Appeals that ICC truly withheld the required withholding tax from its claimed
deductions for security services and remitted the same to the BIR is supported by payment order and confirmation
receipts.22 Hence, the Assessment Notice for deficiency expanded withholding tax was properly cancelled and set aside.
In sum, Assessment Notice No. FAS-1-86-90-000680 in the amount of P333,196.86 for deficiency income tax should be cancelled
and set aside but only insofar as the claimed deductions of ICC for security services. Said Assessment is valid as to the BIRs
disallowance of ICCs expenses for professional services. The Court of Appeals cancellation of Assessment Notice No. FAS-1-86-90000681 in the amount of P4,897.79 for deficiency expanded withholding tax, is sustained.
WHEREFORE, the petition is PARTIALLY GRANTED. The September 30, 2005 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No.
78426, is AFFIRMED with the MODIFICATION that Assessment Notice No. FAS-1-86-90-000680, which disallowed the expense
deduction of Isabela Cultural Corporation for professional and security services, is declared valid only insofar as the expenses for
the professional fees of SGV & Co. and of the law firm, Bengzon Zarraga Narciso Cudala Pecson Azcuna & Bengson, are concerned.
The decision is affirmed in all other respects.
The case is remanded to the BIR for the computation of Isabela Cultural Corporations liability under Assessment Notice No. FAS-186-90-000680.
CARPO v. CHUA
Before this Court are two consolidated petitions for review. The first, docketed as G.R. No. 150773, assails theDecision1 of the
Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 26 of Naga City dated 26 October 2001 in Civil Case No. 99-4376. RTC Judge Filemon B.
Montenegro dismissed the complaint2 for annulment of real estate mortgage and consequent foreclosure proceedings filed by the
spouses David B. Carpo and Rechilda S. Carpo (petitioners).
The second, docketed as G.R. No. 153599, seeks to annul the Court of Appeals Decision3 dated 30 April 2002 in CA-G.R. SP No. 57297.
The Court of Appeals Third Division annulled and set aside the orders of Judge Corazon A. Tordilla to suspend the sheriffs
enforcement of the writ of possession.
The cases stemmed from a loan contracted by petitioners. On 18 July 1995, they borrowed from Eleanor Chua and Elma Dy Ng
(respondents) the amount of One Hundred Seventy-Five Thousand Pesos (P175,000.00), payable within six (6) months with an
interest rate of six percent (6%) per month. To secure the payment of the loan, petitioners mortgaged their residential house and lot
situated at San Francisco, Magarao, Camarines Sur, which lot is covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. 23180. Petitioners
failed to pay the loan upon demand. Consequently, the real estate mortgage was extrajudicially foreclosed and the mortgaged
property sold at a public auction on 8 July 1996. The house and lot was awarded to respondents, who were the only bidders, for the
amount of Three Hundred Sixty-Seven Thousand Four Hundred Fifty-Seven Pesos and Eighty Centavos (P367,457.80).
dennisaranabriljdii
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Upon failure of petitioners to exercise their right of redemption, a certificate of sale was issued on 5 September 1997 by Sheriff
Rolando A. Borja. TCT No. 23180 was cancelled and in its stead, TCT No. 29338 was issued in the name of respondents.
Despite the issuance of the TCT, petitioners continued to occupy the said house and lot, prompting respondents to file a petition for
writ of possession with the RTC docketed as Special Proceedings (SP) No. 98-1665. On 23 March 1999, RTC Judge Ernesto A. Miguel
issued an Order4 for the issuance of a writ of possession.
On 23 July 1999, petitioners filed a complaint for annulment of real estate mortgage and the consequent foreclosure proceedings,
docketed as Civil Case No. 99-4376 of the RTC. Petitioners consigned the amount of Two Hundred Fifty-Seven Thousand One
Hundred Ninety-Seven Pesos and Twenty-Six Centavos (P257,197.26) with the RTC.
Meanwhile, in SP No. 98-1665, a temporary restraining order was issued upon motion on 3 August 1999, enjoining the enforcement
of the writ of possession. In an Order5 dated 6 January 2000, the RTC suspended the enforcement of the writ of possession pending
the final disposition of Civil Case No. 99-4376. Against this Order, respondents filed a petition for certiorari and mandamus before
the Court of Appeals, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 57297.
During the pendency of the case before the Court of Appeals, RTC Judge Filemon B. Montenegro dismissed the complaint in Civil
Case No. 99-4376 on the ground that it was filed out of time and barred by laches. The RTC.
This Court ordered the consolidation of the two cases, on motion of petitioners.
In G.R. No. 150773, petitioners claim that following the Courts ruling in Medel v. Court of Appeals6 the rate of interest stipulated in
the principal loan agreement is clearly null and void. Consequently, they also argue that the nullity of the agreed interest rate affects
the validity of the real estate mortgage. Notably, while petitioners were silent in their petition on the issues of prescription and
laches on which the RTC grounded the dismissal of the complaint, they belatedly raised the matters in their Memorandum.
Nonetheless, these points warrant brief comment.
On the other hand, petitioners argue in G.R. No. 153599 that the RTC did not commit any grave abuse of discretion when it issued
the orders dated 3 August 1999 and 6 January 2000, and that these orders could not have been "the proper subjects of a petition for
certiorari and mandamus". More accurately, the justiciable issues before us are whether the Court of Appeals could properly
entertain the petition for certiorari from the timeliness aspect, and whether the appellate court correctly concluded that the writ of
possession could no longer be stayed.
We first resolve the petition in G.R. No. 150773.
Petitioners contend that the agreed rate of interest of 6% per month or 72% per annum is so excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable
and exorbitant that it should have been declared null and void. Instead of dismissing their complaint, they aver that the lower court
should have declared them liable to respondents for the original amount of the loan plus 12% interest per annum and 1% monthly
penalty charge as liquidated damages,7 in view of the ruling in Medel v. Court of Appeals.8
In Medel, the Court found that the interest stipulated at 5.5% per month or 66% per annum was so iniquitous or unconscionable as
to render the stipulation void. P60,000.00
loan. In Imperial v. Jaucian,11 we reduced the interest rate from 16% to 1.167% per month or 14% per annum. In Ruiz v. Court of
Appeals,12 we equitably reduced the agreed 3% per month or 36% per annum interest to 1% per month or 12% per annum interest.
The 10% and 8% interest rates per month on a P1,000,000.00 loan were reduced to 12% per annum in Cuaton v. Salud.13 Recently,
this Court, in Arrofo v. Quino,14 reduced the 7% interest per month on a P15,000.00 loan amounting to 84% interest per annum to
18% per annum.
There is no need to unsettle the principle affirmed in Medel and like cases. From that perspective, it is apparent that the stipulated
interest in the subject loan is excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable and exorbitant. Pursuant to the freedom of contract principle
embodied in Article 1306 of the Civil Code, contracting parties may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions as they
may deem convenient, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy. In the ordinary
course, the codal provision may be invoked to annul the excessive stipulated interest.
dennisaranabriljdii
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In the case at bar, the stipulated interest rate is 6% per month, or 72% per annum. By the standards set in the above-cited cases, this
stipulation is similarly invalid. However, the RTC refused to apply the principle cited and employed in Medel on the ground
that Medel did not pertain to the annulment of a real estate mortgage, 15 as it was a case for annulment of the loan contract itself. The
question thus sensibly arises whether the invalidity of the stipulation on interest carries with it the invalidity of the principal
obligation.
The question is crucial to the present petition even if the subject thereof is not the annulment of the loan contract but that of the
mortgage contract. The consideration of the mortgage contract is the same as that of the principal contract from which it receives
life, and without which it cannot exist as an independent contract. Being a mere accessory contract, the validity of the mortgage
contract would depend on the validity of the loan secured by it. 16
Notably in Medel, the Court did not invalidate the entire loan obligation despite the inequitability of the stipulated interest, but
instead reduced the rate of interest to the more reasonable rate of 12% per annum. The same remedial approach to the wrongful
interest rates involved was employed or affirmed by the Court in Solangon,Imperial, Ruiz, Cuaton, and Arrofo.
The Courts ultimate affirmation in the cases cited of the validity of the principal loan obligation side by side with the invalidation of
the interest rates thereupon is congruent with the rule that a usurious loan transaction is not a complete nullity but defective only
with respect to the agreed interest.
We are aware that the Court of Appeals, on certain occasions, had ruled that a usurious loan is wholly null and void both as to the
loan and as to the usurious interest.17 However, this Court adopted the contrary rule,
as comprehensively discussed in Briones v. Cammayo:18
In Gui Jong & Co. vs. Rivera, et al., 45 Phil. 778, this Court likewise declared that, in any event, the debtor in a usurious contract of
loan should pay the creditor the amount which he justly owes him, citing in support of this ruling its previous decisions in Go
Chioco, Supra, Aguilar vs. Rubiato, et al., 40 Phil. 570, and Delgado vs. Duque Valgona, 44 Phil. 739.
....
Then in Lopez and Javelona vs. El Hogar Filipino, 47 Phil. 249, We also held that the standing jurisprudence of this Court on the
question under consideration was clearly to the effect that the Usury Law, by its letter and spirit, did not deprive the lender of his
right to recover from the borrower the money actually loaned to and enjoyed by the latter. This Court went further to say that the
Usury Law did not provide for the forfeiture of the capital in favor of the debtor in usurious contracts, and that while the forfeiture
might appear to be convenient as a drastic measure to eradicate the evil of usury, the legal question involved should not be resolved
on the basis of convenience.
Other cases upholding the same principle are Palileo vs. Cosio, 97 Phil. 919 and Pascua vs. Perez, L-19554, January 31, 1964, 10
SCRA 199, 200-202. In the latter We expressly held that when a contract is found to be tainted with usury "the only right of the
respondent (creditor) . . . was merely to collect the amount of the loan, plus interest due thereon."
The view has been expressed, however, that the ruling thus consistently adhered to should now be abandoned because Article 1957
of the new Civil Code a subsequent law provides that contracts and stipulations, under any cloak or device whatever, intended
to circumvent the laws against usury, shall be void, and that in such cases "the borrower may recover in accordance with the laws on
usury." From this the conclusion is drawn that the whole contract is void and that, therefore, the creditor has no right to recover
not even his capital.
The meaning and scope of our ruling in the cases mentioned heretofore is clearly stated, and the view referred to in the preceding
paragraph is adequately answered, in Angel Jose, etc. vs. Chelda Enterprises, et al. (L-25704, April 24, 1968). On the question of
whether a creditor in a usurious contract may or may not recover the principal of the loan, and, in the affirmative, whether or not he
may also recover interest thereon at the legal rate, We said the following:
". . . .
Appealing directly to Us, defendants raise two questions of law: (1) In a loan with usurious interest, may the creditor recover the
principal of the loan? (2) Should attorney's fees be awarded in plaintiff's favor?"
Great reliance is made by appellants on Art. 1411 of the New Civil Code . . . .
Since, according to the appellants, a usurious loan is void due to illegality of cause or object, the rule of pari delic lender, no exception is made to the rule; hence, he cannot recover on the
contract. So they continue the New Civil Code provisions must be upheld as against the Usury Law, under which a loan with
usurious interest is not totally void, because of Article 1961 of the New Civil Code, that: "Usurious contracts shall be governed by the
Usury Law and other special laws, so far as they are not inconsistent with this Code."
dennisaranabriljdii
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We do not agree with such reasoning. Article 1411 of the New Civil Code is not new; it is the same as Article 1305 of the Old Civil
Code. Therefore, said provision is no warrant for departing from previous interpretation that, as provided in the Usury Law (Act No.
2655, as amended), a loan with usurious interest is not totally void only as to the interest.
. . . [a]ppellants fail to consider that a contract of loan with usurious interest consists of principal and accessory
stipulations; the principal one is to pay the debt; the accessory stipulation is to pay interest thereon.
And said two stipulations are divisible in the sense that the former can still stand without the latter. Article 1273, Civil
Code, attests to this: "The renunciation of the principal debt shall extinguish the accessory obligations; but the waiver of
the latter shall leave the former in force."
The question therefore to resolve is whether the illegal terms as to payment of interest likewise renders a nullity the legal
terms as to payments of the principal debt. Article 1420 of the New Civil Code provides in this regard: "In case of a divisible
contract, if the illegal terms can be separated from the legal ones, the latter may be enforced."
In simple loan with stipulation of usurious interest, the prestation of the debtor to pay the principal debt, which is the
cause of the contract (Article 1350, Civil Code), is not illegal. The illegality lies only as to the prestation to pay the
stipulated interest; hence, being separable, the latter only should be deemed void, since it is the only one that is illegal.
....
The principal debt remaining without stipulation for payment of interest can thus be recovered by judicial action. And in case of
such demand, and the debtor incurs in delay, the debt earns interest from the date of the demand (in this case from the filing of the
complaint). Such interest is not due to stipulation, for there was none, the same being void. Rather, it is due to the general provision
of law that in obligations to pay money, where the debtor incurs in delay, he has to pay interest by way of damages (Art. 2209, Civil
Code). The court a quo therefore, did not err in ordering defendants to pay the principal debt with interest thereon at the legal rate,
from the date of filing of the complaint."19
The Courts wholehearted affirmation of the rule that the principal obligation subsists despite the nullity of the stipulated interest is
evinced by its subsequent rulings, cited above, in all of which the main obligation was upheld and the offending interest rate merely
corrected. Hence, it is clear and settled that the principal loan obligation still stands and remains valid. By the same token, since the
mortgage contract derives its vitality from the validity of the principal obligation, the invalid stipulation on interest rate is similarly
insufficient to render void the ancillary mortgage contract.
It should be noted that had the Court declared the loan and mortgage agreements void for being contrary to public policy, no
prescriptive period could have run.20 Such benefit is obviously not available to petitioners.
Yet the RTC pronounced that the complaint was barred by the four-year prescriptive period provided in Article 1391 of the Civil
Code, which governs voidable contracts. This conclusion was derived from the allegation in the complaint that the consent of
petitioners was vitiated through undue influence. While the RTC correctly acknowledged the rule of prescription for voidable
contracts, it erred in applying the rule in this case. We are hard put to conclude in this case that there was any undue influence in the
first place.
There is ultimately no showing that petitioners consent to the loan and mortgage agreements was vitiated by undue influence. The
financial condition of petitioners may have motivated them to contract with respondents, but undue influence cannot be attributed
to respondents simply because they had lent money. Article 1391, in relation to Article 1390 of the Civil Code, grants the aggrieved
party the right to obtain the annulment of contract on account of factors which vitiate consent. Article 1337 defines the concept of
undue influence, as follows:.
While petitioners were allegedly financially distressed, it must be proven that there is deprivation of their free agency. In other
words, for undue influence to be present, the influence exerted must have so overpowered or subjugated the mind of a contracting
party as to destroy his free agency, making him express the will of another rather than his own.21 The alleged lingering financial
woes of petitioners per se cannot be equated with the presence of undue influence.
The RTC had likewise concluded that petitioners were barred by laches from assailing the validity of the real estate mortgage. We
wholeheartedly agree. If indeed petitioners unwillingly gave their consent to the agreement, they should have raised this issue as
early as in the foreclosure proceedings. It was only when the writ of possession was issued did petitioners challenge the stipulations
in the loan contract in their action for annulment of mortgage. petition for the issuance of the writ
dennisaranabriljdii
60
of possession in favor of the defendants, there is no showing that plaintiffs questioned the validity of these proceedings. It was only
after the issuance of the writ of possession in favor of the defendants, that plaintiffs allegedly tendered to the defendants the amount
of P260,000.00 which the defendants refused. In all these proceedings, why did plaintiffs sleep on their rights? 22
Clearly then, with the absence of undue influence, petitioners have no cause of action. Even assuming undue influence vitiated their
consent to the loan contract, their action would already be barred by prescription when they filed it. Moreover, petitioners had
clearly slept on their rights as they failed to timely assail the validity of the mortgage agreement. The denial of the petition in G.R.
No. 150773 is warranted.
We now resolve the petition in G.R. No. 153599.
Petitioners claim that the assailed RTC orders dated 3 August 1999 and 6 January 2000 could no longer be questioned in a special
civil action for certiorari and mandamus as the reglementary period for such action had already elapsed.
It must be noted that the Order dated 3 August 1999 suspending the enforcement of the writ of possession had a period of effectivity
of only twenty (20) days from 3 August 1999, or until 23 August 1999. Thus, upon the expiration of the twenty (20)-day period, the
said Order became functus officio. Thus, there is really no sense in assailing the validity of this Order, mooted as it was. For the same
reason, the validity of the order need not have been assailed by respondents in their special civil action before the Court of Appeals.
On the other hand, the Order dated 6 January 2000 is in the nature of a writ of injunction whose period of efficacy is indefinite. It
may be properly assailed by way of the special civil action for certiorari, as it is interlocutory in nature.
As a rule, the special civil action for certiorari under Rule 65 must be filed not later than sixty (60) days from notice of the judgment
or order.23 Petitioners argue that the 3 August 1999 Order could no longer be assailed by respondents in a special civil action for
certiorari before the Court of Appeals, as the petition was filed beyond sixty (60) days following respondents receipt of the Order.
Considering that the 3 August 1999 Order had become functus officio in the first place, this argument deserves scant consideration.
Petitioners further claim that the 6 January 2000 Order could not have likewise been the subject of a special civil provisional in character and
would still leave substantial proceedings to be further had by the issuing court in order to put the controversy to rest. 24 The
injunctive relief granted by the order is definitely final, but merely provisional, its effectivity hinging on the ultimate outcome of the
then pending action for annulment of real estate mortgage. Indeed, an interlocutory order hardly puts to a close, or disposes of, a
case or a disputed issue leaving nothing else to be done by the court in respect thereto, as is characteristic of a final order.
Since the 6 January 2000 Order is not a final order, but rather interlocutory in nature, we cannot agree with petitioners who insist
that it may be assailed only through an appeal perfected within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof by respondents. It is axiomatic
that an interlocutory order cannot be challenged by an appeal,
but is susceptible to review only through the special civil action of certiorari. 25 The sixty (60)-day reglementary period for special
civil actions under Rule 65 applies, and respondents petition was filed with the Court of Appeals well within the period.
Accordingly, no error can be attributed to the Court of Appeals in granting the petition for certiorari and mandamus. As pointed out
by respondents, the remedy of mandamus lies to compel the performance of a ministerial duty. The issuance of a writ of possession
to a purchaser in an extrajudicial foreclosure is merely a ministerial function. 26
Thus, we also affirm the Court of Appeals ruling to set aside the RTC orders enjoining the enforcement of the writ of
possession.27 The purchaser in a foreclosure sale is entitled as a matter of right to a writ of possession, regardless of whether or not
there is a pending suit for annulment of the mortgage or the foreclosure proceedings. An injunction to prohibit the issuance or
enforcement of the writ is entirely out of place.28
One final note. The issue on the validity of the stipulated interest rates, regrettably for petitioners, was not raised at the earliest
possible opportunity. It should be pointed out though that since an excessive stipulated interest rate may be void for being contrary
to public policy, an action to annul said interest rate does not prescribe. Such indeed is the remedy; it is not the action for annulment
of the ancillary real estate mortgage. Despite the nullity of the stipulated interest rate, the principal loan obligation subsists, and
along with it the mortgage that serves as collateral security for it.
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the petitions are DENIED. Costs against petitioners.
SENTINEL INSURANCE Co, INC. v. CA
Before us is a petition seeking the amendment and modification of the dispositive portion of respondent court's decision in CA-G.R.
No. SP-09331, 1 allegedly to make it conform with the findings, arguments and observations embodied in said decision which relief
was denied by respondent court in its resolution, dated January 15, 1980, 2 rejecting petitioner's ex parte motion filed for that
purpose. 3
dennisaranabriljdii
61
While not involving the main issues in the case threshed out in the court a quo, the judgment in which had already become final and
executory, the factual backdrop of the present petition is summarized by respondent court as follows:
Petitioner Sentinel Insurance Co., Inc., was the surety in a contract of suretyship entered into on November 15, 1974 with
Nemesio Azcueta, Sr., who is doing business under the name and style of 'Malayan Trading as reflected in SICO Bond No.
G(16)00278 where both of them bound themselves, 'jointly and severally, to fully and religiously guarantee the compliance
with the terms and stipulations of the credit line granted by private respondent Rose Industries, Inc., in favor of Nemesio
Azcueta, Sr., in the amount of P180,00.00.' Between November 23 to December 23, 1974, Azcueta made various purchases of
tires, batteries and tire tubes from the private respondent but failed to pay therefor, prompting the latter to demand payment
but because Azcueta failed to settle his accounts, the case was referred to the Insurance Commissioner who invited the
attention of the petitioner on the matter and the latter cancelled the Suretyship Agreement on May 13, 1975 with due notice
to the private respondent. Meanwhile, private respondent filed with the respondent court of Makati a complaint for collection
of sum of money against herein petitioner and Azcueta, docketed as Civil Case No. 21248 alleging the foregoing antecedents
and praying that said defendants be ordered to pay jointly and severally unto the plaintiff.
a) The amount of P198,602.41 as its principal obligation, including interest and damage dues as of April 29, 1975;
b) To pay interest at 14% per annum and damage dues at the rate of 2% every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975
up to the time the full amount is fully paid:
xxx xxx xxx
After petitioner filed its answer with counterclaim, the case, upon agreement of the parties, was submitted for
summary judgment and on December 29, 1975, respondent court rendered its decision with the following dispositive
portion:
xxx xxx xxx
a) To pay interest on the principal obligation at the rate of 14% per annum at the rate of 2% every 45
days commencing from April 30, 1975 until the amount is fully paid.
The decision having become final and executory, the prevailing party moved for its execution which respondent judge
granted and pursuant thereto, a notice of attachment and levy was served by respondent Provincial Sheriff upon the
petitioner. On the same day, however, the latter filed a motion for 'clarification of the judgment as to its real and true
import because on its face, it would appear that aside from the 14% interest imposed on the principal obligation, an
additional 2% every 45 days corresponding to the additional penalty has been imposed against the petitioner which
imposition would be usurious and could not have been the intention of respondent Judge.' But the move did nor prosper
because oil May 22, 1971, the judge denied the motion on the theory that the judgment, having become final and
executory, it can no longer be amended or corrected. 4
Contending that the order was issued with grave abuse of discretion, petitioner went to respondent court on a petition for certiorari
and mandamus to compel the court below to clarify its decision, particularly Paragraph l(a) of the dispositive portion thereof.
Respondent court granted tile petition in its decision dated December 3, 1979, the disquisition and dispositive portion whereof
read:
While it is an elementary rule of procedure that after a decision, order or ruling has become final, the court loses its
jurisdiction orderover the same and can no longer be subjected to any modification or alteration, it is likewise well-settled
that courts are empowered even after such finality, to correct clerical errors or mistakes in the decisions (Potenciano vs. CA,
L-11569, 55 O.G. 2895). A clerical error is one that is visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding (Black vs. Republic,
104 Phil. 849).
That there was a mistake in the dispositive portion of the decision cannot be denied considering that in the complaint filed
against the petitioner, the prayer as specifically stated in paragraph (b) was to 'order the latter, to pay interest at 14% per
annum and damage dues at the rate of 2% every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975 up to the time the amount is fully
paid.' But this notwithstanding the respondent court in its questioned decision decreed the petitioner to pay the interest on the
principal obligation at the rate of 14% per annum and 2% every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975 until the amount is
fully paid,' so that, as petitioner correctly observes, it would appear that on top of the 14% per annum on the principal
obligation, another 2% interest every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975 until the amount is fully paid has been imposed
against him (petitioner). In other words, 365 days in one year divided by 45 days equals 8-1/9 which, multiplied by 2% as
ordered by respondent-judge would amount to a little more than 16%. Adding 16% per annum to the 14% interest imposed on
the principal obligation would be 30% which is veritably usurious and this cannot be countenanced, much less sanctioned by
any court of justice.
We agree with this observation and what is more, it is likewise a settled rule that although a court may grant any relief allowed
by law, such prerogative is delimited by the cardinal principle that it cannot grant anything more than what is prayed for, for
certainly, the relief to be dispensed cannot rise above its source. (Potenciano vs. CA, supra.)
dennisaranabriljdii
62
WHEREFORE, the writ of certiorari is hereby granted and the respondent judge is ordered to clarify its judgment complained of
in the following manner:
xxx xxx xxx
a) to pay interest at 14% per annum on the principal obligation and damage dues at the rate of 2% every 45 days
commencing from April 30, 1975 up to the time the full amount is fully paid; 5
xxx xxx xxx
As earlier stated, petitioner filed an ex parte motion seeking to amend the above-quoted decretal portion which respondent court
denied, hence the petition at bar.
The amendment sought, ostensibly in order that the dispositive portion of said decision would conform with the body thereof, is the
sole issue for resolution by the Court. Petitioner itself cites authorities in support of its contention that it is entitled to a correct and
clear expression of a judgment to avoid substantial injustice. 6 In amplification of its plaint, petitioner further asseverates that
respondent court should not have made an award for "damage dues" at such late stage of the proceeding since said dues were not
the subject of the award made by the trial court. 7
We disagree with petitioner.
To clarify an ambiguity or correct a clerical error in the judgment, the court may resort to the pleadings filed by the parties, the
findings of fact and the conclusions of law expressed in the text or body of the decision. 8
Indeed, this was what respondent court did in resolving the original petition. It examined the complaint filed against the petitioner
and noted that the prayer as stated in Paragraph (b) thereof was to "order defendant to pay interest at 14 per centum and damage
dues at the rate of 2% every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975 up to the time the full amount is fully paid." 9
Insofar as the findings and the dispositive portion set forth in respondent court's decision are concerned, there is really no
inconsistency as wittingly or unwittingly asserted by petitioner.
The findings made by respondent court did not actually nullify the judgment of the trial court. More specifically, the statement that
the imposition of 2% interest every 45 days commencing from April 30, 1975 on top of the 14% per annum (as would be the
impression from a superficial reading of the dispositive portion of the trial court's decision) would be usurious is a sound
observation. It should, however, be stressed that such observation was on the theoretical assumption that the rate of 2% is being
imposed as interest, not as damage dues which was the intendment of the trial court.
Certainly, the damage dues in this case do not include and are not included in the computation of interest as the two are of different
categories and are distinct claims which may be demanded separately, in the same manner that commissions, fines and penalties are
excluded in the computation of interest where the loan or forbearance is not secured in whole or in part by real estate or an interest
therein. 10
While interest forms part of the consideration of the contract itself, damage dues (penalties, and so forth) are usually made payable
only in case of default or non-performance of the contract. 11 Also, although interest is subject to the provisions of the Usury
Law, 12 there is no policy or provision in such law preventing the enforcement of damage dues although the effect may be to increase
the sum payable beyond the prescribed ceiling rates.
Petitioner's assertion that respondent court acted without authority in appending the award of damage dues to the judgment of the
trial court should be rejected. As correctly pointed out by private respondent, the opening sentence of Paragraph l(a) of the
dispositive portion of the lower court's decision explicitly ordered petitioner to pay private respondent the amount of P198,602.41
as principal obligation including interest and damage dues, which is a clear and unequivocal indication of the lower court's intent to
award both interest and damage dues. 13
Significantly, it bears mention that on several occasions before petitioner moved for a clarificatory judgment, it offered to settle its
account with private respondent without assailing the imposition of the aforementioned damage dues. 14 As ramified by private
respondent:
2. ... the then counsel of record for the petitioner, Atty. Porfirio Bautista, and Atty. Teodulfo L. Reyes, petitioner's Assistant VicePresident for Operations, had a conference with the undersigned attorneys as to how petitioner will settle its account to avoid
execution. During the conference, both parties arrived at almost the same computation and the amount due from petitioner, which
includes 2% damage dues every 45 days from 30 April 1975 until the amount is fully paid, under the judgment. No question was ever
raised as regards same.
xxx xxx xxx
dennisaranabriljdii
63
5. The very face of Annex 'D' shows that the '2%' damage dues being questioned by the present counsel of petitioner had been
mentioned no less than TEN (10) TIMES and was clearly and distinctly defined by petitioner and included in the computation of its
obligation to herein petitioner as '2% penalty for every 45 days.'
xxx xxx xxx
Petitioner's pretense that it was not the intent of the court to award the damage dues of 2% every 45 days commencing 30 April 1975
is belied by the fact (and this is admitted by petitioner) that upon agreement of the parties, the case before the lower court was
submitted for summary judgment; in other words, the case was submitted upon the facts as appear in the pleadings with no other
evidence presented and a fact that appears clearly in the pleadings is that the defendants in the case before the lower court were under
contract to pay private respondent, among others, the damage dues of 2% every 45 days commencing on 30 April 1975 until the
obligation is fully paid; .... 15
Respondent court demonstrably did not err in ordering the clarification of the decision of the trial court by amending the
questioned part of its dispositive portion to include therein the phrase damage dues to modify the stated rate of 2%, and thereby
obviate any misconception that it is being imposed as interest.
ACCORDINGLY, certiorari is hereby DENIED and the decision of respondent Court of Appeals is hereby AFFIRMED.
GOPOCO GROCERY v. PACIFIC COAST BISCUIT CO.
n petition of the Bank Commissioner who alleged to have found, after an investigation, that the Mercantile Bank of China could not
continue operating as such without running the risk of suffering losses and prejudice its depositors and customers; and that with the
requisite approval of the corresponding authorities, he had taken charge of all the assets thereof; the Court of First Instance of
Manila declared the said bank in liquidation; approved all the acts theretofore executed by the commissioner; prohibited the officers
and agents of the bank from interfering with said commissioner in the possession of the assets thereof, its documents, deed,
vouchers, books of account, papers, memorandum, notes, bond, bonds and accounts, obligations or securities and its real and
personal properties; required its creditors and all those who had any claim against it, to present the same in writing before the
commissioner within ninety days; and ordered the publication, as was in fact done, of the order containing all these provisions, for
the two consecutive weeks in two news-papers of general circulation in the City of Manila, at the expenses of the aforesaid bank.
After these publications, and within the period of ninety days, the following creditors, among others, presented their presented their
claims:
Tiong Chui Gion, Gopoco Grocery, Tan Locko, Woo & Lo & Co., Sy Guan Huat and La Bella Tondea.
I. The claim of Tiong Chui Gion is for the sum of P10,285.27. He alleged that he deposited said sum in the bank under
liquidation on current account.
II. The claim of Gopoco Grocery (Gopoco) is for the sum of P4,932.48 plus P460. It described its claim as follows:
Balance due on open account subject
to check
Interest on c/a
P4,927.95
4,53
4,932.48
Surety deposit
460.00
III. The claim of Tan Locko is for the sum of P7,624.20, and he describes it in turn as follows:
Balance due on open account subject
to check L-759
Savings account No. 156 (foreign)
with Mercantile Bank of China L1611 Amoy $15,000,00 Interest on
said Savings Account No. 156
Interest on checking a/c
P7,610.44
8.22
10.54
7,624.20
IV. The claim of Woo & Lo & Co. is for the sum of P6,972.88 and is set out in its written claim appearing in the record on
appeal as follows:
Balance due on open subject to check
L-845
P6,961.01
dennisaranabriljdii
64
11.37
6,972.83
V. The claim of Sy Guan Huat is for the sum of P6,232.88 and the described it as follows:
Balance due on open account subject
to check L-718
Interest on checking a/c
P6,224.34
8.54
6,232.88
VI. The claim of La Bella Tondea is for the sum of P1,912.79, also described as follows:
Balance due on open account subject
to check
Interest on account
P1910.59
2.20
1,912.79
To better resolve not only these claims but also the many others which were presented against the bank, the lower court, on July 15,
1932, appointed Fulgencio Borromeo as commissioner and referee to receive the evidence which the interested parties may desire
to present; and the commissioner and referee thus named, after qualifying for the office and receiving the evidence presented to
him, resolved the aforesaid six claims by recommending that the same be considered as an ordinary credit only, and not as a
preferred credit as the interested parties wanted, because they were at the same time debtors of the bank.
The evidence adduced and the very admissions of the said interested parties in fact show that (a) the claimant Tiong Chui Gion,
while he was a creditor of the Mercantile Bank of China in the sum of P10,285.27 which he deposited on current account, was also a
debtor not only in the sum of P633.76 but also in the sum of P664.77, the amount of a draft which he accepted, plus interest thereon
and the protest fees paid therefor; (b) the claimant Gopoco Grocery (Gopoco) had a current account in the bank in the sum of
P5,392.48, but it is indebted to it, in Turn, in the sum of $2,334.80, the amount of certain drafts which it had accepted; (c) the
claimant Tan Locko had a deposit of P7,624.20, but he owed $1,378.90, the amount of a draft which he also accepted; (d) the
claimant Woo & Lo & Co. had a deposit of P6,972.88, but it was indebted in the sum of $3,464.84, the amount also of certain drafts
accepted by it; (e) the claimants Sy Guan Huat and Sy Kia had a deposit of P6,232.88, but they owed the sum of $3,107.37, for two
drafts accepted by them and already due; and (f) the claimant La Bella Tondea had, in turn, a deposit of P1,912.79, but it was, in
turn, indebted in the sum of $565.40 including interest and other expenses, the amount of two drafts drawn upon and accepted by it.
The lower court approved all the recommendations of The commissioner and referee as to claims of the six appellants as follows;
(1) To approve the claim of Tiong Chui Gion (P10,285.27) but only as an ordinary credit, minus the amount of the draft for P664.77;
(2) to approve the claim of Gopoco Grocery (Gopoco) but also as an ordinary credit only (P5,387.95 according to the referee), minus
its obligation amounting to $2,334.80 or P4,669.60; (3) to approve the claim of Tan Locko but as an ordinary credit only (P7,610.44
according to the referee), deducting therefrom his obligation amounting to $1,378.90 or P2,757.80; to approve the claim of Woo &
Lo & Co. but only as an ordinary credit (P6,961.01 according to the referee). after deducting its obligation to the bank, amounting to
$3,464.84 or P6,929.68; (5) to approve the claim of Sy Guan Huat but only as an ordinary credit (P6,224.34 according to the
referee), after deducting his obligation amounting to $3,107.37) or P6,214.74; and, finally, (6) to approve the claim of la Bella
Tondea but also as an ordinary credit only (1,917.50 according to the referee), after deducting it obligation amounting to $565.40
or P1,130.80; but he expressly refused to authorize the payment of the interest by reason of impossibility upon the ground set out in
the decision. Not agreeable to the decision of the lower court, each of the interested parties appealed therefrom and thereafter filed
their respective briefs.
Tiong Chui Gion argues in his brief filed in case in G. R. No. 442200, that the lower court erred:
1. In holding that his deposit of P10,285.27 in the Mercantile Bank of China, constitutes an ordinary credit only and not a
preferred credit.
2. In holding as preferred credits the drafts and checks issued by the bank under liquidation in payment of the drafts
remitted to it for collection from merchants residing in the country, by foreign entities or banks; and in not holding that
the deposits on current account in said bank should enjoy preference over said drafts and checks; and
3. In holding that the amount of P633.76 (which should be understood as P664.77), which the claimant owes to the bank
under liquidation, be deducted from his current account deposit therein, amounting to P10,285.27, upon the distribution
of the assets of the bank among its various creditors, instead of holding that, after deducting the aforesaid sum of P633.76
(should be P664.77) from his aforesaid deposit, there be turned over to him the balance together with the dividends or
shares then corresponding to him, on the basis of said amount.
dennisaranabriljdii
65
The other five claimants, that is, Gopoco Grocery Tan Locko, Woo & Lo & Co., Sy Guan Huat and La Bella Tondea, in turn argue in
the brief they jointly filed in case G. R. No. 43697, that the lower court erred:
1. In not first deducting from their respective deposits in the bank under liquidation, whose payment they claim, their
respective obligation thereto.
2. In not holding that their claims constitute a preferred credit.
3. In holding that the drafts and checks issued by the bank under liquidation in payment of the drafts remitted to it by
foreign entitles and banks for collection from the certain merchant residing in the country, are preferred credits; and in
not holding that the deposits made by each of them enjoy preference over said drafts and checks, and
4. In denying their motion for a new trial base on the proposition that the appealed decision is not in accordance with law
and is contrary to the evidence adduced at the trial.
The questions raised by the appellant in case G. R. No. 44200 and by appellants in case G.R. 43697 being identical in nature, we
believe it practical and proper to resolve said questions jointly in one decision. Before proceeding, however, it is convenient to note
that the commissioner and referee, classifying the various claims presented against the bank, placed under one group those
partaking of the same nature, the classification having resulted in six groups.
In the first group he included all the claims for current account, savings and fixed deposits.
In the second group he included the claims for checks or drafts sold by the bank under liquidation and not paid by the agents or
banks in whose favor they had been issued.
In the third group he included the claims checks or drafts issued by the bank under liquidation in payment or reimbursement of the
drafts or goods remitted to it for collection, from resident merchants and entitles, by foreign banks and entities.
In the fourth group he included the claims for drafts or securities to be collected from resident merchants and entities to be
collected from resident merchants and entities which were pending collection on the date payments were suspended.
In the fifth group he included the claims of certain depositors or creditors of the bank who were at the same time debtors thereof;
and he considered of this class the claims of the appellants in these two cases, and
In the sixth group he included the other claims different in nature from the of the aforesaid five claims.
I. Now, then, should the appellants' deposits on current account in the bank now under liquidation be considered preferred credits,
and not otherwise, or should they be considered ordinary credits only? The appellants contend that they are preferred credits only?
The appellants contend that they are preferred credits because they are deposits in contemplation of law, and as such should be
returned with the corresponding interest thereon. In support thereof they cite Manresa (11 Manresa, Civil Code, page 663), and
what has been insinuated in the case of Rogers vs. Smith, Bell & Co. (10 Phil., 319), citing the said commentator who maintains that,
notwithstanding the provisions of articles 1767 and 1768 and others of the aforesaid Code, from which it is inferred that the socalled irregular deposits no longer exist, the fact is that said deposits still exist. And they contend and argue that what they had in
the bank should be considered as of this character. But it happens that they themselves admit that the bank owes them interest
which should have been paid to them before it was declared in a state of liquidation. This fact undoubtedly destroys the character
which they nullifies their contention that the same be considered as irregular deposits, because the payment of interest only takes
place in the case of loans. On the other hand, as we stated with respect to the claim of Tan Tiong Tick (In re Liquidation of Mercantile
Bank of China, G.R. No. 43682), the provisions of the Code of Commerce, and not those of the Civil Code, are applicable to cases of the
nature of those at bar, which have to do with parties who are both merchants. (Articles 303 and 309, Code of Commerce.) We there
said, and it is not amiss to repeat now, that the so-called current account and savings deposits have lost their character of deposits,
properly so-called and are convertible into simple commercial loans because, in cases of such deposits, the bank has made use
thereof in the ordinary course of its transactions as an institution engaged in the banking business, not because it so wishes, but
precisely because of the authority deemed to have been granted to it by the appellants to enable them to collect the interest which
they had been and they are now collecting, and by virtue further of the authority granted to it by section 125 of the Corporation Law
(Act No. 1459), as amended by Acts Nos. 2003 and 3610 and section 9 of the Banking Law (Act No. 3154), without considering of
course the provisions of article 1768 of the Civil Code. Wherefore, it is held that the deposits on current account of the appellants in
the bank under liquidation, with the right on their right on their part to collect interest, have not created and could not create a
juridical relation between them except that of creditors and debtor, they being the creditors and the bank the debtor.
What has so far been said resolves adversely the contention of the appellants, the question raised in the first and second assigned
errors Tiong Chui Gion in case G. R. No. 44200, and the appellants' second and third assigned errors in case G. R. No. 43697.
II. As to the third and first errors attributed to lower court by Tiong Chui Gion in his case, and by the other appellants in theirs,
respectively, it should be stated that the question of set-off raised by them cannot be resolved a like question in the said case, G. R.
No. 43682, entitled "In re Liquidation of Mercantile Bank of China. Tan Tiong Tick, claimant." It is proper that set-offs be made,
inasmuch as the appellants and the bank being reciprocally debtors and creditors, the same is only just and according to law (art.
dennisaranabriljdii
66
1195, Civil Code), particularly as none of the appellants falls within the exceptions mentioned in section 58 of the Insolvency Law
(Act No. 1956), reading:
SEC. 58. In all cases of mutual debts and mutual credits between the parties, the account between them shall be stated, and one debt
set off against the other, and the balance only shall be allowed and paid. But no set-off or counterclaim shall be allowed of a claim in
its nature not provable against the estate: Provided, That no set-off on counterclaim shall be allowed in favor of any debtor to the
insolvent of a claim purchased by or transferred to such debtor within thirty days immediately preceding the filing, or after the filing
of the petition by or against the insolvent.
It has been said with much basis by Morse, in his work on Bank and Banking (6th ed., vol. 1, pages 776 and 784) that:
The rules of law as to the right of set-off between the bank and its depositors are not different from those applicable to other parties.
(Page 776.)
Where the bank itself stops payment and becomes insolvent, the customer may avail himself in set-off against his indebtedness to
the bank of any indebtedness of the bank to himself, as, for example, the balance due him on his deposit account. (Page 784.)
But if set-offs are proper in these cases, when and how should they be made, considering that the appellants ask for the payment of
interest? Are they by any chance entitled to interest? If they are, when and until what time should they be paid the same?
The question of whether they are entitled to interest should be resolved in the same way that we resolved the case of the claimant
Tan Tiong Tick in the said case, G. R. No. 43682. The circumstances in these two cases are certainly the same as those in the said case
with reference to the said question. The Mercantile Bank of China owes to each of the appellants the interest claimed by them,
corresponding to the year ending December 4, 1931, the date it was declared in a state of liquidation, but not which the appellants
claim should be earned by their deposits after said date and until the full amounts thereof are paid to them. And with respect to the
question of set-off, this should be deemed made, of course, as of the date when the Mercantile Bank of China was declared in a state
of liquidation, that is, on December 4, 1931, for then there was already a reciprocal concurrence of debts, with respect to said bank
and the appellants. (Arts. 1195 and 1196 of the Civil Code; 8 Manresa, 4th ed., p. 361.)
III. With respect to the fourth assigned error of the appellants in case G. R. No. 43697, we hold, in view of the considerations set out
in resolving the other assignments of errors, that the lower court properly denied the motion for new trial of said appellants.
In view of the foregoing, we modify the appealed judgments by holding that the deposits claimed by the appellants, and declared by
the lower court to be ordinary credits are for the following amounts: P10,285.27 of Tiong Chui Gion; P5,387.95 of Gopoco Grocery
(Gopoco); P7,610.44 of Tan Locko; P6961.01 of Woo & Lo & Co.; P6,224.34 of Sy Guan Huat; and P1,917.50 of La Bella Tondea, plus
their corresponding interest up to December 4, 1931; that their obligations to the bank under liquidation which should be set off
against said deposits, are respectively for the following amounts: P664.77 of Tiong Chui Gion; P4,669.60 of Gopoco Grocery
(Gopoco); P2,757.80 of Tan Locko; P6,929.68 of Woo & Lo & Co.; P6,214.74 of Sy Huat; and P1,130.80 of La Bella Todea; and we
order that the set-offs in question be made in the manner stated in this decision, that is, as of the date already indicated, December 4,
1931. In all other respects, we affirm the aforesaid judgments, without special pronouncement as to costs. So ordered.
CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHIL v. MORFE
This case involves the question of whether a final judgment for the payment of a time deposit in a savings bank which judgment was
obtained after the bank was declared insolvent, is a preferred claim against the bank. The question arises under the following facts:
On February 18,1969 the Monetary Board found the Fidelity Savings Bank to be insolvent. The Board directed the Superintendent of
Banks to take charge of its assets, forbade it to do business and instructed the Central Bank Legal Counsel to take legal actions
(Resolution No. 350).
On December 9, 1969 the Board involved to seek the court's assistant and supervision in the liquidation of the ban The resolution
implemented only on January 25, 1972, when his Central Bank of the Philippines filed the corresponding petition for assistance and
supervision in the Court of First Instance of Manila (Civil Case No. 86005 assigned to Branch XIII).
Prior to the institution of the liquidation proceeding but after the declaration of insolvency, or, specifically, sometime in March,
1971, the spouses Job Elizes and Marcela P. Elizes filed a complaint in the Court of First Instance of Manila against the Fidelity
Savings Bank for the recovery of the sum of P50, 584 as the balance of their time deposits (Civil Case No. 82520 assigned to Branch
I).
In the judgment rendered in that case on December 13, 1972 the Fidelity Savings Bank was ordered to pay the Elizes spouses the
sum of P50,584 plus accumulated interest.
In another case, assigned to Branch XXX of the Court of First Instance of Manila, the spouses Augusta A. Padilla and Adelaida Padilla
secured on April 14, 1972 a judgment against the Fidelity Savings Bank for the sums of P80,000 as the balance of their time deposits,
plus interests, P70,000 as moral and exemplary damages and P9,600 as attorney's fees (Civil Case No. 84200 where the action was
filed on September 6, 1971).
dennisaranabriljdii
67
In its orders of August 20, 1973 and February 25, 1974, the lower court (Branch XIII having cognizance of the liquidation
proceeding), upon motions of the Elizes and Padilla spouses and over the opposition of the Central Bank, directed the latter as
liquidator, to pay their time deposits as preferred judgments, evidenced by final judgments, within the meaning of article 2244(14)(b)
of the Civil Code, if there are enough funds in the liquidator's custody in excess of the credits more preferred under section 30 of the
Central Bank Law in relation to articles 2244 and 2251 of the Civil Code.
From the said order, the Central Bank appealed to this Court by certiorari. It contends that the final judgments secured by the Elizes
and Padilla spouses do not enjoy any preference because (a) they were rendered after the Fidelity Savings Bank was declared
insolvent and (b) under the charter of the Central Bank and the General Banking Law, no final judgment can be validly obtained
against an insolvent bank.
Republic Act No. 265 provides:t.hqw
SEC. 29. Proceeding Office the order of the court, in accordance with their legal priority.
The General Banking Act, Republic Act No. 337, provides:t.hqw
SEC. 85. Any director or officer of any banking institution who receives or permits or causes to be received in
said bank any deposit, or who pays out or permits or causes to be paid out any funds of said bank, or who
transfers or permits or causes to be transferred any securities or property of said bank, after said bank
becomes insolvent, shall be punished by fine of not less than one thousand nor more than ten thousand pesos
and by imprisonment for not less than two nor more than ten years.
The Civil Code provides:t.hqw
ART. 2237. Insolvency shall be governed by special laws insofar as they are not inconsistent with this Code. (n)
ART. 2244. With reference to other property, real and personal, of the debtor, the following claims or credits
shall be preferred in the order named:
xxx xxx xxx
(14) Credits which, without special privilege, appear in (a) a public instrument; or (b) in a final judgment, if
they have been the subject of litigation. These credits shall have preference among themselves in the order of
priority of the dates of the instruments and of the judgments, respectively. (1924a)
ART. 2251. Those credits which do not enjoy any preference with respect to specific property, and those which
enjoy preference, as to the amount not paid, shall be satisfied according to the following rules:
(1) In the order established in article 2244;
dennisaranabriljdii
68
(2) Common credits referred to in article 2245 shall be paid pro rata regardless of dates. (1929a)
The trial court or, to be exact, the liquidation court noted that there is no provision in the charter of the Central Bank in the General
Banking Law (Republic Acts Nos. 265 and 337, respectively) which suspends or abates civil actions against an insolvent bank
pending in courts other than the liquidation court. It reasoned out that, because such actions are not suspended, judgments against
insolvent banks could be considered as preferred credits under article 2244(14)(b) of the Civil Code. It further noted that, in
contrast with the Central Act, section 18 of the Insolvency Law provides that upon the issuance by the court of an order declaring a
person insolvent "all civil proceedings against the said insolvent shall be stayed."
The liquidation court directed the Central Bank to honor the writs of execution issued by Branches I and XXX for the enforcement of
the judgments obtained by the Elizes and Padilla spouses. It suggested that, after satisfaction of the judgment the Central Bank, as
liquidator, should include said judgments in the list of preferred credits contained in the "Project of Distribution" "with the notation
"already paid" "
On the other hand, the Central Bank argues that after the Monetary Board has declared that a bank is insolvent and has ordered it to
cease operations, the Board becomes the trustee of its assets "for the equal benefit of all the creditors, including the depositors". The
Central Bank cites the ruling that "the assets of an insolvent banking institution are held in trust for the equal benefit of all creditors,
and after its insolvency, one cannot obtain an advantage or a preference over another by an attachment, execution or otherwise"
(Rohr vs. Stanton Trust & Savings Bank, 76 Mont. 248, 245 Pac. 947).
The stand of the Central Bank is that all depositors and creditors of the insolvent bank should file their actions with the liquidation
court. In support of that view it cites the provision that the Insolvency Law does not apply to banks (last sentence, sec. 52 of Act No.
1956).).
It should be noted that fixed, savings, and current deposits of money in banks and similar institutions are not true deposits. They are
considered simple loans and, as such, are not preferred credits (Art. 1980, Civil Code;:t.hqw
The general principle of equity that the assets of an insolvent are to he distributed ratably among general
creditors applies with full force to the distribution of the assets of a bank. A general depositor of a bank is
dennisaranabriljdii
69.
SERRANO v. CENTRAL BANK OF THE PHIL.
A sought for ex-parte preliminary injunction against both respondent banks was not given by this Court.
Undisputed pertinent facts are:
On October 13, 1966 and December 12, 1966, petitioner made a time deposit, for one year with 6% interest, of One Hundred Fifty
Thousand Pesos (P150,000.00) with the respondent Overseas Bank of Manila. 3 Concepcion Maneja also made a time deposit, for
one year with 6-% interest, on March 6, 1967, of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (P200,000.00) with the same respondent
Overseas Bank of Manila. 4
dennisaranabriljdii
70
On August 31, 1968, Concepcion Maneja, married to Felixberto M. Serrano, assigned and conveyed to petitioner Manuel M. Serrano,
her time deposit of P200,000.00 with respondent Overseas Bank of Manila. 5
Notwithstanding series of demands for encashment of the aforementioned time deposits from the respondent Overseas Bank of
Manila, dating from December 6, 1967 up to March 4, 1968, not a single one of the time deposit certificates was honored by
respondent Overseas Bank of Manila. 6
Respondent Central Bank admits that it is charged with the duty of administering the banking system of the Republic and it
exercises supervision over all doing business in the Philippines, but denies the petitioner's allegation that the Central Bank has the
duty to exercise a most rigid and stringent supervision of banks, implying that respondent Central Bank has to watch every move or
activity of all banks, including respondent Overseas Bank of Manila. Respondent Central Bank claims that as of March 12, 1965, the
Overseas Bank of Manila, while operating, was only on a limited degree of banking operations since the Monetary Board decided in
its Resolution No. 322, dated March 12, 1965, to prohibit the Overseas Bank of Manila from making new loans and investments in
view of its chronic reserve deficiencies against its deposit liabilities. This limited operation of respondent Overseas Bank of Manila
continued up to 1968. 7
Respondent Central Bank also denied that it is guarantor of the permanent solvency of any banking institution as claimed by
petitioner. It claims that neither the law nor sound banking supervision requires respondent Central Bank to advertise or represent
to the public any remedial measures it may impose upon chronic delinquent banks as such action may inevitably result to panic or
bank "runs". In the years 1966-1967, there were no findings to declare the respondent Overseas Bank of Manila as insolvent., including that of the petitioner and Concepcion Maneja. 10
In G.R. No. L-29362, entitled "Emerita M. Ramos, et al. vs. Central Bank of the Philippines," a case was filed by the petitioner Ramos,
wherein respondent Overseas Bank of Manila sought to prevent respondent Central Bank from closing, declaring the former
insolvent, and liquidating its assets. Petitioner Manuel Serrano in this case, filed on September 6, 1968, a motion to intervene in G.R.
No. L-29352, on the ground that Serrano had a real and legal interest as depositor of the Overseas Bank of Manila in the matter in
litigation in that case. Respondent Central Bank in G.R. No. L-29352 opposed petitioner Manuel Serrano's motion to intervene in that
case, on the ground that his claim as depositor of the Overseas Bank of Manila should properly be ventilated in the Court of First
Instance, and if this Court were to allow Serrano to intervene as depositor in G.R. No. L-29352, thousands of other depositors would
follow and thus cause an avalanche of cases in this Court. In the resolution dated October 4, 1968, this Court denied Serrano's,
motion to intervene. The contents of said motion to intervene are substantially the same as those of the present petition. 11
This Court rendered decision in G.R. No. L-29352 on October 4, 1971, which became final and executory on March 3, 1972, favorable
to the respondent Overseas Bank of Manila, with the dispositive portion to wit:
WHEREFORE, the writs prayed for in the petition are hereby granted and respondent Central Bank's resolution
Nos. 1263, 1290 and 1333 (that prohibit the Overseas Bank of Manila to participate in clearing, direct the
suspension of its operation, and ordering the liquidation of said bank) are hereby annulled and set aside; and
said respondent Central Bank of the Philippines is directed to comply with its obligations under the Voting
Trust Agreement, and to desist from taking action in violation therefor. Costs against respondent Central Bank
of the Philippines. 12
Because of the above decision, petitioner in this case filed a motion for judgment in this case, praying for a decision on the merits,
adjudging respondent Central Bank jointly and severally liable with respondent Overseas Bank of Manila to the petitioner for the
P350,000 time deposit made with the latter bank, with all interests due therein; and declaring all assets assigned or mortgaged by
the respondents Overseas Bank of Manila and the Ramos groups in favor of the Central Bank as trust funds for the benefit of
petitioner and other depositors. 13
By the very nature of the claims and causes of action against respondents, they in reality are recovery of time deposits plus interest
from respondent Overseas Bank of Manila,, said collaterals allegedly acquired through the use of depositors money. These claims shoud be ventilated in the Court of First
Instance of proper jurisdiction as We already pointed out when this Court denied petitioner's motion to intervene in G.R. No. L29352. Claims of these nature are not proper in actions for mandamus and prohibition as there is no shown clear abuse of discretion
by the Central Bank in its exercise of supervision over the other respondent Overseas Bank of Manila, and if there was, petitioner
here is not the proper party to raise that question, but rather the Overseas Bank of Manila, as it did in G.R. No. L-29352. Neither is
there anything to prohibit in this case, since the questioned acts of the respondent Central Bank (the acts of dissolving and
liquidating the Overseas Bank of Manila), which petitioner here intends to use as his basis for claims of damages against respondent
Central Bank, had been accomplished a long time ago.
dennisaranabriljdii
71
Furthermore,, since these collaterals were acquired by the use
of depositors' money.
Bank deposits are in the nature of irregular deposits. They are really loans because they earn interest. All kinds of bank deposits,
whether fixed, savings, or current are to be treated as loans and are to be covered by the law on loans. 14 Current and savings
deposit he respondent Bank to honor the time deposit is failure to pay s obligation as a debtor and
not a breach of trust arising from depositary's failure to return the subject matter of the deposit
WHEREFORE, the petition is dismissed for lack of merit, with costs against petitioner.
GUINGONA v. CITY FISCAL OF MANILA
This is a petition for prohibition and injunction with a prayer for the immediate issuance of restraining order and/or writ of
preliminary injunction filed by petitioners on March 26, 1982.. 81319:t.hqw"):t.hqw
"From March 20, 1979 to March, 1981, David invested with the Nation Savings and Loan Association, (hereinafter called
NSLA) the sum of P1,145,546.20 on nine (au N LA.t.hqw
interest above the legal rate,
dennisaranabriljdii
72 on behalf (9 1/2) carat diamond ring with a net value of P510,000.00; and,
that the liabilities of NSLA to David were civil in nature."
Petitioner, Guingona, Jr., in his counter-affidavit (Petition, Annex' C') stated the following:t.hqw
"That he had no hand whatsoever in the transactions between David and NSLA since he (Guingona Jr.) had resigned as
NSLA president in March 1978, or prior to those transactions; that he assumed a portionis record , roc.). Pl nine. and savings deposits with the aforesaid
bank, the contract that was perfected was a contract of simple loan or mutuum and not a contract of deposit. Thus, Article 1980 of
the New Civil Code provides that:t.hqw
dennisaranabriljdii
73
Article 1980. Fixed, savings, and current deposits of-money in banks and similar institutions shall be governed
by the provisions concerning simple loan.
In the case of Central Bank of the Philippines vs. Morfe (63 SCRA 114,119 [1975], We said:t.hqw
It should be noted that fixed, savings, and current deposits of money in banks and similar institutions are hat true deposits.
are considered simple loans and, as such, are not preferred credits (Art. 1980 Civil Code; In re Liquidation of Mercantile
Batik of China Tan Tiong Tick vs. American Apothecaries Co., 66 Phil 414; Pacific Coast Biscuit Co. vs. Chinese Grocers
Association 65 Phil. 375; Fletcher American National Bank vs. Ang Chong UM 66 PWL 385; Pacific Commercial Co. vs.
American Apothecaries Co., 65 PhiL 429; Gopoco Grocery vs. Pacific Coast Biscuit CO.,65 Phil. 443)."
This Court also declared in the recent case of Serrano vs. Central Bank of the Philippines (96 SCRA 102 [1980]) that:t.hqw saving deposits, are loans to a bank because it can use
the same. The petitioner here in making time deposits that earn interests (Emphasis. l(b) of the Revised Penal Code, but it will only give rise to civil liability over which the public
respondents have no- jurisdiction.
WE have already laid down the rule that:t.hqw
In order that a person can be convicted under the above-quoted provision, it must be proven that he has the obligation to
deliver or return the some money, goods or personal property that he receivedPetitioners had no such obligation to return the
same money, i.e., the bills or coins, which they received from private respondents. This is so because as clearly as stated in
criminal complaints, the related civil complaints and the supporting sworn statements, the sums of money that petitioners
received were loans.
The nature of simple loan is defined in Articles 1933 and 1953 of the Civil Code.t.hqw
' (Yam vs. Malik, 94 SCRA
30, 34 [1979]; Emphasis.
dennisaranabriljdii
74:t.hqw:t.hqw
The novation theory may perhaps apply prior to the filling, as distinguished from the civil. The crime being an offense against the state, only the latter can renounce it (People vs.
Gervacio, 54 Off. Gaz. 2898; People vs. Velasco, 42 Phil. 76; U.S. vs. Montanes, 8 Phil. 620).
It may be observed in this regard that novation is not one of the means recognized by the Penal Code whereby criminal liability
can be extinguished; hence, the role of novation may only be to either prevent the rise of criminal habihty behelf for the following reasons:
1. It appears from the records that when respondent David was about to make a deposit:t.hqw
dennisaranabriljdii
75
On the issue of whether a writ of injunction can restrain the proceedings in Criminal Case No. 3140, the general rule is that
"ordinarily, criminal prosecution may not be blocked by court prohibition or injunction." Exceptions, however, are allowed in
the following instances:t.hqw
:t.hqw policyAre.
PEOPLE v. PU[1]:
(1)
(2)
the Informations are bereft of the phrase alleging dependence, guardianship or vigilance between the
respondents and the offended party that would have created a high degree of confidence between
them which the respondents could have abused.
dennisaranabriljdii
76 30 January 2006 and refused to issue a warrant of arrest
against Puig and Porras.
A Motion for Reconsideration[2] was filed on 17 April 2006, by the petitioner.
On 9 June 2006, an Order[3] denying petitioners Motion for Reconsideration was issued by the RTC, finding as follows:
Accordingly, the prosecutions Motion for Reconsideration should be, as it hereby, DENIED. The Order
dated January 30, 2006 STANDS in all respects. 30 January 2006 and 9 June
2006 issued by the trial court, and that it be directed to proceed with Criminal Cases No. 05-3054 to 05-3165.,[4]:.)
dennisaranabriljdii
77
Theft, as defined in Article 308 of the Revised Penal Code, requires the physical taking of anothers property without violence
or intimidation against persons or force upon things. The elements of the crime under this Article are:
1.
Intent to gain;
2.
Unlawful taking;
3.
4.
To fall under the crime of Qualified Theft, the following elements must concur:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. That it be accomplished without the use of violence or intimidation against persons, nor of force upon
things;
6..[5],[6] where the accused teller was
convicted for Qualified Theft based on this Information:
dennisaranabriljdii
78. [7]
Also in People v. Sison,[8]: xxx. The
management of the PCIB reposed its trust and confidence in the appellant as its Luneta Branch Operation
Officer, and it was this trust and confidence which he exploited to enrich himself to the damage and prejudice
of PCIB x x x.[9]
From another end, People v. Locson,[10].[11],[12][13] is instructive. The Court thus enunciated:
dennisaranabriljdii
79, [14],[15] as
reiterated in Allado v. Driokno,[16]explained that probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest is the existence of such facts
and circumstances that would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent person to believe that an offense has been committed by the
person sought to be arrested.[17] 30
January 2006 and 9 June 2006 of the RTC dismissing Criminal Cases No. 05-3054 to 05-3165 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Let
the corresponding Warrants of Arrest issue against herein respondents TERESITA PUIG and ROMEO PORRAS. The RTC Judge of
Branch 68, in Dumangas, Iloilo, is directed to proceed with the trial of Criminal Cases No. 05-3054 to 05-3165, inclusive, with
reasonable dispatch. No pronouncement as to costs. | https://www.scribd.com/document/252337144/CAPTER1AND2 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 46,962 | 56.69 |
Content-type: text/html
#include <sched.h>
int sched_setparam (
pid_t pid,
const struct sched_param *param);
The sched_setparam function changes the scheduling parameters of a process. Setting priorities such that the most critical process has the highest priority allows applications to determine more effectively when a process will run.
At runtime, a process starts out with an initial priority of SCHED_PRIO_USER_MAX. A call to the sched_setparam function that raises the priority of a process, also raises the maximum priority for the process. This higher maximum priority exists for the life of the process or until the priority is set to a new, higher priority through another call to the sched_setparam function. The maximum priority cannot be adjusted downward, but subsequent calls to the sched_setparam or sched_setscheduler functions can specify that a process run at a lower priority.
You must have superuser privileges to set the priority above the user maximum, SCHED_PRIO_USER_MAX. A superuser can set the priority outside the range of the specified pid's scheduling policy.
The target process, whether it is running or not, resumes execution after all other runnable processes of equal or greater priority are scheduled to run. If the priority of the target process is set higher than that of the calling process, and if the target process is ready to run, then the target process will preempt the calling process. If the calling process sets its own priority lower than some other process, then the other process will preempt the calling process. In either situation, the calling process might not receive notification of the completion of the requested priority change until the target process has executed.
The scheduling parameters of the process as indicated by pid are obtained with a call to the sched_getparam function.
The priority of a process is inherited across fork and exec calls.
On a successful call to the sched_setparam function, the scheduling parameters are set and a value of 0 is returned. On an unsuccessful call, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate that an error occurred and the priority is unchanged.
The sched_setparam function fails under the following conditions:
Functions: getpid(2), sched_getparam(3), sched_getscheduler(3), sched_setscheduler(3) delim off | https://backdrift.org/man/tru64/man3/sched_setparam.3.html | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 366 | 51.28 |
Shortcut: increments and decrement operators
These symbols act as automatic 1 adders or subtractors.
++ adds one to something, - - subtracts one from something.
There are two ways to use these. Here is one:
import static java.lang.System.out;
class preincrementyo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int numberofslugs =27;
++numberofslugs;
out.println (numberofslugs);
out.println(++numberofslugs);
out.println(numberofslugs);
}
}
After setting the initial number of slugs at 27, we increase it by one with
++number of slugs;
and then we print 28, and then increase it again to 29 with
out.println(++numberofslugs);
and then it gets printed as 29, and then one last time we print it as 29 to show the final value.
Try the slug program.
TO BE HANDED IN:
Now change it to another animal, show the initial value and run it up by four with this method, showing
each increase.
Jesper de Jong wrote:This is a simple assignment With a line like numberofslugs = (++numberofslugs) + (++numberofslugs) + (++numberofslugs) + (++numberofslugs); you are way overcomplicating the problem.
Carefully think about what the pre-increment operator does. If you write ++numberofslugs, this means: increment the value of the variable numberofslugs by one and return the new value. You don't need to do any assignment; just writing ++numberofslugs will increment the value of the variable by itself. In fact, using assignment and the pre- or post-increment operator together is a common source of misunderstanding with beginnning Java programmers.
Note that the assignment does not ask you to increment the value by 4 in one go. On the contrary, it says "show the initial value and run it up by four with this method, showing
each increase" which means you have to increment it one by one, printing the value each time you do an increment.
Pure Ownage wrote:Also, my teacher provided me with this assignment and he told me that I had to increase the value of the initial value by four (not 1 by 1).
Now change it to another animal, show the initial value and run it up by four with this method, showing
each increase. | http://www.coderanch.com/t/540915/java/java/Preincrement | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 351 | 62.07 |
Mapping Connections using App Sub-resources
CloudShell 8.3 and above allows developers.
The port mapping is done during the deployment of the App. This requires creating a shell and specifying the port’s vNIC name in an attribute on the
Get_Inventory command of the deployed App’s shell driver, and associating that shell to the desired App. Then, to map that App’s vNIC, the blueprint designer will need to specify the vNIC name on the App.
This is supported for vCenter, AWS EC2 and OpenStack Apps.
Configuration
In this procedure, we will guide you on how to enable sub-resource mapping between Apps.
1) Download the driver of the App’s cloud provider from CloudShell Portal’s Manage>Drivers>Resource page.
2) Edit the driver.py file in your preferred editor.
3) Modify the
get_inventory command to include the sub-resources you want to support and the vNIC names.
For example, 2 sub-resources with vNIC names “Port 1” and “Port 2”:
def get_inventory(self, context): """ :type context: models.QualiDriverModels.AutoLoadCommandContext """ sub_resources = [AutoLoadResource(model='Generic Ethernet Port', name='Port 1', relative_address='port1'), AutoLoadResource(model='Generic Ethernet Port', name='Port 2', relative_address='port2')] attributes = [AutoLoadAttribute('port1', 'Requested vNIC Name', '0'), AutoLoadAttribute('port2', 'Requested vNIC Name', '1')] result = AutoLoadDetails(sub_resources, attributes) return result #return AutoLoadDetails([],[])
Note that for AWS EC2 Apps, the vNICs must be sequential and start with “0”. For example, 0, 1, 2.
4) Create a shell model for the App in Resource Manager Client>Resource Families>Generic App Family.
5) Create an attribute called Requested vNIC Name and add it to the new shell.
6) Associate the port model defined in the command to the new shell in Resource Manager Client>Resource Structure.
In the above example, we used a port model called Generic Ethernet Port.
7) Add the driver to CloudShell Portal’s Manage>Drivers>Resource page and associate the new shell model.
Configuring the App
1) In CloudShell Portal’s Manage>Apps page, create or edit an App template.
2) In the App’s App Resource page, select the shell you created.
3) Add the App to a blueprint.
4) Create a connector from this App to another endpoint in the blueprint.
5) Edit the connector line and in the Requested Source vNIC Name attribute, enter the vNIC name to use.
Note: The vNIC name must be defined in the driver’s
get_inventory command. In our case, “Port 1” or “Port 2”. | https://devguide.quali.com/reference/8.3.0/mapping-sub-resource-connections.html | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | refinedweb | 407 | 57.06 |
MessageCore::StringUtil
Detailed Description
This namespace contain helper functions for string manipulation.
Enumeration Type Documentation
Used to determine if the address field should be expandable/collapsible.
Definition at line 102 of file stringutil.h.
Used to determine if the visible part of the anchor contains only the name part and not the given emailAddr or the full address.
Definition at line 92 of file stringutil.h.
Used to determine if the address should be a link or not.
Definition at line 97 of file stringutil.h.
Function Documentation
Returns true if the given address is contained in the given address list.
Definition at line 495 of file stringutil.cpp.
Returns the
message contents with the headers that should not be sent stripped off.
Definition at line 383 of file stringutil.cpp.
Cleans a filename by replacing characters not allowed or wanted on the filesystem e.g.
':', '/', '\' with '_'
Definition at line 686 of file stringutil.cpp.
Return this mails subject, with all "forward" and "reply" prefixes removed.
Definition at line 722 of file stringutil.cpp.
Check for prefixes
prefixRegExps in #subject().
If none is found,
newPrefix + ' ' is prepended to the subject and the resulting string is returned. If
replace is true, any sequence of whitespace-delimited prefixes at the beginning of #subject() is replaced by
newPrefix
Definition at line 731 of file stringutil.cpp.
Same as the above, only for Mailbox::List types.
Converts the email address(es) to (a) nice HTML mailto: anchor(s).
display determines if only the name part or the entire address should be returned.
cssStyle a custom css template.
link determines if the result should be a html link or not.
expandable determines if a long list of addresses should be expandable or shown in full.
fieldName the name that the divs should be based on if expandable is set to ExpanableAddesses.
The number of addresses to show before collapsing the rest, if expandable is set to ExpandableAddresses.
Definition at line 471 of file stringutil.cpp.
Same as above method, only for AddressList headers.
Definition at line 483 of file stringutil.cpp.
Convert quote wildcards into the final quote prefix.
- Parameters
-
Definition at line 635 of file stringutil.cpp.
Return this mails subject, formatted for "forward" mails.
Definition at line 736 of file stringutil.cpp.
Generates the Message-Id.
It uses either the Message-Id
suffix defined by the user or the given email address as suffix. The
address must be given as addr-spec as defined in RFC 2822.
Definition at line 300 of file stringutil.cpp.
Uses the hostname as domain part and tries to determine the real name from the entries in the password file.
Definition at line 509 of file stringutil.cpp.
Return the message header with the headers that should not be sent stripped off.
Definition at line 394 of file stringutil.cpp.
Parses a mailto: url and extracts the information in the QMap (field name as key).
Definition at line 162 of file stringutil.cpp.
Quotes the following characters which have a special meaning in HTML: '<' '>' '&' '"'. Additionally '\n' is converted to "<br />" if
removeLineBreaks is false.
If
removeLineBreaks is true, then '\n' is removed. Last but not least '\r' is removed.
Definition at line 317 of file stringutil.cpp.
Removes all private header fields (e.g.
*Status: and X-KMail-*) from the given
message. if cleanUpHeader is false don't remove X-KMail-Identity and X-KMail-Dictionary which is useful when we want restore mail.
Definition at line 354 of file stringutil.cpp.
Check for prefixes
prefixRegExps in
str.
If none is found,
newPrefix + ' ' is prepended to
str and the resulting string is returned. If
replace is true, any sequence of whitespace-delimited prefixes at the beginning of
str is replaced by
newPrefix.
Definition at line 752 of file stringutil.cpp.
Return this mails subject, formatted for "reply" mails.
Definition at line 744 of file stringutil.cpp.
Relayouts the given string so that the individual lines don't exceed the given maximal length.
As the name of the function implies, it is smart, which means it deals with quoting correctly. This means if a line already starts with quote characters and needs to be broken, the same quote characters are prepended to the next line as well.
This does not add new quote characters in front of every line, that is the responsibility of the caller.
- Parameters
-
Definition at line 529 of file stringutil.cpp.
Splits the given address list
text into separate addresses.
Definition at line 283 of file stringutil.cpp.
Removes the forward and reply marks (e.g.
Re: or Fwd:) from a
subject string. Additional markers to act on can be specified in the MessageCore::GlobalSettings object.
Definition at line 783 of file stringutil.cpp.
Strips the signature blocks from a message text.
"-- " is considered as a signature block separator.
- Parameters
-
Definition at line 223 of file stringutil.cpp.
Documentation copyright © 1996-2022 The KDE developers.
Generated on Fri Jan 28 2022 23:05:47 by doxygen 1.8.11 written by Dimitri van Heesch, © 1997-2006
KDE's Doxygen guidelines are available online. | https://api.kde.org/kdepim/messagelib/html/namespaceMessageCore_1_1StringUtil.html | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | refinedweb | 849 | 60.72 |
In this Google flutter code example we are going to learn how to use Sized 'sized: BasicSizedBox(), ); } }
sizedbox.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class BasicSizedBox extends StatelessWidget { //A box with a specified size @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar(title: Text("SizedBox Widget")), //the sizedBox widget forces its child to have a specific width and/or height (if that widget permits that) //if it doesnt contain a child, it will size itself to the given width and height //can also use SizedBox.expand(), which stes with and height to infinity //or SizedBox.fromSize() which requires a Size class body: Center( child: SizedBox( height: 80.0, width: 80.0, //the container has no width or height, but the sizedbox widget forces it to its own width/height child: Container( color: Colors.red, ), ), ), ); } }
If you have any questions or suggestions kindly use the comment box or you can contact us directly through our contact page below. | https://inducesmile.com/google-flutter/how-to-use-sizedbox-widget-in-flutter/ | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 158 | 53.21 |
Bob the lazy builder doesn’t bother sorting his nails, screws, nuts, bolts, washers etc. They’re all muddled together in the bottom of his toolbox. Whenever Bob takes on a new job, he rummages around in his toolbox to see if he has everything he needs.
Despite this lack of organization, Bob’s services are in demand. His business is growing and so is his toolbox, to the point that rummaging around in it is taking up too much of his time. This article discusses various algorithms Bob could use and compares their efficiency. We shall make use of the C++ Standard Library and consider what its complexity guarantees mean to us in practice.
Let’s use the term “widget” for any of the objects in Bob’s toolbox.
For Bob’s purposes two widgets are the same if they have the same
physical characteristics—size, material, shape etc. For example,
all 25mm panel pins are considered equal. In programming terms we
describe a widget as a value-based object. We can model this value
using an
int, which gives us the following:
class widget { public: // Construct explicit widget(int value); public: // Access int value() const; public: // Compare bool operator==(widget const & other) const; private: int value_; };
The implementation of this simple class holds no surprises.
We’ll model the toolbox and the job using a standard container. Let’s
also introduce a
typedef for iterating through this container.
typedef std::vector<widget> widgets; typedef widgets::const_iterator widget_it;
What Bob needs to know before starting on a job is:
// Can the job be done using this toolbox? // Returns True if there's a widget in the toolbox for every // widget in the job, false otherwise. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox);
None of the algorithms under consideration are any use unless they work, so first we’re going to set up some test cases. Although Bob’s real toolbox is large—containing tens of thousands of widgets—we can check our algorithms get the right answers using something much smaller. Note too that we make sure to test corner cases, such as the toolbox or the job being empty. These corner cases may not happen often but it would be an embarrassment to get them wrong.
For brevity, only one of the tests is included in full here.
.... void test_repeated_widgets() { widget const tt[] = { widget(1), widget(2), widget(3), widget(2), widget(3), widget(1), widget(3), widget(1), widget(2) }; widget const j1[] = { widget(3), widget(2), widget(2), widget(1), widget(1), widget(3) }; widget const j2[] = { widget(4), widget(2), widget(2), widget(1), widget(1), widget(4) }; widgets toolbox(tt, tt + sizeof tt / sizeof tt[0]); widgets job1(j1, j1 + sizeof j1 / sizeof j1[0]); widgets job2(j2, j2 + sizeof j2 / sizeof j2[0]); assert(can_he_fix_it(job1, toolbox)); assert(!can_he_fix_it(job2, toolbox)); } void test_can_he_fix_it() { test_empty_toolbox(); test_empty_job(); test_job_bigger_than_toolbox(); test_repeated_widgets(); .... }
In discussing the complexity of an algorithm, we’ll be using big O notation. We characterize an algorithm’s complexity in terms of the number of steps it takes, and how many more steps it takes as the size of the algorithm’s inputs increase.
So, for example, obtaining the value of an entry in an array of size
N
takes the same amount of time, no matter how big
N is. We just add the
index to base address of the array and read the value directly. This
behavior is described as constant time, or
O(1). If, instead, we’re
looking for a value in a linked list of size
N we have
to step through the links one by one. On average, we’ll need to follow
N/2 links. This behavior is linear, or
O(N)—notice that we often
omit any constant factors when describing the complexity of an
algorithm.
Algorithms such as binary search, which repeatedly split the input
data in half before arriving at an answer, are of logarithmic
complexity. Consider, for example, looking up a word in a dictionary.
We open the book at the middle: if we’ve found the word, we’re done,
otherwise, since the dictionary is ordered, we know the word must be
in the first or second half of the dictionary; thus, having halved the
number of pages to search through, we can repeat the process until we
find the word. We see this behavior often in the associative
containers from the Standard Library, which typically use balanced
binary trees to store their values. The depth of the tree is
proportional to the logarithm of the size of the container; hence the
complexity of, for example, a
std::map read operation, is
logarithmic.
As input sizes grow larger the higher order terms in big O notation
come to dominate. Thus, if an algorithm takes
1000 * log(N) + N
steps, as
N gets larger the logarithmic term is dwarfed by the linear
term. The algorithm is, therefore, simply
O(N).
The C++ Standard Library1 does not mandate how
its various algorithms and containers should be implemented: rather,
it lays down preconditions for their use, in return giving us
guarantees about both their results and the number of steps taken to
achieve these results. Sometimes these guarantees are precise: for
example, the complexity of
for_each(first, last, op) is linear,
applying
op exactly
first - last times. Sometimes an operation’s
behavior needs to be averaged out over a number of calls: for example, the
complexity of
push_back on a vector is amortized constant time,
since every so often it may be necessary to reallocate storage, and,
as a consequence, that particular call to
push_back takes rather
longer. And sometimes the behavior depends on the properties of the
inputs: for example, constructing a unique sorted container from an
input iterator range is, in general
O(N * log(N)), but reduces to
O(N)
if the values in the iterator range are already sorted.
Let’s see how this works by coding some solutions to Bob’s toolbox problem and analyzing their complexity.
The first version of
can_he_fix_it uses brute force. For each
widget in the job we look in the toolbox to see if there’s a matching
widget that we haven’t already used. If there isn’t, then we haven’t
enough widgets to take on the job, and we know our answer must be
false. If there is, mark the toolbox widget as used and continue on
to the next widget in the job. If we reach the end of the job in
this way without problems, we return
true.
// Strategy: For each widget in the job, iterate through the widgets // in the toolbox looking for a matching widget. If we find a match // which we haven't used already, make a note of it and continue to // the next job widget. If we don't, fail. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { bool yes_he_can = true; // Track widgets from the toolbox which we've used already std::set<widget_it> used; widget_it const t_end = toolbox.end(); for (widget_it j = job.begin(); yes_he_can && j != job.end(); ++j) { yes_he_can = false; widget_it t = toolbox.begin(); while (!yes_he_can && t != t_end) { t = std::find(t, t_end, *j); yes_he_can = t != t_end && used.find(t) == used.end(); if (yes_he_can) { used.insert(t++); } if (t != t_end) { ++t; } } } return yes_he_can; }
How does this algorithm perform? In the fastest case, the algorithm
completes in just
T steps. This would happen if the very first job
widget isn’t in the toolbox. In this case, the call:
t = std::find(t, t_end, *j);
with
t set to
toolbox.begin() returns
t_end, and then a couple
of simple tests cause our function to exit the loop and return
false. Now, the C++ Standard Library documentation tells us that the
complexity of
std::find is linear: we’ll be making at most
t_end -
t (and in this case exactly
t_end - t) comparisons for equality.
That’s because our toolbox is unsorted (indeed, we can’t sort it yet,
because we haven’t defined a widget ordering). To find an element from a
range, all
std::find can do is advance through the range, one step
at a time, testing each value in turn. By contrast, note that the
find which appears on the next line of code:
used.find(t) == used.end();
is actually a member function of
std::set. This particular
find
takes advantage of the fact that a set is a sorted container, and is
of logarithmic complexity. Note here that although our widgets are
unsorted—and, as yet, unsortable—random access iterators
into the widgets vector can be both compared and sorted.
Generally, though, in complexity analysis, the fastest case isn’t of
greatest interest: we’re more interested in the average case or even
the worst case. In the worst case, then, we must work through all
J
widgets in the job, and for each of these widgets we have to find
unique matches in the toolbox, requiring
O(T) steps. For each
successful comparison we also have to check in the set to see if we’ve
already used this widget from the toolbox, which ends up being a
O(log(J)) operation.
So, the complexity looks like:
O(J * T + J * log(J))
Assuming
T is larger than
J, as
T and
J grow larger the
J * log(J)
term becomes insignificant. Our algorithm is
O(J * T). If, typically,
a job’s size is 10% of the size of the toolbox, this algorithm takes
O(T * T / 10) steps, and is, then, quadratic in
T.
What does quadratic performance mean to Bob? Well, he doesn’t charge for a quotation, which is when he needs to consider if he has enough tools to take on a job. Quadratic performance has the unfortunate result that every time his toolbox doubles in size, generating this part of the quotation takes four times as long. Wasting time is costing Bob money. We shall have to do better than this!
Our second strategy requires us to sort the job and the toolbox before
we start comparing them. First, we’ll have to define an order on our
widgets. We can do this by
adding
operator<() to the
widget class:
bool operator<(widget const & other) const;
which we implement:
bool widget::operator<(widget const & other) const { return value_ < other.value_; }
With this ordering in place, we can code the following:
// Strategy: sort both the job and the toolbox. // Then iterate through the widgets in the sorted job. // For each widget value in the job, see how // many widgets there are of this value, then see if // we have enough widgets of this value in the toolbox. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { widgets sorted_job(job); widgets sorted_toolbox(toolbox); std::sort(sorted_job.begin(), sorted_job.end()); std::sort(sorted_toolbox.begin(), sorted_toolbox.end()); bool yes_he_can = true; widget_it j = sorted_job.begin(); widget_it const j_end = sorted_job.end(); widget_it t = sorted_toolbox.begin(); widget_it const t_end = sorted_toolbox.end(); while (yes_he_can && j != j_end) { widget_it next_j = std::upper_bound(j, j_end, *j); std::pair<widget_it, widget_it> matching_tools = std::equal_range(t, t_end, *j); yes_he_can = next_j - j <= matching_tools.second - matching_tools.first; j = next_j; t = matching_tools.second; } return yes_he_can; }
Sorting is easy—the standard library algorithm
std::sort handles it directly. Sorting has
O(N log N) complexity, so
this stage has cost us
O(J log J) + O(T log T) steps.
Once we have a sorted vector of job and toolbox widgets, we can
perform the comparison in a single pass through the data.
Now the data is sorted, we have an alternative to
std::find when we
want to locate items of a particular value. We can use binary search
techniques to home in on a desired element. This is how
std::equal_range and
std::upper_bound work.
The call to
equal_range(t, t_end, *j) makes at most
2 * log(t_end - t) + 1 comparisons. Similarly, the call to
upper_bound(j, j_end, *j) takes at most
log(j_end - j) + 1
comparisons.
The number times each of these functions gets called depends on how
many unique widget values there are in the job. If all
J widgets share
a single value, we’ll call each function just once; and at the other
extreme, if no two widgets in the job are equal, we may end up calling
each function
J times.
In the worst case, the comparison costs us something like
O(J log J)
+ O(J log T) steps. We may well have been better off with plain old
find—it really depends on how the widgets in a
job/toolbox are
partitioned. In any case, the total complexity is:
O(J log J) + O(T log T) + O(J log J) + O(J log T)
Assuming that
T is much bigger than
J, the headline figure for this
solution is
O(T log T). This will represent a very substantial
saving over our first solution as
T increases.
Before moving to our next implementation, it’s worth pointing out that
once the toolbox has been sorted it stays sorted—. Bob could make even greater
savings using a simple variant of this implementation if he changed
the interface to
can_he_fix_it to allow him to consider several
jobs at a time.
The implementations of our first two algorithms have both been a
little fiddly. We needed our test program to give us any confidence
that they were correct. Our third implementation takes advantage of
the fact that what we’re really doing is seeing if the job is a subset
of the toolbox. By converting the inputs into sets (into multisets,
actually, since any widget can appear any number of times in a job
or a toolbox), we can implement our comparison trivially, using a
single call to
includes. It’s a lot easier to see how this solution
works.
// Strategy: copy the job and the toolbox into a multiset, // then see if the toolbox includes the job. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { std::multiset<widget> const jset(job.begin(), job.end()); std::multiset<widget> const tset(toolbox.begin(), toolbox.end()); return std::includes(tset.begin(), tset.end(), jset.begin(), jset.end()); }
Our call to
includes will make at most
2 * (T + J) - 1
comparisions. Have we, then, a linear algorithm? Unfortunately not,
since constructing a
multiset of size
T is an
O(T log T) operation—essentially, the data must be arranged into a balanced tree.
Once again, then, assuming that
T is much larger than
J, we have an
O(T log T) algorithm.
Both the second and the third solutions require considerable secondary
storage to operate. The second solution duplicated its inputs; the
third was even more profligate, since, in addition to this, it needed
to create all of the
std::multiset infrastructure linking up nodes
of the container. Complexity analysis isn’t overly concerned with
storage requirements, but real programs cannot afford to take such a
casual approach. Often, a trade-off gets made between memory and
speed—as indeed happened when we dropped the brute force
approach, which required relatively little secondary storage. It turns
out, though, in this particular case, we shall find an algorithm which
does well on both fronts.
As mentioned, a
std::multiset is a relatively complex
container. The innocent looking constructor:
std::multiset<widget> const tset(toolbox.begin(), toolbox.end());
is not only (in general) an
O(T log T) operation—it
also requires a number of dynamic memory allocations to construct the
linked container nodes. Now, since
std::includes does
not insist that its input iterators are from a set, but merely from
sorted ranges, we could use a sorted
std::vector instead.
// Strategy: copy the job and the toolbox into vectors, // sort these vectors, then see if the sorted toolbox // includes the sorted job. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { widgets sj(job); widgets st(toolbox); std::sort(sj.begin(), sj.end()); std::sort(st.begin(), st.end()); return std::includes(st.begin(), st.end(), sj.begin(), sj.end()); }
Here, constructing the widget vector,
sj, is a linear
operation which requires just a single dynamic memory allocation; and
similarly for
st. These vectors can then be sorted using
O(J log J) and
O(T log T) operations
respectively. As before, the call to
std::includes is
linear, though this time it may be fractionally quicker than the
set-based version since iterating though a vector involves incremental
additions rather than following pointers.
So, in theory, the “vector inclusion” implementation is, like the “set
inclusion” implementation, an
O(T log T) operation. In
practice, as we shall find out later when we measure the performance
of our various implementations, it turns out to beat the “set
inclusion” implementation by a constant factor of roughly 10. So,
although we often omit these constant factors when analysing the
complexity of an algorithm, we must be careful not to forget their
effect. The rule of thumb—to use
std::vector
unless there’s good reason not to—applies here. It turns
out, however, that we can make a far bigger improvement when we
consider the range of values a widget can take.
Any widget is defined by an integral value. In fact, the number of distinct widget values is rather small. Bob’s toolbox contains tens of thousands of widgets, but there are only a few hundred distinct values. Let’s add this crucial piece of knowledge to our widget class:
class widget { // All widget values are in the range 0 .. max_value - 1 enum { max_value = 500 }; .... };
This allows the following implementation:
namespace { // Store the widget counts in an array indexed by widget value, // and return the total number of widgets. widgets::size_type count_widgets(widgets const & to_count, unsigned * widget_counts) { for (widget_it w = to_count.begin(); w != to_count.end(); ++w) { ++widget_counts[w->value()]; } return to_count.size(); } } // Strategy: preprocess the job counting how many widgets there // are of each value. Then iterate through the toolbox, reducing // counts every time we find a widget we need. bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { unsigned job_widget_counts[widget::max_value]; std::fill(job_widget_counts, job_widget_counts + widget::max_value, 0); widgets::size_type count = count_widgets(job, job_widget_counts); for (widget_it t = toolbox.begin(); count != 0 && t != toolbox.end(); ++t) { int const tv = t->value(); if (job_widget_counts[tv] != 0) { // We can use this widget. Adjust counts accordingly. --job_widget_counts[tv]; --count; } } return count == 0; }
Here, the only secondary storage we need is for an array which holds
widget::max_value unsigned integers. We initialize this array to
hold widget counts for the job—for example,
job_widget_counts[42]
holds the number of widgets of value 42 we need. We can now iterate
just once through the toolbox using
job_widget_counts to track which
widgets we still require for the job. If the total count ever drops to
zero, we exit the loop, knowing we can take the job on. The
complexity here is
O(J) to initialize the
counts array and
O(T) to
perform the comparison, giving an overall complexity of
O(J + T),
which reduces to
O(T) if, as before, we assume that
T is much bigger than
J.
This then is linear. We can still do better, but only if we’re prepared to work at a higher level and change the way we model jobs and toolboxes.
To beat a linear algorithm we’ll need to persuade Bob to track the widgets in his toolbox more closely.
class counted_widgets { public: // Construct an empty collection of widgets. counted_widgets(); public: // Add a number of widgets to the collection. void add(widget to_add, unsigned how_many); // Count up widgets of the given type. unsigned count(widget to_count) const; // Try and remove a number of widgets of the given type. // Returns the number actually removed. unsigned remove(widget to_remove, unsigned how_many); // Does this counted collection of widgets include // another such collection? bool includes(counted_widgets const & other) const; private: unsigned widget_counts[widget::max_value]; };
This isn’t such a bad model, since when Bob replenishes his toolbox, he typically empties in bags containing known numbers of widgets, and most job specifications include a pre-sorted bill of materials.
If we now model both
job and
toolbox using instances of the new
counted_widgets class, what used to be called
can_he_fix_it is now
implemented as
toolbox.includes(job). This
counted_widgets::includes member function can be handled directly by
std::equal which guarantees to make at most
widget::max_value
comparisons. Since
widget::max_value remains fixed as
T and
J
increase, we have finally reduced our solution to a constant time
algorithm, which the C++ Standard Library renders as a single line of code.
bool counted_widgets::includes(counted_widgets const & other) { return std::equal(widget_counts, widget_counts + widget::max_value, other.widget_counts, std::greater_equal<unsigned>()); }
We can’t do better than constant time, but just for fun let’s see how much worse we could do if we picked the wrong standard library algorithms. Here’s a version of factorial complexity:
bool can_he_fix_it(widgets const & job, widgets const & toolbox) { // Handle edge case separately: if the job's bigger than // the toolbox, we can't call std::equal later in this function. if (job.size() > toolbox.size()) { return false; } widgets permed(toolbox); std::sort(permed.begin(), permed.end()); widget_it const jb = job.begin(); widget_it const je = job.end(); bool yes_he_can = false; bool more = true; while (!yes_he_can && more) { yes_he_can = std::equal(jb, je, permed.begin()); more = std::next_permutation(permed.begin(), permed.end()); } return yes_he_can; }
This solution, like our set-based one, has the advantage of clarity. We simply shuffle through all possible permutations of the toolbox, until we find one whose first entries exactly match those in the job. If we weren’t already suspicious of this approach, running our tests exposes the full horror of factorial complexity. They now takes seconds, not milliseconds, to run, despite no test toolbox containing more than ten widgets.
Let’s suppose we have a toolbox containing 20 distinct widgets, and a
job which consists of a single widget not in the toolbox. There are
20! permutations of the toolbox and only after testing them all does
this algorithm complete and return
false. If each permutation takes
one microsecond to generate and test, then
can_he_fix_it takes
roughly 77 millennia to complete.
Factorial complexity is worse than exponential: in other words, for
any fixed value of
M,
N! grows more quickly than
N to the power of
M.
The conventional wisdom on optimization is not to optimize unless absolutely necessary; and even then, not to change any code until you’ve run some calibrated test runs first. This article isn’t really about optimization, it’s about analyzing the complexity of algorithms which use the C++ Standard Library. That said, we really ought to measure the performance of our different implementations.
As always, the actual timing tests yield some surprises. Tables 1 and 2
collect the results of running six separate implementations of
can_he_fix_it on varying toolbox sizes. For each toolbox size,
T,
the test used a fixed job size
J = T / 10, and then created 10 random
(toolbox, job) pairs and ran each of them through each implementation
50 times. The figures in the tables represent the time in seconds for
500 runs of each trial algorithm.
The columns in the table contain timing figures for each of six implementations:
std::includes
std::includes
counted_widgetscontainer.
Table 1. GCC, O2 optimization, time 500 runs in seconds
Table 2 collects results for MSVC 2005 version 8.0.50727.42, on the same platform, Pentium P4 CPU, 3.00GHz, 1.00GB of RAM.
Table 2. MSVC 2005, /O2 optimization, time 500 runs in seconds
The most obvious surprise is the final column. The clock
resolution on my platform (I used
std::clock() to obtain times with
a 1 millisecond resolution) simply wasn’t fine enough to notice any
time taken by the “keep widgets counted” implementation. The algorithms perform so very
differently it’s quite tricky to write a program comparing them head
to head. In the end, I simply ran a one-off version of my timing program
which just collected times for the fifth implementation. The results,
shown in Table 3, indicate the algorithm is indeed constant time, with
each call taking just half a microsecond.
Table 3. GCC, -O2 optimization, time 1000000 runs in seconds
There appears to be little difference between MSVC and GCC performance: perhaps MSVC does a little better on the sorted vector based implementations—or perhaps the random widget generator gave significantly different inputs. I did not experiment with other more sophisticated compiler settings.
The
std::multiset approach (implementation 2), while perhaps the
simplest, was consistently worse, by a factor of about 10, than either
of the sorted vector approaches—and in fact performed worse than
the first brute force algorithm for small toolboxes. I have not
investigated why, but would guess this is the overhead of creating the
associative container infrastructure.
There is no significant difference between the “sort then compare” implementation and the “vector inclusion” implementation. If, for some reason, we couldn’t use either the “count widget values” or the “keep widgets counted” implementation, then the “vector inclusion” implementation would be the best, being both simple and (relatively) lean.
Figure 1 shows the familiar parabolic curve, indicating that our
analysis is correct, and our very first “brute force” implementation is indeed
O(N * N).
Figure 1. “Brute Force” Implementation
Figure 2 shows our second “sort then compare” implementation, which we analyzed to be
O(N
* log N). I haven’t done any detailed analysis or curve fitting, but
see nothing to suggest our analysis is wrong.
Figure 2. “Sort Then Compare” Implementation
Figure 3 shows our fourth “count widget values” implementation, which we analyzed to be
O(N). Again, I haven’t done any detailed analysis or curve
fitting. Clearly, the algorithm runs so fast that our test results are
subject to timing jitter.
Figure 3. Times for “Count Widget Values” Implementation
This article has shown how we can use the C++ Standard Library to
solve problems whilst retaining full control over efficiency. With a
little thought we managed to reduce the complexity of our solution
from
N squared, through
NlogN, to
N, and finally to constant time. The
real gains came from insights into the problem we were modeling,
enabling us to choose the most appropriate containers and algorithms.
Much has been written about the perils of premature optimization, but
Sutter and Alexandrescu remind us we shouldn’t pessimize prematurely
either.2 Put simply: we wouldn’t be
using C++ if we didn’t care about performance. The C++ Standard
Library gives us the information we need to match the right containers
with the right algorithms, keeping code both simple and efficient.
Discuss this article in the Articles Forum topic, The Lazy Builder's Complexity Lesson.
1. The C++ Standard Library, ISO/IEC 14882.
2. Sutter, Alexandrescu, “C++ Coding Standards”,
A zip file containing the code shown in this article can be downloaded here:
The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference, by Nicolai M. Josuttis, includes a discussion of algorithmic complexity. It is
available from amazon.com at:
Bob the Builder's official website is here:
My thanks to the editorial team at The C++ Source for their help with this article.
The graphs were produced using GnuPlot ().
Thomas Guest is an enthusiastic and experienced computer programmer. He has developed software for everything from embedded systems to clustered servers. He is a member of the ACCU. His website can be found at:. | http://www.artima.com/cppsource/lazy_builder.html | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 4,580 | 53.61 |
I'm an input junkie. I type in Dvorak on the desktop. I wrote an app to control the desktop mouse with an XBox 360 gamepad. I wrote all of the input bus drivers for the Sega Dreamcast.. However, understand that the drivers that control input are written by the OEMs that create these devices. And we don't require that they follow every input quirk to the letter. It's possible that some of these things will work on some devices and not on others.
Smartphone SpecificEasy access to numbers. In both T9 and ABC mode, you can usually get a number by pressing and holding the button. For instance, the 2 button can be a, b, c, or 2. Press it once and you'll get a letter. Press and hold it and you'll get the number. This is a lot faster than switching to 123 mode if you just need to type a few numbers.
Lock the keypad. On smartphones that have a separate power button, pressing and holding the End key (the red button) locks the keypad. Some smartphones don't have a separate power button. On them, the press and hold of the End key is usually power off. In that case, there's often some other key that you can press and hold for lock.
Quicklist. On smartphones that have a separate power button, pressing the power button quickly (not press and hold) brings up the "quicklist." The quicklist lets you do things like toggle flight mode and set profiles. Press and hold the power button shuts the phone off. On devices without a separate power button, one of the other keys will bring up the quicklist (often press and hold Home).
Getting symbols. If you're typing in T9 or ABC mode, there are two ways to type things like period, comma, etc. You can get a table of them by pressing and holding the # key. Or you can get to many of the more common ones with the 1 key.
Speed dial apps. You can assign phone numbers to speed dial keys. Go into the contact, select the phone number you want to put on a speed dial, and then choose Menu->Add To Speed Dial. But you can also assign applications to speed dial keys. From the home screen, hit Start, select the application you want, and then choose Menu->Add To Speed Dial. Once you have a number or application on speed dial, you can go to the home screen and press and hold that number to call or run it. For instance, if you assigned my ToggleBTh button to speed dial slot 2, you can turn Bluetooth on and off by just pressing and holding 2 from the home screen.
Speed dial voicemail. On most phones, speed dial slot 1 is voicemail. So you can dial your voicemail by going to the home screen and pressing and holding 1.
PocketPC SpecificBetter hardware navigation. Some WM5 devices have dedicated "Start" and "Ok" buttons (e.g. the Treo 700w and the Sprint 6700). Some WM5 devices don't have those buttons, but do have two buttons that launch apps (e.g. the T-mobile MDA and the Cingular 8125). Having Start and Ok buttons makes it much easier to control the device without touching the screen. You can change the existing application buttons to do Start and Ok instead. Go to Start->Settings->Buttons. Select the button you want to change and drop down the menu at the bottom. The two you care about are near the top of the list (<Start Menu> and <OK/Close>).
Symbols not on the keyboard. If you have a hardware keyboard that has a "Sym" button (often Fn + Space) you can use it to type symbols that aren't on the keyboard. For instance, say the keyboard has a "/" but no "\". Type "/" then hit Sym. It'll switch. Hit Sym again and it'll switch to "|". This is also a somewhat convenient way to get non-English characters. For instance, if you want an o with an umlaut over it, hit o and then hit the Sym key a few times. It'll cycle through the various accents. Or, if you need the Spanish ñ, hit n then Sym.
What happened to my backlight? On many PocketPCs, if you press and hold the power button it will turn off the backlight and keep it off. This may be what you want, or it may be something you did accidentally and now you're wondering why your backlight never turns on anymore. Press and hold power again to turn the backlight back on. (On at least one PocketPC I've seen recently, press and hold power is a full shut down instead.)
Make the SIP stop coming up. The PocketPC has a "Soft Input Panel" (SIP). This is the little software keyboard that pops up at the bottom of the screen. (It can also be various types of handwriting recognizers, etc.) If the device has no hardware keyboard, the SIP will pop up automatically whenever you get to a place where you can enter text. If there's a hardware keyboard, though, we assume you want to use the keyboard instead of the SIP and don't make it pop up automatically. However, if you tap the little SIP button once, we suddenly decide that you want the SIP to deploy automatically again, even though you've got a hardware keyboard. Maybe you did, or maybe you let a friend look at your PocketPC and he said, "Hey, what's this do?" and tapped it. If you want it to stop coming up automatically, let it pop up once and use the hardware keyboard as though the SIP wasn't there. When you use the hardware keyboard, the SIP will go away and won't come up again until you tap the icon. (The common mistake people make here is to put the SIP away and then start typing on the hardware keyboard. That will put it away, but it'll come back again when you go to a new text field.)
Both PPC and SPPut the call on hold. While in a call, press Send (the green button). That will put the call on hold. Do it again to start the call back up.
Switch to/from speakerphone. While in a call, press and hold Send (the green button) to switch to speakerphone. Press and hold it again to switch back.
I hope you find some of these tips and tricks useful.
Mike Calligaro
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Hi,
I have exactly the same voicemail notification problem, but on my Fujitsu Siemens Pocket Loox T830 (T-mobile UK).
Do you know if there is a fix for this? I see that you sorted it previously and Mitac released an update, but is there anything I can do on the T830??
It is really annoying! I've had a look around and many people are reporting the same problem, but with no fix.
Thanks in advance for your help,
Simon
For the record, I have the same problem with my Sprint PPC-6700 (made by AudioVox). I haven't been to Sprint to talk yet, but at least now I have some background information. Any information you have on other carriers/PPC models experiencing this issue would be appreciated. Thanks all!
I have exactly the same voicemail problem with an HTC X01HT (Hermes) on Softbank.
It no longer displays any SMS notifications of voicemail, and I have a permanent "you have 1 voicemail message" regardless of whether or not I actually have one, or how many are in the queue.
Hi Mike,
Your posts to this forum are great. Thanks a lot! Now for my input related question:
Is there a way to disable the affect of pressing combinations of hard buttons? For example. on the FS C550 that we are using, when you press the action button while holding any of the four app buttons (like the calendar button) it brings up the start menu. We're using this device for an enterprise app that runs in full screen mode and we want to disable this little handy shortcut. Any ideas? Unregistering the buttons, etc, works for single buttons presses, but has no effect for button combos.
Thanks!
I'm glad you're finding the posts useful, Tim.
Pressing two keys to make the system send a third is completely handled by the OEMs keyboard driver. We don't have any requirements for these sorts of chords, so if you find any, they're done by the OEM. For the same reason, if there's a way to disable them, it will be OEM specific. Unfortunately, this means that I can't answer your question. You'll need to ask the OEM who made the device if they provided a way to disable the chords.
Mike
Hmm, I suspected as much. I was wondering if perhaps the OEM might have mapped this to a known sequence that could be disabled at the OS/app level, such as Crtl-Esc (for the start menu in Windows). I found a reference online to "DisableCtrlEsc" in [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Shell], though setting this has no effect on our WM5 platform. Could be a total lark...If there is no general way to disable the start menu, then we will have to get help from the OEM as you suggest. Thanks again.
Two questions re SMS and UDH on Windows Mobile:
(1) Is there an API that allows an application to intercept incoming SMS and allow access to the SMS's UDH?
(2) Is there an API that allows an application to intercept SMS sent to a specific application port (an application port can be indicated in an SMS's UDH)?
PingBack from
My brother accidently lost the camera icon & camera soft ware of my i-mate pocket pc. now camera doesn't show on the programm screen or any where. It donot work at all
plese let me know how I can reload the camera & start using it.
Thanks & best regards,
Mehmood
I am searching for how to write a SIP to support hardware keyboard. I need to capture those key press event from SIP and pre-process it before it sends to the current application.
Thanks.
hey mike sunny here im using imate jam..its a WM3 so i juz wanna know cn i change it to WM5 if can how..plz let me know im eager to know dat..
I am using a English OS HP WM5 Pocket PC and, using a hack I found on the web, I added Chinese Tradition and Chinese Simplified support to my Pocket PC.
I have a number of Chinese related SIP (including "Ping Ying" and "Chinese Search" which allows you to draw the Chinese character and then select it from 9 closest possible characters) and the characters are recognized in PIE and throughout the Pocket PC's other apps (such as Contacts, etc).
Great tips, Mike.
Regarding "Make the SIP Stop Coming Up", the tip doesn't work with Excel Mobile. The SIP remains visible. Any suggestions on how to persuade Excel to behave?
I have a USB keyboard connected to a USB Host card plugged into the CF slot of an HP hx2795.
++ Todd
I have the same problem as JKR, Simonthegeek, Peter and David about voice mail notification always saying there is 1 or more voice mail. I am using Asus P535 running WM5. But I am pretty sure it is OS problem, because I use the same phone with Fido in Canada and it works fine. I got this problem only after I switch to Rogers. So, the UDH explanation makes perfect sense that different carrier use a slightly different format.
Is there any fix?
Hm... I have an HP iPAQ rx1950, and its (on-screen) keyboard doesn't have a SYM key. Which is strange, because it has sym.txt file in its Windows directory. Why sym.txt file if it can't be used at all? And more important, how to enter my national characters except by copying and pasting? :-(
Alex, that problem is generally a result of us getting a message that there's a voicemail but never getting the message that it's been heard. The easiest solution is to call yourself and leave yourself a new voicemail. Then call up voicemail and listen to it. That will force the network to tell your phone that all voicemails have been heard, which will clear the icon..
As for why sym.txt exists on your device, it's a file we ship on all devices regardless of whether or not they have a hardware keyboard.
All that said, the solution to your root problem (how to type international characters when using the onscreen keyboard) is to press the áü key. It's on the bottom left corner of the keypad, between the Ctl and @ keys.
I have tried that, but that does not work. I also make sure I exit the voice mail properly by pressing * in this case. Would it be possible that as JKR said, that the UDH message has a slightly different format that Windows Mobile does not recognize?
In addition, I upgraded to WM6 last night, but it is still the same.
And I played around the registry. In HKEY_CURRENT_USER\System\State\Messages\vmail, there are Line1 and Line2. In both of them there is a Unread. I tried updated the Line1 Unread-Count to 0, the icon is still there. If I set the Line2\Unread-Count to 0, the icon disappears. If I turn off the phone and turn on again, the icon reappears, and the count is set back to 4294967295. Just thinking it logically, it can be the UDH has a different format that WM can't get the value, and assign 4294967295 as default. Or the carrier sents out the message with that value in it. BTW, what is Line 1 and Line 2? Is there a way to see what UDH message has been received? Then you can tell if it is in a format that WM understands.
Alex, I've been talking with our Voicemail people and we're pretty stymied by your problem. There should be only two things that will cause that registry value to be changed: 1) Getting a message from the mobile opperator 2) Having a vmail message stored on your SIM.
Now, your investigation has shown that the message is coming in on line 2. The same way you can have two different phone lines at home (two phones with different phone numbers plugged into the same jack) your cell phone can have two "phone lines" (of course, there's no physical line). You'd have two phone numbers and could recieve calls from both on the same phone. Is it possible that's how your SIM has been configured? It sounds like you have an un-listened-to message on Line2.
Mike, thank you very much, that's very interesting.
I only have 1 phone number, but I don't know if Rogers configured another phone number on my SIM card. Is there anything I can check or I need to check with the carrier?
Furthermore, you mention about vmail being stored on SIM, is there any way to verify, view and delete it?
Once again, thank you so much.
Alex, the easiest way to find out if you have two phone lines configured is to go to the dialer and hold down the # key. If you have a second line a "2" will show up in the title bar. From there, when you dial, you'll be dialing on line 2 (to go back, hold the # key again).
I guess the first thing to try is to see if you have a second line. If so, use it to call a number that has caller ID and see what the phone number is. Then call that number and leave a voice mail. Then call voicemail and retrieve it.
If you don't have a second line configured, when you press and hold the # key nothing will change (no 2 will appear in the title bar). If that's the case, we'll have to think of something else this could be. (-:
Mike, thanks for the explanation regarding SYM key and sym.txt file. However, unfortunately, the key áü isn't of any use to me, because none of my national characters (Croatian: čćđšžČĆĐŠŽ) seems to be there. :-( Could the "áü" layout be customized in some way maybe?
I even tried registry editing to get the Croatian keyboard layout, but it didn't work (it's always standard USA layout). Is there some DLL I should copy to my device in order to get a different layout?
If all else fails... if you'd be willing to write the application that sends VK_F11, I would sacrifice one button for it (I'm so desperate;).
Veky, here is the code for an app that sends the SYM key when run.
I hope this helps.
#include <windows.h>
int WINAPI
WinMain(
HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPTSTR szCmdLine,
int iCmdShow)
{
// VK_F11 is the SYM key
keybd_event(VK_F11, 0, 0, 0);
keybd_event(VK_F11, 0, KEYEVENTF_KEYUP, 0);
return(0);
}
PingBack from
Mike, I compiled your program, copied .exe to Windows directory, clicked Ok to "unsigned" warning, and it runs without reporting error. However, I can't use it, since I can't assign it to a hardware key: it doesn't show on the list of programs that I can assign. Do I have to "register" it somehow?
Hey Veky,
To get it to show up in the Buttons control panel you need to stick either it or a link to it somewhere under \Windows\Start Menu.
I tend to make an "Accessories" directory there and throw all the little apps I write into it. Because the apps are tiny, I just throw the apps themselves in. But if they were bigger or had a lot of DLLs, etc, I'd put a link there.
I hope this helps,
Aargh. It just seems I won't be able to write in my language on this device. :-(
I put it (itself, not the shortcut) on Start Menu, it showed up on the list, I assigned it, and... it doesn't work. :-/ Pure nothing happens when I press it (although I'm sure it runs, because if I delete it, the device reports an error). I start Word Mobile, write "a", press the button... a stays a. Same with c, e, and any other letter. The file "sym.txt" (the ROM one) is of course still in the Windows directory.
I really don't know what to do.
Veky, don't despair. I'll find you a solution.
Okay, I've verified this on a device here. The solution is kind of lame from an engineering standpoint but good from a "Veky gets to type in his language" one.
The system appears to be getting confused if you assign a command to a button that runs too quickly. I found that I could consistently get the sym key to fire if I put a delay in the program.
Try this. Take your existing program and add the following line:
Sleep(250);
before the first call to keybd_event.
On my Kaiser that makes it work. If on your system it doesn't, try increasing the delay (the number is milliseconds). I started with 1 second (1000 ms) and worked my way down to 250. The tradeoff is that the longer the delay, the longer you need to wait for the button press to take effect. Make it too short, and it won't work at all.
I really feel stupid now (and I can imagine how you feel), but even that doesn't seem to work. I inserted delay of 250ms, 1s, 3s, and 5s, and neither of them works. I even tried to put a half a second sleep _between_ keyup and keydown, but nothing. Same as before: the program runs, but nothing happens with the letter typed before it ran. And probably the worst news: if I replace VK_F11 with VK_B, the letter "b" appears fine (if only there was VK_Č ;), so the keybd_event works, it's just the F11 mechanism that doesn't.
I have the same problem as others here... a permanent Notification that I have one new message - which I don't. Apart from the fact that I can never tell whether or not I've actually got a message, it also hijacks the left soft-key to be Notification rather than Contacts. Quite annoying!
I'm using a HP iPAQ hw6915 on Vodafone UK.
More info.... phone has been cold-started (battery removed for an hour). I have tried leaving myself a message and retrieving it. There is only one "line" configured, holding down the # just puts a # on the screen. There are no messages stored on the SIM.
Nothing I do seems to have any effect. I always have the q_p symbol displayed and an active Notification about the phantom voice message.
Veky, can you click the Email link at the top of this page and send us your email address? I'd like to be able to send you a file, etc, and it will go better if we communicate directly in email.
KenP, sorry but you've exhausted everything I know about the Voicemail thing.
i have a hp 6828 ipaq, i sync it a compaq b1213 notebook pc with a Win-Vista OS. all of a sudden, all my USB ports were not able to recognize my ipaq. tried updating the driver for the USB and each time i do that my pc tells me it has the latest driver installed. what seems to be the problem
Sir I have chineese mobile model O3 838 (Cosco) I got a problem in it the screen is blinking after every 5 seconds coming and going I wanted to reset
The mobile or (System restore) but its asking me a password I don’t have any password if you know the default password if you can help me pls I have the manual but
Its in Chineese language if you want I can send you that may be you can translate it to me
Pls help needed thanx waiting for your reply
I have this mobile
How to disable the last call fast-redial feature using normally the earpad button ?
Is very annoying that my telephone continuosly recall someone only because in my pocket there is my bluetooh earpad :-)
PingBack from
Whatever ideas you shared those are very nice and definitely usefull. But just i want to know How we can disable the 'Suggest word; OR AutoSuggest service for the perticular textbox through C#?
I have a unique situation, I am using ASUS P527 windows mobile pro phone, and touch screen has broken. So I cant use the touch screen effectively. Now when I try to enter alphabets, in some places it would work fine for e.g. in Notes, I can use the number keys (on the hardware number key pad on the phone) to even enter alphabets something like what I could do in any Nokia or regular mobile phone. But this is not consistent, for e.g. I cant use number key pad to type the message, or select a contact. I tried XT9 input that expects again the alphabets to be touched on the screen. Why can't windows mobile also work like Windows Mobile standard and also allow numeric keypad to be used for entring the alphabets. SInce there are number of WIndows Mobile Pro devices with numeric keypad only.
.
Consider a on-screen keyboard and a terminal emulator. Porting a terminal emulator and making hardware keys work usually makes me go bananas because of all the special handling each manufacturer add to Windows Mobile devices in particular and Windows CE devices in general.
The OS messing with F11 creates even worse problems.
If I posted the pre-translation code that does filtering, translation and other fixes for key related stuff for the 20+ Windows CE/Mobile devices (industrial) we have in our product, would probably make anyone reading it have nightmares for several weeks.
Well done! Not!
/rob.
quote: "And we don't require that they follow every input quirk to the letter."
This was a very big mistake! You give to developers only headache! | http://blogs.msdn.com/windowsmobile/archive/2006/03/27/562162.aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 4,120 | 81.22 |
LIBPFM(3) Linux Programmer's Manual LIBPFM(3)
libpfm_intel_hswep_unc_cbo - support for Intel Haswell-EP C-Box uncore PMU
#include <perfmon/pfmlib.h> PMU name: hswep_unc_cbo[0-17] PMU desc: Intel Haswell-EP C-Box uncore PMU
The library supports the Intel Haswell C-Box (coherency engine) uncore PMU. This PMU model only exists on Haswell model 63. There is one C-box PMU per physical core. Therefore there are up to eighteen identical C-Box PMU instances numbered from 0 to 17. On dual-socket systems, the number refers to the C-Box PMU on the socket where the program runs. For instance, if running on CPU18, then hswep_unc_cbo0 refers to the C-Box for physical core 0 on socket 1. Conversely, if running on CPU0, then the same hswep_unc_cbo0 refers to the C-Box for physical core 0 but on socket 0. Each C-Box PMU implements 4 generic counters and two filter registers used only with certain events and umasks.
The following modifiers are supported on Intel Has May, 2015 LIBPFM(3) | http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/libpfm_intel_hswep_unc_cbo.3.html | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | refinedweb | 174 | 72.76 |
This is the code for Animal:
public class Animal { Cow moo = new Cow(); Pig oink = new Pig(); public static void main(String[] args) { new Animal(); } public Animal() { System.out.println("Pig " + oink.getName() + " and " + "Cow " + moo.getName()); } }
This is the code for Cow:
public class Cow { String name = ""; public void moo() { new Cow(); } public void name() { String name = "Cow"; } public String getName() { return name; } }
This is the Pig code:
public class Pig { String name = ""; Animal group = new Animal(); public void oink() { new Pig(); System.out.println(group.getName()); } public void name() { String name = "Pig"; } public String getName() { return name; } }
I have even tried extending the Animal class with either Pig or Cow and I still get the error code 'infinate stackcounter overflow'. Can anyone explain what I'm coding wrong and get me on the right track?
This post has been edited by gm5660: 09 October 2009 - 10:26 PM | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/131070-passing-information-from-objerct-to-object/ | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 150 | 65.05 |
U++ Core Tutorial
1. Basics
1.1 Logging
1.2 String
1.3 StringBuffer
1.4 WString
1.5 Date and Time
1.6 AsString, ToString and operator<<
1.7 CombineHash
1.8 SgnCompare and CombineCompare
2. Array containers
2.1 Vector basics
2.2 Vector operations
2.3 Transfer issues
2.4 Client types in U++ containers
2.5 Array flavor
2.6 Polymorphic Array
2.7 Bidirectional containers
2.8 Index
2.9 Index and client types
2.10 VectorMap, ArrayMap
2.11 One
2.12 Any
2.13 InVector, InArray
2.14 SortedIndex, SortedVectorMap, SortedArrayMap
2.15 Tuples
3. Ranges and algoritims
3.1 Range
3.2 Algorithms
3.3 Sorting
4. Value
4.1 Value
4.2 Null
4.3 Client types and Value, RawValue, RichValue
4.4 ValueArray and ValueMap
5. Function and lambdas
5.1 Function
5.2 Capturing U++ containers into lambdas
6. Multithreading
6.1 Thread
6.2 Mutex
6.3 ConditionVariable
6.4 CoWork
6.5 CoPartition
6.6 Parallel algorithms
1.1 Logging
Logging is a useful technique to trace the flow of the code and examine results. In this tutorial we will be using logging extensively, so let us start tutorial with the explanation of logging.
In debug mode and with default settings, macro LOG puts string into output log file. Log file is placed into 'config-directory', which by default is .exe directory in Win32 and ~/.upp/appname in POSIX.
In TheIDE, you can access the log using 'Debug'/'View the log file Alt+L'.
LOG("Hello world");
Hello world
You can log values of various types, as long as they have AsString function defined You can chain values in single LOG using operator<<:
int x = 123;
LOG("Value of x is " << x);
Value of x is 123
As it is very common to log a value of single variable, DUMP macro provides a useful shortcut, creating a log line with the variable name and value:
DUMP(x);
x = 123
To get the value in hexadecimal code, you can use LOGHEX / DUMPHEX
DUMPHEX(x);
String h = "foo";
DUMPHEX(h);
x = 0x7b
h = Memory at 0x0x7ffcb01abe30, size 0x3 = 3
+0 0x00007FFCB01ABE30 66 6F 6F foo
To log the value of a container (or generic Range), you can either use normal LOG / DUMP:
Vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3 };
DUMP(v);
v = [1, 2, 3]
or you can use DUMPC for multi-line output:
DUMPC(v);
v:
[0] = 1
[1] = 2
[2] = 3
For maps, use DUMPM:
VectorMap<int, String> map = { { 1, "one" }, { 2, "two" } };
DUMP(map);
map = {1: one, 2: two}
DUMPM(map);
map:
[0] = (1) one
[1] = (2) two
All normal LOGs are removed in release mode. If you need to log things in release mode, you need to use LOG/`DUMP` variant with 'R' prefix (RLOG, RDUMP, RDUMPHEX...):
RLOG("This will be logged in release mode too!");
This will be logged in release mode too!
Sort of opposite situation is when adding temporary LOGs to the code for debugging. In that case, 'D' prefixed variants (DLOG, DDUMP, DDUMPHEX...) are handy - these cause compile error in release mode, so will not get forgotten in the code past the release:
DLOG("This would not compile in release mode.");
This would not compile in release mode.
The last flavor of LOG you can encounter while reading U++ sources is the one prefixed with 'L'. This one is not actually defined in U++ library and is just a convention. On the start of file, there is usually something like:
#define LLOG(x) // DLOG(x)
and by uncommenting the body part, you can activate the logging in that particular file.
While logging to .log file is default, there are various ways how to affect logging, for example following line adjusts logging to output the log both to the console and .log file:
StdLogSetup(LOG_COUT|LOG_FILE);
1.2 String
String is a value type useful for storing text or binary data.
String a = "Hello";
DUMP(a);
a = Hello
You can concatenate();
a =
You can use operator<< to append to existing String. Non-string values are converted to appropriate String representation (using standard function AsString, whose default template definition calls ToString method for value):
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
a << i << ", ";
a = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
Sometimes is is useful to use operator<< to produce a temporary String value (e.g. as real argument to function call):
String b = String() << "Number is " << 123 << ".";
DUMP(b);
b = Number is 123.
String provides many various methods for obtaining character count, inserting characters into String or removing them:
a = "0123456789";
DUMP(a.GetCount());
a.GetCount() = 10
DUMP(a.GetLength()); // GetLength is a synonym of GetCount
a.GetLength() = 10
a.Insert(6, "<inserted>");
a = 012345<inserted>6789
a.Remove(2, 2);
a = 0145<inserted>6789
as well as searching and comparing methods:
DUMP(a.Find('e'));
DUMP(a.ReverseFind('e'));
a.Find('e') = 8
a.ReverseFind('e') = 11
DUMP(a.Find("ins"));
a.Find("ins") = 5
DUMP(a.StartsWith("ABC"));
DUMP(a.StartsWith("01"));
DUMP(a.EndsWith("89"));
a.StartsWith("ABC") = false
a.StartsWith("01") = true
a.EndsWith("89") = true
You can get slice of String using Mid method; with single parameter it provides slice to the end of String:
DUMP(a.Mid(3, 3));
DUMP(a.Mid(3));
a.Mid(3, 3) = 5<i
a.Mid(3) = 5<inserted>6789
You can also trim the length of String using Trim (this is faster than using any other method):
a.Trim(4);
a = 0145
You can obtain integer values of individual characters using operator[]:
DUMP(a[0]);
a[0] = 48
or the value of first character using operator* (note that if GetCount() == 0, this will return zero terminator):
DUMP(*a);
*a = 48
a.Clear();
*a = 0
String has implicit cast to zero terminated const char *ptr (only valid as long as String does not mutate:
a = "1234";
const char *s = a;
while(*s)
LOG(*s++);
1
2
3
4
String also has standard begin end methods, which e.g. allows for C++11 for:
for(char ch : a)
LOG(ch);
It is absolutely OK and common to use String for storing binary data, including zeroes:
a.Cat(0);
DUMPHEX(a);
a = Memory at 0x0x7ffcb01abd20, size 0x5 = 5
+0 0x00007FFCB01ABD20 31 32 33 34 00 1234.
1.3 StringBuffer
If you need a direct write access to String's C-string character buffer, you can use complementary StringBuffer class. One of reasons to do so is when you have to deal with some C-API functions that expects to write directly to char * and you would like that result converted to the String:.
1. This conversion is also used in WString::ToString, e.g. when putting WString to log:
WString x = "characters 280-300: "; // you can assign 8-bit character literal to WString
for(int i = 280; i < 300; i++)
x.Cat(i);
x = characters 280-300: ĘęĚěĜĝĞğĠġĢģĤĥĦħĨĩĪī
ToString converts WString to String:
String y = x.ToString();
DUMP(y);
y = characters 280-300: ĘęĚěĜĝĞğĠġĢģĤĥĦħĨĩĪī
ToWString converts String to WString:
y.Cat(" (appended)"); // you can use 8-bit character literals in most WString operations
x = y.ToWString();
x = characters 280-300: ĘęĚěĜĝĞğĠġĢģĤĥĦħĨĩĪī (appended)
1.5 Date and Time
To represent date and time, U++ provides Date and Time concrete types.
Date date = GetSysDate();
DUMP(date);
date = 07/19/2017
All data members of Date structure are public:
DUMP((int)date.year); // we need to cast to int because some date members
DUMP((int)date.month); // are of unsigned character type which would log
DUMP((int)date.day); // as characters
(int)date.year = 2017
(int)date.month = 7
(int)date.day = 19
Dates can be compared:
DUMP(date > Date(2000, 1, 1));
date > Date(2000, 1, 1) = true
Adding a number to Date adds a number of days to it, incrementing/decrementing goes to the next/previous day:
DUMP(date + 1);
DUMP(--date);
DUMP(++date);
date + 1 = 07/20/2017
--date = 07/18/2017
++date = 07/19/2017
Subtraction of dates yields a number of days between them:
DUMP(date - Date(2000, 1, 1));
date - Date(2000, 1, 1) = 6409
There are several Date and calendar related functions:
DUMP(IsLeapYear(2012));
DUMP(IsLeapYear(2014));
DUMP(IsLeapYear(2015));
DUMP(IsLeapYear(2016));
DUMP(IsLeapYear(2017));
IsLeapYear(2012) = true
IsLeapYear(2014) = false
IsLeapYear(2015) = false
IsLeapYear(2016) = true
IsLeapYear(2017) = false
DUMP(GetDaysOfMonth(2, 2015));
DUMP(GetDaysOfMonth(2, 2016));
GetDaysOfMonth(2, 2015) = 28
GetDaysOfMonth(2, 2016) = 29
DUMP(DayOfWeek(date)); // 0 is Sunday
DayOfWeek(date) = 3
DUMP(LastDayOfMonth(date));
DUMP(FirstDayOfMonth(date));
DUMP(LastDayOfYear(date));
DUMP(FirstDayOfYear(date));
DUMP(DayOfYear(date)); // number of days since Jan-1 + 1
DUMP(DayOfYear(Date(2016, 1, 1)));
LastDayOfMonth(date) = 07/31/2017
FirstDayOfMonth(date) = 07/01/2017
LastDayOfYear(date) = 12/31/2017
FirstDayOfYear(date) = 01/01/2017
DayOfYear(date) = 200
DayOfYear(Date(2016, 1, 1)) = 1
DUMP(AddMonths(date, 20));
DUMP(GetMonths(date, date + 100)); // number of 'whole months' between two dates
DUMP(GetMonthsP(date, date + 100)); // number of 'whole or partial months' between two dates
DUMP(AddYears(date, 2));
AddMonths(date, 20) = 03/19/2019
GetMonths(date, date + 100) = 3
GetMonthsP(date, date + 100) = 4
AddYears(date, 2) = 07/19/2019
DUMP(GetWeekDate(2015, 1));
int year;
DUMP(GetWeek(Date(2016, 1, 1), year)); // first day of year can belong to previous year
DUMP(year);
GetWeekDate(2015, 1) = 12/29/2014
GetWeek(Date(2016, 1, 1), year) = 53
year = 2015
DUMP(EasterDay(2015));
DUMP(EasterDay(2016));
EasterDay(2015) = 04/05/2015
EasterDay(2016) = 03/27/2016
U++ defines the beginning and the end of era, most algorithms can safely assume that as minimal and maximal values Date can represent:
DUMP(Date::Low());
DUMP(Date::High());
Date::Low() = 01/01/-4000
Date::High() = 01/01/4000
Time is derived from Date, adding members to represent time:
Time time = GetSysTime();
DUMP(time);
DUMP((Date)time);
DUMP((int)time.hour);
DUMP((int)time.minute);
DUMP((int)time.second);
time = 07/19/2017 22:55:10
(Date)time = 07/19/2017
(int)time.hour = 22
(int)time.minute = 55
(int)time.second = 10
Times can be compared:
DUMP(time > Time(1970, 0, 0));
time > Time(1970, 0, 0) = true
Warning: As Time is derived from the Date, most operations automatically convert Time back to Date. You have to use ToTime conversion function to convert Date to Time:
DUMP(time > date); // time gets converted to Date...
DUMP(time > ToTime(date));
time > date = false
time > ToTime(date) = true
Like Date, Time supports add and subtract operations, but numbers represent seconds (using int64 datatype):
DUMP(time + 1);
DUMP(time + 24 * 3600);
DUMP(time - date); // time converts to Date, so the result is in days
DUMP(time - ToTime(date)); // Time - Time is in seconds
time + 1 = 07/19/2017 22:55:11
time + 24 * 3600 = 07/20/2017 22:55:10
time - date = 0
time - ToTime(date) = 82510
Time defines era limits too:
DUMP(Time::Low());
DUMP(Time::High());
Time::Low() = 01/01/-4000 00:00:00
Time::High() = 01/01/4000 00:00:00
1.6 AsString, ToString and operator<<
U++ Core provides simple yet effective standard schema for converting values to default textual form. System is based on the combination of template functions (following code is part of U++ library):
namespace Upp { or specialize AsString template in Upp namespace.();
fout.Close();
DUMP(LoadFile(ConfigFile("test.txt")));
DUMP(sout);
LoadFile(ConfigFile("test.txt")) = 1.23 07/19/2017 07/19/2017 22:55:10
sout = 1.23 07/19/2017 07/19/2017 22:55:10
Getting client types involved into this schema is not too difficult, all you need to do is to add ToString method:
struct BinFoo {
int x;
String ToString() const { return FormatIntBase(x, 2); }
BinFoo bf;
bf.x = 30;
sout.Clear();
sout << bf;
sout = 11110
If you cannot add ToString, you can still specialize template in Upp namespace:
struct RomanFoo {
RomanFoo(int x) : x(x) {}
template <> String Upp::AsString(const RomanFoo& a) { return FormatIntRoman(a.x); }
1.7 CombineHash
To simplify providing of high quality hash codes for composite types, U++ provides CombineHash utility class. This class uses GetHashValue function to gather hash codes of all values and combines them to provide final hash value for composite type:
struct Foo {;
DUMP(GetHashValue(x));
GetHashValue(x) = 4272824901
x.a << '!';
GetHashValue(x) = 3378606405
1.8 SgnCompare and CombineCompare
Traditional approach of C language of representing comparison results was 3-state: comparing a and b results in negative value (if a < b), zero (if a == b) or positive value (a > b). In C++ standard library, comparisons are usually represented with bool predicates.
However, with bool predicate it becomes somewhat more difficult to provide comparisons for composite types:
int c;
// we want to order Foo instances by a first, then b, then c
bool operator<(const Foo& x) const {
return a < x.a ? true
: a == x.a ? b < x.b ? true
: b == x.b ? false
: c < x.c
: false;
U++ provides standard function SgnCompare, which returns negative value/zero/positive in "C style":
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
DUMP(SgnCompare(a, b));
DUMP(SgnCompare(b, a));
DUMP(SgnCompare(a, a));
SgnCompare(a, b) = -1
SgnCompare(b, a) = 1
SgnCompare(a, a) = 0
Default implementation of SgnCompare calls Compare method of value:
struct MyClass {
int val;
int Compare(const MyClass& x) const { return SgnCompare(val, x.val); }
SgnCompare is now defined for MyClass:
MyClass u, v;
u.val = 1;
v.val = 2;
DUMP(SgnCompare(u, v));
DUMP(SgnCompare(v, u));
DUMP(SgnCompare(v, v));
SgnCompare(u, v) = -1
SgnCompare(v, u) = 1
SgnCompare(v, v) = 0
Now getting back to Foo, with SgnCompare operator< becomes much less difficult:
struct Foo2 {
bool operator<(const Foo2& x) const {
int q = SgnCompare(a, x.a);
if(q) return q < 0;
q = SgnCompare(b, x.b);
q = SgnCompare(c, x.c);
return q < 0;
Alternatively, it is possible to define just Compare method and use Comparable CRTP idiom to define all relation operators:
struct Foo3 : Comparable<Foo3> {
int Compare(const Foo3& x) const {
if(q) return q;
return SgnCompare(c, x.c);
Foo3 m, n;
m.a = "A";
m.b = 1;
m.c = 2;
n.a = "A";
n.b = 1;
n.c = 3;
DUMP(m < n);
DUMP(m == n);
DUMP(m != n);
DUMP(SgnCompare(m, n));
m < n = true
m == n = false
m != n = true
SgnCompare(m, n) = -1
While the content of Compare method is trivial, it can be further simplified using CombineCompare helper class:
struct Foo4 : Comparable<Foo4> {
int Compare(const Foo4& x) const {
return CombineCompare(a, x.a)(b, x.b)(c, x.c);
Foo4 o, p;
o.a = "A";
o.b = 1;
o.c = 2;
p.a = "A";
p.b = 1;
p.c = 3;
DUMP(o < p);
DUMP(o == p);
DUMP(o != p);
DUMP(SgnCompare(o, p));
o < p = true
o == p = false
o != p = true
SgnCompare(o, p) = -1
2.1 Vector basics
Vector is the basic container of U++. It is the random access container similar to std::vector with one important performance related difference: There are rules for elements of Vector that allow its implementation to move elements in memory using plain memcpy/`memmove` ("Moveable" concept).
Anyway, for now let us start with simple Vector of ints:
Vector<int> v;
You can add elements to the Vector as parameters of the Add method
v.Add(1);
v.Add(2);
DUMP(v);
v = [1, 2]
Alternative and very important possibility for U++ containers is 'in-place creation'. In this case, parameter-less Add returns a reference to a new element in Vector:
v.Add() = 3;
You can also use operator<<
v << 4 << 5;
v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Vector also supports initializer lists:
v.Append({ 6, 7 });
v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
To iterate Vector you can use indices:
for(int i = 0; i < v.GetCount(); i++)
LOG(v[i]);
5
6
7
begin/end interface:
for(auto q = v.begin(), e = v.end(); q != e; q++)
LOG(*q);
C++11 range-for syntax:
for(const auto& q : v)
LOG(q);
2.2 Vector operations
You can Insert or Remove elements at random positions of Vector (O(n) complexity):
Vector<int> v;
v.Add(1);
v.Add(2);
v.Insert(1, 10);
v = [1, 10, 2]
v.Insert(0, { 7, 6, 5 });
v = [7, 6, 5, 1, 10, 2]
v.Remove(0);
v = [6, 5, 1, 10, 2]
At method returns element at specified position ensuring that such a position exists. If there is not enough elements in Vector, required number of elements is added. If second parameter of At is present, newly added elements are initialized to this value.
v.Clear();
for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
v.At(Random(10), 0)++;
v = [972, 1037, 983, 993, 1009, 981, 1002, 1033, 963, 1027]
You can apply algorithms on containers, e.g. Sort
Sort(v);
v = [963, 972, 981, 983, 993, 1002, 1009, 1027, 1033, 1037]
2.3 Transfer issues
Often you need to pass content of one container to another of the same type. U++ containers always support pick semantics (synonym of std::move), and, depending on type stored, also might support clone semantics. When transferring the value, you have to explicitly specify which one to use:
Vector<int> v{ 1, 2 };
Vector<int> v1 = pick(v);
DUMP(v1);
v = []
v1 = [1, 2]
now source Vector v is empty, as elements were 'picked' to v1.
If you really need to preserve value of source (and elements support deep copy operation), you can use clone:
v = clone(v1);
The requirement of explicit clone has the advantage of avoiding unexpected deep copies. For example:
Vector<Vector<int>> x;
x.Add() << 1 << 2 << 3;
for(auto i : x) { LOG(i); }
results in run-time error, whereas the equivalent code with std::vector compiles but silently performs deep copy for each iteration:
std::vector<std::vector<int>> sv;
sv.push_back({1, 2, 3});
for(auto i : sv) // invokes std::vector<int> copy constructor
for(auto j : i)
DUMP(j);
That said, in certain cases it is simpler to have default copy instead of explicit clone. You can easily achieve that using WithDeepCopy template:
WithDeepCopy<Vector<int>> v2;
v2 = v;
DUMP(v2);
v2 = [1, 2]
2.4 Client types in U++ containers
So far we were using int as type of elements. In order to store client defined types into the Vector (and the Vector flavor) the type must satisfy moveable requirement - in short, it must not contain back-pointers nor virtual methods. Type must be marked as moveable in order to define interface contract using Moveable CRTP idiom:
struct Distribution : Moveable<Distribution> {
String text;
Vector<int> data;
String ToString() const { return text + ": " + AsString(data); }
Now to add Distribution elements you cannot use Vector::Add(const T&), because it requires elements to have default deep-copy constructor - and Distribution does not have one, as Vector<int>` has default pick-constructor, so Distribution itself has pick-constructor. It would no be a good idea either, because deep-copy would involve expensive copying of inner Vector.
Instead, Add without parameters has to be used - it default constructs (that is cheap) element in Vector and returns reference to it:
Vector<Distribution> dist;
for(int n = 5; n <= 10; n++) {
Distribution& d = dist.Add();
d.text << "Test " << n;
for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
d.data.At(Random(n), 0)++;
DUMPC(dist);
dist:
[0] = Test 5: [1940, 2038, 2008, 2034, 1980]
[1] = Test 6: [1643, 1672, 1672, 1635, 1718, 1660]
[2] = Test 7: [1458, 1420, 1432, 1369, 1471, 1403, 1447]
[3] = Test 8: [1229, 1288, 1283, 1256, 1237, 1221, 1223, 1263]
[4] = Test 9: [1069, 1126, 1075, 1090, 1112, 1126, 1139, 1148, 1115]
[5] = Test 10: [1058, 982, 984, 973, 982, 988, 1009, 1030, 990, 1004]
Another possibility is to use Vector::Add(T&&) method, which uses pick-constructor instead of deep-copy constructor. E.g. Distribution elements might be generated by some function:
Distribution CreateDist(int n);
and code for adding such elements to Vector then looks like:
for(n = 5; n <= 10; n++)
dist.Add(CreateDist(n));
alternatively, you can use default-constructed variant too
dist.Add() = CreateDist();
2.5 Array flavor
If elements are not Moveable and therefore cannot be stored in Vector flavor, they can still be stored in Array flavor. Another reason for using Array is the need for referencing elements - Array flavor never invalidates references or pointers to them. Finally, if sizeof(T) is large (say more than 100-200 bytes), using Array might be better from performance perspective.
Example of elements that cannot be stored in Vector flavor are standard library objects like std::string (because obviously, standard library knows nothing about U++ Moveable concept):
Array<std::string> as;
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
as.Add("Test");
for(auto s : as)
DUMP(s.c_str());
s.c_str() = Test
2.6 Polymorphic Array
Array can even be used for storing polymorphic elements:
struct Number {
virtual double Get() const = 0;
String ToString() const { return AsString(Get()); }
virtual ~Number() {}
struct Integer : public Number {
int n;
virtual double Get() const { return n; }
struct Double : public Number {
double n;
To add such derived types to Array, you can best use in-place creation with Create method:
Array<Number> num;
num.Create<Double>().n = 15.5;
num.Create<Integer>().n = 3;
DUMP(num);
num = [15.5, 3]
Alternatively, you can use Add(T *) method and provide a pointer to the newly created instance on the heap (Add returns a reference to the instance):
Double *nd = new Double;
nd->n = 1.1;
num.Add(nd);
num = [15.5, 3, 1.1]
Array takes ownership of heap object and deletes it as appropriate. We recommend to use this variant only if in-place creation with Create is not possible.
It is OK do directly apply U++ algorithms on Array (the most stringent requirement of any of basic algorithms is that there is IterSwap provided for container iterators and that is specialized for Array iterators):
Sort(num, [](const Number& a, const Number& b) { return a.Get() < b.Get(); });
num = [1.1, 3, 15.5]
2.7 Bidirectional containers
Vector and Array containers allow fast adding and removing elements at the end of sequence. Sometimes, same is needed at begin of sequence too (usually to support FIFO queues). BiVector and BiArray are optimal for this scenario:
BiVector<int> n;
n.AddHead(1);
n.AddTail(2);
n.AddHead(3);
n.AddTail(4);
DUMP(n);
n = [3, 1, 2, 4]
n.DropHead();
n = [1, 2, 4]
n.DropTail();
n = [1, 2]
struct Val {
virtual String ToString() const = 0;
virtual ~Val() {}
struct Number : Val {
virtual String ToString() const { return AsString(n); }
struct Text : Val {
String s;
virtual String ToString() const { return s; }
BiArray<Val> num;
num.CreateHead<Number>().n = 3;
num.CreateTail<Text>().s = "Hello";
num.CreateHead<Text>().s = "World";
num.CreateTail<Number>().n = 2;
num = [World, 3, Hello, 2]
2.8 Index
Index is the the foundation of all U++ associative operations and is one of defining features of U++.
Index is a container very similar to the plain Vector (it is random access array of elements with fast addition at the end) with one additional feature - it is able to fast retrieve position of element with required value using Find method:
Index<String> ndx;
ndx.Add("alfa");
ndx.Add("beta");
ndx.Add("gamma");
ndx.Add("delta");
ndx.Add("kappa");
DUMP(ndx);
DUMP(ndx.Find("beta"));
ndx = [alfa, beta, gamma, delta, kappa]
ndx.Find("beta") = 1
If element is not present in Index, Find returns a negative value:
DUMP(ndx.Find("something"));
ndx.Find("something") = -1
Any element can be replaced using Set method:
ndx.Set(1, "alfa");
ndx = [alfa, alfa, gamma, delta, kappa]
If there are more elements with the same value, they can be iterated using FindNext method:
int fi = ndx.Find("alfa");
while(fi >= 0) {
DUMP(fi);
fi = ndx.FindNext(fi);
fi = 0
fi = 1
FindAdd method retrieves position of element like Find, but if element is not present in Index, it is added:
DUMP(ndx.FindAdd("one"));
DUMP(ndx.FindAdd("two"));
DUMP(ndx.FindAdd("three"));
ndx.FindAdd("one") = 5
ndx.FindAdd("two") = 6
ndx.FindAdd("three") = 7
Removing elements from random access sequence tends to be expensive, that is why rather than remove, Index supports Unlink and UnlinkKey operations, which retain the element in Index but make it invisible for Find operation:
ndx.Unlink(2);
ndx.UnlinkKey("kappa");
DUMP(ndx.Find(ndx[2]));
DUMP(ndx.Find("kappa"));
ndx.Find(ndx[2]) = -1
ndx.Find("kappa") = -1
You can test whether element at given position is unlinked using IsUnlinked method
DUMP(ndx.IsUnlinked(1));
DUMP(ndx.IsUnlinked(2));
ndx.IsUnlinked(1) = false
ndx.IsUnlinked(2) = true
Unlinked positions can be reused by Put method:
ndx.Put("foo");
DUMP(ndx.Find("foo"));
ndx = [alfa, alfa, foo, delta, kappa, one, two, three]
ndx.Find("foo") = 2
You can also remove all unlinked elements from Index using Sweep method:
ndx.Sweep();
ndx = [alfa, alfa, foo, delta, one, two, three]
Operations directly removing or inserting elements of Index are expensive, but available too:
ndx.Remove(1);
ndx = [alfa, foo, delta, one, two, three]
ndx.RemoveKey("two");
ndx = [alfa, foo, delta, one, three]
ndx.Insert(0, "insert");
ndx = [insert, alfa, foo, delta, one, three]
PickKeys operation allows you to obtain Vector of elements of Index in low constant time operation (while destroying source Index)
Vector<String> d = ndx.PickKeys();
DUMP(d);
d = [insert, alfa, foo, delta, one, three]
Pick-assigning Vector to Index is supported as well:
d[0] = "test";
ndx = pick(d);
ndx = [test, alfa, foo, delta, one, three]
2.9 Index and client types
In order to store elements to Index, they type must be Moveable, have deep copy and defined the operator== and a GetHashValue function or method to compute the hash code. It is recommended to use CombineHash to combine hash values of types that already provide GetHashValue:
struct Person : Moveable<Person> {
String name;
String surname;
unsigned GetHashValue() const { return CombineHash(name, surname); }
bool operator==(const Person& b) const { return name == b.name && surname == b.surname; }
Person(String name, String surname) : name(name), surname(surname) {}
Person() {}
Index<Person> p;
p.Add(Person("John", "Smith"));
p.Add(Person("Paul", "Carpenter"));
p.Add(Person("Carl", "Engles"));
DUMP(p.Find(Person("Paul", "Carpenter")));
p.Find(Person("Paul", "Carpenter")) = 1
2.10 VectorMap, ArrayMap
VectorMap is nothing else than a simple composition of Index of keys and Vector of values. You can use Add methods to put elements into the VectorMap:
String ToString() const { return String() << name << ' ' << surname; }
VectorMap<String, Person> m;
m.Add("1", Person("John", "Smith"));
m.Add("2", Person("Carl", "Engles"));
Person& p = m.Add("3");
p.name = "Paul";
p.surname = "Carpenter";
DUMP(m);
m = {1: John Smith, 2: Carl Engles, 3: Paul Carpenter}
VectorMap provides read-only access to its Index of keys and read-write access to its Vector of values:
DUMP(m.GetKeys());
DUMP(m.GetValues());
m.GetKeys() = [1, 2, 3]
m.GetValues() = [John Smith, Carl Engles, Paul Carpenter]
m.GetValues()[2].name = "Peter";
m = {1: John Smith, 2: Carl Engles, 3: Peter Carpenter}
You can use indices to iterate VectorMap contents:
for(int i = 0; i < m.GetCount(); i++)
LOG(m.GetKey(i) << ": " << m[i]);
1: John Smith
2: Carl Engles
3: Peter Carpenter
Standard begin / end pair for VectorMap is the range of just values (internal Vector) - it corresponds with operator[] returning values:
for(const auto& p : m)
DUMP(p);
p = John Smith
p = Carl Engles
p = Peter Carpenter
To iterate through keys, you can use begin/`end` of internal Index:
for(const auto& p : m.GetKeys())
p = 1
p = 2
p = 3
Alternatively, it is possible to create 'projection range' of VectorMap that provides convenient key/value iteration, using operator~ (note that is also removes 'unlinked' items, see later):
for(const auto& e : ~m) {
DUMP(e.key);
DUMP(e.value);
e.key = 1
e.value = John Smith
e.key = 2
e.value = Carl Engles
e.key = 3
e.value = Peter Carpenter
Note that the 'projection range' obtained by operator~ is temporary value, which means that if mutating operation is required for values, r-value reference has to be used instead of plain reference:
for(const auto& e : ~m)
if(e.key == "2")
e.value.surname = "May";
m = {1: John Smith, 2: Carl May, 3: Peter Carpenter}
You can use Find method to retrieve position of element with required key:
DUMP(m.Find("2"));
m.Find("2") = 1
or Get method to retrieve corresponding value:
DUMP(m.Get("2"));
m.Get("2") = Carl May
Passing key not present in VectorMap as Get parameter is undefined behavior (ASSERT fails in debug mode), but there exists two parameter version of Get that returns second parameter if the key is not found in VectorMap:
DUMP(m.Get("33", Person("unknown", "person")));
m.Get("33", Person("unknown", "person")) = unknown person
As with Index, you can use Unlink to make elements invisible for Find operations:
m.Unlink(1);
m.Find("2") = -1
SetKey changes the key of the element:
m.SetKey(1, "33");
m.Get("33", Person("unknown", "person")) = Carl May
If there are more elements with the same key in VectorMap, you can iterate them using FindNext method:
m.Add("33", Person("Peter", "Pan"));
int q = m.Find("33");
while(q >= 0) {
DUMP(m[q]);
q = m.FindNext(q);
m[q] = Carl May
m[q] = Peter Pan
Unlinked positions can be 'reused' using Put method:
m.UnlinkKey("33");
m.Put("22", Person("Ali", "Baba"));
m.Put("44", Person("Ivan", "Wilks"));
m = {1: John Smith, 22: Ali Baba, 3: Peter Carpenter, 44: Ivan Wilks}
PickValues / PickIndex / PickKeys / pick internal Vector / Index / Vector of Index:
Vector<Person> ps = m.PickValues();
Vector<String> ks = m.PickKeys();
DUMP(ps);
DUMP(ks);
ps = [John Smith, Ali Baba, Peter Carpenter, Ivan Wilks]
ks = [1, 22, 3, 44]
m = {}
VectorMap pick constructor to create map by picking:
ks[0] = "Changed key";
m = VectorMap<String, Person>(pick(ks), pick(ps));
m = {Changed key: John Smith, 22: Ali Baba, 3: Peter Carpenter, 44: Ivan Wilks}
ArrayMap is composition of Index and Array, for cases where Array is better fit for value type (e.g. they are polymorphic):
ArrayMap<String, Person> am;
am.Create<Person>("key", "new", "person");
DUMP(am);
am = {key: new person}
2.11 One
One is a container that can store none or one element of T or derived from T. It is functionally quite similar to std::unique_ptr, but has some convenient features.
struct Base {
virtual String Get() = 0;
virtual ~Base() {}
struct Derived1 : Base {
virtual String Get() { return "Derived1"; }
struct Derived2 : Base {
virtual String Get() { return "Derived2"; }
One<Base> s;
operator bool of one returns true if it contains an element:
DUMP((bool)s);
(bool)s = false
s.Create<Derived1>();
DUMP(s->Get());
(bool)s = true
s->Get() = Derived1
You can use Is to check if certain type is currently stored in One:
DUMP(s.Is<Derived1>());
DUMP(s.Is<Base>());
DUMP(s.Is<Derived2>());
s.Is<Derived1>() = true
s.Is<Base>() = true
s.Is<Derived2>() = false
To get a pointer to the contained instance, use operator~:
Base *b = ~s;
DUMP(b->Get());
b->Get() = Derived1
Clear method removes the element from One:
s.Clear();
Helper class MakeOne derived from One can be used to create contained element:
s = MakeOne<Derived1>();
MakeOne<Derived2> d2;
DUMP(d2->Get());
d2->Get() = Derived2
s = pick(d2);
s->Get() = Derived2
2.12 Any
Any is a container that can contain none or one element of any type. Any::Is method matches exact type ignoring class hierarchies (unlike One::Is). You can use Get to retrieve a reference to the instance stored:
for(int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++) {
Any x;
if(pass)
x.Create<String>() = "Hello!";
else
x.Create<Color>() = Blue();
if(x.Is<String>())
LOG("Any is now String: " << x.Get<String>());
if(x.Is<Color>())
LOG("Any is now Color: " << x.Get<Color>());
Any is now Color: Color(0, 0, 128)
Any is now String: Hello!
2.13 InVector, InArray
InVector and InArray are container types quite similar to Vector/`Array`, but they trade the speed of operator[] with the ability to insert or remove elements at any position quickly. You can expect operator[] to be about 10 times slower than in Vector (but that is still quite fast), while Insert at any position scales well up to hundreds of megabytes of data (e.g. InVector containing 100M of String elements is handled without problems).
InVector<int> v;
for(int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
v.Add(i);
v.Insert(0, -1); // This is fast
While the interface of InVector/`InArray` is almost identical to Vector/`Array`, InVector/`InArray` in addition implements FindLowerBound/`FindUpperBound` methods - while normal generic range algorithms work, it is possible to provide InVector/`InArray` specific optimizations that basically match the performace of Find*Bound on simple Vector.
DUMP(v.FindLowerBound(55));
v.FindLowerBound(55) = 56
2.14 SortedIndex, SortedVectorMap, SortedArrayMap
SortedIndex is similar to regular Index, but keeps its elements in sorted order (sorting predicate is a template parameter, defaults to StdLess). Implementation is using InVector, so it works fine even with very large number of elements (performance is similar to tree based std::set). Unlike Index, SortedIndex provides lower/upper bounds searches, so it allows range search.
SortedIndex<int> x;
x.Add(5);
x.Add(3);
x.Add(7);
x.Add(1);
DUMPC(x);
DUMP(x.Find(3));
DUMP(x.FindLowerBound(3));
DUMP(x.FindUpperBound(6));
x:
[1] = 3
[2] = 5
[3] = 7
x.Find(3) = 1
x.FindLowerBound(3) = 1
x.FindUpperBound(6) = 3
SortedVectorMap and SortedArrayMap are then SortedIndex based equivalents to VectorMap/`ArrayMap`:
SortedVectorMap<String, int> m;
m.Add("zulu", 11);
m.Add("frank", 12);
m.Add("alfa", 13);
DUMPM(m);
DUMP(m.Get("zulu"));
m:
[0] = (alfa) 13
[1] = (frank) 12
[2] = (zulu) 11
m.Get("zulu") = 11
2.15 Tuples
Template class Tuple allows combining 2-4 values with different types. These are principally similar to std::tuple, with some advantages. Unlike std::tuple, individual elements are directly accessible as member variables a..`d`, Tuple supports persistent storage patterns (Serialize, Jsonize, Xmlize), hash code (GetHashValue), conversion to String and Value conversions.
To create a Tuple value, you can use the MakeTuple function.
Tuple<int, String, String> x = MakeTuple(12, "hello", "world");
Individual values are accessible as members a .. d:
DUMP(x.a);
DUMP(x.b);
DUMP(x.c);
x.a = 12
x.b = hello
x.c = world
Or using Get:
DUMP(x.Get<1>());
DUMP(x.Get<int>());
x.Get<1>() = hello
x.Get<int>() = 12
As long as all individual types have conversion to String (AsString), the tuple also has such conversion and thus can e.g. be easily logged:
x = (12, hello, world)
As long as individual types have defined GetHashValue, so does Tuple:
GetHashValue(x) = 834842890
As long as individual types have defined operator==, Tuple has defined operator== and operator!=:
Tuple<int, String, String> y = x;
DUMP(x == y);
DUMP(x != y);
y.a++;
x == y = true
x != y = false
x == y = false
x != y = true
As long as all individual types have defined SgnCompare, Tuple has SgnCompare, Compare method and operators <, <=, >, >=:
DUMP(x.Compare(y));
DUMP(SgnCompare(x, y));
DUMP(x < y);
x.Compare(y) = -1
SgnCompare(x, y) = -1
x < y = true
GetCount returns the width of Tuple:
DUMP(x.GetCount());
x.GetCount() = 3
Elements that are directly convertible with Value can be 'Get'/'Set':
for(int i = 0; i < x.GetCount(); i++)
DUMP(x.Get(i));
x.Get(i) = 12
x.Get(i) = hello
x.Get(i) = world
x.Set(1, "Hi");
x = (12, Hi, world)
As long as all individual types are convertible with Value, you can convert Tuple to ValueArray and back:
ValueArray va = x.GetArray();
DUMP(va);
va.Set(2, "Joe");
x.SetArray(va);
va = [12, Hi, world]
It is OK to assign Tuple to Tuple with different individual types, as long as types are directly convertible:
Tuple<double, String, String> d = x;
d = (12, Hi, Joe)
Tie can be used to assign tuple to l-values:
int i;
String s1, s2;
Tie(i, s1, s2) = x;
DUMP(i);
DUMP(s1);
DUMP(s2);
i = 12
s1 = Hi
s2 = Joe
U++ Tuples are carefully designed as POD type, which allows POD arrays to be intialized with classic C style:
static Tuple2<int, const char *> map[] = {
{ 1, "one" },
{ 2, "one" },
{ 3, "one" },
Simple FindTuple template function is provided to search for tuple based on the first value (a) (linear O(n) search):
DUMP(FindTuple(map, __countof(map), 3)->b);
FindTuple(map, __countof(map), 3)->b = one
3.1 Range
Unlike STL, which interface algorithms with data using begin / end pair, U++ algorithms usually work on Ranges. Range is an object that has begin / end methods providing random access to elements (all U++ containers are random access), operator[] and GetCount method.
Obviously, U++ containers are ranges:
Vector<int> x = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
DUMP(FindIndex(x, 2)); // FindIndex is a trivial algorithm that does linear search
FindIndex(x, 2) = 1
If you want the algorithm to run on part of container only, you can use SubRange instance:
DUMP(SubRange(x, 3, 6));
DUMP(FindIndex(SubRange(x, 3, 6), 4));
SubRange(x, 3, 6) = [4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4]
FindIndex(SubRange(x, 3, 6), 4) = 0
As a side-job, SubRange can also be created from 'begin' / 'end' pair, thus e.g. allowing algorithms to work on C arrays:
int a[] = { 1, 22, 4, 2, 8 };
auto ar = SubRange(std::begin(a), std::end(a));
DUMP(ar);
ar = [1, 22, 4, 2, 8]
Sort(ar);
ar = [1, 2, 4, 8, 22]
There are some macro aliases that make type management of ranges easier:
DUMP(typeid(ValueTypeOf<decltype(x)>).name());
DUMP(typeid(ValueTypeOf<decltype(SubRange(x, 1, 1))>).name());
DUMP(typeid(IteratorOf<decltype(x)>).name());
DUMP(typeid(ConstIteratorOf<decltype(SubRange(x, 1, 1))>).name());
DUMP(typeid(SubRangeOf<Vector<int>>).name());
typeid(ValueTypeOf<decltype(x)>).name() = i
typeid(ValueTypeOf<decltype(SubRange(x, 1, 1))>).name() = i
typeid(IteratorOf<decltype(x)>).name() = Pi
typeid(ConstIteratorOf<decltype(SubRange(x, 1, 1))>).name() = Pi
typeid(SubRangeOf<Vector<int>>).name() = N3Upp13SubRangeClassIPiEE
While containers themselves and SubRange are the two most common range types, U++ has two special ranges. ConstRange simply provides the range of single value:
DUMP(ConstRange(1, 10));
ConstRange(1, 10) = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
ReverseRange reverses the order of elements in the source range:
Vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
DUMP(ReverseRange(v));
ReverseRange(v) = [4, 3, 2, 1]
ViewRange picks a source range and Vector of integer indices a provides a view of source range through this Vector:
Vector<int> h{ 2, 4, 0 };
DUMP(ViewRange(x, clone(h)));
ViewRange(x, clone(h)) = [3, 5, 1]
Sort(ViewRange(x, clone(h)));
ViewRange(x, clone(h)) = [1, 3, 5]
x = [5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4]
SortedRange returns range sorted by predicate (default is std::less):
DUMP(SortedRange(x));
SortedRange(x) = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5]
Finally FilterRange creates a subrange of elements satisfying certain condition:
DUMP(FilterRange(x, [](int x) { return x > 3; }));
FilterRange(x, [](int x) { return x > 3; }) = [5, 4, 4]
Various Range functions can be combined to produce complex results:
DUMP(ReverseRange(FilterRange(x, [](int x) { return x < 4; })));
ReverseRange(FilterRange(x, [](int x) { return x < 4; })) = [3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2]
3.2 Algorithms
In principle, is is possible to apply C++ standard library algorithms on U++ containers or ranges.
U++ algorithms are tuned for U++ approach - they work on ranges and they prefer indices. Sometimes, U++ algorithm will perform faster with U++ types than standard library algorithm.
FindIndex performs linear search to find element with given value and returns its index or -1 if not found:
Vector<int> data { 5, 3, 7, 9, 3, 4, 2 };
DUMP(FindIndex(data, 3));
DUMP(FindIndex(data, 6));
FindIndex(data, 3) = 1
FindIndex(data, 6) = -1
SubRange can be used to apply algorithm on subrange of container:
DUMP(FindIndex(SubRange(data, 2, data.GetCount() - 2), 3));
FindIndex(SubRange(data, 2, data.GetCount() - 2), 3) = 2
FindMin and FindMax return the index of minimal / maximal element:
DUMP(FindMin(data));
DUMP(FindMax(data));
FindMin(data) = 6
FindMax(data) = 3
Min and Max return the value of minimal / maximal element:
DUMP(Min(data));
DUMP(Max(data));
Min(data) = 2
Max(data) = 9
If the range is empty, Min and Max are undefined (ASSERT fails in debug mode), unless the value is specified as second parameter to be used in this case:
Vector<int> empty;
// DUMP(Min(empty)); // This is undefined (fails in ASSERT)
DUMP(Min(empty, -99999));
Min(empty, -99999) = -99999
Count returns the number of elements with specified value, CountIf the number of elements that satisfy predicate:
DUMP(Count(data, 11));
DUMP(CountIf(data, [=](int c) { return c >= 5; }));
Count(data, 11) = 0
CountIf(data, [=](int c) { return c >= 5; }) = 3
Sum return the sum of all elements in range:
DUMP(Sum(data));
Sum(data) = 33
Sorted containers can be searched with bisection. U++ provides usual upper / lower bound algorithms. FindBinary returns the index of element with given value or -1 if not found:
data = { 5, 7, 9, 9, 14, 20, 23, 50 };
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DUMP(FindLowerBound(data, 9));
DUMP(FindUpperBound(data, 9));
DUMP(FindBinary(data, 9));
DUMP(FindLowerBound(data, 10));
DUMP(FindUpperBound(data, 10));
DUMP(FindBinary(data, 10));
FindLowerBound(data, 9) = 2
FindUpperBound(data, 9) = 4
FindBinary(data, 9) = 2
FindLowerBound(data, 10) = 4
FindUpperBound(data, 10) = 4
FindBinary(data, 10) = -1
3.3 Sorting
Unsurprisingly, Sort function sorts a range. You can specify sorting predicate, default is operator<:
Vector<String> x { "1", "2", "10" };
Sort(x);
x = [1, 10, 2]
Sort(x, [](const String& a, const String& b) { return atoi(a) < atoi(b); });
x = [1, 2, 10]
IndexSort is sort variant that is able to sort two ranges (like Vector or Array) of the same size, based on values in the first range:
Vector<int> a { 5, 10, 2, 9, 7, 3 };
Vector<String> b { "five", "ten", "two", "nine", "seven", "three" };
IndexSort(a, b);
a = [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10]
b = [two, three, five, seven, nine, ten]
IndexSort(b, a);
a = [5, 9, 7, 10, 3, 2]
b = [five, nine, seven, ten, three, two]
There are also IndexSort2 and IndexSort3 variants that sort 2 or 3 dependent ranges.
Sometimes, instead of sorting items in the range, it is useful to know the order of items as sorted, using GetSortOrder:
Vector<int> o = GetSortOrder(a);
DUMP(o);
o = [5, 4, 0, 2, 1, 3]
Normal Sort is not stable - equal items can appear in sorted range in random order. If maintaining original order of equal items is important, use StableSort variant (with performance penalty):
Vector<Point> t { Point(10, 10), Point(7, 1), Point(7, 2), Point(7, 3), Point(1, 0) };
StableSort(t, [](const Point& a, const Point& b) { return a.x < b.x; });
DUMP(t);
t = [[1, 0], [7, 1], [7, 2], [7, 3], [10, 10]]
All sorting algorithms have they 'Stable' variant, so there is StableIndexSort, GetStableSortOrder etc...
4.1 Value
Value is sort of equivalent of polymorphic data types from scripting languages like Python or JavaSript. Value can represent values of concrete types, some types also have extended interoperability with Value and it is then possible to e.g. compare Values containing such types against each other or serialize them for persistent storage.
Usually, Value compatible types define typecast operator to Value and constructor from Value, so that interaction is for the most part seamless:
Value a = 1;
Value b = 2.34;
Value c = GetSysDate();
Value d = "hello";
DUMP(c);
int x = a;
double y = b;
Date z = c;
String s = d;
DUMP(z);
DUMP(s);
a = 1
b = 2.34
c = 07/19/2017
d = hello
x = 1
y = 2.34
z = 07/19/2017
s = hello
As for primitive types, Value seamlessly works with int, int64, bool and double. Casting Value to a type that it does not contain throws an exception:
try {
s = a;
DUMP(s); // we never get here....
catch(ValueTypeError) {
LOG("Failed Value conversion");
Failed Value conversion
However, conversion between related types is possible (as long as it is supported by these types):
double i = a;
int j = b;
Time k = c;
WString t = d;
DUMP(j);
DUMP(k);
i = 1
j = 2
k = 07/19/2017 00:00:00
t = hello
To determine type of value stored in Value, you can use Is method:
DUMP(a.Is<int>());
DUMP(a.Is<double>());
DUMP(b.Is<double>());
DUMP(c.Is<int>());
DUMP(c.Is<Date>());
DUMP(d.Is<String>());
a.Is<int>() = true
a.Is<double>() = false
b.Is<double>() = true
c.Is<int>() = false
c.Is<Date>() = true
d.Is<String>() = true
Note that Is tests for absolute type match, not for compatible types. For that reason, for widely used compatible types helper functions are defined:
DUMP(IsNumber(a));
DUMP(IsNumber(b));
DUMP(IsDateTime(c));
DUMP(IsString(d));
IsNumber(a) = true
IsNumber(b) = true
IsDateTime(c) = true
IsString(d) = true
4.2();
DUMP(e > d);
x =
y = 120
d =
e > d = true; // x is int
e = v; // e is Date, but v is Null, so Null is assigned to e
DUMP(IsNull(e));
IsNull(e) = true
Function Nvl is U++ analog of well known SQL function coalesce (ifnull, Nvl), which returns the first non-null argument (or Null if all are Null).
int a = Null;
int b = 123;
int c = 1;
DUMP(Nvl(a, b, c));
Nvl(a, b, c) = 123
4.3 Client types and Value, RawValue, RichValue
There are two Value compatibility levels. The simple one, RawValue, has little requirements for the type used - only copy constructor and assignment operator are required (and there are even forms of RawValue that work for types missing these):
struct RawFoo {
String x;
// default copy constructor and assignment operator are provided by compiler
To convert such type to Value, use RawToValue:
RawFoo h;
h.x = "hello";
Value q = RawToValue(h);
DUMP(q.Is<RawFoo>());
q.Is<RawFoo>() = true
To convert it back, us 'To' templated member function of Value, it returns a constant reference to the value:
DUMP(q.To<RawFoo>().x);
q.To<RawFoo>().x = hello
RichValue level Values provide more operations for Value - equality test, IsNull test, hashing, conversion to text, serialization (possibly to XML and Json), comparison. In order to make serialization work, type must also have assigned an integer id (client types should use ids in range 10000..20000). Type can provide the support for these operations via template function specializations or (perhaps more convenient) using defined methods and inheriting from ValueType base class template:
struct Foo : ValueType<Foo, 10010> {
Foo(const Nuller&) { x = Null; }
Foo(int x) : x(x) {}
Foo() {}
// We provide these methods to allow automatic conversion of Foo to/from Value
operator Value() const { return RichToValue(*this); }
Foo(const Value& v) { *this = v.Get<Foo>(); }
String ToString() const { return AsString(x); }
unsigned GetHashValue() const { return x; }
void Serialize(Stream& s) { s % x; }
bool operator==(const Foo& b) const { return x == b.x; }
bool IsNullInstance() const { return IsNull(x); }
int Compare(const Foo& b) const { return SgnCompare(x, b.x); }
// This type does not define XML nor Json serialization
INITBLOCK { // This has to be at file level scope
Value::Register<Foo>(); // need to register value type integer id to allow serialization
Value a = Foo(54321); // uses Foo::operator Value
Value b = Foo(54321);
Value c = Foo(600);
DUMP(a); // uses Foo::ToString
DUMP(a == b); // uses Foo::operator==
DUMP(a == c);
DUMP(c < a); // uses Foo::Compare
DUMP(IsNull(a)); // uses Foo::IsNullInstance
Foo foo = c; // Uses Foo::Foo(const Value&)
DUMP(foo);
a = 54321
a == b = true
a == c = false
c < a = true
IsNull(a) = false
foo = 600
String s = StoreAsString(a); // Uses Foo::Serialize
Value loaded;
// Using registered (Value::Registered) integer id creates the correct type, then uses
// Foo::Serialize to load the data from the stream
LoadFromString(loaded, s);
DUMP(loaded);
loaded = 54321
4.4 ValueArray and ValueMap
ValueArray is a type that represents an array of Values:
ValueArray va{1, 2, 3};
va = [1, 2, 3]
ValueArray can be assigned to Value (and back):
Value v = va;
DUMP(v.Is<ValueArray>()); // must be exactly ValueArray
DUMP(IsValueArray(v)); // is ValueArray or ValueMap (which is convertible to ValueArray)
ValueArray va2 = v;
DUMP(va2);
v.Is<ValueArray>() = true
IsValueArray(v) = true
va2 = [1, 2, 3]
Elements can be appended using Add method or operator<<, element at index can be changed with Set:
va.Add(10);
va << 20 << 21;
va.Set(0, 999);
va = [999, 2, 3, 10, 20, 21]
Elements can be removed:
va.Remove(0, 2);
va = [3, 10, 20, 21]
and inserted:
va.Insert(1, v);
va = [3, 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 21]
It is possible to get a reference to element at index, however note that some special rules apply here:
va.At(0) = 222;
va = [222, 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 21]
If Value contains ValueArray, Value::GetCount method returns the number of elements in the array (if there is no ValueArray in Value, it returns zero). You can use Value::operator[](int) to get constant reference to ValueArray elements:
for(int i = 0; i < v.GetCount(); i++)
LOG(v[i]);
It is even possible to directly add element to Value if it contains ValueArray:
v.Add(4);
v = [1, 2, 3, 4]
Or even get a reference to element at some index (with special rules):
v.At(0) = 111;
v = [111, 2, 3, 4]
ValueMap can store key - value pairs and retrieve value for key quickly. Note that keys are not limited to String, but can be any Value with operator== and hash code defined.
Add method or operator() add data to ValueMap:
ValueMap m;
m.Add("one", 1);
m("two", 2)("three", 3);
m = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }
operator[] retrieves the value at the key:
DUMP(m["two"]);
m["two"] = 2
When key is not present in the map, operator[] returns void Value (which is also Null):
DUMP(m["key"]);
DUMP(m["key"].IsVoid());
DUMP(IsNull(m["key"]));
m["key"] =
m["key"].IsVoid() = true
IsNull(m["key"]) = true
Just like VectorMap, ValueMap is ordered, so the order of adding pairs to it matters:
ValueMap m2;
m2.Add("two", 2);
m2("one", 1)("three", 3);
DUMP(m2);
DUMP(m == m2); // different order of adding means they are not equal
m2 = { two: 2, one: 1, three: 3 }
m == m2 = false
'Unordered' equality test can be done using IsSame:
DUMP(m.IsSame(m2));
m.IsSame(m2) = true
Iterating ValueMap can be achieved with GetCount, GetKey and GetValue:
LOG(m.GetKey(i) << " = " << m.GetValue(i));
one = 1
two = 2
three = 3
It is possible to get ValueArray of values:
LOG(m.GetValues());
[1, 2, 3]
GetKeys gets constant reference to Index<Value> of keys:
LOG(m.GetKeys());
[one, two, three]
It is possible to change the value with Set:
m.Set("two", 4);
m = { one: 1, two: 4, three: 3 }
Or to change the value of key with SetKey:
m.SetKey(1, "four");
m = { one: 1, four: 4, three: 3 }
It is possible get a reference of value at given key, (with special rules) with GetAdd or operator():
Value& h = m("five");
h = 5;
m = { one: 1, four: 4, three: 3, five: 5 }
When ValueMap is stored into Value, operator[](String) provides access to value at key. Note that this narrows keys to text values:
v = m;
DUMP(v["five"]);
v = { one: 1, four: 4, three: 3, five: 5 }
v["five"] = 5
Value::GetAdd and Value::operator() provide a reference to value at key, with special rules:
v.GetAdd("newkey") = "foo";
v("five") = "FIVE";
v = { one: 1, four: 4, three: 3, five: FIVE, newkey: foo }
ValueMap and ValueArray are convertible with each other. When assigning ValueMap to ValueArray, values are simply used:
ValueArray v2 = m;
v2 = [1, 4, 3, 5]
When assigning ValueArray to ValueMap, keys are set as indices of elements:
ValueMap m3 = v2;
DUMP(m3);
m3 = { 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 3, 3: 5 }
With basic Value types int, String, ValueArray and ValueMap, Value can represent JSON:
Value j = ParseJSON("{ \"array\" : [ 1, 2, 3 ] }");
j = { array: [1, 2, 3] }
j("value") = m;
DUMP(AsJSON(j));
AsJSON(j) = {"array":[1,2,3],"value":{"one":1,"four":4,"three":3,"five":5}}
j("array").At(1) = ValueMap()("key", 1);
AsJSON(j) = {"array":[1,{"key":1},3],"value":{"one":1,"four":4,"three":3,"five":5}}
5.1 Function
U++ Function is quite similar to std::function - it is a function wrapper that can store/copy/invoke any callable target. There are two important differences. First, invoking empty Function is NOP, if Function has return type T, it returns T(). Second, Function allows effective chaining of callable targets using operator<<, if Function has return type, the return type of last callable appended is used.
Usually, the callable target is C++11 lambda:
Function<int (int)> fn = [](int n) { LOG("Called A"); return 3 * n; };
LOG("About to call function");
int n = fn(7);
About to call function
Called A
n = 21
If you chain another lambda into Function, all are called, but the last one's return value is used:
fn << [](int n) { LOG("Called B"); return n * n; };
LOG("About to call combined function");
n = fn(7);
About to call combined function
Called B
n = 49
Invoking empty lambda does nothing and returns default constructed return value. This is quite useful for GUI classes, which have a lot of output events represented by Function which are often unassigned to any action.
fn.Clear();
LOG("About to call empty function");
About to call empty function
n = 0
While using Function with lambda expression is the most common, you can use any target that has corresponding operator() defined:
struct Functor {
int operator()(int x) { LOG("Called Foo"); return x % 2; }
fn = Functor();
LOG("About to call Functor");
About to call Functor
Called Foo
n = 1
As Function with void and bool return types are the most frequently used, U++ defines template aliases Event:
Event<> ev = [] { LOG("Event invoked"); };
ev();
Event invoked
and Gate:
Gate<int> gt = [](int x) { LOG("Gate invoked with " << x); return x < 10; };
bool b = gt(9);
b = gt(10);
Gate invoked with 9
b = true
Gate invoked with 10
b = false
Using lambda to define calls to methods with more parameters can be verbose and error-prone. The issue can be simplified by using THISFN macro:
void Test(int a, const String& b) { LOG("Foo::Test " << a << ", " << b); }
typedef Foo CLASSNAME; // required for THISFN
void Do() {
Event<int, const String&> fn;
fn = [=](int a, const String& b) { Test(a, b); };
fn(1, "using lambda");
fn = THISFN(Test); // this is functionally equivalent, but less verbose
fn(2, "using THISFN");
Foo f;
f.Do();
Foo::Test 1, using lambda
Foo::Test 2, using THISFN
5.2 Capturing U++ containers into lambdas
Capturing objects with pick/clone semantics can be achieved using capture with an initializer:
Vector<int> x{ 1, 2 };
Array<String> y{ "one", "two" };
Event<> ev = [x = pick(x), y = clone(y)] { DUMP(x); DUMP(y); };
DUMP(x); // x is picked, so empty
DUMP(y); // y was cloned, so it retains original value
LOG("About to invoke event");
x = []
y = [one, two]
About to invoke event
x = [1, 2]
6.1 Thread
Since C++11, there is now a reasonable support for threads in standard library. There are however reasons to use U++ threads instead. One of them is that U++ high performance memory allocator needs a cleanup call at the the thread exit, which is naturally implemented into Upp::Thread. Second 'hard' reason is that Microsoft compiler is using Win32 API function for condition variable that are not available for Windows XP, while U++ has alternative implementation for Windows XP, thus making executable compatible with it.
Then of course we believe U++ multithreading / parallel programming support is easier to use and leads to higher performance...
Thread class can start the thread and allows launching thread to Wait for its completion:
Thread t;
t.Run([] {
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
LOG("In the thread " << i);
Sleep(100);
LOG("Thread is ending...");
});
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
LOG("In the main thread " << i);
Sleep(100);
LOG("About to wait for thread to finish");
t.Wait();
LOG("Wait for thread done");
In the main thread 0
In the thread 0
In the thread 1
In the main thread 1
In the thread 2
In the main thread 2
In the main thread 3
In the thread 3
In the main thread 4
In the thread 4
About to wait for thread to finish
In the thread 5
In the thread 6
In the thread 7
In the thread 8
In the thread 9
Thread is ending...
Wait for thread done
Thread destructor calls Detach method with 'disconnects' Thread from the thread. Thread continues running.
Thread::Start static method launches a thread without possibility to wait for its completion; if you need to wait, you have to use some other method:
bool x = false;
Thread::Start([&x] { LOG("In the Started thread"); x = true; });
while(!x) { Sleep(1); } // Do not do this in real code!
In the Started thread
(method used here is horrible, but should demonstrate the point).
6.2 Mutex
Mutex ("mutual exclusion") is a well known concept in multithreaded programming: When multiple threads write and read the same data, the access has to be serialized using Mutex. Following invalid code demonstrates why:
int sum = 0;
t.Run([&sum] {
for(int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
sum++;
sum++;
DUMP(sum);
sum = 1560532
While the expected value is 2000000, produced value is different. The problem is that both thread read / modify / write sum value without any locking. Using Mutex locks the sum and thus serializes access to it - read / modify / write sequence is now exclusive for the thread that has Mutex locked, this fixing the issue. Mutex can be locked / unlocked with Enter / Leave methods. Alternatively, Mutex::Lock helper class locks Mutex in constructor and unlocks it in destructor:
Mutex m;
sum = 0;
t.Run([&sum, &m] {
for(int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
m.Enter();
m.Leave();
for(int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
Mutex::Lock __(m); // Lock m till the end of scope
sum = 2000000
6.3 ConditionVariable
ConditionVariable in general is a synchronization primitive used to block/awaken the thread. ConditionVariable is associated with Mutex used to protect some data; in the thread that is to be blocked, Mutex has to locked; call to Wait atomically unlocks the Mutex and puts the thread to waiting. Another thread then can resume the thread by calling Signal, which also causes Mutex to lock again. Multiple threads can be waiting on single ConditionVariable; Signal resumes single waiting thread, Brodcast resumes all waitng threads.
bool stop = false;
BiVector<int> data;
ConditionVariable cv;
t.Run([&stop, &data, &m, &cv] {
Mutex::Lock __(m);
for(;;) {
while(data.GetCount()) {
int q = data.PopTail();
LOG("Data received: " << q);
}
if(stop)
break;
cv.Wait(m);
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Mutex::Lock __(m);
data.AddHead(i);
cv.Signal();
Sleep(1);
stop = true;
cv.Signal();
Data received: 0
Data received: 1
Data received: 2
Data received: 3
Data received: 4
Data received: 5
Data received: 6
Data received: 7
Data received: 8
Data received: 9
Important note: rarely thread can be resumed from Wait even if no other called Signal. This is not a bug, but design decision for performance reason. In practice it only means that situation has to be (re)checked after resume.
6.4 CoWork
CoWork is intented to be use when thread are used to speedup code by distributing tasks over multiple CPU cores. CoWork spans a single set of worker threads that exist for the whole duration of program run. CoWork instances then manage assigning jobs to these worker threads and waiting for the all work to finish.
Job units to CoWork are represented by Function<void ()> and thus can be written inline as lambdas.
As an example, following code reads input file by lines, splits lines into words (this is the parallelized work) and then adds resulting words to Index:
FileIn in(GetDataFile("test.txt")); // let us open some tutorial testing data
Index<String> w;
Mutex m; // need mutex to serialize access to w
CoWork co;
while(!in.IsEof()) {
String ln = in.GetLine();
co & [ln, &w, &m] {
Vector<String> h = Split(ln, [](int c) { return IsAlpha(c) ? 0 : c; });
for(const auto& s : h)
w.FindAdd(s);
};
co.Finish();
DUMP(w);
w = [esse, cillum, dolore, eu, fugiat, nulla, pariatur, Excepteur, sint, occaecat, cupidatat, consequat, Duis, aute, irure, dolor, in, reprehenderit, voluptate, velit, quis, nostrud, exercitation, ullamco, laboris, nisi, ut, aliquip, ex, ea, commodo, tempor, incididunt, labore, et, magna, aliqua, Ut, enim, ad, minim, veniam, Lorem, ipsum, sit, amet, consectetur, adipiscing, elit, sed, do, eiusmod, non, proident, sunt, culpa, qui, officia, deserunt, mollit, anim, id, est, laborum]
Adding words to w requires Mutex. Alternative to this 'result gathering' Mutex is CoWork::FinLock. The idea behind this is that CoWork requires an internal Mutex to serialize access to common data, so why FinLock locks this internal mutex a bit earlier, saving CPU cycles required to lock and unlock dedicated mutex. From API contract perspective, you can consider FinLock to serialize code till the end of worker job.
in.Seek(0);
CoWork::FinLock(); // replaces the mutex, locked till the end of CoWork job
Of course, the code performed after FinLock should not take long, otherwise there is negative impact on all CoWork instances. In fact, from this perspective, above code is probably past this threshold...
6.5 CoPartition
There is some overhead associated with CoWork worker threads. That is why e.g. performing a simple operation on the array spawning worker thread for each element is not a good idea performance wise:
Vector<int> data;
data.Add(i);
for(int i = 0; i < data.GetCount(); i++)
co & [i, &sum, &data] { CoWork::FinLock(); sum += data[i]; };
sum = 49995000
Above code computes the sum of all elements in the Vector, using CoWorker job for each element. While producing the correct result, it is likely to run much slower than single-threaded version.
The solution to the problem is to split the array into small number of larger subranges that are processed in parallel. This is what CoPartition template algorithm does:
CoPartition(data, [&sum](const auto& subrange) {
int partial_sum = 0;
for(const auto& x : subrange)
partial_sum += x;
CoWork::FinLock(); // available as CoPartition uses CoWork
sum += partial_sum;
Note that CoWork is still internally used, so CoWork::FinLock is available. Instead of working on subranges, it is also possible to use iterators:
CoPartition(data.begin(), data.end(), [&sum] (auto l, auto h) {
while(l != h)
partial_sum += *l++;
There is no requirement on the type of iterators, so it is even possible to use just indices:
CoPartition(0, data.GetCount(), [&sum, &data] (int l, int h) {
partial_sum += data[l++];
6.6 Parallel algorithms
U++ provides a parallel versions of algorithms where it makes sense. The naming scheme is 'Co' prefix before the name of algorithm designates the parallel version.
So the parallel version of e.g. FindIndex is CoFindIndex, for Sort it is CoSort:
Vector<String> x{ "zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" };
DUMP(FindIndex(x, "two"));
DUMP(CoFindIndex(x, "two"));
CoSort(x);
FindIndex(x, "two") = 2
CoFindIndex(x, "two") = 2
x = [five, four, one, three, two, zero]
Caution should be exercised when using these algorithms - for small datasets, they are almost certainly slower than single-threaded versions.
Last edit by cxl on 07/19/2017. Do you want to contribute?. T++ | https://www.ultimatepp.org/srcdoc$Core$Tutorial$en-us.html | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 10,616 | 53.41 |
Message Templates are created in the WhatsApp Manager, which is part of your WhatsApp Account in the Facebook Business Manager. Your Message Templates will be reviewed to ensure they do not violate WhatsApp policies. Once approved, your business will have its own namespace where the Message Templates will live.
This document covers:
When creating a Message Template, you must have the following:
{{#}}where the number represents the variable index. Note: Variables must begin at
{{1}}.
See Set up Message Templates for your WhatsApp Account for more detailed steps for creating Message Templates.
Creating a welcome message where the Message Template name is
welcome and the message is
"Welcome {{1}}. We look forward to serving you on WhatsApp."
Creating an order confirmation message where the Message Template name is
order_confirmation and the message is
"Your order {{1}} for a total of {{2}} is confirmed. The expected delivery is {{3}}."
WhatsApp will not do any translations for your business. All Message Template translations must be entered by you in the same format as above. The element name will be the same for all translations. When sending a Message Template from the WhatsApp Business API, you will specify the language you would like the Message Template to display by using the language field. See the Sending Message Templates — Lanugages documentation for more information.
If you are planning to support more than one language, you need to provide translations for all supported languages for all elements. | https://developers.facebook.com/docs/whatsapp/message-templates/creation/ | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 242 | 56.15 |
Reflections on Trusting Trust Ken Thompson, 1984 (Turing Award Lecture)
Another Turing Award lecture to close out the week, this time from Ken Thompson who asks:
To what extent should one trust a statement that a program is free of Trojan horses? Perhaps it is more important to trust the people who wrote the software.
It’s a short read (only 3 pages), and Thompson leads you gently step by step to one of those “oh *!$&#" moments.
Stage 1 – Self-reproducing programs
We begin by learning what college kids used to do for fun way back when… trying to write the smallest possible self-reproducing programs. Such programs are also called quines, and there’s a good summary on wikipedia.
Imagine a quine written in C (Thompson gives an example in the paper, I found a good collection here). It’s a program that creates a program.
Stage 2 – Learned behaviour
A more sohpisticated example of a program that creates a program is a compiler, say the (a) C compiler. The C compiler also happens to be written in C. Consider the humble
\n escape sequence in a C string, for example “Hello world”. The C compiler can compile this in a portable way to generate the appropriate character code for a newline in any character set. The code of the compiler to process these escapes might look like this:
c = next(); if (c != '\\') /* not a backslash... */ return (c); c = next(); if (c == '\\') /* literal backslash...*/ return('\\'); if (c== 'n') /* newline...*/ return ('\n'); ...
Notice that the escape characters (e.g ‘’) are themselves used to tell the compiler what character to return when the input contains an escape character.
How can we extend the compiler to understand a new escape character (e.g. ‘’ for a vertical tab)? We’d like to write
if (c == 'v') return ('\v'); but obviously we can’t do that since the whole point is that the compiler doesn’t yet know what
\v is. The solution (on our ASCII machine), is to look up that the ASCII code for a vertical tab is 11, and instead build a new version of the compiler containing the line
if (c == 'v') return 11;. Install this compiler as the new official C compiler, and now we can write the portable version
c = next(); if (c != '\\') /* not a backslash... */ return (c); c = next(); if (c == '\\') /* literal backslash...*/ return('\\'); if (c == 'n') /* newline...*/ return ('\n'); if (c == 'v') /* vertical tab...*/ return ('\v'); ...
This is a deep concept. It is as close to a “learning” program as I have seen. You simply tell it once, then you can this use self-referencing definition.
Stage 3 – Double blind
So now we’ve understood that we can teach a compiler new tricks, Thompson introduces ‘the cutest program I ever wrote.’
The actual bug I planted in the compiler would match code in the UNIX “login” command. The replacement code would miscompile the login command so that it would accept either the intended encrypted password or a particular known password. Thus if this code were installed in a binary and the binary were used to compile the login command, I could log into that system as any user.
Note that there would be no clue that this was happening by inspecting the source code for the login command itself. However, “even the most casual perusal of the source of the C compiler would raise suspicions.” Is there anything that can be done about that?
Let’s combine the idea of a self-reproducing program with the notion that the compiler can inject a trojan horse… Using the ideas from stage 1 we add a second trojan horse to the compiler in addition to the login one, this trojan horse is aimed at the compiler itself:
The replacement code is a Stage I self-reproducing progam binar will reinsert the bugs whenever it is compiled. Of course, the login command will remain bugged with no trace in source anywhere.
The moral of the story
The moral is obvious. You can’t trust code that you did not totally create yourself… No amount of source-level verification or scrutiny will protect you from using untrusted code.
And the attack vector doesn’t have to be the C compiler… any program-handling program (assembler, loader, microcode etc.) can be used to the same effect. “As the level of program gets lower, these bugs will be harder and harder to detect. A well-installed microcode bug will be almost impossible to detect.” | https://blog.acolyer.org/2016/09/09/reflections-on-trusting-trust/ | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 752 | 63.09 |
if I have a class Class1<B> and another class Class2<B, V, C>, and a class Class3 with a method
public boolean meth(final Class2<? extends B, ?, ? extends Class1<? extends B>>); when I call the method meth from an
other class the editor shows me an error message: "incompatible types: found Class3.meth, required boolean"
The compiler works, but the editor shows me the error
Could you please try to find a small reproducible test case and attach it to this issue? Thanks.
File Base.java
public class Base {
}
File Model.java
public class Model<B extends Base> {
}
File Contribution.java
public abstract class Contribution <B extends Base, V, C extends Model<?>> extends Model<B> {
public Contribution(){
}
}
File Manager.java
public class Manager {
public boolean createContribution(final Contribution<? extends Base, ?, ? extends Model<? extends Base>> contribution) {
return false;
}
}
File Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main (String[] args){
final Contribution <?, ?, ?> contr = new Contribution () {};
Manager man = new Manager();
if (man.createContribution(contr)){ //It shows the error here!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
System.out.println("Ciao");
}
}
}
It shows an error: Incompatible types: required boolean, found createContribution.
But it compiles and run
Still reproducable with build 200910261401, although with a different error message. But external javac from JDK 1.6
also gives an error.
There is a simple workaround though, just declare createContribution as:
public boolean createContribution(final Contribution<?, ?, ?> contribution)
It can be taken as a general coding rule that one shouldn't repeat type parameter bounds in wildcard arguments. For
example it's redundant to write Model<? extends Base>, as the "extends Base" is already implicit in "Model<?>", because
Model is defined as "Model<B extends Base>". Likewise, it's redundant to write "Contribution<? extends Base, ?, ?
extends Model<? extends Base>>", because all these bounds are already implicit in "Contribution<?, ?, ?>".
Of course javac should still be fixed to correctly recognize those equivalencies.
This old bug may not be relevant anymore. If you can still reproduce it in 8.2 development builds please reopen this issue.
Thanks for your cooperation,
NetBeans IDE 8.2 Release Boss | https://netbeans.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=124864 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 340 | 51.95 |
Apache OpenOffice (AOO) Bugzilla – Issue 60110
import from csv file sometimes strips initial apostrophe in cell
Last modified: 2017-05-20 11:11:41 UTC
OpenOffice improperly imports a field in a CSV file that contains only a single
quote. I am able to get it to import the field properly if the field contains
two single quotes enclosed in a set of double quotes. The test file at the url
above is an example file that shows this behavior.
Excel doesn't exhibit this behavior.
From what I read of RFC 4180, it looks like OpenOffice is not RFC compliant.
That said, implementing CSV doesn't seem to straight forward either (there seem
to be several interpretations of how a CSV file should be formatted). However,
given that OpenOffice is an office suite and strives to be compatible with
Excel, I think its behavior should be similar to Excel's.
Hi,
I'm sorry, but I don't get the point with the file you've mentioned. Please be
more precise there to find the problem. Also a smaller file would be great to
get the point.
Frank
Set needmoreinfo keyword.
Perhaps this is related to the use of a single quote to denote a number which
should be displayed as text? Or to other bugs surrounding the use of single
quotes (see for example issue 65510)?
Steve
BTW, the URL for the csv file is broken.
The specific problem is that OOo Calc sometimes strips the initial apostrophe in
a cell after a CSV import, even if that apostrophe is enclosed in double quotes
(normally denoting an exact text import). Interestingly, the apostrophe seems to
be stripped in all cases except when followed immediately by a number.
Even more interestly, the cell contents appear properly in the import preview.
Once the import takes place, however, the error occurs and the apostrophe's get
stripped.
I will attach an example.
Created attachment 37545 [details]
CSV file with examples of various possible cases of apostrophe imports
The contents of the CSV:
WITHOUT QUOTES
1 apostrophe,'
2 apostrophes,''
3 apostrophes,'''
A number,'3
A word,'word
A misspelled word,'mword
WITH QUOTES
1 apostrophe,"'"
2 apostrophes,"''"
3 apostrophes,"'''"
A number,"'3"
A word,"'word"
A misspelled word,"'mword"
In all these cases except '3 and "'3" the apostrophe is stripped after the
import to Excel. This behavior is very similar to behavior described in issue
65510; I suspect a dependency on 65510 and have marked accordingly.
Also added ms_interoperability keyword because Excel treats CSV imports of
apostrophes different:
*In Calc, "''" is required to import a single apostrophe due to the stripping of
the initial apostrophe
*In Excel, only "'" is required to import a single apostrophe
> In all these cases except '3 and "'3" the apostrophe is stripped after the
> import to Excel.
Excuse the error; this line actually describes the behavior in CALC, not Excel.
Thus it should read:
"In all these cases except '3 and "'3" the apostrophe is stripped after the
import to Calc."
-SF
>> From a personal email from hsorenson, posted w/ permission:
> BTW, the URL for the csv file is broken.
I've put this back in place. My website changed and it wasn't on the new
one.
OpenOffice imports csv differently than excel. The RFC, unfortunatly,
doesn't disambiguate in such a way to say which implementation is
correct.
OpenOffice needs "''" to import an apostrophe (\x27) from CSV.
Excel needs "'" to import an apostrophe (\x27) from CSV.
It would be nice if OpenOffice followed Excel's lead since Excel has a
larger install base. I use both and having this inconsistency is
annoying.
-Holt
Hi eike,
please have a look at this one.
Frank
The CSV import currently interprets the field content the same way it does as if
keyed in as input, with the exception of a single apostrophe as field content,
thus forcing otherwise numerical context to textual content, discarding the
leading apostrophe. This should be disabled for CSV import and field content
taken as is.
Btw, it is a common misconception that field content quoted by double quotes
should always be textual content, this is _not_ the case. Double quotes are to
be removed and then it is up to the application to interpret the content.
Otherwise it would be impossible to have numerical values contain the field
separator.
This issue is related to 65510 for the leading apostrophe handling, but doesn't
depend on it in the sense that issue 65510 would block this issue, removing
dependency.
Changing target to 2.x because of desired lossless data import.
change target from 2.x to 3.x according to
Reset assigne to the default "issues@openoffice.apache.org". | https://bz.apache.org/ooo/show_bug.cgi?id=60110 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 786 | 62.88 |
The Grand To-do List
This is a list of all the current things needed in ENIGMA. Developers can use this as a guide for things they could consider doing. General users can use this to know what things aren't functional yet in ENIGMA.
Bugs
ENIGMA bugs and suggestions can be found on the Github Tracker Page
Task Lists
Tasks are also on the ENIGMA tracker page.
2019-2021 Roadmap
- Grow the CI coverage by another 25% over the next year. This includes completion of binary buffers and testing of them. Coverage of objects, inheritance, and collisions.
- Continue improving and maintaining the ENIGMA engine and LateralGM. This includes new features and smaller fixes as users request them.
- Finish the EGM writer thus completing the EGM library. Test EGM project serialization to keep it working.
- Finish refining the asset compilation stages so that emake becomes a functioning remote asset compiler. This includes finalizing ideas of how RadialGM and the like should attach assets to the exe locally or remotely.
- Continue developing RadialGM into a stable and usable IDE. This includes completion of additional editors, refinement, and integration of the above completed APIs.
Debug Code
Because everybody is lazy, a lot of functions are missing debug code. So there's plenty of easy work to do here around the place, adding in checks for when debug mode is used.
Ultimate Goals
A bunch of other things need done to get ENIGMA ready for serious game development.
Code Export Revamp
To decrease build times in succession, we need to look into separating the main header from engine code and placing individual objects in their own source files. The main header, which is currently the main source, would be moved into its own file apart from compiler-exported code, then ideally be pre-compiled. Another option is to have object files built for each object in the game packaged into the EGM to facilitate faster building between runs of different games.
With the ability to compile objects separate from each other comes the ability to compile objects during run time and link them in dynamically, which will facilitate hot-swapping code in debug mode, as is a feature in other IDEs for other languages. Since instance_create will have to be refactored to call a function to create an object with a certain index, and in all likelihood, so will dynamic dot-access functions, it would not be a difficult matter to replace the code which allocates obj_character with code to allocate a new object of that type, as loaded from a DLL. The dot-access system may, in turn, need to be less efficient when compiled in Debug Mode to facilitate this hot-swapping.
File Storage Revamp
In order to enable ENIGMA to be placed in write-protected portions of disk, such as /usr/bin/ENIGMA or C:/Program\ Files/ENIGMA, main configuration files will need to be overridden by files of the same name found in ~/.ENIGMA, and objects will be exported and built to /tmp/ and then optionally copied to the EGM as mentioned above.
While this system is not necessary for the performance of ENIGMA, it accounts for a large piece of the distribution mechanism for ENIGMA. Linux packages and Windows installers, by convention, unpack into /usr/bin and Program Files. While unpacking to Program Files may cause issues due to the space in the pathname (that Microshaft has still not corrected, 20 years later), unpacking to /usr/bin is a must if we intend for package repositories used by major Linux distributions to allow installing ENIGMA on a fresh system.
Resource Revamp
We have this beautiful resource tree, but all your efforts organizing resources into it go to waste.
LateralGM loads all your resources into memory at startup, even for formats such as EGM which do not require doing so at all. Then, to make matters worse, ENIGMA adds them all right on top of the game, and loads them all into memory at once, too.
This system needs reworked so that resources can be stored externally—with or without encryption—and loaded into memory either on an as-needed basis, or, better yet, by resource group name as they appear in the resource tree.
For example, when you hop from the volcano zone of your game to the ice zone, you would call
resource_tree_unload("Scenery/Zones/Volcano"), resource_tree_load("Scenery/Zones/Ice");. That would automatically unload all resources of any type found in the "Volcano" subtree of the "Zones" subtree of the "Scenery" subtree of the resource tree, loading instead the "Ice" folder from the same subtrees.
The idea is that the resources still remain segregate, but share an identical tree structure. So, the Sprites and Backgrounds resource trees may contain Scenery/Zones/Volcano, while the sounds directory does not. In regular GM6 view, the Sprites subtree will contain a Scenery subtree containing a Zone subtree containing other subtrees full of sprites, the Backgrounds subtree will contain a Scenery subtree containing a Zone subtree containing other subtrees full of backgrounds, but the Sounds subtree will not contain a Scenery subtree at all. In the universal view, the resource tree will directly contain a Scenery subtree containing a Zones subtree containing other subtrees full of sprites, backgrounds, and potentially other resources.
Objects may or may not be loaded dynamically as DLLs; the possibility of lazy-loading regular objects via the mechanism described in the code export revamp is something that should be investigated later on as well.
New Resources
It should be easy to add resource types to ENIGMA. Among the resources to be explored should be a 3D model resource and the Overworld resource discussed in the Proposals section of the forum.
Instance System Revamp
No globals should be used in the instance system which are not encapsulated by a thread class. The globals which control the "current" instance should not exist; they should be passed as parameters to functions which require this information. The lists of instances of each object should also go in a thread class. The
instance_deactivate* functions should move deactivated instances to a dead thread class instead of whatever system TGMG used to implement them. Later, the thread class should be instantiated when the user tries to move objects to different threads. In general, only the events should be moved to a different thread; instance references should be left in the main game thread. The main game thread can be global.
Function Definition Revamp
We ought to move functions into a new namespace under enigma{}. The namespace can be either ::enigma_functions or ::enigma::functions. JDI will then assist ENIGMA in ignoring any C++ functions which are not using'd somewhere in the ENIGMA definitions. The ENIGMA
{{include}} directive (not yet implemented) should be replaced with
{{require}} and hint to the compiler to include the requested header, but not necessarily use it. This will also help keep code language-agnostic in the event that someone happens to create a JavaScript library called "map" or "vector" or "GL/gl.h".
In namespace enigma::functions, math and stdc functions required by EDL should likewise be adopted via (eg)
using ::sin.
This removes the need for the Bessel function hack, which
#defines each Bessel function to use a
bessel_ prefix, then implements them in another source. Instead, the STDC Bessel functions will simply be ignored by ENIGMA and will need implemented as, eg,
double (*bessel_y0)(double x) = ::y0;. This eliminates overhead and hacks alike.
Events.res Revamp
Events.res presently uses a custom breed of e-YAML that allows adding a default attribute to a group. We can do without that, which will allow the file to be plain e-YAML, and thus allow LGM/other IDEs to read it the same way they read everything else. Moreover, we need a way to just insert a call in place of the event, both in the event handler method and in the actual per-instance event loop.
The file also needs modified
Game Saving / Loading
One of the cooler perks of Game Maker is that the functions game_save and game_load create almost instantaneous dumps of your entire game's state. ENIGMA's compiler gives us the necessary control to implement these functions in the C++ engine dynamically. Here's what we need:
- ANYONE: Create a function
write_dumpwith an overload for all ENIGMA primitive types, and as many STL types as possible.
- The first parameter should be a FILE* or ostream, or a typedef to something platform-dependent.
- The second parameter should be a const reference to the type mentioned earlier.
- This function should serialize the given reference and write it to the given stream.
- ANYONE: Create a function
read_dumpwith an overload for all ENIGMA primitive types, and as many STL types as possible.
- This function should take identical parameters to
write_dump, but use a non-const reference and load into it.
- COMPILER: Construct a
save_binary(FILE*)function into each object.
- This function should invoke
write_dumpfor each local variable in the object.
- We may want this function to write a header with a magic value such as char[4]("OBJ") so we know we're reading right later.
- COMPILER: Construct a static load_binary(FILE*) function
- This function should create a new instance of the object, loading locals from the given FILE*.
- ANYONE: Make the
game_savefunction iterate all instances, calling their
save_binarymethod.
- COMPILER: Pack the
load_binaryfunctions of each object into an array,
loader_arrayby
object_index.
- ANYONE: Create a
load_binaryfunction in
object_basic
- This function should verify the object header, them read the ID and object index from it.
- It should then use the object index to invoke the correct
loader_arraymethod.
- ANYONE: Make the
game_loadfunction call the object_basic
load_binaryuntil EOF.
Threading
In the sprite and background sources, eg, Universal_System/spritestruct.cpp, you will notice there are two macro functions to fetch a resource from its ID. For example,
get_sprite vs
get_sprite_mutable. This is to facilitate the implementation of threads later on.
When the time comes, these macros will place locks on the sprite data being accessed. While the sprite is locked for write, no other threads will have access. While it is locked for read, no writers will have access. By using the wrong macro, you will introduce unnecessary wait time that could potentially be noticed but never found.
We will also need a THREADS_ENABLED macro to avoid making single-threaded games place locks on that information.
Proposed Systems
This is a list of all the systems that have been proposed to use in ENIGMA
- Additional statements: when, step and draw -polygone suggestion
- Member functions
- Pause system | https://enigma-dev.org/todo.htm | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 1,762 | 60.45 |
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Published on 2013-10-10?
TL;DR: With Tao Presentations, we demonstrated what programmatic animation and 3D should look like. We need your help to bring that goodness to the web.
Using a programming language to describe documents is not exactly a new idea by any measure. The scientific community, for example, relies on typesetting languages called TeX and LaTeX. For the printed page, Postscript and its simple-minded descendant PDF are de-facto standards. On the web, XML and HTML are the foundation of all web documents. All these languages are seriously old by computer science standards. The youngest one, HTML, was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, and Postscript was first released in 1982.
But TeX is even older. It proudly celebrated its 32nd birthday in 2010. Thirty two years, as in "100000 in binary". One hundred thousand years turns out to be a pretty good approximation of what 32 years old software feels like in the software industry. Just think about it: TeX was initially released in 1978, a full three years before MS-DOS 1.0! Even the 8-bit Apple II+, the first Apple II with a BASIC written by Microsoft in it, is not as old as TeX.
So TeX should be long dead of old age and bit rot. Yet it’s not just alive, it’s thriving. LaTeX remains the defacto standard in the scientific community today, says Wikipedia. The graph on the side, courtesy Marko Pinteric, gives one plausible explanation for this longevity: LaTeX is powerful. So powerful, actually, that even after more than thirty two years, it runs circles around Microsoft Word for any sophisticated writing task.
For those allergic to fancy graphics, Pinteric provides a nice textual explanation of what this extra power really means:
Although Word is a useful and practical tool for writing short and (very) simple documents, it becomes too complex or even unusable when one wants the word processor to do more complicated tasks. [...] LaTeX does require more effort and time to learn to use even for simpler tasks, but once learned, difficult tasks can be accomplished rather easily and straightforwardly. Therefore, LaTeX is simpler, faster and better way to produce large or complex documents and the additional effort eventually pays off.
Tao Presentations uses a document description based on a programming language for the exact same reason. A tool built around a language is more powerful. It makes it possible and even easy to create presentation documents that run circles around all other presentation tools. Try making sense of one billion data points with Powerpoint’s charting tools… Try showcasing a 3D model with what Prezi calls 3D… Tao Presentation can show very large data sets, integrate and animate all kinds of 3D objects, and if you want to connect to the web to show the latest news, you can do that too.
Following TeX, Postscript or HTML, Tao stands on the shoulders of giants. But it brings three massive improvements over its illustrious predecessors:
The following example illustrates these three points. In a few lines of code, it shows a slide containing a dynamic clock in 3D. You may try it by downloading Tao Presentations, pasting the code in a file called for example slide.ddd, and then opening that file with Tao Presentations. The .ddd extension stands for "dynamic document description" as well as "3d", and these are two of the three good reasons we had to pick it as the usual extension for Tao Presentations documents.
import Slides slide "My first 3D slide", * "This uses a simple language" * "Yet you can do complex things: " show_time show_time -> light 0 light_position 1000, 1000, 1000 rotate_y -30 - 20*sin time rotate_x 0.3 * mouse_y extrude_depth 20 color "red" font "Ubuntu", 120 text zero hours; text ":"; text zero minutes; text ":"; text zero seconds zero N -> if N < 10 then "0" & text N else text N
This little program is enough to illustrate the three key points I talked about, visual impact, interactivity and storytelling:
Digression: the web site about HTML6 wets your appetite with "Imagine writing <month>this</month>" before explaining that you really will have to replace <img foo> with <html:media. A definite non-improvement, that. And the technique of announcing one thing and delivering another is called bait switching, folks. As we shall see, with Tao you can call a month a month.
The document description language in Tao Presentations derives from a little-known open-source language called XL. These initials stand for "eXtensible Language". To quickly wrap your mind around XL, you can think of it as XML without the M, i.e. an extensible language without markup. You can also think of it as a Lisp without the parentheses, i.e. a very simple homoiconic language deriving its power from metaprogramming. Gesundheit. Don’t Panic™, if you don’t know what this jargon means, I’m going to explain it below.
But more importantly, XL is simple. Real simple. As in: the core language has one operator. Not two, one.
XL was originally designed as an extensible programming language, i.e. one where it would be just as easy to add a new notation or a new feature as it is to add new classes in an object-oriented language.
For example, say that you want to add an if-then-else notation. In XL, you would write the following definitions, where -> reads as transforms into:
if true then X else Y -> X if false then X else Y -> Y
What this code means is that if true then X else Y transforms into X, X being a variable that can be replaced with anything. This is what "homoiconic" means: code is data and can be manipulated as data. Similarly, the sequence if false then X else Y transforms into Y.
With these definitions, you can now use if-then-else as you would in other languages. For example, you can write stuff like:
if X > 0 then color "red" else color "blue"
or in a more compact form:
color (if X > 0 then "red" else "blue")
The definitions above happen to be almost exactly the ones that you can find in the XL standard library. Now, what you have just done is add a new notation, specific to a particular need. The tool we just used is more powerful than mere functions or classes, because it lets me define exactly what my programs will look like. This is internally how XL defines what A+B should do, for example. But it’s not operator overloading either, because you could as well define what A+B*C does.
This is also the mechanism used to define slide or bullet points, leading to the kind of "markdown" language we used in the first example. Except that, you now know, this is not a markdown at all, but simply "function calls" (or macros, or whatever you want to call them):
slide "My first 3D slide", * "This uses a simple language" * "Yet you can do complex things: "
And it’s also obviously the same tool we used to define show_time or zero in the very first example we gave at the beginning of this article:
zero N -> if N < 10 then "0" & text N else text N
Conclusion: XL (and consequently Tao) lets you define your own notations in programs. This is called concept programming.
The definition of if-then-else uses the one and only operator we were referring to above. It is spelled ->, is called the rewrite operator, and reads "transforms into". So the first of the two lines above reads as "if true then X else Y transforms into X". Neat, eh? The good news is that now, you practically know all there is to know about XL. The rest is in the libraries, some of which are implemented as XL code, some of which are implemented in C++ using a specific interface.
Of course, knowing a few implementations details matters. And you need to learn a bit about what you can find in the libraries, or how to write new ones, before you can become productive with XL. And there, get prepared, as there’s a lot to learn. But conceptually at least, all of XL derives from this single rewrite operator. So the first rule to remember is that in XL, A->B means that you should transform A into B.
Based on what you already know, can you guess how you declare a variable in XL? Bingo, you use the very same rewrite operator:
X -> 0
With this declaration, X transforms into 0, therefore any use of X is equivalent to using 0. But there’s a major benefit: now you can change the value of X with something like X:=1, and all uses of X will see the new value.
A note to C / C++ / JavaScript / PHP programmers: XL arbitrarily uses = to mean "equal", and := to mean "assign". Other languages use = to mean "assign" and == to mean "equal". More recent languages have === and possibly ========= (I'm not positive on that one). That, sir, is called progress. Boink.
Well, the choice of assignment operator in XL is merely an indication of how old the language designer is. Young people, please learn this: there once was a time when Pascal, not C, ruled the world. And the early design of XL predates the time when C (let alone C++, Java, JavaScript and all these newfangled { } idioms) ruined everyone’s taste. <trollbait>Pascal and Ada were elegant, Pascal and Ada were actually designed.</trollbait>.
The choice of using = for equality, however, highlights a concept programming rule, namely that code should look like the underlying concept. In that case, mathematical equality is written using an equal sign, so XL uses an equal sign.
You can use arbitrary Unicode characters in variable names, so it is perfectly legitimate to write π->3.14, at least if you don’t care much about the precise value of π. Of course, you can then assign an entirely different value to π, but it’s considered bad taste, a bit like assigning another value to 0.
Conclusion: XL is a language based entirely on rewriting (specifically, for the technically inclined, parse tree rewriting), where you say how one notation transforms into another.
For those unfamiliar with web programming, the core idea that lets JavaScript manipulate HTML documents is called the Document Object Model (or DOM). It is a standard way for JavaScript to access the internal structure of the document programmatically. That way, the JavaScript code can read the document, update internal values, and more. This is powerful, but I will argue that the designers of the DOM gave us a clumsy tool. Why? Mostly because they, willfully or not, ignored decades of research about metaprogramming and homoiconic languages in the Lisp community.
It’s hard to entirely blame them for that. Words like "metaprogramming" and "homoiconic" are up there on the jargon scale, along with "unicuspid", "metempsychosis", "catabolism" or "postprandial" (darn, now I feel some kind of stupid moral obligation to use each and every one of these words in this article). Besides, the Lisp community has a well-deserved reputation for being intimidating. But really, it's nothing meta, it's just programming with programs as the data, and that's pretty darn efficient.
So let me explain the relationship between these words and the DOM. The word "homoiconic" describes a programming language in which the program itself is a form of data. In Lisp, for example, (+ 1 2) is a short program that computes the addition of 1 and 2. But it is also a list composed of 3 elements, +, 1 and 2. So you can build such a list programmatically, evaluate that list, and the program described by that list will behave exactly as if you had typed it yourself. Conversely, you can build an evaluator for this program in Lisp, and it can behave like the original evaluator in Lisp. Or entirely differently. You get to choose.
Why does metaprogramming matter for documents? Well, consider the following fragment of an HTML document:
<h1>HTML is not a programming language</h1> <p>You can’t compute anything with HTML.</p>
In a homoiconic language like XL, you can represent this same document as "data", with something like:
h1 "HTML is not a programming language" p "You can’t compute anything with HTML"
or in Lisp style:
(h1 "HTML is not a programming language") (p "You can’t compute anything with HTML")
The difference in notation at this stage is relatively minor. The difference in semantics, however, is huge. Because now you have an entire programming language at your disposal, so you can easily create dynamic documents, add computations, perform tests. We used that in our document when we added a clock:
text zero hours; text ":"; text zero minutes; text ":"; text zero seconds
This will produce something like 17:03:45, where the time being shown is the actual, current time!
Conclusion: Describing documents with a homoiconic language lets you use natural notations for standard document structure, all with the power of a true programming language.
The name Tao Presentations was chosen for two reasons. One, T.A.O. stands for The Art Of. The art of presentations is our business. But in the eastern philosophy, the Tao is also the right way to do things. And indeed, using a real, extensible programming language to describe dynamic documents is The Right Thing™.
Let’s first consider homoiconicity. What is the big deal with considering code as data? Why does it matter for describing dynamic documents? In HTML, the DOM is data only. So if you need a piece of code to manipulate it, it needs to have a way to reference it. In the case of HTML, this is done using a special name called an id. For example, your HTML document contains:
<div id="my-special-name">Hello World</div>
Now the given div element has an id, my-special-name, that is supposed to identify it. So it must be unique. Don’t reuse it for anything else in the document, it’s bad. Also, don’t forget this id, you’ll need it later, in a completely different piece of code that manipulates the DOM:
var element=document.getElementById("my-special-name")
Having to remember an id like this may seem easy enough. But in the real world, you have dozens of interacting pieces of code, many of which you did not write yourself, and that simple problem becomes "interesting".
And it leads to subtle issues: who can tell, on the top of their head, what happens if the same id is used multiple times in an HTML document?
The only reason you need to connect the code and the data that way is because you assumed that the code and the data are distinct entities. Therefore, you need a bridge between them. You cannot specify things all in the same place, which leads to unnecessary code, which is… I’m looking for the right word. Ah, yes, it’s bad. (And no, I'm not saying that separation of concerns is a bad thing, just that it's a matter of code organization, not something that should be enforced by separate languages).
But if you take the approach that code is data and data is code, then any dynamic part of the document can be simply placed in-line in the document, using the same language already used to describe the document. Rendering the document will follow the evaluation rules for the language, and voilà, It Just Works™! No silly names to identify pieces of the document. No need to think about unique ids all the time. No unnecessary complication. This is… good, you got it.
Conclusion: Considering that data and code are the same thing (homoiconicity) enables a much simpler document structure and gets rid of a lot of duplication.
In reality, there is a minor complication. Let’s consider the syntax of Tao, as opposed the the syntax of a markup language. One might fear that the syntax of a programming language will not be very adequate for structured documents. That primitive, almost reptilian fear, is almost totally unfounded.
In HTML, anything that is not a tag (i.e. not between brackets) is being shown. For example, if you want to display "Hello World" in a paragraph, you would write:
<p>Hello World</p>
In HTML, there are a few, rare exceptions to the rule that text outside of tags will be shown. We already saw one example with the <canvas> element:
<canvas>This text shows if your browser does not support canvas</canvas>
Text inside a <canvas> only shows if your browser does not support canvas. But, again this is an exception. In a data-oriented language like HTML, the default for text is to represent contents, and you have to "escape" text that you don’t want to show. In HTML, this escape mechanism uses unicuspid < and > characters, so-called "angle brackets". For example, the <p> tag indicates a paragraph. If your web browser shows the sequence <p> on screen, it is not very compliant with the HTML standard…
This HTML syntax is optimized under the assumption that an average document mostly contains text. That assumption is totally wrong these days. To prove it, I did a simple experiment that I invite you to repeat on web pages of your choice. I took a Google search result page, which looks like mostly text to the average layman. I copied the source code of that page in one text file, and the page text in another (i.e. I copied the whole page and pasted it in Emacs). In my experiment, I got 114124 characters for the source code, and 3369 characters for the text.
In other words, the visible text represents less than 3% of the source code of the Google results page! And that’s with HTML code that Google is careful to heavily pack using automated tools. Code that is readable by humans would tip the balance even further away from textual contents. In retrospect, it seems like a good idea to optimize the syntax for the 97% of non-text rather than for the 3% of text.
This is the approach in Tao. By contrast to HTML, text in Tao is only one of the possible forms of data. You need to specify where the text is, and you need to say what happens to it. A paragraph in Tao would be represented for example with:
paragraph "Hello World"
You need to surround the actual text with quotes, but then you don’t need to escape tags. Even if we stick to a silly metric like counting characters (related to more significant metrics, like number of damaged carpal tunnels per million documents typed, or watts per trillion useful characters), this is a net win. In the Hello World case, the number of "useless" characters in Tao is two (the quotes); the number of useless characters in HTML is five (four unicuspids and a slash).
Of course, one might object that paragraph is longer than p, to which I would respond with the one and only rewrite operator, accompanied with a loud ta-dah:
p X -> paragraph X p "Hello World"
An additional benefit of this approach is that you can perform computations on text, like concatenating text with the & operator. This is necessary if you want to compute part of the text dynamically:
paragraph "Hello " & "World " & text seconds
And by the way, "unicuspid": check.
Conclusion: The syntax in Tao is optimized for what matters in modern documents, the structure and the dynamic code. It leads to less typing and simpler source code.
The structure of documents is one aspect where markup languages might appear superior to programming languages. At least, they might appear superior to the young, naive and uninitiated padawan. Let’s debunk that belief.
The heart and soul of markup languages such as HTML is the idea that documents have a hierarchical structure. For example, inside a paragraph, there may be a section that is written in italics, and inside that section, a part of the text is written in bold and another part is in red and underlined. This would render as something like: This is not recommended at all.
With HTML, you might be tempted to write it as follows:
<p>This <i>is <b>not</b> <color "red"><u>recommended</u></color></i> at all.</p>
Well, actually, that would not work, because for some reason that always eluded me, HTML has a <u> tag for underline, even a <blink> tag for blinking text, but it has no <color> tag. "Illogical", sez Spock. It almost seems like the web was invented on a black-and-white computer. Ah, but wait, it was.
Whatever the reason is, in actual HTML, what you really need to write is a little bit more convoluted:
<p>This <i>is <b>not</b> <span style="color:red"><u>recommended</u></span></i> text. </p>
But hey, what’s a few extra characters, your carpal tunnel syndrom is not that advanced yet, stop complaining.
As an aside, this little fragment of code allows us to discover Yet Another Web Language (YAWL) called CSS, which stands for Cascaded Style Sheets, whatever that means. The CSS portion in our example is discretely encapsulated in quotes, in the small fragment style="color:red". So yes, you need quotes as well in HTML. But don’t worry, there are at least half a couple other ways to mix CSS and HTML, including in <style> tags or in separate files introduced with the <link> tag. As usual, a "standard" means that there is no standard way to do things.
We can expand that same fragment of code a little bit to make its hierarchical structure apparent:
<p>This <i> is <b> not </b> <span style="color:red"> <u> recommended </u> </span> </i> at all. </p>
This kind of hierarchical structure is the heart and soul of HTML and of other markup languages such as XML or SGML. This is the soul we are going to transfer in Tao, as follows:
paragraph text "This " italic text "is " bold text "not " color "red" underline "recommended" text " at all"
This form can be called metempsychotic HTML, in that it transposes the basic structure of HTML, although the tags are written in a different way. The hierarchy remains the same.
"Metempsychotic": check.
Conclusion: Tao uses a real programming language, but it is possible to transpose HTML document structures directly, in a very simple way.
Despite the apparent similarity in structure, what happens under the hood is entirely different between HTML and Tao. Markup languages and programming languages differ in their semantics, i.e. the way you interpret or "evaluate" the code.
In the case of HTML, the browser renders tags in a pre-determined way. You can change the way a tag is rendered using "styles", but that’s about it. In the case of Tao, rendering a document boils down to evaluating the program, using the normal rules of the XL programming language, following the definitions given by the rewrite operator. This mechanism breaks down the more complex code structures into simpler ones, recursively, until we reach "primitive" operations that directly draw something on screen.
The Tao implementations of paragraph or italic can be found in the tao.xl file, located in the application directory. If you are curious, you can see what it looks like on-line. Here is for example the implementation of italic and bold:
italic Body -> text_span italic render Body bold Body -> text_span bold render Body
In turn, render is implemented as follows:
render Body:block -> do Body render T:text -> text T
Now, we can break down a hierarchical structure into simpler elements, one step at a time:
italic { bold "Hello" }
To evaluate this code, the following sequence happens:
The mechanism terminates when we reach primitive operations, i.e. operations that are implemented directly in C++ in the Tao rendering engine or in some extension module. For example text_span is a primitive operation in the current implementation of Tao.
You can easily add your own tags this way. For example, important can specify a red color, bold and italic:
important Body -> text_span color "red" bold italic render Body
These simple examples show how a complex hierarchical structure is automatically broken down into individual drawing primitives, by virtue of simply evaluating the program. Incredibly simple, incredibly flexible. Now, you can render tags the way you want.
"Catabolism": check.
Conclusion: Tao implements the document structure simply by evaluating normal "functions". You can add your own. Welcome to a world of open document structures.
While the structure in Tao can be made similar to that of HTML, the details of the syntax in Tao are very flexible. For example, you can also render This is not recommended at all in a much more packed way, using curly braces to define blocks instead of indentation, semi-colons to separate statements instead of line breaks, and a few user-defined shortcuts:
p X -> paragraph X i X -> italic X b X -> bold X u X -> underline X $ X -> text X p{$"This ";i{$"is ";b{$"not "};color"red";u"recommended"};$" at all"}
You can even replace curly braces with parentheses if you prefer Lisp style to C style. It Still Just Works™. Don’t get me wrong. This kind of style, while possible, is not recommended (think of "not recommended" as being written with a heavy dose of red, bold, underline, italic). But it illustrates the flexibility given by the one and only rewrite operator when transposing concept from HTML.
What is more important is that often, higher level structures will emerge in a document, and it is useful to give them appropriate names:
main_title_slide "Main title", title text "Seasons Greetings theme" subtitle text "A theme for the Holidays"
With this approach, Tao offers the kind of high-level document structure found in LaTeX, and that you can only dream of in HTML. It is easy too, because our brains are wired with language. Using common words such as title requires absolutely no effort.
Learning the meaning of new words, such as postprandial isn’t very complicated. The reason I use this particular word as an example is because of the way we learned it at Taodyne. We used to have a walk after our lunch, during which we’d discuss technical and non-technical topics together. After a while, one of us started wondering if there was a word meaning "after lunch". And it turns out that there is one. So instead of talking of our walk after lunch, we started talking of our postprandial walk.
It may seem like a minor shortcut. But this applies naturally to more complicated concepts. Of course, it is always possible to only use a restricted vocabulary, as illustrated by XKCD’s excellent up goer five comic. But who wants to do that?
Right now, HTML writers have not much choice. Documents in HTML tend to be expressed using such a dumbed down language, with a "vocabulary" of a few dozen words only:
<h1 class="main_title">Main title</h1>
Since we don’t use higher level words, even a concept as simple as a title ends up being split into two distinct aspects, its "level" <h1> and its "style" main_title. In the case of HTML, these two aspects even belong to different languages: headings such as <h1> are defined by HTML, whereas styles such as main_title refer to CSS styles. HTML is not only verbose but also highly schizophrenic. And if you want to extend HTML, as Reveal.js does for instance, you add a third party to the mix, namely the JavaScript library rewriting your HTML code on the fly.
By contrast, when I write main_title_slide in Tao Presentations, I make it quite clear that I intend this slide to represent a main title slide. How you implement main_title_slide is interesting, but what really matters is the ability to convey the intent. Being able to create your own version of main_title_slide is valuable, knowing that it will only impact main title slides is even better. Creating domain-specific languages for your domain of expertise is handy, but ultimately what you care about is to focus on the right level of expression when telling your story.
When you write your code, you should stop explaining what it does, as in "the walk we do after a meal". You code should really focus on a higher level, as in "the postprandial walk".
"Postprandial", check, and that concludes my silly experiment.
Conclusion: The ability to add new entries in our vocabulary is essential for brevity, clarify and structure. That ability is almost entirely lacking in HTML.
Now, before going on explaining how Tao Presentations operates, I need to address a few objections I heard often enough to mention them ahead of time.
Many seasoned developers feel ill at ease the first time they read Tao Presentations documents. Don’t panic, it’s all right, it’s just that most of us have unwillingly been over-exposed to PLDTLLLN (Programming Languages Designed to Look Like Line Noise) and as a result fell prey to a rather bizarre form of punctuation addiction. If code does not contain a sufficient density of curly braces, angle brackets, or Lots of Insipid and Stupid Parentheses™, we feel completely lost.
This is largely the fault of programming language designers who insisted on using every single ASCII character there is in their language. We end up with programming languages that are all @ this, $ that and <glop> or [grunt] all over the place, when it’s not makefiles distinguishing between different forms of whitespaces (See page 184 of the Unix Haters Handbook for an interesting story about that particular design bug). All these mysterious characters turned programming into wizardry incomprehensible to mere mortals. Boy, d03$ it f33l g00d t0 b3 @n 3133t! Note that the trend of using every single character in the book may be fading out: I have yet to see a programming language that requires every single Unicode character in its syntax…
Anyhow, having::random(characters)->all[over].the+*place is not a good thing, people. Most of us speak english with a remarkably limited need for curly braces, angle brackets, arobases or ampersands. And if we happen to use symbols in writing, it’s generally more as a shortcut symbol for an operation, as in joe@home or 2+3. So why not just try and do the same in computer languages for a change? Frankly, what makes <h1> any better than title? And in the two following two lines, which one would you rather type, knowing that both will work in Tao? Don’t you care about your carpal tunnel?
color ("red"); color "red"
Conclusion: Tao limits the use of bizarre symbols on purpose, and good riddance.
Earlier document description languages such as TeX, PostScript and HTML, have been designed for the printed page. Since e-Ink was not all the rage 30 years ago, the contents of printed pages did not evolve frantically after it had been printed. Cheap paper would slowly turn yellow, cheap ink would slowly fade, but that was about all the animation you could get. So the need for animations in a page description language was not entirely obvious back then.
Now, after visiting hundreds of fancy web sites, you might think that HTML is a super dynamic language. You could not be more wrong. HTML, all by itself, is pretty much useless as far as animations are concerned. Granted, you have the dreaded and luckily obsolete <blink> tag, that could be used to make ugly web pages look much worse. And you have animated GIFs, most of them used to show silly under construction signs. But that is about it. In short, nothing worth sacrificing kittens to.
The root cause of this paucity in animation-fu is that HTML is a declarative language, which is technical jargon for "about as capable of doing general computations as a jar of overcooked broccoli". Or to put it bluntly, not a real programming language.
What really saved HTML’s animatic bacon was JavaScript. JavaScript, being a "true" programming language, i.e. one that can figure out that 2+2=4 without your help, lets programmers compute and modify the contents of a web page on the fly. That is, if you know your Document Object Model, exposed by the browser for that purpose. So it goes like this: you first create a page in HTML. Then, once that page loaded, it invokes some JavaScript code, and that JavaScript code modifies the page, as if you had written a different HTML. Huh? Come again? Is that obstinately protracted or what? Well, from a design standpoint, HTML today is entirely designed like this, accumulated cruft piled on top of legacy junk. And it shows.
Now, maybe you think I’m exaggerating to make a point. And I am delighted to say I don’t even need to. Tao gets rid of so many levels of indirections for document writers that it’s borderline annoying to explain all the stuff you no longer need to do. Spend time thinking about the document, not about some Incomprehensible Document Indirection Object Theory or whatever. Start Don’t-Repeating-Yourself instead of just talking about it. Feel like your life is full of lovely fuzzy furry cute little animals.
Conclusion: Animations in HTML are done the wrong way. Tao is better in that respect, because the whole document is dynamic.
Technically, one can actually do a rotation in a web page using JavaScript. And much more, actually. With sufficient persistence, many highly capable programmers have built true marvels of engineering and art using technologies such as WebGL, Three.js, Processing,js and more.
But just because you can do it does not mean it’s a good idea. After all, if you push the reasoning to the limit, you can also do anything, including animations, by hand-coding everything in assembly language, starting with the OS. You can also spend 15 years building a four million pieces matchstick model. But the thing is: I don’t want to.
To illustrate my point, let’s create a text rotation in JavaScript, which is, arguably, easier than a four million pieces matchstick model (or… is it?) Let’s see what it takes, exactly, to do a simple little time-based text rotation with JavaScript and HTML. And no cheating with built-in CSS animations, I want a smooth back and forth motion with an expression that I can control, like in the Tao Presentations example above. With Tao, what I wrote to get a rotation of 30 degrees plus/minus 20 degrees along the Y axis (vertical in Tao) was:
rotate_y -30 - 20*sin time
Let me see. Of course, you can do a rotation like that. In JavaScript. Easy. Just give me a minute. Hmmm. Google "JavaScript rotation", easy enough. Several examples, all with a fixed rotation. Not good. OK, apparently I need to brush up my CSS. W3School this. Wikipedia that. Ah, the first few answers I found use jQuery, which I should avoid as it may not simplify things all that much. (Variation on an old joke: you have a problem, you think "I will use jQuery", now you have an entire collection of problems to choose from.)
Googling more. Ah, here is one answer that I might have to remember for when I need to scare young innocent kids out of a life of misery in web programming:
-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); /* Chrome & Safari */ -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); /* Firefox */ -ms-transform: rotate(45deg); /* IE 9+ */ -o-transform: rotate(45deg); /* Opera */ transform: rotate(45deg); /* CSS3 */ filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Matrix(M11=0.70710678, M12=0.70710678, M21=-0.70710678, M22=0.70710678, sizingMethod='auto expand'); /* IE 7-8 */
Seriously? Four different vendors, six different notations, five of which look exactly the same and do the same thing yet differ in only a vendor specific prefix?
Now, it’s good to know that there are things you can always rely on. Like you can always count on Microsoft to make a mess of things in a furiously unportable way. They save you from the tar pit ("WebGL is bad, security, blah blah") by throwing you right into hot lava (DXImageTransform this, you bastard!). And please don’t forget the sizingMethod, it’s important. Don’t ask, just do it. And while we are putting DirectX junk in web pages, why prefix this Microsoft-specific piece of art with -ms- like all the other guys? I guess the reasoning was: "Microsoft is the standard, so we don’t need no stinking -ms-." They had room for improvement elsewhere as far as character count is concerned, but no, they got rid of -ms-.
I can’t help but wonder how we ended up with a "standard" so messed up that five identical transforms have five vendor-specific prefixes, while the single outlier with a completely different and proprietary approach is the one without vendor-specific prefix! Sorry, I just don’t get it… Did I digress?
Conclusion: In HTML, we don’t have one standard. We have half a dozen. Even for something as simple as a rotation. No wonder web programming is difficult.
OK, we are straying away from our original JavaScript rotation problem. Back on track. Can I do my little rotation without jQuery? Hmm, yes, but not in a portable way. So should I consider the N most important browsers, return to jQuery, or stop caring entirely and just do what works on my browser?
Oh well, after almost half a diet Coke worth of fiddling around, a good dozen reloads in my web browser, one reproducible browser crash, and a fair amount of JavaScript debugging only to realize that I had misplaced a few parentheses, the best I could come up with is something like the code below. Which of course only works on Safari and Chrome, ensuring anybody using Firefox will see a total lack of animation whatsoever. Fixing that is "easy" (for a somewhat extended acceptation of "easy"), so I leave it as an exercise for the reader. So here it is, in all its glory:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <script> function dorotate() { var element=document.getElementById("elem") var time=2 function rotate() { var timer=setTimeout(function() { time += 0.025 elem.style.WebkitTransform = 'rotateY('+(-30-20*Math.sin(time))+'deg)' rotate(); }, 25) } rotate() } </script> </head> <body onload="dorotate()"> <div id="elem"> Hello World </div> </body> </html>
Aaaaaaaaah. Can you sense any feeling of complete and profound satisfaction for a job well done? Nope. If Saturn V had been designed with the same flair for efficiency, Americans would yet have to reach the moon in their steam-powered balloons, pending a solution to the horse shit evacuation issue. After all that effort, the animation is not even the one I wanted (it animates relative to the center of the page, not to some other text), but hey, close enough.
For Tao, we were determined to remain ignorant of this kind of "state of the art". We decided, unilaterally, that the best way to describe a time-dependent rotation for a text writing "Hello World" was something like what I put in the original example at the beginning of this article. Sorry, can’t refrain from showing it again:
rotate_y -30 - 20*sin time text "Hello World"
This solution is so obviously better that I feel an urge to explain. First, it’s shorter, and not just a little bit shorter. Second, it’s focused on the problem at hand, without all the extra irrelevant baggage. And finally, it practically speaks english, so the average eight years old can figure out what it does (OK, except for what a sine is, and why it creates a back and forth motion, but that’s a different issue, it’s basic math).
Conclusion: Animations can and should be taken into account from the start in the document description, not bolted on as an ugly afterthought.
HTML was invented on a NeXT workstation that was state of the art back then, but still slightly less powerful than the average mp3 player today. Since then, 3D graphics evolved, and then became ubiquitous, largely thanks to video games. And real-time interactive rendering is now the norm, again thanks to video games. It’s amazing just how much progress was made in the computer industry just to play games. Or display porn, but I digress.
Yet 3D did not really catch up in document description languages. There are a few 3D scene description languages, but most of them were designed for ray-tracing, so they render photo-realistic images, but they do so at the speed of an asthmatic slug on Vallium. Not designed for real-time, obviously.
The state of 3D on the web is just the same as for JavaScript. If you want the third dimension in a browser, you will need to learn several more dialects, such as CSS 3D and WebGL. You definitely need WebGL if you want to do anything serious, like games. WebGL is a JavaScript library derived from the venerable OpenGL, not really a full new language to learn, more like a collection of functions, but it’s still a pretty hairy beast. The always helpful JavaScript community also developed libraries such as Three.js to do really sophisticated things as long as you have way too much time on your hands. To really appreciate how much effort went into things like Three.js, here is a minimalistic web page using WebGL:
<body onload="start()"> <canvas id="glcanvas" width="640" height="480"> Your browser doesn't appear to support the HTML5 <code><canvas></code> element. </canvas> </body>
This page only looks short because the actual script doing the work is not in it. Following the same "Why use one language when we can use two" philosophy of JavaScript, we need a separate piece of code for WebGL, using a syntax that is so totally different that it’s best placed in a different file. Yet the two pieces of code must connect using magic names, e.g you need to have glcanvas on both sides. This approach, reminiscent of what we saw earlier for ids, is called Do repeat yourself deja vu all over again.
So here is a minimal WebGL script, which does nothing but clear the canvas using a black background, with exquisite irrelevant details about depth testing thrown in for opacity: } }
At that point, you may have noticed that we already have two fallback mechanisms for older browsers. One, in the HTML code, deals with browses that are so crummy they don’t even have canvas. The other one, in JavaScript, deals with the lack of WebGL. Fifteen lines of code, two of them already dealing with missing features. Read what I wrote about standards earlier, and weep.
Now, is it just me, or is this code a tad bit too removed from storytelling? On a good day, the code above is probably a little bit easier to read than French Tax law translated in Chinese, but that’s about the only positive-sounding comparison I can think of.
One problem with WebGL is that it was designed and optimized for games. It’s quite powerful and can do many things, but it’s overkill and way too complicated for things like simple animations. Using WebGL for simple web page contents is a bit like using an aircraft carrier to go to the nearest supermarket: you spend most of your time solving nearly intractable problems like finding a parkings spot the size of a football field or coordinating flight space with the local authorities or understanding the intricacies of depth testing an depth functions. These are all issues which you might remain blissfully ignorant of had you chosen a simpler, more adequate tool, like a simple car, or like Tao.
On the other hand, common tasks necessary for storytelling are incredibly complex with WebGL, like displaying an image, showing some text, showing a 3D object, playing a movie. Now, when you think about showing a movie to your friends, would you rather talk about a movie or about a depth function, color buffers and dynamic textures?
By contrast, Tao Presentations was designed from the ground up for simple, real-time 3D contents with a focus on storytelling. So to display a movie of cute kittens in a 3D scene, you’d simply write something like this:
import VLCAudioVideo translate_z -4000 rotate_y 25 movie ""
Doing the same thing as the four lines above with WebGL is <sarcasm>left as an exercise for the reader</sarcasm>.
Conclusion: For games, WebGL is the right approach. For documents, it’s the wrong tool. Tao Presentations is designed for 3D documents, and it does that task much better than WebGL.
Ultimately, we write documents and create presentations to share a story, to show things. This is the topic I cover in the second (and last) part of this article.
Christophe de Dinechin
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Was recently working on a project and was surprised ( 😛 did not read fine print in the documentation) late in the project that namespace of XML document in the contract (WSDL) changes when you move from Dev – QA -Prod .
Ammm ! The challenge I had was, the WSDL (bottom up design approach) was used to generate JAXB code for Java Mapping…. 😕 so I was tightly coupled to contract . (too much effort to maintain code per landscape)….
Possible Options :
1. Re Import the WSDL from third party system (QA, Prod..), update reference to Service Interface and mappings …( Effort , Against the Governance , Will not work for my scenario , Additional effort of managing Java Mapping code base per landscape….)
2. Change the namespace at Runtime in Adapter Module … 🙂
option 2 looks good for my problem, resulted in me building this custom adapter module….. it is generic and can be used for any Interface…, configurable component.. can transport your ESR objects … and use adapter module to change the namespace….
* is it good practice ? .. sure it falls under message transformation….. 😏
Attached is adapter module java class ( saved in txt..)… that you can copy paste in adapter module project…..
Adapter Project/Code is dependent on open source jar file JLIBS
Require following jar file and can be downloaded from below link
Jar Files: jlibs-core.jar,jlibs-xml.jar, and jlibs-xmldog.jar
Downloads – jlibs – Common Utilities for Java – Google Project Hosting
In addition to above, you require standard PI jar files for adapter module development. (Follow below link for adapter module development)…
Attached is adapter module configuration steps ..(communication channel)
Adapter module configuration sample
Hi Gov,
Thanks for sharing this.
We also had faced the same issue when we were integrating Ariba Upstream Solution using SAP PI. At that time, I had used the approach 1 which is obviously is NOT preferable but was quick.
We had recognized the issue later as Dev and QA PI was integrated with Same Ariba Realm(As Ariba have only two tier landscape) so none of the Testing phase has highlighted this issue. Therefore, we had not recognized it until Cutover.
I like your approach of changing(according to respective Ariba Realm) the namespace just before posting the request to Ariba.
I wish if you would have posted this earlier then we could have adopted this approach 🙂 .
Anyways, it will definitely help people for their future such integrations.
Good work 🙂
Regards,
Sami.
Hi Gov,
We’re facing this exact same scenario with Ariba now, can you please re-attach the text file?
Regards,
Dennis | https://blogs.sap.com/2015/04/16/namespace-swap/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 423 | 65.01 |
Stop the clock, squash the bug
Which clock is the best?
We can easily rule the one which has stopped …
Or can we? In “The Rectory Umbrella” Lewis Carroll argues otherwise., consequently it is only right once in two years, whereas the other is evidently right as often as the time it points to comes round, which happens twice a day.
It’s an amusing diversion, but not really that puzzling: of course the clock which loses time is of more practical use, even if, somewhat paradoxically, the less time it loses the less often it tells the right time. A clock which loses just a second a day only tells the right time every 118 years or so.
Software Bugs
I mention these defective clocks because I’m thinking about bugs in software and how we go about finding and fixing them.
Code which is obviously wrong is easier to spot than code which is almost right, and spotting bugs is the precursor to fixing them. This implies — building on Carroll’s terminology — that we’re unlikely to ship many stopped clocks but if we’re not careful we may end up delivering a few which lose time. And, in general, code which is obviously wrong is easier to fix than code which is almost right. A badly-broken function clearly needs a rethink; whereas one which almost works may simply get tweaked until it appears to work, often resulting in a more subtle bug.
Leaks and Races
C and C++ provide a good example of what I’m talking about. Consider a program which misuses memory. An attempt to allocate workspace of 4294967295 bytes fails instantly1; a slow memory leak, like a slow running clock, may cause no perceptible damage for an extended period.
Decent tools detect memory leaks. Race conditions in multi-threaded code are harder to track and may prove elusive during system testing. More than once I’ve left a program running under a debugger, being fed random inputs, in the hope some rare and apparently random condition will trigger a break in execution. Give me truly broken code any day!
75% correct vs 50% correct
Here are two implementations of a C function to find an integer midway between a pair of ordered, positive integer values, truncating downwards. Before reading on, ask yourself which is better.
int midpoint1(int low, int high) { return low/2 + high/2; } int midpoint2(int low, int high) { return (low + high)/2; }
Midpoint1 is a “stopped clock”, returning 3 instead of 4 as the mid-point of 3 and 5, for example. It gets the wrong answer 25% of the time — fatally wrong were it to be used at the heart of, say, a binary search. I think we’d quickly detect the problem.
An obvious fix would be the one shown in
midpoint2 which does indeed return 4 as the mid-point of 3 and 5.
Midpoint2 turns out to be a losing clock, though. If the sum
low + high overflows then the result is undefined. On my implementation I get a negative value — a dangerous thing to use as an array index. This is a notorious and very real defect, nicely documented in a note by Joshua Bloch subtitled “Nearly all Binary Searches and Mergesorts are broken”.
Bloch offers more than one fix so I’ll just note here that:
- this defect simply doesn’t exist in a high-level language like Python or Haskell, where integers are bounded only by machine resources
- I think Bloch is unfair to suggest Jon Bentley’s analysis in chapter 4 of Programming Pearls is wrong. The pseudo-code in this chapter is written in a C-like language somewhere between C and Python, and in fact one of Bentley’s exercises is to examine what effect word size has on this analysis.
- in a sense,
midpoint2is more broken than
midpoint1: over the range of possible low and high inputs, the sum overflows and triggers the defect 50% of the time.
Probabilistic algorithms
Computers are supposed to be predictable and we typically aim for correct programs. There’s no reason why we shouldn’t consider aiming for programs which are good enough, though, and indeed many programs which are good enough to be useful are also flawed. Google adverts, for example, analyse the contents of web pages and serve up related links. The algorithm used is secret, clever and quick, but often results in semantic blunders and, on occasion, offensive mistakes. Few could deny how useful to Google this program has been, though.
Here’s a more interesting example of an algorithm which, like a losing clock, is nearly right.
def is_fprime(n): """Use Fermat's little theorem to guess if n is prime. """ from random import randrange tries = 3 xs = (randrange(1, n) for _ in range(tries)) return all((x ** n) % n == x for x in xs)
We won’t go into the mathematics here. A quick play with this function looks promising.
>>> all(is_fprime(n) for n in [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]) True >>> any(is_fprime(n) for n in [4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15]) False
In fact, if we give it a real work-out on some large numbers, it does well. I used it to guess which of the numbers between 100000 and 102000 were prime, comparing the answer with the correct result (the code is at the end of this article). It had a better than 99% success rate (in clock terms, it lost around 8 minutes a day) and increasing
tries will boost its performance.
Fixing is_fprime
The better
is_fprime performs, the less likely we are to spot that it’s wrong. What’s worse, though, is that it cannot be fixed by simple tweaking. However high we set
tries we won’t have a correct function. We could even take the random probing out of the function and shove every single value of
x in the range 1 to n into the predicate:
def exhaustive_is_fprime(n): return all((x ** n) % n == x for x in range(1, n))
Exhaustive_is_fprime is expensive to run and will (very) occasionally return
True for a composite number2. If you want to know more, search for Carmichael numbers.
The point I’m making is that code which is almost right can be dangerous. We are tempted to fix it by adjusting the existing implementation, even if, as in this case, a complete overhaul is required. By contrast, we all know what needs doing with code which is plainly wrong.
Defensive programming
We’ve all seen nervous functions which go beyond their stated interface in an attempt to protect themselves from careless users.
/** * Return the maximum value found in the input array. * Pre-condition: the input array must not be empty. */ int nervy_maximum_value(int const * items, size_t count) { int M = -INT_MAX; if (items == NULL || count == 0) { return M; } for ( ; count-- != 0; ++items) { if (*items > M) { M = *items; } } return M; }
What’s really wanted is both simpler and easier for clients to code against.
int maximum_value(int const * items, size_t count) { int const * const end = items + count; int M = *items++; for ( ; items != end; ++items) { if (*items > M) { M = *items; } } return M; }
Did you spot the subtle bug in
nervy_maximum_value? It uses
-INT_MAX instead of
INT_MIN which will cause trouble if clients code against this undocumented behaviour; if
nervy_maximum_value is subsequently fixed, this client code back-fires.
Note that I’m not against the use of assertions to check pre-conditions, and a simple
assert(items != NULL && count != 0) works well in
maximum_value; it’s writing code which swallows these failed pre-conditions I consider wrong.
Defect halflife
The occurrence of defects in complex software systems can be modelled in the same way as radioactive decay. I haven’t studied this theory and my physics is rusty[3], but the basic idea is that the population of bugs in some software is rather like a population of radioactive particles. Any given bug fires (any given particle decays) at random, so we can’t predict when this event will happen, but it is equally likely to fire at any particular time. This gives each defect an average lifetime: a small lifetime for howling defects, such as dereferencing NULL pointers, and a longer one for more subtle problems, such as accumulated rounding errors. Assuming we fix a bug once it occurs, the population of defects decays exponentially, and we get the classic tailing-off curve.
Anyone who has ever tried to release a software product knows how it feels to slide down the slope of this curve. We system test, find bugs, fix them, repeat. At the start it can be exhilarating as bugs with short half-lives fall out and get squashed, but the end game is demoralising as defects get reported which then cannot be reproduced, and we find ourselves clawing out progress. When we eventually draw the line and ship the product we do so suspecting the worst problems are yet to be found. To put it more succinctly[4].
Ship happens!
A combination of techniques can help us escape this depressing picture. The most obvious one would be to avoid it: rather than aim for “big-bang” releases every few years, we can move towards continual and incremental delivery. A modular, decoupled architecture helps. So does insistence on unit testing. Rather than shake the system and sweep up the bugs which fall off we should develop a suite of automated tests which actively seek the various paths through the code, and exercise edge cases. Within the code-base, as already mentioned, defensive programming can cause defects to become entrenched. Instead, we should adopt a more confident style, where code fails hard and fast.
How did that code ever work?
Have you ever fixed a defect and wondered how the code ever even appeared to work before your fix? It’s an important question and one which requires investigation. Perhaps the bug you’ve fixed is compensated for by defensive programming elsewhere. Or perhaps there are vast routes through the code which have yet to be exercised.
Conclusions
None of these clocks is much good. The first has stopped, the second loses a second every minute, the third gains a second every minute. At least it’s easy to see the problem with the first: we won’t be tempted to patch it.
We should never expect our code to work first time and we should be suspicious if it appears to do so. Defensive programming seems to mean different things to different people. If I’ve misused the term here, I’m sorry. Our best defence is to assume code is broken until we’ve tested it, to assume it will break in future if our tests are not automated, and to fail hard and fast when we detect errors.
Source code
import math from itertools import islice, count from random import randrange def primes(lo, hi): '''Return the list of primes in the range [lo, hi). >>> primes(0, 19) [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17] >>> primes(5, 10) [5, 7] ''' sqrt_hi = int(math.sqrt(hi)) sieve = range(hi) zeros = [0] * hi sieve[1] = 0 for i in islice(count(2), sqrt_hi): if sieve[i] != 0: remove = slice(i * i, hi, i) sieve[remove] = zeros[remove] return [p for p in sieve[lo:] if p != 0] def is_fprime(n, tries=3): '''Use Fermat little theorem to guess if n is prime. ''' xs = (randrange(1, n) for _ in range(tries)) return all((x ** n) % n == x for x in xs) def fprimes(lo, hi, tries=10): '''Alternative implementation of primes. ''' return filter(is_fprime, range(lo, hi)) if __name__ == '__main__': import doctest doctest.testmod() lo, hi = 100000, 102000 primes_set = set(primes(lo, hi)) fprimes_set = set(fprimes(lo, hi)) print "Range [%r, %r)" % (lo, hi) print "Actual number of primes", len(primes_set) print "Number of fprimes", len(fprimes_set) print "Primes missed", primes_set - fprimes_set print "False fprimes", fprimes_set - primes_set
Running this program produced output:
Range [100000, 102000) Actual number of primes 174 Number of fprimes 175 Primes missed set([]) False fprimes set([101101])
1 In the first version of this article I wrote that an attempt to allocate 4294967295 bytes would cause the program to crash, which isn’t quite right.
Malloc returns NULL in the event of failure; standard C++ operator new behaviour is to throw a
bad_alloc exception. My thanks to R Samuel Klatchko for the correction.
2 “Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs” discusses Carmichael numbers in a footnote.
[3] Being lazy and online I thought I’d search for a nice radioactive decay graphic rather than draw my own. I found a real gem on the University of Colarado site, where Kyla and Bob discuss radioactive decay.
Hmmm…so a lot of decays happen really fast when there are lots of atoms, and then things slow down when there aren’t so many. The halflife is always the same, but the half gets smaller and smaller.
That’s exactly right. Here’s another applet that illustrates radioactive decay in action.
Visit the site to play with the applet Bob mentions. You’ll find more Kyla and Bob pictures there too.
[4] I’m unable to provide a definitive attribution for the “Ship happens!” quotation. I first heard it from Andrei Alexandrescu at an ACCU conference, who in turn thinks he got it from Erich Gamma. I haven’t managed to contact Erich Gamma. Matthew B. Doar reports using the term back in 2002, and it appears as a section heading in his book “Practical Development Environments”. | http://wordaligned.org/articles/stop-the-clock-squash-the-bug | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | refinedweb | 2,275 | 69.01 |
An object that has volatile-qualified type may be modified in ways unknown to the implementation or have other unknown side effects. Referencing a volatile object by using a non-volatile lvalue is undefined behavior. The C Standard, 6.7.3 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], states
If an attempt is made to refer to an object defined with a volatile-qualified type through use of an lvalue with non-volatile-qualified type, the behavior is undefined.
See undefined behavior 65.
Noncompliant Code Example
In this noncompliant code example, a volatile object is accessed through a non-volatile-qualified reference, resulting in undefined behavior:
#include <stdio.h> void func(void) { static volatile int **ipp; static int *ip; static volatile int i = 0; printf("i = %d.\n", i); ipp = &ip; /* May produce a warning diagnostic */ ipp = (int**) &ip; /* Constraint violation; may produce a warning diagnostic */ *ipp = &i; /* Valid */ if (*ip != 0) { /* Valid */ /* ... */ } }
The assignment
ipp = &ip is not safe because it allows the valid code that follows to reference the value of the volatile object
i through the non-volatile-qualified reference
ip. In this example, the compiler may optimize out the entire
if block because
*ip != 0 must be false if the object to which
ip points is not volatile.
Implementation Details
This example compiles without warning on Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 when compiled in C mode (
/TC) but causes errors when compiled in C++ mode (
/TP).
GCC 4.8.1 generates a warning but compiles successfully.
Compliant Solution
In this compliant solution,
ip is declared
volatile:
#include <stdio.h> void func(void) { static volatile int **ipp; static volatile int *ip; static volatile int i = 0; printf("i = %d.\n", i); ipp = &ip; *ipp = &i; if (*ip != 0) { /* ... */ } }
Risk Assessment
Accessing an object with a volatile-qualified type through a reference with a non-volatile-qualified type is undefined behavior.
Automated Detection
Related Vulnerabilities
Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.
Related Guidelines
Key here (explains table format and definitions)
6 Comments
Robert Seacord
One problem, this is a rule but EXP05-C. Do not cast away a const qualification is a recommendation. It seems to me that they should both be rules, or both be recommendations. We could replace EXP40-C. Do not modify constant values with EXP05-C. Do not cast away a const qualification as this EXP31-C should probably be eliminated. This opens up a hole in the recommendation IDs, but this can be fixed.
David Svoboda
C++ has the 'mutable' keyword and the const_cast template, which is precisely meant to handle cases where one would (otherwise) need to cast away const. IOW in the C++ world casting away const is so common that it has been accepted as necesasry.
For example, suppose you have a static dictionary object (declared const), but for optimization purposes, you add to it a most-recently-used cache. The cache changes with each lookup, but it is part of a const dictionary...how to handle? Typically, you declare the cache mutable in the Dictionary::lookup() function, or you use const_cast just when you update the cache (and otherwise, leave it const).
So, IMHO casting away const is a rec, not a rule.
I'd be happy to put 'cast-away-volatile' as a rec not a rule, if there is any similar experience (or at least a code sample) illustrating the usefulness. I don't think casting away volatile actually buys you anything. So I'm (currently) happy with this as a rule, but the const analogue being a rec.
Aaron Ballman
Just so we're on the same page – mutable keyword is not at all like casting away const. In C++, if you cast away const and then mutate the object, you cause undefined behavior. Eg)
See [expr.const.cast]p7 and [dcl.type.cv]p4 for more information.
The mutable keyword is different in that it is used for logical constness (this is why you can only apply it to members). The encapsulating class can provide a const interface to the user when there are no externally visible changes. In your case with a cached dictionary object, the caller sees a completely const interface; the fact that there is a cache under the hood is an implementation detail the caller is not privy to. So mutable is applied to the container in terms of its constness, not the field.
Not that this has anything to do with this particular rule.
Frank Martinez
I find Myself slightly confused. The rule text states "Do not cast away a volatile qualification". However, the example involving the cast of &ip does not constitute a syntactic casting away of volatile qualification. How does this cast constitute a violation of EXP32-C? The explanatory text seems inconsistent with respect to the guideline text.
Additionally, if "The assignment
ipp = &ipis unsafe", would this assignment also constitute a guideline violation?
Lastly, does the guideline apply to all variables or just pointers?
Thanks in advance.
David Svoboda
C99, Section 6.7.3, paragraph 5, sez:
I agree with Frank. The NCCE does display bad code. Not because volatile is cast away, but rather because a volatile object is assigned to a non-volatile pointer, yielding what the standard calls 'undefined behavior', and the compiler is free to optimize the subsequent comparison, as explained in the NCCE.
Recent discussion on the wg14 mailing list suggests that while 'volatile' is a type-qualifier, which applies to type of a variable, the volatile-ness atribute applies to the memory. (eg the
intin the NCCE.
Perhaps this rule should be titled "Do not access a volatile object via a non-volatile reference" instead. I suspect that casting away volatile on a varialble is not always a problem (what if the variable's object was not volatile to begin with?)
David Svoboda
The guideline would apply to all variables. All relevant examples use pointers because to have multiple variables referring to the same object you either need to use typecasting & multiple scopes (via function calls) or use pointers. | https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=87152412 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 1,012 | 56.05 |
Hi Alan, thanks again for the explanation. Now I can see the relationship between pythons class variables and javas static variables I understand what is going on. Thanks again, Nick. ps I apologise for replying to each response to my original email seperately, I just thought it was the simplest way to do it. If that goes against the etiquette of the list, please let me know. -----Original Message----- From: Alan Gauld [mailto:alan.gauld at blueyonder.co.uk] Sent: 24 June 2004 22:05 To: Nick Lunt; Python Tutor Subject: Re: [Tutor] class variables > >From what you've both told me, it would seem that putting a local variable > in the __init__ method of a class is quite pointless, No you often need to do that where the init does more than simple initialisation. Here is an example where init reads values from a file: class C: def __init__(self,val) self.val = val temp = file("MySecretSettings.dat") self.setting1 = temp.readline().strip() self.setting2 = int(temp.readline().strip()) temp.close def someMethod(self):.... So temp is used as a local variable within init to hold the file object, but once read the file is never needed again so it is not stored as a class or instance variable. Local variables inside methods are just as useful as local variables in any other function, but they have nothing to do with classes or objects as such. > But also, I can see no reason to use a class variable outside of a class > method with no self prefix. It's for shared information. Instead of every instance of the class having its own copy of the data they simply refer to the Class object which stores it once. It also means that changes in that class value can affect all instances of the class in one go: class C: v = 2 def __init__(self,msg): self.msg = msg def printit(self): for n in range(C.v): # uses class value print self.msg a = C("Hello from A") b = C("Hello from B") for obj in [a,b]: obj.printit() # both objects print 2 messages C.v = 3 # Change behaviour of all instances here for obj in [a,b]: obj.printit() # both objects print 3 now So we can control the behaviour of all our instances at one stroke by changing the Class variable value. This can be a very powerful technique, especially if writing simulation software - eg network traffic predictions - where you can change the network parameters easily and do "What If" type scenarios etc. (Imagine a mesh of network objects and you can change the modelled protocol from IP4 to IP6 or X25 or ATM etc by changing one single value...) Of course you could just use a regular global variable but that's going against the principles of good OO design and also is making the value visible to a wider namespace. It's also less obvious that the value is related to the class and finally means the user has to import the module with the global defined. A Class variable gets inherited so the user only needs to import the module where the definition of the subclass exists and can access the class variable from the superclass via the subclass: class Super: v = 42 pass class Sub(Super): pass x = Super() y = Sub() print Super.v, Sub.v print x.v, y.v And of course the definition of Sub could be in a different module to Super... > I admit Im quite confused by this still. Many python programs Ive studied > mix up class variable with and without the 'instance/self' prefix. There shouldn't be many programs doing that, despite what I just said class variables are relatively uncommon in most programs. I doubt if I use them in more than about 10% of my programs - at most! > Im also confused about whether I should put my class variable inside a > method and use the self prefix, leave them outside of a method with no > prefix, or leave them outside of a method but give them a prefix. Either outside a method with no prefix - a class variable, or Inside a method with a self prefix - an instance variable. The former will be a shared value across all instances (and even when no instances exist!) the latter will have a distinct value for each instance. You should never need to use a variable outside a method with a self prefix. Note you can access the class variables either through the class name (as I did in my example, coz I think the intent is clearer) or using self. Python will look for it locally and if not finding it will look in the class. > With the simple programs I write at the moment, it wouldnt really make much > difference how I did it in most cases, but I would like to know when I > should or shouldn't be using self. And when I should be putting class > variables outside a class method (if ever). Mostly put them inside init with self. Only if you want to share the same value over all instances should you put it outside. > I apologise for not grasping it very quickly. My previous experiences with > classes comes from java, and that was a while ago, and java classes seem a > lot stricter than python classes. Java classes are frankly a bit weird, mainly because Java made a lot of stupid decisions early on in an attempt to simplify things. Then when they needed to do clever stuff they had to find weird ways round the limitations they had built for themselves - inner classes being a prime example. A lot of Java things are very bad OO design but are needed because of the "simplifications" inherent in the language! The Java equivalent of class methods is static variables. HTH, Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web tutor | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2004-June/030137.html | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 990 | 69.92 |
basic_istream::read
Visual Studio 2005
Reads a specified number of characters from the stream and stores them in an array.
This method is potentially unsafe, as it relies on the caller to check that the passed values are correct. Consider using basic_istream::_Read_s instead.
Parameters
- _Str
The array in which to read the characters.
- _Count
The number of characters to read.
// basic_istream_read.cpp // compile with: /EHsc #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char c[10]; int count = 5; cout << "Type 'abcde': "; // Note: cin::read is potentially unsafe, consider // using cin::_Read_s instead. cin.read(&c[0], count); c[count] = 0; cout << c << endl; }
Input
abcde
Sample Output
Type 'abcde': abcde abcde
Referencebasic_istream Class
iostream Programming
iostreams Conventions
Other Resourcesbasic_istream Members
Show: | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/tkcz0ex7(v=vs.80).aspx | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 122 | 55.24 |
Adding authentication
We can now display a dashboard, but before we can go on to allow users to create, work on and assign tasks, we need a way for users to identify themselves.
Implementing a login screen
To start off, let’s implement a screen that allows a user to login. Create a new route in
conf/routes for the login screen:
GET /login controllers.Application.login()
And now add the login action to
app/controllers/Application.java:
public static Result login() { return ok( login.render() ); }
In our action we have referred to a new login template, let’s write a skeleton for that template now, in
app/views/login.scala.html:
<html> <head> <title>Zentasks</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="@routes.Assets.at("images/favicon.png")"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="@routes.Assets.at("stylesheets/login.css")"> </head> <body> <header> <a href="@routes.Application.index" id="logo"><span>Zen</span>tasks</a> </header> </body> </html>
Now visit
<> in your browser to check that our route is working. Apart from the title, the page should be blank.
Adding a form
Our login page needs to contain a form, which will of course, hold an email address (username) and password.
Play provides a forms API for handling the rendering, decoding and validation of forms. Let’s start off by implementing our form as a Java object. Open the
app/controllers/Application.java class, and declare a static inner class called
Login at the end of it:
public static class Login { public String email; public String password; }
Now we need to pass this form into our template, to render. Modify the
login method in
app/controllers/Application.java to pass this form to the template:
public static Result login() { return ok( login.render(form(Login.class)) ); }
And now declare the form as a parameter for the login template to accept, in
app/views/login.scala.html:
@(form: Form[Application.Login] <html> ...
Now we need to render our form. Add the form to the login template:
@helper.form(routes.Application.authenticate) { <h1>Sign in</h1> <p> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" value="@form("email").value"> </p> <p> <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password"> </p> <p> <button type="submit">Login</button> </p> }
The important thing to notice here is the
@helper.form call. We have passed to it a route,
routes.Application.authenticate. This tells Play where this form should be submitted to. Notice that there are no hard coded URLs here? This means we can change our URL structure without silently breaking our application.
Play actually offers a much richer set of form tags, but they are overkill for our login form. We will look at those later in the tutorial.
Of course, the
authenticate route hasn’t been implemented yet, so let’s implement it now. First of all, add the route to
conf/routes:
POST /login controllers.Application.authenticate()
Now implement the method in
app/controllers/Application.java:
public static Result authenticate() { Form<Login> loginForm = form(Login.class).bindFromRequest(); return ok(); }
Make sure you add an import statement for
play.data.*to
Application.java
Validating a form
Currently, our
authenticate action is doing nothing but reading our form. The next thing we want to do is validate the form, and there is only one thing we are concerned with in the validation, is the username and password correct? To implement this validation, we are going to write a
validate method on the
Login class in
app/controllers/Application.java.
public String validate() { if (User.authenticate(email, password) == null) { return "Invalid user or password"; } return null; }
As you can see, this method is able to do any arbitrary validation, in our case, using the
User.authenticate method that we’ve already implemented, and if validation fails, it returns a
String with the error message, otherwise
null if validation passes.
We can now use this validation by using the
hasErrors() method on our
Form object in the
authenticate action:
public static Result authenticate() { Form<Login> loginForm = form(Login.class).bindFromRequest(); if (loginForm.hasErrors()) { return badRequest(login.render(loginForm)); } else { session().clear(); session("email", loginForm.get().email); return redirect( routes.Application.index() ); } }
This code introduces a number of new concepts. Firstly, if validation fails, we return a status of
400 Bad Request, rendering the login page with our form that had the failed validation. By passing this form back, we can extract any validation errors from the form, and the values the user entered, and render them back to the user.
If the validation was successful, then we put an attribute into the session. We call this attribute
After setting the user in the session, we issue an HTTP redirect to the dashboard. You can see that we’ve used the reverse router, in the same way that we include assets in templates, to refer to the dashboard action.
We are almost finished with validation. The one thing left to do is to display the error message when validation fails. You saw before that we passed the invalid form back to the template, we will use this to get the error message. Place the following code in
app/views/login.scala.html, just below the Sign In heading:
@if(form.hasGlobalErrors) { <p class="error"> @form.globalError.message </p> }
Now try and log in with an invalid password. You should see something like this:
Now reenter the valid password (
secret), and login. You should be taken to the dashboard.
Testing your action
Now is a good time for us to start writing tests for our actions. We’ve written an action that provides the ability to log in, let’s check that it works. Start by creating a skeleton test class called
test/controllers/LoginTest.java:
package controllers; import org.junit.*; import static org.junit.Assert.*; import java.util.*; import play.mvc.*; import play.libs.*; import play.test.*; import static play.test.Helpers.*; import com.avaje.ebean.Ebean; import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap; public class LoginTest extends WithApplication { @Before public void setUp() { start(fakeApplication(inMemoryDatabase(), fakeGlobal())); Ebean.save((List) Yaml.load("test-data.yml")); } }
Notice that this time we’ve passed a
fakeGlobal()to the fake application when we set it up. In fact, since creating our “real”
Global.java, the
ModelsTestwe wrote earlier has been broken because it is loading the initial data when the test starts. So it too should be updated to use
fakeGlobal().
Now let’s write a test that tests what happens when we authenticate successfully:
@Test public void authenticateSuccess() { Result result = callAction( controllers.routes.ref.Application.authenticate(), fakeRequest().withFormUrlEncodedBody(ImmutableMap.of( "email", "bob@example.com", "password", "secret")) ); assertEquals(302, status(result)); assertEquals("bob@example.com", session(result).get("email")); }
There are a few new concepts introduced here. The first is the user of Plays “ref” reverse router. This allows us to get a reference to an action, which we then pass to
callAction to invoke. In our case, we’ve got a reference to the
Application.authenticate action.
We are also creating a fake request. We are giving this a form body with the email and password to authenticate with.
Finally, we are using the
status and
session helper methods to get the status and the session of the result. We ensure that the successful login occurred with Bob’s email address being added to the session. There are other helper methods available to get access to other parts of the result, such as the headers and the body. You might wonder why we can’t just directly get the result. The reason for this is that the result may, for example, be asynchronous, and so Play needs to unwrap it if necessary in order to access it.
Run the test to make sure it passes. Now let’s write another test, this time to ensure that if an invalid email and password are supplied, that we don’t get logged in.
@Test public void authenticateFailure() { Result result = callAction( controllers.routes.ref.Application.authenticate(), fakeRequest().withFormUrlEncodedBody(ImmutableMap.of( "email", "bob@example.com", "password", "badpassword")) ); assertEquals(400, status(result)); assertNull(session(result).get("email")); }
Run this test to ensure it passes.
Implementing authenticators
Now that we are able to login, we can start protecting actions with authentication. Play allows us to do this using action composition. Action composition is the ability to compose multiple actions together in a chain. Each action can do something to the request before delegating to the next action, and can also modify the result. An action can also decide not to pass the request onto the next action, and instead generate the result itself.
Play already comes with a built in authenticator action, which we will extend to add our logic. We will call this authenticator
Secured. Open
app/controllers/Secured.java, and implement this class.
package controllers; import play.*; import play.mvc.*; import play.mvc.Http.*; import models.*; public class Secured extends Security.Authenticator { @Override public String getUsername(Context ctx) { return ctx.session().get("email"); } @Override public Result onUnauthorized(Context ctx) { return redirect(routes.Application.login()); } }
We have implemented two methods here.
getUsername is used to get the username of the current logged in user. In our case this is the email address, that we set in the
null, then the authenticator will block the request, and instead invoke
onUnathorized, which we have implemented to redirect to our login screen.
Now let’s use this authenticator on the dashboard. In
app/controllers/Application.java, add the
@Security.Authenticated annotation with our authenticator to the
index method:
@Security.Authenticated(Secured.class) public static Result index() { ...
Testing the authenticator
Let’s write a test for the authenticator now, to make sure it works, in
test/controllers/LoginTest.java:
@Test public void authenticated() { Result result = callAction( controllers.routes.ref.Application.index(), fakeRequest().withSession("email", "bob@example.com") ); assertEquals(200, status(result)); }
Of course, the more important thing to test is that the request is blocked when you are not authenticated, so let’s check that:
@Test public void notAuthenticated() { Result result = callAction( controllers.routes.ref.Application.index(), fakeRequest() ); assertEquals(303, status(result)); assertEquals("/login", header("Location", result)); }
Run the tests to make sure that the authenticator works.
Logging out
Now try and visit the dashboard in a web browser. If you logged in successfully before, you’re probably now on the dashboard, the authenticator hasn’t blocked you because you were already logged in. You could close your browser and reopen it to log out, but now is as good a time as any for us to implement a log out action. As always, start with the route:
GET /logout controllers.Application.logout()
And then implement the action in
app/controllers/Application.java:
public static Result logout() { session().clear(); flash("success", "You've been logged out"); return redirect( routes.Application.login() ); }
You can see we have cleared the session, this will log the user out. There is one new concept here. After clearing the session, we added an attribute to the flash scope, a success message. The flash scope is similar to the session, except that the flash scope lasts only until the next request comes in. This will allow us to render the success message in the login template when the redirected request comes in. Let’s add the message to
app/views/login.scala.html, just as we did for the error message:
@if(flash.contains("success")) { <p class="success"> @flash.get("success") </p> }
Finally lets add a logout link to the main template,
app/views/main.scala.html, inside the header section:
<header> <a href="@routes.Application.index" id="logo"><span>Zen</span>tasks</a> <dl id="user"> <dt>User</dt> <dd> <a href="@routes.Application.logout()">Logout</a> </dd> </dl> </header>
Now go to the dashboard in your browser, try logging out, and then visiting the dashboard again. You should be unable to view the dashboard, it will redirect to the login screen. Login, and you should be able to see the dashboard again.
Using the current user
There is one last thing that we want to do. We can currently block access to an action based on whether we are logged in, but how can we access the currently logged in user? The answer is through the
request.username() method. This will give us the email address of the current user.
Let’s put the name of the user in the main template next to the logout link. To get the name, we’ll actually have to load the whole user from the database. Let’s also limit the projects to the one that the user is a member of, and the tasks to the ones that the user is assigned to, using the methods that we’ve already implemented on our models:
Start by loading the user in the
index method in
app/controllers/Application.java:
@Security.Authenticated(Secured.class) public static Result index() { return ok(index.render( Project.findInvolving(request().username()), Task.findTodoInvolving(request().username()), User.find.byId(request().username()) )); }
We’ve passed an additional parameter to the index template, so let’s declare that parameter in
app/views/index.scala.html, and pass it to the main template:
@(projects: List[Project], todoTasks: List[Task], user: User) @main(projects, user) { ...
And of course, we’ll have to add it to our
app/views/main.scala.html parameter declaration:
@(projects: List[Project], user: User)(body: Html)
Now we can use it in the header, add it before the logout link we just added:
<dl id="user"> <dt>@user.name <span>(@user.email)</span></dt> <dd> <a href="@routes.Application.logout()">Logout</a> </dd> </dl>
Now visit the dashboard again, ensuring you are logged in.
We can now see the currently logged in user, and only the projects that the user has access to and the tasks they have assigned to them.
As always, commit your work to git.
Go to the next part | https://www.playframework.com/documentation/2.1.2/JavaGuide4 | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | refinedweb | 2,324 | 50.02 |
Timeline …
Sep 22, 2007:
- 8:20 PM Changeset [4458] by
- correcting a bare wfsns
- 7:39 PM SphericalMercator edited by
- (diff)
- 7:20 PM SphericalMercator edited by
- (diff)
- 6:25 PM Changeset [4457] by
- correcting a bare map reference
- 4:35 PM Changeset [4456] by
- swapping out for a dev key
- 4:23 PM Changeset [4455] by
- adding simple google spherical mercator example
- 4:14 PM Changeset [4454] by
- removing examples
- 4:11 PM RFC edited by
- Adding the RFC/Internationalization link. (diff)
- 4:11 PM Changeset [4453] by
- adding single file build
- 4:07 PM Changeset [4452] by
- copying trunk for conference
- 1:12 PM RFC/Internationalization created by
-
- 12:04 PM RFC created by
-
- 5:22 AM RFC/ParsingAndDisplayingRemoteData edited by
- (diff)
- 5:12 AM Release/2.5 edited by
- (diff)
- 5:08 AM Release edited by
- (diff)
- 5:06 AM WikiStart edited by
- (diff)
- 5:03 AM TroubleshootingTips created by
-
Sep 21, 2007:
- 10:56 PM Changeset [4451] by
- Get it working, trim down delta for random track
- 10:34 PM Changeset [4450] by
- simplify what's being changed - try to isolate creating a line
- 4:27 PM Changeset [4449] by
- Spruced up interface for running tests. Not finished, but promising.
- 3:04 PM Changeset [4448] by
- google popup corners
- 3:02 PM Changeset [4447] by
- close-hover?
- 2:51 PM RFC/ParsingAndDisplayingRemoteData created by
-
- 2:15 PM Changeset [4446] by
- Altering Popup.js init() so that it handles null content properly
- 1:59 PM Changeset [4445] by
- Fixed attribute editing in popups (save now works)
- 1:32 PM Changeset [4444] by
- initial dump form trunk
- 1:31 PM Changeset [4443] by
- Creating sandbox
- 12:43 PM Changeset [4442] by
- Can edit attributes in a google popup.
- 11:49 AM Changeset [4441] by
- - fixed save function - (visually broken) google popups added for …
- 10:02 AM Changeset [4440] by
- moving boolean cast to confirm
- 9:45 AM Changeset [4439] by
- example now dumps the whole rule object
- 9:41 AM Changeset [4438] by
- -New Popup classes - changed geoserver -> geoserver:8080
- 7:32 AM Changeset [4437] by
- Copying tschaub's stuff...again.
- 7:31 AM Changeset [4436] by
- Deleting our sandbox. Again. We will get this right.
- 7:29 AM Changeset [4435] by
- Copying over tschaub's stuff to timandseb sandbox
- 7:27 AM Changeset [4434] by
- wiping out the contents of timandseb sandbox
- 6:41 AM Changeset [4433] by
- Tag RC3
- 6:32 AM Tickets #1001,1003,1006,1007,1008 batch updated by
- fixed: (In [4432]) Pullup changes for RC3: * KML Examples broken (Closes …
- 6:32 AM Changeset [4432] by
- Pullup changes for RC3: * KML Examples broken (Closes #1001) * drag …
- 5:10 AM Ticket #1009 (control.destroy() should remove itself from the map) created by
- layer.destroy() call removeLayer() so control.destroy() should do the …
- 5:00 AM Release/2.5/Announce/RC3 created by
-
- 4:57 AM FOSS4G2007 created by
-
- 4:44 AM Changeset [4431] by
- Fix to mouseposition destroy from fredj
Sep 20, 2007:
- 11:43 PM Ticket #1008 (Control.MousePosition needs proper destroy()) created by
- The control don't unregisters its listener.
- 10:26 PM Changeset [4430] by
- moved and completed Rule.js, implemented SLD parsing for …
- 6:14 PM Changeset [4429] by
- Extract attributes wrapped in CDATA, by adding an additional nodeType. …
- 4:39 PM Changeset [4428] by
- GetDiff instead of GetLog and make IE happy
- 4:37 PM Changeset [4427] by
- merge r4309:HEAD from trunk
- 4:14 PM Changeset [4426] by
- Undo/Redo edits in Tim's sandbox. Getting over the selection problem.
- 3:07 PM Changeset [4425] by
- More directory restructuring
- 2:53 PM Changeset [4424] by
- Copying tschaub's wfsv again--to the right place this time.
- 2:52 PM Changeset [4423] by
- Deleted misplaced wfsv directory
- 2:49 PM Changeset [4422] by
- Copying over tschaub's wfsv
- 2:35 PM Changeset [4421] by
- Copied over new wfs-v.html example from tschaub's sandbox to the …
- 2:34 PM Changeset [4420] by
- Removed wfs-v.html example to make room for a new one (to be copied …
- 2:23 PM Changeset [4419] by
- correcting class name and style declarations
- 1:26 PM Changeset [4418] by
- Putting Modify controller in wfs-v example (unsuccessfully)
- 12:48 PM Changeset [4417] by
- Checked out tschaub's sandbox so we can merge CloudAmber's Google …
- 12:48 PM Changeset [4416] by
- deleted trunk openlayers because we want tschaub's
- 12:39 PM Changeset [4415] by
- svn cp …
- 12:37 PM Changeset [4414] by
- Creating sandbox
- 12:35 PM Changeset [4413] by
- do it.
- 12:25 PM Changeset [4412] by
- Creating sandbox
- 11:46 AM Changeset [4411] by
- nothing interesting to see here - just abusing the storage facility
- 10:06 AM Changeset [4410] by
- Adding a concatChildValues method to the XML parser. This gets around …
- 6:52 AM Ticket #1007 (Regression: KML Doesn't parse CDATA) created by
- KML in 2.4 would parse attribute data wrapped in CDATA. It doesn't in …
- 5:36 AM Changeset [4409] by
- Small refactoring. Nothing significant.
- 4:45 AM Changeset [4408] by
- refactoring
- 4:24 AM Changeset [4407] by
- removed debugging code
- 4:23 AM Changeset [4406] by
- custom input field now works
- 4:12 AM Documentation edited by
- link to the 'getting started' documentation! (diff)
Sep 19, 2007:
- 9:46 PM Changeset [4405] by
- changing back baselayers - panel lost with yahoo
- 9:41 PM Changeset [4404] by
- merge r4309:HEAD from trunk
- 9:30 PM Changeset [4403] by
- This is closer. Need to write some tests for it, and work out the bugs.
- 8:43 PM Gallery edited by
- formatting (diff)
- 8:42 PM Gallery edited by
- Adding Andrew Lacombe's Brugge Panorama example (diff)
- 7:50 PM Changeset [4402] by
- base layer change
- 4:32 PM Ticket #1006 (Text nodes limited to 4096 characters in length.) created by
- When parsing XML, we have to be aware of a browser limitation. Given …
- 3:50 PM Changeset [4401] by
- Current implementation. Still bad/unworking.
- 2:01 PM Changeset [4400] by
- Make the drag handler tidy up after itself a bit more. This solves …
- 1:13 PM Changeset [4399] by
- Even closer...!
- 1:10 PM Changeset [4398] by
- Getting closer... !
- 1:02 PM Changeset [4397] by
- Made undo/redo control better handle additions.
- 12:54 PM Changeset [4396] by
- Made onModificationStart register the feature.
- 12:12 PM Changeset [4395] by
- Another try. Still broken.
- 11:56 AM Ticket #1005 (allow customization of the tools that appear in the editing toolbar) created by
- in trunk, all tools (Polygon, Point, Path) appear in the toolbar by …
- 11:20 AM Ticket #1004 (Protect OL From Google Changes) created by
- As evidenced this week with google's change (See #994), small changes …
- 11:19 AM Ticket #1003 (drag handler doesn't reset properties on left or improperly modified ...) created by
- Open click.html. Click once to confirm you get an alert. Shift-drag …
- 11:12 AM AcceptanceTests edited by
- (diff)
- 11:07 AM AcceptanceTests edited by
- (diff)
- 8:09 AM XML edited by
- (diff)
- 7:03 AM MagicWand edited by
- (diff)
- 6:51 AM Ticket #1002 (OpenLayers.Renderer.VML: use this.xmlns) created by
- see patch, all test pass in IE
- 6:49 AM Changeset [4394] by
- Remove kml-layer-linestring, now replaced by kml-layer, since we only …
- 6:44 AM Changeset [4393] by
- Make KML example use kml/lines.kml instead of the now-deleted …
- 6:31 AM Ticket #1000 (Google layer error.) closed by
- duplicate: Fixed in RC2, Duplicate of #990, See …
- 6:23 AM Ticket #1001 (examples/kml-layer.html is broken) created by
- try to load …
- 6:19 AM XML edited by
- (diff)
- 6:15 AM XML edited by
- (diff)
- 6:13 AM Release/2.4 edited by
- fix typo in svn url (diff)
- 6:12 AM XML created by
-
- 6:12 AM Changeset [4392] by
- UndoRedo's current state. It's broken, but I need to move between home …
- 6:11 AM Release/2.5 edited by
- fix typo in svn url (diff)
- 6:02 AM Ticket #1000 (Google layer error.) created by
- using google layers I have an error when I try to pan the map. With …
- 5:09 AM Release/2.5 edited by
- (diff)
- 4:44 AM Changeset [4391] by
- Tag 2.5-RC2.
- 4:40 AM Ticket #994 (Google Layer is broken.) closed by
- fixed: r4390 closes this.
- 4:36 AM Tickets #982,983,985,988,990,991,993 batch updated by
- fixed: (In [4390]) Pullup changes to trunk for RC2. Includes drag-fires click …
- 4:36 AM Changeset [4390] by
- Pullup changes to trunk for RC2. Includes drag-fires click changes …
- 4:31 AM Tickets #998,999 batch updated by
- fixed: (In [4389]) README. Commit to test out post-commit. (Closes #998, #999)
- 4:30 AM Changeset [4389] by
- README. Commit to test out post-commit. (Closes #998, #999)
- 4:30 AM Ticket #999 (test 2) created by
-
- 4:30 AM Ticket #998 (test1) created by
-
- 2:33 AM Changeset [4388] by
- fixed SLDParser.html example, added TODO in SLD.js
- 12:19 AM OpenLayersOptimization edited by
- (diff)
- 12:18 AM OpenLayersOptimization edited by
- (diff)
Sep 18, 2007:
- 9:59 PM OpenLayersOptimization edited by
- (diff)
- 9:35 PM Changeset [4387] by
- My attempt at creating an Undo/Redo control. I'm almost there -- just …
- 9:23 PM Ticket #997 (SphericalMercator / FixedZoomLevels : maxExtent (& minExtent)) created by
- Within 2.5 maxExtent is not used to determine the maxResolution, such …
- 6:56 PM Changeset [4386] by
- update nd for OpenLayers.Control.PanZoom. (See #983)
- 6:43 PM Changeset [4385] by
- Started the Undo/Redo control. Got it to respond to Ctrl-Z (undo), …
- 6:39 PM Ticket #996 (slideFactor not used) created by
- the PanZoom control has a 'slideFactor' property that *should* …
- 6:12 PM Changeset [4384] by
- Additions to naturaldocs in the js
- 6:12 PM Release/2.5/Announce/RC2 created by
-
- 6:05 PM Changeset [4383] by
- Creating sandbox
- 6:05 PM Changeset [4382] by
- More for docs updates: with the splitting of BaseTypes, we want to …
- 6:00 PM HowToContribute edited by
- (diff)
- 5:23 PM Changeset [4381] by
- New behavior for layer.getZoomForResolution. This method now returns …
- 4:47 PM Changeset [4380] by
- test to see if 'fromLatLngToContainerPixel' is defined on the …
- 3:09 PM GoogleMapsFailure edited by
- correct? (diff)
- 3:04 PM Changeset [4379] by
- Creating a new sandbox for tcoulter
- 3:03 PM Changeset [4378] by
- Creating sandbox
- 2:03 PM Changeset [4377] by
- whitespacing for google layer. strangely this has been there since …
- 2:02 PM Changeset [4376] by
- re #995 initial version of MapGuide layer support
- 2:01 PM Ticket #995 (add support for MapGuide OS layer type) created by
- add a new MapGuide layer type. Single tile version requires a …
- 12:23 PM GoogleMapsFailure edited by
- (diff)
- 12:23 PM GoogleMapsFailure edited by
- (diff)
- 12:22 PM GoogleMapsFailure edited by
- (diff)
- 12:17 PM GoogleMapsFailure created by
-
- 12:04 PM Changeset [4375] by
- Use documented getContainer method instead of chasing obfuscated …
- 12:00 PM Changeset [4374] by
- removed unneeded code from Format.GML for better code readability
- 11:47 AM Changeset [4373] by
- continued work on sld parsing
- 10:25 AM Ticket #994 (Google Layer is broken.) created by
- Looks like Google changed the internals, so dragging a google map breaks.
- 9:48 AM Changeset [4372] by
- speeling error in ndocs see (#983).
- 8:48 AM Ticket #993 (lite.cfg doesn't work.) created by
- The build that comes out of lite.cfg doesn't work at all. No errors, …
- 8:47 AM Changeset [4371] by
- In discussion with Jachym, Tim pointed out that he has already written …
- 8:23 AM Ticket #504 (Map.js: setBaseLayer could do with an optional noRedraw argument) closed by
- wontfix: see #990
- 6:48 AM Changeset [4370] by
- Add POST support to proxy.cgi (See #991) from jachym.
- 6:25 AM Ticket #992 (Allow applyDefaults() to return the modified object) created by
- OpenLayers.Util.applyDefaults(to, from) doesn't return the modified …
- 5:46 AM Changeset [4369] by
- added support for HTTP POST to proxy.cgi
- 5:03 AM Ticket #991 (Enabeling HTTP POST method in proxy.cgi) created by
- Hi, proxy.cgi script, which is used with OpenLayers, can not handle …
- 4:52 AM Ticket #990 (changeBaseLayer zoom level change) created by
- When you change a base layer, you zoom out. Bart thinks he has a fix, …
- 3:19 AM Changeset [4368] by
- Merging from r3920 to HEAD
- 2:37 AM Changeset [4367] by
- small bugfix
- 2:31 AM Changeset [4366] by
- execute button disabpled, while calculating
- 2:25 AM Changeset [4365] by
- small bugfix
- 1:58 AM Changeset [4364] by
- support for wms inputs and raster outputs works now
- 1:36 AM Ticket #989 (single file build fails with circular requires) created by
- Geometry.js requires WKT.js. In addition, WKT.js requires Geometry.js …
- 1:26 AM Changeset [4363] by
- No circular dependencies allowed by toposort. Geometry requires WKT …
- 1:11 AM Changeset [4362] by
- exceptions do have separate method now, better output formating
- 12:47 AM Changeset [4361] by
- temporarily deactivate active tool when changing layer
- 12:45 AM Changeset [4360] by
- give panel an activeTool property
- 12:10 AM Changeset [4359] by
- attribute editing
Sep 17, 2007:
- 11:52 PM Changeset [4358] by
- include feature attributes in transaction updates
- 10:07 PM Changeset [4357] by
- spherical mercator update, namespace changes, and images
- 4:43 PM Changeset [4356] by
- Replacing Tabs with Spaces. (See #988)
- 4:38 PM Ticket #988 (Tabs instead of Spaces) created by
-
- 3:49 PM Changeset [4355] by
- Fix Layer.Image typo in setUrl (See #985) reported by Linda on the …
- 2:38 PM Ticket #987 (Markers stop at zoom level 16 over layers with higher numZoomLevels) created by
- Long standing bug is that markers over a commercial layer will turn …
- 2:29 PM Ticket #986 (Markers disappear at large scale) closed by
- invalid: Jeff -- The problem here is one of poor documentation. You can't …
- 2:21 PM Ticket #986 (Markers disappear at large scale) created by
- In the attached example, if you zoom out, the marker disappears. To …
- 12:25 PM Changeset [4354] by
- Simplify click handling in the drag handler - this makes the sequence …
- 12:24 PM Ticket #985 (Layer.Image typo in setUrl) created by
- Layer.Image calls 'this.draw()' instead of 'this.tile.draw()' in setUrl.
- 11:13 AM Ticket #984 (Attribution control does not allow external element to be used) closed by
- wontfix: The Scale, Permalink and MousePosition controls all do this in a …
- 11:08 AM Ticket #984 (Attribution control does not allow external element to be used) created by
- It would be nice if the Attribution control would allow an external …
- 9:59 AM Changeset [4353] by
- Adding angle brackets to link class names in the docs (see #983).
- 9:44 AM Changeset [4352] by
- documenting requirements for format classes (see #983).
- 9:39 AM CLA edited by
- (diff)
- 9:39 AM Changeset [4351] by
- doc tweaks for Bounds (see #983).
- 9:30 AM Changeset [4350] by
- A few doc tweaks for BaseTypes (see #983).
- 9:29 AM Ticket #983 (minor comment changes for naturaldocs) created by
-
- 8:56 AM Changeset [4349] by
- Exception codes added
- 8:46 AM Ticket #982 (Drag fires click (FF)) created by
- Dragging the map fires click. See click.html for exapmle. Doesn't …
- 6:27 AM Changeset [4348] by
- more comments added
- 4:52 AM SphericalMercator edited by
- (diff)
Sep 16, 2007:
- 9:25 PM Changeset [4347] by
- Tag 2.5-rc1 (and update license files)
- 9:11 PM Release/2.5/Announce/RC1 edited by
- adding ! on camel cased word (diff)
- 9:00 PM Release/2.5/Announce/RC1 edited by
- (diff)
- 8:58 PM Release/2.5/Announce/RC1 created by
-
- 8:52 PM Changeset [4346] by
- Branch for 2.5.
- 8:50 PM Ticket #980 (Permalink will keep getting longer) closed by
- fixed: Fixed in r4345.
- 8:47 PM Changeset [4345] by
- "New permalink code maintains existing parameters ... including the …
- 8:37 PM Ticket #981 (Re-evaluate permalink with base set vs. location.href) created by
- Prior to 2.5, the Permalink didn't respect parameters in the URL, …
- 6:11 PM Changeset [4344] by
- Added tests for the controls' title.
- 6:09 PM Changeset [4343] by
- Added checks: we don't want empty titles in controls.
- 5:40 PM Changeset [4342] by
- A fix for controls' tooltip inside panels, and modified …
- 12:37 PM Ticket #980 (Permalink will keep getting longer) created by
- New permalink code maintains existing parameters ... including the …
- 12:27 PM Ticket #971 (dragfeature handler -- drop geometry over another.) closed by
- fixed: (In [4341]) When you have a polygon feature over a point feature in …
- 12:27 PM Changeset [4341] by
- When you have a polygon feature over a point feature in the same …
- 10:31 AM Changeset [4340] by
- Add HTML example of attribution to attribution.html (based on comment …
- 10:15 AM Ticket #962 (Check for existing prototypes on objects and don't clobber them) closed by
- fixed: (In [4339]) Don't clobber existing prototypes. Since OpenLayers …
- 10:15 AM Changeset [4339] by
- Don't clobber existing prototypes. Since OpenLayers doesn't use …
- 10:13 AM Ticket #979 (Control.Attribution doesn't check this.map) closed by
- fixed: (In [4338]) only try to set the attribution string if the map actually …
- 10:13 AM Changeset [4338] by
- only try to set the attribution string if the map actually has some …
- 10:11 AM Ticket #979 (Control.Attribution doesn't check this.map) created by
- if this.map.layer is null, don't do stuff
- 9:43 AM Changeset [4337] by
- Controls need updating. This update should fix the tests from the …
- 9:23 AM Ticket #966 (Add attribution control to map by default) closed by
- fixed: r4334
- 9:22 AM Ticket #970 (Layer Switcher does not do sufficient layer state information storage) closed by
- fixed: (In [4336]) "Layer Switcher does not do sufficient layer state …
- 9:22 AM Changeset [4336] by
- "Layer Switcher does not do sufficient layer state information …
- 9:19 AM Changeset [4335] by
- Erik points out that the KaMap grid updates need fixed wrapdateline tests.
- 9:01 AM Changeset [4334] by
- Add Attribution control to the map by default. (No visual affect if no …
- 8:59 AM Ticket #978 (Permalink/Scale throws error if given an element) closed by
- fixed: (In [4333]) "The Permalink control passes an element as the first …
- 8:59 AM Changeset [4333] by
- "The Permalink control passes an element as the first parameter, …
- 8:31 AM Ticket #978 (Permalink/Scale throws error if given an element) created by
- The Permalink control passes an element as the first parameter, …
Sep 15, 2007:
- 7:19 PM Changeset [4332] by
- creating sandbox at rev 4331
- 5:27 PM Changeset [4331] by
- fix incorrect whitespace
- 5:07 PM Changeset [4330] by
- Finish off the rest of the basetypes wrapping. (See #962) Note that …
- 4:58 PM Changeset [4329] by
- Debugging IE7 + getCenter() misbehavior
- 4:53 PM Changeset [4328] by
- stop using custom argparser in an attempt to determine if that fixes …
- 4:41 PM Changeset [4327] by
- Commit a change to BaseTypes which wraps up the …
- 4:39 PM Changeset [4326] by
- change to use local OL
- 4:38 PM Changeset [4325] by
- add openlayers to osm-slippy prototype debugging
- 4:21 PM Changeset [4324] by
- Add directory for prototype-based testing. Add content from …
- 4:05 PM Ticket #977 (Investigate Prototype + OpenLayers interactions in IE, Opera) created by
- We haven't actually done any serious testing of prototype libraries …
- 12:06 PM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 12:04 PM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 11:57 AM Ticket #760 (Drawing Polygons in Opera Broken) closed by
- fixed: Seems to work now. We've done some improvements in this, so I'm …
- 11:47 AM Ticket #907 (OpenLayers-2.4/examples/getfeatureinfo.html : broken links because ...) closed by
- invalid
- 11:35 AM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 11:19 AM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 11:17 AM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 11:08 AM Changeset [4323] by
- Modify news.txt to be something similar to up to date. This …
- 10:36 AM Changeset [4322] by
- Remove MetaCarta KML from the repository, and show the KMLParser …
- 10:12 AM Changeset [4321] by
- Fix VE -> MM in mm-mercator demo
- 10:11 AM Changeset [4320] by
- MVS had weird licensing text in it that was way old and unneccesary.
- 10:10 AM Changeset [4319] by
- Seperate out date fields and add more descriptive text.
- 8:35 AM Ticket #976 (WFS Tile throws errors when zooming) closed by
- fixed: (In [4318]) Reverse order of destroying and removeTileMonitoringHooks. …
- 8:35 AM Changeset [4318] by
- Reverse order of destroying and removeTileMonitoringHooks. Thx for …
- 8:23 AM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 8:01 AM Release/2.5/Notes edited by
- (diff)
- 7:49 AM Ticket #928 (lower part of tiles does not always load) closed by
- fixed: Applied crschmidt's patch as r4317.
- 7:48 AM Changeset [4317] by
- Correctly size Layer.Grid and Layer.KaMap in rows/cols for all values …
- 7:46 AM Ticket #975 (Lower Right/Bottom tiles missing with KaMap Layer.) closed by
- duplicate: So, my evaluation in #928 was wrong -- it was a similar problem, …
- 7:30 AM Changeset [4316] by
- Add explanatory text to georss and TMS examples after comments from John.
- 6:56 AM Ticket #976 (WFS Tile throws errors when zooming) created by
- The error of unregistering the event hooks and destroying the tile is …
- 6:45 AM Changeset [4315] by
- GeoRSS serializer now returns string instead of XML element, after the …
- 6:09 AM Changeset [4314] by
- Make panel use icons that aren't just 404s.
- 5:49 AM Release/2.5/Fixes created by
-
- 5:35 AM Ticket #765 (add control for vertex editing) closed by
- fixed
Sep 14, 2007:
- 11:11 PM Release/2.5/Notes created by
-
- 8:56 PM Changeset [4313] by
- Doc change to clarify the purpose of Layer.Grid.buffer.
- 6:45 PM Changeset [4312] by
- A first try of #822. Needs tests, and don't work on FF. Works on IE …
- 6:36 PM Changeset [4311] by
- Copying code from trunk to my sandbox.
- 6:35 PM Changeset [4310] by
- Creating sandbox
- 5:09 PM Release/2.6 created by
-
- 5:06 PM Changeset [4309] by
- merge r4081:HEAD from trunk
- 4:58 PM Changeset [4308] by
- tim points out a silly behavior in the popups.html that I added when I …
- 4:35 PM Changeset [4307] by
- update modify features control
- 4:10 PM Changeset [4306] by
- default to sat
- 3:50 PM Ticket #973 (Format.GeoRSS doesn't use Format.XML serializer) closed by
- fixed: (In [4305]) Format.GeoRSS didn't use Format.XML serializer, nor did it …
- 3:50 PM Changeset [4305] by
- Format.GeoRSS didn't use Format.XML serializer, nor did it support …
- 3:49 PM Changeset [4304] by
- versioned editing over google
- 3:07 PM Changeset [4303] by
- fixed gml bug
- 1:08 PM Ticket #712 (Get everything in the OpenLayers namespace) closed by
- fixed: (In [4302]) Deprecating all prototype extensions. This puts all …
- 1:08 PM Changeset [4302] by
- Deprecating all prototype extensions. This puts all OpenLayers …
- 1:07 PM Ticket #972 (firefox gives navToolbar control div spurious height/width) closed by
- fixed: (In [4301]) This is just a minor style change, so I'm going to go …
- 1:07 PM Changeset [4301] by
- This is just a minor style change, so I'm going to go ahead with it …
- 10:57 AM Ticket #975 (Lower Right/Bottom tiles missing with KaMap Layer.) created by
- When using a KaMap layer and specifying a tile size parameter in the …
- 9:52 AM Changeset [4300] by
- debugging code
- 9:41 AM Changeset [4299] by
- Pushing Google's invalid key alert into the debug pane in our tests. …
- 9:22 AM Ticket #974 (LayerSwitcher no longer enables/disables layers that are not in range) closed by
- duplicate: Thank you very much to whoever reported this bug... turns out chris …
- 8:51 AM Changeset [4298] by
- it works now :-), more features needed
- 8:41 AM Ticket #974 (LayerSwitcher no longer enables/disables layers that are not in range) created by
- The following is a patch to correct this issue: …
- 7:08 AM Ticket #973 (Format.GeoRSS doesn't use Format.XML serializer) created by
- The format.georss doesn't use the Format.XML serializer. I'd already …
- 4:12 AM Ticket #972 (firefox gives navToolbar control div spurious height/width) created by
- the empty navtoolbar control div has a height/width which means it …
- 4:00 AM Changeset [4297] by
- Add reproject to VE example.
- 3:47 AM CLA edited by
- fix typo, elemoine is trunk committer (diff)
- 1:52 AM Ticket #963 (remove String.indexOf from BaseTypes) closed by
- fixed: (In [4296]) String.indexOf no longer exist, remove String_indexOf …
- 1:52 AM Changeset [4296] by
- String.indexOf no longer exist, remove String_indexOf test. Thanks …
- 1:44 AM Ticket #963 (remove String.indexOf from BaseTypes) reopened by
- Remove to corresponding unit test
Sep 13, 2007:
- 8:00 PM Ticket #969 (point/path/poly handlers should destroy their features on deactivate) closed by
- invalid: They do. If the handler is still drawing, this.cancel() is called, …
- 7:47 PM Changeset [4295] by
- minor cleanups to zoom levels example
- 7:44 PM Changeset [4294] by
- Yahoo example uses yahoo layer first.
- 7:42 PM Changeset [4293] by
- remove unmaintained webcam page (man, do i need a haircut)
- 7:40 PM Changeset [4292] by
- Demonstrate WorldWind layers better.
- 7:37 PM Changeset [4291] by
- refractions TMS server is gone, use a labs one instead.
- 7:35 PM Changeset [4290] by
- TIGER data in demo was removed from server it was hosted on -- remove demo.
- 7:31 PM Changeset [4289] by
- remove acceptance test that is now tested via automatic testing.
- 7:27 PM AcceptanceTests edited by
- (diff)
- 7:24 PM Changeset [4288] by
- Fix URLs to be non-transient.
- 7:21 PM AcceptanceTests created by
-
- 7:16 PM Changeset [4287] by
- Move marker away from top left corner of the world.
- 7:14 PM Changeset [4286] by
- layer load monitoring demo was slightly wonky -- looks like it somehow …
- 7:10 PM Changeset [4285] by
- make kamap map the default layer in this demo, rather than a standard, …
- 7:07 PM Changeset [4284] by
- update google example to use reproject on overlay, even though we …
- 7:05 PM Changeset [4283] by
- Another old, expired googlemrcator demo.
- 7:04 PM Changeset [4282] by
- Remove old GoogleMercator demo that is superceded by spherical-mercator.
- 7:01 PM Changeset [4281] by
- gml.write() now returns a string in a cross browser way. Update …
- 6:57 PM Changeset [4280] by
- Geojson.html is deprecated in favor of vector-formats.html
- 6:54 PM Changeset [4279] by
- Move freemap example to 'projected-map.html', to indicate the content …
- 6:53 PM Changeset [4278] by
- Clarify issues in freemap example.
- 6:47 PM Ticket #971 (dragfeature handler -- drop geometry over another.) created by
- When you have a polygon feature over a point feature in the same …
- 6:43 PM Changeset [4277] by
- Ciesen removed their beta WMS servers, so these layers are just …
- 6:42 PM Changeset [4276] by
- Remove canvas demo, removed from code after vector stuff added.
- 6:31 PM Ticket #970 (Layer Switcher does not do sufficient layer state information storage) created by
- four pieces of information are neccesary to completely ensure that the …
- 5:47 PM Changeset [4275] by
- Use of Layer.Grid.buffer
- 5:09 PM Ticket #969 (point/path/poly handlers should destroy their features on deactivate) created by
- I'll get this one tomorrow.
- 5:07 PM Changeset [4274] by
- merge r3961:HEAD from trunk
- 4:32 PM Ticket #968 (vml renderer bombs on null geoms) closed by
- fixed: (In [4273]) The SVG renderer allows for rendering of null geometries. …
- 4:32 PM Changeset [4273] by
- The SVG renderer allows for rendering of null geometries. The VML …
- 4:22 PM Ticket #941 (Add ModifyFeature Control) closed by
- fixed: (In [4272]) Modify away! This was a long time coming. Thanks all for …
- 4:22 PM Changeset [4272] by
- Modify away! This was a long time coming. Thanks all for …
- 4:17 PM Ticket #880 (Event object conflict) closed by
- fixed: (In [4271]) Here we have finally solved the smashing of the Event …
- 4:17 PM Changeset [4271] by
- Here we have finally solved the smashing of the Event object problem. …
- 4:09 PM Changeset [4270] by
- disallowing point deletion at this time since we don't support feature …
- 3:32 PM Changeset [4269] by
- new tests for control.handleKeypress
- 1:36 PM Ticket #893 (specify externalGraphic offset) closed by
- fixed: (In [4268]) allow user to specify offsets for externalGraphic (closes #893)
- 1:36 PM Changeset [4268] by
- allow user to specify offsets for externalGraphic (closes #893)
- 12:30 PM Changeset [4267] by
- rolling back gmap addition
- 12:12 PM Ticket #968 (vml renderer bombs on null geoms) created by
- vml renderer bombs on null geoms. fixed in feature sandbox.
- 11:57 AM Changeset [4266] by
- burying a potential vml renderer issue
- 11:10 AM Changeset [4265] by
- javascript is not python - and farther from it in IE
- 10:49 AM Changeset [4264] by
- adding tests for callbacks during feature modification
- 9:53 AM Changeset [4263] by
- making point deletion easier - no longer need to mouseout/over after …
- 9:31 AM Changeset [4262] by
- fixing up feature modification - addressing 3 of 4 points from …
- 8:27 AM Ticket #340 (maxExtent interpretation) closed by
- fixed: (In [4261]) Give the map a restrictedExtent property. Setting this …
- 8:27 AM Changeset [4261] by
- Give the map a restrictedExtent property. Setting this property to …
- 7:13 AM Changeset [4260] by
- Fix Google Maps Key.
- 6:38 AM Changeset [4259] by
- little bit of documentation
- 6:35 AM Changeset [4258] by
- we are by Execute Request now
- 3:30 AM Changeset [4257] by
- fix copyright dates on json/geojson.
- 3:27 AM Ticket #853 (Remove JSDOC from CLASS_NAME property) closed by
- fixed: (In [4256]) Remove class_name jsdoc for consistency, thanks fredj. …
- 3:27 AM Changeset [4256] by
- Remove class_name jsdoc for consistency, thanks fredj. (Closes #853)
- 3:26 AM Ticket #823 (simplify class stuff) closed by
- fixed: (In [4255]) Update class creation on Format.XML. Thanks, fredj. …
- 3:26 AM Changeset [4255] by
- Update class creation on Format.XML. Thanks, fredj. (Closes #823)
- 1:43 AM Changeset [4254] by
- wps control updated, still under development
- 12:25 AM Ticket #853 (Remove JSDOC from CLASS_NAME property) reopened by
- Remove JSDOC from Map and RegularPolygon
- 12:18 AM Ticket #823 (simplify class stuff) reopened by
- OpenLayers.Format.XML still use the old syntax
Sep 12, 2007:
- 7:30 PM Ticket #940 (Popups throw errors when switching to google maps while open) closed by
- fixed: r4253 commits the rest of this.
- 7:29 PM Changeset [4253] by
- Move popup redraw after layer.moveTo in setCenter to fix google maps …
- 6:23 PM Ticket #808 (add layer loadstart/loadend events for remote access layers) closed by
- fixed: (In [4252]) Add 'loadstart' and 'loadend' events to some of our …
- 6:23 PM Changeset [4252] by
- Add 'loadstart' and 'loadend' events to some of our exciting layers …
- 1:48 PM Changeset [4251] by
- Prevent popups from failing when getLayerPxFromLonLat returns null …
- 1:37 PM Ticket #967 (map.setCenter() dragging interpretation) created by
- map.setCenter() dragging argument is documented as follows: …
- 1:14 PM Ticket #494 (Popups don't move adequately after zooming with scroll wheel) closed by
- fixed: (In [4250]) Patch from Erik/I to fix: Popups don't move adequately …
- 1:14 PM Changeset [4250] by
- Patch from Erik/I to fix: Popups don't move adequately after zooming …
- 1:11 PM Ticket #880 (Event object conflict) reopened by
- as cr5 and i just discovered. um... this isnt working correctly
- 1:04 PM Changeset [4249] by
- making google tests conditional so invalid keys don't fail tests - …
- 12:25 PM Changeset [4248] by
- coding standards -- mostly ND comment style corrections and lines …
- 12:22 PM Changeset [4247] by
- coding standards -- mostly ND comment style corrections
- 12:02 PM Changeset [4246] by
- use the namespace corrected event.stop(). (See #880)
- 11:30 AM Changeset [4245] by
- Add custom-control-point demo showing use of point handler to return data.
- 9:49 AM Changeset [4244] by
- goodbye fair google sandbox
- 8:05 AM Ticket #951 (add filter by geometry type to select feature control) closed by
- fixed: (In [4243]) With review from elem and additional tests, add filter by …
- 8:05 AM Changeset [4243] by
- With review from elem and additional tests, add filter by geometry …
- 7:41 AM Ticket #757 (ZoomBox Tool / OverviewMap Conflict) closed by
- fixed: (In [4242]) fix for overviewmap open/close button doubleclick …
- 7:41 AM Changeset [4242] by
- fix for overviewmap open/close button doubleclick resulting in map …
- 7:25 AM Ticket #891 (The Feature Handler doesn't allow registering a "click" event callback) closed by
- fixed: (In [4241]) select features on "click" as opposed to on "mousedown" …
- 7:25 AM Changeset [4241] by
- select features on "click" as opposed to on "mousedown" (closes #891) …
- 7:00 AM Changeset [4240] by
- bugfix
- 6:58 AM Changeset [4239] by
- bugfix
- 6:56 AM Changeset [4238] by
- some updates
- 6:43 AM Ticket #966 (Add attribution control to map by default) created by
- In order to maek the attribution control useful, it should be on by …
- 6:40 AM Ticket #103 (attribution and copyright field) closed by
- fixed: (In [4237]) FredJ reviewed my work here and said it solved the problem …
- 6:40 AM Changeset [4237] by
- FredJ reviewed my work here and said it solved the problem that he …
- 6:40 AM Changeset [4236] by
- new example added
- 6:38 AM Changeset [4235] by
- New control
- 4:19 AM Changeset [4234] by
- fix typo in a ND comment
- 1:25 AM Ticket #103 (attribution and copyright field) reopened by
- don't work for …
- 12:43 AM Ticket #965 (rendered geometries blink sometimes in the VML renderer) created by
- In IE, if you try to draw a new point in a vector that already …
- 12:32 AM Changeset [4233] by
- added in this old sandbox for tests
Sep 11, 2007:
- 10:12 PM Ticket #916 (keep selected features drawn with the right style) closed by
- fixed: (In [4232]) Erik helps me fix tests. I threaten to kill him for …
- 10:12 PM Changeset [4232] by
- Erik helps me fix tests. I threaten to kill him for criticizing my …
- 9:37 PM Ticket #103 (attribution and copyright field) closed by
- fixed: (In [4231]) adding OpenLayers.Control.Attribution to the list of …
- 9:37 PM Changeset [4231] by
- adding OpenLayers.Control.Attribution to the list of controls in the …
- 9:19 PM Ticket #792 (map elements are selected in IE when using shift key) closed by
- fixed: (In [4230]) fix for 'map elements are selected in IE when using shift …
- 9:18 PM Changeset [4230] by
- fix for 'map elements are selected in IE when using shift key' in drag …
- 9:00 PM Ticket #878 (Add "layerswitched" event to Layer and Control.LayerSwitcher) closed by
- fixed: (In [4229]) making the layerswitcher a little smarter. Instead of …
- 9:00 PM Changeset [4229] by
- making the layerswitcher a little smarter. Instead of fancy 'noEvent' …
- 8:26 PM Ticket #359 (Permalink's layers string not updated on clicking in LayerSwitcher) closed by
- fixed: (In [4228]) make sure permalink updates itself when layers change …
- 8:26 PM Changeset [4228] by
- make sure permalink updates itself when layers change name/visibility …
- 7:37 PM Ticket #820 (WFS Race Condition) closed by
- fixed: (In [4227]) Temporary fix for WFS race condition where a tile is …
- 7:37 PM Changeset [4227] by
- Temporary fix for WFS race condition where a tile is destroy()ed but …
- 7:18 PM Ticket #731 (GeoRSS layer name changes when base layer is changed) closed by
- fixed: (In [4226]) Add useFeedTitle option to georss layer -- defaults to …
- 7:18 PM Changeset [4226] by
- Add useFeedTitle option to georss layer -- defaults to true -- to …
- 6:58 PM Ticket #834 (Adding Scroll Bars in TextFile Popup Windows) closed by
- fixed: (In [4225]) Adding Scroll Bars in TextFile Popup Windows via …
- 6:58 PM Changeset [4225] by
- Adding Scroll Bars in TextFile Popup Windows via Layer.Text layer. …
- 6:51 PM Changeset [4224] by
- check boxes by default.
- 4:31 PM Changeset [4223] by
- natural docs patch, fixing up some inheritance links and menu issues
- 2:50 PM Changeset [4222] by
- exposing the map for firebuggers - and removing some crufty html comments
- 2:16 PM Ticket #686 (Treat Google Layer as projected data) closed by
- fixed: (In [4221]) With review from elem, and oversight from tschaub, rolling …
- 2:16 PM Changeset [4221] by
- With review from elem, and oversight from tschaub, rolling in …
- 1:19 PM Ticket #761 (Vector Features and Layer Destruction) closed by
- fixed: (In [4220]) Fix for getFeatureFromEvent method on destroyed layer. …
- 1:19 PM Changeset [4220] by
- Fix for getFeatureFromEvent method on destroyed layer. (Closes #761) …
- 8:18 AM Ticket #927 (read/write KML) closed by
- fixed: (In [4219]) Full read/write support for KML. All KML 2.1 geometries …
- 8:18 AM Changeset [4219] by
- Full read/write support for KML. All KML 2.1 geometries supported. …
- 7:54 AM Ticket #964 (abort xmlhttprequest in Tile.WFS) created by
- xmlhttprequest should be aborted in Tile.WFS. Requires reworking …
- 7:46 AM Changeset [4218] by
- Add Tile_WFS tests -- just a pretty much empty wrapper at the moment.
- 7:26 AM Ticket #666 (EditingToolbar does not display first segment in VML until 3 points added) closed by
- fixed: (In [4217]) Fix lacking code from #666-- I had originally wanted to …
- 7:26 AM Changeset [4217] by
- Fix lacking code from #666-- I had originally wanted to add this, but …
- 7:23 AM Ticket #963 (remove String.indexOf from BaseTypes) closed by
- fixed: (In [4216]) FredJ points out that this was never used or needed. I dug …
- 7:23 AM Changeset [4216] by
- FredJ points out that this was never used or needed. I dug back and …
- 7:16 AM Ticket #963 (remove String.indexOf from BaseTypes) created by
- The String.indexOf function is defined in BaseTypes.js and should be …
- 7:16 AM Changeset [4215] by
- added clearBounds call, fixes problem on IE with the first line draw …
- 6:28 AM Ticket #666 (EditingToolbar does not display first segment in VML until 3 points added) reopened by
- I'm sorry but the given patch doesn't do the job for polygons. One …
- 6:11 AM Changeset [4214] by
- merge r4103:HEAD from tschaub/feature sandbox notably includes: * new …
- 4:16 AM Ticket #961 (String.prototype.trim failed to trim a whitespace string) closed by
- fixed: (In [4213]) Pull in upstream fix from Prototype, patch by fredj …
- 4:16 AM Changeset [4213] by
- Pull in upstream fix from Prototype, patch by fredj (thanks fredj!) to …
- 4:16 AM Ticket #962 (Check for existing prototypes on objects and don't clobber them) created by
- See #961: OL is clobbering Ajax.net's String.prototype.trim. Note that …
- 12:01 AM Ticket #961 (String.prototype.trim failed to trim a whitespace string) created by
- As reported by John Cole on the dev mailing list: […]
Sep 10, 2007:
- 5:22 PM Ticket #960 (Render geometry collections) closed by
- fixed: (In [4212]) allow geometry collections to be rendered (closes #960).
- 5:22 PM Changeset [4212] by
- allow geometry collections to be rendered (closes #960).
- 5:19 PM Ticket #960 (Render geometry collections) created by
-
- 4:37 PM Changeset [4211] by
- and of course the actual test page
- 4:29 PM Changeset [4210] by
- very basic tests for KML format
- 3:47 PM Changeset [4209] by
- update example to show gml read/write
- 3:43 PM Changeset [4208] by
- update example to show kml read/write
- 3:37 PM Changeset [4207] by
- let renderers render Geometry.Collection
- 3:02 PM Ticket #938 (GML Format subclassed from Format.XML) closed by
- fixed: (In [4206]) GML format rewrite - now subclasses from XML format. …
- 3:02 PM Changeset [4206] by
- GML format rewrite - now subclasses from XML format. Refactored code …
- 3:00 PM Gallery edited by
- adding bartvde's dutch public works page (diff)
- 1:24 PM Ticket #828 (regular polygon control) closed by
- fixed: (In [4205]) Adding a RegularPolygon handler for drawing squares, …
- 1:24 PM Changeset [4205] by
- Adding a RegularPolygon handler for drawing squares, triangles, …
- 1:10 PM Changeset [4204] by
- read/write KML - support for all KML 2.1 geometries and all OL geometries
- 10:55 AM Changeset [4203] by
- copying geojson.html to vector-formats.html - this will be the place …
- 10:18 AM Changeset [4202] by
- putting up a basic non-slippy example
Sep 9, 2007:
- 8:07 AM Changeset [4201] by
- added map option InitCallback to notify about asynchronous map …
- 6:19 AM Layer edited by
- (diff)
- 6:18 AM Layer/Map24 edited by
- (diff)
- 6:17 AM Layer/Map24 edited by
- (diff)
- 6:17 AM Layer/Map24 created by
-
Note: See TracTimeline for information about the timeline view. | http://trac.osgeo.org/openlayers/timeline?from=2007-10-09T22%3A47%3A41-0700&precision=second | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | refinedweb | 6,914 | 57.2 |
Python client for parsing SCOTUS cases from the granted/noted and orders dockets.
Project description
Getting started
pip install nyt-docket
Using nyt-docket
Command-line interface
docket grants 2015 docket orders 2015 docket opinions 2015
Demo app
Run the demo app.
python -m docket.demo
Modules
Use the docket loader manually from within your Python script.
Grants (new cases)
Grants are cases that have been granted certiorari and will be heard by the Court in this term. The most interesting thing about a grant, besides its existence, is the question the Court will be deciding. This is associated as a separate PDF file on the Court’s site but the parser attaches it to the case as a text blob.
from docket import grants g = grants.Load() g.scrape() for case in g.cases: print case.__dict__
Slip opinions (decisions)
Slip opinions are decisions in cases the Court has either heard arguments on or has made a procedural decision on. These opinions are not final, but it’s the fastest way to know when the Court has acted on a case. The most important feature of a slip opinion is the opinion text, which is a separate PDF file. This is associated with the opinion as a hyperlink.
from docket import slipopinions o = slipopinions.Load() o.scrape() for case in o.cases: print case.__dict__
Orders (all kinds of things)
Orders are the daily business of the Court. Denials of certiorari as well as various other procedural motions are resolved in the orders list. This plugin grabs the long orders list itself as a PDF link and then parses it out into individual cases. WARNING: The individual cases rely on regex and tomfoolery. The methods for parsing them are fragile, so YMMV.
from docket import orders z = orders.Load() z.scrape() z.parse() for order in z.orders: print order.__dict__ for case in z.cases: print "%s\t%s\t%s" % (case.docket, case.orders_type, case.casename)
Project details
Release history Release notifications
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/nyt-docket/0.0.10/ | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 356 | 68.47 |
Bootiful Development with Spring Boot and Vue
Vue is a web framework that’s gotten a lot of attention lately because it’s lean and mean. Its baseline framework cost is around 40K and is known as a minimalistic web framework. With all of the recent attention on web performance and mobile-first, mobile-fast, it’s no surprise that Vue has become more and more popular. If you spent the time to learn AngularJS back in the day, chances are you’ll find an old friend in Vue.js.
Spring Boot is one of my favorite frameworks in the Java ecosystem. Yes, I’m biased. I’ve been a fan of the Spring Framework since way back in 2004. It was neat to be able to write Java webapps with Spring MVC, but most people used XML to configure things. Even though Spring supported JavaConfig, it wasn’t until Spring Boot (in 2014) that it really took off. Nowadays, you never see a Spring tutorial that shows you how to configure things with XML. Nice work, Spring Boot team!
I’m writing this tutorial because I’m a big fan of Vue. If you know me, you’ll know I’m a web framework aficionado. That is, I’m a big fan of web frameworks. Much like an NBA fan has a few favorite players, I have a few favorite frameworks. Vue has recently become one of those, and I’d like to show you why.
In this post, I’ll show you how to build a Spring Boot API using Spring Data JPA and Hibernate. Then I’ll show you how to create a Vue PWA and customize it to display the data from your API. Then you’ll add in some animated gifs, a sprinkle of authentication, and have a jolly good time doing it!
Build a REST API with Spring Boot
To get started with Spring Boot, navigate to start.spring.io and choose version 2.1.1+. In the "Search for dependencies" field, select the following:
H2: An in-memory database
Lombok: Because no one likes generating (or even worse, writing!) getters and setters
JPA: Standard ORM for Java
Rest Repositories: Allows you to expose your JPA repositories as REST endpoints
Web: Spring MVC with Jackson (for JSON), Hibernate Validator, and embedded Tomcat
If you like the command-line better, install HTTPie and run the following command to download a
demo.zip.
http dependencies==h2,lombok,data-jpa,data-rest,web \ packageName==com.okta.developer.demo -d
Create a directory called
spring-boot-vue-example. Expand the contents of
demo.zip into its
server directory.
mkdir spring-boot-vue-example unzip demo.zip -d spring-boot-vue-example/server
Open the "server" project in your favorite IDE and run
DemoApplication or start it from the command line using
./mvnw spring-boot:run.
Create a
com.okta.developer.demo.beer package and a
Beer.java file in it. This class will be the entity that holds your data.
package com.okta.developer.demo.beer; import lombok.Data; import lombok.NoArgsConstructor; import lombok.NonNull; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.Id; @Data @NoArgsConstructor @Entity class Beer { public Beer(String name) { this.name = name; } @Id @GeneratedValue private Long id; @NonNull private String name; }
Add a
BeerRepository class that leverages Spring Data to do CRUD on this entity.
package com.okta.developer.demo.beer; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import org.springframework.data.rest.core.annotation.RepositoryRestResource; @RepositoryRestResource interface BeerRepository extends JpaRepository<Beer, Long> { }
Add a
BeerCommandLineRunner that uses this repository and creates a default set of data.
package com.okta.developer.demo.beer; import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import java.util.stream.Stream; @Component public class BeerCommandLineRunner implements CommandLineRunner { private final BeerRepository repository; public BeerCommandLineRunner(BeerRepository repository) { this.repository = repository; } @Override public void run(String... strings) throws Exception { // Top beers from, November 2018 Stream.of("Kentucky Brunch Brand Stout", "Marshmallow Handjee", "Barrel-Aged Abraxas", "Hunahpu's Imperial Stout", "King Julius", "Heady Topper", "Budweiser", "Coors Light", "PBR").forEach(name -> repository.save(new Beer(name)) ); repository.findAll().forEach(System.out::println); } }
Restart your app, and you should see a list of beers printed in your terminal.
Add a
BeerController class to create an endpoint that filters out less-than-great beers.
package com.okta.developer.demo.beer; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.stream.Collectors; @RestController public class BeerController { private BeerRepository repository; public BeerController(BeerRepository repository) { this.repository = repository; } @GetMapping("/good-beers") public Collection<Beer> goodBeers() { return repository.findAll().stream() .filter(this::isGreat) .collect(Collectors.toList()); } private boolean isGreat(Beer beer) { return !beer.getName().equals("Budweiser") && !beer.getName().equals("Coors Light") && !beer.getName().equals("PBR"); } }
Re-build your application and navigate to. You should see the list of good beers in your browser.
You should also see the same result in your terminal window when using HTTPie.
http :8080/good-beers
Create a Project with Vue CLI
Creating an API seems to be the easy part these days, thanks in large part to Spring Boot. In this section, I hope to show you that creating a UI with Vue is pretty simple too. I’ll also show you how to develop the Vue app with TypeScript. If you follow the steps below, you’ll create a new Vue app, fetch beer names and images from APIs, and create components to display their data.
To create a Vue project, make sure you have Node.js, and Vue CLI 3 installed. I used Node 11.3.0 when I created this tutorial.
npm install -g @vue/cli@3.2.1
From a terminal window, cd into the root of the
spring-boot-vue-example directory and run the following command. This command will create a new Vue application and prompt you for options.
vue create client
When prompted to pick a present, choose Manually select features.
Check the TypeScript, PWA, and Router features. Choose the defaults (by pressing Enter) for the rest of the questions.
In a terminal window, cd into the
client directory and open
package.json in your favorite editor. Add a
start script that’s the same as the
serve script.
"scripts": { "start": "vue-cli-service serve", "serve": "vue-cli-service serve", "build": "vue-cli-service build", "lint": "vue-cli-service lint" },
Now you can start your Vue app using
npm start. Your Spring Boot app should be still running on port 8080, which will cause your Vue app to use port 8081. I expect you to run your Vue app on 8081 throughout this tutorial. To ensure it always runs on this port, create a
client/vue.config.js file and add the following JavaScript to it.
module.exports = { devServer: { port: 8081 } };
Open in your browser, and you should see a page like the one below.
Create a Good Beers UI in Vue
So far, you’ve created a good beers API and a Vue client, but you haven’t created the UI to display the list of beers from your API. To do this, open
client/src/views/Home.vue and add a
created() method.
import axios from 'axios'; ... private async created() { const response = await axios.get('/good-beers'); this.beers = await response.data; }
Vue’s component lifecycle will call the
created() method.
npm i axios
You can see this puts the response data into a local
beers variable. To properly define this variable, create a
Beer interface and initialize the
Home class’s
beers variable to be an empty array.
export interface Beer { id: number; name: string; giphyUrl: string; } @Component({ components: { HelloWorld, }, }) export default class Home extends Vue { public beers: Beer[] = []; private async created() { const response = await axios.get('/good-beers'); this.beers = await response.data; } }
A keen eye will notice this makes a request to
/good-beers on the same port as the Vue application (since it’s a relative URL). For this to work, you’ll need to modify
client/vue.config.js to have a proxy that sends this URL to your Spring Boot app.
module.exports = { devServer: { port: 8081, proxy: { "/good-beers": { target: "", secure: false } } } };
Modify the template in
client/src/views/Home.vue to display the list of good beers from your API.
<template> <div class="home"> <img alt="Vue logo" src="../assets/logo.png"> <h1>Beer List</h1> <div v- {{ beer.name }} </div> </div> </template>
Restart your Vue app using
npm start and refresh your app on. You should see a list of beers from your Spring Boot API.
Create a BeerList Component
To make this application easier to maintain, move the beer list logic and rendering to its own
BeerList component. Create
client/src/components/BeerList.vue and populate it with the code from
Home.vue. Remove the Vue logo, customize the template’s main class name, and remove the
HelloWorld component. It should look as follows when you’re done.
<template> <div class="beer-list"> <h1>Beer List</h1> <div v- {{ beer.name }} </div> </div> </template> <script lang="ts"> import { Component, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'; import axios from 'axios'; export interface Beer { id: number; name: string; giphyUrl: string; } @Component export default class BeerList extends Vue { public beers: Beer[] = []; private async created() { const response = await axios.get('/good-beers'); this.beers = await response.data; } } </script>
Then change
client/src/views/Home.vue so it only contains the logo and a reference to
<BeerList/>.
<template> <div class="home"> <img alt="Vue logo" src="../assets/logo.png"> <BeerList/> </div> </template> <script lang="ts"> import { Component, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'; import BeerList from '@/components/BeerList.vue'; @Component({ components: { BeerList, }, }) export default class Home extends Vue {} </script>
Create a GiphyImage Component
To make things look a little better, add a GIPHY component to fetch images based on the beer’s name. Create
client/src/components/GiphyImage.vue and place the following code inside it.
<template> <img :src=giphyUrl v-bind:alt=name </template> <script lang="ts"> import { Component, Prop, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'; import axios from 'axios'; @Component export default class GiphyImage extends Vue { @Prop() private name!: string; private giphyUrl: string = ''; private async created() { const giphyApi = '//api.giphy.com/v1/gifs/search?api_key=dc6zaTOxFJmzC&limit=1&q='; const response = await axios.get(giphyApi + this.name); const data = await response.data.data; if (data.length) { this.giphyUrl = data[0].images.original.url; } else { this.giphyUrl = '//media.giphy.com/media/YaOxRsmrv9IeA/giphy.gif'; } } } </script> <!-- The "scoped" attribute limits CSS to this component only --> <style scoped> img { margin: 10px 0 0; } </style>
Change
BeerList.vue to use the
<GiphyImage/> component in its template:
<div v- {{ beer.name }}<br/> <GiphyImage : </div>
And add it to the
components list in the
<script> block:
import GiphyImage from '@/components/GiphyImage.vue'; @Component({ components: {GiphyImage}, }) export default class BeerList extends Vue { ... }
In this same file, add a
<style> section at the bottom and use CSS Grid layout to organize the beers in rows.
<style scoped> .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); grid-gap: 10px; grid-auto-rows: minmax(100px, auto); } </style>
You’ll need to wrap a div around the beer list template for this to have any effect.
<div class="grid"> <div v- {{ beer.name }}<br/> <GiphyImage : </div> </div>
After making these changes, your UI should look something like the following list of beer names and matching images.
You just created a Vue app that talks to a Spring Boot API. Congratulations! 🎉
Add PWA Support
Vue CLI has support for progressive web applications (PWAs) out-of-the-box. When you created your Vue app, you selected PWA as a feature.
PWA features are only enabled in production, because having assets cached in development can be a real pain. Run
npm run build in the
client directory to create a build ready for production. Then use serve to create a web server and show your app.
npm i -g serve serve -s dist -p 8081
You should be able to open your browser and see your app at. When I first tried this, I found that loading the page didn’t render any beer names and all the images were the same. This is because the client attempts to make a request to
/good-beers and there’s no proxy configured in production mode.
To fix this issue, you’ll need to change the URL in the client and configure Spring Boot to allow cross-domain access from.
Modify
client/src/components/BeerList.vue to use the full URL to your Spring Boot API.
private async created() { const response = await axios.get(''); this.beers = await response.data; }
Configure CORS for Spring Boot
In the server project, open
src/main/java/…/demo/beer/BeerController.java and add a
@CrossOrigin annotation to enable cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) from the client ().
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CrossOrigin; ... @GetMapping("/good-beers") @CrossOrigin(origins = "") public Collection<Beer> goodBeers() {
After making these changes, rebuild your Vue app for production, refresh your browser, and everything should render as expected.
Use Lighthouse to See Your PWA Score
I ran a Lighthouse audit in Chrome and found that this app scores a 81/100 at this point. The most prominent complaint from this report was that I wasn’t using HTTPS. To see how the app would score when it used HTTPS, I deployed it to Pivotal Cloud Foundry and Heroku. I was pumped to discover it scored high on both platforms.
The reason it scores a 96 is because
The viewport size is 939px, whereas the window size is 412px. I’m not sure what’s causing this issue, maybe it’s the CSS Grid layout?
To see the scripts I used to deploy everything, see
heroku.sh and
cloudfoundry.sh in this post’s companion GitHub repository.
Add Authentication with Okta
You might be thinking, "this is pretty cool, it’s easy to see why people dig Vue." There’s another tool you might dig after you’ve tried it: Authentication with Okta! Why Okta? Because you can get 1,000 active monthly users for free! It’s worth a try, especially when you see how easy it is to add auth to Spring Boot and Vue with Okta.
Okta Spring Boot Starter
To secure your API, you can use Okta’s Spring Boot Starter. To integrate this starter, add the following dependencies to
server/pom.xml:
<dependency> <groupId>com.okta.spring</groupId> <artifactId>okta-spring-boot-starter</artifactId> <version>0.6.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.security.oauth.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-security-oauth2-autoconfigure</artifactId> <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version> </dependency>
Now you need to configure the server to use Okta for authentication. You’ll need to create an OIDC app in Okta for that.
Create an OIDC App in Okta
Log in to your Okta Developer account (or sign up if you don’t have an account) and navigate to Applications > Add Application. Click Single-Page App, click Next, and give the app a name you’ll remember. Change all instances of
localhost:8080 to
localhost:8081 and click Done.
Copy the client ID into your
server/src/main/resources/application.properties file. While you’re in there, add a
okta.oauth2.issuer property that matches your Okta domain. For example:
okta.oauth2.issuer=https://{yourOktaDomain}/oauth2/default okta.oauth2.client-id={yourClientId}
Update
server/src/main/java/…/demo/DemoApplication.java to enable it as a resource server.
import org.springframework.security.oauth2.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableResourceServer; @EnableResourceServer @SpringBootApplication
After making these changes, you should be able to restart the server and see access denied when you try to navigate to.
Okta’s Vue Support
Okta’s Vue SDK allows you to integrate OIDC into a Vue application. You can learn more about Okta’s Vue SDK can be found on npmjs.com. To install, run the following commands in the
client directory:
npm i @okta/okta-vue@1.0.7 npm i -D @types/okta__okta-vue
Open
client/src/router.ts and add your Okta configuration. The
router.ts below also includes a path for the
BeerList, a callback that’s required for authentication, and a navigation guard to require authentication for the
/beer-list path. Replace yours with this one, then update
yourClientDomain and
yourClientId to match your settings. Make sure to remove the
{} since those are just placeholders.
import Vue from 'vue'; import Router from 'vue-router'; import Home from './views/Home.vue'; import OktaVuePlugin from '@okta/okta-vue'; import BeerList from '@/components/BeerList.vue'; Vue.use(Router); Vue.use(OktaVuePlugin, { issuer: 'https://{yourOktaDomain}/oauth2/default', client_id: '{yourClientId}', redirect_uri: window.location.origin + '/implicit/callback', scope: 'openid profile email', }); const router = new Router({ mode: 'history', base: process.env.BASE_URL, routes: [ { path: '/', name: 'home', component: Home, }, { path: '/about', name: 'about', // route level code-splitting // this generates a separate chunk (about.[hash].js) for this route // which is lazy-loaded when the route is visited. component: () => import(/* webpackChunkName: "about" */ './views/About.vue'), }, { path: '/beer-list', name: 'beer-list', component: BeerList, meta: { requiresAuth: true, }, }, { path: '/implicit/callback', component: OktaVuePlugin.handleCallback() }, ], }); router.beforeEach(Vue.prototype.$auth.authRedirectGuard()); export default router;
Since you have a route for
BeerList remove it from
client/src/views/Home.vue.
<template> <div class="home"> <img alt="Vue logo" src="../assets/logo.png"> </div> </template> <script lang="ts"> import { Component, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'; @Component export default class Home extends Vue {} </script>
Add a link to the
BeerList in
client/src/App.vue. You’ll also need to add code that detects if the user is logged in or not. Replace the
<template> section and add the
<script> below to your
App.vue.
<template> <div id="app"> <div id="nav"> <router-linkHome</router-link> | <router-linkAbout</router-link> <template v- | <router-linkGood Beers</router-link> </template> </div> <button v-Logout</button> <button v-else v-on:Login</button> <router-view/> </div> </template> <script lang="ts"> import { Component, Vue, Watch } from 'vue-property-decorator'; @Component export default class App extends Vue { public authenticated: boolean = false; private created() { this.isAuthenticated(); } @Watch('$route') private async isAuthenticated() { this.authenticated = await this.$auth.isAuthenticated(); } private async logout() { await this.$auth.logout(); await this.isAuthenticated(); // Navigate back to home this.$router.push({path: '/'}); } } </script>
Restart your Vue app and you should see a button to log in.
Click on it and you’ll be redirected to Okta. Enter the credentials you used to sign up for Okta and you’ll be redirected back to the app. You should see a Logout button and a link to see some good beers.
If you click to on the Good Beers link, you’ll see the component’s header, but no data. If you look at your JavaScript console, you’ll see there’s a CORS error.
This error happens because Spring’s
@CrossOrigin doesn’t play well with Spring Security. To solve this problem, add a
simpleCorsFilter bean to the body of
DemoApplication.java.
package com.okta.developer.demo; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.FilterRegistrationBean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.core.Ordered; import org.springframework.security.oauth2.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableResourceServer; import org.springframework.web.cors.CorsConfiguration; import org.springframework.web.cors.UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource; import org.springframework.web.filter.CorsFilter; import java.util.Collections; @EnableResourceServer @SpringBootApplication public class DemoApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args); } @Bean public FilterRegistrationBean<CorsFilter> simpleCorsFilter() { UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource(); CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration(); config.setAllowCredentials(true); config.setAllowedOrigins(Collections.singletonList("")); config.setAllowedMethods(Collections.singletonList("*")); config.setAllowedHeaders(Collections.singletonList("*")); source.registerCorsConfiguration("/**", config); FilterRegistrationBean<CorsFilter> bean = new FilterRegistrationBean<>(new CorsFilter(source)); bean.setOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE); return bean; } }
Restart your server after making this change. To make it all work on the client, modify the
created() method in
client/src/components/BeerList.vue to set an authorization header.
private async created() { const response = await axios.get('', { headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${await this.$auth.getAccessToken()}`, }, }, ); this.beers = await response.data; }
Now you should be able to see the good beer list as an authenticated user.
If it works, excellent! 👍
Learn More About Spring Boot and Vue
This tutorial showed you how to build an app that uses modern frameworks like Spring Boot and Vue. You learned how to add authentication with OIDC and protect routes using Okta’s Vue SDK. If you’d like to watch a video of this tutorial, I published it as a screencast to YouTube.
If you want to learn more about the Vue phenomenon, I have a couple of recommended articles. First of all, I think it’s awesome it’s not sponsored by a company (like Angular + Google and React + Facebook), and that’s it’s mostly community driven. The Solo JavaScript Developer Challenging Google and Facebook is an article in Wired that explains why this is so amazing.
Regarding JavaScript framework performance, The Baseline Costs of JavaScript Frameworks is an interesting blog post from Anku Sethi. I like his motivation for writing it:
Last week I was curious about how much of a performance impact just including React on a page can have. So I ran some numbers on a cheap Android phone and wrote about it.
To learn more about Vue, Spring Boot, or Okta, check out the following resources:
You can find the source code associated with this article on GitHub. The primary example (without authentication) is in the
master branch, while the Okta integration is in the
okta branch. To check out the Okta branch on your local machine, run the following command.
git clone -b okta
If you find any issues, please add a comment below, and I’ll do my best to help. If you liked this tutorial, you should follow my team on Twitter. We also have a YouTube channel where we publish screencasts. | https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/12/03/bootiful-spring-boot-java-vue-typescript | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 3,647 | 50.84 |
W3C Glossary system updates
Today, I finally found the time and the motivation to update the W3C Glossary system to make it use the SKOS schema that was developed as part of the W3C SWAD Europe Thesaurus activity; as I said in the related announcemen, this was mostly changing a few namespaces declarations and element names, since the custom RDF Schema that we had developed for the project was so close to SKOS’ one.
Well, of course, it wasn’t as easy as it should have been, since there was always something I had forgot to check in my regexp, but really, it didn’t take more than a couple of hours.
I have the feeling the glossary isn’t known enough in the W3C community, and I’m certainly responsible for it, since I didn’t make any formal announcement to the relevant parties (not even spec-prod!); I guess I should fix that, but it’s not clear that summer is the best period for that. The Technical Plenary would have been a good occasion, if I had prepared a lightning talk on it – oh well…
Now it would be nice if the system supported the SKOS API; next time, maybe.
July 9th, 2004 at 18:03
Woohoo! Excellent job!
e
July 11th, 2004 at 20:39
Very nice! :) :)
Are links to RDF/SKOS downloads available anywhere? Have you done any work on multilingual/translated glossaries that could be expressed in SKOS?
July 12th, 2004 at 09:13
the RDF/SKOS glossaries are available on W3C site, although they are not linked from anywhere reasonable, I think. Regarding multilingual glossaries, we had made a few attemps using our former schema in combination with xml:lang, and I expect it would work as well with SKOS; but ‘as well’ is not much to say, since relying on xml:lang feels a bit clumsy for modeling a translation relationship…
July 20th, 2004 at 17:31
Nice. Regarding the multilingual problem, the SWAD-E reports on multilingual thesauri and inter-thesaurus mapping may be useful, both linked from here. Feedback on multilingual issues to public-esw-thes@w3.org most welcome!!! | http://people.w3.org/~dom/archives/2004/07/w3c-glossary-system-updates/ | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 360 | 63.93 |
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#7880 closed defect (fixed)
"ioerror: invalid mode: Ur" in htfile.py
Description
Python 2.4 complains about invalid mode Ur in htfile.py, line 209
def _get_users(self, filename): f = open(filename, 'Ur') for line in f: user = line.split(':', 1)[0]
Solved it by simply changing mode to 'rU' everywhere in that file.
Attachments (0)
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by hasienda
- Keywords python syntax added
- Status changed from new to assigned
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by hasienda
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from assigned to closed
(In [9344]) AccountManagerPlugin: Correct reversed mode argument in read mode, closes #7880.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
Sure, my fault. Python docs confirms your findings.
I've tested extensively before, so his has slipped through, because at least Python2.5 tolerates the reverse order and works with 'Ur' just the same way as 'rU'.
So many thanks for the report. Will fix this immediately. | http://trac-hacks.org/ticket/7880 | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 170 | 76.01 |
If you use React to render your static site and browser app, you’ll need routing to work in both places. With a little setup, you’re golden.
Generate a Static Site from React
React is most commonly used to render in-browser single page apps. But the React component abstraction so pleasant to work in that some want it in the server realm as well. In this case, we want to use React to help us pre-render our entire site as a static site that we can deploy it as pure html.
To accomplish this, we’ll use Webpack and a Webpack plugin,
static-site-generator-webpack-plugin. We won’t cover all the
module.rules setup for loaders for React and what not, but you’ll still have to do that. We’ll focus on the Webpack setup that the static site requires.
First, install the plugin:
npm install static-site-generator-webpack-plugin --save-dev
And add it to your
plugins list in your
webpack.config.js:
{ plugins: [ new StaticSiteGeneratorPlugin({ crawl: true }) ] }
Your
webpack.config.js also includes an entry point. Make this the entry point of your site where React will call render. The give out output directory for where you want the static files to end up. Something like this:
import path from 'path' // ... { entry: 'index.js', output: { filename: 'index.js', path: path.resolve('dist'), libraryTarget: 'umd' } }
react-router on the Server
The entry point for the
StaticSiteGeneratorPlugin is a little different than most React app entry points. It needs to be a module that has a default export of a function that takes a
locals argument from the plugin:
export default locals => {}
Inside the function, we’re going to engage the router. We could route a number of ways. Why not use the venerable
react-router which supports server-side routing? So go’on, install it:
npm install react-router-dom --save-dev
We’ll use its
StaticRouter. To tell the router which route the
StaticSiteGeneratorPlugin is trying to render, we need to pass it a
location prop. The
locals argument to our function has that exact information in
locals.path:
import { StaticRouter, Route } from 'react-router-dom' export default locals => <StaticRouter location={locals.path} context={{}}></StaticRouter>
We also supply
StaticRouter a
context prop with an empty object to keep the router from whining at us.
The routes for our site are defined just like any other React app that uses
react-router-dom:
const routes = ( <div> <Route exact path="/" component={Home} /> <Route exact path="/about" component={About} /> </div> )
That errant wrapping
<div /> is so
react-router will be happy with a single element as a child of
StaticRouter.
Finally, we realize that what usually exists in a React app, a pre-made
index.html for bootstrapping our application on to, doesn’t exist. So we’ll make a React component that represents just that:
const Html = props => <html> <head><title>My Static Site</title></head> <body> <div id="app"> {props.children} </div> <script src="/index.js"></script> </body> </html>
Now let’s put it all together. To get the
routes to work, we have to nest them within
StaticRouter. Then we need to make sure to call
ReactDOMServer.renderToString to get the static html to be generated. All together now:
import ReactDOMServer from 'react-dom/server' import { StaticRouter, Route } from 'react-router-dom' export default locals => ReactDOMServer.renderToString( <StaticRouter location={locals.path} context={{}}> <Html> {routes} </Html> </StaticRouter> )
Now if we run the site generation with the command
webpack in the terminal, we will look in our
dist/ directory and behold:
- An
index.htmlfile for our
Homeview
- An
about/index.htmlfile for our
Aboutview
- An
index.jsfile for the generated JavaScript
Because the
StaticSiteGeneratorPlugin‘s
crawl: true mode was on in our
webpack.config.js, it started a path at
/ and followed links from there. Presumably we had some
ReactRouterDOM.Link components for nav to the other pages in our site (ie, the
/about page) for this to work.
Now the files are generated, and we’re ready to go. Well, almost. What if we want to have an active client-side React app in the browser? At this point, it won’t happen. We’ll need to add something to make that work as well.
react-router in the Browser
If we pop open our
dist/index.html, we’ll see that we are including a
<script src="/index.js"></script> at the bottom of our markup. But this isn’t actually running anything when the browser interprets it. Remember that when we defined our app’s entry point for the
StaticSiteGeneratorPlugin, we exposed a function (
export default locals => {}). But we need some code to run when the file’s interpreted on the page, and we don’t have that yet. But we do have a whole app that knows how to respond to a router and routes, and now we have a browser, so let’s use
BrowserRouter from
react-router-dom.
At the bottom of our site’s
index.js file, let’s insert our addition:
import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' //... if (typeof document != 'undefined') { ReactDOM.render( <BrowserRouter>{routes}</BrowserRouter>, document.getElementById('app') ) }
A few things to note:
- We check to see if
documentexists before we run this code. If it does exist, it means there’s a DOM – we’re in the browser. This check keeps the
document.getElementByIdcall from bombing in the server render.
- We are not wrapping the
routeswith the
<Html />component here. This is because the HTML is on the page already from static render time.
Since this code is not wrapped in a function, it’ll execute as soon as it’s included on the page.
ReactDOM.render will be called, and we’ll now be able to have React handle things for us in the browser (eg,
onClick or anything interactive).
It took a bit of doing, and now we have an
index.js file that is the entry point for a static server-rendered site and the live browser app as well.
What’s your approach to this kind of thing? What could we do to adjust this to be even better? | https://jaketrent.com/post/react-routing-static-site-browser | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 1,035 | 66.84 |
1 /*2 * Copyright (C) 2004 - France Telecom R&D3 * Copyright (C) 2004 - fr.dyade.aaa.agent;24 25 import java.io.Serializable ;26 import org.jgroups.Address;27 28 /**29 * Message used by a slave component to request the server state.30 */31 public class HAStateRequest implements Serializable {32 /**33 * The requestor address. This address is actually unused as the34 * reply is broadcasted to all components (to keep order with other35 * messages).36 */37 private Address addr = null;38 39 public HAStateRequest(Address addr) {40 this.addr = addr;41 }42 43 public Address getAddress() {44 return addr;45 }46 47 public String toString() {48 StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer ();49 50 buf.append("(HAStateRequest(").append(super.toString());51 buf.append(",addr=").append(addr).append("))");52 53 return buf.toString();54 }55 }56
Java API By Example, From Geeks To Geeks. | Our Blog | Conditions of Use | About Us_ | | http://kickjava.com/src/fr/dyade/aaa/agent/HAStateRequest.java.htm | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 146 | 52.36 |
The.
A typical example of the first program in any programming language is the output of the text "Hello, World!" :
#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, World!\n"; }
But is it so simple in this program? In general, already this one small program carries a very large layer of information, which must be understood for development in C++.
- #include directive
#include <iostream>
tells the compiler that it is necessary to connect a header file, the components of which are planned to be used in the file where the main() function is declared. iostream is a standard input library from STL. That is, the functional of libraries is already used here, although it is the standard for the language. And the last point is the angle brackets, in which the name of the library is located, which say that this is the inclusion of external files in the project, and not those that are part of the project. The same files that are included in the project are connected by enclosing them in normal quotes, for example #include "myclass.h" . This library connection is standard. For example, in Visual Studio , if this standard is not followed, errors will occur.
std is the use of the namespace in which the cout output statement is located. Namespaces were introduced in C ++ in order to remove name conflicts between libraries and the developer's project, if there are repeated names of functions or classes somewhere. In Java, the package system is used to resolve name conflicts.
cout is an output operator that has an overloaded operator << , in order not to use a separate function to output text to the console.
This is in addition to the fact that the record of the main function can have a different form, although the standard is two records:
- int main()
- int main(int argc, char* argv[])
You can find more records like void main() , etc. But these are erroneous records, although in some compilers they will be compiled, even without errors and warnings.
In the record int main (int argc, char * argv []) arguments are passed:
- argc - indicates the number of arguments passed. Always at least 1, because the name of the program is always passed
- argv[] - an array of pointers to arguments that are passed as string variables.
If argc is greater than 1, then additional arguments were passed when the program was started.
The check can look like this:
#include <iostream> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // If an additional argument is passed, if (argc > 1) { // Then try to derive the argument std::cout << argv[1]<<endl; } else { // Otherwise, we inform you that the arguments were not transmitted cout << "Without arguments" << endl; } return 0; }
In general, there are a lot of things that you need to understand in C ++, even for a small program, but this is only more interesting ;-) | https://evileg.com/en/post/249/ | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 475 | 65.86 |
RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkFlaven Jul 26, 2012 12:15 PM
I've noticed that when upgrading RH9 projects to RH10, that RH10 will corrupt (e.g., "Broken Link") all bookmarks set on a drop-down text link. For example, I have a head "Changing the Status in PowerFlow" which when clicked, drops-down a chunk of text. The head is also included as a bookmark, "Changing_the_Status_in_PowerFlow".
These all worked perfectly in RH9 and I've tested the upgrade to RH10 multiple times with the exact same outcome. Bookmarks not associated with drop-down text are unaffected. Note the three MM-4000 broken links, which are associated with drop-downs; there is a fourth bookmark, not associated with a drop-down link, that is accessible:
RH10 inserts a "#" into the bookmark link, producing a "The filename is invalid. The "#" character cannot be used in a path." error. The bookmarks no longer show up in Project Files, but do show on the topic page (with highlighting) and in the bookmark dialog, but the bookmark on the page does not get selected -- as normal -- in the bookmark dialog.
When compiled as a WebHelp project, the bookmarks work as expected. I'm not sure what the correct syntax is for a legit bookmark, and searching for "#Changing..." and deleting the "#" removes the selection from the Broken Links list, but changes no other behavior.
If anyone has any other fixit ideas, I'd be appreciative: I have hundreds of these throughout multiple projects. Thanks...
1. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPeter Grainge Jul 30, 2012 11:56 AM (in response to Flaven)
Ross
I just created a dropdown in a Rh9 project and bookmarked it. In another topic I created a link to the bookmark and tested it. It worked as expected.
Then I upgraded the project to Rh10 and it still worked.
Are you able to create a new project in Rh9 and test the upgrade with that?
See for RoboHelp and Authoring tips
2. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkFlaven Jul 30, 2012 12:08 PM (in response to Peter Grainge)
Thanks, Peter. New bookmarks of this sort in RH10 work as expected. I uninstalled RH9 and am only working in RH10 at this point--for whatever reason, every single project I had previously created (or upgraded to) in RH9 express this odd behavior, so it may be a carryover from RH7 to RH8 to Rh9...you get the drift. Since the bookmarks work, despite the Broken Link report, I'm leaving well enough alone at this point. If others experience a similar oddity, then it may be worth follow-up--since it's just me at this point...
3. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPeter Grainge Jul 30, 2012 12:19 PM (in response to Flaven)
If you're happy with it, I'm happy. Will keep this in mind if anyone else posts.
See for RoboHelp and Authoring tips
4. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkFlaven Jul 30, 2012 12:28 PM (in response to Peter Grainge)
Thanks, Peter: you're the cat's meow. If it does crop up on someone else, I'll pitch in.
5. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Jul 30, 2012 9:35 PM (in response to Flaven)
hi Flaven,
Can you please share project so that RoboHelp team can look into the issue, you can upload the project @ acrobat.com and share it with me praful@adobe.com
this way the RH team will take a better look at the issue and provide some solution to the community.
thanks
Praful
Adobe RoboHelp team
6. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkFlaven Jul 31, 2012 7:53 AM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Thank you, Praful. I sent you a zip file via YouSendIt and you should have received a notification by now from YouSendIt that the file is available for download. If you have not received the notification, please check your spam folder (I love telling people to do that...<G>)--or I can send you the download link directly.
7. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Aug 3, 2012 5:16 AM (in response to Flaven)
hi Flaven,
I downloaded the project file, and looked at the issue. The issue is very specific, just to let all the other people aware, the issue, if you create a DHTML text (dropdown or expanding), and then on that DHTML text you apply bookmark, then upgrade the project to RH10, the bookmark does not appear.
The same is the case if you create a new project in RH10 and add bookmark to DHTML text, then bookmark does not appear in the project mgr pod.
I have a fix for this issue, the fix is to run a script which is shared @
you need to follow the following steps
- Download the script file.
- Open RoboHelp project, click View>pod>script Explorer
- in the script explorer, right click and select import and select the downloaded script file.
- Take backup of your project where DHTML issue is happening.
- Open the project, open the script explorer pod, right click on the new script file and select run.
- the script will fix the whole project and all the bookmarks will start working fine.
The script is just a workaround, till the time RoboHelp engineering team fixes this issue,
thanks
Praful Jain
Adobe RoboHelp team
8. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkCaptiv8r Aug 3, 2012 5:38 AM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Good job, Praful!
Question on this. Does the script only need to be run once? Or will it need to be run repeatedly after a specific set of events?
Cheers... Rick
9. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Aug 3, 2012 6:07 AM (in response to Captiv8r)
Like I said earlier, this is just a workaround not a complete fix, if you are creating bookmarks on DHTML text only then you need to run this script. otherwise bookmarks are working fine, so most of the users will not require this script.
Also if you want to add bookmark to DHTML text, better to add bookmark before the start of the text, instead of on the DHTML text, then script is not required.
the issue occurs only when bookmark and DHTML text are overlapping.
thanks
Praful Jain
10. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkFlaven Aug 3, 2012 6:19 AM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Thank you, Praful: that worked like a charm. I noted no issues running the script and the outcome was perfect.
11. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Aug 3, 2012 10:32 PM (in response to Flaven)
Thanks for the confirmation, I always think Extendscript to be an extension to RoboHelp. We can extend RoboHelp and come up with many new features using extendscript feature.
Please mark the forum link as answered so that community can get direct answer to the problem.
thanks
Praful Jain
Adobe RoboHelp Team
12. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkCara Bereck Levy Apr 23, 2013 7:06 AM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Hi--I am now having this problem. I wanted to download the script, but the link provided does not lead there.
Is there an alternate link?
Thanks, Cara
13. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPeter Grainge Apr 23, 2013 9:19 AM (in response to Cara Bereck Levy)
I am on the case.
See for RoboHelp and Authoring tips
14. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkCara Bereck Levy Apr 24, 2013 5:46 AM (in response to Peter Grainge)
Thanks, Peter
15. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Apr 25, 2013 10:13 PM (in response to Cara Bereck Levy)
Seems like the script URL has changed a bit due to changes in acrobat.com the new URL is
Please follow the steps provided above in the post to run this script.
Thanks
Praful Jain
16. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkCara Bereck Levy Apr 28, 2013 4:45 AM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Can you hear me cheering over there? Worked like a charm--THANKS!!!
17. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPeter Grainge Apr 28, 2013 7:34 AM (in response to Cara Bereck Levy)
See for RoboHelp and Authoring tips
18. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkPraful_Jain Apr 28, 2013 8:35 PM (in response to Cara Bereck Levy)
19. Re: RH10 Corrupts Bookmark Links on Drop-down Text LinkAmit Agarwal Feb 27, 2014 9:14 PM (in response to Praful_Jain)
Since workspaces.acrobat.com is retiring soon, placing the (above) refered file here itself:
---------------------------------------------------------
/***************************************************************************************** ******************
* $$FileName Fix DHTML bookmark issue in RH10.jsx
*
* $$Description In RH10, DHTML text with bookmark information is not coming up fine in project manager pod. this script fixes the issue
*
* Author Praful Jain
*
****************************************************************************************** ******************/
main();
function main()
{
//check if the project is open or not
if(RoboHelp.project != undefined )
{
if(IsRoboHelp10())
{
DoWork ();
}
else
{
alert("This script is written for RH10 users only");
}
}
else
alert("Open Project and then run the script");
}
function msg(szString)
{
RoboHelp.project.outputMessage (szString);
}
function IsRoboHelp10() {
//get the RoboHelp version
var versionString = RoboHelp.version;
var iVersion = parseInt(versionString);
return (iVersion == 10);
}
function DoWork()
{
msg("\nTraversing the project.............\n");
//parse though every thing and count the words
var tpMgr = RoboHelp.project.TopicManager;
var snpMgr = RoboHelp.project.SnippetManager;
msg("****************Started Traversing Topics now*********************\n");
TraverseManager(tpMgr,true);
msg("****************Started Traversing Snippets now*********************\n");
TraverseManager(snpMgr,false);
msg("******************************************************************************* *******\n");
msg("Fixed the whole project\n");
}
function TraverseManager(mgr,bTopic)
{
var nCount = 0;
for(var index=1;index<=mgr.count;index++)
{
//for each item, get the file path
var file = mgr.item(index);
var filename;
if(bTopic)
filename = file.filename;
else
filename = file.name + file.extension;
PatchTopicForDHTMLBookmark(file.path,filename);
}
}
function PatchTopicForDHTMLBookmark(filepath,filename)
{
msg('Travsersing File '+filename+'\n');
var bBodyFound=false;
//we need to get token Manager
var nCount = 0;
var tknmgr = RoboHelp.getTokenManager (filepath);
var bSave=false;
var token = tknmgr.item(1);
while (isValidType(token))
{
if(token.tokenType == RoboHelp.TokenType.TOKENXMLPI )
{
var strTokenName = token.name;
var strTokenLowerCase=strTokenName;
strTokenLowerCase = strTokenLowerCase.toLowerCase();
if(strTokenLowerCase.search("<?rh-dropspot_start")!=-1 || strTokenLowerCase.search("<?rh-expandspot_start")!=-1)
{
var startIndex = strTokenLowerCase.indexOf("name=\"");
if(startIndex!=-1)
{
var endIndex = strTokenLowerCase.indexOf('"',startIndex+6);
if(endIndex!=-1)
{
var lenBookmark = endIndex - startIndex-6;
var strBookmarkName=strTokenName.substr(startIndex+6,lenBookmark);
if(!isEmptyString(strBookmarkName))
{
//we need to create a new bookmark before this and delete this name attribute
var strNewTokenText = strTokenName.substr(0,startIndex);
strNewTokenText += strTokenName.substr(endIndex+1);
var strBookmarkHTML = '<a name="'+strBookmarkName+'"></a>'+strNewTokenText;
token.insertText(strBookmarkHTML,false);
token.delete();
bSave = true;
}
}
}
}
}
token = token.next;
}
if(bSave)
{
msg('\t\tFixed DHTML bookmarks in file '+filename+'\n');
tknmgr.save();
}
tknmgr.close();
return nCount;
}
function isValidType(value) {
if (typeof (value) !== 'undefined' && value != null) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
function isEmptyString(szString) {
var bRetVal = true;
if (isValidType(szString)) {
szString = trim(szString);
bRetVal = szString.length == 0;
}
return bRetVal;
}
function trim(szString) {
return szString.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
}
---------------------------------------------------------
~Amit Agarwal | https://forums.adobe.com/message/4597827 | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | refinedweb | 1,880 | 63.8 |
Hi all,
This is to do with the time and space complexity of the code below, an exercise on an algorithms course. It asks the user to choose integer n, then give integers between 1 and n minus one of the integers. Then it finds which of the integers is missing. The code as it is works just fine, however it runs too slow. The exercise instructions give as a hint that there is an algorithm for this with time complexity of O(n) and space complexity of O(1) and that the code is to be able to handle a million integers in a few seconds. Note that I can only add/alter things within the missingNumber( ) method. I'm a bit of a beginner in the time and space complexity subject matter, so could someone give me some hints as to which direction to go to improve my code? Thanks a bunch.
Code :
import java.util.Scanner; public class MissingNumber { public static Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in); public static int missingNumber(int[] numbers) { int missing = 0; for (int i: numbers) { missing ^= i; } for (int i = 1; i <= numbers.length + 1; i++) { missing ^= i; } return missing; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("Max number? "); int biggest = reader.nextInt(); int numbers[] = new int[biggest - 1]; System.out.println("Give numbers:"); for (int i = 0; i < biggest - 1; i++) { numbers[i] = reader.nextInt(); } int missing = missingNumber(numbers); System.out.println("Missing number: " + missing); } } | http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/%20algorithms-recursion/22842-how-improve-algorithms-efficiency-printingthethread.html | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 246 | 66.74 |
One Interface To Rule Them All
Python library for interacting with many of the popular cloud service providers using a unified API.
Supports more than 50 providers such as
Supports more than 50 providers such as
Latest stable version: 2.2.1
pip install apache-libcloud
Or download it from our servers and install it manually.
from libcloud.compute.types import Provider from libcloud.compute.providers import get_driver cls = get_driver(Provider.RACKSPACE) driver = cls('username', 'api key', region='iad') sizes = driver.list_sizes() images = driver.list_images() size = [s for s in sizes if s.id == 'performance1-1'][0] image = [i for i in images if 'Ubuntu 12.04' in i.name][0] node = driver.create_node(name='libcloud', size=size, image=image) print(node)
For information on what the code does, click or hover over the line.
For more compute examples, see documentation.
from libcloud.dns.types import Provider, RecordType from libcloud.dns.providers import get_driver cls = get_driver(Provider.ZERIGO) driver = cls('email', 'api key') zones = driver.list_zones() zone = [zone for zone in zones if zone.domain == 'mydomain.com'][0] record = zone.create_record(name='www', type=RecordType.A, data='127.0.0.1') print(record)
For information on what the code does, click or hover over the line.
For more DNS examples, see documentation.
Libcloud Year in Review 2017
You can also subscribe and stay up to date using our RSS / Atom feed.
See more projects and companies using Libcloud.
Users mailing list: users@libcloud.apache.org
Developers mailing list: dev@libcloud.apache.org
IRC channel: #libcloud on Freenode | http://libcloud.apache.org/ | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 257 | 54.69 |
Hotkey not working
Hello,
I`m new to SikuliX. I wanted to call a function with a hotkey. However, I can`t get it to work.
This is the complete code in my script, bare minimum:
def startButton(event):
click(
Env.addHotkey(
Now when I click the 'run' button in the IDE noting happens except for the fact that the IDE gets minimized and restored within a split second. The output log in the IDE reads:
[info] HotkeyManager: add Hotkey: STRG+UMSCHALT F1 (112, 3)
Calling the script from the command line produces the same results.
I`m on Windows 10 x64 using SikuliXIDE 1.1.1
Thanks in advance for your help.
Question information
- Language:
- English Edit question
- Status:
- Solved
- For:
- Sikuli Edit question
- Assignee:
- No assignee Edit question
- Solved:
- 2017-07-20
- Last query:
- 2017-07-20
- Last reply:
- 2017-07-20
This question was reopened
- 2017-07-20 by colonel_claypoo
Thanks masuo, that solved my question.
Is there a way not to require a popup? It`s a little annoying after a couple of executions. But thanks so far!
There is a way to sleep instead of popup.
sleep(60)
Thanks masuo, that solved my question.
Any code not to exit program is necessary.
def startButton(event):
"1500539809932. png")
click(
Env.addHotkey(
Key.F1, KeyModifier.CTRL + KeyModifier.SHIFT, startButton) #<--- change "S" to "s"
popup("Click [OK] to exit") #<--- add this code | https://answers.launchpad.net/sikuli/+question/650553 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 234 | 68.06 |
Java is an OOPs language that can be learnt and practiced easily. The laborious code of C/C++ involving lot of control structure iterations simple forget in Java. Java comes with many predefined methods which make coding simple and fast. For this reason Java is known as "Production Language". To achieve this goal, Java came with special features like platform-independent, implicit memory management etc. Let us go further into the Java Tutorial.
Java does not support pointers. You can write a Linked List program with all the operations without using pointers. As memory is automatically managed either creation or destruction, Java does not support memory functions like malloc(), calloc(), sizeof(), free() delete() etc. Java is object-oriented with the support of Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism. The basic constructs of Java code comprise of classes, variables, methods and constructors etc. Java does not support destructors as garbage collector will be working at the background to destroy the memory that is not used by the remaining part of code.
Let us write a simple application and then go further into this Java Tutorial.
Observe, the whole code lies within the class declaration of opening brace and closing brace. For this reason, even the main() method is written within the class only. The whole code is known by the name called Demo. The package java.lang is imported. A package of Java is equivalent to a header file of C/C++. A package contains classes. java.lang package contains classes like String and System used in the program. As these two classes are very much needed for every Java class you write, this package is implicitly imported if the Developer does not import himself. Like this many things are automatically taken by Java and is one of the reasons why Java simple.
A public class can be accessed by any other class without any restriction. public is a keyword of Java and the other 4 keywords used in the code are import, class, static and void.
public static void main(String args[])
The main() in Java comes with a few properties. public means can be accessed without any restriction, static means can be called without the need of an object, void means does not return a value and finally String args[] parameter is used to access command line arguments.
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
System.out.println(“Best Wishes”);
println(“Hello World”) is a method which prints the parameter Hello World at command prompt. ln in println() adds a new line character equivalent writing \n in C-lang. That is, \n is inbuilt into the method itself.
To land correctly in Java and to sail smoothly follow the links in the same order.
1. Java Language – Introduction
2. Java for Beginners
3. Basic Java
4. What is a class in Java?
5. Classes of Java
6. Java Types of Classes
Once get acquainted with the basics, now you can go slowly into the other step-by-step. | http://way2java.com/java-general/java-tutorial/ | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 495 | 58.69 |
. Controlling Page Navigation in JSF - Static and Dy
View Tutorial By: chip at 2010-10-07 05:16:14
2. What if I wanted POST instead of GET?
View Tutorial By: Otto at 2011-06-12 15:38:50
3. public class zcxzcStack
{
//push fun
View Tutorial By: eissen at 2014-09-22 13:32:20
4. Imports Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel
View Tutorial By: Nilesh at 2014-12-01 13:45:25
5. To handle multiple submit buttons you can use stan
View Tutorial By: Vic at 2008-12-23 12:03:43
6. i need to code for sparse matrix in java. please
View Tutorial By: sudhi at 2012-10-01 09:34:57
7. In 6th point .....there is a spelling mistake...mi
View Tutorial By: Gnani at 2009-09-22 12:25:59
8. thanks a lot that helped.. =D
View Tutorial By: Karthik at 2008-11-16 02:27:53
9. Nice Intro to start J2Me
View Tutorial By: Mak at 2009-07-04 10:36:00
10. Thank so much it helped me God bless :)
View Tutorial By: Judito at 2014-06-14 06:52:18 | https://www.java-samples.com/showcomment.php?commentid=36424 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | refinedweb | 193 | 78.96 |
Lopy SPI
Hi.
I am communicating through SPI an adc with integrated SPI with a lopy. My problem is that I receive the correct data most of the time but not all the time, so I used a logical analyzer to see the data frame sent by the lopy, and when I saw it I realized that sometimes the clock gets out of control. Is there any way to make sure that this doesn't happen?
SPI config:
from machine import SPI
spi = SPI(0, mode=SPI.MASTER, baudrate=4000000, polarity=0, phase=1, firstbit=SPI.MSB)
rbuf = bytearray(4)
spi.write_readinto(bytes([0xD5, 0x8B, 0xD5, 0x8B]), rbuf)
Images of the logic analyzer (three data frames):
The data frame above is the clock and the bottom one is the MOSI. As you can see in the third image, the clock isn't correct in the second and third byte.
Thank you and sorry about my english. | https://forum.pycom.io/topic/2466/lopy-spi | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 156 | 73.98 |
Need CA VPN to view.
Experimenting with this link, trying to understand process. I got stuck. Was able to obtain keys with l3 guesser extension. dled encrypted files using ytp-dlp. tried to decrypt with keys using mp4 decrypt. mp4 played but looked corrupted.
What is simplest method? Obtain keys, then download encrypted files, then decrypt? Or is there a better way?
Please let me know if more info needed.
+ Reply to Thread
Results 1 to 26 of 26
Thread
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as Sviets says on this video we have multiple keys.
so:
1) get key
Code:
c98776fd218e995a08ee12e5506f9f90:21efd0916ba347459c2e49990baee54d e14526eb374792d803d8ee914d074b94:89d0d7a9405b6da5ba0202c136dc2974 c98776fd218e995a08ee12e5506f9f90:63d0e8e1f8ee22fecb9a84ed24252678 e14526eb374792d803d8ee914d074b94:f63f155b79f4cae91b21d2c933051486
Code:
yt-dlp --allow-u
Code:
mp4decrypt --key1 <id>:<k> --key2 <id>:<k> --key3 <id>:<k> --key4 <id>:<k> <input> <output>
Code:
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i audio.m4a -c copy muxed.mp4
[{"key":"2586210ff9fe553585fd97b58744e8d3:9a6823219 a01069c3d351465c5c98076"},{"key":"4aebae8308c85a2c af51bfb29a247a33:1ff3c2f9f81d089dd630f3b993fbff10" },{"key":"51fe361f95e657918dc0ef6087ae637f:4d220eb 1e9ab9abb1bb36257903e5bd2"}]
KID="a923ac15-9c54-43c2-b2ad-eda228bc2f9a"
Trying to decrypt
Code:
Code:
D:\video>: ERROR: unexpected argument (--key2)
Last edited by mister_ nex; 4th Dec 2021 at 07:25.
Correct syntax:
mp4decrypt --key 2586210ff9fe553585fd97b58744e8d3:9a6823219a01069c3 d351465c5c98076 --key 4aebae8308c85a2caf51bfb29a247a33:1ff3c2f9f81d089dd 630f3b993fbff10 --key 51fe361f95e657918dc0ef6087ae637f:4d220eb1e9ab9abb1 bb36257903e5bd2 video-v1.mp4 my_decrypted_file.mp4
-
-
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Works fine everything,decrypted all files
(the keys in this example are random)
Code:
mp4decrypt --key 1eccbb506ef45ffd9df4f19e7fa41043:2f3d558402056f588f0542e789c07a3d --key 2bf55dfccb93568ba0b26ac745ad78cc:147fe2333087487524c909e4bae2e70c --key ec421b95709e583a88e9fe4fff3d3da8:382c3435884836a5a4eb48c9b3894448 encrypt.mp4 decrypted.mp4
Thanks, lomero, for the tip above using yt-dlp to just get the file!
Before I learned that trick with yt-dlp, I was using N_m3u8_DL. Basically the same thing but needs you do BaseURL as well as it oddly just errors out with the MPD unlike yt-dlp.
I will admit, if you are going to get a Series with yt-dlp, I would do -o SHOW-SXXEXX at the end of yt-dlp or something similar. Otherwise, you can go nuts with tons of files named Manifest-XXXX.
Last edited by RedPenguin; 4th Dec 2021 at 18:29.
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Works fine.
Example
Code:
mp4dump.exe init.mp4 [ftyp] size=8+20 major_brand = isom minor_version = 0 compatible_brand = isom compatible_brand = iso5 compatible_brand = iso6 [moov] size=8+876 [mvhd] size=12+96 timescale = 30000 duration = 0 duration(ms) = 0 [trak] size=8+570 [tkhd] size=12+80, flags=7 enabled = 1 id = 1 duration = 0 width = 1280.000000 height = 720.000000 [mdia] size=8+470 [mdhd] size=12+20 timescale = 30000 duration = 0 duration(ms) = 0 language = und [hdlr] size=12+25 handler_type = vide handler_name = [minf] size=8+393 [vmhd] size=12+8, flags=1 graphics_mode = 0 op_color = 0000,0000,0000 [dinf] size=8+28 [dref] size=12+16 [url ] size=12+0, flags=1 location = [local to file] [stbl] size=8+329 [stsd] size=12+249 entry_count = 1 [encv] size=8+237 data_reference_index = 1 width = 1280 height = 720 compressor = [avcC] size=8+51 Configuration Version = 1 Profile = Main Profile Compatibility = 40 Level = 31 NALU Length Size = 4 Sequence Parameter = [27 4d 40 1f b9 18 0a 00 b7 60 22 00 00 07 d2 00 01 d4 c1 c0 40 00 63 2e 80 00 31 97 5d ef 70 1f 08 84 53 80] Picture Parameter = [28 fe bc 80] [btrt] size=8+12 [sinf] size=8+72 [frma] size=8+4 original_format = avc1 [schm] size=12+8 scheme_type = cenc scheme_version = 65536 [schi] size=8+32 [tenc] size=12+20 default_isProtected = 1 default_Per_Sample_IV_Size = 8 default_KID = [c9 87 76 fd 21 8e 99 5a 08 ee 12 e5 50 6f 9f 90] [stts] size=12+4 entry_count = 0 [stsc] size=12+4 entry_count = 0 [stsz] size=12+8 sample_size = 0 sample_count = 0 [stco] size=12+4 entry_count = 0 [mvex] size=8+32 [trex] size=12+20 track id = 1 default sample description index = 1 default sample duration = 0 default sample size = 0 default sample flags = 0 [pssh] size=12+138 system_id = [ed ef 8b a9 79 d6 4a ce a3 c8 27 dc d5 1d 21 ed] data_size = 118
Code:
c98776fd218e995a08ee12e5506f9f90
Code:
import base64 def get_pssh(keyId): array_of_bytes = bytearray( b'\x00\x00\x002pssh\x00\x00\x00\x00') array_of_bytes.extend(bytes.fromhex("edef8ba979d64acea3c827dcd51d21ed")) array_of_bytes.extend(b'\x00\x00\x00\x12\x12\x10') array_of_bytes.extend(bytes.fromhex( keyId.replace("-", ""))) return base64.b64encode(bytes.fromhex(array_of_bytes.hex())) kid = input("Please input KID in hex string: ") kid = kid.replace('-', '') assert len(kid) == 32 and not isinstance(kid, bytes), "wrong KID length" print("PSSH {}".format(get_pssh(kid).decode('utf-8')))
Code:
AAAAMnBzc2gAAAAA7e+LqXnWSs6jyCfc1R0h7QAAABISEMmHdv0hjplaCO4S5VBvn5A=
You are gonna have more trouble with sending the license request, though.
Thank you very much for the code snippet. That makes life much easier rather than using a website to generate the PSSH from the KID.
My mistake had been trying to generate the PSSH from the [pssh] part of the mp4dump rather than just from the KID. (I swear, on another file I tried, there was more data there rather than just the widevine ID).
When I try the PSSH on the getwvkeys site, I get an unspecified error. I'm pretty sure the license url is:
Code:
Also CTV.ca only has 2 keys each (first one for video and second for audio). If you have the headers wrong, the license server oddly throws you 3 random keys. Once you copy the correct headers from Web Tools, you should get only a 2 key response.
EDIT: Check your PSSH, because even without changing headers on getwvkeys (I've been using WKS mostly), I do get the correct keys for a PSSH from CTV.ca.
Thanks for that tip. I will try that as well to make sure I've got everything right. I'll keep trying stuff and see if I can figure this out. Although it's good to know that other people have gotten this to work so there's a place I can go for help if I'm totally stuck. Thanks!
UPDATE: Finally got it working. Thanks everyone!
Last edited by achilles; 7th Dec 2021 at 08:34.
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Just copy that code in Notepad, save it as kid.py, make sure you have Python installed and just open cmd in the folder where kid.py is and type kid.py and press enter.
Anyways, you are better off using this EME thing, because sometimes the Python script I posted won't be of use. It requires for you to download the init and sometimes that's not possible.
Regarding generating the pssh, I also prefer to try various ways manually. Indeed, EME Logger works very well.
On the other hand, when I run kid.py, as shown in the screenshot, I get the following message:
[Attachment 62250 - Click to enlarge]
Thank you for your help!
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did ctv change their method? it errors for me
C:\WKS-KEYS>l3.py
PSSH: AAAAMnBzc2gAAAAA7e+LqXnWSs6jyCfc1R0h7QAAABISEMmHdv 0hjplaCO4S5VBvn5A=
License URL:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\WKS-KEYS\l3.py", line 25, in <module>
correct, keys = WV_Function(pssh, lic_url)
File "C:\WKS-KEYS\l3.py", line 21, in WV_Function
wvdecrypt.update_license(license_b64)
File "C:\WKS-KEYS\pywidevine\L3\decrypt\wvdecryptcustom.py", line 58, in update_license
self.cdm.provide_license(self.session, license_b64)
File "C:\WKS-KEYS\pywidevine\L3\cdm\cdm.py", line 275, in provide_license
session.session_key = oaep_cipher.decrypt(license.SessionKey)
File "C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Pytho n39\lib\site-packages\Cryptodome\Cipher\PKC
S1_OAEP.py", line 167, in decrypt
raise ValueError("Ciphertext with incorrect length.")
ValueError: Ciphertext with incorrect length.
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I just checked it myself.
Code:
PSSH: AAAAlnBzc2gAAAAA7e+LqXnWSs6jyCfc1R0h7QAAAHYIARIQ4UUm6zdHktgD2O6RTQdLlBoJYmVsbG1lZGlhIlVwbGF5bGlzdC8yNTkyMzQ5LzMxMjI1MjExL2Rhc2gvMjAxMzAwMDEvMzA2ZjM2NTRjYzUyNTYzNS9pbmRleC81YzcxOWUxYi9ub25lL25vbmUvZHJt --key c98776fd218e995a08ee12e5506f9f90:63d0e8e1f8ee22fecb9a84ed24252678 --key e14526eb374792d803d8ee914d074b94:f63f155b79f4cae91b21d2c933051486
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Ngl.draw_color_palette
Draws the given color map and advances the frame.
Available in version 1.5.0 or later.
Prototype
Ngl.draw_color_palette(wks,colormap_name,opt)
Argumentswks
The identifier returned from calling Ngl.open_wks.colormap_name
The name of the color map to draw, like "rainbow". If this is not set, then the color map currently associated with the workstation will be drawn.opt
An optional argument that allows you to customize the way the color map is drawn. See the description below.
Return valueNone
Description
This procedure draws the given color map and advances the frame. If no color map is given, then the current colormap associated with the given workstation is drawn.
By default, the colors are drawn as filled boxes going from left-to-right, top-to-bottom, with the color index numbers (starting at 0) included in the lower left corner of each box.
Here's a list of options you can include with opt, set it is set to Ngl.Resources():
- opt.Across (default: True)
If set to False, then the color boxes will be drawn top-to-bottom, left-to-right.
- opt.LabelsOn (default: True)
If set to False, then the index numbers in each box will not be drawn.
- opt.LabelStrings (default: None)
If set to to an array of strings, then these strings will be used in place of the color index numbers.
- opt.LabelFontHeight (default: 0.015)
Allows you to change the size of the labels in the boxes.
This procedure is different from Ngl.draw_colormap, which draws the color map associated with the given workstation.
For a list of the available color maps, see the predefined color maps, or you can create your own.
See Also
Ngl.read_colormap_file, Ngl.draw_colormap, Ngl.retrieve_colormap, Ngl.open_wks, Ngl.draw
Examples
Example 1
A simple example of using Ngl.draw_color_palette to draw the "amwg256" color map:
import Ngl wks = Ngl.open_wks("x11","amwg256") Ngl.draw_color_palette(wks,"amwg256") Ngl.end()Example 2
To draw two color maps without any labels:
import Ngl wks = Ngl.open_wks("x11","example") opt = Ngl.Resources() opt.LabelsOn = False for cmap in ["cb_rainbow","StepSeq25"]: print("Drawing color map '%s'..." % cmap) Ngl.draw_color_palette(wks,cmap,opt) Ngl.end() | http://www.pyngl.ucar.edu/Functions/Ngl.draw_color_palette.shtml | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 364 | 59.3 |
Talk:Bing Maps/Coverage
Discuss Bing/Coverage here:
Contents
Global Coverage
Has someone already put all polygons of the high res images into a relation or something? I continuously find new high res areas (newest is Chargos Archipelago / Diego Garcia somewhere in the middle of the indian ocean) And it would be nice to have some sort of an overview. User:Quarksteilchen 11:26, 6 December 2010
- No. read the top few sentences on the page. Drawing ways around boundary of coverage is debatable. Adding them to relations is probably a bad idea. Add all of them to 'massive relation is a bad idea. - Harry Wood 18:58, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
- Ok thanks. Wasn't aware of this problem. But anyway, an overview would be great. --Quarksteilchen 19:02, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
- Well, this could be created as a .osm file which could be loaded into JOSM for reference purposes without including the relations in the database per se. I think this highlights the need for something like a namespace partition in the OSM database, where 'main' relates to the features which represent real world entities while 'supp' relates to supporting features which relate to mapping activities rather than real world entities. --Ceyockey 01:51, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
North America
I am wondering at the absence of North America on this page. --Ceyockey 13:07, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
- Added. From a quick look, it seems to be all covered, even the remote northern bits, but please correct me if I'm wrong -- Harry Wood 14:27, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
Karte
Übersichtlicher als eine Liste fände ich eine weltweite OSM-Karte, auf der die Abdeckung durch Luftbilder (Bing, Yahoo, etc) auf einem Layer als Flächen eingezeichnet ist, jeweils mit Angabe der Bodenauflösung. Gruss, --Markus 09:54, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
- He asked for a map showing the available resolution. Das gibt es schon. Zusammen mit dem Alter der Bilder. Siehe auch den Link auf der Seite ganz oben: --Stephankn 22:04, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
Author of ?
Hello! Who is the author of and how can I get in touch with him / her? --ALE! 10:48, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
Areas in Yahoo but not in Bing
I was under the impression that Yahoo's coverage was always inferior to Bing's i.e. Bing will cover areas which Yahoo does not (most of the UK for example), or will cover an area at better resolution (London and most of the (all of?) the US for example)
But in fact there are parts of the world where Yahoo is better than Bing. Yahoo offers various cities in Pakistan for example: Yahoo! Aerial Imagery/Coverage/Pakistan. As far as I can see Bing has nothing in Pakistan. So that seems like something worth noting/listing. I've added a note there. Maybe we should adapt the Yahoo! Aerial Imagery/Coverage page to list only areas which are not better served by bing.
-- Harry Wood 01:46, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
Coverage lists useless. Delete?
Most of this page is taken up by a big list of bing coverage details by country and city. Lots of effort gone into that and links to relations etc, but happily bing recently massively increased their coverage of the whole world I think. I imagine a lot of the info and linked boundary relations are out of date now. As a result the whole list become pretty useless, since you don't know if you're reading something up-to-date or not. Is there any point in trying to maintain this list here? I suggest we delete it, and just recommend people refer to the coverage analyser tool. -- Harry Wood (talk) 14:37, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
Sometimes imagery seems to have been removed
Strange enough coverage sometimes seems to have been removed by Bing - I noticed it with polygons being wrong/out-of-date or source=bing tagged ways created by myself where now there's only landsat imagery (and no mapbox imagery) (...and I'm really nitpicking with source tags...! ;) --katpatuka (talk) 12:29, 25 August 2015 (UTC) | http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Talk:Bing/Coverage | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 689 | 71.85 |
Hey Demis,
Another design question/challenge.
We are designing a HTTP Client Cache component that can be used by a JsonServiceClient that implements HTTP Expiration (with ETag) and HTTP Validation (Cache-Control: no-cache). The idea is that we can just wire in this client cache to a JsonServiceClient, and it would honor HTTP caching headers, just like most browsers do. It is critical for enhancing the performance of our services. Also, we were thinking of contributing this client to SS community for general use, as it is missing from the framework right now for anyone who wants to do the same.
We are having some challenges finding a way to hook this client cache into a JsonServiceClient.
Now, we are aware of the ResultsFilter and ResultsFilterResponse that are described on the wiki page:, and the sample gives a good sense of how to go about hooking into the client. However, in practice, we are finding that this hook is just slightly insufficient when it comes to implementing HTTP Validation (using ETags).
Here is the scenario:
We have a client cache and it is wired into the ResultsFilter and the ResultsFilterResponse of a JSC instance, in the same way as the wiki page demonstrates.
When a GET request by the JSC is made, the ResultsFilter hook fires, and our client cache either responds with null (nothing found in the cache yet) or it responds with the cached response (that it had previously saved with some expiry period). Implementing HTTP Expiration is a cinch, but there are times when HTTP Validation requires us to make a quick validation call to the [same] service with the the same request, and include the If-None-Match header with the the ETag.
As it goes with HTTP Validation, the server can either respond (by throwing in a MS client) a 304 - Not Modified, or return a 2XX fresh response with a new ETag and new Cache-Control headers. The client cache is then supposed to update its expiration and ETag values, and (if 2XX then cache the new response), and then serve its cached version of the response.
So, the issue is that in order for the client cache to make the addtional validation call with the 'If-None-Match: ETag' it needs a another instance of the JSC to do it. Since the current JSC is blocked in the process of handling a ResultsFilter hook from the previous GET.
Now I haven't tested this yet in a running environment, but I suspect that we can't issue a second 'If-None-Matched validation call from the same JSC that is calling us in the ResultsFilter hook? That would be nice, but I doubt it's accomadated?
If not, we will need another instance of a JSC to do that for us, and in practice, for that to work, we will need the second JSC instance to include the original request object, to the original request URI and with all the original headers of the original request that was hooked by the ResultsFilter hook. Those original request headers are not available to us in the hook [at present].
I am certain that there is a sound reason why the headers are not in the call from ResultsFilter hook, but without those request headers we cannot complete the 'Íf-None-Match' validation call. Since to make the 'If-None-Match' validation call, we must have the same request headers and request object and same request URI as the hooked call. Because for us, those original headers included things like oAuth Authorization headers and others that we have setup in the RequestFilter of our JSC for each call.
From cursory testing, it also seems that the RequestFilter of our JSC is not processed until after the ResultsFilter hook returns, so we cannot get the current headers in our hooked call either.
Are you aware of this problem? Any ideas on a reasonable workaround? (Perhaps another hook, we can use where the headers are all set in the request by the RequestFilter)? Can you think of anything we can do here? Ideally, we would not want to create another instance of the JSC, but we certainly can and will do at a pinch.
Regards
Wasn't aware of an issue with the hooks that exist now, but the hooks can't be executed after request filters since they're executed in SendRequest() which needs to return a populated and executed WebRequest whereas Results Filter returns the Response DTO.
SendRequest()
WebRequest
There shouldn't be an issue with re-using the instance to make another request as each request uses a new HttpWebRequest and doesn't maintain interim state about the request on the instance. One thing you have to watch out for is the ResultsFilter/RequestFilter will get called again if you use the public API's to make the request (i.e. instead of SendRequest()). But there's also no harm in using a 2nd instance since a new HttpWebRequest which behind the scenes is using connection pooling, so the performance would be the same. You can configure the 2nd instance to not have ResultsFilter/RequestsFilter so it might be preferred to use instead, note you'll need to share the cookie container if you want to maintain the same session in the new instance.
HttpWebRequest
Since there's little opportunity to change the ResultsFilter hooks, if it doesn't do what you need you may need to create a new higher level Service Client that uses JsonServiceClient under the hood. This would be my preferred approach rather than trying to introduce and manage cache state inside the base service client implementation.
Are you suggesting I do something like this?
public class MyJsonServiceClient : ServiceStack.JsonServiceClient
{
public MyJsonServiceClient(string baseUrl)
: base(baseUrl)
{
RequestFilter = ExecuteAllRequestFilters;
ResultsFilter = FetchResponseFromClientCache;
ResultsFilterResponse = CacheResponseInClientCache;
}
public IServiceClientCache ClientCache { get; set; }
private void ExecuteAllRequestFilters(HttpWebRequest request)
{
// Add any headers/cookies we need to the request;
}
// Used by IServiceClientCache to make additional 'If-None-Match' validation request, using same requestDto and same requestUri as the current call, plus any headers and cookies that would be added by the RequestFilter of the current instance of MyJsonServiceClient
var validationClient = new MyJsonServiceClient(BaseUri)
{
RequestFilter = RequestFilter,
CookieContainer = CookieContainer,
ResultsFilter = null,
ResultsFilterResponse = null,
};
Headers.ToDictionary().ForEach((name, value) =>
{
validationClient.Headers.Add(name, value);
});
return ClientCache.GetCachedResponse(request, httpMethod, requestUri, validationClient);
}
}
Found another issue with the ResultsFilter mechanism:
Take a look at:
In the delegate for ResultsFilterResponse, we are being passing in the actual WebResponse, as well as the response DTO, but as it turns out at runtime the WebResponse has already been disposed of, so accessing its headers is now impossible.
Looks like HandleResponse is disposing of the actual WebResponse before we can use it in ResultsFilterResponse, nullifying its purpose or use.
Without those response headers, we cannot tell how to cache the response in the client. In HTTP Expiration an HTTP Validation our client cache behaves differently based on the headers (ETag, Cache-Control, Expires etc) that come back in every response.
I wasn't thinking of using inheritance, my initial approach would be to create a high-level wrapper service client that made use of an internal service client instance, but if you can make it work using inheritance that works too.
ok thx, I've split HandleResponse into multiple parts so ResultsFilterResponse is called before the webResponse is disposed in this commit.
This change is available from v4.0.55 that's now available on MyGet.
Thanks Mythz, that is fabulous!now trying out the 55 pre-release.
RE inheritance or wrapping:
In either solution, the second JSC instance (the one that does the 304 validation call) will need exactly the same request context (headers, cookies, etc) that the first instance would have. (Just like the first instance would have if it was to make the request after the call to ResultsFilter=null).
Can I confirm with you that I would have it covered here if we do this:
var firstInstance = new JsonServiceClient("");
... other code that could use the Headers, Cookies, and RequestFilter
var validationClient = new JsonServiceClient(firstInstance.BaseUri)
{
RequestFilter = firstInstance.RequestFilter,
CookieContainer = firstInstance.CookieContainer,
ResultsFilter = null, // so we dont loop forever
ResultsFilterResponse = null, // so we dont loop forever
};
firstInstance.Headers.ToDictionary().ForEach((name, value) =>
{
validationClient.Headers.Add(name, value);
});
It's not a complete clone but it does have a copy of headers and shared CookieContainer.
Maybe I haven't thought about this enough but I was only going to use 1 client instance internally, which just adds the If-None-Match header for any url it has the cached results for then if the client throws a 304 Exception I'd just return the cached result I have. Inside the ResultsFilterResponse is where I'd be populating the cache for any responses which contains an ETag.
If you are working on client side caching for JSC, can I offer you a class (+tests) that does what it should do with 304's, ETags, CacheControl and Expires? Would save you some time, I suspect. The only remaining issue that I am wrangling with, is how to make the validation request.
Sure would be happy to review a PR.
Is the reason that you're trying to support all caching headers because you need to use all of them or just because you want to make a general purpose cache-aware client?
Good challenge.
For our JSC clients (to our SS services) we need 'If-None-Match' with 'ETag' for HTTP validation and 'Cache-Control: max-age' for HTTP Expiration, but we are choosing to support 'Expires' as well for HTTP Expiration at our services for other clients. Strictly speaking, our JSC client cache only needs to deal with Etag and Cache-Control, but was designing it for a contribution to more general audience, who may be using it with their services which may be using 'Expires'. We have not bothered yet with implementing 'Last-Modified' for HTTP Validation at this stage, because our services provide ETag only.
Happy to submit a PR for you, but this IServiceClientCache will not be integrated with anything yet, and its designed to integrate with the JSC ResultsFilter pattern at this stage.
Still useful? at this stage? or do you want me to finish proving it working seemlessly with pre-release 55 first?
Or perhaps you just want to see the IServiceClientCache as standalone? Let me know, I would want to help if you are working in this area.
That's ok if it's integrated with other classes it wont be a useful general purpose test case we could test against a custom cache-enabled IServiceClient implementation. If I get time I may look at adding better caching support/hooks in client/server, but don't have the time atm.
OK, did you want me to share the code (at this stage) somehow?
No, that's ok. Thought you had a decoupled test suite that would verify a correct cached IServiceClient implementation.
Hey Mythz,
A related how to question:
In the ResultsFilterDelegate, we get the: request, httpMethod, and requestUri.
Given a JSC, how would I make a new call using just those variables?I thought I would do this: JSC.Get<WebResponse>(request); but it does not feel right, since how would the JSC know which URL to send to?
JSC.Get<WebResponse>(request);
How should I be doing it?
Call it with the full requestUri?
using (var webRes = client.Get<HttpWebResponse>(requestUri))
{
//...
}
haha! can you believe all this time, I didn't know about that overload of Get()! thanks
Struggling with last piece of this client caching puzzel with ResultsFilter.
When we are called with ResultsFilterDelegate and asked the question "Do you have the response cached", AND we go through HTTP validation (ETag+If-None-Match) and DONT receive a 304 - Not Modified, then we cache that new response, and return it to the ResultsFilter.
According to line 551 (ServiceClientBase): would have to return a response that is of type TResponse, otherwise the JSC continues to makes the request (on line 555) regardless, even though we have cached it!. Which defeats the purpose of client side caching.
So, the challenge is this: when we make the HTTP Validation call (ETag+If-None-Match with our other instance of the JSC) we call validationClient.get(requestUri), becuase we need to interrogate the response headers.But we have to return the TResponse from our delegate instead.
How would I safely convert a HttpWebResponse response into a TResponse response?(Bearing in mind that the HttpWebResponse could be a DTO or Stream perhaps)
You can't unless the client called the generic method with a HttpWebResponse generic parameter, the ResultsFilter is meant to return the generic response the user is expecting or it can't work. The idea is to return the cached response from within the ResultsFilter as we show in the client caching strategy example. If you can't do that you wont be able to make use of the delegate.
HttpWebResponse
ResultsFilter
So I think we are saying that: if the server responds with a 200 to a ETag+If-None-Match call (which means the ETag has changed), then to return null to the ResultsFilter? and then client will make another regular request to get the new response, and call ResultsFiilterResponse to store that response and new ETag.
(that will work but it is not so efficient when the If-None-Match fails validation)
So this begs the more general question:Is there a way in SS to make a client.Get<??>(requestUri) that returns the typed response and gives us access to the response headers? (since client.Get<HttpWebResponse>(requestUri) cant provide us with both?
client.Get<??>(requestUri)
client.Get<HttpWebResponse>(requestUri)
next page → | https://forums.servicestack.net/t/jsonserviceclient-http-client-cache/2115 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 2,296 | 59.03 |
Coding the JavaFX TableView
At first glance, using the JavaFX 2 TableView control may seem confusing. But after you have the first "Aha!" moment with it, you'll see just how easy it is to use. Thanks to JavaFX binding and the new JavaFX Scene Builder, it's all cake. Here's a sample test app, with step-by-step explanations, that serve as a roadmap to building your own table-based JavaFX applications.
Step 1: Create the Project
If you have the latest Java SE 1.7 installed (Update 4), then you have JavaFX by default — it's bundled with it. Otherwise, you can download and install it separately here. Remember, you can develop JavaFX 2.0 applications with either Java SE 1.6 or 1.7.
After JavaFX is installed, create a new JavaFX project. This is very easy with the latest NetBeans, but you can use any IDE you'd like. For now, I'll assume you're using NetBeans.
Next, give the project a name, and NetBeans generates everything you need to begin. As a result, you'll get a small application with a main class that looks like this:
public class TestJavaFX(); } }
Step 2: Define the UI Layout
Before we modify any code, however, we'll need to define the UI layout. It's easiest to do this with the JavaFX Scene Builder, which I've written about in a previous Dr. Dobb's blog. Open Scene Builder and add a TableView control to the canvas. Drag four TableColumn controls onto the table, and assign them the text names: "ID", "Item Name", "Qty", and "Price", respectively. Finally, add a button control below the table, and name it "Add Item". We'll use this button to add items to the table for illustration. It should look like this:
Save your Scene Builder work, saving the resulting FXML file in the same directory as your application's source code. Next, in the Document section on the right side of the Scene Builder window, make sure you choose your project's main class as the controller. It's important that these steps be performed in that order.
Step 3: Add the Controls to the Code
Go back to NetBeans, and prepare to make some simple modifications to the code. First, add the following FXML control declarations to the main class:
@FXML TableView<InvoiceEntry> invoiceTbl; @FXML TableColumn itemIdCol; @FXML TableColumn itemNameCol; @FXML TableColumn itemQtyCol; @FXML TableColumn itemPriceCol; @FXML Button addItemBtn;
Since
InvoiceEntry isn't defined yet, this code won't compile. Create this class now as defined below, and then fix the imports so the code will compile (in NetBeans, right-click on the code and choose "Fix Imports" from the menu).
import javafx.beans.property.SimpleIntegerProperty; import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty; public class InvoiceEntry { public SimpleIntegerProperty itemId = new SimpleIntegerProperty(); public SimpleStringProperty itemName = new SimpleStringProperty("<Name>"); public SimpleStringProperty price = new SimpleStringProperty(); public SimpleIntegerProperty qty = new SimpleIntegerProperty(); public int invoiceId; public Integer getItemId() { return itemId.get(); } public String getItemName() { return itemName.get(); } public String getPrice() { return price.get(); } public Integer getQty() { return qty.get(); } }
Note: It's very important that this class contains getter methods for the data items that map to columns in the table. This is how JavaFX performs its magic and reduces the code you need to write. It calls the getters automatically, as long as they conform to the normal JavaBeans naming patterns for class data.
Finally, add an empty
onAddItem() method to map to the button, as shown here:
public void onAddItem(ActionEvent event) { } | http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/loadable-modules-the-linux-26-kernel/open-source/coding-the-javafx-tableview/240001874 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 589 | 64.41 |
Calling. It knows how bright the light is around it. It knows if there is anything close to its screen. It knows how the birds can get revenge on the pigs who stole their eggs. It is truly amazing.
To know what's going on in the world around it, the mobile device has sensors. Programming is needed to set those sensors up properly and accept the data they produce. That's the topic for this article -- how to write programs that use those sensors. To be more specific, this article focuses on Android-based devices. Equivalent articles could be written about iPhone[tm], Windows 7 Mobile[tm], WebOS[tm], or BlackBerry[tm] devices, but that will have to wait for another time.
If you are writing a program for an Android device you are probably working in Java, and you almost certainly have downloaded and installed the free Android Software Development Kit. After that you need to understand the Android architecture. There are many ways to acquire that knowledge including taking OCI's Android Platform Development Course. This article will assume you have a basic understanding of Android programming.
At the time of this writing, there are two free IDEs in common use to develop Android applications, Eclipse and Jetbrains' IDEA Community Edition. Both of them require freely available Android plug-ins to support Android development. The example program for this article was developed using IDEA.
In Android any access to a sensor starts by finding the system-wide SensorManager. This code assumes you are running in the context of an Android Activity. You need to import the Android support for sensors using the following statements:
import android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorEvent; import android.hardware.SensorEventListener; import android.hardware.SensorManager;
Now the following code will find the SensorManager:
SensorManager sensorManager = (SensorManager)getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE);
Every model of Android device will have a different set of sensors. Before using any of the sensors described here, you need to check to be sure the sensor is available. You can use the SensorManager to discover what sensors are available on this device or to find a particular sensor. There are two methods available to help:
SensorManager.getSensorList(type_specifier)will return a list of all the sensors of a particular type.
SensorManager.getDefaultSensor(type_specifier)will return a single sensor - the default sensor for a particular type.
nullreturn! It means no sensor of the requested type is available.
The type_specifer is one of the constants defined in the Sensor class. From now on, I'll refer to this as Sensor.TYPE but this is not a class or an enumerated value. It is just a set of integer constants with similar names.
Possible Sensor.TYPEs include:
TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
TYPE_GRAVITY
TYPE_GYROSCOPE
TYPE_LIGHT
TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION
TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD
TYPE_PRESSURE
TYPE_PROXIMITY
TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR
TYPE_TEMPERATURE
When you are using the
getSensorList() method, these values may be combined with an
OR operator to include more than one type of sensor.
There is also a special Sensor.TYPE,
TYPE_ALL, that when used with
getSensorList()
will return a list of all the sensors on the mobile device.
We will use that in our example program.
For normal use, however, you probably want to call
getDefaultSensor() with a specific type.
As an example, let's suppose you are writing a compass application. You want to use the magnetic field sensor in your phone to determine which way is north. To gain access to that sensor, use the following code:
Sensor magMeter = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD);
There are some interesting points here. First of all there is no special Java class for the different types of sensors. The class Sensor provides a generic interface that is assumed to be flexible enough to support the requirements of any of the sensor types on the device.
The second point of interest is not obvious.
There is a sensor type which is not included in the above list,
TYPE_ORIENTATION.
It is omitted from this list even though it's defined in the Android source code
and documentation because Android has deprecated this Sensor.TYPE.
Instead the SensorManager provides specialized support for orientation sensors.
This orientation support is described later in this article.
Other features of the device such as the camera or gobal position sensor are supported through different APIs. They will have to wait for another article.
So now that we have a Sensor, what can we do with it? The surprising answer is, "Not much." The Sensor object itself serves two purposes.
It provides information about the sensor: Who makes it? How much power does it consume? How accurate is it?
It serves as a handle or identifier for the sensor if you want to talk about it to other parts of the system.
Notably missing from the sensor's interface is any way to read values from the sensor! As we'll see in a minute, that job is handled by the SensorManager.
Also missing is information about how many values the sensor provides. Does it give a single value or a 3-D vector? What units of measure does it use? And so on. For that information you need to go to the Android documentation. The SensorEvent page in particular tells you for each Sensor.TYPE how many and what types of values you can expect.
Assuming we don't really care who makes the sensor or how much power it consumes, but that we are interested in the values provided by the sensor, what's the next step? To read values from the sensor, we have to create an object that implements the SensorEventListener interface. [Aside: there is also an earlier, deprecated, interface named SensorListener - ignore it!]
We can then register our SensorEventListener and the Sensor object to the SensorManager. This does two things. It enables the sensor if it was turned off, and it provides a call-back function that the SensorManager can use when a new value is available from the sensor.
Here is the code that creates a SensorEventListener and provides implementations for the two abstract methods in the interface. These implementations just forward the call to corresponding methods in the containing object.
SensorEventListener magneticEventListener = new SensorEventListener() { public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent sensorEvent) { // call a method in containing class magneticFieldChanged(sensorEvent); } public void onAccuracyChanged( Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { // call a method in containing class magneticFieldAccuracyChanged(sensor, accuracy); } };
Having created a SensorEventListener, the program should register it with the SensorManager using code like this:
sensorManager.registerListener(magneticEventListener, magMeter, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
This SensorEventListener will now receive events from the magMeter Sensor acquired earlier.
The third argument to
SensorManager.registerListener() is a suggestion about how often the
application would like to receive new values.
Possible delay values from fastest to slowest are:
Faster speeds cause more overhead, but make the device more responsive to changes in the values detected by the sensor.
Just as important as registering a SensorEventListener and enabling the sensor
is disabling the sensor and unregistering the listener when it is no longer needed.
Registering and unregistering should be handled as "bookends" so if you add the above code in
your Activity's
onResume() method (a good place for it) be sure to add this code
to the
onPause() method.
sensorManager.unregisterListener(magneticEventListener, magMeter);
That will ensure that the device is turned off -- prolonging battery life. Even though most sensors can be shared, unregistering the listener when it is no longer needed will also make sure the sensor is available to other applications that may run on the device.
Notice that there are two callback methods defined in SensorEventListener:
onSensorChanged() and
onAccuracyChanged().
We will discuss
onAccuracyChanged() first.
As the name implies, this callback occurs when something has increased or decreased the expected accuracy of the values produced by this sensor. The integer argument will be one of the following values - in order from least to most accurate:
Unfortunately, there seem to be some devices that always report SENSOR_STATUS_UNRELIABLE and others that always report SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_HIGH. Don't place too much confidence in the accuracy status.
Finally, we are ready to discuss the interesting callback --
onSensorChanged().
The argument passed when this method is called is a SensorEvent structure.
This structure contains real data from the sensor. Let's see what we've got.
I described SensorEvent as a structure. Technically it's a Java class, but this class does not have any useful methods - only public data members (fields).
The first field is one we've already seen:
int accuracy will contain one of the same values as the argument to
onAccuracyChanged() method.
Thus for each sample of data from the sensor you know how accurate you can expect the data to be.
For practical purposes you might be able to ignore the
onAccuracyChanged() notice altogether and just
use this value from the SensorEvent although you still must implement the abstract
onAccuracyChanged()
method.
The next field is
Sensor sensor.
This is the same Sensor that we used to register this callback.
It is included in case we have common code handling the events from more than one Sensor.
The third field is
long timestamp.
It tells us when this event occurred.
A timestamp in Android has a resolution in nanoseconds.
It is based on the most precise timer on the device, but it is not tied to any particular real world clock.
This timestamp can be used to calculate the interval between events, but not to determine the time of day
(or month or year) when the event occurred.
The last field in the SensorEvent is
float[] values.
Yes, these are the values we are looking for.
Most sensors will produce either one or three values in this array.
The array in the SensorEvent is of a fixed size. It usually contains three floats even if the
sensor produces fewer numbers. Be careful. Sometimes this array will have a size different from three.
The best approach is to use the Sensor.TYPE available via
sensor.getType() to determine how many values are valid.
The Sensor.TYPE also determines what units of measurement apply to this sensor.
Fortunately Android has normalized the incoming sensor values so all sensors of the same type
produce the same number of values using the same units.
Of course if you know what type of sensor you are working with you may not even need to check
sensor.getType().
You can just write your code to handle the values you know you will receive.
Many of the sensors provide a three dimensional vector for the measured value. They provide value for the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis as values[0], values[1], and values[2] respectively. Now all you need to know is the relationship of these axes to the actual device.
To simplify matters, all devices use the same axes albeit with different units. The axes are firmly attached to the device. If you move the device, the coordinate axes move right along with it.
Every device has a natural orientation. For most phones the natural orientation is portrait (taller than it is wide). For most tablets, on the other hand, the natural orientation is landscape (wider than taller). The axes for the device are based on this natural orientation.
The origin of the axes -- point (0,0,0) -- is in the center of the device's screen.
If you hold the device vertically in it's natural orientation the x axis runs left to right across the center of the screen. Positive values are to your right and negative points are to your left.
The y axis runs up and down in natural orientation. Positive values are up and negative values are down.
When you stare straight at the screen you are looking along the z axis. Negative values are behind the screen and positive values are in front.
As mentioned previously, using the results from the orientation sensor directly through the SensorManager interface has been deprecated in Android. Instead, there is a different way to determine the orientation of the device.
What you want to know is not really how the device is being held, but rather what screen orientation Android is using. Interpreting the values received from the orientation sensor is only a small part of the puzzle. There are techniques an application can use to lock the screen into a particular orientation or to change orientations under program control regardless of the way the device is actually being held.
For the program presented in this article, we want to display the sensor data visually on the screen. In order to do so, the coordinates returned by the sensors have to be mapped into the coordinates used to draw on the screen.
The 2-D drawing coordinates are relative to the upper right corner. This means the Y values on the screen increase from top to bottom, but the Y values from the sensor increase from bottom to top. To reconcile sensor coordinates to drawing coordinates the Y values must be negated.
After this correction, the coordinates need to be rotated around the Z axis. Because the only orientations involve some number of ninety degree rotations, this can always be done by various combinations of swapping and/or negating X and Y coordinates.
Finally, the coordinates have to be scaled properly to match the size of the screen. There are a number of techniques for doing that including using the coordinate transformation matrix built into the Android View (which could handle the orientation-mapping, too), but the details are beyond the scope of this article. See the source code for one way to scale the coordinates.
But before any of this rotation can happen, the software needs to know the screen orientation Here's the code to find that out:
Display display = ((WindowManager) getContext().getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE)).getDefaultDisplay(); int orientation = display.getOrientation();
At this point the variable
orientation contains one of the following values:
Surface.ROTATION_0
Surface.ROTATION_90
Surface.ROTATION_180
Surface.ROTATION_270
So let's put this all together in a working application. The source code associated with this article includes a complete Android project consisting of three Activities.
Here's what it looks like running on a Samsung Epic[tm]:
Screen 1: The first Activity shows a list of sensors returned from
SensornManager.getSensorList(Sensor.TYPE_ALL).
Even though using Orientation Sensor as a Sensor object is deprecated, it still shows up on this list.
Screen 2: Selecting SMB380 from the opening screen gets this information about the accelerometer.
It is interesting to note that even when it is setting motionless on a table, the accelerometer reports an acceleration of over 10.3 m/sec2. This is acceleration due to gravity. But wait! Back in physics class we learned that acceleration due to gravity was 9.8 m/sec2. The moral here is that real world sensors (not just the ones built into mobile phones) usually need to be calibrated.
Also worth noting is that this sensor always reports an accuracy of 0 (meaning unreliable.) This accuracy status itself is unreliable! Except for the calibration issue, the accelerator on this device is quite accurate.
Screen 3: The proximity sensor only returns one value.
The only values returned by the proximity sensor on the Epic are 0.0 and 1.0. Software can tell if there's something close to the screen or not, but it can't really tell how far away it is. The moral of the story is not every sensor fits comfortably in the generic Sensor model supported by Android.
Screen 4: Accelerometer values as a vector (portrait mode).
Screen 5: Accelerometer values as a vector (landscape mode).
These two screen shots show the readings from the accelerometer displayed as a vector. Because the sensor coordinates are tied to the device, but the screen coordinates change when the display switches to landscape mode, the software has to check the orientation to map vector onto the screen.
Android makes it easy to access the sensors on the mobile device by normalizing the sensor's behavior and data into a common model. There are a few issues, however, that cannot be hidden from the application.
Not all sensors support all of the properties exposed by the Sensor object - for example the Bosch accelerometer shown on the screen shot above does not report how much current it uses.
Also not all devices return the types of data expected by Android. The units for a proximity sensor are expected to be centimeters, but the one shown above provides a yes/no answer to the question, "Is there something close to the screen?"
In spite of these limits, making an application aware of the world around it via the sensors in the mobile device is a relatively easy task that can potentially produce very useful behaviors from the application.
The source code for this example application can be downloaded from the OCI Software Engineering Tech Trends web site as a zip file, or a tar.gz file It is a complete Android project that can be built and run in the Android Emulator or installed directly into a device via the USB Debugging port. Because IDEA was used to develop this project, Eclipse users might have do do a little extra work to import this project, but if you are familar with the Android development environment it should be straightforward.
The download files also include Sensor.apk, a pre-built copy of the Sensors application ready to be loaded into your Android phone. If you would like to regenerate this signed application, the password for the digital signature (included in the "assets" directory) is "sensors".
The source code is covered by a liberal BSD-style license. This makes it available for any use, commercial or otherwise, with proper attribution.
If you are interested in moving beyond this simple application to explore the possibilities of harnessing the power of Android for your organization's needs, please contact us to ask about the wide variety of support and training available from OCI. | http://sett.ociweb.com/sett/settApr2011.html | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 2,995 | 56.15 |
M
¶¶
Set the socket MapProxy should listen. Defaults to
localhost:8080.
Accepts either a port number or
hostname:portnumber.
--debug
¶¶
Start MapProxy in debug mode. If you have installed Werkzeug, you will get an interactive traceback in the web browser on any unhandled exception (internal error).
Note
This server is sufficient for local testing of the configuration, but it is not stable for production or load testing.
The
serve-multiapp-develop subcommand of
mapproxy-util works similar to
serve-develop but takes a directory of MapProxy configurations. See MultiMapProxy.
There are two common ways to deploy MapProxy in production.
You can directly integrate MapProxy into your web server. Apache can integrate Python web services with the
mod_wsgi extension for example.
You can run MapProxy as a separate local HTTP server behind an existing web server (nginx, Apache, etc.) or an HTTP proxy (Varnish, squid, etc).
Both approaches require a configuration that maps your MapProxy configuration with the MapProxy application. You can write a small script file for that. Python HTTP servers like
waitress (see further below). You can extend this script to setup logging or to set environment variables.
You can enable MapProxy to automatically reload the configuration if it changes:
from mapproxy.wsgiapp import make_wsgi_app application = make_wsgi_app('examples/minimal/etc/mapproxy.yaml', reloader=True)
The Apache HTTP server can directly integrate Python application with the mod_wsgi extension. The benefit is that you don’t have to start another server.>
mod_wsgi has a lot of options for more fine tuning.
WSGIPythonHome or
WSGIPythonPath lets you configure your
virtualenv and
WSGIDaemonProcess/
WSGIProcessGroup allows you to start multiple processes. See the mod_wsgi configuration directives documentation. Using Mapnik also requires the
WSGIApplicationGroup option.
Note
On Windows only the
WSGIPythonPath option is supported. Linux/Unix supports
WSGIPythonPath and
WSGIPythonHome. See also the mod_wsgi documentation for virtualenv for detailed information when using multiple virtualenvs.
A more complete configuration might look like:
# if not loaded elsewhere LoadModule wsgi_module modules/mod_wsgi.so WSGIScriptAlias /mapproxy /path/to/mapproxy/config.py WSGIDaemonProcess mapproxy user=mapproxy group=mapproxy processes=8 threads=25 WSGIProcessGroup mapproxy # WSGIPythonHome should contain the bin and lib dir of your virtualenv WSGIPythonHome /path/to/mapproxy/venv WSGIApplicationGroup %{GLOBAL} <Directory /path/to/mapproxy/> Order deny,allow # For Apache 2.4: Require all granted # For Apache 2.2: # Allow from all </Directory>.).
You need start these servers in the background on start up. It is recommended to start it from systemd or upstart.
Waitress is a production-quality pure-Python WSGI server with very acceptable performance. It runs on Unix and Windows.
You need a server script that creates the MapProxy application (see above). The script needs to be in the directory from where you start
waitress and it needs to end with
.py.
To start MapProxy with Waitress and our server script (without
.py):
cd /path/of/config.py/ waitress --listen 127.0.0.1:8080 config:application
uWSGI is another production-quality WSGI server. It is highly configurable and offers high performance (by running on multiple processors).
The uWSGI documentation provides a quickstart.; } }
Here is an example for the Apache webserver with the included
mod_proxy and
mod_headers modules. It forwards all requests to
example.org/mapproxy to
localhost:8181/
<IfModule mod_proxy.c> <IfModule mod_headers.c> <Location /mapproxy> ProxyPass ProxyPassReverse RequestHeader add X-Script-Name "/mapproxy" </Location> </IfModule> </IfModule>
You need to make sure that both modules are loaded. The
Host is already set to the right value by default..
You can easily run multiple MapProxy instances in parallel and use a load balancer to distribute requests across all instances, but there are a few things to consider when the instances share the same tile cache with NFS or other network filesystems.
MapProxy uses file locks to prevent that multiple processes will request the same image twice from a source. This would typically happen when two or more requests for missing tiles are processed in parallel by MapProxy and these tiles belong to the same meta tile. Without locking MapProxy would request the meta tile for each request. With locking, only the first process will get the lock and request the meta tile. The other processes will wait till the the first process releases the lock and will then use the new created tile.
Since file locking doesn’t work well on most network filesystems you are likely to get errors when MapProxy writes these files on network filesystems. You should configure MapProxy to write all lock files on a local filesystem to prevent this. See globals.cache.lock_dir and globals.cache.tile_lock_dir.
With this setup the locking will only be effective when parallel requests for tiles of the same meta tile go to the same MapProxy instance. Since these requests are typically made from the same client you should enable sticky sessions in you load balancer when you offer tiled services (WMTS/TMS/KML).
MapProxy uses the Python logging library for the reporting of runtime information, errors and warnings. You can configure the logging with Python code or with an ini-style configuration. Read the logging documentation for more information.. The duration is the time it took to receive the header of the response. The actual request duration might be longer, especially for larger images or when the network bandwith is limited.
The test server is already configured to log all messages to the console (
stdout). The other deployment options require a logging configuration. these lines and create a
log.ini file. You can create an example
log.ini with:
mapproxy-util create -t log-ini log.ini
New in version 1.2.0.
You can run multiple MapProxy instances (configurations) within one process with.
MultiMapProxy as the following options:
config_dir
The directory where MapProxy should look for configurations.
allow_listing
If set to
true, MapProxy will list all available configurations at the root URL of your MapProxy. Defaults to
false.
There is a
make_wsgi_app function in the
mapproxy.multiapp package that creates configured MultiMapProxy WSGI application. Replace the
application definition in your script as follows:
from mapproxy.multiapp import make_wsgi_app application = make_wsgi_app('/path/to.projects', allow_listing=True) | https://mapproxy.org/docs/latest/deployment.html | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 1,011 | 51.14 |
This paper provides the technical overview of .NET and COM interoperability. It describes how .NET components can communicate with existing COM components without migrating those COM components into .NET components, thus helping the migration cost and business systems. This paper also provides an overview of marshalling. The intended audience is a development team that wishes to interact with COM and .NET applications. (This paper assumes that the reader has the fundamental knowledge of COM and .NET)
From the time Microsoft engineers started working on the ideas behind COM in 1998, COM went through quite an evolution. Once .NET was released everything was about the CLR. Those business systems made lot of investments on those COM developments and they may not be willing to invest more money to build their components into .NET. Also this will make a severe impact in productivity.
Fortunately, switching from COM to .NET involves no such radical loss of productivity. The concept of providing bridge between .NET and COM components is .NET-COM interoperability. Microsoft .NET Framework provides system, tools, and strategies that enable strong integration with past technologies and allow legacy code to be integrated with new .NET components. It provides a bridge between the .NET and COM and vice versa.
There are two key concepts that make it much easier to move from COM development to .NET development, without any loss of code base or productivity.
Before going further, this paper will describe about the basic communication fundamentals of COM and .NET components.
COM is a binary reusable object which exposes its functionality to other components. When a client object asks for instances of server object, the server instantiates those objects and handout references to the client. So, a COM component can act as a binary contract between caller and callee. This binary contract is defined in a document known as Type library. The Type library describes to a potential client the services available from a particular server. Each COM components will expose a set of interfaces through which the communication between COM components will occurs.
The following diagram shows the communication between a client and a COM object.
Fig.1 Communication between client and a COM object
In the above figure the IUnknown and IDispatch are the interfaces and QueryInterface, AddRef, Release, etc., are the methods exposed by those interfaces.
IUnknown
IDispatch
QueryInterface
AddRef
Release
The communication between the .NET objects occurs through Objects, there are no such interfaces for communication. So, in .NET component, there is no type libraries, instead they deal with assemblies. Assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. All the information related to the assembly will be held in assembly metadata. Unlike the communication between COM components, the communication between .NET components is Object based.
Generally COM components will expose interfaces to communicate with other objects. A .NET client cannot directly communicate with a COM component because the interfaces exposed by a COM component may not be read by the .NET application. So, to communicate with a COM component, the COM component should be wrapped in such a way that the.NET client application can understand the COM component. This wrapper is known as Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW).
The .NET SDK provides Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) which wraps the COM components and exposes it into to the .NET client application.
Fig.2 calling a COM component from .NET client
To communicate with a COM component, there should be Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW). RCW can be generated by using VS.NET or by the use of TlbImp.exe utility. Both the ways will read the type library and uses System.Runtime.InteropServices.TypeLibConverter class to generate the RCW. This class reads the type library and converts those descriptions into a wrapper (RCW). After generating the RCW, the .NET client should import its namespace. Now the client application can call the RCW object as native calls.
System.Runtime.InteropServices.TypeLibConverter
When a client calls a function, the call is transferred to the RCW. The RCW internally calls the native COM function coCreateInstance there by creating the COM object that it wraps. The RCW converts each call to the COM calling convention. Once the object has been created successfully, the .NET client application can access the COM objects as like native object calls.
When a COM client requests a server, first it searches in the registry entry and then the communication starts. Calling a .NET component from a COM component is not a trivial exercise. The .NET objects communicate through Objects. But the Object based communication may not be recognized by the COM clients. So, to communicate with the .NET component from the COM component, the .NET component should be wrapped in such a way that the COM client can identify this .NET component. This wrapper is known as COM Callable Wrapper (CCW). The COM Callable Wrapper (CCW) will be used to wrap the .NET components and used to interact with the COM clients.
CCW will be created by the .NET utility RegAsm.exe. This reads metadata of the .NET component and generates the CCW. This tool will make a registry entry for the .NET components.
Fig.3 calling a .NET component from COM client
Generally COM client instantiates objects through its native method coCreateInstance. While interacting with .NET objects, the COM client creates .NET objects by coCreateInstance through CCW.
coCreateInstance
coCreateInstance
Internally, when coCreateInstance is called, the call will redirect to the registry entry and the registry will redirect the call to the registered server, mscoree.dll. This mscoree.dll will inspect the requested CLSID and reads the registry to find the .NET class and the assembly that contains the class and rolls a CCW on that .NET class.
When a client makes a call to the .NET object, first the call will go to CCW. The CCW converts all the native COM types to their .NET equivalents and also converts the results back from the .NET to COM.
The following table compares the .NET and COM based component programming models.
.NET
COM
Object based communication
Interface based communication
Garbage Collector to manage memory
Reference count will be used to manage memory
Type Standard objects
Binary Standard objects
Objects are created by normal new operator
Objects are created by coCreateInstance
Exceptions will be returned
HRESULT will be returned
HRESULT
Object info resides in assembly files
Object info resides in Type library
Before the application starts to communicate, there are some technical constraints associated with this. When an object is transmitted to a receiver which is in a separate machine/process (managed/unmanaged) space, the object may need to undergo a transformation according to the native type to make it suitable for use by the recipient. That is the object will be converted into a recipient readable form. This process of converting an object between types when sending it across contexts is known as marshaling. The next section of the paper will gives an overview of marshalling in .NET.
Thus .NET runtime automatically generates code to translate calls between managed code and unmanaged code. While transferring calls between these two codes, .NET handles the data type conversion also. This technique of automatically binding with the server data type to the client data type is known as marshalling. Marshaling occurs between managed heap and unmanaged heap. For example, Fig.4 shows a call from the .NET client to a COM component. This sample call passes a .NET string from the client. The RCW converts this .NET data type into the COM compatible data type. In this case COM compatible data type is BSTR. Thus the RCW converts the .NET string into COM compatible BSTR. This BSTR will be passed to the object and the required calls will be made. The results will be returned to back to the RCW. The RCW converts this COM compatible result to .NET native data type.
BSTR
BSTR
Fig.4 Sample diagram for marshalling
Logically the marshalling can be classified into 2 types.
If a call occurs between managed code and unmanaged code with in the same apartment, Interop marshaler will play the role. It marshals data between managed code and unmanaged code.
In some scenarios COM component may be running in different apartment threads. In those cases i.e., calling between managed code and unmanaged code in different apartments or process, both Interop marshaler and COM marshaler are involved.
When the server object is created in the same apartment of client, all data marshaling is handled by Interop marshaling.
Fig.5 Sample diagram for same apartment marshalling
COM marshaling involved whenever the calls between managed code and unmanaged code are in different apartments. For eg., when a .NET client (with the default apartment settings) communicates with a COM component (whichever developed in VB6.0), the communication occurs through proxy and stub because both the objects will be running in different apartment threads. (The default apartment settings of .NET objects are STA and the components which are developed by VB6.0 are STA). Between these two different apartments COM marshaling will occurs and with in the apartment Interop marshaling will occurs. Fig.6 shows this kind of marshaling.
This kind of different apartment communication will impact the performance. The apartment settings of the managed client can be changed by changing the STAThreadAttribute / MTAThreadAttribute / Thread.ApartmentState property. Both the codes can run in a same apartment, by making the managed code’s thread to STA. (If the COM component is set as MTA, then cross marshaling will occurs.)
Fig.6 Sample diagram for cross apartment marshalling
In the above scenario, the call with in different apartments will occur by COM marshaling and the call between managed and unmanaged code will occur by Interop marshaling.
Thus the communication between .NET applications and COM applications occurs through RCW and CCW.
As you have seen, COM applications can implement .NET types to achieve type compatibility or a .NET type can implement COM interfaces to achieve binary compatibility with related coclasses.
Although the managed clients can interact with the unmanaged objects, the managed client expects that the unmanaged object should act exactly the same as managed object.
When developing against the unmanaged component through COM interoperability, managed code developers will not be able to use some features of .NET like parameterized constructors, static methods, inheritance, etc., migrating an existing component or writing a managed wrapper will make the component easier to use for managed code developers. In some cases, the developer wants to migrate parts of the application to .NET so that application can take advantage of the new features that the .NET Framework offers. For example, ASP .NET provides advanced data binding, browser-dependent user interface generation, and improved configuration and deployment. The designer should evaluate when the value of bringing these new features in to the application outweigh the cost of code. | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/5001/NET-COM-Interoperability?fid=22732&df=90&mpp=10&sort=Position&spc=Relaxed&tid=2152940 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 1,815 | 59.4 |
Serial communication using PySense
Hi,
Currently i am trying to communicate between a LoPy4 on a PySense and a Raspberry Pi using UART.
I know how i would achieve this in code but the part i am stuck at is selecting the pins.
Judging from the Pinout PDF provided for the PySense i know i can use the external IO header.
Would it be as easy as just choosing two pins for example P10 and P11 and connecting these to my rpi using some cables? Or is Flow control also required which would mean i would select two more pins?
Thanks in advance
@robert-hh I managed to get it to work! Thanks for the help!
I tried some code i found on the forum so i think it had something to do with my code in the end.
I'll try to update this thread with the working code once i finished working on it
@mellow If you disconnect for a moment the rpi and just connect P10 and P11 on your Pysense. After init'ing the UART, if you then uart.write a short message, you shoudl be able to receive it with uart.read(). if that works, the you know the taha is getting out and in from the pysense. You could do a similar test on the rpi.
@robert-hh I just checked to be sure and can confirm they are swapped.
Could you rephrase the second part of your question? i am not sure what u mean by that.
This is the code i am running as far as i know i thinks this should work
I connected the header pins 7 and 8 which correspond to P10 and P11 to my rpi along with GND
import socket import machine import time uart1 = UART(1, 115200, pins=('P11','P10'), bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) uart1.init(baudrate=115200, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) x = 0 while x < 100: if uart1.any(): data = uart1.readall() print(data) time.sleep(0.25) x += 1
import serial with serial.Serial('/dev/serial0', 115200, timeout=10) as ser: ser.write(b'test')
@mellow Just to ask a silly question? Did you cross TX and RX?
And a test. If at the Pysense connect TX and RX, can you receive what you send?
Allright currently i have P10 and P11 connected to the RX, TX and ground to the GPIO of the pi and changed the pins in my code to this aswell. But when i run it none of the test messages arrive.
Is there anything i am missing? | https://forum.pycom.io/topic/4060/serial-communication-using-pysense/?page=1 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 432 | 82.85 |
ship
multi-platform deployment with node
npm install ship
Ship
Multi-platform deployment with node.
Note: This library is incomplete, still in development, and you should not attempt to use it for anything, yet. As soon as it's ready, this note will be removed, and releases will be tagged.
Why should you care?
If you often need to deploy files to different platforms, or you have an app or library written in node and would like to give your users the ability to deploy files to a variety of platforms, ship is probably what you are looking for.
Ship is small library that deploys files smoothly to the platforms listed below:
Ship is also built on the adapter pattern, so if there's another platforms you'd like to deploy to, the project structure is easy to understand, and you can write a deployer, send a pull request, and we'd be happy to include it.
Installation
npm install ship -g
Usage
If you are using ship directly for your own deployments, its primary interface is through the command line. If you'd like to integrate it into your node app, skip to the section below on the javascript API.
The command line interface is simple -- just follow the format below
ship /path/to/folder deployer
For example, if I wanted to ship my desktop via ftp to my server (why? no idea), I could run
ship /Users/jeff/Desktop ftp. Ship would then prompt me for authentication details if needed, and send the files off to their destination. It will also place a file called
ship.conf in the root of the folder you shipped, and if you have a gitignore, add it to your gitignore because you don't want to commit your sensitive information. Next time you ship it, you won't need to enter your details because they are already saved to that file.
After the first time running
ship on a folder, you can skip the deployer name if you'd like to deploy to the same target. If you have deployed the same folder to multiple targets and you run it without the deployer argument, ship will deploy to all targets.
Finally, if you are inside the folder you want to deploy, you can run ship without the path argument. If you name your folder the same thing as one of the deployers, things will get confused, so don't do that please.
Available deployers are as such:
- Amazon s3 -
s3
- Github Pages -
gh-pages
- Heroku -
heroku
- Nodejitsu -
nodejitsu
- FTP -
ftp
- Dropbox -
dropbox
- Linux VPS -
vps
ship.conf
This is a simple file used by ship to hold on to config values for various platforms. It's a yaml file and is quite straightforward. An example might look like this, if it was configured for amazon s3.
s3: access_key: 'xxxx' secret_key: 'xxxx'
If there are other network configs, they appear namespaced under the deployer name in a similar manner.
If you want to deploy to multiple environments, you can do this. Just drop an environment name after "ship" and before ".conf" like this:
ship.staging.conf, and provide the environment in your command, like this
ship -e staging, and ship will look for the appropriate environment file and use that.
Finally, some deployers support built in 'ignores'. If you'd like to ignore a file or folder from the deploy process, just add an
ignore array to the
ship.conf file and fill it with minimatch-compatible strings. Any deployer that supports ignores will automatically ignore
ship*.conf because you do not want to deploy that file, ever.
Javascript API
The interface is fairly straightforward. An example is below:
var ship = require('ship'), s3 = ship['s3'], q = require('q'); // first, you might want to make sure the deployer // has been configured. this means that there's // a yaml file at the project root called `ship.conf` // with the relevant config details. if (!s3.configured) { // you can manually enter config values s3.configure({ token: 'xxxx', secret: 'xxxx' }); // or you can use ship's command line prompt to collect it // which returns a callback or promise. // if there is no `ship.conf` file present, this command // will create one and attempt to add it to `.gitignore` s3.configPrompt(function(err){ if (err) return console.error(err); console.log('configured'); }); } // to actually deploy, just call .deploy(). // you can use a callback function so you know when it's done s3.deploy('path/to/folder', function(err, res){ if (err) return console.error(err); console.log('successfully deployed!'); console.log(res); }); // ship also returns a promise you can use if you'd like s3.deploy('path/to/folder') .catch(function(err){ console.error(err); }) .done(function(res){ console.log('successfully deployed!'); console.log(res); });
So in summary, require
ship, get the deployer name you are after, make sure it's configured, run
deploy and pass it a path to the file or folder you want to deploy, and get feedback with a callback or promise. | https://www.npmjs.org/package/ship | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 838 | 62.98 |
It's not the same without you
Join the community to find out what other Atlassian users are discussing, debating and creating.
There are a couple of other questions on this, but neither covers my situation.
A user that was logged in with an Atlassian ID but unknown to my site found that he couldn't access it unless he logged out.
He was not a member of any group, because he wasn't registered as a user on my site. In this case, he should have been treated as anonymous because his authentication as an Atlassian ID user is irrelevant to me since I don't know him.
Other questioners have been told that the users group needed to be given "Use Confluence" permission, but this user is not a member of that group. In any case, I can't give that group the proper permissions.
I think this is a problem with the Atlassian accounts idea.
Atlassian knows someone is logged in, so Cloud thinks they are too. Then it looks at your permissions and decides the user can't see anything. But because they're logged in, they are not anonymous.
I think that's quite a significant bug in Confluence. It's the same root cause of a problem in both Server and Cloud systems too. When you have a space that allows access to group X and anonymous, then someone in group Y (but not X) logs in, they can't see the space, because they're not anonymous. Logging out gives them access.
Ann:
Thank you for that issue reference; I'll be sure to follow it.
The reason that I posted this one despite the existence of other related ones is that I view the situation in a slightly different light.
The mistake Atlassian have made is to assume that the sites all share the namespace managed by the Atlassian ID service, as in any enterprise SSO arrangement. They don't; each shares only that subset of the namespace of which it is aware, and users cannot be considered "logged in" to my site solely because they are "logged in" to another site. As far as my site is concerned, they are unnamed, because they don't have a name that it recognizes.
Many authentication schemes have foundered on this mistake, because they didn't recognize that just because another site knows you as "Bob" doesn't mean anything to me if I don't know "Bob" from Adam, so to speak.. | https://community.atlassian.com/t5/Confluence-questions/users-who-are-logged-in-but-unknown-to-site-are-not-treated-as/qaq-p/608521 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 419 | 69.01 |
hello all, i have problems implementing a path for the following program
well , the prototype says it only accepts , *char and char! no string! so im stuck!
im talking about this ())Code:
std::ifstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
I dont know how to get it to work!
Code:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned char c;
string path;
char *route;
cin>>route;
std::ifstream f(route, std::ios::binary);
while (f >> c)
{
std::cout << std::hex << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << (unsigned int)c <<" ";//or << (unsigned int)c << "\t"
}
return 0;
}
either This is not working,either This is not working,Code:
std::ifstream f(route, std::ios::binary);
it compiles well, but , at run time when you enter a path! and press enter! it crashes! really dont know how to go about it! | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/113498-need-help-primitive-problem-printable-thread.html | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 144 | 59.43 |
User Name:
Published: 23 Mar 2011
By: Dustin Davis
An introduction to Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) and PostSharp.
"Aspect Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm which aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of cross-cutting concerns." -
Wikipedia
What does the above quote actually mean? It means that AOP allows you as a developer to focus on writing important code by not having to
deal with the mess of cross-cutting concerns. AOP can also take the pain out of writing boiler plate code and repetitive code by automating the
implementation.
The Separation of Concerns principal states that a concern is any piece of interest or focus in a program. Think about it in terms of a layered
architecture with the layers being UI, Business, Service and Data. Each one of these layers is its own concern. These layers are "horizontal".
The UI
layer is only concerned with display and user interaction and not with database connectivity; as such, the data layer is not concerned with determining if a
user is eligible for a car loan (business rules). When you design your code you usually break up these concerns into their own modules (classes, assemblies,
etc).
Logging, security, error handling and caching are also concerns but where do they fit in to this layered architecture? The answer is everywhere.
These concerns are "vertical" or "cross-cutting" which means they touch each layer. UI needs logging and error handling just as the other layers do
too.
In simple terms, AOP allows you to write a block of code and inject it at certain points in your code automatically which results in faster development
times, consistency, maintainability and cleaner code. Following the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principal is easy using AOP because you write code once and
only once. No copy & paste.
Problem: You're writing an application and you need to log exceptions. This is not a unique problem to solve but is an incredibly trivial part of
development.
Old Solution: Wrap a try/catch around each method that requires logging and then add the logging code to the catch
block.
AOP Solution: Create an aspect which contains the logging code. Apply the aspect to each method requiring logging.
In this
scenario both the solutions are very similar but what impact does each solution have on the code? How scalable, clean, consistent, reliable and maintainable
are each solution?
Old Solution
AOP Solution
Scalability
Not scalable at all. Requires writing code constructs each time the functionality is required. As
more methods are added, more code has to be written.
Extremely scalable. Logging can be automatically applied to new methods as they are added
with no extra work or thought by the developer.
Cleanliness
Can be clean depending on the size and complexity of the method. Adds at least 7 extra lines of
code per method.
Extremely clean because you're not adding any code to the methods.
Consistency
Can be consistent depending on techniques used, but not guaranteed due to repetitive implementation
by the developer.
Extremely consistent because the code is coming from a single source and implemented automatically, not by the
developer.
Reliability
As the redundancy increases the reliability decreases. Developers can forget and make
mistakes.
Very reliable since the code comes from and is maintained in a single location and distributed automatically.
Maintainability
Not very maintainable due to multiple points making it difficult and time consuming to
implement code changes.
Extremely maintainable because, again, the code is in a single spot. No find/replace required.
Based on this scenario it's clear that the AOP solution is far superior.
To take advantage of AOP in your development you need an AOP framework. The leading AOP framework is PostSharp by SharpCrafters. PostSharp makes
implementing AOP very simple and comes with many pre-built aspects that you just stick your code into and you're done.
PostSharp uses plain .NET
attributes that you build out and apply to targets such as assemblies, classes, methods and properties. PostSharp gives you full control of how and where
your aspects are applied.
How does it work? PostSharp does its work at build time after the compiler has generated the IL from your C# (or VB, if
you're a devil) to produce the final result using MSIL rewriting techniques. PostSharp is based on the PostSharp SDK which is the most advanced assembly
transformation platform available so you can be sure that the results are correct and consistent.
PostSharp not only allows you to specify exact
targets for your aspects but also allows you to specify at which level to apply them. For example, you could apply the logging aspect from our scenario above
to each method individually or you could apply it only on the containing class and let PostSharp apply to the methods automatically which saves you lines of
code and time. Some aspects need a greater scope like our logging aspect and will need to be applied to all classes in a project. To fulfill this requirement
you can add an assembly level declaration which tells PostSharp to automatically apply the aspect to all methods in all classes.
With the assembly
level declaration you no longer have to think about adding logging when adding new classes or methods because it will automatically be injected by PostSharp
at build time.
For more information on PostSharp you can visit SharpCrafters.com
For this example we're going to look at how easy it is to start using PostSharp, creating an aspect and applying it to targets explicitly and implicitly
while solving a real world problem.
Problem
There are many times where an exception will occur at the bottom of the call stack that will
bubble up to a caller higher in the stack that just swallows it. Swallowed exceptions can't be logged or fixed. This commonly happens when taking advantage
of the using statement, especially when working with WCF proxies.
using
Our example code shows how easily this can happen even in the simplest
of code. After recognizing the problem, we will use AOP to help us solve this issue.
Project Setup
If you have not done so already, download and
install the latest PostSharp 2.0. Once that's done start a new console application project from Visual Studio and add a reference to PostSharp. If you can't
find it in the GAC you can browse to it under the install folder \Reference Assemblies\.NET Framework 2.0\PostSharp.dll
Main code
Replace
the code in the program.cs file with the following code block
The output of this will be
But wait, only one exception was logged! That's because the other exception was swallowed by the using statement. Such a potentially huge
problem can be solved with the simplest application of AOP using PostSharp.
Creating your first aspectAdd a new class to your project called
LoggingAspect.cs and add the following code
All aspects require the 'serializable' attribute; you'll receive a compiler error if you don't decorate your aspects.
Our aspect is nothing more than an attribute that inherits from OnExceptionAspect which PostSharp was nice enough to provide for us to
handle all the nasty stuff we don't need to worry about. All we have to do is override a single method OnException and populate it with the
code we want to use to do error logging. For this example we just output the info to the console.
OnException
The LoggingAspect(AttributeExclude=true)] decoration is required for this example. We're telling PostSharp not to include
this class when applying the LoggingAspect attribute. If you don't include the decoration you will receive a build error if PostSharp tries to apply the
aspect to the aspect class. It could result in a stack overflow at runtime if it were allowed.
LoggingAspect(AttributeExclude=true)]
Applying the aspect
There many ways in which we can apply our aspect. To start, we'll add it explicitly to the method we know is throwing the
swallowed exception. Decorate the TestMethod declaration our new attribute
TestMethod
Now when you run this code you will see that both exceptions are now being logged.
Scaling your solution
We could stop there and call it a day, but why not be consistent and apply our new logging code to all methods?
This can be done by decorating each method in the class with our attribute; but that can get messy and less maintainable if there were 20+ methods in our
class. Remove the attribute from TestMethod and move it to the TestClass declaration
PostSharp will see that the class is decorated with our aspect attribute and automatically apply it to all methods in the class for us. If you
run the updated code the output will be
The output shows duplication for the Dispose method exception. Our aspect logs the error before it bubbles up to the try/catch. Any new methods
added will automatically receive our logging declaration. You can refactor the code to remove the redundant try/catch in the main method.
Our example
project is as simple as it gets but in the real world you could potentially have hundreds of classes. Decorating each class with our logging aspect just
isn't desirable. Thankfully, PostSharp allows us to apply aspects across the assembly.
Remove the attribute from TestClass and open the
AssemblyInfo.cs under the Properties folder in the project. At the bottom add the following line
This declaration tells PostSharp to apply our logging aspect to all types under the ConsoleApplication1 namespace using the wildcard syntax.
When you run the code now you will see the same result as before but the difference is whenever you add a new class it will automatically receive the
decoration and PostSharp will propagate to all methods in the class our logging aspect automatically.
You can't beat the automation of applying cross-cutting concerns and it's hard to deny how AOP and PostSharp can improve your development and cut
development time. PostSharp has much more power than our simple example. The more you use PostSharp and AOP the more uses you will find for it. | http://dotnetslackers.com/articles/net/Introduction-to-Aspect-Oriented-Programming-and-PostSharp.aspx | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 1,694 | 62.98 |
Designing". Moreover, Cypress also provides the flexibility to implement this pattern while developing an automation framework using Cypress. Let's understand the intricacies of this pattern and how this can implement in Cypress by covering the details in the following topics:
- What is the Page Object Design Pattern?
- What are the benefits of using Page Object Pattern?
- How to Implement the Page Object Pattern in Cypress?
- How to refactor existing Cypress test to fit them in Page Object Pattern?
What is the Page Object Design Pattern?
Page Object Model is a design pattern in the automation world which has been famous for its test maintenance approach and avoiding code duplication. A page object is a class that represents a page in the web application. Under this model, the overall web application breaks down into logical pages. Each page of the web application generally corresponds to one class in the page object, but can even map to multiple classes also, depending on the classification of the pages. This Page class will contain all the locators of the WebElements of that web page and will also contain methods that can perform operations on those WebElements.
For Example, in our Application Under Test ( we have a different page where we do registration and login, a different page for checking the search results of any product type, another page for adding to cart and then a different page of verifying the cart.
So, ideally, a Page Object Pattern is if we split these pages into different page files or page objects, and we write every page-specific locators and methods in their file (JavaScript Class) and use then directly in the test scripts. A sample implementation of the Page Object Pattern will look like as follows:
As we can see from the above figure, each of the pages of the web application corresponds to the Page Object in the framework and that Page Object can be invoked in the Test Scripts to perform certain operations on the web page.
What are the benefits of using Page Object Pattern?
As we have seen that the Page Object Pattern provides flexibility to writing code by splitting into different classes and also keeps the test scripts separate from the locators. Considering this few of the important benefits of the Page Object Model are:
- Code reusability – The same page class can be used in different tests and all the locators and their methods can be re-used across various test cases.
- Code maintainability – There is a clean separation between test code which can be our functional scenarios and page-specific code such as locators and methods. So, if some structural change happens on the web page, it will just impact the page object and will not have any impacts on the test scripts.
How to Implement the Page Object Pattern in Cypress?
As we have discussed, Cypress also provides the flexibility to implement the automation framework using the Page Object Pattern. Let's understand how we can implement this design pattern in Cypress with the help of the following test scenario:
- Open the My Account page of ToolQA demo website -
- Then do the registration using a valid username, email, and password.
- Verify if the registration was successful or not.
- Search for a shirt and select 2 products as per the data provided in parameters.
- Browse the Checkout page and verify that the correct product is added in the cart.
- Enter the Billing Data along with the Login details.
- Place the order button and verify that the order has been placed successfully or not.
For the implementation part of the Page Object Design Pattern, as a first step, we will need to create a Page Class. A Page class is nothing but a class which contains web element's locators and methods to interact with web elements. To achieve this, create a new folder with the name 'Page Objects' under cypress/support directory and then under that, create files which will be nothing other Page Class that we will be used in the test scripts.
Note: The reason for not creating the page classes under Integration folder is because when you run your test cases from the terminal, it runs all the test cases present under Integration folder and your page classes have no test cases so it skips these files and then it is shown as Skipped in the report which might confuse people. So its better to keep it somewhere else.
Suppose we have to create a Page class for the Home Page. Writing a new class in JavaScript is very easy. We just have to mention at the top "class class-name" and to make all our methods available in the test scripts, write at the bottom the "export default class-name". In the class, we can create some methods and write some selectors which we require in our test for entering data or doing assertions as shown below:
class HomePage { getUserName() { return cy.get('#reg_username'); } getEmail(){ return cy.get('#reg_email'); } getPassword(){ return cy.get('#reg_password'); } getLoginUserName(){ return cy.get('#username'); } getRegisterButton() { return cy.get('.woocommerce-Button'); } } export default HomePage
Now we have a class ready and we have set it to export default. So for using these methods in our test, we just have to import them and use them.
But a question arises that till now, we have used fixtures and commands and we never imported them. So why do we need to import this Page Class? The reason for that is because Fixtures, Support, or Plugins are part of the Cypress Built-in Framework. Moreover, Cypress has the knowledge of their presence but here we are creating a totally new Design pattern as per our need. So we have to explicitly import them.
Let's create a sample test where we will import this Page class and create an object of it to invoke the method the Page class as shown below:
// type definitions for Cypress object "cy" // <reference types="cypress" /> import HomePage from '../../support/PageObjects/HomePage'; describe('Automation Test Suite ', function() { //Mostly used for Setup Part before(function(){ cy.fixture('example').then(function(data) { this.data=data ; }) }) it('Cypress Test Case', function() { //Object Creation for PageObject Page Class and assigning it to a constant variable const homePage=new HomePage(); //Calling cy.visit(' homePage.getUserName().type(this.data.Username); homePage.getEmail().type(this.data.Email); homePage.getPassword().type(this.data.NewPassword); homePage.getRegisterButton().click(); //Checking whether the Registration is successful and whether UserName is populated under login section homePage.getLoginUserName().should('have.value',this.data.Username); // For Loop for Accessing productName array from Features File this.data.productName.forEach(function(element){ cy.selectProduct(element[0],element[1],element[2]); })
As we can see from the above code snippet, the Page Class has been imported before all the test methods and then an object "homePage" has been created using the new operator. Now with his new object created, we can access all the methods that we have created in Page Class. Now instead of using the selectors directly(as done in the previous article of fixtures), we can directly use the method of the Page Class to perform certain operations on the Page Elements. After putting the Page class and the test scripts at their corresponding positions, the sample folder hierarchy of the project will look like as shown below:
As seen in the above screenshot, marker 1 highlights the tests which will be getting locators and methods from the page classes that we have created. Marker 2 is highlighting the position where to save our page classes which has information about web elements for different pages such as HomePage, ProductPage, BillingPage, and checkout page.
Now, let's understand if we already have some tests which have been implemented without Page Objects. Additionally, we will also understand how to refactor them to convert to the Page Object Pattern.
How to refactor existing Cypress test to fit them in Page Object Pattern?
In the above section, we have created one of the page class. Additionally, we have experienced how we can write our code in the Page Object Design Pattern. This has made our code much more readable and very easy to maintain. Now let's create more page classes of other pages we have for our Application Under Test and completely change our test case.
As mentioned above, our next step will be to search for the shirts. After that, we will add them to the cart based on size and color. If you remember we covered the same scenario in the article "Custom commands in Cypress". Let's try to refactor the same scenario with the help of the page object model. To achieve the same we will need to perform the following steps:
- Create a javascript page class for ProductPage. Then, declare all the methods and elements selectors we need and export the class.
- In the previous article, as most of the code to handle this was written in command.js, so import this class in the same file.
- Create a new object for ProductPage class.
- Access the methods that we have written in ProductPage class.
So let's first create a new Page Class. Name it as ProductPage to handle the product search results and adding to the cart. Ideally, we should have created different classes for Product Search and Cart Handling. But just for an example, we are covering both in a single class as shown below:
class ProductPage { getSearchClick() { return cy.get('.noo-search'); } getSearchTextBox(){ return cy.get('.form-control'); } getProductsName() { return cy.get('.noo-product-inner h3'); } getSelectSize() { return cy.get('#pa_size'); } getSelectColor() { return cy.get('#pa_color'); } getAddtoCartButton() { return cy.get('.single_add_to_cart_button'); } } export default ProductPage
After creating the class, let's import it in the command.js file. After that, let's create a new object of it to access all the methods mentioned above in commands.js.
import ProductPage from '../support/PageObjects/ProductPage'; Cypress.Commands.add("selectProduct", (productName, size , color) => { // Creating Object for ProductPage const productPage=new ProductPage(); // Doing the search part for Shirts. productPage.getSearchClick().click() productPage.getSearchTextBox().type('Shirt'); productPage.getSearchTextBox().type('{enter}') productPage.getProductsName().each(($el , index , $list) => { //cy.log($el.text()); if($el.text().includes(productName)) { cy.get($el).click(); } }) // Selecting the size and color and then adding to cart button. productPage.getSelectColor().select(color); productPage.getSelectSize().select(size); productPage.getAddtoCartButton().click(); })
So, here actually the custom command's class is importing and using the Page class. Additionally, the test script will use the same command.js to perform the needed action. Just like the article "Custom commands in Cypress".
So, the test script will still be the same and will look as below:
// type definitions for Cypress object "cy" // <reference types="cypress" /> describe('Cypress Page Objects and Custom Commands', function() { //Mostly used for Setup Part before(function(){ cy.fixture('example').then(function(data) { this.data=data ; }) }) it('Cypress Test Case', function() { //Registration on the site cy.visit(' cy.get('#reg_username').type(this.data.Username); cy.get('#reg_email').type(this.data.Email); cy.get('#reg_password').type(this.data.NewPassword); cy.get('.woocommerce-Button').click(); //Checking whether the Registration is successful and whether UserName is populated under login section cy.get('#username').should('have.value',this.data.Username); }) // For Loop for Accessing productName array from Features File and Using the custom command this.data.productName.forEach(function(element){ // Invoke the Custom command selectProduct cy.selectProduct(element[0],element[1],element[2]); }) })
Next, we can add page objects for other web pages also. We can also invoke their methods on their corresponding objects to complete the user journey. You can refer to a sample project mentioned below. This will give you a quick look at all the Page Objects being created for the above-mentioned test scenario:
When we run(as per details mentioned in the article "Test Runner in Cypress") the above-mentioned Project which has all the page objects for the Demo Site, It will show the sample run as follows:
In the above screenshot, marker 1, shows that all 89 steps written in the Cypress test have been executed successfully. On the right-hand side, highlighted with marker 2, the order for 2 products has been placed successfully. Also, its order number has also generated.
So, by now we know how to write a new Page Object. We also know how to refactor the existing project to implement the Page Object pattern in Cypress.
Key Takeaways
- The Page Object Patterns provides an easy way to segregate the test code from the page elements. Additionally, it makes the code reusability and maintainability very easy.
- Cypress also provides the features to implement Page Object Pattern and include the same in test scripts.
- Apart from test scripts, even Custom commands can include and implement the Page Objects.
Let's move to the next article. There we will learn about various kinds of configurations Cypress provides and how to manage those configurations.
If you want to learn more you can look at this video series: ++Cypress video series++ | https://www.toolsqa.com/cypress/page-object-pattern-in-cypress/ | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 2,172 | 53.71 |
How to run Python code on your BigQuery table
Use a Python 3 Apache Beam pipeline
You can do lots of things in SQL, and SQL is undeniably convenient, but every once in a while, you will find yourself needing to run Python code on your BigQuery tables. If your data is small, you can use Pandas (and the BigQuery client library), but if your data is large, the best approach is to use Apache Beam and execute it in a serverless, autoscaled way with Cloud Dataflow.
Here’s the full code for the example in GitHub. It comes from our forthcoming book on BigQuery.
Python 3 Apache Beam + BigQuery
Here’s the key Beam code to read from BigQuery and write to BigQuery:
with beam.Pipeline(RUNNER, options = opts) as p:
(p
| 'read_bq' >> beam.io.Read(beam.io.BigQuerySource(query=query, use_standard_sql=True))
| 'compute_fit' >> beam.FlatMap(compute_fit)
| 'write_bq' >> beam.io.gcp.bigquery.WriteToBigQuery(
'ch05eu.station_stats', schema='station_id:string,ag:FLOAT64,bg:FLOAT64,cg:FLOAT64')
)
Essentially, we are running a query on a BigQuery table, running the Python method compute_fit, and writing the output to a BigQuery table.
This is my compute_fit method. As you can see, it’s just plain Python code:
def compute_fit(row):
from scipy import stats
import numpy as np
durations = row['duration_array']
ag, bg, cg = stats.gamma.fit(durations)
if np.isfinite(ag) and np.isfinite(bg) and np.isfinite(cg):
result = {}
result['station_id'] = str(row['start_station_id'])
result['ag'] = ag
result['bg'] = bg
result['cg'] = cg
yield result
Make sure to specify the Python packages that you need installed on the Dataflow workers in a requirements.txt:
%%writefile requirements.txt
numpy
scipy
Enjoy! | https://medium.com/google-cloud/how-to-run-python-code-on-your-bigquery-table-1bbd78c69351 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 278 | 66.13 |
Opened 10 years ago
Closed 10 years ago
#9061 closed defect (fixed)
Create an efficient SUM command
Description (last modified by )
This *HAS* to be changed :
p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram() v = p.new_variable() sage: %timeit sum([v[i] for i in xrange(900)]) 5 loops, best of 3: 1.14 s per loop
With this new function :
def mipvariables_sum(L): d = {} for v in L: for (id,coeff) in v._f.iteritems(): d[id] = coeff + d.get(id,0) return LinearFunction(d)
It gives :
sage: from sage.numerical.mip import mipvariables_sum sage: %timeit mipvariables_sum([v[i] for i in xrange(900)]) 625 loops, best of 3: 1.5 ms per loop
Even though it requires a new function to add MIPVariables, it is still better than nothing for the moment.
This patch will define the function given, and replace all the occurences of "sum" in the graph files to have them use this optimization.
Nathann
Attachments (1)
Change History (10)
comment:1 Changed 10 years ago by
comment:2 Changed 10 years ago by
comment:3 Changed 10 years ago by
For me, the balanced_sum function gives these timings:
sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram() sage: v = p.new_variable() sage: sage: %timeit sum([v[i] for i in xrange(900)]) 5 loops, best of 3: 1.48 s per loop sage: p = MixedIntegerLinearProgram() sage: v = p.new_variable() sage: %timeit sage.misc.misc.balanced_sum([v[i] for i in xrange(900)]) 25 loops, best of 3: 28.2 ms per loop
So I guess your function still wins (which isn't much of a surprise).
comment:4 Changed 10 years ago by
- Status changed from new to needs_review
This patch defines the function sage.numerical.mip.Sum and updates the LP functions to have them use it !
Nathann
comment:5 Changed 10 years ago by
- Cc abmasse added
comment:6 Changed 10 years ago by
- Status changed from needs_review to needs_work
Rebased ! :-)
Nathann
Changed 10 years ago by
comment:7 Changed 10 years ago by
Hello, Nathann!
Did you rebase it on sage-4.4.3? It seems so because it doesn't apply on sage-4.4.4. Since it touches many parts of the code, I don't know what would be the best strategy to make sure it is correctly based and it does not raise any problem with other patches.
Having looked at the code, it will probably be a fast review, as soon as I have checked for the improved efficiency.
comment:8 Changed 10 years ago by
- Reviewers set to Robert Miller
- Status changed from needs_work to positive_review
comment:9 Changed 10 years ago by
- Merged in set to sage-4.5.alpha4
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from positive_review to closed
Can you try
sage.misc.misc.balanced_sum? It seems to get about the same speedup for me as you indicate. | https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/9061 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 473 | 71.65 |
I have a text file which has the data in the form of column : row. I would like to load this text file into python and convert it into csv or an excel file and save it in local desktop. Anyone have a logic? Kindly share your answers. Thanks in advance. Here goes a sample of my data in the text file [ kindly see that Price per Quarter is missing in the second set of data ],
Name of the Property : North Kensington Upcycling Store and Cafe
Availability : Now
Interest Level : 74 people are looking right now
Area : 1,200 sqft
Retail Type : No
Bar & Restaurant Type : No
Event Type : Yes
Shop Share Type : No
Unique Type : No
Price Per Day : £360
Price Per Week : £1,260
Price Per Month : £5,460
Price Per Quarter : £16,380
Price Per Year : £65,520
[Latitude, Longitude] : [51.5235108631773, -0.206594467163086]
Name of the Property : Old Charlton Pub
Availability : Now
Interest Level : 20 people are looking right now
Area : 1,250 sqft
Retail Type : No
Bar & Restaurant Type : Yes
Event Type : No
Shop Share Type : No
Unique Type : No
Price Per Day : £70
Price Per Week : £490
Price Per Month : £2,129
Price Per Year : £25,550
[Latitude, Longitude] : [51.4926332979245, 0.0449645519256592]
import pandas
txt_file = r"patty.txt"
txt = open(txt_file, "r")
txt_string = txt.read()
txt_lines = txt_string.split("\n")
txt_dict = {}
for txt_line in txt_lines:
print(txt_line)
k,v = txt_line.split(":")
k = k.strip()
v = v.strip()
if k in txt_dict:
list = txt_dict.get(k)
else:
list = []
list.append(v)
txt_dict[k]=list
print (pandas.DataFrame.from_dict(txt_dict, orient="index"))
If a line of the input file is empty or missing the colon,
split returns only 1 element and you get that error.
To play it safe, I would do a size check to avoid the exception, and print an explicit message when parsing is not possible (I added empty line skip to avoid crashing in that case)
if txt_line.strip(): # line is not empty or just blanks toks = txt_line.split(":") if len(toks)==2: # unpack safely k,v = toks else: print("unable to parse {}".format(txt_line)) | https://codedump.io/share/5NXzihqPQIdp/1/python---value-error----need-more-than-1-value-to-unpack | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 353 | 72.46 |
Support-vector machines, also known as SVMs, represent the cutting edge of statistical machine learning. They are typically used for classification problems, although they can be used for regression, too. SVMs often succeed at finding separation between classes when other models – that is, other learning algorithms – do not.
Scikit-learn makes building SVMs easy with classes such as SVC for classification models and SVR for regression models. You can use these classes without understanding how support-vector machines work, but you’ll get more out of them if you do understand how they work. It’s also important to know how to tune SVMs for individual datasets and how to prepare data before you train a model. At the end of this post, I’ll present an SVM that performs facial recognition. But first, let’s look behind the scenes and learn why SVMs are often the go-to mechanism for modeling real-world datasets.
How Support-Vector Machines Work
First, why are they called support-vector machines? The purpose of an SVM classifier is the same as any other classifier: to find a decision boundary that cleanly separates the classes. SVMs do this by finding a line in 2D space, a plane in 3D space, or a hyperplane in high-dimensional space that let them distinguish between different classes with the greatest margin of error possible. They do it by computing a decision boundary that provides the greatest margin along a line perpendicular to the boundary between the closest points, or support vectors, in the two classes. (SVMs perform binary classification only, but Scikit enables them to do multiclass classification using the techniques described in my previous post.) There’s an infinite number of lines you can draw to separate the two classes in the diagrams below, but the best line is the one that produces the widest margin. Support vectors are circled in red.
Of course, real-world data rarely lends itself to such clean separation. Overlap between classes inevitably prevents a perfect fit. To accommodate this, SVMs support a regularization parameter called C that can be adjusted to loosen or tighten the fit. Lower values of C produce a wider margin with more errors on either side of the decision boundary. Higher values yield a tighter fit to the training data with a correspondingly thinner margin and fewer errors. If C is too high, the model might not generalize well. The optimum value varies by dataset. Data scientists typically try different values of C to determine which one performs the best against test data.
All of the above is true. But none of it explains why SVMs are so good at what they do. SVMs aren’t the only models that mathematically look for boundaries separating the classes. What makes SVMs special is kernels, some of which add dimensions to data to find boundaries that don’t exist at lower dimensions. Consider the figure at left below. You can’t draw a line that completely separates the red dots from the purple dots. But if you add a third dimension as shown on the right – a z dimension whose value is based on a point’s distance from the center – then you can slide a plane between the purples and the reds and achieve 100% separation. In this example, data that isn’t linearly separable in two dimensions is linearly separable in three dimensions. The principle at work here is Cover’s theorem, which states that data that isn’t linearly separable might be linearly separable if projected into a higher-dimensional space using a non-linear transform.
The kernel transformation used in this example, which “projects” 2-dimensional data to 3 dimensions by adding a z to every x and y, works well with this particular dataset. But for SVMs to broadly useful, you need a kernel that isn’t tied to the shape of a specific dataset.
Scikit-learn has several general-purpose kernels built in, including the linear kernel, the RBF (short for radial basis function) kernel, and the polynomial kernel. The linear kernel doesn’t add dimensions. It works well with data that is linearly separable out of the box, but it doesn’t perform very well with data that isn’t. Applying it to the problem above produces the decision boundary on the left below. Applying the RBF kernel to the same data produces the decision boundary on the right. The RBF kernel projects the xs and ys into a higher-dimensional space and finds a hyperplane that cleanly separates the purples from the reds. When projected back to two dimensions, the decision boundary roughly forms a circle. Similar results can be achieved on this dataset with a properly tuned polynomial kernel, but generally speaking, the RBF kernel can find decision boundaries in non-linear data that the polynomial kernel cannot. That’s why RBF is the default kernel type in Scikit if you don’t specify otherwise.
A logical question to ask is what did the RBF kernel do? Did it add a z to every x and y? The short answer is no. It effectively projected the data points into a space with an infinite number of dimensions. The key word is effectively. Kernels use mathematical shortcuts called kernel tricks to measure the effect of adding new dimensions without actually computing values for them. This is where the math for SVMs gets hairy. Kernels are carefully designed to compute the dot product between two n-dimensional vectors in m-dimensional space (where m is greater than n and can even be infinite) without generating all those new dimensions, and ultimately, the dot products are all an SVM needs to compute a decision boundary. It’s the mathematical equivalent of having your cake and eating it, too, and it’s the secret sauce that makes SVMs awesome. SVMs can still take a relatively long time to train on large datasets, but one of the benefits of an SVM is that it tends to do better on smaller datasets with fewer rows or samples than other learning algorithms.
Kernel Tricks in Action
Want to see an example of how kernel tricks are used to compute dot products in high-dimensional spaces without computing values for the new dimensions? The following explanation is completely optional. But if you, like me, learn better from concrete examples, then you might find this section helpful.
Let’s start with the 2-dimensional circular dataset presented above, but this time, let’s project it into 3-dimensional space with the following equations:
In other words, we’ll compute x and y in 3-dimensional space by squaring x and y in 2-dimensional space, and we’ll add a z that’s the product of the original x and y and the square root of 2. Projecting the data this way produces a clean separation between purples and reds:
The efficacy of SVMs depends on their ability to compute the dot product of two vectors (or points, which can be treated as vectors) in higher-dimensional space without projecting them into that space – that is, using only the values in the original space. Let’s manufacture a couple of points to work with:
We can compute the dot product of these two points this way:
Of course, the dot product in two dimensions isn’t very helpful. An SVM needs the dot product of these points in 3D space. Let’s use the equations above to project a and b to 3D, and then compute the dot product of the result:
We now have the dot product of a pair of 2D points in 3D space, but we had to generate dimensions in 3D space in order to get it. Here’s where it gets interesting. The following function, or “kernel trick,” produces the same result using only the values in the original 2D space:
⟨a, b⟩ is simply the dot product of a and b, so ⟨a, b⟩2 is the square of the dot product of a and b. We already know how to compute the dot product of a and b. Therefore:
This agrees with the result we computed by explicitly projecting the points, but with no projection required. That’s the kernel trick in a nutshell. It saves time and memory when going from 2 dimensions to 3. Just imagine the savings when projecting to an infinite number of dimensions – which, you’ll recall, is exactly what the RBF kernel does.
The kernel trick used here wasn’t manufactured from thin air. It happens to be the one used by a degree-2 polynomial kernel. With Scikit, you can fit an SVM classifier with a degree-2 polynomial kernel to a dataset this way:
model = SVC(kernel='poly', degree=2) model.fit(x, y)
If you apply this to the circular dataset above and plot the decision boundary, the result is almost identical to the one generated by the RBF kernel. Interestingly, a degree-1 polynomial kernel produces the same decision boundary as the linear kernel since a line is just a 1st degree polynomial:
Kernel tricks are special. Each one is designed to simulate a specific projection into higher dimensions. Scikit gives you a handful of kernels to work with, but there are others that Scikit doesn’t build in. You can extend Scikit with kernels of your own, but the ones that it provides are sufficient for the vast majority of use cases.
Hyperparameter Tuning
Going in, it’s difficult to know which of the built-in kernels will produce the most accurate model. It’s also difficult to know what the right value of C is – the value that provides the best balance between underfitting and overfitting the training data and yields the best results when the model is run with test data. For the RBF and polynomial kernels, there’s a third value called gamma that affects accuracy. And for polynomial kernels, the degree parameter impacts the model’s ability to learn from the training data.
The C parameter controls how aggressively the model fits to the training data. The higher the value, the tighter the fit and the higher the risk of overfitting. The diagram below shows how the RBF kernel fits a model to a set of training data containing three classes with different values of C. The default is C=1 in Scikit, but you can specify a different value to adjust the fit. You can see the danger of overfitting in the diagram at lower right. A point that lies to the extreme right would be classified as a blue, even though it probably belongs to the yellow or brown class. Underfitting is a problem, too. In the example at upper left, virtually any data point that isn’t a brown will be classified as a blue.
An SVM that uses the RBF kernel isn’t properly tuned until you have the right value for gamma, too. gamma controls how far the influence of a single data point reaches in computing decision boundaries. Lower values use more points and produce smoother decision boundaries; higher values involve fewer points and fit more tightly to the training data. This is illustrated below, where increasing gamma while holding C constant closes the decision boundary more tightly around clusters of classes. gamma can be any non-zero positive value, but values between 0 and 1 are the most common. Rather than hard-code a default value for gamma, Scikit picks a default value algorithmically if you don’t specify one.
In practice, data scientists experiment with different kernels and different parameter values to find the combination that produces the most accurate model, a process known as hyperparameter tuning. The usefulness of hyperparameter tuning isn’t unique to SVMs, but you can almost always make an SVM more accurate by finding the optimum combination of kernel type, C, and gamma (and for polynomial kernels, degree).
To aid in the process of hyperparameter tuning, Scikit provides a family of optimizers that includes GridSearchCV, which tries all combinations of a specified set of parameter values with built-in cross-validation to determine which combination produces the most accurate model. These optimizers prevent you from having to write code to do a brute-force search using all the unique combinations of parameter values. To be clear, they do brute-force searches themselves by training the model multiple times, each time with a different combination of values. At the end, you can retrieve the most accurate model from the best_estimator_ attribute, the parameter values that produced the most accurate model from the best_params_ attribute, and the best score from the best_score_ attribute.
Here’s an example that uses Scikit’s SVC class to implement an SVM classifier. For starters, you can create an SVM classifier that uses default parameter values and fit it to a dataset with two lines of code:
model = SVC() model.fit(x, y)
This uses the RBF kernel with C=1. You can specify the kernel type and values for C and gamma this way:
model = SVC(kernel='poly', C=10, gamma=0.1) model.fit(x, y)
Suppose you wanted to try two different kernels and five values each for C and gamma to see which combination produces the best results. Rather than write a nested for loop, you could do this instead:
model = SVC() grid = { 'C': [0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100], 'gamma': [0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0], 'kernel': ['rbf', 'poly'] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=model, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) # Train the model with different parameter combinations
The call to fit won’t return for a while. It trains the model 250 times since there are 50 different combinations of kernel, C, and gamma, and cv=5 says uses 5-fold cross-validation to assess the results. Once training is complete, you can get the best model this way:
best_model = grid_search.best_estimator_
It is not uncommon to run a search regimen such as this one multiple times – the first time with course parameter values, and each time thereafter with narrower ranges of values centered around the values obtained from best_params_. More training time up front is the price you pay for an accurate model. To reiterate, you can almost always make an SVM more accurate by finding the optimum combination of parameters. And for better or worse, brute force is the most effective way to identify the best combination.
Data Standardization
In my post on regression algorithms, I noted that some learning algorithms work better with normalized data. Unnormalized data contains columns of numbers with vastly different ranges – for example, values from 0 to 1 in one column and 0 to 1,000,000 in another. Scikit’s MinMaxScaler class normalizes data by proportionally reducing the values in each column to values from 0.0 to 1.0. But that’s not enough for a typical SVM.
SVMs tend to be sensitive to unnormalized data. Moreover, they like data that is normalized to unit variance using a technique called standardization or Z-score normalization. Unit variance is achieved by doing the following to each column in a dataset:
- Compute the mean and standard deviation of all the values in the column
- Subtract the mean from each value in the column
- Divide each value in the column by the standard deviation
This is precisely the transform that Scikit’s StandardScaler class performs on a dataset. Normalizing a dataset to have unit variance is as simple as this:
scaler = StandardScaler() x = scaler.fit_transform(x)
The values in the original dataset may vary wildly from one column to the next, but the transformed dataset will contain columns of numbers centered around 0 with ranges that are proportional to each column’s standard deviation. SVMs typically perform better when trained with standardized data, even if all the columns have similar ranges. (The same is true of neural networks, by the way.) The classic case in which columns having similar ranges is image data, where each column holds pixel values from 0 to 255. There are exceptions, but it is usually a mistake to throw a bunch of data at an SVM without understanding the shape of the data – specifically, whether it has unit variance.
Pipelining
If you standardize the values used to train a machine-learning model, you must apply the same transform to values input to the model’s predict method. In other words, if you train a model this way:
model = SVC() scaler = StandardScaler() x = scaler.fit_transform(x) model.fit(x, y)
Then you make predictions with it this way:
input = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] model.predict([scaler.transform([input])
Otherwise, you’ll get non-sensical predictions.
To simplify your code and make it harder to forget to transform training data and prediction data the same way, Scikit offers the make_pipeline function. make_pipeline lets you combine predictive models – what Scikit calls estimators, or instances of classes such as SVC – with transforms applied to data input to those models. Here’s how you use make_pipeline to ensure that any data input to the model is transformed the same way with StandardScaler:
# Train the model pipe = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), SVC()) pipe.fit(x, y) # Make a prediction with the model input = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] pipe.predict([input])
Now data used to train the model has StandardScaler applied to it, and data input to make predictions is transformed with the same StandardScaler.
What if you wanted to use GridSearchCV to find the optimum set of parameters for a pipeline that combines a data transform and estimator? It’s not hard, but there’s a trick you need to know about. It involves using class names prefaced with double underscores in the param_grid dictionary passed to GridSearchCV. Here’s an example:
pipe = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), SVC()) grid = { 'svc__C': [0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100], 'svc__gamma': [0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0], 'svc__kernel': ['rbf', 'poly'] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=pipe, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) # Train the model with different parameter combinations
This example trains the model 250 times to find the best combination of kernel, C, and gamma for the SVC instance in the pipeline. Note the svc__ nomenclature, which maps to the SVC instance passed to the make_pipeline function.
Train an SVM to Perform Facial Recognition
Facial recognition is often accomplished with neural networks, but support-vector machines can do a credible job, too. Let’s demonstrate by building a Jupyter notebook that recognizes faces. The dataset we’ll use is the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, which contains more than 13,000 facial images of famous people collected from around the Web notebook and using the following statements to load the dataset:
import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import fetch_lfw_people faces = fetch_lfw_people(min_faces_per_person=100) print(faces.target_names) print(faces.images.shape)
In total, 1,140 facial images were loaded. Each image measures 62 by 47 pixels for a total of 2,914 pixels per image. That means we’re working with a dataset containing 2,914 feature columns. Use the following code to show the first 24 images in the dataset and the people to whom the faces belong:
%matplotlib inline import matplotlib.pyplot as plt]]).data[mask] y = faces.target[mask] x.shape
x contains 500 facial images, and y contains the labels that go with them: 0 for Colin Powell, 1 for Donald Rumsfeld, and so on. Now let’s see if an SVM can make sense of the data. We’ll train three different models: one that uses a linear kernel, one that uses a polynomial kernel, and one that uses an RBF kernel. In each case, we’ll use GridSearchCV to optimize hyperparameters. Start with a linear model:
from sklearn.svm import SVC from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV svc = SVC(kernel='linear') grid = { 'C': [0.1, 1, 10, 100] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=svc, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) # Train the model with different parameters grid_search.best_score_
This model achieves a cross-validated accuracy of 84.4%. It’s possible that accuracy can be improved by standardizing the image data. Run the same grid search again, but this time use StandardScaler to apply unit variance to all the pixel values:
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler scaler = StandardScaler() svc = SVC(kernel='linear') pipe = make_pipeline(scaler, svc) grid = { 'svc__C': [0.1, 1, 10, 100] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=pipe, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) grid_search.best_score_
Standardizing the data produced an incremental improvement in accuracy. What value of C produced that accuracy?
grid_search.best_params_
Is it possible that a polynomial kernel could outperform a linear kernel? There’s an easy way to find out. Note the introduction of the gamma and degree parameters to the parameter grid. These parameters, along with C, can greatly influence a polynomial kernel’s ability to fit to the training data.
scaler = StandardScaler() svc = SVC(kernel='poly') pipe = make_pipeline(scaler, svc) grid = { 'svc__C': [0.1, 1, 10, 100], 'svc__gamma': [0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1], 'svc__degree': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=pipe, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) # Train the model with different parameter combinations grid_search.best_score_
The polynomial kernel achieved the same accuracy as the linear kernel. What parameter values led to this result?
grid_search.best_params_
best_params_ reveals that the optimum value of degree was 1, which means the polynomial kernel acted like a linear kernel. It’s not surprising, then, that it achieved the same accuracy. Could an RBF kernel do better?
scaler = StandardScaler() svc = SVC(kernel='rbf') pipe = make_pipeline(scaler, svc) grid = { 'svc__C': [0.1, 1, 10, 100], 'svc__gamma': [0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] } grid_search = GridSearchCV(estimator=pipe, param_grid=grid, cv=5, verbose=2) grid_search.fit(x, y) grid_search.best_score_
The RBF kernel didn’t perform as well as the linear and polynomial kernels. There’s a lesson here. The RBF kernel often fits to non-linear data better than other kernels, but it doesn’t always fit better. That’s why the best strategy with an SVM is to try different kernels with different parameter values. The best combination will vary from dataset to dataset. For the LFW dataset, it seems that a linear kernel is best. That’s convenient, because the linear kernel is the fastest of all the kernels that Scikit provides.
Confusion matrices are a great way to visualize a model’s accuracy. Let’s split the dataset, train an optimized linear model with 80% of the images, test it with the remaining 20%, and show the results in a confusion matrix.
The first step is to split the dataset. Note the stratify=y parameter, which ensures that the training dataset and the test dataset have the same proportion of samples of each class as the original dataset. In this example, the training dataset will contain 20 samples of each of the five people.
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, train_size=0.8, stratify=y, random_state=0)
Now train a linear SVM with the optimum C value revealed by the grid search:
scaler = StandardScaler() svc = SVC(kernel='linear', C=0.1) pipe = make_pipeline(scaler, svc) pipe.fit(x_train, y_train)
Cross-validate the model to confirm that it’s as accurate when trained with 80% of the dataset as it was when it was trained with the entire dataset:
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score cross_val_score(pipe, x, y, cv=5).mean()
Use a confusion matrix to see how the model performs against the test data:
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix plot_confusion_matrix(pipe, x_test, y_test, display_labels=faces.target_names, cmap='Blues', xticks_rotation='vertical')
The model correctly identified Colin Powell 19 times out of 20, Donald Rumsfeld 20 times out of 20, and so on. That’s not bad. And it’s a great example of support-vector machines at work. It would be challenging, perhaps impossible, to do this well using more conventional learning algorithms such as logistic regression.
Wrapping Up
You can download a Jupyter notebook containing the facial-recognition example.
One nuance to be aware of regarding the SVC class is that it doesn’t compute probabilities by default. If you want to call predict_proba on an SVC instance, you must set probability to True when creating the instance:
model = SVC(probability=True)
The model will train slower, but you’ll be able to retrieve probabilities as well as predictions.
Finally, if you’d like to learn more about SVMs, kernels, and kernel tricks, I highly recommend reading Support Vector Machine (SVM) Tutorial by Abhishek Ghose. It’s wonderfully written and is one of the best articles I’ve seen for building an intuitive understanding of how SVMs work. | https://www.wintellect.com/support-vector-machines/ | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 4,162 | 53.61 |
The code shown below:
Int(false) // = 1, it's okay
//but when I try this
let emptyString = true //or let emptyString : Bool = true
Int(emptyString) //error - Cannot invoke initializer with an argument list of type '(Bool)'
To find out what is going on with
Int(false), change it to:
Int.init(false)
and then option-click on
init. You will see that it is calling this initializer:
init(_ number: NSNumber)
Since
false is a valid
NSNumber and
NSNumber conforms to the protocol
ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral, Swift finds this initializer.
So why doesn't this work?:
let emptyString = false Int(emptyString)
Because now you are passing a
Bool typed variable and
Int doesn't have an initializer that takes a
Bool.
In Swift 2 this would have worked because
Bool was automatically bridged to
NSNumber, but that has been removed.
You can force it like this:
import Foundation // or import UIKit or import Cocoa Int(emtpyString as NSNumber)
This only works if Foundation is imported. In Pure Swift there is no
NSNumber, of course. | https://codedump.io/share/jsJtRqoEQX11/1/why-does-intfalse-work-but-intbooleanvariable-does-not | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 172 | 59.64 |
I have written Jython script to create a mail session in IBM websphere.
Jython Script :
import sys nodeName =sys.argv[0] serverName =sys.argv[1] def createSession(nodeName,serverName): print "Creating mailsession" ds =AdminConfig.getid('/Node:'+nodeName+'/Server:'+serverName+'/MailProvider:Built-in Mail Provider/') print ds print AdminConfig.required('MailSession') name = ['name','MailSession'] jndi = ['jndiName','mail/Session'] host = ['mailTransportHost','mailhost.misys.global.ad'] storehost = ['mailStoreHost','mailhost.misys.global.ad'] mailAttrs=[name,jndi,host,storehost] print mailAttrs ss = AdminConfig.create('MailSession',ds,mailAttrs) AdminConfig.save()
After running the script i am able to see mail session created by script in console. but it is throwing an error on server as below :
[Root exception is javax.naming.NameNotFoundException: Context: MyServer20Cell/nodes/MyServer20Node/servers/MyServer20, name: mail/Session: First component in name mail/Session not found.
But the strange thing is when i opened the IBM Console and go to mail Session , without modifying any value in mail session, click on apply changes ,save it and restart the server .It Works fine and server is not throwing any error.
Can any one tell did i have done anything wrong in Script. How i can resolve this issue.
117 people are following this question.
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How to run AdminControl queryNames with name attribute containing blank (jacl) 2 Answers | https://developer.ibm.com/answers/questions/368265/jython-script-mail-session-attribute-is-set-but-wh.html?smartspace=hybrid-cloud-core | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 260 | 52.05 |
Compiling .spyx-files
This is an implementation of the pollard-rho factorization-algorithm in sage (filename: exp.sage)
def pollard_rho(n): x = 2 y = x t = 1 while t == 1: x = mod(x,n)^2+1 y = mod(mod(y,n)^2+1,n)^2+1 t = gcd(x-y,n) if t<n: return(t) else: return 0
I load it with "
load exp.sage" and it works.
But trying to compile
import sage.all def pollard_rho(n): x = 2 y = x t = 1 while t == 1: x = sage.all.mod(x,n)**2+1 y = sage.all.mod(sage.all.mod(y,n)**2+1,n)**2+1 t = sage.all.gcd(x-y,n) if t<n: return(t) else: return 0
named as "
exp.spyx" brings several errors, one of them (f.e.):
13 while t == 1: 14 x = sage.all.mod(x,n)**2+1 ---> 15 y = sage.all.mod(sage.mod(y,n)**2+1,n)**2+1 16 t = sage.all.gcd(x-y,n) 17 AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'mod'
What is wrong here? Probably many things - im totally new to Sage, coming from Pari-gp and work in console-mode - no experiences with C or Python. Thank you. | https://ask.sagemath.org/question/7854/compiling-spyx-files/ | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 209 | 70.29 |
Can I use Azure Functions (serverless functions) to sync data from Talk2m to Microsoft Azure?
Can I use Azure Functions (serverless functions) to sync data from Talk2m to Microsoft Azure?
Data Mailbox Web API and Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Data mailbox access and info
Setting up eSync with a cloud based service
Esync from Flexy 503 error
It is possible to use Azure Functions to retrieve historical data from Talk2m’s Datamailbox service. The same function can also move that data into Azure storage, insert into Azure Table Storage, or an Azure Database, or even message and storage queues. Azure Functions can be timer or event triggered.
The following example function will make a query to Talk2M over HTTPS, and copy the contents to Azure Blob Storage.
Configure the function to be triggered by timer, the “Integrate” menu make this easy. The schedule is a CRON expression that represents trigger once, at the top of every hour.
Configure the output for Azure Blob Storage.
The following is the function call. Note that you’ll have to update the url parameter with your talk2m information.
using System; using System.Net; using System.IO; public static void Run(TimerInfo myTimer, Stream outputBlob, TraceWriter log) { string url = ""; HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url); HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse(); Stream resStream = response.GetResponseStream(); resStream.CopyTo(outputBlob); log.Info($"C# Timer trigger function executed at: {DateTime.Now}"); } | https://forum.hms-networks.com/t/can-i-use-azure-functions-serverless-functions-to-sync-data-from-talk2m-to-microsoft-azure/877 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 232 | 58.58 |
A HTTP replay library for testing.
Project description
JANUARY 2015 :: HTTREPLAY IS NOW END-OF-LIFED. I strongly recommend using vcr.py, which these days has a larger community, a richer feature set, and is better maintained. I will keep HTTReplay on PyPi for now just so that nobody gets caught out. But please do migrate to vcr.py when you have an opporunity. Thanks!
HTTReplay is a Python HTTP (and HTTPS!) replay library for testing.
The library supports the recording and replay of network requests made via httplib, requests >= 1.2.3 (including requests 2.x), and urllib3 >= 0.6.
Here’s a very simple example of how to use it:
import requests from httreplay import replay with replay('/tmp/recording_file.json'): result = requests.get("") # ... issue as many requests as you like ... # ... repeated requests won't hit the network ...
There’s a lot more you can do. Full documentation is available from the httreplay github page.
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/httreplay/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 180 | 71.61 |
I have gotten lots of good comments on my series updating my Mix09 talk “building business applications with Silverlight 3”. Some customers have asked about the “live” version I have running on one of Scott Haneslman’s servers (thanks Scott!)
The demo requires (all 100% free and always free):
- VS2008 SP1 (Which includes Sql Express 2008)
- Silverlight 3 RTM
- .NET RIA Services July ’09 Preview
Also, download the full demo files and, of course, check out the running application.
Scott gave me a FTP access and a web server, but I didn’t want to hassle with setting up a database (though he did offer). So I thought I’d use the POCO support in RIA Services to just get data from plain old CLR objects. Personally, I think far too many of our samples show only Entity Framework… So this is a good excuse to show that off.
So, back to your application diagram, i want to use this post to focus on POCO as a data source.
First, my goal was to make the minimum changes. I didn’t want to touch the client at all, nor did I want to change any of my business logic. I just wanted to move the app from EF\SQL to a POCO data source.
Turns out this was simple enough to do. First I deleted the northwind.mdf file from App_Data then I deleted the EF model.
Then I added a SuperEmployee class.. I went ahead and added the metadata directly.
public class SuperEmployee
{
[Key]
[ReadOnly(true)]
public int EmployeeID { get; set; }
public DateTime LastEdit {get;set;}
[Display(Name = "Name")]
[Required(
ErrorMessage = "Super hero's require names!!")]
public string Name { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "Gender")]
[RegularExpression("^(?:m|M|male|Male|f|F|female|Female)$",
ErrorMessage = "Even super heros are M\\F or Male\\Female!")]
public string Gender { get; set; }
Then I created SuperEmployeeList class that has all the data
List<SuperEmployee> list = new List<SuperEmployee>()
{
new SuperEmployee() {
EmployeeID=1,
Gender="Male",
Issues=982,
Name = "Alfred",
Origin="Human",
Publishers="DC",
Sites="first appears in Batman #16"},
new SuperEmployee() {
EmployeeID=2,
Gender="Male",
Issues=518,
Name = "Alfred E. Neuman",
Origin="Human",
Publishers="Ec",
Sites="first appears in MAD #21"},
Then I added a couple of simple methods to make encapsulate access.
public IEnumerable<SuperEmployee> GetEmployees()
{
return list.ToArray();
}
public void Add(SuperEmployee emp)
{
list.Add(emp);
}
Then some small tweaks to my DomainService implementation. Notice here I derive directly from DomainService directly rather than using the LinqToSqlDomainService or EntityFrameworkDomainService classes. I think this will be reasonably common..
[EnableClientAccess()]
public class SuperEmployeeDomainService : DomainService
{
SuperEmployeeList Context = new SuperEmployeeList();
public IQueryable<SuperEmployee> GetSuperEmployees()
{
return Context.GetEmployees().AsQueryable();
}
public IQueryable<SuperEmployee> GetSuperEmployee(int employeeID)
{
return Context.GetEmployees().ToList()
.Where(emp => emp.EmployeeID == employeeID).AsQueryable();
}
public void InsertSuperEmployee(SuperEmployee superEmployee)
{
Context.Add(superEmployee);
}
public override void Submit(ChangeSet changeSet)
{
base.Submit(changeSet);
//todo: Submit changes to the store.. (for example, save to a file, etc
}
I should also override Submit to save off the changes (say to a file or some sort of backing store).. but for the demo I wanted to keep them static so no one puts in bad data into my site.
Hit F5 and everything else works.. No changes to the Silverlight client or the ASP.NET client (for SEO).. This same flexibility allows you to move from one data access technology to another without all your clients having to be updated.
Authentication
As you saw my earlier post, we have a very cool new template that gives you log in and create new user support.
I *had* to enable that in the demo.. At least so folks could play around with it. By default we use the aspnetdb.mdb and SQLExpress… so this needed to be updated just like the above example.
Because we simply plug into the ASP.NET Membership system that shipped in ASP.NET 3.0 this is a pretty well explored and documented area. But here is the brief on it.
In web.config in the server project, under the system.web section add:
<membership defaultProvider="SimpleMembershipProvider">
<providers>
<add name="SimpleMembershipProvider"
type="MyApp.Web.SimpleMembershipProvider"
minRequiredPasswordLength="2"
minRequiredNonalphanumericCharacters="0" />
</providers>
</membership>
Then just implement the SimpleMembershipProvider… Here I did a demo-only model that accepts any user id and password.
public class SimpleMembershipProvider : MembershipProvider
{
public override bool ValidateUser(string username, string password)
{
return true;
}
public class MyUser : MembershipUser
{
}
public override MembershipUser CreateUser(string username, string password, string email, string passwordQuestion, string passwordAnswer, bool isApproved, object providerUserKey, out MembershipCreateStatus status)
{
status = MembershipCreateStatus.Success;
return new MyUser();
}
Clearly in a real application you will want to plug into your user management system. But, again because ASP.NET’s system has been around for so long there is support out there for just about any system. Also check out a great book on the subject Stefan Schackow’s Professional ASP.NET 2.0 Security, Membership, and Role Management.
Brad,
Is your site running on Scott’s machine in medium trust or full trust? I understand at the moment that .net RIA services requires full trust, which makes it impossible to use it on a hosting service like Go Daddy, or have I misunderstood that?
…Stefan
Stefan — It is full trust right now… I am told the next update will work partial trust..?
Hi,
I would like to share my article on Authentication with silverlight .
It uses ASPNetDB.
Thanks,
Thani
Brad,
Is a step-by-step walkthrough available for the Business Apps Example for Silverlight 3 RTM and .NET RIA Services?
Excellent series of blog updates!
Best regards, Rob
Brad,
Thanks a lot for the series. They are great.
I have a question on real world situation.
I have Sales Order that is split into 3 entities.
Sales Order Header, Sales Order Lines and Product.
Sales Order Header has many lines and each line has a product.
How to Insert,Update,Delete a Sales Order (All 3 entities related to each other).
All need to happen in a transaction and with business validations on each entity.
Any help or direction is greatly appreciated.
Thanks
Vee.Mat
Brad,
Do you know if the next update that supports medium trust will work on the .net framework 3.5 SP1. I understand it will probably only work on.net framework 4.
This is a problem as far as hosted providers go because I doubt that Go Daddy will have the .net framework 4 available on its servers until at least mid next year.
…Stefan
This is great feedback Stefan — we talked about this issue today and are actively looking at a solution to make it work in semi-trust on 3.5.. stay tuned!
VeeMat — this is a great scenario and one that will be more clean in the next drop… There is an Include attribute that you can use to specifiy what other entities to operate on as a unit..
>?
That is right, you need to implement IQuerable to get all the cool composition around sorting paging filtering, etc.. But in the WCF example, I show how you can get pretty close by using parameters to your query methods
..brad
Brad,
This is a great sample. Thank you for releasing this.
I’m trying to get your MyApp.WebAdmin site working. Is this supposed to work out of the gate? I get the following exception what I try to view it:
The base class includes the field ‘DynamicDataManager1’, but its type (System.Web.DynamicData.DynamicDataManager) is not compatible with the type of control (System.Web.DynamicData.DynamicDataManager).
Thank you 🙂
Michael
MichaelD! –
Utz – Nope, that WebAdmin project is not suppose to be there.. It is some testing i did for a future post.. Stay tuned… we will do Dynamic Data soon 😉
Thanks for this great sample.
I have a similar Question than VeeMat.:
I added a property to SuperEmployee class
public Role MyRole { get; set; }
where Role is a simple class
public sealed class Role
{
[Key]
public string RoleName { get; set; }
public bool IsIn { get; set; }
}
After compiling, I got no MyRole property in the generated Entity.
When I add the [Include Attribute] i get the compiler error:
Invalid Include specification for member ‘UserInformation.MyProperty’. Non-projection includes can only be specified on members with the AssociationAttribute applied.
What can I do? And is it possible to export a
public RoleCollection List<Role> as property?
Thanks
I have the same problem with this POCO approach.
If you have a 1 to many relationship, say between Products and Categories, then RIA Services ignores the Categories collection property on the Product domain class in client-side code generation (which is defined as IEnumerable<Category>).
Adding the IncludeAttribute gives "Invalid Include specification for member ‘Product.Categories’. Non-projection includes can only be specified on members with the AssociationAttribute applied."
Ideas anyone?
Thanks.
I fixed the problem using a workaround.
In order to use define a System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.AssociationAttribute I needed a foreign key property on Category.
The Product objects, however are retrieved from a WCF service and already have the Categories loaded and Category objects do not have a property ProductId.
So I created a small wrapper object that wraps Category objects just after Products are retrieved from the service and adds the ProductId to it.
In Products I now have:
[Association("Categories", "Id", "ProductId")]
[Include]
Public List<Category> Categories
{
…
}
This works, but the solution is far from ideal.
However, in the meantime the proxy class seems to solve another issue that I had as well, namely that metadata validation of WCF proxy objects (created with Service Factory Modeling edition) did not work properly with RIA Services (only the RequiredAttribute and KeyAttribute were honoured, the rest was ignored).
So, that is something good coming with something bad, it seems 😉
BTW, I didn’t say this yet, but I really appreciate the long list of articles on RIA Services. Thank you, Brad!
hi there,
I have a couple of things to add. In order to run Silverlight 3 with RIA Services on a shared server, there are several things that you need to check. The followings must be installed on the server:
1. .NET3.5 Framework
2. Full Trust mode must be enabled
3. Install the Visual Web Developer 2008 tool
4. Install the Visual Studio 2008 Service Pack 1
5. Run the Silverlight 3 Toolkit
6. Run the RIA Service Installation
7. Silverlight can run on either IIS6 or IIS7
I am currently hosting my Silverlight 3 (+ RIA Service) with ASPHostCentral () and so far, everything works smoothly.
How do you set up the POCO data source to handle an object that has an object as a property (we have a set of classes serialized from an XSD).
For instance, we have a client object with a property of ClientTitle (which has two properties, one int (ID) and one string (Value). How do i get Dynamic data to show me the string?
I just called GoDaddy and they confirmed that the shared hosting does not run in full trust and cannot be configured to run in full trust.
Am looking forward to that next update!
Greg | https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/brada/2009/07/22/business-apps-example-for-silverlight-3-rtm-and-net-ria-services-july-update-part-9-poco-and-authentication-provider/ | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 1,848 | 57.67 |
Building the Terminator Vision HUD in HoloLens).
While on the surface this exercise is intended to just be fun, there is a deeper level. Today, most computing is done in 2D. We sit fixed at our desks and stare at rectangular screens. All of our input devices, our furniture and even our office spaces are designed to help us work around 2D computing. All of this will change over the next decade.
Modern computing will eventually be overtaken by both 3D interfaces and 1-dimensional interfaces. 3D interfaces are the next generation of mixed reality devices that we are all so excited about. 1D interfaces, driven by advances in AI research, are overtaking our standard forms of computing more quietly, but just as certainly.
By speaking or looking in a certain direction, we provide inputs to AI systems in the cloud that can quickly analyze our world and provide useful information. When 1D and 3D are combined—as you are going to do in this walkthrough—a profoundly new type of experience is created that may one day lead to virtual personal assistants that will help us to navigate our world and our lives.
The first step happens to be figuring out how to recreate the T-800 thermal HUD display.
Recreating the UI
Start by creating a new 3D project in Unity and call it “Terminator Vision.” Create a new scene called “main.” Add the HoloToolkit unity package to your app. You can download the package from the HoloToolkit project’s GitHub repository. This guide uses HoloToolkit-Unity-v1.5.5.0.unitypackage..
Once your project and your scene are properly configured, the first thing to add is a Canvas object to the scene to use as a surface to write on. In the hierarchy window, right-click on your “main” scene and select GameObject -> UI -> Canvas from the context menu to add it. Name your Canvas “HUD.”
The HUD also needs some text, so the next step is to add a few text regions to the HUD. In the hierarchy view, right-click on your HUD and add four Text objects by selecting UI -> Text. Call them BottomCenterText, MiddleRightText, MiddleLeftText and MiddleCenterText. Add some text to help you match the UI to the UI from the Terminator movie. For the MiddleRightText add:
SCAN MODE 43984
SIZE ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT COMPLETE
FIT PROBABILITY 0.99
RESET TO ACQUISITION
MODE SPEECH LEVEL 78
PRIORITY OVERRIDE
DEFENSE SYSTEMS SET
ACTIVE STATUS
LEVEL 2347923 MAX
For the MiddleLeftText object, add:
ANALYSIS:
***************
234654 453 38
654334 450 16
245261 856 26
453665 766 46
382856 863 09
356878 544 04
664217 985 89
For the BottomCenterText, just write “MATCH.” In the scene panel, adjust these Text objects around your HUD until they match with screenshots from the Terminator movie. MiddleCenterText can be left blank for now. You’re going to use it later for surfacing debug messages.
Getting the fonts and colors right are also important – and there are lots of online discussions around identifying exactly what these are. Most of the text in the HUD is probably Helvetica. By default, Unity in Windows assigns Arial, which is close enough. Set the font color to an off-white (236, 236, 236, 255), font-style to bold, and the font size to 20.
The font used for the “MATCH” caption at the bottom of the HUD is apparently known as Heinlein. It was also used for the movie titles. Since this font isn’t easy to find, you can use another font created to emulate the Heinlein font called Modern Vision, which you can find by searching for it on internet. To use this font in your project, create a new folder called Fonts under your Assets folder. Download the custom font you want to use and drag the TTF file into your Fonts folder. Once this is done, you can simply drag your custom font into the Font field of BottomCenterText or click on the target symbol next to the value field for the font to bring up a selection window. Also, increase the font size for “MATCH” to 32 since the text is a bit bigger than other text in the HUD.
In the screenshots, the word “MATCH” has a white square placed to its right. To emulate this square, create a new InputField (UI -> Input Field) under the HUD object and name it “Square.” Remove the default text, resize it and position it until it matches the screenshots.
Locking the HUD into place
By default, the Canvas will be locked to your world space. You want it to be locked to the screen, however, as it is in the Terminator movies.
To configure a camera-locked view, select the Canvas and examine its properties in the Inspector window. Go to the Render Mode field of your HUD Canvas and select Screen Space – Camera in the drop down menu. Next, drag the Main Camera from your hierarchy view into the Render Camera field of the Canvas. This tells the canvas which camera perspective it is locked to.
The Plane Distance for your HUD is initially set to one meter. This is how far away the HUD will be from your face in the Terminator Vision mixed reality app. Because HoloLens is stereoscopic, adjusting the view for each eye, this is actually a bit close for comfort. The current focal distance for HoloLens is two meters, so we should set the plane distance at least that far away.
For convenience, set Plane Distance to 100. All of the content associated with your HUD object will automatically scale so it fills up the same amount of your visual field.
It should be noted that locking visual content to the camera, known as head-locking, is generally discouraged in mixed reality design as it can cause visual comfort. Instead, using body-locked content that tags along with the player is the recommended way to create mixed reality HUDs and menus. For the sake of verisimilitude, however, you’re going to break that rule this time.
La vie en rose
Terminator view is supposed to use heat vision. It places a red hue on everything in the scene. In order to create this effect, you are going to play a bit with shaders.
A shader is a highly optimized algorithm that you apply to an image to change it. If you’ve ever worked with any sort of photo-imaging software, then you are already familiar with shader effects like blurring. To create the heat vision colorization effect, you would configure a shader that adds a transparent red distortion to your scene.
If this were a virtual reality experience, in which the world is occluded, you would apply your shader to the camera using the RenderWithShader method. This method takes a shader and applies it to any game object you look at. In a holographic experience, however, this wouldn’t work since you also want to apply the distortion to real-life objects.
In the Unity toolbar, select Assets -> Create -> Material to make a new material object. In the Shader field, click on the drop-down menu and find HoloToolkit -> Lambertian Configurable Transparent. The shaders that come with the HoloToolkit are typically much more performant in HoloLens apps and should be preferred. The Lambertian Configurable Transparent shader will let you select a red to apply; (200, 43, 38) seems to work well, but you should choose the color values that look good to you.
Add a new plane (3D Object -> Plane) to your HUD object and call it “Thermal.” Then drag your new material with the configured Lambertian shader onto the Thermal plane. Set the Rotation of your plane to 270 and set the Scale to 100, 1, 100 so it fills up the view.
Finally, because you don’t want the red colorization to affect your text, set the Z position of each of your Text objects to -10. This will pull the text out in front of your HUD a little so it stands out from the heat vision effect.
Deploy your project to a device or the emulator to see how your Terminator Vision is looking.
Making the text dynamic
To hook up the HUD to Cognitive Services, first orchestrate a way to make the text dynamic. Select your HUD object. Then, in the Inspector window, click on Add Component -> New Script and name your script “Hud.”
Double-click Hud.cs to edit your script in Visual Studio. At the top of your script, create four public fields that will hold references to the Text objects in your project. Save your changes.
public Text InfoPanel; public Text AnalysisPanel; public Text ThreatAssessmentPanel; public Text DiagnosticPanel;
If you look at the Hud component in the Inspector, you should now see four new fields that you can set. Drag the HUD Text objects into these fields, like so.
In the Start method, add some default text so you know the dynamic text is working.
void Start() { AnalysisPanel.text = "ANALYSIS:\n**************\ntest\ntest\ntest"; ThreatAssessmentPanel.text = "SCAN MODE XXXXX\nINITIALIZE"; InfoPanel.text = "CONNECTING"; //... }
When you deploy and run the Terminator Vision app, the default text should be overwritten with the new text you assign in Start. Now set up a System.Threading.Timer to determine how often you will scan the room for analysis. The Timer class measures time in milliseconds. The first parameter you pass to it is a callback method. In the code shown below, you will call the Tick method every 30 seconds. The Tick method, in turn, will call a new method named AnalyzeScene, which will be responsible for taking a photo of whatever the Terminator sees in front of him using the built-in color camera, known as the locatable camera, and sending it to Cognitive Services for further analysis.
System.Threading.Timer _timer; void Start() { //... int secondsInterval = 30; _timer = new System.Threading.Timer(Tick, null, 0, secondsInterval * 1000); } private void Tick(object state) { AnalyzeScene(); }
Unity accesses the locatable camera in the same way it would normally access any webcam. This involves a series of calls to create the photo capture instance, configure it, take a picture and save it to the device. Along the way, you can also add Terminator-style messages to send to the HUD in order to indicate progress.
void AnalyzeScene() { InfoPanel.text = "CALCULATION PENDING"; PhotoCapture.CreateAsync(false, OnPhotoCaptureCreated); } PhotoCapture _photoCaptureObject = null; void OnPhotoCaptureCreated(PhotoCapture captureObject) { _photoCaptureObject = captureObject; Resolution cameraResolution = PhotoCapture.SupportedResolutions.OrderByDescending((res) => res.width * res.height).First(); CameraParameters c = new CameraParameters(); c.hologramOpacity = 0.0f; c.cameraResolutionWidth = cameraResolution.width; c.cameraResolutionHeight = cameraResolution.height; c.pixelFormat = CapturePixelFormat.BGRA32; captureObject.StartPhotoModeAsync(c, OnPhotoModeStarted); } private void OnPhotoModeStarted(PhotoCapture.PhotoCaptureResult result) { if (result.success) { string filename = string.Format(@"terminator_analysis.jpg"); string filePath = System.IO.Path.Combine(Application.persistentDataPath, filename); _photoCaptureObject.TakePhotoAsync(filePath, PhotoCaptureFileOutputFormat.JPG, OnCapturedPhotoToDisk); } else { DiagnosticPanel.text = "DIAGNOSTIC\n**************\n\nUnable to start photo mode."; InfoPanel.text = "ABORT"; } }
If the photo is successfully taken and saved, you will grab it, serialize it as an array of bytes and send it to Cognitive Services to retrieve an array of tags that describe the room as well. Finally, you will dispose of the photo capture object.
void OnCapturedPhotoToDisk(PhotoCapture.PhotoCaptureResult result) { if (result.success) { string filename = string.Format(@"terminator_analysis.jpg"); string filePath = System.IO.Path.Combine(Application.persistentDataPath, filename); byte[] image = File.ReadAllBytes(filePath); GetTagsAndFaces(image); ReadWords(image); } else { DiagnosticPanel.text = "DIAGNOSTIC\n**************\n\nFailed to save Photo to disk."; InfoPanel.text = "ABORT"; } _photoCaptureObject.StopPhotoModeAsync(OnStoppedPhotoMode); } void OnStoppedPhotoMode(PhotoCapture.PhotoCaptureResult result) { _photoCaptureObject.Dispose(); _photoCaptureObject = null; }
In order to make a REST call, you will need to use the Unity WWW object. You also need to wrap the call in a Unity coroutine in order to make the call non-blocking. You can also get a free Subscription Key to use the Microsoft Cognitive Services APIs just by signing up.
string _subscriptionKey = "b1e514eYourKeyGoesHere718c5"; string _computerVisionEndpoint = ""; public void GetTagsAndFaces(byte[] image) { coroutine = RunComputerVision(image); StartCoroutine(coroutine); } IEnumerator RunComputerVision(byte[] image) { var headers = new Dictionary<string, string>() { { "Ocp-Apim-Subscription-Key", _subscriptionKey }, { "Content-Type", "application/octet-stream" } }; WWW www = new WWW(_computerVisionEndpoint, image, headers); yield return www; List<string> tags = new List<string>(); var jsonResults =; var myObject = JsonUtility.FromJson<AnalysisResult>(jsonResults); foreach (var tag in myObject.tags) { tags.Add(tag.name); } AnalysisPanel.text = "ANALYSIS:\n***************\n\n" + string.Join("\n", tags.ToArray()); List<string> faces = new List<string>(); foreach (var face in myObject.faces) { faces.Add(string.Format("{0} scanned: age {1}.", face.gender, face.age)); } if (faces.Count > 0) { InfoPanel.text = "MATCH"; } else { InfoPanel.text = "ACTIVE SPATIAL MAPPING"; } ThreatAssessmentPanel.text = "SCAN MODE 43984\nTHREAT ASSESSMENT\n\n" + string.Join("\n", faces.ToArray()); }
The Computer Vision tagging feature is a way to detect objects in a photo. It can also be used in an application like this one to do on-the-fly object recognition.
When the JSON data is returned from the call to cognitive services, you can use the JsonUtility to deserialize the data into an object called AnalysisResult, shown below.
public class AnalysisResult { public Tag[] tags; public Face[] faces; } [Serializable] public class Tag { public double confidence; public string hint; public string name; } [Serializable] public class Face { public int age; public FaceRectangle facerectangle; public string gender; } [Serializable] public class FaceRectangle { public int height; public int left; public int top; public int width; }
One thing to be aware of when you use JsonUtility is that it only works with fields and not with properties. If your object classes have getters and setters, JsonUtility won’t know what to do with them.
When you run the app now, it should update the HUD every 30 seconds with information about your room.
To make the app even more functional, you can add OCR capabilities.
string _ocrEndpoint = ""; public void ReadWords(byte[] image) { coroutine = Read(image); StartCoroutine(coroutine); } IEnumerator Read(byte[] image) { var headers = new Dictionary<string, string>() { { "Ocp-Apim-Subscription-Key", _subscriptionKey }, { "Content-Type", "application/octet-stream" } }; WWW www = new WWW(_ocrEndpoint, image, headers); yield return www; List<string> words = new List<string>(); var jsonResults =; var myObject = JsonUtility.FromJson<OcrResults>(jsonResults); foreach (var region in myObject.regions) foreach (var line in region.lines) foreach (var word in line.words) { words.Add(word.text); } string textToRead = string.Join(" ", words.ToArray()); if (myObject.language != "unk") { DiagnosticPanel.text = "(language=" + myObject.language + ")\n" + textToRead; } }
This service will pick up any words it finds and redisplay them for the Terminator.
It will also attempt to determine the original language of any words that it finds, which in turn can be used for further analysis..
View the source code for Terminator Vision on Github here.
Thanks to James Ashley for hosting the community-driven HoloLens Challenge – the seventh edition inspired us to build this out!
Updated July 6, 2017 3:56 pm
Join the conversation
Excelent sample, thanks for sharing !
That is an awesome project!
“It should be noted that locking visual content to the camera, known as head-locking, is generally discouraged in mixed reality design as it can cause visual comfort.”
Seems like causing “visual comfort” would be a good thing! 😉
I have deployed you app, but I keep receiving the Restart error when I try to open the APP on HoloLens.
João,
Try removing the HoloToolkit folders and the addons folder. Then add the toolkit package back in yourself. This should fix the Restart error you are seeing. Alternatively, a large electrical discharge has also been known to reboot the T-800. But try reimporting the HoloToolkit first.
I also builded and deployed to my HoloLens and keep getting this “Restart” error.
As suggested I removed HoloToolkit folder (and HoloToolkit-Examples folder), imported package “HoloToolkit-Unity-v1.5.5.0.unitypackage” again, build, deploy: same error.
Any hints? 😉
Mmmh, maybe it’s because Unity 5.5.2f1 is needed (I’m still on Unity 5.5.0f3) ?!
Going to give that a try 😉
Started from scratch with on Unity 5.5.2f1, still same “Restart” error.
This fixed it: 😉
I presume that you are aware >RESTART is the splash screen of the app. You can change that image by going to Player Settings > Icons>Splash Image.
While debugging, this is what I see..
(Filename: C:\buildslave\unity\build\Runtime/Scripting/ScriptingThreadAndSerializationSafeCheck.cpp Line: 174)
Feels like the issue is with tick or AnalyzeScene… then again I am not a developer 🙂
This is an excellent article!
Thanks for sharing.
If you are experiencing a problem where the app goes to snooze mode, the resolution can be found here thanks to PimDeWitte
Excellent sample ! But what should I do though it always showing CALCULATION PENDING on my Hololens without any other action ?
Ray,
Did you get a subscription key for Cognitive Services and insert it in the code (or in the inspector)?
Hello Ray and James,
First of all: Thanks for this awesome example.
I have the same issues as Ray: I only get a black screen with the bottom text switching from “Calculation pending” and “Active Spatial Mapping”.
I inserted my subscription key in the Hud.cs file as follows:
public string _subscriptionKey = “999….999”;
Then I opened the main scene with unity and imported the HoloToolkit (v1.5.5.0).
Build it to the Folder, open in Visual and Deploy (without Debbuging) to my Hololens via USB.
The App starts immedtiately but doesn’t pass the screen, which i described above.
I got the “Computer Vision – Preview” subscription key
Do you see any mistake I made during the process?
Did you solve your problem, Ray, and how did you solve it?
In which file and when should I insert my subscription key. I inserted it before building, although you wrote that one should insert it after building ??!
Best regards.
Rd Rtm,
Check the value of the subscription key in the inspector. Sometimes, even if you change the value of a public field, the original value will get cached. Just to be sure, paste your key in the inspector, too, and see if that helps.
I ran into the same issue, then discovered that I needed to update the endpoint vars in Hud.cs to match that listed in my Azure API Subscriptions page:
string _computerVisionEndpoint = “”;
string _ocrEndpoint = “”;
Hi there,
first of all: Awesome article!!
I tryed to build the project from git and it worked except for one “little detail”:
Do I have to do all the steps described within “Import HoloToolkit”? (Getting started)
I mean, do I have to
2.HoloToolkit -> Configure -> Apply HoloLens Scene Settings
3.Preparing a Scene for Holographic Content
Thanks in advance!
Michael
Ok, got it working 🙂
Except: I don’t see anything after the splah screen on the HoloLense. (It works on my surface)
Any suggestion would be appreciated! Thanks in advance.
Excellent post. Can i ask at which point do you use MRTK??
It seems the HUD only uses canvas and text | https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2017/03/06/building-terminator-vision-hud-hololens/ | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | refinedweb | 3,139 | 56.96 |
----- Original Message ----- From: "Jan D." <address@hidden> > > I believe HAVE_HOURGLASS should go into src\config.in. There is > > already an > > #ifdef HAVE_X_WINDOWS and I suggest putting something like this after > > that > > define: > > > > /* This is for the hourglass code in various files. */ > > #if defined(HAVE_X_WINDOWS) || defined(HAVE_NTGUI) > > #define HAVE_HOURGLASS > > #endif > > > > IMO it will be more readable and if you want to add hourglass code for > > other > > systems some day it is easier. > > But the w32 port does not expand config.in to config.h AFAIK, so this > does nothing when building on w32. Thanks. For w32 there is instead a config.nt where this should go too. | https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2005-03/msg00529.html | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | refinedweb | 106 | 77.33 |
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We have a solid skillset to start working on a first science project. …
Do you know where we are currently? Not you, personally, but our home planet? Well, somewhere in the Solar System, between Mars and Venus.
Sending spacecraft missions or probes into space requires more, detailed knowledge of our position in space. We need a coordinate system (see my last article) and mathematical methods to compute and predict the position in three dimensions, as well as the corresponding velocity vector of our planet (in which direction is our home planet heading?).
Do not worry though. You do not need programming skills and you do not need to be a “rocket scientist” to…
Data Scientist and Engineer. Astrophysicist and Solar System researcher — Now working in the automotive industry | https://thomas-albin.medium.com/?source=post_internal_links---------0---------------------------- | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 938 | 53.71 |
I am currently trying to make a ROS node in Python which has both a subscriber and a publisher.
I've seen examples where a message is published within the callback, but I want it to "constantly" publish messages, and perform callbacks when it is the case.
Here is how I do it now:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import Empty
from std_msgs.msg import String
import numpy as np
pub = rospy.Publisher('/status', String, queue_size=1000)
def callback(data):
print "Message received"
def listener():
rospy.init_node('control', anonymous=True)
rospy.Subscriber('control_c', Empty, callback)
rospy.spin()
if __name__ == '__main__':
print "Running"
listener()
Simply replace
rospy.spin() with the following loop:
while not rospy.is_shutdown(): # do whatever you want here pub.publish(foo) rospy.sleep(1) # sleep for one second
Of course you can adjust the sleep duration to whatever value you want (or even remove it entirely).
According to this reference subscribers in rospy are running in a separate thread, so you don't need to call spin actively.
Note that in roscpp (i.e. when using C++) this is handled differently. There you have to call
ros::spinOnce() in the while loop. | https://codedump.io/share/EEHIxWxLlbE1/1/writing-a-ros-node-with-both-a-publisher-and-subscriber | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 198 | 69.58 |
KTextEditor
#include <texthintinterface.h>
Detailed Description
Text hint interface showing tool tips under the mouse for the View.
Introduction
The text hint interface provides a way to show tool tips for text located under the mouse. Possible applications include showing a value of a variable when debugging an application, or showing a complete path of an include directive.
By default, the text hint interface is disable for the View. To enable it, call enableTextHints() with the desired timeout. The timeout specifies the delay the user needs to hover over the text before the tool tip is shown. Therefore, the timeout should not be too large, a value of 200 milliseconds is recommended.
Once text hints are enabled, the signal needTextHint() is emitted after the timeout whenever the mouse moved to a new text position in the View. Therefore, in order to show a tool tip, you need to connect to this signal and then fill the parameter
text with the text to display.
To disable all text hints, call disableTextHints(). This, however will disable the text hints entirely for the View. If there are multiple users of the TextHintInterface, this might lead to a conflict.
Accessing the TextHintInterface
The TextHintInterface is an extension interface for a View, i.e. the View inherits the interface provided that the used KTextEditor library implements the interface. Use qobject_cast to access the interface:
Definition at line 78 of file texthintinterface.h.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
Definition at line 273 of file ktexteditor.cpp.
Definition at line 277 of file ktexteditor.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
Disable all text hints for the view.
By default, text hints are disabled.
Enable text hints with the specified
timeout in milliseconds.
The timeout specifies the delay the user needs to hover over the text befure the tool tip is shown. Therefore,
timeout should not be too large, a value of 200 milliseconds is recommended.
After enabling the text hints, the signal needTextHint() is emitted whenever the mouse position changed and a new character is underneath the mouse cursor. Calling the signal is delayed for the time specified by
timeout.
- Parameters
-
This signal is emitted whenever the timeout for displaying a text hint is triggered.
The text cursor
position specifies the mouse position in the text. To show a text hint, fill
text with the text to be displayed. If you do not want a tool tip to be displayed, set
text to an empty QString() in the connected slot.
- Parameters
-
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
Documentation copyright © 1996-2014 The KDE developers.
Generated on Thu Mar 6 2014 22:39:45 by doxygen 1.8.5 written by Dimitri van Heesch, © 1997-2006
KDE's Doxygen guidelines are available online. | http://api.kde.org/4.x-api/kdelibs-apidocs/interfaces/ktexteditor/html/classKTextEditor_1_1TextHintInterface.html | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 456 | 57.37 |
Mod edit (@harrisonhjones): Solution:
#include "Particle.h" in your file
I’ve got a very basic question, but I cannot figure out how to solve it.
When using the SPI.begin(), SPI.transfer() commands as described in this works perfectly fine in the .ino file.
However when I create a file subroutine.cpp and try to call SPI.begin() or SPI.transfer() from this file I receive the
error: 'SPI' was not declared in this scope
upon compiling.
I tried including:
#include <SPI.h>
but this results in a
fatal error: SPI.h: No such file or directory
I assume this has something todo with running the .ino code through a pre-processor (Multiple files in Spark Build IDE) and not the .cpp code?
So to summarise: how to call the SPI commands from a non-.ino file?
Photon firmware: 0.6.0
Using the web IDE:
Thanks! | https://community.particle.io/t/solved-use-spi-library-with-multiple-files/28148 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 148 | 79.26 |
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET
Many of the changes described in this topic apply to all ArcGIS Runtime SDKs because the architectural changes for version 100.x were implemented at the lowest level of ArcGIS Runtime. Changes specific to ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET are related to the APIs for individual platforms and frameworks and how they are delivered to your development projects. For more information related to this release, refer to the Release notes.
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET contains APIs for the following platforms:
- Universal Windows Platform (UWP) - Replaces the 10.2.x Windows Store and Windows Phone APIs.
- Windows Presentation Framework (WPF)
- Windows UI Library (WinUI)
- Xamarin.Android
- Xamarin.iOS
- Xamarin.Forms - Supports cross-platform development for Android, iOS, and UWP.
The SDK is provided as a Visual Studio extension that adds project templates to your Visual Studio instllation. You can find and install the extension directly in Visual Studio using the Manage Extensions dialog.
If your software development environment is not always connected to the internet, you can download an alternative Visual Studio extension from the ArcGIS Developer site that can be installed into Visual Studio on Windows using a .vsix file. This extension will install project templates and deploy a set of NuGet packages as a local source on your machine. See Install and setup for more information.
You do not need to install the Visual Studio extension to access the NuGet packages. Each of the APIs listed above can be added to your project from NuGet packages hosted on nuget.org.
ArcGIS Runtime Local Server is now a separate installation. When developing an ArcGIS Runtime app, you can use the ArcGIS Runtime API to work with geoprocessing and map services in Local Server. The Local Server components themselves are installed separately with ArcGIS Runtime Local Server SDK. See Install Local Server for details.
.NET requirements continue to change. Check the system requirements for the minimum required version of .NET and the Visual Studio workloads required for the platform(s) targeted by your app.
The process for creating a deployment for your app has been simplified in 100.x and no longer requires an ArcGIS Runtime .NET Deployment Manifest. See Deployment and
Scene,
ILoad could add graphics to your map using a
Graphics. At 10.2.7, the introduction of
Graphics allowed graphics to be displayed as part of the map view or scene view.
Graphics
Graphics,
Graphics is no longer available.
Also at 100.x, there is a easier pattern for identifying graphics within graphics overlays. The
Identify method on
Geo (
Map or
Scene) identifies visible graphics in the specified graphics overlay, near the provided screen point. The Identify graphics code sample illustrates this technique.
Feature tables
Service no longer has
Where or
Out properties. To filter the data returned from the service, you can call
ServiceFeatureTable.PopulateFromServiceAsync with values for those parameters.
Identify features and graphics
Feature and
Graphics no longer have a
Hit method for identifying features or graphics (
Geo objects) that intersect a geometry. Instead, you should use one of the following methods on
Geo to do the equivalent.
Identify- Identify graphics from a single GraphicsOverlay in the view.
Graphics Overlay Async
Identify- Identify graphics from all GraphicsOverlay objects in the view.
Graphics Overlays Async
Identify- Identify features from a single Layer in the view.
Layer Async
Identify- Identify features from all Layer objects in the view.
Layers Async
See Identify graphics sample. Pass in the Uri for the geoprocessing service endpoint.
Task
- Create a new
Geoprocessingobject to store the inputs to the task.
Parameters
- Call
Geoprocessingto return a
Task.Create Job
Geoproccessing. Pass in the
Job
Geoprocessing.
Parameters
- Set up a listener for the
Geoproccessingevent.
Job.Job Changed
- Start the job by calling
Geoproccessing.
Job.Start
- In the
Jobhandler, check the job status.
Changed
When the status is
Job, call
Get to get the results, which includes a dictionary of outputs and (optionally) a map image.
Hydrography
At 100.2.0, a new
Enc namespace.
Mobile.
The pattern for generating a local geodatabase has changed at 100.x and you'll need to make some changes to this code if migrating a 10.2.x app.
- Call
Geodatabaseto create an instance of the
Sync Task.Create Async
GeodatabaseSyncTask. Pass in the Uri for the feature service endpoint.
- Set some of the same 10.2.x options, such as
Return,
Attachments
Out, and
Spatial Reference
Sync.
Model
- Call
Geodatabaseto return a
Sync Task.Generate Geodatabase
Generate.
Geodatabase Job
- Set up a listener for the
Generateevent.
Geodatabase Job.Job Changed
- Start the job by calling
Generate.
Geodatabase Job.Start
- In the
Generatehandler, check the job status.
Geodatabase Job.Job Changed
- When the status is
Job, read the contents of the database, add feature layers to the map, and so on.
Status.Succeeded is that Uri objects are generally now used to represent URL endpoints (instead of using URL strings).
Server is now set with a
System.Uri rather than a string. Likewise,
Authentication,
Authentication, and
IOAuth take
Uri objects as arguments instead of strings.
For some examples of using
Authentication to handle authentication in your runtime app, see the Create and save map and ArcGIS token and
Web classes are no longer used to load a web map from a portal. At 100.x, the Map class has constructors that take either a
Portal or a
Uri representing the web map.
The ArcGIS organization portals document provides more information on the use of portal. For an example of saving and updating web maps stored in your portal, see the Create and save map sample.no longer exists. The classes found here at 10.2.x are now in the
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Mappingnamespace.
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Controlsno longer exists. Classes like MapView and SceneView are now in the
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.UI.Controlsnamespace. Others, such as GraphicsOverlay and map grids are now in the
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.UInamespace. Things like
Mapand
Camerahave been moved to the new
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Mappingnamespace.
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Symbology.Sceneno longer exists. The corresponding 100.x classes are in the
Symbology
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Symbologynamespace.
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Webno longer exists. Many of the classes found here at 10.2.x have been moved to
Map
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Mappingand
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Mapping.Popupsnamespaces.
- At 10.2.x, the classes for working with Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) are in the
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Hydrographicnamespace. In 100.2.0, you'll find them in
Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Hydrographic(as well as an
Encin
Layer
Esri.Mapping).
Class and member name changes
Several classes, properties, and methods have been renamed at 100.x for clarity and succinctness. The following table lists some naming changes in the API. | https://developers.arcgis.com/net/reference/migrate-to-100-x-from-10-2-x/ | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 1,108 | 52.05 |
[PATCH 3/3] block: Move blk_throtl_exit() call to blk_cleanup_queue()
From:
Vivek Goyal
Date:
Mon Feb 28 2011 - 14:25:58 EST ]
o Move blk_throtl_exit() in blk_cleanup_queue() as blk_throtl_exit() is
written in such a way that it needs queue lock. In blk_release_queue()
there is no gurantee that ->queue_lock is still around.
o Initially blk_throtl_exit() was in blk_cleanup_queue() but Ingo reported
one problem.
And a quick fix moved blk_throtl_exit() to blk_release_queue().
commit 7ad58c028652753814054f4e3ac58f925e7343f4
Author: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Sat Oct 23 20:40:26 2010 +0200
block: fix use-after-free bug in blk throttle code
o This patch reverts above change and does not try to shutdown the
throtl work in blk_sync_queue(). By avoiding call to
throtl_shutdown_timer_wq() from blk_sync_queue(), we should also avoid
the problem reported by Ingo.
o blk_sync_queue() seems to be used only by md driver and it seems to be
using it to make sure q->unplug_fn is not called as md registers its
own unplug functions and it is about to free up the data structures
used by unplug_fn(). Block throttle does not call back into unplug_fn()
or into md. So there is no need to cancel blk throttle work.
In fact I think cancelling block throttle work is bad because it might
happen that some bios are throttled and scheduled to be dispatched later
with the help of pending work and if work is cancelled, these bios might
never be dispatched.
Block layer also uses blk_sync_queue() during blk_cleanup_queue() and
blk_release_queue() time. That should be safe as we are also calling
blk_throtl_exit() which should make sure all the throttling related
data structures are cleaned up.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@xxxxxxxxxx>
---
block/blk-core.c | 7 ++++++-
block/blk-sysfs.c | 2 --
block/blk-throttle.c | 6 +++---
include/linux/blkdev.h | 2 --
4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
diff --git a/block/blk-core.c b/block/blk-core.c
index bc2b7c5..accff29 100644
--- a/block/blk-core.c
+++ b/block/blk-core.c
@@ -380,13 +380,16 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_stop_queue);
* that its ->make_request_fn will not re-add plugging prior to calling
* this function.
*
+ * This function does not cancel any asynchronous activity arising
+ * out of elevator or throttling code. That would require elevaotor_exit()
+ * and blk_throtl_exit() to be called with queue lock initialized.
+ *
*/
void blk_sync_queue(struct request_queue *q)
{
del_timer_sync(&q->unplug_timer);
del_timer_sync(&q->timeout);
cancel_work_sync(&q->unplug_work);
- throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(q);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_sync_queue);
@@ -469,6 +472,8 @@ void blk_cleanup_queue(struct request_queue *q)
if (q->elevator)
elevator_exit(q->elevator);
+ blk_throtl_exit(q);
+
blk_put_queue(q);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_cleanup_queue);
diff --git a/block/blk-sysfs.c b/block/blk-sysfs.c
index 41fb691..261c75c 100644
--- a/block/blk-sysfs.c
+++ b/block/blk-sysfs.c
@@ -471,8 +471,6 @@ static void blk_release_queue(struct kobject *kobj)
blk_sync_queue(q);
- blk_throtl_exit(q);
-
if (rl->rq_pool)
mempool_destroy(rl->rq_pool);
diff --git a/block/blk-throttle.c b/block/blk-throttle.c
index a89043a..c0f6237 100644
--- a/block/blk-throttle.c
+++ b/block/blk-throttle.c
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ static void throtl_update_blkio_group_write_iops(void *key,
throtl_schedule_delayed_work(td->queue, 0);
}
-void throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(struct request_queue *q)
+static void throtl_shutdown_wq(struct request_queue *q)
{
struct throtl_data *td = q->td;
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ void blk_throtl_exit(struct request_queue *q)
BUG_ON(!td);
- throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(q);
+ throtl_shutdown_wq(q);
spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);
throtl_release_tgs(td);
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ void blk_throtl_exit(struct request_queue *q)
* update limits through cgroup and another work got queued, cancel
* it.
*/
- throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(q);
+ throtl_shutdown_wq(q);
throtl_td_free(td);
}
diff --git a/include/linux/blkdev.h b/include/linux/blkdev.h
index e3ee74f..23fb925 100644
--- a/include/linux/blkdev.h
+++ b/include/linux/blkdev.h
@@ -1144,7 +1144,6 @@ extern int blk_throtl_init(struct request_queue *q);
extern void blk_throtl_exit(struct request_queue *q);
extern int blk_throtl_bio(struct request_queue *q, struct bio **bio);
extern void throtl_schedule_delayed_work(struct request_queue *q, unsigned long delay);
-extern void throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(struct request_queue *q);
#else /* CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING */
static inline int blk_throtl_bio(struct request_queue *q, struct bio **bio)
{
@@ -1154,7 +1153,6 @@ static inline int blk_throtl_bio(struct request_queue *q, struct bio **bio)
static inline int blk_throtl_init(struct request_queue *q) { return 0; }
static inline int blk_throtl_exit(struct request_queue *q) { return 0; }
static inline void throtl_schedule_delayed_work(struct request_queue *q, unsigned long delay) {}
-static inline void throtl_shutdown_timer_wq(struct request_queue *q) {}
#endif /* CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING */
#define MODULE_ALIAS_BLOCKDEV(major,minor) \
--
1.7.2.3
--
To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in
the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
More majordomo info at
Please read the FAQ at ] | http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1102.3/01720.html | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 728 | 55.24 |
Easy.
- 1. Setup environment & Create API project
- 1.1 Setup environment
- 1.2 Create API project
- 2. Config Swagger UI interface
- 2.1 Package installation
- 2.2 Add and configure Swagger middleware
- 2.3. Config information and description for Swagger
- 2.4 Config and generate XML comment for API
- 2.4.1 Display some comment introduce about an API
- 2.4.2 Display example execute input for API
- 2.4.3 Set a param is required when executing API
- 3. Config authentication for Swagger UI
- 4. Summary
In the article, I will guide how to config the Swagger UI in ASP.NET Core 3.1 Web Api and execute some API and see the result.
1. Setup environment & Create API project
1.1 Setup environment
- Visual studio 2019
- Asp.net Core 3.1
- Browser Chrome, Firefox, Opera...
1.2 Create API project
Open visual studio and press
Ctrt + Shift + N. You will see dialog as below:
Asp.Net Core Web Application type project and click
Next button.
Enter your
Project name and change
Location store project if you need and click
Next button.
Select version Asp.net core to 3.1 and select project type is API and click
Create button.
2. Config Swagger UI interface
2.1 Package installation
Swashbuckle can be added with the following approaches:
+ Option 1: Using the Package Manager Console window
From the menu bar of vs2019 select View > Other Windows > Package Manager Console
and then execute the command below:
Install-Package Swashbuckle.AspNetCore -Version 5.5.0
+ Option 2: Using Nuget package
Right-click in the project and select Manage NuGet Packages… item
Select the tab Browse and type Swashbuckle.AspNetCore, See Image below:
Select the first item result and select the version of swagger, you can use version 5.5.0 or the latest version and then click Install button.
2.2 Add and configure Swagger middleware
Firstly, we need to register Swager to service the container inside of the
Startup.ConfigureServices() method.
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { …….. // Register the Swagger generator, defining 1 or more Swagger documents services.AddSwaggerGen(); …….. }
Secondly, In the
Startup.Configure method, enable the middleware for serving the generated JSON document and the Swagger UI:
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env) { -------- // Enable middleware to serve generated Swagger as a JSON endpoint. app.UseSwagger(); // Enable middleware to serve swagger-ui(HTML, JS, CSS, etc.), // specifying the Swagger JSON endpoint. app.UseSwaggerUI(options => { options.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1.0/swagger.json", "Versioned API v1.0"); options.RoutePrefix = string.Empty; options.DocumentTitle = "Title Documentation"; options.DocExpansion(DocExpansion.List); }); -------- }
Okay, now we can build the project, run and see the result.
Notice that, when you run the project, your default URL will be:{port}/weatherforecast if you still have not changed the route code after creating the project. To see Swagger UI please change the URL to:{port}/index.html. BUT you will see an error Failed to load API definition with Swagger UI.
This error occurs when you do not set information for Swagger.
2.3. Config information and description for Swagger
You can display some information such as version, title, description, the term of service, contact, license... For your API you can set it with Swagger as below.
In the
Startup class, import the following namespace to use the
OpenApiInfo class:
using Microsoft.OpenApi.Models
We need to modify the middleware of Swagger as below:
// Register the Swagger generator, defining 1 or more Swagger documents services.AddSwaggerGen(c => { c.SwaggerDoc("v1.0", new OpenApiInfo { Version = "v1.0", Title = "ToDo API", Description = "A simple example ASP.NET Core Web API", TermsOfService = new Uri(""), Contact = new OpenApiContact { Name = "QuizDev", Email = string.Empty, Url = new Uri(""), }, License = new OpenApiLicense { Name = "Use license", Url = new Uri(""), } }); });
Okay, now we can build and see the result.
2.4 Config and generate XML comment for API
To generate an XML file for Swagger you can right-click to project and select Properties option.
And then select Build tab, with Output path textbox type bin\Debug\ And checked to checkbox XML documentation file and type name of XML file to textbox control. Look image below :
Press Ctrl + S to save config and then press Ctrl + Shift + B to build project, after build finished you will see an XML file created in the output path and root folder.
Okay, After generating XML we need to change some config of Swagger to read this XML file.
Open method
ConfigureServices() of
Starts.cs class. We need to modify the middleware of Swagger as below:
services.AddSwaggerGen(options => { ....... Some other code here var filePath = System.IO.Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "QDM.CMS.API.xml"); options.IncludeXmlComments(filePath); });
2.4.1 Display some comment introduce about an API
To display some text guide about API, we can use the comment above API to do, using
<summary> to the description. Look example as below:
And this is the result :
2.4.2 Display example execute input for API
To display an example input to the guideline for user easy execute an API you can use <remark> tag to display, you can see the example below:
And below is the result:
2.4.3 Set a param is required when executing API
To make any param is required input you need to mark the property with [Required] attributes, found in the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations namespace, to help drive the Swagger UI components.
public class WeatherForecast { [Required] public DateTime Date { get; set; } [Required] public int TemperatureC { get; set; } public int TemperatureF => 32 + (int)(TemperatureC / 0.5556); public string Summary { get; set; } }
You have to set from
[FromQuery] front parameter of Api to display required * and textbox input. Don’t forget that this function is only used for the GET method.
And this is the result:
3. Config authentication for Swagger UI
To enable authentication for Swagger we need to config some code. You can refer to the code below.
Open method
ConfigureServices() of
Starts.cs class. We need to modify the middleware of Swagger as below:
services.AddSwaggerGen(options => { ....... Some other code here // Config Authentication for Swagger options.AddSecurityDefinition("oauth2", new OpenApiSecurityScheme { Description = "JWT Authorization header using the Bearer scheme. Example: \"Authorization: Bearer {token}\"", Name = "Authorization", In = ParameterLocation.Header, // Where is store user information? Type = SecuritySchemeType.ApiKey // What is type of authentication? }); });
In this code, I chose the authentication type is JWT, with a bearer token header. If you login with another type you can set it with another option.
You can rebuild code, run and see results, you will see login button on the Swagger page.
Click this button you will see a dialog, input value login to login, this step helps pass some API required authentication before access.
For example, add jwt bearer authorization to swagger in asp.net core 3.1 you can config swagger as below:
services.AddSwaggerGen(options => { options.SwaggerDoc("v1.0", new OpenApiInfo { Title = "Main API v1.0", Version = "v1.0" }); var securitySchema = new OpenApiSecurityScheme { Description = "JWT Authorization header using the Bearer scheme. Example: \"Authorization: Bearer {token}\"", Name = "Authorization", In = ParameterLocation.Header, Type = SecuritySchemeType.Http, Scheme = "bearer", Reference = new OpenApiReference { Type = ReferenceType.SecurityScheme, Id = "Bearer" } }; options.AddSecurityDefinition("Bearer", securitySchema); var securityRequirement = new OpenApiSecurityRequirement(); securityRequirement.Add(securitySchema, new[] { "Bearer" }); options.AddSecurityRequirement(securityRequirement); var filePath = System.IO.Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "QDM.CMS.API.xml"); options.IncludeXmlComments(filePath); });
4. Summary
Swagger UI in Asp.net Core 3.1 Web API is a very helpful tool, it’s small, built-in and easy custom, easy use. So I hope this article brings some information helpful to you.
You can download the source code to refer to here.
Happy code.
List questions & answers
- 1. What is swagger UI in Web API .Net Core?Swagger is open-source API documentation that helps us to understand API service methods. When we consume a web API, then understanding its various methods and verbs can be challenging for a developer. This solves the problem of generating documentation. It's also known as OpenAPI. Swagger helps design & document all your REST APIs in one collaborative platform. SwaggerHub Enterprise. Standardize your APIs with projects, style checks, and reusable domains. Swagger Inspector. Test and generate API definitions from your browser in seconds.
- 2. What is swagger UI used for?Swagger provides a set of great tools for designing APIs and improving the work with web services: Swagger Editor – enables to write API documentation, design and describe new APIs, and edit the existing ones.
- 3..
- 4. Which is better swagger or postman?No which is better. They have different purposes in use.
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JWT Authentication and refresh token in Asp.Net Core Web API
COMMENT | https://quizdeveloper.com/tips/easy-to-enable-swagger-ui-interface-in-aspdotnet-core-3dot1-api-aid67 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 1,496 | 51.75 |
In Python you can use range(5) to iterate through to 5. So you can write for a in range(5): print(a), so we will add some code in Java so that you can write similar which is useful if you are porting code.
import java.util.Iterator;
public class Range implements Iterator<Integer>, Iterable<Integer> {
private int start;
private int end;
private int step;
public Range(int start, int end, int step) {
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
this.step = step;
}
public Range(int end) {
this(0, end, 1);
}
public Range(int start, int end) {
this(start, end, 1);
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
if (step > 0) return start < end;
return start > end;
}
@Override
public Integer next() {
int ret = start;
start += step;
return ret;
}
@Override
public Iterator<Integer> iterator() {
return this;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int a : new Range(5)) {
System.out.println(a);
}
}
There are multiple ways of constructing a range, if one parameter is specified, then it is the end, if two are specified then it is the start and the end, and finally if three are specified then then final parameter is the step. This is done by having multiple constructors which forward to the completely specified constructor with default arguments.
To make it so that we can use it in a loop, it needs to implement an iterator and also be iterable. We implement the methods for integer and rely on automatic unboxing to convert to int.
This has been a simple example of an iterator that replicates a feature in Python, it could be extended to provide a list method which would return an array that is already filled out, a size method that would return the number of elements, and a contains method which would return whether the value is inside the range. Writing utility methods / classes like this can help in porting between programming languages, as you can port the code closely to the original before making changes to make it more idiomatic.
If you want to convert a program from one language to another we have experts in multiple languages, who can provide translation services. One main language pair that is often converted is C to assembly language, but also Python to other programming languages since Python is an ideal prototyping language as it has simpler syntax and faster development.
If you have any Java online help that you require we can deliver it for a reasonable price. No matter if you just want some simple code, a RPN calculator, or a full blown GUI implemented using Swing. Of course you may have an assignment that is not based on Java, and rest assured we can handle that too, from Python to C, or SQL or maybe even Javascript on a website.
At Programming Assignment Experts if you want someone to provide online Java help, just visit our site and submit an assignment for a quote. | https://www.programmingassignmentexperts.com/blog/how-to-add-pythons-range-to-java/ | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | refinedweb | 488 | 53.65 |
Definition at line 21 of file AutoScheduleUtils.h.
Definition at line 956 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 2107 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 2656 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 2998 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 3015 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 137 of file JITModule.h.
Definition at line 27 of file LLVM_Output.h.
An enum describing a type of loop traversal.
Used in schedules, and in the For loop IR node. Serial is a conventional ordered for loop. Iterations occur in increasing order, and each iteration must appear to have finished before the next begins. Parallel, GPUBlock, and GPUThread are parallel and unordered: iterations may occur in any order, and multiple iterations may occur simultaneously. Vectorized and GPULane are parallel and synchronous: they act as if all iterations occur at the same time in lockstep.
Definition at line 391 of file Expr.h.
Definition at line 1257 of file Generator.h.
Definition at line 2739 of file Generator.h.
Detect whether an expression is monotonic increasing in a variable, decreasing, or unknown.
Definition at line 21 of file Monotonic.h.
Each Dim below has a dim_type, which tells you what transformations are legal on it.
When you combine two Dims of distinct DimTypes (e.g. with Stage::fuse), the combined result has the greater enum value of the two types.
Definition at line 293 of file Schedule.h.
Insert checks to make sure a statement doesn't read out of bounds on inputs or outputs, and that the inputs and outputs conform to the format required (e.g.
stride.0 must be 1).
Insert checks to make sure that all referenced parameters meet their constraints.
Also injects any custom requirements provided by the user.
Attempt to rewrite unaligned loads from buffers which are known to be aligned to instead load aligned vectors that cover the original load, and then slice the original load out of the aligned vectors.
Given a Split schedule on a definition (init or update), return a list of of predicates on the definition, substitutions that needs to be applied to the definition (in ascending order of application), and let stmts which defined the values of variables referred by the predicates and substitutions (ordered from innermost to outermost let).
Compute the loop bounds of the new dimensions resulting from applying the split schedules using the loop bounds of the old dimensions.
Return an int representation of 's'.
Throw an error on failure.
Return the size of an interval.
Return an undefined expr if the interval is unbounded.
Return the size of an n-d box.
Helper function to print the bounds of a region.
Return the required bounds of an intermediate stage (f, stage_num) of function 'f' given the bounds of the pure dimensions.
Return the required bounds for all the stages of the function 'f'.
Each entry in the returned vector corresponds to a stage.
Recursively inline all the functions in the set 'inlines' into the expression 'e' and return the resulting expression.
If 'order' is passed, inlining will be done in the reverse order of function realization to avoid extra inlining works.
Return all functions that are directly called by a function stage (f, stage).
Return value of element within a map.
This will assert if the element is not in the map.
Definition at line 102 of file AutoScheduleUtils.h.
References internal_assert.
Definition at line 109 of file AutoScheduleUtils.h.
References internal_assert.
Given an expression in some variables, and a map from those variables to their bounds (in the form of (minimum possible value, maximum possible value)), compute two expressions that give the minimum possible value and the maximum possible value of this expression.
Max or min may be undefined expressions if the value is not bounded above or below. If the expression is a vector, also takes the bounds across the vector lanes and returns a scalar result.
This is for tasks such as deducing the region of a buffer loaded by a chunk of code.
Find bounds for a varying expression that are either constants or +/-inf.
Expand box a to encompass box b.
The union of two boxes.
The intersection of two boxes.
Compute rectangular domains large enough to cover all the 'Provides's to each function that occurs within a given statement or expression.
Variants of the above that are only concerned with a single function.
Compute the maximum and minimum possible value for each function in an environment.
Take a partially lowered statement that includes symbolic representations of the bounds over which things should be realized, and inject expressions defining those bounds.
Referenced by Halide::Buffer< void >::operator()().
Definition at line 40 of file Buffer.h.
Referenced by get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack().
Definition at line 55 of file Buffer.h.
References get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack().
Definition at line 59 of file Buffer.h.
Referenced by get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(), and get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper().
Definition at line 66 of file Buffer.h.
References get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper().
Definition at line 72 of file Buffer.h.
References get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper().
Canonicalize GPU var names into some pre-determined block/thread names (i.e.
__block_id_x, __thread_id_x, etc.). The x/y/z/w order is determined by the nesting order: innermost is assigned to x and so on.
Emit code that builds a struct containing all the externally referenced state.
Requires you to pass it a type and struct to fill in, a scope to retrieve the llvm values from and a builder to place the packing code.
Emit code that unpacks a struct containing all the externally referenced state into a symbol table.
Requires you to pass it a state struct type and value, a scope to fill, and a builder to place the unpacking code.
Get the llvm type equivalent to a given halide type.
Get the number of elements in an llvm vector type, or return 1 if it's not a vector type.
Get the scalar type of an llvm vector type.
Returns the argument if it's not a vector type.
Which built-in functions require a user-context first argument?
Given a size (in bytes), return True if the allocation size can fit on the stack; otherwise, return False.
This routine asserts if size is non-positive.
Given an llvm::Module, set llvm:TargetOptions, cpu and attr information.
Given two llvm::Modules, clone target options from one to the other.
Given an llvm::Module, get or create an llvm:TargetMachine.
Save a copy of the llvm IR currently represented by the module as data in the __LLVM,__bitcode section.
Emulates clang's -fembed-bitcode flag and is useful to satisfy Apple's bitcode inclusion requirements.
Set the active CompilerLogger object, replacing any existing one.
It is legal to pass in a nullptr (which means "don't do any compiler logging"). Returns the previous CompilerLogger (if any).
Return the currently active CompilerLogger object.
If set_compiler_logger() has never been called, a nullptr implementation will be returned. Do not save the pointer returned! It is intended to be used for immediate calls only.
Return the mangled C++ name for a function.
The target parameter is used to decide on the C++ ABI/mangling style to use.
Replace each common sub-expression in the argument with a variable, and wrap the resulting expr in a let statement giving a value to that variable.
This is important to do within Halide (instead of punting to llvm), because exprs that come in from the front-end are small when considered as a graph, but combinatorially large when considered as a tree. For an example of a such a case, see test/code_explosion.cpp
The last parameter determines whether all common subexpressions are lifted, or only those that the simplifier would not subsitute back in (e.g. addition of a constant).
Do common-subexpression-elimination on each expression in a statement.
Does not introduce let statements.
Emit a halide statement on an output stream (such as std::cout) in a human-readable form.
Emit a halide LoweredFunc in a human readable format.
Injects debug prints in a LoweredFunc that describe the target and arguments.
Mutates the given func.
Extract the odd-numbered lanes in a vector.
Extract the even-numbered lanes in a vector.
Extract the nth lane of a vector.
Look through a statement for expressions of the form select(ramp % 2 == 0, a, b) and replace them with calls to an interleave intrinsic.
Remove all let definitions of expr.
Return a list of variables' indices that expr depends on and are in the filter.
Topologically sort the expression graph expressed by expr.
Compute the bounds of funcs.
The bounds represent a conservative region that is used by the "consumers" of the function, except of itself.
Return true if bounds0 and bounds1 represent the same bounds.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::AssociativePattern::operator==(), and Halide::Internal::AssociativeOp::Replacement::operator==().
Return a list of variable names.
Return the reduction domain used by expr.
Find all implicit variables in expr.
Substitute the variable.
Also replace all occurrences in rdom.where() predicates.
Return true if expr contains call to func_name.
Return true if expr depends on any function or buffer..
If a type is a boolean vector, find the type that it has been changed to by eliminate_bool_vectors.
Definition at line 32 of file EliminateBoolVectors.h.
References Halide::Type::bits(), Halide::Type::Int, Halide::Type::is_vector(), Halide::Type::with_bits(), and Halide::Type::with_code().
Check if a call is a float16 transcendental (e.g.
sqrt_f16)
Implement a float16 transcendental using the float32 equivalent.
Check if for_type executes for loop iterations in parallel and unordered.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::Dim::is_unordered_parallel(), and Halide::Internal::For::is_unordered_parallel().
Returns true if for_type executes for loop iterations in parallel.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::Dim::is_parallel(), and Halide::Internal::For::is_parallel().
Test if a statement or expression references or defines any of the variables in a scope, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 97 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References Halide::Internal::ExprUsesVars< T >::result.
Referenced by expr_uses_vars(), and stmt_uses_vars().
Test if a statement or expression references or defines the given variable, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 109 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References Halide::Internal::Scope< T >::push().
Referenced by expr_uses_var(), and stmt_uses_var().
Test if an expression references or defines the given variable, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 120 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References stmt_or_expr_uses_var().
Test if a statement references or defines the given variable, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 129 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References Halide::stmt, and stmt_or_expr_uses_var().
Test if an expression references or defines any of the variables in a scope, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 139 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References stmt_or_expr_uses_vars().
Test if a statement references or defines any of the variables in a scope, additionally considering variables bound to Expr's in the scope provided in the final argument.
Definition at line 149 of file ExprUsesVar.h.
References Halide::stmt, and stmt_or_expr_uses_vars().
Find all Functions transitively referenced by f in any way and add them to the given map.
Definition at line 2453 of file Func.h.
References user_assert.
Referenced by check_types(), Halide::evaluate(), and Halide::evaluate_may_gpu().
Definition at line 2462 of file Func.h.
References check_types().
Definition at line 2468 of file Func.h.
Referenced by assign_results(), Halide::evaluate(), and Halide::evaluate_may_gpu().
Definition at line 2474 of file Func.h.
References assign_results().
Definition at line 2509 of file Func.h.
References Halide::get_jit_target_from_environment(), Halide::Func::gpu_single_thread(), Halide::Target::has_feature(), Halide::Target::has_gpu_feature(), Halide::Func::hexagon(), Halide::Target::HVX_128, and Halide::Target::HVX_64.
Referenced by Halide::evaluate_may_gpu().
Rewrite all GPU loops to have a min of zero.
Converts Halide's GPGPU IR to the OpenCL/CUDA/Metal model.
Within every loop over gpu block indices, fuse the inner loops over thread indices into a single loop (with predication to turn off threads). Push if conditions between GPU blocks to the innermost GPU threads. Also injects synchronization points as needed, and hoists shared allocations at the block level out into a single shared memory array, and heap allocations into a slice of a global pool allocated outside the kernel.
On every store of a floating point value, mask off the least-significant-bit of the mantissa.
We've found that whether or not this dramatically changes the output of a pipeline correlates very well with whether or not a pipeline will produce very different outputs on different architectures (e.g. with and without FMA). It's also a useful way to detect bad tests, such as those that expect exact floating point equality across platforms.
Definition at line 329 of file Generator.h.
References user_error.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::GeneratorParam_Enum< T >::get_default_value(), and halide_type_to_enum_string().
Definition at line 340 of file Generator.h.
References user_assert.
Referenced by halide_type_to_enum_string().
Definition at line 347 of file Generator.h.
References enum_to_string(), and get_halide_type_enum_map().
generate_filter_main() is a convenient wrapper for GeneratorRegistry::create() + compile_to_files(); it can be trivially wrapped by a "real" main() to produce a command-line utility for ahead-of-time filter compilation.
Definition at line 2729 of file Generator.h.
References user_assert.
Pull loops marked with the Hexagon device API to a separate module, and call them through the Hexagon host runtime module.
Replace indirect and other loads with simple loads + vlut calls.
Generate vtmpy instruction if possible.
Hexagon deinterleaves when performing widening operations, and interleaves when performing narrowing operations.
This pass rewrites widenings/narrowings to be explicit in the IR, and attempts to simplify away most of the interleaving/deinterleaving.
Generate deinterleave or interleave operations, operating on groups of vectors at a time.
A helper function to call an extern function, and assert that it returns 0.
Inject calls to halide_device_malloc, halide_copy_to_device, and halide_copy_to_host as needed.
Take a statement with for kernel for loops and turn loads and stores inside the loops into OpenGL texture load and store intrinsics.
Should only be run when the OpenGL target is active.
Check if the schedule of an inlined function is legal, throwing an error if it is not.
Because in this header we don't yet know how client classes store their RefCount (and we don't want to depend on the declarations of the client classes), any class that you want to hold onto via one of these must provide implementations of ref_count and destroy, which we forward-declare here.
E.g. if you want to use IntrusivePtr<MyClass>, then you should define something like this in MyClass.cpp (assuming MyClass has a field: mutable RefCount ref_count):
template<> RefCount &ref_count<MyClass>(const MyClass *c) noexcept {return c->ref_count;} template<> void destroy<MyClass>(const MyClass *c) {delete c;}
Compare IR nodes for equality of value.
Traverses entire IR tree. For equality of reference, use Expr::same_as. If you're comparing non-CSE'd Exprs, use graph_equal, which is safe for nasty graphs of IR nodes.
Does the first expression have the same structure as the second? Variables in the first expression with the name * are interpreted as wildcards, and their matching equivalent in the second expression is placed in the vector give as the third argument.
Wildcards require the types to match. For the type bits and width, a 0 indicates "match anything". So an Int(8, 0) will match 8-bit integer vectors of any width (including scalars), and a UInt(0, 0) will match any unsigned integer type.
should return true, and set result[0] to 3 and result[1] to 2*k.
Does the first expression have the same structure as the second? Variables are matched consistently.
The first time a variable is matched, it assumes the value of the matching part of the second expression. Subsequent matches must be equal to the first match.
should return true, and set result["x"] = a, and result["y"] = b.
A helper function for mutator-like things to mutate regions.
Definition at line 107 of file IRMutator.h.
References Halide::Internal::IntrusivePtr< T >::same_as().
Is the expression a constant integer power of two.
Also returns log base two of the expression if it is. Only returns true for integer types.
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also strictly greater than zero (in all lanes, if a vector expression)
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also strictly less than zero (in all lanes, if a vector expression)
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also strictly less than zero (in all lanes, if a vector expression) and is its negative value representable.
(This excludes the most negative value of the Expr's type from inclusion. Intended to be used when the value will be negated as part of simplification.)
Is the expression an undef.
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also equal to zero (in all lanes, if a vector expression)
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::NegateOp< A >::match().
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also equal to one (in all lanes, if a vector expression)
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::CanProve< A, Prover >::make_folded_const().
Is the expression a const (as defined by is_const), and also equal to two (in all lanes, if a vector expression)
Construct an immediate of the given type from any numeric C++ type.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::fuzz_test_rule(), Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::Const::make(), make_const(), Halide::Internal::GeneratorParamImpl< LoopLevel >::operator Expr(), and Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::Rewriter< Instance >::operator()().
Definition at line 90 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 93 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 96 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 99 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 102 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 105 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 108 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 111 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Definition at line 114 of file IROperator.h.
References make_const().
Construct a unique signed_integer_overflow Expr.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::make_const_special_expr().
Check if a constant value can be correctly represented as the given type.
Construct a boolean constant from a C++ boolean value.
May also be a vector if width is given. It is not possible to coerce a C++ boolean to Expr because if we provide such a path then char objects can ambiguously be converted to Halide Expr or to std::string. The problem is that C++ does not have a real bool type - it is in fact close enough to char that C++ does not know how to distinguish them. make_bool is the explicit coercion.
Construct the representation of zero in the given type.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::NegateOp< A >::make().
Construct the representation of one in the given type.
Construct the representation of two in the given type.
Construct the constant boolean true.
May also be a vector of trues, if a lanes argument is given.
Construct the constant boolean false.
May also be a vector of falses, if a lanes argument is given.
Coerce the two expressions to have the same type, using C-style casting rules.
For the purposes of casting, a boolean type is UInt(1). We use the following procedure:
If the types already match, do nothing.
Then, if one type is a vector and the other is a scalar, the scalar is broadcast to match the vector width, and we continue.
Then, if one type is floating-point and the other is not, the non-float is cast to the floating-point type, and we're done.
Then, if both types are unsigned ints, the one with fewer bits is cast to match the one with more bits and we're done.
Then, if both types are signed ints, the one with fewer bits is cast to match the one with more bits and we're done.
Finally, if one type is an unsigned int and the other type is a signed int, both are cast to a signed int with the greater of the two bit-widths. For example, matching an Int(8) with a UInt(16) results in an Int(16).
Asserts that both expressions are integer types and are either both signed or both unsigned.
If one argument is scalar and the other a vector, the scalar is broadcasted to have the same number of lanes as the vector. If one expression is of narrower type than the other, it is widened to the bit width of the wider.
Raise an expression to an integer power by repeatedly multiplying it by itself.
If e is a ramp expression with stride, default 1, return the base, otherwise undefined.
Implementations of division and mod that are specific to Halide.
Use these implementations; do not use native C division or mod to simplify Halide expressions. Halide division and modulo satisify the Euclidean definition of division for integers a and b:
/code when b != 0, (a/b)*b + ab = a 0 <= ab < |b| /endcode
Additionally, mod by zero returns zero, and div by zero returns zero. This makes mod and div total functions.
Definition at line 244 of file IROperator.h.
References Halide::Type::is_float(), and Halide::Type::is_int().
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::constant_fold_bin_op< Mod >(), and Halide::Internal::Simplify::ExprInfo::trim_bounds_using_alignment().
Definition at line 265 of file IROperator.h.
References Halide::Type::is_float(), and Halide::Type::is_int().
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::constant_fold_bin_op< Div >().
Definition at line 290 of file IROperator.h.
Definition at line 296 of file IROperator.h.
References Halide::floor().
Definition at line 302 of file IROperator.h.
Definition at line 306 of file IROperator.h.
Return an Expr that is identical to the input Expr, but with all calls to likely() and likely_if_innermost() removed.
Return a Stmt that is identical to the input Stmt, but with all calls to likely() and likely_if_innermost() removed.
Definition at line 319 of file IROperator.h.
Referenced by Halide::Pipeline::add_requirement(), collect_print_args(), Halide::print(), Halide::print_when(), and Halide::require().
Definition at line 323 of file IROperator.h.
References collect_print_args().
Definition at line 329 of file IROperator.h.
References collect_print_args().
Referenced by Halide::memoize_tag().
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.
An entirely unchecked version of unsafe_promise_clamped, used inside the compiler as an annotation of the known bounds of an Expr when it has proved something is bounded and wants to record that fact for later passes (notably bounds inference) to exploit. This gets introduced by GuardWithIf tail strategies, because the bounds machinery has a hard time exploiting if statement conditions.
Unlike unsafe_promise_clamped, this expression is context-dependent, because 'value' might be statically bounded at some point in the IR (e.g. due to a containing if statement), but not elsewhere.
Emit a halide associative pattern on an output stream (such as std::cout) in a human-readable form.
Emit a halide associative op on an output stream (such as std::cout) in a human-readable form.
Emit a halide for loop type (vectorized, serial, etc) in a human readable form.
Emit a horizontal vector reduction op in human-readable form.
Emit a halide name mangling value in a human readable format.
Emit a halide linkage value in a human readable format.
Emit a halide dimension type in human-readable format.
Just hoist loop-invariant if statements as far up as possible.
Does not lift other values. It's useful to run this earlier in lowering to simplify the IR.
Definition at line 103 of file LLVM_Headers.h.
Definition at line 107 of file LLVM_Headers.h.
Definition at line 115 of file LLVM_Headers.h.
Create an llvm module containing the support code for a given target.
Create an llvm module containing the support code for ptx device.
Link a block of llvm bitcode into an llvm module.
Take the llvm::Module(s) in extra_modules (if any), add the runtime modules needed for the WASM JIT, and link into a single llvm::Module.
Reuse loads done on previous loop iterations by stashing them in induction variables instead of redoing the load.
If the loads are predicated, the predicates need to match. Can be an optimization or pessimization depending on how good the L1 cache is on the architecture and how many memory issue slots there are. Currently only intended for Hexagon.
Given a vector of scheduled halide functions, create a Module that evaluates it.
Automatically pulls in all the functions f depends on. Some stages of lowering may be target-specific. The Module may contain submodules for computation offloaded to another execution engine or API as well as buffers that are used in the passed in Stmt.
Given a halide function with a schedule, create a statement that evaluates it.
Automatically pulls in all the functions f depends on. Some stages of lowering may be target-specific. Mostly used as a convenience function in tests that wish to assert some property of the lowered IR.
Rewrite access to things stored outside the loop over GPU lanes to use nvidia's warp shuffle instructions.
Transform pipeline calls for Funcs scheduled with memoize to do a lookup call to the runtime cache implementation, and if there is a miss, compute the results and call the runtime to store it back to the cache.
Should leave non-memoized Funcs unchanged.
This should be called after Storage Flattening has added Allocation IR nodes.
It connects the memoization cache lookups to the Allocations so they point to the buffers from the memoization cache and those buffers are released when no longer used. Should not affect allocations for non-memoized Funcs.
For things like alignment analysis, often it's helpful to know if an integer expression is some multiple of a constant plus some other constant.
For example, it is straight-forward to deduce that ((10*x + 2)*(6*y - 3) - 1) is congruent to five modulo six.
We get the most information when the modulus is large. E.g. if something is congruent to 208 modulo 384, then we also know it's congruent to 0 mod 8, and we can possibly use it as an index for an aligned load. If all else fails, we can just say that an integer is congruent to zero modulo one.
If we have alignment information about external variables, we can let the analysis know about that using this version of modulus_remainder:
Reduce an expression modulo some integer.
Returns true and assigns to remainder if an answer could be found.
Reduce an expression modulo some integer.
Returns true and assigns to remainder if an answer could be found.
The greatest common divisor of two integers.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::OptionalRational::operator+=().
The least common multiple of two integers.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::OptionalRational::operator+=().
Emit the monotonic class in human-readable form for debugging.
Validate arguments to a call to a func, image or imageparam.
Return true if an expression uses a likely tag.
Partitions loop bodies into a prologue, a steady state, and an epilogue.
Finds the steady state by hunting for use of clamped ramps, or the 'likely' intrinsic.
Inject placeholder prefetches to 's'.
This placholder prefetch does not have explicit region to be prefetched yet. It will be computed during call to inject_prefetch.
Compute the actual region to be prefetched and place it to the placholder prefetch.
Wrap the prefetch call with condition when applicable.
Reduce a multi-dimensional prefetch into a prefetch of lower dimension (max dimension of the prefetch is specified by target architecture).
This keeps the 'max_dim' innermost dimensions and adds loops for the rest of the dimensions. If maximum prefetched-byte-size is specified (depending on the architecture), this also adds an outer loops that tile the prefetches.
Emit some simple pseudocode that shows the structure of the loop nest specified by this pipeline's schedule, and the schedules of the functions it uses.
Take a statement representing a halide pipeline insert high-resolution timing into the generated code (via spawning a thread that acts as a sampling profiler); summaries of execution times and counts will be logged at the end.
Should be done before storage flattening, but after all bounds inference.
Bounds inference and related stages can lift integer bounds expressions out of if statements that guard against those integer expressions doing side-effecty things like dividing or modding by zero.
In those cases, if the lowering passes are functional, the value resulting from the division or mod is evaluated but not used. This mutator rewrites divs and mods in such expressions to fail silently (evaluate to undef) when the denominator is zero.
Prefix all variable names in the given expression with the prefix string.
Return a random floating-point number between zero and one that varies deterministically based on the input expressions.
Return a random unsigned integer between zero and 2^32-1 that varies deterministically based on the input expressions (which must be integers or unsigned integers).
Given a bunch of functions that call each other, determine an order in which to do the scheduling.
This in turn influences the order in which stages are computed when there's no strict dependency between them. Currently just some arbitrary depth-first traversal of the call graph. In addition, determine grouping of functions with fused computation loops. The functions within the fused groups are sorted based on realization order. There should not be any dependencies among functions within a fused group. This pass will also populate the 'fused_pairs' list in the function's schedule. Return a pair of the realization order and the fused groups in that order.
Given a bunch of functions that call each other, determine a topological order which stays constant regardless of the schedule.
This ordering adheres to the producer-consumer dependencies, i.e. producer will come before its consumers in that order
Return true if the cost of inlining a function is equivalent to the cost of calling the function directly.
Removes placeholder loops for extern stages.
Removes stores that depend on undef values, and statements that only contain such stores.
Definition at line 254 of file Scope.h.
References Halide::Internal::Scope< T >::const_iterator::name().
Replace for loops with GPU_Default device_api with an actual device API depending on what's enabled in the target.
Choose the first of the following: opencl, cuda, openglcompute, opengl
Perform a a wide range of simplifications to expressions and statements, including constant folding, substituting in trivial values, arithmetic rearranging, etc.
Simplifies across let statements, so must not be called on stmts with dangling or repeated variable names.
Attempt to statically prove an expression is true using the simplifier.
Symbolic interval arithmetic can be extremely conservative in cases where we analyze the difference between two correlated expressions.
for x in [0, 10]: let y = x + 3 let z = y - x
x lies within [0, 10]. Interval arithmetic will correctly determine that y lies within [3, 13]. When z is encountered, it is treated as a difference of two independent variables, and gives [3 - 10, 13 - 0] = [-7, 13] instead of the tighter interval [3, 3]. It doesn't understand that y and x are correlated.
In practice, this problem causes problems for unrolling, and arbitrarily-bad overconservative behavior in bounds inference (e.g. )
The function below attempts to address this by walking the IR, remembering whether each let variable is monotonic increasing, decreasing, unknown, or constant w.r.t each loop var. When it encounters a subtract node where both sides have the same monotonicity it substitutes, solves, and attempts to generally simplify as aggressively as possible to try to cancel out the repeated dependence on the loop var. The same is done for addition nodes with arguments of opposite monotonicity.
Bounds inference is particularly sensitive to these false dependencies, but removing false dependencies also helps other lowering passes. E.g. if this simplification means a value no longer depends on a loop variable, it can remain scalar during vectorization of that loop, or we can lift it out as a loop invariant, or it might avoid some of the complex paths in GPU codegen that trigger when values depend on the block index (e.g. warp shuffles).
This pass is safe to use on code with repeated instances of the same variable name (it must be, because we want to run it before allocation bounds inference).
Try to simplify the RHS/LHS of a function's definition based on its specializations.
Avoid computing certain stages if we can infer a runtime condition to check that tells us they won't be used.
Does this by analyzing all reads of each buffer allocated, and inferring some condition that tells us if the reads occur. If the condition is non-trivial, inject ifs that guard the production.
Perform sliding window optimizations on a halide statement.
I.e. don't bother computing points in a function that have provably already been computed by a previous iteration.
Attempts to collect all instances of a variable in an expression tree and place it as far to the left as possible, and as far up the tree as possible (i.e.
outside most parentheses). If the expression is an equality or comparison, this 'solves' the equation. Returns a pair of Expr and bool. The Expr is the mutated expression, and the bool indicates whether there is a single instance of the variable in the result. If it is false, the expression has only been partially solved, and there are still multiple instances of the variable.
Find the smallest interval such that the condition is either true or false inside of it, but definitely false outside of it.
Never returns undefined Exprs, instead it uses variables called "pos_inf" and "neg_inf" to represent positive and negative infinity.
Find the largest interval such that the condition is definitely true inside of it, and might be true or false outside of it.
Take a conditional that includes variables that vary over some domain, and convert it to a more conservative (less frequently true) condition that doesn't depend on those variables.
Formally, the output expr implies the input expr.
The condition may be a vector condition, in which case we also 'and' over the vector lanes, and return a scalar result.
Fold storage of functions if possible.
This means reducing one of the dimensions module something for the purpose of storage, if we can prove that this is safe to do. E.g consider:
We can store f as a circular buffer of size two, instead of allocating space for all of it.
Propagate strict_float intrinisics such that they immediately wrap all floating-point expressions.
This makes the IR nodes context independent. If the Target::StrictFloat flag is specified in target, starts in strict_float mode so all floating-point type Exprs in the compilation will be marked with strict_float. Returns whether any strict floating-point is used in any function in the passed in env.
Substitute variables with the given name with the replacement expression within expr.
This is a dangerous thing to do if variable names have not been uniquified. While it won't traverse inside let statements with the same name as the first argument, moving a piece of syntax around can change its meaning, because it can cross lets that redefine variable names that it includes references to.
Substitute variables with the given name with the replacement expression within stmt.
Substitute variables with names in the map.
Substitute expressions for other expressions.
Substitutions where the IR may be a general graph (and not just a DAG).
Substitute in all let Exprs in a piece of IR.
Doesn't substitute in let stmts, as this may change the meaning of the IR (e.g. by moving a load after a store). Produces graphs of IR, so don't use non-graph-aware visitors or mutators on it until you've CSE'd the result.
Take a statement representing a halide pipeline, inject calls to tracing functions at interesting points, such as allocations.
Should be done before storage flattening, but after all bounds inference.
Find let statements that all define the same value, and make later ones just reuse the symbol names of the earlier ones.
Modify a statement so that every internally-defined variable name is unique.
This lets later passes assume syntactic equivalence is semantic equivalence.
Creates let stmts for the various buffer components (e.g.
foo.extent.0) in any referenced concrete buffers or buffer parameters. After this pass, the only undefined symbols should scalar parameters and the buffers themselves (e.g. foo.buffer).
Take a statement with for loops marked for unrolling, and convert each into several copies of the innermost statement.
I.e. unroll the loop.
Lower all unsafe promises into either assertions or unchecked code, depending on the target.
Lower all safe promises by just stripping them.
This is a good idea once no more lowering stages are going to use boxes_touched.
Some numeric conversions are UB if the value won't fit in the result; safe_numeric_cast<>() is meant as a drop-in replacement for a C/C++ cast that adds well-defined behavior for the UB cases, attempting to mimic common implementation behavior as much as possible.
Definition at line 75 of file Util.h.
References Halide::max(), and Halide::min().
Make a unique name for an object based on the name of the stack variable passed in.
If introspection isn't working or there are no debug symbols, just uses unique_name with the given prefix.
Referenced by Halide::Buffer< void >::Buffer().
Get value of an environment variable.
Returns its value is defined in the environment. If the var is not defined, an empty string is returned.
Definition at line 26 of file halide_test_dirs.h.
References buf, and getenv().
Referenced by get_test_tmp_dir().
Get the name of the currently running executable.
Platform-specific. If program name cannot be retrieved, function returns an empty string.
Generate a unique name starting with the given prefix.
It's unique relative to all other strings returned by unique_name in this process.
The single-character version always appends a numeric suffix to the character.
The string version will either return the input as-is (with high probability on the first time it is called with that input), or replace any existing '$' characters with underscores, then add a '$' sign and a numeric suffix to it.
Note that unique_name('f') therefore differs from unique_name("f"). The former returns something like f123, and the latter returns either f or f$123.
Referenced by Halide::lambda().
Replace all matches of the second string in the first string with the last string.
Returns base name and fills in namespaces, outermost one first in vector.
Referenced by halide_handle_cplusplus_type::make().
Create a unique file with a name of the form prefixXXXXXsuffix in an arbitrary (but writable) directory; this is typically /tmp, but the specific location is not guaranteed.
(Note that the exact form of the file name may vary; in particular, the suffix may be ignored on Windows.) The file is created (but not opened), thus this can be called from different threads (or processes, e.g. when building with parallel make) without risking collision. Note that if this file is used as a temporary file, the caller is responsibly for deleting it. Neither the prefix nor suffix may contain a directory separator.
Create a unique directory in an arbitrary (but writable) directory; this is typically somewhere inside /tmp, but the specific location is not guaranteed.
The directory will be empty (i.e., this will never return /tmp itself, but rather a new directory inside /tmp). The caller is responsible for removing the directory after use.
Wrapper for access().
Quietly ignores errors.
assert-fail if the file doesn't exist.
useful primarily for testing purposes.
assert-fail if the file DOES exist.
useful primarily for testing purposes.
Wrapper for unlink().
Asserts upon error.
Quietly ignores errors.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::TemporaryFile::~TemporaryFile().
Ensure that no file with this path exists.
If such a file exists and cannot be removed, assert-fail.
Wrapper for rmdir().
Asserts upon error.
Wrapper for stat().
Asserts upon error.
Read the entire contents of a file into a vector<char>.
The file is read in binary mode. Errors trigger an assertion failure.
Create or replace the contents of a file with a given pointer-and-length of memory.
If the file doesn't exist, it is created; if it does exist, it is completely overwritten. Any error triggers an assertion failure.
Referenced by write_entire_file().
Definition at line 277 of file Util.h.
References write_entire_file().
Routines to test if math would overflow for signed integers with the given number of bits.
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::constant_fold_bin_op< Add >().
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::constant_fold_bin_op< Sub >().
Referenced by Halide::Internal::IRMatcher::constant_fold_bin_op< Mul >().
Emit a version of a string that is a valid identifier in C (.
is replaced with _)
Make a list of unique arguments for definitions with unnamed arguments.
Referenced by Halide::Func::define_extern().
find_linear_expressions(Stmt s) identifies expressions that may be moved out of the generated fragment shader into a varying attribute.
These expressions are tagged by wrapping them in a glsl_varying intrinsic
Compute a set of 2D mesh coordinates based on the behavior of varying attribute expressions contained within a GLSL scheduled for loop.
This method is called during lowering to extract varying attribute expressions and generate code to evalue them at each mesh vertex location. The operation is performed on the host before the draw call to invoke the shader
Take a statement with for loops marked for vectorization, and turn them into single statements that operate on vectors.
The loops in question must have constant extent.
Replace every call to wrapped Functions in the Functions' definitions with call to their wrapper functions.
Return the path to a directory that can be safely written to when running tests; the contents directory may or may not outlast the lifetime of test itself (ie, the files may be cleaned up after test execution).
The path is guaranteed to be an absolute path and end in a directory separator, so a leaf filename can simply be appended. It is not guaranteed that this directory will be empty. If the path cannot be created, the function will assert-fail and return an invalid path.
Definition at line 75 of file halide_test_dirs.h.
References Halide::Internal::Test::get_current_directory(), and Halide::Internal::Test::get_env_variable().
Definition at line 23 of file AutoScheduleUtils.h. | https://halide-lang.org/docs/namespace_halide_1_1_internal.html | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | refinedweb | 7,102 | 58.28 |
NEW: Learning electronics? Ask your questions on the new Electronics Questions & Answers site hosted by CircuitLab.
Project Help and Ideas » Nerdkit learns to drive
Link below has video of couple test runs of my drive by wire 3 wheeler. Consists of Nerdkit mcu reading from an mpu-6050 gyro/accel combo and a hall switch pickup for velocity measurement. Driver input comes from a joystick. I started to design my own H-bridge, but I kept burning them out, so in order to get on the road, for now I'm using a Pololu motor controller to take my steering inputs from nerdkit to drive a linear actuator for steering control. I could go much faster but I'm still at the point where I go no faster than I'm comfortable crashing at(made lots of mistakes along the way so far, so more are expected). I'm still tuning the handling qualities but it's pretty tame so far. Most of my runs are with driver input controlling tilt rate, but also a few with driver input taken as desired tilt angle. Probably higher performance with former but easier to drive with latter.
Oh wow, I want one :-)
Ralph
Very impressive!
If anyone is familiar with the MPU-6050 gyro/accel and knows how to init the DMP portion, it would be great to see this in the forums. The data sheets from Invensense are really weak on this topic; there's some info on the web for using the DMP function, but from what I've found it's almost all in Arduino wiring code which I'm not familiar with (although it looks not too far from C code). It would let me simplify my code for the three wheeler and off load some of the processing being done on the nerdkit MCU if I could crack the code on this feature.
Eric
I hooked up a wireless link (via 2 XBee Pro, which worked great with minimal setup/learning curve) to record some of the data for the three wheeler. It should make refining the handling a little more rigorous than making adjustments based just on feel (although thanks to USNTPS I've made it work so far with this method). I'd like to be able to push more parameters on each run but as it is, I've gone from running at 400 Hz with no data link to about 200 Hz when sending 3 parameters, so for now I'm limiting what I send. Attached pic shows data for a series of S turns - green is tilt angle, blue is tilt rate, and red is steering input from joystick. My first impression is that the tilt rate signal is noisy as hell; I guess I shouldn't be surprised as the little 150cc engine gives the bike a pretty good rattle. I'm going to be doing a little more filtering to clean it up, but every time I adjust the filter I need to rework my PID parameters. At least now I'll be able to better see just what each adjustment is doing.
I'm doing a little clean up on my 3 wheel code and have been stumped: The function as written below works just fine - it reads multiple high and low bytes from a gyro FIFO buffer (in two's complement form) and returns a signed 16 bit value with the average of data from the FIFO buffer. Here's the part that I'm stuck on: if the MSB of the high byte is 1 than the converted 2's complement data should be negative and requires conversion to standard form; by my understanding this is equivalent to saying the shifted high and low bytes are > 32767. Yet when I use "if (((fifo_buffer_in[i2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i2)])>32767)" I get good data, but when I use the "if (fifo_buffer_in[i*2]>>7)", ie the statement that is commented out instead, dtilt_long always returns as a negative (around -65,000 when at rest). I could be content that it works as coded, but as I'm relying on this to keep myself from crashing I'd like to actually understand why what looks to be a simpler yet equivalent "if" statement is resulting in different results. Any thoughts welcome.
int16_t dtiltfifo_read(int16_t dtiltinit){
uint8_t fifo_count_hi, fifo_count_low, fifo_buffer_in[36];
int32_t dtilt_long=0;
//read gyro fifo count
TWI_buffer_out[0] = 0x72;//x axis-tilt stored in FIFO
TWI_master_start_write_then_read(MPU6000gyro_ADR, 1,2);
while(TWI_busy);
fifo_count_hi= TWI_buffer_in[0];
fifo_count_low= TWI_buffer_in[1];
//Read data
TWI_buffer_out[0] = 0x74;
for(i=0;i<((fifo_count_hi<<8) + fifo_count_low); i++){
TWI_master_start_write_then_read(MPU6000gyro_ADR, 1, 1);
while(TWI_busy);
fifo_buffer_in[i]=TWI_buffer_in[0];}
//Put results from gyro into program variables data comes in "two's complement" form if MSB is 1, data is negative
//x axis (tilt) average all of the x gyro readings from the fifo buffer
for(i=0;i<(fifo_count_low/2); i++){
//if (fifo_buffer_in[i*2]>>7);
//fifo_buffer_in [i*2] stores sequential high bytes, [1 + (2*i)] stores sequential low bytes --- normal cycle time typically gives around 8 bytes so only fifo_count_low required to count to bytes in fifo.
if (((fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)])>32767) dtilt_long+=((fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)])-65536-dtiltinit;
else dtilt_long+=((fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)])-dtiltinit;
}
//convert output to mradians per second = .133 *(2/fifo_count_low) to take average of multiple readings from FIFO above
return(-(dtilt_long/(3.7*fifo_count_low)));}
One last item to note for anyone looking at the question above: when I just read the gyro register directly for one pair of bytes, without using the FIFO buffer, just looking at the MSB of the high byte in the "if" statement seems to work just fine using the code below.
int16_t dtiltreg_read(int16_t dtiltinit){
int16_t dtilt;
TWI_buffer_out[0] = 0x43;//gyro_x
TWI_master_start_write_then_read(MPU6000gyro_ADR, 1,2);
while(TWI_busy);
//Put results from gyro into program variables data comes in "two's complement" form if MSB is 1, data is negative
if (TWI_buffer_in[0]>>7) dtilt = (TWI_buffer_in[0]<<8) + TWI_buffer_in[1]-dtiltinit -65536;
else dtilt = (TWI_buffer_in[0]<<8) + TWI_buffer_in[1]-dtiltinit;
dtilt*=-.133; //output in mradians per second
return (dtilt);}
Eric -
That is strange. I'd be curious to see if...
if (fifo_buffer_in[i*2] >= 0x80)
would work. BTW, hope you didn't leave that semicolon there in line 24 above. The one thing that puzzles me is that you're returning a signed integer from the function, yet you're using a float number in the return statement calculation. That would worry me if I was handing over controls to the obedient little MCU brain.
PCBolt,
Tried your suggestion. That does not work either, gives same result as
if (TWI_buffer_in[0]>>7)
As for returning a signed integer from a float, I have plenty of precision rounding to the nearest integer (the noise level is well above the lsb, which is down to milliradians/per second). Are there potential "bad" things that could happen, or does assigning a float to an integer reliably round down to the next integer? I could avoid it easy enough if there is a reason beyond the level of precision.
Eric
Drat!! Meant to say your suggestion gives same result as
if (fifo_buffer_in[i*2]>>7)
I tested the float variables and you're right...it will simply round the result down with correct precision. I also tested the "if" statements and both worked for me. There was one problem though and it would make sense as to what you are seeing. When I computed the answer to this:
result = (test[0]<<8) + test[1];
I got a negative number. Since "result" was declared an "int16_t", it did all the sign conversions correctly. In other words I did not need to add the "-65536" term. If this is the way your program is working, maybe the
is correct after all and since it is subtracting 65536 for each summing step, the average would be close to -65536. Still brings up the question as to why this works...
if(fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)])>32767)...
Two things might be happening. First, if the MCU doesn't know to extend the shift from an 8-bit variable to a 16-bit, the "fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8" would just get shifted away to 0. Second, if it did know to extend to 16-bits, but used signed integer logic, the test would never pass since it would be either less than 0 or less than 32767. If it jumps to the "else" statement..it never subtracts 65536.
Just a theory.
Almost forgot...if the MCU is computing the sign correctly, you would not need any "if" statements at all, you just need:
dtilt_long+=((fifo_buffer_in[i*2]<<8)+fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)])-dtiltinit;
If the compiler warns about "signedness" you could try:
dtilt_long+=((((int16_t)fifo_buffer_in[i*2])<<8)+((int8_t)fifo_buffer_in[1+(i*2)]))-dtiltinit;
Good luck.
Holy Cow! Your suggestion works, no if statements are necessary. It's amazing to me that my understanding of what was going on was so wrong, yet still managed to have it work. I definitely have a weakness when it comes to variable types; seems a majority of the time that I really get stuck on a piece of code, it's the consequence of variable types that I fail to fully account for in my logic. Thanks for helping me out.
Eric
Glad to help. I still don't have a complete grasp of the subject. I just know that I don't know and code defensively. Looking forward to seeing a video of the finished project.
Please log in to post a reply. | http://www.nerdkits.com/forum/thread/2363/ | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 1,620 | 66.27 |
WSTP C FUNCTION
WSPutUTF16Function()
This feature is not supported on the Wolfram Cloud.
This feature is not supported on the Wolfram Cloud.
DetailsDetails
- After the call to WSPutUTF16Function(), other WSTP functions must be called to send the arguments of the function.
- The function name s encoded in UTF-16 must start with a byte order mark.
- The length of the symbol name s must include the byte order mark.
- WSPutUTF16Function() returns 0 in the event of an error, and a nonzero value if the function succeeds.
- Use WSError() to retrieve the error code if WSPutUTF16Function() fails.
- WSPutUTF16Function() is declared in the WSTP header file wstp.h.
ExamplesExamplesopen allclose all
Basic Examples (1)Basic Examples (1)
#include "wstp.h"
/* A function to send List[1,2,3] to the link */
void f(WSINK l)
{
unsigned short name[5];
name[0] = 0xFEFF;
name[1] = 'L';
name[2] = 'i';
name[3] = 's';
name[4] = 't';
if(! WSPutUTF16Function(l, (unsigned short *)name, 5, 3))
{ /* Unable to write the function head to the link */ }
if(! WSPutInteger8(l, 1))
{ /* Unable to write 1 to the link */ }
if(! WSPutInteger8(l, 2))
{ /* Unable to write 2 to the link */ }
if(! WSPutInteger8(l, 3))
{ /* Unable to write 3 to the link */ }
if(! WSEndPacket(l))
{ /* Unable to write the end-of-packet sequence to the link */ }
if(! WSFlush(l))
{ /* Unable to flush any outbound data from the link */ }
} | http://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/c/WSPutUTF16Function.html | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 228 | 66.84 |
Build a Real-time SignalR Dashboard with AngularJS
Let’s build a real-time service dashboard!
Our service dashboard will show us real data in real time. It will show us what’s happening on our server and our micro service in near real time, asynchronous, non-blocking fashion.
Take a look at what a full client can look like here.
A demo of the server can be seen here.
We’ll build a smaller version of this dashboard using the AngularJS framework and lots of cool real time charts with lots of real time data. We’ll also build our service using the SignalR and Web API libraries from .NET 4.5.
Technology Architecture
The Client
AngularJS forces great application development practices right out of the box. Everything is injected in, which means there is low coupling of dependencies. Additionally, Angular has a great separation between views, models and controllers.
Angular compliments .NET here by allowing the server side code to remain small, manageable and testable. The server side code is leveraged solely for its strengths – which is to do the heavy lifting.
The Server
Using SignalR with Web API for .NET 4.5 is very similar to using Node.js with Socket.IO, and allows for the same type of non-blocking, asynchronous push from the server to subscribing clients. SignalR uses web sockets underneath, but because it abstracts away the communication, it will fall back to whatever technology the client browser supports when running inside Angular. (For example, it may fall back to long polling for older browsers.)
Additionally, with the dynamic tag and the magic of Json.NET, JavaScript is treated like a first class citizen by the .NET framework. In fact, it is often easier to consume Web API and SignalR technologies in JavaScript than even through native .NET clients, because they were built with JavaScript in mind.
The Meat and Potatoes
Get Setup
All of the AngularJS code used in this tutorial can be found here.
I will go over creating this with your favorite text editor and plain folders, as well as with Visual Studio for those creating a project.
Setup with Plain Text Files
The folder and file structure will look like this:
root app (Angular application specific JavaScript) Content (CSS etc.) Scripts (Referenced JavaScript etc.) ... index.html
Main Dependencies
You will need to download the following files:
- jQuery (choose the “Download the compressed, production jQuery 2.1.1” link)
- AngularJS (click on the large Download option, then click the latest version of Angular 1.3.+)
- Bootstrap (click the “Download Bootstrap” option)
- SignalR (click the “Download ZIP” button on the right)
- D3.js (click the “d3.zip” link half way down the page)
- Epoch (click the “Download v0.6.0 link)
- ng-epoch (click the “Download ZIP” button on the right)
- n3-pie (click the “Download ZIP” button on the right)
In our
Scripts folder we will need:
jquery-2.1.1.min.js
angular.min.js
bootstrap.min.js
jquery.signalR.min.js
d3.min.js
epoch.min.js
pie-chart.min.js
In our
Content folder:
bootstrap.min.css
epoch.min.css
Setup with Visual Studio
Setting this up through Visual Studio is extremely simple, if text files are too simplistic for you.
Simply set up an empty web application by going to
File -> New -> Project, then select Web as the template type.
Then simply right click on the project, go to
Manage Nuget Packages and search for and download jQuery, AngularJS, Bootstrap, D3 and the SignalR JavaScript Client.
After you download and install those, you should see them all in the Scripts and the Contents folders. Additionally, under installed Nuget Packages, you will see the following:
Finally, Nuget does not contain the Epoch, ng-epoch and n3 charting libraries, so you’ll need to add them manually. Simply follow the steps detailed in the previous section to get these.
Let’s Write Our App
Now we are ready to write some code.
First, let’s create our base
index.html file that will house our Angular JavaScript code.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http- <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>AngularJS - SignalR - ServiceDashboard</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="Content/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="Content/epoch.min.css" /> <script src="Scripts/jquery-1.11.0.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.1.2.min.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/angular.min.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/d3.min.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/epoch.min.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/ng-epoch.js"></script> <script src="Scripts/pie-chart.min.js"></script> <script src="app/app.js"></script> <script src="app/services.js"></script> <script src="app/directives.js"></script> <script src="app/controllers.js"></script> </head> <body ng- </body> </html>
There are a few things going on here. We are, first and foremost, adding all of our dependencies so they load up. Secondly, we are referencing a few new files (all of the files in the app folder) that do not exist yet. We will write those next.
Let’s go into our app folder and create our
app.js file. This is a very simple file.
'use strict'; var app = angular.module('angularServiceDashboard', ['ng.epoch','n3-pie-chart']); app.value('backendServerUrl', '');
This file does a few things for us. It sets up our main application module
angularServiceDashboard and injects in two of our external references –
ng.epoch, which is our Epoch.js Directive for Angular, and the
n3-pie-chart, which is a charting library made for Angular and is properly structured.
If you notice, we also inject in a value for the
backendServerUrl, which of course is hosted somewhere else and which we plan to consume here.
Let’s create a service factory class that will bind to the URL of the server. This will be our
services.js file we referenced in our HTML, and it will go into the app folder:
'use strict'; app.factory('backendHubProxy', ['$rootScope', 'backendServerUrl', function ($rootScope, backendServerUrl) { function backendFactory(serverUrl, hubName) { var connection = $.hubConnection(backendServerUrl); var proxy = connection.createHubProxy(hubName); connection.start().done(function () { }); return { on: function (eventName, callback) { proxy.on(eventName, function (result) { $rootScope.$apply(function () { if (callback) { callback(result); } }); }); }, invoke: function (methodName, callback) { proxy.invoke(methodName) .done(function (result) { $rootScope.$apply(function () { if (callback) { callback(result); } }); }); } }; }; return backendFactory; }]);
This bit of code uses the popular
on and
off (with no off since we don’t need it here) subscription pattern, and encapsulates all of the communication with SignalR for our app by using an Angular factory.
This code may seem a bit overwhelming at first, but you will understand it better when we build our controllers. All it does is take in the URL of our back-end SignalR server and the SignalR hub name. (In SignalR you can use multiple hubs in the same server to push data.)
Additionally, this code allows the SignalR Server, which is sitting on another box somewhere, to call our app through the
on method. It allows our app to call functions inside of the SignalR Server through the
invoke method.
Next up, we need our controllers, which will bind our data from the service to our scope. Let’s create a file called
controllers.js in our app folder.
'use strict'; app.controller('PerformanceDataController', ['$scope', 'backendHubProxy', function ($scope, backendHubProxy) { console.log('trying to connect to service') var performanceDataHub = backendHubProxy(backendHubProxy.defaultServer, 'performanceHub'); console.log('connected to service') $scope.currentRamNumber = 68; performanceDataHub.on('broadcastPerformance', function (data) { data.forEach(function (dataItem) { switch(dataItem.categoryName) { case 'Processor': break; case 'Memory': $scope.currentRamNumber = dataItem.value; break; case 'Network In': break; case 'Network Out': break; case 'Disk Read Bytes/Sec': break; case 'Disk Write Bytes/Sec': break; default: //default code block break; } }); }); } ]);
This controller does a few things here. It creates our Angular Service object and binds a callback function to it, so that the server has something to call in our controller.
You will see that we are looping through the JSON array returned by the server each time it calls us back. We then have a switch statement for each performance type. For now, we will set the RAM and come back and flesh out the rest.
As far as our directives are concerned, we really only need one for our Epoch charts. We’ll use an open-source directive called
ng-epoch.js, which we already have a reference for in our stub
index.html file.
We could split all of these charts into different directives, use some templates and use UI-Router, but we’ll keep things simple here and dump all our views in our
index.html file.
Let’s add our views to the
index.html file now. We can do this by adding the following under the body tags:
<div class="row" ng- <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6"> <div class="panel panel-dashboard"> <div class="center">Memory Performance</div> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="huge">{{currentRamNumber}}</div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
This will simply create a place for the server to push back the RAM data. Data will first go to our service, then to the controller and then finally to the view.
It should look something like this:
Now let’s add some charting, which is what we really want to do. We will add a variable called
timestamp for the
epoch.js timeline. We’ll also add an array called
chartEntry, which we’ll bind to our
epoch.ng directive.
var timestamp = ((new Date()).getTime() / 1000) | 0; var chartEntry = [];
Then let’s map the data in our
switch statement and add the rest of the required
epoch.js data items. We could, of course, break this out further (such as use some more functions and filters), but we’ll keep things simple for the sake of the tutorial.
'use strict'; app.controller('PerformanceDataController', ['$scope', 'backendHubProxy', function ($scope, backendHubProxy) { ... $scope.currentRamNumber = 68; $scope.realtimeArea = [{ label: 'Layer 1', values: [] }]; performanceDataHub.on('broadcastPerformance', function (data) { var timestamp = ((new Date()).getTime() / 1000) | 0; var chartEntry = []; data.forEach(function (dataItem) { switch(dataItem.categoryName) { case 'Processor': $scope.cpuData = dataItem.value; chartEntry.push({ time: timestamp, y: dataItem.value }); console.log(chartEntry) break; case 'Memory': $scope.currentRamNumber = dataItem.value; break; case 'Network In': break; case 'Network Out': break; case 'Disk Read Bytes/Sec': break; case 'Disk Write Bytes/Sec': break; default: //default code block break; } }); $scope.realtimeAreaFeed = chartEntry; }); $scope.areaAxes = ['left','right','bottom']; } ]);
Our controller looks a bit more fleshed out. We have added a
realtimeAreaFeed to the scope, which we’ll bind to our view via the
ng-epoch directive, and we have also added the
areaAxes to the scope, which dictates the layout of the area chart.
Now let’s add the directive to
index.html and display the data coming in for CPU values:
<div class="row" ng- <div class="panel-body" ng- <epoch-live-area </epoch-live-area> </div> </div>
chart-class refers to the coloring scheme of D3.js,
chart-height is what you suspect, and
chart-stream is the data coming back from the SignalR server.
With that in place, we should see the chart come across in real time:
Let’s now wire up a whole bunch of data points to this chart, and add a whole other chart from the n3-pie framework (because who doesn’t love pie!).
To add the pie chart from the n3-pie framework, simply add the following to our controller:
$scope.data = [ { label: 'CPU', value: 78, color: '#d62728', suffix: '%' } ];
The
value, of course, will be updated by the SignalR server. You can see this in the full code for our controller.
We should also take a moment to consider the full code for our view.
And we should be seeing the following data on screen:
We have seen that Angular can wire up to SignalR extremely easily – by simply plugging in the end point in an AngularJS service or factory. The AngularJS factory is an encapsulation mechanism to communicate with SignalR. Who knew that AngularJS and .NET would work so well together when “married up”?
Core Aspects of the Server
I will go over a bit of the .NET code that allows this communication to happen on the back end. (You can find the source code here.)
To get started with building the server code first, you need to get SignalR running in your Visual Studio solution. To do this, simply follow the great tutorials over at ASP.NET to get the base SignalR solution running. (This is the simplest one.)
Once you have that up and running, change the C#
Hub class to the following:
public class PerformanceHub : Hub { public void SendPerformance(IList<PerformanceModel> performanceModels) { Clients.All.broadcastPerformance(performanceModels); } public void Heartbeat() { Clients.All.heartbeat(); } public override Task OnConnected() { return (base.OnConnected()); } }
Once you change the
Hub class, Visual Studio will complain and you will need to add a performance model (this is automatically converted to JSON as it’s pushed out by the server, thanks to Json.NET):
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using Newtonsoft.Json; namespace SignalrWebService.Models { public class PerformanceModel { [JsonProperty("machineName")] public string MachineName { get; set; } [JsonProperty("categoryName")] public string CategoryName { get; set; } [JsonProperty("counterName")] public string CounterName { get; set; } [JsonProperty("instanceName")] public string InstanceName { get; set; } [JsonProperty("value")] public double Value { get; set; } } }
The
JsonProperty metadata is simply telling Json.NET to automatically convert the property name to lower case when converting to JSON for this model. JavaScript likes lower case.
Let’s add a
PerformanceEngine class, which pushes to anyone that will listen with real performance data. The engine sends these messages via SignalR to any listening clients on an asynchronous background thread.
Due to it’s length, you can find the code on our GitHub repo.
This code basically pushes an array of performance metrics out to anyone that is subscribed in each
while iteration. Those performance metrics are injected into the constructor. The speed of the push from the server is set on the constructor parameter
pollIntervalMillis.
Note that this will work fine if you’re hosting SignalR using OWIN as a self host, and it should work fine if you’re using a web worker.
The last thing to do, of course, is to start the background thread somewhere in your service
OnStart() or in your
Startup class.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using Owin; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.Owin; using SignalrWebService.Performance; using Microsoft.Owin.Cors; using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR; using SignalrWebService.Models; [assembly: OwinStartup(typeof(SignalrWebService.Startup))] namespace SignalrWebService { public class Startup { public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app) { app.UseCors(CorsOptions.AllowAll); var hubConfiguration = new HubConfiguration(); hubConfiguration.EnableDetailedErrors = true; app.MapSignalR(hubConfiguration); PerformanceEngine performanceEngine = new PerformanceEngine(800, GetRequiredPerformanceMonitors()); Task.Factory.StartNew(async () => await performanceEngine.OnPerformanceMonitor()); } } }
The two lines that start the monitoring on the background thread (as I’m sure you’ve guessed) are those where we instantiate the
PerformanceEngine and where we call the
OnPerformanceMonitor().
Now, I know you might be thinking that I’m randomizing the data from the server, and it’s true. But to push real metrics, simply use the
System.Diagnostics library and the
PerformanceCounter provided by Windows. I am trying to keep this simple, but here is what that code would look like:
public static readonly IEnumerable<PerformanceCounter> ServiceCounters = new[] { // new PerformanceCounter("Processor Information", "% Processor Time", "_Total"), new PerformanceCounter("Memory", "Available MBytes"), new PerformanceCounter("Process", "% Processor Time", GetCurrentProcessInstanceName(), true), new PerformanceCounter("Process", "Working Set", GetCurrentProcessInstanceName(), true) };
Conclusion
We’ve seen how to consume SignalR data through Angular, and we’ve hooked that data up to real time charting frameworks on the Angular side.
A demo of the final version of the client can be seen here, and you can get the code from here.
A demo of the final version of the server can be seen here, and you can get the code from here.
I hope you’ve enjoyed this walk-through. If you’ve tried something similar, tell us about it in the comments!
Replies
Hello,
Can I just confirm in your "Main Dependencies" section, you're n3-pie link was supposed to go instead it goe's to
Thanks,
Jamie
Hi,
I believe that was the intended link
"Who doesn't love lines!" would have a bit of a different connotation.
Anyway, I corrected the link in the article.
Thank you for taking the time to point this out.
Hi,
Thanks for detailed explanation for signalR using angularjs and web api. We have same requirement in our project. Your article very useful to me.
Thanks once again.
Hi,
Great article! Very usefull as a starting point.
Could you also explain how to publish the SignalrBackendService to Azure? I can't get it to work when I publish it to my own azure account. Do you need to configure a service bus or something?
Thanks
You don't need to configure anything special on Azure.
The only issue is the "Real" performance metrics through the performance monitor won't work on Azure because an Azure Website doesn't run on its own Machine etc, it's a shared environment. So turn that part off in the performance engine and add your own numbers there, like some random number generation or something else you can capture like logs or users registering or whatever your use case that changes dynamically is.
Locally since you're running it on a full blown machine all the performance monitors work.
Azure has other performance monitors for websites that I belive you can tap into but I haven't really played around with those so I can't advise too much there.
This is meant to be a proof of concept on how one could push data from the server to the client leveraging .NET, SignalR, and angular and the performance metrics seemed like a great use case but unless you have a full server you won't have access to the performance monitors.
6 more replies | https://www.sitepoint.com/build-real-time-signalr-dashboard-angularjs/ | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 3,025 | 58.79 |
Bootstrap tokens are a simple bearer token that is meant to be used when
creating new clusters or joining new nodes to an existing cluster. It was built
to support kubeadm, but can be used in other contexts
for users that wish to start clusters without
kubeadm. It is also built to
work, via RBAC policy, with the Kubelet TLS
Bootstrapping system.
Bootstrap Tokens are defined with a specific type
(
bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token) of secrets that lives in the
kube-system
namespace. These Secrets are then read by the Bootstrap Authenticator in the
API Server. Expired tokens are removed with the TokenCleaner controller in the
Controller Manager. The tokens are also used to create a signature for a
specific ConfigMap used in a “discovery” process through a BootstrapSigner
controller.
Kubernetes v1.13beta
Bootstrap Tokens take the form of
abcdef.0123456789abcdef. More formally,
they must match the regular expression
[a-z0-9]{6}\.[a-z0-9]{16}.
The first part of the token is the “Token ID” and is considered public information. It is used when referring to a token without leaking the secret part used for authentication. The second part is the “Token Secret” and should only be shared with trusted parties..
You can use the
kubeadm tool to manage tokens on a running cluster. See the
kubeadm token docs for details.
The ConfigMap that is signed is
cluster-info in the
kube-public namespace.
The typical flow is that a client reads this ConfigMap while unauthenticated and
ignoring TLS errors. It then validates the payload of the ConfigMap by looking
at a signature embedded in the ConfigMap.
The ConfigMap may look like this:
apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: cluster-info namespace: kube-public data: jws-kubeconfig-07401b: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjA3NDAxYiJ9..tYEfbo6zDNo40MQE07aZcQX2m3EB2rO3NuXtxVMYm9U kubeconfig: | apiVersion: v1 clusters: - cluster: certificate-authority-data: <really long certificate data> server: name: "" contexts: [] current-context: "" kind: Config preferences: {} users: []
The
kubeconfig member of the ConfigMap is a config file with just the cluster
information filled out. The key thing being communicated here is the
certificate-authority-data. This may be expanded in the future.
The signature is a JWS signature using the “detached” mode. To validate the
signature, the user should encode the
kubeconfig payload according to JWS
rules (base64 encoded while discarding any trailing
=). That encoded payload
is then used to form a whole JWS by inserting it between the 2 dots. You can
verify the JWS using the
HS256 scheme (HMAC-SHA256) with the full token (e.g.
07401b.f395accd246ae52d) as the shared secret. Users must verify that HS256
is used. security model section. | https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens/ | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 430 | 57.37 |
.concurrent;51 52 /**53 * This class implements a POSIX style "Event" object. The difference54 * between the ConditionalEvent and the java wait()/notify() technique is in55 * handling of event state. If a ConditionalEvent is signalled, a thread56 * that subsequently waits on it is immediately released. In case of auto57 * reset EventObjects, the object resets (unsignalled) itself as soon as it58 * is signalled and waiting thread(s) are released (based on whether signal()59 * or signalAll() was called).60 *61 * @deprecated use EDU.oswego.cs.dl.util.concurrent.CondVar instead62 *63 * @author <a HREF="mailto:kranga@sapient.com">Karthik Rangaraju</a>64 * @version CVS $Revision: 1.4 $ $Date: 2003/03/22 12:46:23 $65 * @since 4.066 */67 public class ConditionalEvent68 {69 private boolean m_state = false;70 private boolean m_autoReset = false;71 72 // TODO: Need to add methods that block until a specified time and73 // return (though in real-life, I've never known what to do if a thread74 // timesout other than call the method again)!75 76 /**77 * Creates a manual reset ConditionalEvent with a specified initial state78 *79 * @param initialState Sets the initial state of the ConditionalEvent.80 * Signalled if pInitialState is true, unsignalled otherwise.81 */82 public ConditionalEvent( boolean initialState )83 {84 m_state = initialState;85 }86 87 /**88 * Creates a ConditionalEvent with the defined initial state.89 *90 * @param initialState if true, the ConditionalEvent is signalled when91 * created.92 * @param autoReset if true creates an auto-reset ConditionalEvent93 */94 public ConditionalEvent( boolean initialState, boolean autoReset )95 {96 m_state = initialState;97 m_autoReset = autoReset;98 }99 100 /**101 * Checks if the event is signalled. Does not block on the operation.102 *103 * @return true is event is signalled, false otherwise. Does not reset104 * an autoreset event105 */106 public boolean isSignalled()107 {108 return m_state;109 }110 111 /**112 * Signals the event. A single thread blocked on waitForSignal() is released.113 *114 * @see #signalAll()115 * @see #waitForSignal()116 */117 public void signal()118 {119 synchronized( this )120 {121 m_state = true;122 notify();123 }124 }125 126 /**127 * Current implementation only works with manual reset events. Releases.128 *129 * all threads blocked on waitForSignal()130 * @see #waitForSignal()131 */132 public void signalAll()133 {134 synchronized( this )135 {136 m_state = true;137 notifyAll();138 }139 }140 141 /**142 * Resets the event to an unsignalled state143 */144 public void reset()145 {146 synchronized( this )147 {148 m_state = false;149 }150 }151 152 /**153 * If the event is signalled, this method returns immediately resetting the154 * signal, otherwise it blocks until the event is signalled.155 *156 * @throws InterruptedException if the thread is interrupted when blocked157 */158 public void waitForSignal()159 throws InterruptedException 160 {161 synchronized( this )162 {163 while( !m_state )164 {165 wait();166 }167 if( m_autoReset )168 {169 m_state = false;170 }171 }172 }173 }174
Java API By Example, From Geeks To Geeks. | Our Blog | Conditions of Use | About Us_ | | http://kickjava.com/src/org/apache/avalon/excalibur/concurrent/ConditionalEvent.java.htm | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 477 | 53 |
I'm going through some examples from a text book. The source code below fails with the following Traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "make_db_file.py", line 39, in <module>
storeDbase(db)
File "make_db_file.py", line 12, in storeDbase
print >> dbfile, key
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'builtin_function_or_method' and '_io.TextIOWrapper'
def storeDbase(db, dbfilename=dbfilename):
"formatted dump of database to flat file"
import sys
dbfile = open(dbfilename, 'w')
for key in db:
print >> dbfile, key
for (name, value) in db[key].items():
print >> dbfile, name + RECSEP + repr(value)
print >> dbfile, ENDDB
dbfile.close()
In Python 3,
print() is a function and not a keyword. So, if you want to redirect the output, you have to set the optional parameter
file (default value is
sys.stdout), like this:
print(key, file=dbfile)
Take a look at the Print is a function paragraph, from the official documentation about what changed in Python 3. | https://codedump.io/share/N4AXUjji4Ead/1/python-34-support-of-print-operations-with-redirectors-gtgt | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 154 | 64.41 |
A powerful tool for your MP3 collection that helps you keep everything organized.
FileWatcher is a simple but useful application designed to notify you whenever a new file has been added, renamed, or deleted on your hard drive. It works by monitoring the Event Viewer and Notepad, and also by listening for certain file extensions.
One of the greatest features of FileWatcher is the ability to use the “Filter” feature. This will allow you to alert you for new files by criteria including: the application that creates the file, the location, the file type, the file size, the file name and more.
The program can also be configured to watch your removable drives, such as CD-ROMs and flash drives, and keep you updated of changes to your CDs and USBs. And with the remote monitoring function, you can configure the app to let you know when a new file is added to another location.
Lastly, the app can keep a list of all files in a certain folder, or it can be set to monitor just one specific file or directory. You can also have the program check your hard drive for change at a pre-defined time interval.
FileWatcher Features:
– You can set it to monitor a specific directory and/or the entire hard drive.
– It can be set to watch removable devices as well.
– You can monitor a directory with up to 50,000 files.
– You can set the program to notify you whenever a new file is added.
– You can also monitor a folder that has up to 50,000 files.
– It can detect files and folders regardless of their name, size, extension, or the file type.
– It can even detect changes to a specific file on your hard drive.
– You can monitor the Event Viewer and Notepad.
– The program can be configured to work with your media library, and you can change the “Filter” settings whenever you want.
Xchat Linux is a network-based chat program, and it is one of the few chat programs that are open source. The program supports many chat protocols, including IRC (Internet Relay Chat), AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), MSN, YMSG, Jabber, MUC (MultiUser Chat), IRCv3, SILC (Secure Internet Live Communication), SIMPLE, D-ICE and Z-Chat.
The app comes with several features, including:
– Ability eea19f52d2
You can add or remove the Internet address(es) by double clicking on the new button on the main window.
You can click on the new button on the main window and add or remove the Internet address(es) by typing in the fields on the main window.
You can close the main window by clicking on the ‘X’ in the top right of the window.
You can exit Connect Notifier by clicking on the ‘close’ button in the main window.
Connector.jar :
There are two different versions of the connector.jar :
The original connector.jar which can be downloaded here :
A fully customized version of the connector.jar which is used in the demonstration program :
A:
So I’ve had to learn how to configure my firewall. The reason it wasn’t working was because I had to allow port 587 for my smtp service.
In Windows 7 you have to allow port 587 in the inbound firewall rules.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
“””
markupsafe._native
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides the Markup class. The reason for wrapping this is
that this is considered a native function and may be overwritten in
C extension mode.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
“””
from. import markup
def escape(text):
“””Escapes the string text with the given markups. Returns the escaped
string.
“””
return markup.escape(text)
def soft_unicode(text):
“””Returns the given text as unicode. No further encoding or decoding
occurs.
“””
return text
## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects
man_MANS = \
xdo.1 \
xdo-emit.1 \ | https://epkrd.com/naqsh-e-sulaimani-in-english/ | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 642 | 64.3 |
Difference between revisions of "Creating a plugin which adds new item into wxSmith"
Latest revision as of 21:18, 14 October 2007
Contents
What you should know before reading this tutorial
This tutorial shows you how to create a new plugin that extends the functionality of the wxSmith plugin. Before you start you should have wxWidgets and Code::Blocks compiled from source code. I also recommend that you read Creating a simple "Hello World" plugin, although it's not necessary, it will familiarize you with the Code::Blocks plugin architecture and the creation of new plugins. I also assume that you know at least basics of C++ ;).
In this tutorial we will add a wxChart item into wxSmith. We won't cover all aspects of the wxChart class here, but this tutorial may be a good starting point for creating more powerfull and sophisticated extensions :) It demonstrates only the basics of wxSmith, so I hope to write a few more tutorials covering other parts of this system in the future.
This tutorial was created in a Windows XP environment but it should be quite easy to compile and run it on Linux (at least by using Code::Blocks).
Before we begin I need to make one more disclaimer: the internal structure of wxSmith may change. I'll try to stay as close to current interface as possible and I will try to not write about aspects of wxSmith that I'm planning to change (or I'll at least notify you that it may be outdated soon), but I cannot guarantee that all your work will compile after a year (or maybe even few months). I'll try to keep these tutorials updated so you'll be able to get back here and find changes.
Creating new plugin
Let's start with new plugin. Most of informations here will be simillar to Creating a simple "Hello World" plugin, but there may be some small differences :)
We start with new Code::Blocks plugin wizard. It's available in File->New->Project menu. We select Code::Blocks plugin there and start with following window:
I've named my plugin wxSmith - Contrib Items and placed it into contrib plugins folder. Choosing this folder probably wasn't a good idea. Any other folder, not related to Code::Blocks will work the same, and that should be your choice ;)
On the next wizard page we choose plugin type.
Because this plugin doesn't match any particular plugin type, we use Generic. In fact, our plugin won't behave as other plugins do. It will use totally different system for extending wxSmith's functionality. But even though, we have to create it using some scheme to let Code::Blocks recognize and load it.
We follow the instructions in wizard and end up with new plugin.
We should now be able to compile out project, but let's add binding to wxSmith first. We need to add wxSmith's directory into include locations list:
Last thing we need to add to bind our plugin into wxSmith is wxSmith's library:
Make sure it's on the top of list since it looks like MingW does care about the order in which libraries are linked.
Now we close project's options and try to compile. Code::Blocks will ask for settings for wxSmith. We have to fill base path which is required, but also include and lib directories since they are not usual:
Note that include dir points to wxSmith's directory. There's no need to specify custom lib directory because it's now located in code::blocks's root path.
If everything compiles fine, we can move to next step
Compiling-in contrib widget
Now it's time to add widget we want to add into wxSmith right into our plugin. I have choosen wxChart hosted at wxCode, mostly because it will be easy to add and it looks promising :) First thing we need is source code. It's freely available at sourceforge (the link above). After unpacking it into our plugin's folder the directory structure should look like this:
I'd like to compile this source just as a part of plugin. Compiling it as external dll may lead to some problems because plugin would consist of many files. The easiest way is just to add wxChart's files into plugin's project.
Files we need are placed in wxchart-1.0\include\wx and wxchart-1.0\src (watch out for file in samples folder since it will try to create whole application). We just add the content of these folders into project.
There's one more thing left to make wxChart compile with wxSmith. We have to add it's include dir into search paths:
After adding that, project should compile fine with wxChart with it.
At this point I wanted to test whether our plugin still works. To do that I've installed it in plugin manager (remember that you must install it in Code::Block you have compiled yourself, otherwise there may be some version problems). I've got the proove that it all went OK:
Enabling new item inside wxSmith
Adding suporting class
Now it's time to enable our item inside wxSmith. To do this first thing we have to do is to create new class that will support our wxChart. The name of class should be unique to prevent conflicts with other classes. Convention used in wxSmith is to replace wx in class names with wxs. So we create wxsChart class:
Note three extra settings which have to be added: consructor arguments (*), Ancestor(**) and Ancestor's include filename (***). Filling up these three fields make things much easier.
Item's images
Another thing we need for out item are icons. wxSmith require two icons for each item. First one should be 32x32 pixels (it's used for bigger version of palette and inside tools pane), second one 16x16 (used in resource tree and default small palette). I've created them from wxChart's screenshots using Paint.NET and converted them to XPM using GIMP. You may wonder why I want XPM files. The reason I've choosen that is that XPM files can be linked directly into source code with one single #include and they're directly supported inside wxBitmap and wxImage constructors. When we link images into dll, we won't have to take care about some extra image files required for plugin to work.
Creating global information objects
The only thing needed to register item inside wxSmith is to create one variable from template called wxsRegisterItem. Created object will automatically register and unregister item from wxSmith and will provide basic informations about item before it's created. Because it does require bitmaps, we will load xpm data first. After instantiating wxsRegisterItem template we also define set of used styles, but that will be described later.
namespace { // Loading images from xpm files #include "images/wxchart16.xpm" #include "images/wxchart32.xpm" // This code provides basic informations about item and register // it inside wxSmith wxsRegisterItem<wxsChart> Reg( _T("wxChartCtrl"), // Class name wxsTWidget, // Item type _T("wxWindows"), // License _T("Paolo Gava"), // Author _T("paolo_gava@NOSPAM!@hotmail.com"), // Author's email (in real plugin there's no need to do anti-spam tricks ;) ) _T(""), // Item's homepage _T("Contrib"), // Category in palette 80, // Priority in palette _T("Chart"), // Base part of names for new items wxsCPP, // List of coding languages supported by this item 1, 0, // Version wxBitmap(wxchart32_xpm), // 32x32 bitmap wxBitmap(wxchart16_xpm), // 16x16 bitmap false); // We do not allow this item inside XRC files // Defining styles WXS_ST_BEGIN(wxsChartStyles,_T("wxSIMPLE_BORDER")) WXS_ST_DEFAULTS() WXS_ST_END() }
The important thing here is that we put all this information inside a nameless namespace. This will prevent redeclaration errors since usually all wxsRegisterItem instatiations produce a variabe called Reg.
The arguments passed to wxsRegisterItem are easy to understand. Not all of them are used now, many are given just as information which may be used in future (f.ex. license may be used to check whether we can use item freely or not). Essential data fields which are used by wxSmith now are:
- Class name – name of item's class, will be used while generating declaration of item's variable and for new operator, it's also identifier for item type, so there should not be two items with same name (only one of them will be available)
- Item type - type of item, for widgets like wxChart (they don't have children), it should be wxsTWidget. Type of item should match base class of class created to support this item. Other options are: wxsTContiner (f.ex. wxPanel), wxsTSizer, wxsTSpacer (only one item of this type is present) and wxsTool (f.ex. wxTimer). This tutorial concentrates on wxsTWidget classes so information presented here may be not enough to create other item types.
- Category in palette - giving empty category will prevent the item from being displayed, this name should not be translated in info (it must use _T() instead of _()), it will be translated later while generating palette
- Priority - Items with high values are placed on the left side of item palette and are easily accesible because of that
- Base part for variable names - it's used to generate variable name and identifier for items which don't have one or have invalid values
- Languages - set of languages supported by item, currently only wxsCPP is supported
- bitmaps - used in palette and resource browser
- XRC switch - if this value is true, this item is allowed in resources using XRC files. If it's false, item is not supported by XRC (which is usual case for contrib items). This value may be replaced by flags in future to allow supporting more characteristics of item. After switching to flags, code should still compile becuase XRC flag will have value 1 (value of true when it's converted to integer).
After registration object, we define item's styles. wxChart makes here two style sets: it's own made as enum STYLE (you should be carefull about that because it is really common name and it's defined globally in <chartctrl.h>) and flags (styles of window). When we talk about styles in wxSmith we always mean style argument as described in wxWidgets documentation (so here it will be flags). To help generating style set, wxSmith gives set of macros. Definition of set begins with WXS_ST_BEGIN. First argument is name of set, second is default style. WXS_ST_DEFAULTS() adds all default styles listed in wxWindow class help (not all may be used by particular item). Adding user-defined styles is done through WXS_ST(<style>) macro, but it wont be described with details in this tutorial. Definition of styles end with WXS_ST_END().
In this implementation we will discard internal wxChart's styles setting them always to DEFAULT_STYLE.
Constructor
Now we have all informations about item, so we can create our class. We had to declare these informations before supporting class' constructor because constructor require them. Here's some code from wxsChart:
wxsChart::wxsChart(wxsItemResData* Data): wxsWidget( Data, // Data passed to constructor &Reg.Info, // Info taken from Registering object previously created NULL, // Structure describing events, we have no events for wxChart wxsChartStyles) // Structure describing styles { }
Required functions
And that's all for constructor. When we try to compile it now, compiler complains about pure virtual functions. So we have to implement them. List of functions is as follows:
- Generating source code for this item
void OnBuildCreatingCode();
- Building preview of this item (either for editor or for full window preview)
wxObject* OnBuildPreview(wxWindow* Parent,long Flags);
- Enumerating extra properties of this widget
void OnEnumWidgetProperties(long Flags);
Let's take a look at implementations of these functions. First code function generating source code of item;
void wxsChart::OnBuildCreatingCode() { switch ( GetLanguage() ) { case wxsCPP: AddHeader(_T("<wx/chartctrl.h>"),GetInfo().ClassName); Codef(_T("%C(%W,%I,DEFAULT_STYLE,%P,%S,%T);\n")); break; default: wxsCodeMarks::Unknown(_T("wxsChart::OnBuildCreatingCode"),GetLanguage()); } }
Firs thing to mention is that this function may support multiple languages. Currently there's only CPP supported, but that will be expanded in future. The structure
switch ( GetLanguage() ) { case wxsCPP: ... Add code here ... break; default: wxsCodeMarks::Unknown(_T("<Function name>"),GetLanguage()); }
is common for all functions generating source code. The wxsCodeMarks::Unknown call is not obligatory, but may ease finding unfinished parts of source code when new languages will be added.
Code generation uses Codef() function which is a helper when generating source code. It works simillar to Printf function but has different formating characters in most cases and support for standard format characters ( like %s or %d ) is very simplified. In the code above following formating characters were used:
- %C – creation prefix, it usually expands to <VARIABLE> = new <CLASS>, but may also be <VARIABLE>.Create (for instances instead of pointers, this must be used carefully since not all classes provide Crate function simillar to constructor) or simply Create (when this is root item – f.ex. wxDialog and we're initializing the class itself)
- %W – pointer to parent Window
- %I – current Identifier
- %P – item's Position
- %S – item's Size
- %T – item's sTyle
Additionally in function generating source code we list headers required by this resource. It's made by call:
AddHeader(_T("<wx/chartctrl.h>"),GetInfo().ClassName);
where first argument is name of include file and the second one is name of class declared in this header. Adding both include name and class name may be used to generate forward declarations instead of including header which may speed-up compilation of generated files. This function can also be used to list headers (and classes) used only for resource generation purposes (like wxFont which is not required in class declaration). To add such header use following convention:
AddHeader(_T("<wx/barchartpoints.h>"),_T(""),hfLocal);
If you compare it with previous AddHeader call you may notice additional argument where on can post header flags. hfLocal means that this include (and class) is used only locally while generating resource.
Next comes function generating preview – it should be similar to function generating code but the output should be object.
wxObject* wxsChart::OnBuildPreview(wxWindow* Parent,long Flags) { return new wxChartCtrl(Parent,GetId(),DEFAULT_STYLE,Pos(Parent),Size(Parent),Style()); }
The important thing is Flags argument, currently it contain one flag: pfExact which say whether this is preview generated for editor or real preview.
To check when preview is built to be used in preview, use:
if ( !(Flags&pfExact) ) { ... do some code ... }
And analogically to check when it will be used in preview window, use:
if ( Flags&pfExact ) { ... do some code ... }
This may be used to optimize the performance for some items which require time consuming initialization (f.ex. WxHtmlWindow which may request to load some web page).
Third function is coded as follows:
void wxsChart::OnEnumWidgetProperties(long Flags) { }
It's empty because we do not provide our custom properties now. Properties will be explained in other tutorial.
Now it's time to compile out plugin. We only need to add #include <wx/chartctrl.h> to include chart control and voila, compiles fine. So, let's test it now in real C::B environment.
Testing of new plugin
New control is on the palette, it can be added but it shows some error messages about missing bitmaps in .rc file. First I tried to add them into some local rc file, but it didn't work (AFAIK Windows tries to look for resources inside exe file only). So I've done it in some rather dirty matter: I've forced to use XPM files instead of windows resources. It required following changes in chartctrl.cpp:
//#if !defined(__WXMSW__) && !defined(__WXPM__) #include "wx/chartart/chart_zin.xpm" #include "wx/chartart/chart_zot.xpm" //#endif ... // #if defined(__WXMSW__) || defined(__WXPM__) // return wxBitmap(wxT("chart_zin_bmp"), wxBITMAP_TYPE_RESOURCE); // #else return wxBitmap( chart_zin_xpm ); // #endif ... // #if defined(__WXMSW__) || defined(__WXPM__) // return wxBitmap(wxT("chart_zot_bmp"), wxBITMAP_TYPE_RESOURCE); // #else return wxBitmap( chart_zot_xpm ); // #endif
(lines in bold were commented out).
After recompiling we got new item working without problems:
Some tips
In this example we have created nameless namespace to hide structures containing informatino about item. To fully avoid the risk of doubled symbols, whole class could be put inside such nested namespace. That can be done because this class is not accessed outside anywhere directly as wxsChart. Whole wxSmith see it as wxsWidget. Drawback of this solution is that debugger may not see content of nameless namespaces. | http://wiki.codeblocks.org/index.php?title=Creating_a_plugin_which_adds_new_item_into_wxSmith&diff=cur&oldid=4581 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 2,730 | 61.67 |
Setting)
Why Vue?
Why Vue and not keep on going in React? As I mentioned I started freelancing for a new company, and they are hands-on with Vue. And as long as I can do just javascript, I’ll love whatever framework you give me! I struggled a little bit with getting firebase to work on my own, so that’s why I’m writing this article for.
Our project will handle all basic Vue project setups:
– Kick-starting a project with VueCLI
– Installing vue-router
– Installing Vuex, for simpler Vue state management
– Linking up Vue FireBase
– Firebase Auth
– FireStore user documents
I am new to the Firebase firestore myself as well, so I don’t know if my store-structure is any good, but at least it gets you linked up with firebase and you can continue the adventure on your own! As the firestore is out of beta from this week, maybe it has a promising future.. also: it’s free for small/personal use! What are we waiting for?
Kick starting with VueCLI
I’m assuming you’re pc is up-to-date for running Vue. With Node/npm/vue/… all installed. Head on over to cli.vuejs.org and install everything you need if not.
Once installed, launch your terminal and create our first project! I’ll be creating a client management tool for myself, but you can name it whatever you want. My project will simply be called ‘client’
vue create client
After this you’ll get some options. I’m just going for the default options here, and will install all the rest manually to explain.
Installing Vue Router + App cleanup
Once the project is created, navigate to your project and we’ll start off with installing the Vue Router first.
cd client npm i vue-router --save
After this open up your lovely text-editor to start coding in the project. In App.vue remove the styles, the HelloWorld component and the default Vue Image. So our App.vue will look like this:
You may remove the HelloWorld component completely from your project, as we’re not going to use it anyway obviously. You may create a new project called ‘Home.vue’ and put in these default values:
We don’t need to style script in any of our components. We’ll add some css with sass/scss later on. Next, before we can test our router, add a Login.vue and a Register.vue component to our project as well. So we can start playing with the routes. Give them the same code as our Home component, but change the h1 tag and the ‘name’ in our scripts.
After you’ve created the 3 components (Home.vue, Login.vue, Register.vue) inside the components folder, create a new .js file outside the components folder, but still in our /src folder. Name this file routes.js. We’re creating this file to keep our routes in a seperate file, so we can easily manage it later.
// /src/routes.js import Home from './components/Home' import Login from './components/Login' import Register from './components/Register' export const routes = [ { path: '/', name: 'Home', component: Home },{ path: '/login', name: 'login', component: Login },{ path: '/register', name: 'register', component: Register } ];
We need to include our Components at the top of the file first, so we can pass it as ‘component’ property in our routes. Further we’re defining what paths (url’s) will use what component. We will update and secure our routes later, but this is good enough for now. So let’s open our main.js file and add vue-router to our app!
import Vue from 'vue' import App from './App.vue' import VueRouter from 'vue-router' import { routes } from './routes' Vue.use(VueRouter); Vue.config.productionTip = false const router = new VueRouter({ mode: 'history', routes }); new Vue({ router, render: h => h(App), }).$mount('#app')
In main.js we import VueRouter from ‘vue-router’ and our routes from routes.js. After that we tell Vue to use vue-router with Vue.use(VueRouter) as a plugin. And of course our new router needs some options. I prefer mode: ‘history’ for clean URL’s. So my login page will look like <a href=”#!”>example.com/login</a> instead of <a href=”#”>example.com/#/login</a>.
Let’s go back to our terminal and run our project!
yarn serve
What do we see? Completely nothing… what a bummer, we’re not there yet. Jeeez this setup… Ok, back in our App.vue we need to add a router-view component, so the router knows where to display our components of course.
// App.vue
And now we’ll see something! Jeeeej. If we now change our url to /login or /register, we’ll see our different components are displayed. I hope you’re getting the same results.
Adding navigation
It’s always fun to have some navigation in our app, so we can browse through our app with more ease. Next up: Create a Header.vue component in our /src folder, with links to the home, login and register component. The Header component will look like this:
Did I mention I really like the html and script part in Vue way over how React/jsx does it! No longer using className instead of just html-class.. But that aside, still loving react as well, you may have noticed I’m using <router-link> instead of just an a-tag. This is so our router knows it needs to take over the navigation, and not just let the server handle the request. Now we can add our Header into our app so we can use it:
// /src/app.vue
This is how we add components to other components. We Import the component in the top of our ‘script’ part, and tell this component we want to use this as a component inside our HTML part. After this we can simply use <Header /> as HTML-tag and poof, our header will show up.
Look how sexy it is! Styles I’ll leave completely up to you 🙂
State Management with Vuex
Nowadays you just can’t have a web-app without a state. If you’re new to State management in web-apps, all mayor js frameworks are using one. And from now on it will be your only source of truth in your app. This is very important to keep every component in your app up-to-date with each other. This will save you a lot of time in the future when you’re trying to let components communicate with each other.
Your app state will be managed with a Store. In my example I’m using Vuex as store management. The state will be accessible by every component in your app and your components will react to changes in the state, to keep it real-time. In our terminal, install Vuex:
npm i vuex --save
(yes, I’m mixing npm install and yarn serve.. I just copy the npm i tags from npmjs.org when I’m adding new packages to my projects) But no worries, it all works 🙂 After installing Vuex, create a store folder in our /src folder. I love to keep my routes and my stores seperate from the rest of my application.
Inside /src, create a /store folder. Inside create a store.js file and a modules folder. Inside this module folder we’ll create an authStore.js file. This file will keep the authentication state from our users. Here is how it would look like:
/src /assets /components /store /modules authStore.js store.js App.vue ...
The Vuex store can work with different Modules, to keep all of your stores seperate. So now I’m creating an authStore, that will keep all my authentication data. Later on I can create a clientStore to keep all my client information, or a persisted store to keep a store of all the data I want to store in the users localStorage. You can create a new store for everything you want to keep seperate, so you can easely find and edit functionalities later on.
First, open authStore.js and we will write our first Module. A module can exist with following Objects: state, getters, actions and mutations:
// /src/store/modules/authStore.js const state = { test: 'My first state!' }; const getters = { }; const actions = { }; const mutations = { }; export default { state, getters, actions, mutations }
State: Will keep the state of our app. Every module will have their own state, getters, actions and mutations. But in this way, we can access our authState more specific, like this: this.$state.authState.name (to get logged in name) and this.$state.clientState.name (to get our clients name) for example.
Getters: Getters can be used to get data from our state, to our component. But as I wrote above in my State explanation, we can also access state data directly. But Getters can be used to create complex functionality across different states in your app! For example, I can access the authState from my clientState and visa versa!
Actions: Actions are actually kind-of the same as mutations, but it is best practice to use actions only to commit a mutation. Actions can also be used in asynchronous tasks, while Mutations can not. But it is best to dispatch an action from your components. And then commit an action to a mutation. With dispatch, all other components who are using that state will receive the new state value.
Mutations: Only used for updating the state of your application. A mutation can accept a payload to pass to your applications state.
And in the end, we’ll export those 4 objects, in 1 object. And now we’re ready to write our store.js file. Create one if you don’t have one already and add the following:
// src/store/store.js import Vue from 'vue' import Vuex from 'vuex' Vue.use(Vuex); import authStore from './modules/authStore' export default new Vuex.Store({ modules: { authStore } });
This separate store.js file will import Vue and Vuex again. We’re adding Vuex as a Vue-plugin as well with Vue.use and then export our Vuex Store so we can import it in our main.js, so open main.js and add our brand new store!
// /src/main.js import Vue from 'vue' import App from './App.vue' import VueRouter from 'vue-router' import { routes } from './routes' import store from './store/store' // <-- add this line --------- Vue.use(VueRouter); Vue.config.productionTip = false const router = new VueRouter({ mode: 'history', routes }); new Vue({ router, store, // <-- add this line --------- render: h => h(App), }).$mount('#app')
This is how your main.js file should look like. Open up your app in the browser and check your vue dev tools to see if our state is present or not. If you see your state with our test value, you’re amazing! We have a working vue app with routing and a store to save our data!
If you want to retrieve this item from the store to test if it is actually working, you can write this line in one of your view-components (home, login or register):
{{ this.$store.state.authStore.test }}
Don’t forget to write {{ … }} in your html, to let Vue know you’re injecting javascript instead of plain html.
Time for Firebase!
I know the store is all fun and games, but it can’t actually save data. It saves data temporarely in the state, so your whole app can use it, but if you mutate something and refresh the page, the changes will be gone. You can persist your store locally to keep changes even after refresh, but let’s go even further and store our data online. So you can access the data from somewhere else than your own machine. (or that other users can access it)
Create a Firebase account
Before we can use Vue Firebase, we need an account obviously. If you don’t have one already, create one and start your first project! Firebase is completely free to use from small projects like personal ones like this. After creating your project, copy your web-credentials to make the connection from our app to our database.
Now we need to install the firebase package in our app. You can use all sorts of firebase packages, but I prefer the official, basic one. (no vue-firebase, firestore, …) just simple firebase:
npm i firebase --save
Then head over to our app folder and create a new firestore.js file inside our /src folder. We include firebase at the top and past our credentials in this file, like this:
// /src/firestore.js import firebase from 'firebase' import 'firebase/firestore' const config = { apiKey: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxx", authDomain: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxx", databaseURL: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxx", projectId: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxt", storageBucket: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxx", messagingSenderId: "xxxxxxxxxxxxxx" }; const firestore = firebase.initializeApp(config); const db = firebase.firestore(); export default db;
And to finish off our setup, we’ll include this in our main.js file as well:
// /src/main.js ... import firebase from 'firebase' ...
We don’t need firebase in our main.js file yet, but I include it now before I forget, as we need it later when we’re authenticating our app through vue firebase.
Registrating users with Vue Firebase
Time for the real work! I have the feeling that user creation through firebase, and an actual user-document in the firestore are seperate. So we need to create both a new user in the app auth AND in our firestore collection. First, enable email authentication in firebase:
So we’re allowed to create users in firebase with email. In our Register.vue file, add following HTML to get started.
// /src/components/Register.vue
After we got our basic template, we can start writing our javascript to bind our input fields, and a setup for our registration function:
// /src/components/Register.vue
Before we can test if our basic setup is working, we’ll need to bind our scripts with our html. Update our html-template like this:
// /src/components/Register.vue
If all goes well, we can see in our vue devtools that our input fields are bound to our components state. (heads up: this is NOT our app state, just the local Register.vue component state).
Again… I’ll leave the stylings up to you 😉 Ok if all of this works fine, we’re ready to write our Registration function! Back between our script tags, update the registerUser function:
// /src/components/Register.vue import firebase from 'firebase' import db from '../firestore' ... registerUser(){ firebase.auth().createUserWithEmailAndPassword(this.userData.email, this.userData.password) .then(user => { console.log(user); }) .catch(err => { this.errorMessage = err.message }); }
FOR REAL… NO JOKE!!! This is all that’s needed to make this work. createUserWithEmailAndPassword(email, password) is all. it. takes. Unbelievable! Head over to your firebase users and check it out.
This is awesome.. but also not really. We now have a user in our authentication, so this user can login. But we don’t store any of the other information we asked at registration… The createUserWithEmailAndPassword function will only store email and password. The firebase User object can only store email, password, username, phone and avatar. For firstname, lastname, … we need our own User collection in our firestore, to be able to link users with their own profile and to use them later to link to friends, comments or likes for example. So after our createUser function, we’ll add a username to our official firebase user object, and create a new user in our userCollection to store all the other information. Go go go:
registerUser(){ firebase.auth().createUserWithEmailAndPassword(this.userData.email, this.userData.password) .then(() => { firebase.auth().currentUser.updateProfile({ displayName: this.userData.username }).then(() => { db.collection('users').add({ firstname: this.userData.firstname, lastname: this.userData.lastname, username: this.userData.username, email: this.userData.email, }).then(() => { this.$router.replace('home'); }).catch(err => { this.errorMessage = err.message; }); }).catch(err => { this.errorMessage = err.message; }); }).catch(err => { this.errorMessage = err.message });
It’s a lot of chaining, as we first need to create the user, then get the current logged in user and update the profile with the username (displayname). After that, we can create our usercollection and add the new user. I hope you get the same result as me when you visit your firestore: (make sure it’s active AND in test-mode)
Try to add a few more users, to make sure all is working great. Next up: logging in!
Authenticating users with Vue and Firebase
Same as for our registration, we’ll start with a basic login template:
// /src/components/Login.vue
And our script:
And before we write our Login logic, do some bindings in our template again:
This is something I learned from React: NEVER have input fields in your app, that are not bound to a state! (uncontrolled input) Ok after the bindings, add our login script:
import firebase from 'firebase'; import db from "../firestore"; ... login(){ firebase.auth().signInWithEmailAndPassword(this.email, this.password) .then(user => { console.log(user); }) .catch(err => { this.errorMessage = err.message }); }
If you login and get a userObject in your console, you know you’re good!
Jeeej! Big Congratzzzz to you! 🙂
Now you have your user state stored in your firebase ‘state’ (you can’t see with the vue devtools) but I advice you store your userState in your own Vuestore as well. In our case, our authStore.js. But this is up to you. I’ll continue with showing you how to add a route-guard so our dashboard is only accessible when we’re logged in and to make sure our login state is saved even after we refresh the page. Because this is not the case right now.
Good job for making it this far in my tutorial! Let me know if I went over some parts too fast or if all worked out very well for you! I was struggling with Vue Firebase tutorials in the beginning as well, so I hope I explained it much better!
Navigation Guard
Now, let’s add a route guard in our app, so that some pages can only be accessed when a user is logged in. Like a dashboard for example. If a user navigates to the dashboard, we will redirect them back to the login page if they’re not logged in already. First, create a new dashboard component in your components folder. This will just have the basic template stucture. After you’ve created the dashboard component, open up your routes.js file and add a catch-all route that will redirect to the login page. Then add a route to the /dashboard and add a meta key object inside, that says ‘requiresAuth: true’:
// /src/routes.js ... import Dashboard from './components/Dashboard' export const routes = [ { path: '*', redirect: '/login' },{ path: '/', name: 'Home', component: Home },{ path: '/dashboard', name: 'Dashboard', component: Dashboard, meta: { requiresAuth: true } },{ ... },{ ... } ];
Now that some of our routes have the meta tag requiresAuth, we need to loop over all our routes in main.js to check if we need to be logged in to access the page or not. Add this in our main.js file:
const router = new VueRouter({ ... }); router.beforeEach((to, from, next) => { const currentUser = firebase.auth().currentUser; const requiresAuth = to.matched.some(record => record.meta.requiresAuth); if (requiresAuth && !currentUser) next('login'); else if (!requiresAuth && currentUser) next('dashboard'); else next(); }); new Vue({ ...
Now you see we can’t access to /dashboard page without logging in first.
Keeping the Auth State alive
What is the point of logging in, when the app forgets we’re logged in after we refresh the page? For our firebase authentication to stay alive, we can use the build-in firebase function ‘onAuthStateChanged’. Add following code around our app = new Vue({…}) code, like this:
// /src/main.js ... let app = ''; firebase.auth().onAuthStateChanged(user => { if(!app){ app = new Vue({ router, store, render: h => h(App), }).$mount('#app') } });
Now you can see that after logging in, we can access the /dashboard page! woohoow.
Logging out of our application with Vue Firebase
One small thing I forgot to add, is the ability to logout of our application… Add a logout link to your header with an @click function to a logout method:
And in the script-tag of our header component:
That’s it! A complete Vue project setup with the VueCLI, routing, store management and a firebase firestore! Congratzzz
6 Comments
i cant see home base values or what you write on app
In ‘Keeping the Auth State alive’ you forgot to add app = new Vue(… I think that is needed otherwise app is never assigned. – Also the syntax highlighter XML encoded some of your example code. But I really like your post, it helped me a lot 🙂
Thanks for the heads-up! app = new Vue ({…}); is updated but I still can’t seem to fix the wrong markup. I changed it to a few things, but he just can’t seem to display ‘<' correctly.
In ‘Keeping the Auth State alive’ you forgot to add app = new Vue(… I think that is needed otherwise app is never assigned.
Hey I got to the Navigation Guard part then it stopped working
Great tutorial my friend!! | https://weichie.com/blog/setting-up-vue-projects-with-vue-cli-vuex-routing-and-firebase/ | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 3,534 | 66.54 |
Some (/capture.sh ?)
We will want to access the images in a grid with rows according to day in year, and columns by minute in day, so name the image thus to make retrieval simpler.
set -ex
H=$(date "+%H" -u)
M=$(date "+%M" -u)
declare -i MM
MM="$H*60+$M"
FM=$(printf "%04d" $MM)
D=images/$(date "+%0Y-%0j-$FM" -u).jpg
echo H=$H, M=$M, MM=$MM, D=$D >> /home/jbu/log
raspistill -n --ISO 100 --exposure auto --mode 7 -r -e jpg -o ${D}
gsutil -m rsync images gs://gardencam/images && rm images/*
You will have needed to go through the gcloud auth login thing.
Edit the crontab:
And then leave it going for months, slowly forgetting it’s there.
So months later, what do we have? Well, lots of images, but what do they look like as the intended matrix visualisation?
I could download all the images to the laptop and do it there, but it’s holidays so time to shuck fit up and try something new. Google now runs Jupiter notebooks for you, with a nice docs-like interface (colab.research.google.com). So imagine this is in a notebook:
auth.authenticate_user() # so we can connect to the storage bucket
from google.cloud import storage
storage_client = storage.Client(project=‘xxxx’)
bucket = storage_client.get_bucket(‘xxxx’)
all_names = [(b, *map(int, b.name[:-4].split('-')[-2:]))
for b in bucket.list_blobs()]
So now we have all the names, with day and time for column and row. We then want to cut this down to something reasonable, so let’s gather all the day and time values, decide how many rows and columns we want, and adjust things to suit that.
rows = {r[1] for r in all_names}
colcount = 60
rowcount = 40
names = [n for n in all_names
if n[1]%(math.floor(len(rows)/rowcount)) == 0
if n[2]%(math.floor(len(cols)/colcount)) == 0]
cols = sorted(list({r[2] for r in names}))
rows = sorted(list({r[1] for r in names}))
w = 768
h = 768
xstride = w//len(cols)
ystride = h//len(rows)
Now let’s draw something.
from PIL import Image
canvas = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(w, h), color=(128, 128, 128))
def place(canvas, n):
x = xstride * cols.index(n[2])
y = ystride * rows.index(n[1])
t = n[0].download_as_string()
stream = io.BytesIO(t)
img = Image.open(stream)
img = img.resize((xstride,ystride), Image.BICUBIC)
canvas.paste(img, (x, y))
for n in names[:5]:
place(canvas, n)
canvas
Notice the [:5] there. What we find is that this takes a loooong time to iteratively download and resize hundreds of images. Remember, python is inherently single threaded. Honestly, I got bored and decided to try some shiny new things. Remember, shucking fit up here.
We’re going to do this with a 2 stage fix. First, we offload the image loading and resizing to a cloud function. Then we use asyncio to multiplex calling that function. This should give us reasonable scalability.
Rewrite the image drawing loop thusly:
import asyncio
!pip install aiohttp
import aiohttp
from PIL import Image
canvas = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(w, h), color=(128, 128, 128))
async def place(canvas, n):
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
u = '{}?w={}&h={}'.format(
n[0].name, xstride, ystride)
tries = 3
x = xstride * cols.index(n[2])
y = ystride * rows.index(n[1])
while tries:
async with session.get(u) as response:
stream = await response.read()
try:
img = Image.open(io.BytesIO(stream))
canvas.paste(img, (x, y))
break
except:
tries = tries - 1
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather( *[place(canvas, n) for n in names]))
canvas
We retry a few times because I was getting some internal errors in the frontend server while the instances scaled.
Then we need a cloud function. I used the google ones, and it was painless and worked well. The function was
from google.cloud import storage
from PIL import Image
import flask
storage_client = storage.Client(project=‘xxxx’)
bucket = storage_client.get_bucket(‘xxxx’)
def resize(request):
image_path = request.path
blob = storage.Blob(image_path[1:], bucket)
t = blob.download_as_string()
stream = io.BytesIO(t)
img = Image.open(stream)
img = img.resize((int(request.args['w']),int(request.args['h'])),
Image.BICUBIC)
ostream = io.BytesIO()
img.save(ostream, 'JPEG')
response = flask.make_response(ostream.getvalue())
response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'image/jpeg'
return response
With an associated requirements.txt of
google-cloud-storage
I just used the web gui to set all that up. A little more speedy:
And it worked!
Kind of. Obviously I could have checked things a little before, and an unwatched pi plugged into a random powerboard is not completely reliable. Also, my garden could use some colours other than green, and we can work on something other than auto exposure perhaps. Anyway, onwards!
| https://tech.labs.oliverwyman.com/blog/2020/01/06/gardencam/ | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 802 | 61.33 |
From: Ashot Nakashian (AshotN_at_[hidden])
Date: 2002-08-12 03:00:40
Hi,
Static objects in functions are very handy for recursion and for
lazy-construction of the objects. It's the "create once (on demand) use
many" mechanism, from the users perspective. But sometimes the object in
question is expensive to keep in memory when it is no longer needed.
Cases where certain functions are called rarely and when they are done,
they *know* they don't need the static object(s) they created, probably
until the function is invoked again. I'm assuming that the function
needs static object(s) for its internal use/algorithm, and it will
utilize them only when it calls itself, but expects the static object
creation mechanism to kick in when the static object(s) are not created.
This is one of possibly many scenarios where one needs to have static
objects _on-demand_, i.e. where the static object is destructible, and
thus re-constructible.
I'm suggesting, if there exists no similar mechanism in boost, the
addition of a class that is responsible for the above-mentioned
mechanism. I'll do all the hard work ;) I'm brainstorming right now for
a simple and elegant solution, so if you have any ideas, start typing...
Here is an example of what I'm talking about, nothing final, just a
thought.
// Memory intensive class.
Class MyStaticOb {};
void func()
{
// boost::staticOb() will be called only once.
static boost::staticOb<MyStaticOb> myOb; // really static object
// look below for the imp of create().
If (myOb.create() == false)
return;
// my complicated, reentrant algorithm.
While (something_interesting)
{
// do a lot of good work using myOb
// overloaded -> operator
myOb->doSomeWork();
if (i_like_to)
func(); // call myself.
}
// no longer needed.
myOb.destroy();
}
// Assume boost namespace, this is the static object class
template <typename T>
class staticOb
{
private:
// the actual object
T* ptr;
public:
// ctor
staticOb() : ptr(0)
{;}
// dtor, if the user forgot to destroy. Compiler generated on
exit().
~staticOb()
{ destroy(); }
bool create()
{ if (!ptr) ptr = new T; return (bool)ptr; }
void destroy()
{ if (ptr){ delete ptr; ptr = 0; } }
T* operator -> ()
{ return ptr; }
};
I think in cases where MyStaticOb uses a lot of memory and is used
rarely (say this func() is usually called but only once) and I need not
keep it in memory, it's worth the overhead of calling create(), after
all it's a simple inline function that ends up executing a simple if
statement.
The gains are: Trade MyStaticOb's static memory with the one used by
ptr.
And the losses: Check for ptr, and check for create()'s success.
Any suggestions and/or criticisms are -more than- welcome.
Cheers,
Ash
Boost list run by bdawes at acm.org, gregod at cs.rpi.edu, cpdaniel at pacbell.net, john at johnmaddock.co.uk | https://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2002/08/33492.php | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 465 | 64 |
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- METHODS
- VERSION
- AUTHOR
- SEE ALSO
NAME
VFS::Gnome - Gnome Virtual Filesystem for Perl
SYNOPSIS
use VFS::Gnome; vfsopen(*IN, "<") or die $!; # dont forget the * when using strict print while (<IN>); close IN;
DESCRIPTION
VFS::Gnome is a TIEHANDLE module that uses the gnome-vfs library from the Gnome project (). The gnome-vfs library (Virtual File System) allows uniform access to various uri types such as http://, https://, file://, ftp:// etc.
METHODS
vfsopen()
vfsopen is pushed into the users calling namespace via the import statement, so there is no need to fully qualify it.
vfsopen(*FH, ">") or die $!;
Because use strict forbids the use of barewords, then you must remember to use the * (typeglob notation) on your filehandle - but only for the vfsopen there after it is not required.
VFS::Gnome supports:
'>' output to a file
'<' input from a file
'>>' append to a file ( this is broken in RH8.0 as gnome_vfs_seek is broken )
other functions
once opened - a file handle behaves much like an ordinary one, in that you can "print" to it, and read from it with the "<>" (diamond) operator.
vfsstat()
vfsstat takes a single argument of a uri and returns a 13 element array of information as the core perl stat() function does.
- 0 dev device number of filesystem (currently undef)
-
- 1 inode inode number (currently undef)
-
- 2 mode file mode (type and permissions in character form)
-
-
-
- 13 type a new entry specifying the type This can be f - file, d - directory, p - pipe, s - socket, c - character device, b - block device, l - link
-
- 14 name a new entry specifying the file name ( minus the path )
-
vfsexists()
vfsexists takes a single argument of a uri and returns true if it exists.
vfsmove()
vfsmove takes two arguments - the from and to uri's, and returns true if the file was successfully transported.
vfsunlink()
vfsunlink takes a single argument of a uri and returns true if the file is successfully unlinked/deleted.
vfsopendir()
vfsopendir opens a handle on a directory in the same style as a TIED files handle. This is used in preference to trying to imitate the opendir, readdir, closedir syntax of Perl, that can not be imitated thru the tie() operation.
vfsopendir(*DIR, "") or die $!;
Because use strict forbids the use of barewords, then you must remember to use the * (typeglob notation) on your filehandle - but only for the vfsopendir there after it is not required.
subsequently the handle can be addressed in two ways:
in array context
in scalar context
Array context emulates individual readdir commands of standard Perl, in that it returns a list of names read from the given directory.
push(@a, (<DIR>));
Scalar context returns the results of individual stat commands as an array ref. This is what gnome-vfs does natively. The first element of the stat array has been highjacked to supply the files name.
while($dirent = <DIR>) push(@a, $dirent->[0]);
VERSION
very new
AUTHOR
Piers Harding - piers@cpan.org
SEE ALSO and perldoc Tie::Handle
Copyright (c) 2002, Piers Harding. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.
1 POD Error
The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:
- Around line 417:
You forgot a '=back' before '=head1' | https://metacpan.org/pod/VFS::Gnome | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | refinedweb | 548 | 59.33 |
WCF-WebHttp and custom JSON error messages
I’m currently working on a solution that exposes a BizTalk Orchestration as a RESTful webservice using WCF-WebHttp. Upon successful processing of the message, the service returns binary data for the client to download. However, if the processing fails, I wanted the service to return application/json data with an error message that would be suitable for consumers – I did not want Stack Traces or other internal details to be provided that could potentially be used by malicious consumers. Further, I wanted to ensure this information was sent in the same session.
Initially, I created a schema with my sanitized error information, set the Fault Operation Message Message Type to that schema, and enabled “Include exception details in faults.” While this did end up including my custom error message, it also included the extra information I was trying to avoid. It also meant always sending back the error reply using HTTP status code 500, which is undesirable if the error is actually in the message submitted. Finally, the message was being returned in XML, which would be more challenging for my JavaScript-based clients to parse.
To resolve these issues, I created a custom WCF Behavior with three classes.
The class which does most of the work, SanitizedJsonFaultHandler, implements IErrorHandler, and contains a subclass JsonErrorBodyWriter to help with JSON serialization. In the ProvideFault override, I parse the exception message into an XDocument. One of the fields in that document is the HTTP Status Code I wish to use for that message (400 if the validation of the file failed, 500 if an internal exception occurred); this field gets removed, as it would be redundant to include it in the message body. I then set the fault message using the JsonErrorBodyWriter class to serialize the XML message to a JSON message. The message has only a root node and string value child nodes.
Two other classes help make this behavior available to the BizTalk adapter. One implements IEndpointBehavior, adding my custom error handler to the endpointDispatcher:
And another overrides BehaviorExtensionElement so that this behavior will be visible to the system:
Finally, I added the following line to my machine.config files (32 and 64 bit; replace FULLNAMESPACE with your namespace and FULLY_QUALIFIED_NAME with the FQN of the DLL you create and GAC. This information can be found by running the command ‘
gacutil /l | find "WCFBehaviors"‘).
<system.serviceModel>
<extensions>
<behaviorExtensions>
........
<add name="SanitizedJsonFault" type="FULLNAMESPACE.WCFBehaviors.SanitizedJsonFaultBehaviorElement, FULLY_QUALIFIED_NAME"/>
With this done, I restarted IIS and BizTalk. Then I was able to add the endpoint behavior by right clicking on EndpointBehavior:
Now, my orchestration can log the sensitive information for later review (or send it to an administrator directly), and the fault message is sent back to the client like so:
500 error:
Learn more about Tallan or see us in person at one of our many Events!
Hi,
What would be the Raw Http response in that case?
I am getting a root element with a single child element which is a Json format. It seems like a Json within an xml. As follows:
{“ErrorCode”:”UnsupportedRequest”,”Description”:”Some Description”}
Is there any way to get rid of that root element and still have a valid Json body?
Tomer,
I’m not sure I’m entirely clear on your question. Are you using Fiddler to view the raw HTTP response? Is the JSON wrapped in an XML tag?
Dan
Very useful for added security on regular (non-biztalk) WebHttp services as well. Thank you!
how to read these errors in bitzalk orchestration
Will the IErrorHandler fire when calling an external web service? I added IErrorHandler similar to yours, but it’s not firing (I do see it added to the ChannelDispatcher.ErrorHandlers. Your example is great but it’s an orch published as a web service, where as I have an orch calling an external webservice. I’m catching a 400 error, but it’s leaving the WCF-SendPort suspended, and I’m trying to avoid that. Thanks! | https://blog.tallan.com/2014/09/29/wcf-webhttp-and-custom-json-error-messages/comment-page-1/ | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 673 | 52.09 |
This file documents the GNU debugger GDB.
This is the Tenth Edition, of Debugging with GDB: the GNU Source-Level Debugger for GDB (GDB) Version 13.0.50.20220624-git. 13.0.50.20220624-git.
This edition of the GDB manual is dedicated to the memory of Fred Fish. Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB and to Free software in general. We will miss him.
tfind n
tdump
save tracepoints filename
::and
.
compilecommand
compilecommand
compilecommand
gdbserverProgram.
Initial support for the FreeBSD/mips target and native configuration was developed by SRI International and the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory under DARPA/AFRL contract FA8750-10-C-0237 ("CTSRD"), as part of the DARPA CRASH research programme.
Initial support for the FreeBSD/riscv target and native configuration was developed by SRI International and the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory (Department of Computer Science and Technology) under DARPA contract HR0011-18-C-0016 ("ECATS"), as part of the DARPA SSITH research programme.
The original port to the OpenRISC 1000 is believed to be due to Alessandro Forin and Per Bothner. More recent ports have been the work of Jeremy Bennett, Franck Jullien, Stefan Wallentowitz and Stafford Horne.
Weimin Pan, David Faust and Jose E. Marchesi contributed support for the Linux kernel BPF virtual architecture. This work was sponsored by Oracle. 13.0.50.20220624-git, or use option
-p, if you want to debug a running process:
gdb program 1234 gdb -p 1234
would attach GDB to process
1234. With option -p you
can omit the program filename..
For the ‘-s’, ‘-e’, and ‘-se’ options, and their long
form equivalents, the method used to search the file system for the
symbol and/or executable file is the same as that used by the
file command. See file.: Initialization Files,.
Previous: Startup, Up: Invoking GDB [Contents][Index]
During startup (see Startup) GDB will execute commands from several initialization files. These initialization files use the same syntax as command files (see Command Files) and are processed by GDB in the same way.
To display the list of initialization files loaded by GDB at startup, in the order they will be loaded, you can use gdb --help.
The early initialization file is loaded very early in
GDB’s initialization process, before the interpreter
(see Interpreters) has been initialized, and before the default
target (see Targets) is initialized. Only
set or
source commands should be placed into an early initialization
file, and the only
set commands that can be used are those that
control how GDB starts up.
Commands that can be placed into an early initialization file will be
documented as such throughout this manual. Any command that is not
documented as being suitable for an early initialization file should
instead be placed into a general initialization file. Command files
passed to
--early-init-command or
-eix are also early
initialization files, with the same command restrictions. Only
commands that can appear in an early initialization file should be
passed to
--early-init-eval-command or
-eiex.
In contrast, the general initialization files are processed later, after GDB has finished its own internal initialization process, any valid command can be used in these files.
Throughout the rest of this document the term initialization file refers to one of the general initialization files, not the early initialization file. Any discussion of the early initialization file will specifically mention that it is the early initialization file being discussed.
As the system wide and home directory initialization files are processed before most command line options, changes to settings (e.g. ‘set complaints’) can affect subsequent processing of command line options and operands.
The following sections describe where GDB looks for the early initialization and initialization files, and the order that the files are searched for.
GDB initially looks for an early initialization file in the users home directory1. There are a number of locations that GDB will search in the home directory, these locations are searched in order and GDB will load the first file that it finds, and subsequent locations will not be checked.
On non-macOS hosts the locations searched are:
XDG_CONFIG_HOME, if it is defined.
HOME, if it is defined.
HOME, if it is defined.
By contrast, on macOS hosts the locations searched are:
HOME, if it is defined.
HOME, if it is defined.
It is possible to prevent the home directory early initialization file from being loaded using the ‘-nx’ or ‘-nh’ command line options, see Choosing Modes.
There are two locations that are searched for system wide initialization files. Both of these locations are always checked:
system.gdbinit
This is a single system-wide initialization file. Its location is
specified with the
--with-system-gdbinit configure option
(see System-wide configuration). It is loaded first when
GDB starts, before command line options have been processed.
system.gdbinit.d
This is the system-wide initialization directory. Its location is
specified with the
--with-system-gdbinit-dir configure option
(see System-wide configuration). Files in this directory are
loaded in alphabetical order immediately after system.gdbinit
(if enabled) when GDB starts, before command line options
have been processed. Files need to have a recognized scripting
language extension (.py/.scm) or be named with a
.gdb extension to be interpreted as regular GDB
commands. GDB will not recurse into any subdirectories of
this directory.
It is possible to prevent the system wide initialization files from being loaded using the ‘-nx’ command line option, see Choosing Modes.
After loading the system wide initialization files GDB will look for an initialization file in the users home directory2. There are a number of locations that GDB will search in the home directory, these locations are searched in order and GDB will load the first file that it finds, and subsequent locations will not be checked.
On non-Apple hosts the locations searched are:
While on Apple hosts the locations searched are:
It is possible to prevent the home directory initialization file from being loaded using the ‘-nx’ or ‘-nh’ command line options, see Choosing Modes.
The DJGPP port of GDB uses the name gdb.ini instead of .gdbinit or gdbinit,.
GDB will check the current directory for a file called .gdbinit. It is loaded last, after command line options other than ‘-x’ and ‘-ex’ have been processed. The command line options ‘-x’ and ‘-ex’ are processed last, after .gdbinit has been loaded, see Choosing Files.
If the file in the current directory was already loaded as the home directory initialization file then it will not be loaded a second time.
It is possible to prevent the local directory initialization file from being loaded using the ‘-nx’ command line option, see Choosing Modes.
Next: Shell Commands, Previous: Invoking GDB, Up: Invocation [Contents][Index]
quit [expression]
exit [expression]
q
To exit GDB, use the
quit command (abbreviated
q), the
exit command,.
On GNU and Unix systems, the environment variable
SHELL, if it
exists, determines which shell to run. Otherwise GDB uses
the default shell (/bin/sh on GNU and Unix systems,
cmd.exe on MS-Windows,’.
pipe [command] | shell_command
| [command] | shell_command
pipe -d delim command delim shell_command
| -d delim command delim shell_command
Executes command and sends its output to shell_command.
Note that no space is needed around
|.
If no command is provided, the last command executed is repeated.
In case the command contains a
|, the option
-d delim
can be used to specify an alternate delimiter string delim that separates
the command from the shell_command.
Example:
(gdb) p var $1 = { black = 144, red = 233, green = 377, blue = 610, white = 987 }
(gdb) pipe p var|wc 7 19 80 (gdb) |p var|wc -l 7
(gdb) p /x var $4 = { black = 0x90, red = 0xe9, green = 0x179, blue = 0x262, white = 0x3db } (gdb) ||grep red red => 0xe9,
(gdb) | -d ! echo this contains a | char\n ! sed -e 's/|/PIPE/' this contains a PIPE char (gdb) | -d xxx echo this contains a | char!\n xxx sed -e 's/|/PIPE/' this contains a PIPE char! (gdb)
The convenience variables
$_shell_exitcode and
$_shell_exitsignal
can be used to examine the exit status of the last shell command launched
by
shell,
make,
pipe and
|.
See Convenience Variables.
Previous: Shell Commands, Up: Invocation [Contents][Index]
You may want to save the output of GDB commands to a file. There are several commands to control GDB’s logging.
set logging enabled [on|off]
Enable or disable logging.
set logging file file
Change the name of the current logfile. The default logfile is gdb.txt.
set logging overwrite [on|off]
By default, GDB will append to the logfile. Set
overwrite if
you want
set logging enabled on to overwrite the logfile instead.
set logging redirect [on|off]
By default, GDB output will go to both the terminal and the logfile.
Set
redirect if you want output to go only to the log file.
set logging debugredirect [on|off]
By default, GDB debug output will go to both the terminal and the logfile.
Set
debugredirect if you want debug output to go only to the log file.
show logging
Show the current values of the logging settings.
You can also redirect the output of a GDB command to a shell command. See pipe.: Command Settings,,sub: Command Options, Previous: Command Settings,, command options,TABTAB main <... the rest of the possible completions ...> *** List may be truncated, max-completions reached. *** (gdb) b m
This behavior can be controlled with the following commands:
set max-completions limit
set max-completions unlimited
Set the maximum number of completion candidates. GDB will stop looking for more completions once it collects this many candidates. This is useful when completing on things like function names as collecting all the possible candidates can be time consuming. The default value is 200. A value of zero disables tab-completion. Note that setting either no limit or a very large limit can make completion slow.
show max-completions
Show the maximum number of candidates that GDB will collect and show during completion.
Sometimes the string you need, while logically a “word”, may contain
parentheses or other characters that GDB normally excludes from
its notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this
situation, you may enclose words in
' (single quote marks) in
GDB commands.
A likely situation where you might need this is in typing an expression that involves a C++ symbol name with template parameters. This is because when completing expressions, GDB treats the ‘<’ character as word delimiter, assuming that it’s the less-than comparison operator (see C and C++ Operators).
For example, when you want to call a C++ template function
interactively using the
call commands, you may
need to distinguish whether you mean the version of
name that
was specialized for
int,
name<int>(), or the version
that was specialized for
float,
name<float>(). To use
the word-completion facilities in this situation, type a single quote
' at the beginning of the function name. This alerts
GDB that it may need to consider more information than usual
when you press TAB or M-? to request word completion:
(gdb) p 'func< M-? func<int>() func<float>() (gdb) p 'func<
When setting breakpoints however (see Location Specifications), you don’t usually need to type a quote before the function name, because GDB understands that you want to set a breakpoint on a function:
(gdb) b func< M-? func<int>() func<float>() (gdb) b func<
This is true even in the case of typing the name of C++ overloaded
functions (multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by
argument type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you
don’t need to distinguish whether you mean the version of
name
that takes an
int parameter,
name(int), or the version
that takes a
float parameter,
name(float).
(gdb) b bubble( M-? bubble(int) bubble(double) (gdb) b bubble(dou M-? bubble(double)
See quoting names for a description of other scenarios that require quoting.
For more information about overloaded functions, see C++ Expressions. You can use the command
set
overload-resolution off to disable overload resolution;
see GDB Features for C++.
When completing in an expression which looks up a field in a structure, GDB also tries; }
Next: -object -static-members -array -memory-tag-violations -pretty -symbol -array-indexes -nibbles -raw-values -union -elements -null-stop -repeats -vtbl
Previous: Command Options, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
You can always ask GDB itself for information on its commands,
using the command
h
You can use
help (abbreviated
h) with no arguments to
display a short list of named classes of commands:
(gdb) help List of classes of commands: aliases -- User-defined. If a command has
aliases, the aliases are given after the command name, separated by
commas. If an alias has default arguments, the full definition of
the alias is given after the first line.
For example, here is the help display for the class
status:
(gdb) help status Status inquiries. List of commands: info, inf, i -- Generic command for showing things about the program being debugged info address, iamain -- Describe where symbol SYM is stored. alias iamain = info address main info all-registers -- List of all registers and their contents, for selected stack frame. ... show, info set -- Generic command for showing things about the debugger Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (gdb)
help command
With a command name as
help argument, GDB displays a
short paragraph on how to use that command. If that command has
one or more aliases, GDB will display a first line with
the command name and all its aliases separated by commas.
This first line will be followed by the full definition of all aliases
having default arguments.
apropos [-v] regexp
The
apropos command searches through all of the GDB
commands, and their documentation, for the regular expression specified in
args. It prints out all matches found. The optional flag ‘-v’,
which stands for ‘verbose’, indicates to output the full documentation
of the matching commands and highlight the parts of the documentation
matching regexp. For example:
apropos alias
results in:
alias -- Define a new command that is an alias of an existing command aliases -- User-defined aliases of other commands
while
apropos -v cut.*thread apply
results in the below output, where ‘cut for 'thread apply’ is highlighted if styling is enabled.
taas -- Apply a command to all threads (ignoring errors and empty output). Usage: taas COMMAND shortcut for 'thread apply all -s COMMAND' tfaas -- Apply a command to all frames of all threads (ignoring errors and empty output). Usage: tfaas COMMAND shortcut for 'thread apply all -s frame apply all -s COMMAND'.
You can set your program’s working directory with the command set cwd. If you do not set any working directory with this command, your program will inherit GDB’s working directory if native debugging, or the remote server’s working directory if remote debugging., either insert
breakpoints in your elaboration code before running your program or
use the
starti command.
starti
The ‘starti’ command does the equivalent of setting a temporary
breakpoint at the first instruction of a program’s execution and then
invoking the ‘run’ command. For programs containing an
elaboration phase, the
starti command will stop execution at
the start of the elaboration phase.
BASH_ENV environment variable for BASH.
set auto-connect-native-target
set auto-connect-native-target on
set auto-connect-native-target off
show auto-connect-native-target
By default, if the current inferior is the current inferior is not
connected to a target already, the
run command automaticaly
connects to the native target, if one is available.
If
off, and if the current inferior is not connected to a
target already, the
run command fails with an error:
(gdb) run Don't know how to run. Try "help target".
If the current inferior.
Environment variables that are set by the user are also transmitted to
gdbserver to be used when starting the remote inferior.
see QEnvironmentHexEncoded.
unset environment varname
Remove variable varname from the environment to be passed to your
program. This is different from ‘set env varname =’;
unset environment removes the variable from the environment,
rather than assigning it an empty value.
Environment variables that are unset by the user are also unset on
gdbserver when starting the remote inferior.
see QEnvironmentUnset.
BASH, the inferior will be
initialized with the current working directory specified by the
set cwd command. If no directory has been specified by this
command, then the inferior will inherit GDB’s current working
directory as its working directory if native debugging, or it will
inherit the remote server’s current working directory if remote
debugging.
set cwd [directory]
Set the inferior’s working directory to directory, which will be
glob-expanded in order to resolve tildes (~). If no
argument has been specified, the command clears the setting and resets
it to an empty state. This setting has no effect on GDB’s
working directory, and it only takes effect the next time you start
the inferior. The ~ in directory is a short for the
home directory, usually pointed to by the
HOME environment
variable. On MS-Windows, if
HOME is not defined, GDB
uses the concatenation of
HOMEDRIVE and
HOMEPATH as
fallback.
You can also change GDB’s current working directory by using
the
cd command.
See cd command.
show cwd
Show the inferior’s working directory. If no directory has been specified by set cwd, then the default inferior’s working directory is the same as GDB’s working directory.
cd [directory]
Set the GDB working directory to directory. If not given, directory uses '~'.
The GDB working directory serves as a default for the commands that specify files for GDB to operate on. See Commands to Specify Files. See set cwd command.
pwd
Print the GDB working directory.
It is generally impossible to find the current working directory of
the process being debugged (since a program can change its directory
during its run). If you work on a system where GDB supports
the
info proc command (see Process Information), you can
use the
info proc command [ tty ]
Set the tty for the program being debugged to tty. Omitting tty restores the default behavior, which is to use the same terminal as GDB..
If the debugger can determine that the executable file running in the
process it is attaching to does not match the current exec-file loaded
by GDB, the option
exec-file-mismatch specifies how to
handle the mismatch. GDB tries to compare the files by
comparing their build IDs (see build ID), if available.
set exec-file-mismatch ‘ask|warn|off’
Whether to detect mismatch between the current executable file loaded by GDB and the executable file used to start the process. If ‘ask’, the default, display a warning and ask the user whether to load the process executable file; if ‘warn’, just display a warning; if ‘off’, don’t attempt to detect a mismatch. If the user confirms loading the process executable file, then its symbols will be loaded as well.
show exec-file-mismatch
Show the current value of
exec-file-mismatch. Connections). On some systems GDB may even let you debug several programs simultaneously on different remote systems. In the most general case, you can have multiple threads of execution in each of multiple processes, launched from multiple executables, running on different machines..
clone-inferior [ -copies n ] [ infno ]
Adds n inferiors ready to execute the same program as inferior
infno; n defaults to 1, and infno defaults to the
number of the current inferior. This command copies the values of the
args, inferior-tty and cwd properties from the
current inferior to the new one. It also propagates changes the user
made to environment variables using the
set environment and
unset environment commands. This is a convenient command
when you want to run another instance of the inferior you are debugging.
(gdb) info inferiors Num Description Connection Executable * 1 process 29964 1 (native) helloworld (gdb) clone-inferior Added inferior 2. 1 inferiors added. (gdb) info inferiors Num Description Connection Executable * 1 process 29964 1 (native) helloworld 2 <null> 1 (native).
Occasionally, Connections and Programs, Up: Running [Contents][Index]
In some operating systems, such as GNU/Linux other systems, the systag is simply something like ‘process 368’, with no further qualifier.
For debugging purposes, GDB associates its own thread number —always a single integer—with each thread of an inferior. This number is unique between all threads of an inferior, but not unique between threads of different inferiors.
You can refer to a given thread in an inferior using the qualified
inferior-num.thread-num syntax, also known as
qualified thread ID, with inferior-num being the inferior
number and thread-num being the thread number of the given
inferior. For example, thread
2.3 refers to thread number 3 of
inferior 2. If you omit inferior-num (e.g.,
thread 3),
then GDB infers you’re referring to a thread of the current
inferior.
Until you create a second inferior, GDB does not show the inferior-num part of thread IDs, even though you can always use the full inferior-num.thread-num form to refer to threads of inferior 1, the initial inferior.
Some commands accept a space-separated thread ID list as argument. A list element can be:
*(e.g., ‘1.*’) or
*. The former refers to all threads of the given inferior, and the latter form without an inferior qualifier refers to all threads of the current inferior.
For example, if the current inferior is 1, and inferior 7 has one thread with ID 7.1, the thread list ‘1 2-3 4.5 6.7-9 7.*’ includes threads 1 to 3 of inferior 1, thread 5 of inferior 4, threads 7 to 9 of inferior 6 and all threads of inferior 7. That is, in expanded qualified form, the same as ‘1.1 1.2 1.3 4.5 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.1’.
In addition to a per-inferior number, each thread is also assigned a unique global number, also known as global thread ID, a single integer. Unlike the thread number component of the thread ID, no two threads have the same global ID, even when you’re debugging multiple inferiors.
From GDB’s perspective, a process always has at least one thread. In other words, GDB assigns a thread number to the program’s “main thread” even if the program is not multi-threaded.
The debugger convenience variables ‘$_thread’ and ‘$_gthread’ contain, respectively, the per-inferior thread number and the global thread number of the current thread. You may find this useful in writing breakpoint conditional expressions, command scripts, and so forth. See Convenience Variables, for general information on convenience variables.
If GDB detects the program is multi-threaded, it augments the usual message about stopping at a breakpoint with the ID and name of the thread that hit the breakpoint.
Thread 2 "client" hit Breakpoint 1, send_message () at client.c:68
Likewise when the program receives a signal:
Thread 1 "main" received signal SIGINT, Interrupt.
info threads [thread-id-list]
Display information about one or more threads. With no arguments displays information about all threads. You can specify the list of threads that you want to display using the thread ID list syntax (see thread ID lists).
GDB displays for each thread (in this order):
thread name, below), or, in some cases, by the program itself.
An asterisk ‘*’ to the left of the GDB thread number indicates the current thread.
For example,
(gdb) info threads Id Target Id Frame * 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) 2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause () 3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause () at threadtest.c:68
If you’re debugging multiple inferiors, GDB displays thread IDs using the qualified inferior-num.thread-num format. Otherwise, only thread-num is shown.
If you specify the ‘-gid’ option, GDB displays a column indicating each thread’s global thread ID:
(gdb) info threads Id GId Target Id Frame 1.1 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) 1.2 3 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause () 1.3 4 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause () * 2.1 2 process 65 thread 1 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with a Solaris-specific command:
maint info sol-threads
Display info on Solaris user threads.
thread thread-id
Make thread ID thread-id the current thread. The command argument thread-id is the GDB thread ID, as shown in the first field of the ‘info threads’ display, with or without an inferior qualifier (e.g., ‘2.1’ or ‘1’)..
thread apply [thread-id-list | all [-ascending]] [flag]… command
The
thread apply command allows you to apply the named
command to one or more threads. Specify the threads that you
want affected using the thread ID list syntax (see thread ID lists), or specify
all to apply to all threads. To apply a
command to all threads in descending order, type thread apply all
command. To apply a command to all threads in ascending order,
type thread apply all -ascending command.
The flag arguments control what output to produce and how to handle
errors raised when applying command to a thread. flag
must start with a
- directly followed by one letter in
qcs. If several flags are provided, they must be given
individually, such as
-c -q.
By default, GDB displays some thread information before the
output produced by command, and an error raised during the
execution of a command will abort
thread apply. The
following flags can be used to fine-tune this behavior:
-c
The flag
-c, which stands for ‘continue’, causes any
errors in command to be displayed, and the execution of
thread apply then continues.
-s
The flag
-s, which stands for ‘silent’, causes any errors
or empty output produced by a command to be silently ignored.
That is, the execution continues, but the thread information and errors
are not printed.
-q
The flag
-q (‘quiet’) disables printing the thread
information.
Flags
-c and
-s cannot be used together.
taas [option]… command
Shortcut for
thread apply all -s [option]… command.
Applies command on all threads, ignoring errors and empty output.
The
taas command accepts the same options as the
thread
apply all command. See thread apply all.
tfaas [option]… command
Shortcut for
thread apply all -s -- frame apply all -s [option]… command.
Applies command on all frames of all threads, ignoring errors
and empty output. Note that the flag
-s is specified twice:
The first
-s ensures that
thread apply only shows the thread
information of the threads for which
frame apply produces
some output. The second
-s is needed to ensure that
frame
apply shows the frame information of a frame only if the
command successfully produced some output.
It can for example be used to print a local variable or a function argument without knowing the thread or frame where this variable or argument is, using:
(gdb) tfaas p some_local_var_i_do_not_remember_where_it_is
The
tfaas command accepts the same options as the
frame
apply command. See frame apply..
set debug threads [on|off]
show debug threads
When ‘on’ GDB will print additional messages when threads are created and deleted. Connections and Programs).
To quit debugging one of the forked processes, you can either detach
from it by using the
detach inferiors command (allowing it
to run independently), or kill it using the
kill inferiors
command. See Debugging
Multiple Inferiors Connections.
On certain operating systems space-separated list of breakpoints on which to operate. A list element can be either a single breakpoint number, like ‘5’, or a range of such numbers, like ‘5-7’. When a breakpoint list is given to a command, all breakpoints in that list most PowerPC or x86-based targets, GDB includes support for hardware watchpoints, which do not slow down the running of your program.
watch [-l|-location] expr [thread thread-id] [mask maskvalue] [task task-id]-id]
argument, GDB breaks only when the thread identified by
thread-id changes the value of expr. If any other threads
change the value of expr, GDB will not break. Note
that watchpoints restricted to a single thread in this way only work
with Hardware Watchpoints.
Similarly, if the
task argument is given, then the watchpoint
will be specific to the indicated Ada task (see Ada Tasks).…] [name].
The convenience variable
$_ada_exception holds the address of
the exception being thrown. This can be useful when setting a
condition for such a catchpoint.
exception unhandled
An exception that was raised but is not handled by the program. The
convenience variable
$_ada_exception is set as for
catch
exception.
handlers [name]
An Ada exception being handled. If an exception name is specified at the end of the command (eg catch handlers Program_Error), the debugger will stop only when this specific exception is handled. Otherwise, the debugger stops execution when any Ada exception is handled.
When inserting a handlers handling is
catch handlers Pck.Constraint_Error.
The convenience variable
$_ada_exception is set as for
catch exception.
assert
A failed Ada assertion. Note that the convenience variable
$_ada_exception is not set by this catchpoint.
exec
A call to
exec.
syscall
syscall [name | number | group:groupname | g:groupname] …).
You may specify a group of related syscalls to be caught at once using
the
group: syntax (
g: is a shorter equivalent). For
instance, on some platforms GDB allows you to catch all
network related syscalls, by passing the argument
group:network
to
catch syscall. Note that not all syscall groups are
available in every system. You can use the command completion
facilities (see command completion) to list the
syscall groups available on your environment.)
Here is an example of catching a syscall group:
(gdb) catch syscall group:process Catchpoint 1 (syscalls 'exit' [1] 'fork' [2] 'waitpid' [7] 'execve' [11] 'wait4' [114] 'clone' [120] 'vfork' [190] 'exit_group' [252] 'waitid' [284] 'unshare' [310]) (gdb) r Starting program: /tmp/catch-syscall Catchpoint 1 (call to syscall fork), 0x00007ffff7df4e27 in open64 () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (gdb) c Continuing..
vfork
A call to
v locspec
Delete any breakpoint with a code location that corresponds to locspec. See Location Specifications, for the various forms of locspec. Which code locations correspond to locspec depends on the form used in the location specification locspec:
linenum
filename:linenum
-line linenum
-source filename -line linenum
If locspec specifies a line number, with or without a file name, the command deletes any breakpoint with a code location that is at or within the specified line linenum in files that match the specified filename. If filename is omitted, it defaults to the current source file.
*address
If locspec specifies an address, the command deletes any breakpoint with a code location that is at the given address.
function
-function function
If locspec specifies a function, the command deletes any breakpoint with a code location that is at the entry to any function whose name matches function.
Ambiguity in names of files and functions can be resolved as described in Location Specifications.
delete [breakpoints] [list…]
Delete the breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints of the breakpoint
list specified as argument.] [list…]] [list…]
Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints). They become effective once again in stopping your program.
enable [breakpoints] once list…
Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. GDB disables any of these breakpoints immediately after stopping your program.
enable [breakpoints] count count list… list… -force bnum expression
When the
-force flag is used, define the condition even if
expression is invalid at all the current locations of breakpoint
bnum. This is similar to the
-force-condition option
of the
break command. [list…]
… locspec,template,expression[,expression…]
Whenever execution reaches a code location that results from resolving locspec,5.
SystemTapprobes are usable from assembly, C and C++ languages]]]
If given, type is either
stap for listing
SystemTap probes or
dtrace for listing
DTrace
probes., provider is a regular expression used to match against provider names when selecting which probes to enable. If omitted, all probes from all providers are enabled.]]]
See the
enable probes command).
set print finish [on|off]
show print finish
By default the
finish command will show the value that is
returned by the function. This can be disabled using
set print
finish off. When disabled, the value is still entered into the value
history (see Value History), but not displayed. locspec
u locspec
Continue running your program until either it reaches a code location
that results from resolving locspec, or the current stack frame
returns. locspec is any of the forms described in Location Specifications. locspec
Continue running your program until either it reaches a code location
that results from resolving locspec, or the current stack frame
returns. locspec is any of the forms described in Location Specifications. This command is similar to
until, but
advance will not skip over recursive function calls, and the
target Location Specifications), Location Specifications.
Location Specifications..
set debug skip [on|off]
Set whether to print the debug output about skipping files and functions.
show debug skip
Show whether the debug output about skipping files and functions is printed..
On some targets, a
SIGSEGV can be caused by a boundary
violation, i.e., accessing an address outside of the allowed range.
In those cases GDB may displays additional information,
depending on how GDB has been told to handle the signal.
With
handle stop SIGSEGV, GDB displays the violation
kind: "Upper" or "Lower", the memory address accessed and the
bounds, while with
handle nostop SIGSEGV no additional
information is displayed.
The usual output of a segfault is:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault 0x0000000000400d7c in upper () at i386-mpx-sigsegv.c:68 68 value = *(p + len);
While a bound violation is presented as:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault Upper bound violation while accessing address 0x7fffffffc3b3 Bounds: [lower = 0x7fffffffc390, upper = 0x7fffffffc3a3] 0x0000000000400d7c in upper () at i386-mpx-sigsegv.c:68 68 value = *(p + len); locspec thread thread-id
break locspec thread thread-id if …
locspec specifies a code location or locations in your program. See Location Specifications, for details.7.
On some platforms, GDB has built-in support for reverse
execution, activated with the
record or
record btrace
commands. See Process Record and Replay. Some remote targets,
typically full system emulators, support reverse execution directly
without requiring any special command.
8..
Currently, process record and replay is supported on ARM, Aarch64,
Moxie, PowerPC, PowerPC64, S/390, and x86 (i386/amd64) running
GNU/Linux. Process record and replay can be used both when native
debugging, and when remote debugging via
gdbserver. format
Hardware-supported instruction recording, supported on Intel
processors. This method does not record data. Further, the data is
collected in a ring buffer so old data will be overwritten when the
buffer is full. It allows limited reverse execution. Variables and
registers are not available during reverse execution. In remote
debugging, recording continues on disconnect. Recorded data can be
inspected after reconnecting. The recording may be stopped using
record stop.
The recording format can be specified as parameter. Without a parameter the command chooses the recording format. The following recording formats are available:
bts
Use the Branch Trace Store (BTS) recording format. In this format, the processor stores a from/to record for each executed branch in the btrace ring buffer..
set record btrace cpu identifier
Set the processor to be used for enabling workarounds for processor errata when decoding the trace.
Processor errata are defects in processor operation, caused by its design or manufacture. They can cause a trace not to match the specification. This, in turn, may cause trace decode to fail. GDB can detect erroneous trace packets and correct them, thus avoiding the decoding failures. These corrections are known as errata workarounds, and are enabled based on the processor on which the trace was recorded.
By default, GDB attempts to detect the processor automatically, and apply the necessary workarounds for it. However, you may need to specify the processor if GDB does not yet support it. This command allows you to do that, and also allows to disable the workarounds.
The argument identifier identifies the CPU and is of the
form:
vendor:processor identifier. In addition,
there are two special identifiers,
none and
auto
(default).
The following vendor identifiers and corresponding processor identifiers are currently supported:
On GNU/Linux systems, the processor family, model, and
stepping can be obtained from
/proc/cpuinfo.
If identifier is
auto, enable errata workarounds for the
processor on which the trace was recorded. If identifier is
none, errata workarounds are disabled.
For example, when using an old GDB on a new system, decode may fail because GDB does not support the new processor. It often suffices to specify an older processor that GDB supports.
(gdb) info record Active record target: record-btrace Recording format: Intel Processor Trace. Buffer size: 16kB. Failed to configure the Intel Processor Trace decoder: unknown cpu. (gdb) set record btrace cpu intel:6/158 (gdb) info record Active record target: record-btrace Recording format: Intel Processor Trace. Buffer size: 16kB. Recorded 84872 instructions in 3189 functions (0 gaps) for thread 1 (...).
show record btrace replay-memory-access
Show the current setting of
replay-memory-access.
show record btrace cpu
Show the processor to be used for enabling trace decode errata workarounds.
set record btrace bts buffer-size size
set record btrace bts buffer-size unlimited
Set the requested ring buffer size for branch tracing in BTS format. Default is 64KB.-size size
Show the current setting of the requested ring buffer size for branch tracing in BTS format.
set record btrace pt buffer-size size
set record btrace pt buffer-size unlimited
Set the requested ring buffer size for branch tracing in Intel Processor Trace format. Default is 16KB.
If size is a positive number, then GDB will try to
allocate a buffer of at least size bytes for each new thread
that uses the btrace recording method and the Intel-size size
Show the current setting of the requested ring buffer size for branch tracing in Intel Processor Trace format.
info record
Show various statistics about the recording depending on the recording method:
full
For the
full recording method, it shows the state of process
record and its in-memory execution log buffer, including:
btrace
For the
btrace recording method, it shows:
For the
bts recording format, it also shows:
For the
pt recording format, it also shows:.
It can also print mixed source+disassembly if you specify the the
/m or
/s modifier, and print the raw instructions in hex
as well as in symbolic form by specifying the
/r modifier.
The current position marker is printed for the instruction at the
current program counter value. This instruction can appear multiple
times in the trace and the current position marker will be printed
every time. To omit the current position marker, specify the
/p modifier.
To better align the printed instructions when the trace contains
instructions from more than one function, the function name may be
omitted by specifying the
/f modifier.
Speculatively executed instructions are prefixed with ‘?’. This feature is not available for all recording formats.. For each sequence
of instructions that belong to the same function, it prints functions-function print.
record function-call-history -
Prints ten more functions before the last ten-function functions to print in the
record function-call-history command. The default value is 10.
A size of
unlimited means unlimited functions.
show record function-call-history-size
Show how many functions.
A.
Next: Frame Info, Previous: Backtrace, [ frame-selection-spec ]
f [ frame-selection-spec ]
The
frame command allows different stack frames to be
selected. The frame-selection-spec can be any of the following:
num
level num
Select frame level num. Recall that frame zero is the innermost
(currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the
innermost one, and so on. The highest level frame is usually the one
for
main.
As this is the most common method of navigating the frame stack, the
string
level can be omitted. For example, the following two
commands are equivalent:
(gdb) frame 3 (gdb) frame level 3
address stack-address
Select the frame with stack address stack-address. The
stack-address for a frame can be seen in the output of
info frame, for example:
stack-address for this frame is
0x7fffffffda30 as
indicated by the line:
Stack level 1, frame at 0x7fffffffda30:
function function-name
Select the stack frame for function function-name. If there are multiple stack frames for function function-name then the inner most stack frame is selected.
view stack-address [ pc-addr ]
View a frame that is not part of GDB’s backtrace. The frame viewed has stack address stack-addr, and optionally, a program counter address of pc-addr.
This is useful mainly if the chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it impossible for GDB to assign numbers properly to all frames. In addition, this can be useful when your program has multiple stacks and switches between them.
When viewing a frame outside the current backtrace using
frame view then you can always return to the original
stack using one of the previous stack frame selection instructions,
for example
frame level 0..
select-frame [ frame-selection-spec ]
The
select-frame command is a variant of
frame that does
not display the new frame after selecting it. This command is
intended primarily for use in GDB command scripts, where the
output might be unnecessary and distracting. The
frame-selection-spec is as for the
frame command
described in Selecting a Frame. Apply, Previous: Selection, Up: Stack [Contents][Index] [ frame-selection-spec ]
info f [ frame-selection-spec ]
Print a verbose description of the frame selected by
frame-selection-spec. The frame-selection-spec is the
same as for the
frame command (see Selecting
a Frame). The selected frame remains unchanged by this command.
info args [-q]
Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line.
The optional flag ‘-q’, which stands for ‘quiet’, disables printing header information and messages explaining why no argument have been printed.
info args [-q] [-t type_regexp] [regexp]
Like info args, but only print the arguments selected with the provided regexp(s).
If regexp is provided, print only the arguments whose names match the regular expression regexp.
If type_regexp is provided, print only the arguments, an argument is printed only if its name matches regexp and its type matches type_regexp.
info locals [-q]
Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate line. These are all variables (declared either static or automatic) accessible at the point of execution of the selected frame.
The optional flag ‘-q’, which stands for ‘quiet’, disables printing header information and messages explaining why no local variables have been printed.
info locals [-q] [-t type_regexp] [regexp]
Like info locals, but only print the local variables selected with the provided regexp(s).
If regexp is provided, print only the local variables whose names match the regular expression regexp.
If type_regexp is provided, print only the local variables, a local variable is printed only if its name matches regexp and its type matches type_regexp.
The command info locals -q -t type_regexp can usefully be
combined with the commands frame apply and thread apply.
For example, your program might use Resource Acquisition Is
Initialization types (RAII) such as
lock_something_t: each
local variable of type
lock_something_t automatically places a
lock that is destroyed when the variable goes out of scope. You can
then list all acquired locks in your program by doing
thread apply all -s frame apply all -s info locals -q -t lock_something_t
or the equivalent shorter form
tfaas i lo -q -t lock_something_t
Next: Frame Filter Management, Previous: Frame Info, Up: Stack [Contents][Index]
frame apply [all | count | -count | level level…] [option]… command
The
frame apply command allows you to apply the named
command to one or more frames.
all
Specify
all to apply command to all frames.
count
Use count to apply command to the innermost count frames, where count is a positive number.
-count
Use -count to apply command to the outermost count frames, where count is a positive number.
level
Use
level to apply command to the set of frames identified
by the level list. level is a frame level or a range of frame
levels as level1-level2. The frame level is the number shown
in the first field of the ‘backtrace’ command output.
E.g., ‘2-4 6-8 3’ indicates to apply command for the frames
at levels 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and then again on frame at level 3.
Note that the frames on which
frame apply applies a command are
also influenced by the
set backtrace settings such as
set
backtrace past-main and
set backtrace limit N.
See Backtraces.
The
frame apply command also supports a number of options that
allow overriding relevant
set backtrace settings:
-past-main [
on|
off]
Whether backtraces should continue past
main.
Related setting: set backtrace past-main.
-past-entry [
on|
off]
Whether backtraces should continue past the entry point of a program. Related setting: set backtrace past-entry.
By default, GDB displays some frame information before the
output produced by command, and an error raised during the
execution of a command will abort
frame apply. The
following options can be used to fine-tune these behaviors:
-c
The flag
-c, which stands for ‘continue’, causes any
errors in command to be displayed, and the execution of
frame apply then continues.
-s
The flag
-s, which stands for ‘silent’, causes any errors
or empty output produced by a command to be silently ignored.
That is, the execution continues, but the frame information and errors
are not printed.
-q
The flag
-q (‘quiet’) disables printing the frame
information.
The following example shows how the flags
-c and
-s are
working when applying the command
p j to all frames, where
variable
j can only be successfully printed in the outermost
#1 main frame.
(gdb) frame apply all p j #0 some_function (i=5) at fun.c:4 No symbol "j" in current context. (gdb) frame apply all -c p j #0 some_function (i=5) at fun.c:4 No symbol "j" in current context. #1 0x565555fb in main (argc=1, argv=0xffffd2c4) at fun.c:11 $1 = 5 (gdb) frame apply all -s p j #1 0x565555fb in main (argc=1, argv=0xffffd2c4) at fun.c:11 $2 = 5 (gdb)
By default, ‘frame apply’, prints the frame location information before the command output:
(gdb) frame apply all p $sp #0 some_function (i=5) at fun.c:4 $4 = (void *) 0xffffd1e0 #1 0x565555fb in main (argc=1, argv=0xffffd2c4) at fun.c:11 $5 = (void *) 0xffffd1f0 (gdb)
If the flag
-q is given, no frame information is printed:
(gdb) frame apply all -q p $sp $12 = (void *) 0xffffd1e0 $13 = (void *) 0xffffd1f0 (gdb)
faas command
Shortcut for
frame apply all -s command.
Applies command on all frames, ignoring errors and empty output.
It can for example be used to print a local variable or a function argument without knowing the frame where this variable or argument is, using:
(gdb) faas p some_local_var_i_do_not_remember_where_it_is
The
faas command accepts the same options as the
frame
apply command. See frame apply.
Note that the command
tfaas command applies command
on all frames of all threads. See See Threads.
Previous: Frame Apply, Up: Stack [Contents][Index]ProgramFilter : Location Specifications, Up: Source [Contents][Index]
To print lines from a source file, use the
list command
(abbreviated
l). By default, ten lines are printed.
There are several ways to specify what part of the file you want to
print; see Location Specifications, location specs. These location specs are interpreted to resolve
to source code lines; there are several ways of writing them
(see Location Specifications), but the effect is always to resolve
to some source lines to display.
Here is a complete description of the possible arguments for
list:
list locspec
Print lines centered around the line or lines of all the code locations that result from resolving locspec.
list first,last
Print lines from first to last. Both arguments are
location specs. When a
list command has two location specs,
and the source file of the second location spec is omitted, this
refers to the same source file as the first location spec. If either
first or last resolve to more than one source line in the
program, then the list command shows the list of resolved source
lines and does not proceed with the source code listing.
list ,last
Print lines ending with last.
Likewise, if last resolves to more than one source line in the program, then the list command prints the list of resolved source lines and does not proceed with the source code listing.
list first,
Print lines starting with first.
list +
Print lines just after the lines last printed.
list -
Print lines just before the lines last printed.
list
As described in the preceding table.
Several GDB commands accept arguments that specify a location or locations of your program’s code. Many times locations are specified using a source line number, but they can also be specified by a function name, an address, a label, etc. The different forms of specifying a location that GDB recognizes are collectively known as forms of location specification, or location spec. This section documents the forms of specifying locations that GDB recognizes.
When you specify a location, GDB needs to find the place in your program, known as code location, that corresponds to the given location spec. We call this process of finding actual code locations corresponding to a location spec location resolution.
A concrete code location in your program is uniquely identifiable by a set of several attributes: its source line number, the name of its source file, the fully-qualified and prototyped function in which it is defined, and an instruction address. Because each inferior has its own address space, the inferior number is also a necessary part of these attributes.
By contrast, location specs you type will many times omit some of these attributes. For example, it is customary to specify just the source line number to mean a line in the current source file, or specify just the basename of the file, omitting its directories. In other words, a location spec is usually incomplete, a kind of blueprint, and GDB needs to complete the missing attributes by using the implied defaults, and by considering the source code and the debug information available to it. This is what location resolution is about.
The resolution of an incomplete location spec can produce more than a single code location, if the spec doesn’t allow distinguishing between them. Here are some examples of situations that result in a location spec matching multiple code locations in your program:
A::func(int)instead of just
func.)
Resolution of a location spec can also fail to produce a complete code location, or even fail to produce any code location. Here are some examples of such situations:
Locations may be specified using three different formats: linespec locations, explicit locations, or address locations. The following subsections describe these formats.
Next: Explicit Locations, Up: Location Specifications [Contents][Index]
A linespec is a colon-separated list of source location parameters such as file name, function name, etc. Here are all the different ways of specifying a linespec: func and break B::func set a breakpoint on both symbols.
Commands that accept a linespec let you override this with the
-qualified option. For example, break -qualified func sets a breakpoint on a free-function named
func ignoring
any C++ class methods and namespace functions called
func.
See Explicit Locations. in the function corresponding to the currently selected stack frame. If there is no current selected stack frame (for instance, if the inferior is not running), then GDB will not search for a label.
: Address Locations, Previous: Linespec Locations, Up: Location Specifications [Contents][Index]
Explicit locations allow the user to directly specify the source location’s parameters using option-value pairs.
Explicit locations are useful when several functions, labels, or file names have the same name (base name for files) in the program’s sources. In these cases, explicit locations point to the source line you meant more accurately and unambiguously. Also, using explicit locations might be faster in large programs.
For example, the linespec ‘foo:bar’ may refer to a function
bar
defined in the file named foo or the label
bar in a function
named
foo. GDB must search either the file system or
the symbol table to know.
The list of valid explicit location options is summarized in the following table:
-source filename
The value specifies the source file name. To differentiate between
files with the same base name, prepend as many directories as is necessary
to uniquely identify the desired file, e.g., foo/bar/baz.c. Otherwise
GDB will use the first file it finds with the given base
name. This option requires the use of either
-function or
-line.
-function function
The value specifies the name of a function. Operations
on function locations unmodified by other options (such as
-label
or
-line) refer to the line that begins the body of the function.
In C, for example, -function func and break -function B::func set a
breakpoint on both symbols.
You can use the -qualified flag to override this (see below).
-qualified
This flag makes GDB interpret a function name specified with -function as a complete fully-qualified name.
For example, assuming a C++ program with symbols named
A::B::func and
B::func, the break -qualified -function B::func command sets a breakpoint on
B::func, only.
(Note: the -qualified option can precede a linespec as well (see Linespec Locations), so the particular example above could be simplified as break -qualified B::func.)
-label label
The value specifies the name of a label. When the function name is not specified, the label is searched in the function of the currently selected stack frame.
-line number
The value specifies a line offset for the location. The offset may either
be absolute (
-line 3) or relative (
-line +3), depending on
the command. When specified without any other options, the line offset is
relative to the current line.
Explicit location options may be abbreviated by omitting any non-unique trailing characters from the option name, e.g., break -s main.c -li 3.
Previous: Explicit Locations, Up: Location Specifications [Contents][Index]
Address locations indicate a specific program address. They have the generalized form several situations that frequently occur during debugging. Here are the various forms of address:
expression
Any expression valid in the current working language.
funcaddr
An address of a function or procedure derived from its name. In C,
C++,.
Next: Search, Previous: Location Specifications, locspec
Edit the source file of the code location that results from resolving
locspec. Editing starts at the source file and source line
locspec resolves to.
See Location Specifications, for all the possible forms of the
locspec argument.
If
locspec resolves to more than one source line in your
program, then the command prints the list of resolved source lines and
does not proceed with the editing.
Here are the forms of the
edit command most commonly used:
edit number
Edit the current source file with number as the active line number.
edit function
Edit the file containing function at the beginning of its definition.
You can customize GDB to use any editor you want, does not record a compilation directory, and the source path is /mnt/cross. GDB would look for the source file in the following locations: search for the source file in the following locations:dir’
and ‘$c.. /foo/bar /mnt/cross
will tell GDB to replace ‘/foo/bar’.
Next: Disable Reading Source,
info line locspec
Print the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for the source lines of the code locations that result from resolving locspec. See Location Specifications, for the various forms of locspec. With no locspec, information about the current source line is printed.
For example, we can use
info line to discover the location of
the object code for the first line of function
m4_changequote:
(gdb) info line m4_changequote Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c <m4_changequote> and \ ends at 0x6350 <m4_changequote+4>.
We can also inquire, using
*addr as the form for
locspec, what source line covers a particular address
addr:
(gdb) info line *0x63ff Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 <m4_changequote+152> and \ ends at 0x6404 <m4_changequote+184>.).
After
info line, using
info line again without
specifying a location will display information about the next source
line.
disassemble
disassemble /m
disassemble /s
disassemble /r
This specialized command dumps a range of memory as machine
instructions. It can also print mixed source+disassembly by specifying
the
/m or
/s modifier and print the raw instructions in hex
as well as in symbolic form by specifying the
/r modifier.
with
/m or
/s, when the program is stopped just after
function prologue in a non-optimized function with no inline code.
.
The
/m option is deprecated as its output is not useful when
there is either inlined code or re-ordered code.
The
/s option is the preferred choice.
Here is an example for AMD x86-64 showing the difference between
/m output and
/s output.
This example has one inline function defined in a header file,
and the code is compiled with ‘-O2’ optimization.
Note how the
/m output is missing the disassembly of
several instructions that are present in the
/s output.
foo.h:
int foo (int a) { if (a < 0) return a * 2; if (a == 0) return 1; return a + 10; }
foo.c:
#include "foo.h" volatile int x, y; int main () { x = foo (y); return 0; }
(gdb) disas /m main Dump of assembler code for function main: 5 { 6 x = foo (y); 0x0000000000400400 <+0>: mov 0x200c2e(%rip),%eax # 0x601034 0x0000000000400420 <+32>: add %eax,%eax 0x0000000000400422 <+34>: jmp 0x400417 <main+23> End of assembler dump. (gdb) disas /s main Dump of assembler code for function main: foo.c: 5 { 6 x = foo (y); 0x0000000000400400 <+0>: mov 0x200c2e(%rip),%eax # 0x601034 <y> foo.h: 4 if (a < 0) 0x0000000000400406 <+6>: test %eax,%eax 0x0000000000400408 <+8>: js 0x400420 <main+32> 6 if (a == 0) 7 return 1; 8 return a + 10; 0x000000000040040a <+10>: lea 0xa(%rax),%edx 0x000000000040040d <+13>: test %eax,%eax 0x000000000040040f <+15>: mov $0x1,%eax 0x0000000000400414 <+20>: cmovne %edx,%eax foo.c: 6 x = foo foo.h: 5 return a * 2; 0x0000000000400420 <+32>: add %eax,%eax 0x0000000000400422 <+34>: jmp 0x400417 <main+23>.
Note that the ‘disassemble’ command’s address arguments are
specified using expressions in your programming language
(see Expressions), not location specs
(see Location Specifications).assembler-options option1[,option2…]
This command controls the passing of target specific information to
the disassembler. For a list of valid options, please refer to the
-M/
--disassembler-options section of the ‘objdump’
manual and/or the output of objdump --help
(see objdump in The GNU Binary Utilities).
The default value is the empty string.
If it is necessary to specify more than one disassembler option, then multiple options can be placed together into a comma separated list. Currently this command is only supported on targets ARC, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and S/390.
show disassembler-options
Show the current setting of the disassembler options..
Previous: Machine Code, Up: Source [Contents][Index]
In some cases it can be desirable to prevent GDB from accessing source code files. One case where this might be desirable is if the source code files are located over a slow network connection.
The following command can be used to control whether GDB should access source code files or not:
set source open [on|off]
show source open
When this option is
on, which is the default, GDB will
access source code files when needed, for example to print source
lines when GDB stops, or in response to the
list
command.
When this option is
off, GDB will not access source
code files. [[options] --] expr
print [[options] --] /f expr
expr is an expression (in the source language). By default the value of expr is printed in a format appropriate to its data type; you can choose a different format by specifying ‘/f’, where f is a letter specifying the format; see Output Formats.
The
set print
subcommands:
-address [
on|
off]
Set printing of addresses. Related setting: set print address.
-array [
on|
off]
Pretty formatting of arrays. Related setting: set print array.
-array-indexes [
on|
off]
Set printing of array indexes. Related setting: set print array-indexes.
-elements number-of-elements|
unlimited
Set limit on string chars or array elements to print. The value
unlimited causes there to be no limit. Related setting:
set print elements.
-max-depth depth|
unlimited
Set the threshold after which nested structures are replaced with ellipsis. Related setting: set print max-depth.
-nibbles [
on|
off]
Set whether to print binary values in groups of four bits, known as “nibbles”. See set print nibbles.
-memory-tag-violations [
on|
off]
Set printing of additional information about memory tag violations. See set print memory-tag-violations.
-null-stop [
on|
off]
Set printing of char arrays to stop at first null char. Related setting: set print null-stop.
-object [
on|
off]
Set printing C++ virtual function tables. Related setting: set print object.
-pretty [
on|
off]
Set pretty formatting of structures. Related setting: set print pretty.
-raw-values [
on|
off]
Set whether to print values in raw form, bypassing any pretty-printers for that value. Related setting: set print raw-values.
-repeats number-of-repeats|
unlimited
Set threshold for repeated print elements.
unlimited causes
all elements to be individually printed. Related setting: set print repeats.
-static-members [
on|
off]
Set printing C++ static members. Related setting: set print static-members.
-symbol [
on|
off]
Set printing of symbol names when printing pointers. Related setting: set print symbol.
-union [
on|
off]
Set printing of unions interior to structures. Related setting: set print union.
-vtbl [
on|
off]
Set printing of C++ virtual function tables. Related setting: set print vtbl.
Because the
--) to mark
the end of option processing.
For example, this prints the value of the
-p expression:
(gdb) print -p
While this repeats the last value in the value history (see below)
with the
-pretty option in effect:
(gdb) print -p --
Here is an example including both on option and an expression:
(gdb) print -pretty -- *myptr $1 = { next = 0x0, flags = { sweet = 1, sour = 1 }, meat = 0x54 "Pork" }
print [options]
print [options] /f
If you omit expr, GDB displays the last value again (from the value history; see Value History). This allows you to conveniently inspect the same value in an alternative format.
If the architecture supports memory tagging, expr try to examine or use the value of a (global) variable for which GDB has no type information, e.g., because the program includes no debug information, GDB displays an error message. See unknown type, for more about unknown types. If you cast the variable to its declared type, GDB gets the variable’s value using the cast-to type as the variable’s type. For example, in a C program:
(gdb) p var 'var' has unknown type; cast it to its declared type (gdb) p (float) var $1 = 3.14
Print the binary representation of the value in hexadecimal.
d
Print the binary representation of the value in decimal.
u
Print the binary representation of the value as an decimal, as if it were unsigned.
o
Print the binary representation of the value in octal.
t
Print the binary representation of the value in binary. The letter ‘t’ stands for “two”. 11
Cast the value to an integer (unlike other formats, this does not just reinterpret the underlying bits): Memory Tagging,. If a negative number is specified, memory is examined backward from addr.’).
You can also specify a negative repeat count to examine memory backward
from the given address. For example, ‘x/-3uh 0x54320’ prints three
halfwords (
h) at
0x5431a,
0x5431c, and
0x5431.
If a negative repeat count is specified for the formats ‘s’ or ‘i’, the command displays null-terminated strings or instructions before the given address as many as the absolute value of the given number. For the ‘i’ format, we use line number information in the debug info to accurately locate instruction boundaries while disassembling backward. If line info is not available, the command stops examining memory with an error message.>
If the architecture supports memory tagging, the tags can be displayed by using ‘m’. See Memory Tagging.
The information will be displayed once per granule size (the amount of bytes a particular memory tag covers). For example, AArch64 has a granule size of 16 bytes, so it will display a tag every 16 bytes.
Due to the way GDB prints information with the
x command (not
aligned to a particular boundary), the tag information will refer to the
initial address displayed on a particular line. If a memory tag boundary
is crossed in the middle of a line displayed by the
x command, it
will be displayed on the next line.
The ‘m’ format doesn’t affect any other specified formats that were
passed to the
x command.: Auto Display, Previous: Memory, Up: Data [Contents][Index]
Memory tagging is a memory protection technology that uses a pair of tags to validate memory accesses through pointers. The tags are integer values usually comprised of a few bits, depending on the architecture.
There are two types of tags that are used in this setup: logical and allocation. A logical tag is stored in the pointers themselves, usually at the higher bits of the pointers. An allocation tag is the tag associated with particular ranges of memory in the physical address space, against which the logical tags from pointers are compared.
The pointer tag (logical tag) must match the memory tag (allocation tag) for the memory access to be valid. If the logical tag does not match the allocation tag, that will raise a memory violation.
Allocation tags cover multiple contiguous bytes of physical memory. This range of bytes is called a memory tag granule and is architecture-specific. For example, AArch64 has a tag granule of 16 bytes, meaning each allocation tag spans 16 bytes of memory.
If the underlying architecture supports memory tagging, like AArch64 MTE or SPARC ADI do, GDB can make use of it to validate pointers against memory allocation tags.
The
x (see Memory) commands will
display tag information when appropriate, and a command prefix of
memory-tag gives access to the various memory tagging commands.
The
memory-tag commands are the following:
memory-tag print-logical-tag pointer_expression
Print the logical tag stored in pointer_expression.
memory-tag with-logical-tag pointer_expression tag_bytes
Print the pointer given by pointer_expression, augmented with a logical tag of tag_bytes.
memory-tag print-allocation-tag address_expression
Print the allocation tag associated with the memory address given by address_expression.
memory-tag setatag starting_address length tag_bytes
Set the allocation tag(s) for memory range [starting_address, starting_address + length) to tag_bytes.
memory-tag check pointer_expression
Check if the logical tag in the pointer given by pointer_expression matches the allocation tag for the memory referenced by the pointer.
This essentially emulates the hardware validation that is done when tagged memory is accessed through a pointer, but does not cause a memory fault as it would during hardware validation.
It can be used to inspect potential memory tagging violations in the running process, before any faults get triggered.
Next: Print Settings, Previous: Memory Tagging, nibbles
set print nibbles on
Print binary values in groups of four bits, known as nibbles,
when using the print command of GDB with the option ‘/t’.
For example, this is what it looks like with
set print nibbles on:
(gdb) print val_flags $1 = 1230 (gdb) print/t val_flags $2 = 0100 1100 1110
set print nibbles off
Don’t printing binary values in groups. This is the default.
show print nibbles
Show whether to print binary values in groups of four bits.
presence
Only the presence of arguments is indicated by
….
The
… are not printed for function without any arguments.
None of the argument names and values are printed.
In this case, the example above now becomes:
#1 0x08048361 in call),
none or
presence frame-info value
This command allows to control the information printed when
the debugger prints a frame. See Frames, Backtrace,
for a general explanation about frames and frame information.
Note that some other settings (such as
set print frame-arguments
and
set print address) are also influencing if and how some frame
information is displayed. In particular, the frame program counter is never
printed if
set print address is off.
The possible values for
set print frame-info are:
short-location
Print the frame level, the program counter (if not at the beginning of the location source line), the function, the function arguments.
location
Same as
short-location but also print the source file and source line
number.
location-and-address
Same as
location but print the program counter even if located at the
beginning of the location source line.
source-line
Print the program counter (if not at the beginning of the location source line), the line number and the source line.
source-and-location
Print what
location and
source-line are printing.
auto
The information printed for a frame is decided automatically
by the GDB command that prints a frame.
For example,
frame prints the information printed by
source-and-location while
stepi will switch between
source-line and
source-and-location depending on the program
counter.
The default value is
auto. max-depth depth
set print max-depth unlimited
Set the threshold after which nested structures are replaced with ellipsis, this can make visualising deeply nested structures easier.
For example, given this C code
typedef struct s1 { int a; } s1; typedef struct s2 { s1 b; } s2; typedef struct s3 { s2 c; } s3; typedef struct s4 { s3 d; } s4; s4 var = { { { { 3 } } } };
The following table shows how different values of depth will
effect how
var is printed by GDB:
To see the contents of structures that have been hidden the user can either increase the print max-depth, or they can print the elements of the structure that are visible, for example
(gdb) set print max-depth 2 (gdb) p var $1 = {d = {c = {...}}} (gdb) p var.d $2 = {c = {b = {...}}} (gdb) p var.d.c $3 = {b = {a = 3}}
The pattern used to replace nested structures varies based on
language, for most languages
{...} is used, but Fortran uses
(...).
show print max-depth
Display the current threshold after which nested structures are replaces with ellipsis.
set print memory-tag-violations
set print memory-tag-violations on
Cause GDB to display additional information about memory tag violations when printing pointers and addresses.
set print memory-tag-violations off
Stop printing memory tag violation information.
show print memory-tag-violations
Show whether memory tag violation information is displayed when printing pointers and addresses. raw-values on
Print values in raw form, without applying the pretty printers for the value.
set print raw-values off
Print values in pretty-printed form, if there is a pretty-printer for the value (see Pretty Printing), otherwise print the value in raw form.
The default setting is “off”.
show print raw-values
Show whether to print values in raw form.. If you omit style, you will see a list of possible formats. The default value is auto, which lets GDB choose a decoding style by inspecting your program.2.so: bar bar1 [disabled] bar2
(gdb) disable pretty-printer library2 bar 1 printer disabled 0 of 3 printers enabled (gdb) info pretty-printer library1.so: foo [disabled] library2.so: bar [disabled] bar1 [disabled] bar2
Note that for
bar the entire printer can be disabled,
as can each individual subprinter.
Printing values and frame arguments is done by default using the enabled pretty printers.
The print option
-raw-values and GDB setting
set print raw-values (see set print raw-values) can be
used to print values without applying the enabled pretty printers.
Similarly, the backtrace option
-raw-frame-arguments and
GDB setting
set print raw-frame-arguments
(see set print raw-frame-arguments) can be used to ignore the
enabled pretty printers when printing frame argument values..
$_ada_exception
The variable
$_ada_exception is set to the address of the
exception being caught or thrown at an Ada.
$.
$_gdb_setting_str (setting)
Return the value of the GDB setting as a string.
setting is any setting that can be used in a
set or
show command (see Controlling GDB).
(gdb) show print frame-arguments Printing of non-scalar frame arguments is "scalars". (gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("print frame-arguments") $1 = "scalars" (gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("height") $2 = "30" (gdb)
$_gdb_setting (setting)
Return the value of the GDB setting. The type of the returned value depends on the setting.
The value type for boolean and auto boolean settings is
int.
The boolean values
off and
on are converted to
the integer values
0 and
1. The value
auto is
converted to the value
-1.
The value type for integer settings is either
unsigned int
or
int, depending on the setting.
Some integer settings accept an
unlimited value.
Depending on the setting, the
set command also accepts
the value
0 or the value
-1 as a synonym for
unlimited.
For example,
set height unlimited is equivalent to
set height 0.
Some other settings that accept the
unlimited value
use the value
0 to literally mean zero.
For example,
set history size 0 indicates to not
record any GDB commands in the command history.
For such settings,
-1 is the synonym
for
unlimited.
See the documentation of the corresponding
set command for
the numerical value equivalent to
unlimited.
The
$_gdb_setting function converts the unlimited value
to a
0 or a
-1 value according to what the
set command uses.
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("height") $1 = "30" (gdb) p $_gdb_setting("height") $2 = 30 (gdb) set height unlimited (gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("height") $3 = "unlimited" (gdb) p $_gdb_setting("height") $4 = 0
(gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("history size") $5 = "unlimited" (gdb) p $_gdb_setting("history size") $6 = -1 (gdb) p $_gdb_setting_str("disassemble-next-line") $7 = "auto" (gdb) p $_gdb_setting("disassemble-next-line") $8 = -1 (gdb)
Other setting types (enum, filename, optional filename, string, string noescape) are returned as string values.
$_gdb_maint_setting_str (setting)
Like the
$_gdb_setting_str function, but works with
maintenance set variables.
$_gdb_maint_setting (setting)
Like the
$_gdb_setting function, but works with
maintenance set variables.
The following.
$_caller_is(name[, number_of_frames])
Returns one if the calling function’s name is equal to name. Otherwise it returns zero.])
Returns one if the calling function’s name matches the regular expression regexp. Otherwise it returns zero.
If the optional argument number_of_frames is provided, it is the number of frames up in the stack to look. The default is 1.
$_any_caller_is(name[, number_of_frames])
Returns one if any calling function’s name is equal to name. Otherwise it returns zero.])
Returns one if any calling function’s name matches the regular expression regexp. Otherwise it returns zero..
$_as_string(value)
Return the string representation of value.
This function is useful to obtain the textual label (enumerator) of an enumeration value. For example, assuming the variable node is of an enumerated type:
(gdb) printf "Visiting node of type %s\n", $_as_string(node) Visiting node of type NODE_INTEGER
$_cimag(value)
$_creal(value)
Return the imaginary (
$_cimag) or real (
$_creal) part of
the complex number value.
The type of the imaginary or real part depends on the type of the
complex number, e.g., using
$_cimag on a
float complex
will return an imaginary part of type
float.group …
Print the name and value of the registers in each of the specified
reggroups. The reggroup can be any of those returned by
maint print reggroups (see Maintenance Commands).:
cpus
Display the list of all CPUs/cores. For each CPU/core, GDB prints the available fields from /proc/cpuinfo. For each supported architecture different fields are available. Two common entries are processor which gives CPU number and bogomips; a system constant that is calculated during kernel initialization.
files
Display the list of open file descriptors on the target. For each file descriptor, GDB prints the identifier of the process owning the descriptor, the command of the owning process, the value of the descriptor, and the target of the descriptor..
verilog
Verilog Connections13.
maint flush dcache
Flush the contents (if any) of the dcache. This maintainer command is useful when debugging the dcache implementation.
Next: Value Sizes,’. The null terminator can be removed from searching by using casts, e.g.: ‘{char[5]}"hello"’. &hello[0], +sizeof(hello), {char[5]}"hello"
Previous:_entry_value resolving cannot find DW_TAG sequence - that one is
prefixed by
compare:. The non-ambiguous intersection of these two is
printed as the
reduced: calling sequence. That one could have many
further
compare: and
reduced: statements as long as there remain
any non-ambiguous sequence entries.
For the frame of function
b in both cases there are different possible
$pc values (
0x4004cc or
0x4004ce), therefore this frame is
also ambiguous. the locspec
Show all macro definitions that are in effect at the source line of the code location that results from resolving locspec,-214 locspec
The
trace command is very similar to the
break command.
Its argument locspec can be any valid location specification.
See Location Specifications. locspec locspec [ [locspec | -m marker] [ if cond ]
The
strace command sets a static tracepoint. For targets that
support it, setting a static tracepoint probes a static
instrumentation point, or marker, found at the code locations that
result from resolving locspec. It may not be possible to set a
static tracepoint at the desired code location, in which case the
command will exit with an explanatory message.
GDB handles arguments to
strace exactly as for
trace, with the addition that the user can also specify
-m marker instead of a location spec. formatting.
Note: The return address location can not always be reliably determined up front, and the wrong address / registers may end up collected instead. On some architectures the reliability is higher for tracepoints at function entry, while on others it’s the opposite. When this happens, backtracing will stop because the return address is found unavailable (unless another collect rule happened to match it).
$ or find the first one if no trace snapshot is selected. data check range
Show the current setting of the range checker, and whether or not it is being set automatically by GDB.
Next: Unsupported Languages, Previous: Checks, Up: Languages [Contents][Index]
GDB supports C, C++, D, Go, Objective-C, Fortran,
OpenCL C, Pascal, Rust,.
demangle name
Demangle name.
See Symbols, for a more complete description of the
demangle command..
Breakpoints in template functions
Similar to how overloaded symbols are handled, GDB will ignore template parameter lists when it encounters a symbol which includes a C++ template. This permits setting breakpoints on families of template functions or functions whose parameters include template types.
The -qualified flag may be used to override this behavior, causing GDB to search for a specific function or type.
The GDB command-line word completion facility also understands template parameters and may be used to list available choices or finish template parameter lists for you. See Command Completion, for details on how to do this.
Breakpoints in functions with ABI tags
The GNU C++ compiler introduced the notion of ABI “tags”, which correspond to changes in the ABI of a type, function, or variable that would not otherwise be reflected in a mangled name. See for more detail.
The ABI tags are visible in C++ demangled names. For example, a function that returns a std::string:
std::string function(int);
when compiled for the C++11 ABI is marked with the
cxx11 ABI
tag, and GDB displays the symbol like this:
function[abi:cxx11](int)
You can set a breakpoint on such functions simply as if they had no tag. For example:
(gdb) b function(int) Breakpoint 2 at 0x40060d: file main.cc, line 10. (gdb) info breakpoints Num Type Disp Enb Address What 1 breakpoint keep y 0x0040060d in function[abi:cxx11](int) at main.cc:10
On the rare occasion you need to disambiguate between different ABI tags, you can do so by simply including the ABI tag in the function name, like:
(gdb) b ambiguous[abi:other_tag]. Note, that not all Fortran language features are available yet..
Fortran symbols are usually case-insensitive, so GDB by default uses case-insensitive matching for Fortran symbols. You can change that with the ‘set case-insensitive’ command, see Symbols, for the details.
Next: Fortran Operators, Up: Fortran [Contents][Index]
In Fortran the primitive data-types have an associated
KIND type
parameter, written as ‘type*kindparam’,
‘type*kindparam’, or in the GDB-only dialect
‘type_kindparam’. A concrete example would be
‘
Real*4’, ‘
Real(kind=4)’, and ‘
Real_4’.
The kind of a type can be retrieved by using the intrinsic function
KIND, see Fortran Intrinsics.
Generally, the actual implementation of the
KIND type parameter is
compiler specific. In GDB the kind parameter is implemented in
accordance with its use in the GNU
gfortran compiler. Here, the
kind parameter for a given type specifies its size in memory — a
Fortran
Integer*4 or
Integer(kind=4) would be an integer type
occupying 4 bytes of memory. An exception to this rule is the
Complex
type for which the kind of the type does not specify its entire size, but
the size of each of the two
Real’s it is composed of. A
Complex*4 would thus consist of two
Real*4s and occupy 8 bytes
of memory.
For every type there is also a default kind associated with it, e.g.
Integer in GDB will internally be an
Integer*4 (see the
table below for default types). The default types are the same as in GNU
compilers but note, that the GNU default types can actually be changed by
compiler flags such as -fdefault-integer-8 and
-fdefault-real-8.
Not every kind parameter is valid for every type and in GDB the following type kinds are available.
Integer
Integer*1,
Integer*2,
Integer*4,
Integer*8, and
Integer =
Integer*4.
Logical
Logical*1,
Logical*2,
Logical*4,
Logical*8, and
Logical =
Logical*4.
Real
Real*4,
Real*8,
Real*16, and
Real =
Real*4.
Complex
Complex*4,
Complex*8,
Complex*16, and
Complex =
Complex*4.
Next: Fortran Intrinsics, Previous: Fortran Types,.
::
The scope operator. Normally used to access variables in modules or to set breakpoints on subroutines nested in modules or in other subroutines (internal subroutines).
Next: Special Fortran Commands, Previous: Fortran Operators, Up: Fortran [Contents][Index]
Fortran provides a large set of intrinsic procedures. GDB implements
an incomplete subset of those procedures and their overloads. Some of these
procedures take an optional
KIND parameter, see Fortran Types.
ABS(a)
Computes the absolute value of its argument a. Currently not supported
for
Complex arguments.
ALLOCATE(array)
Returns whether array is allocated or not.
ASSOCIATED(pointer [, target])
Returns the association status of the pointer pointer or, if target is present, whether pointer is associated with the target target.
CEILING(a [, kind])
Computes the least integer greater than or equal to a. The optional
parameter kind specifies the kind of the return type
Integer(kind).
CMPLX(x [, y [, kind]])
Returns a complex number where x is converted to the real component. If
y is present it is converted to the imaginary component. If y is
not present then the imaginary component is set to
0.0 except if x
itself is of
Complex type. The optional parameter kind specifies
the kind of the return type
Complex(kind).
FLOOR(a [, kind])
Computes the greatest integer less than or equal to a. The optional
parameter kind specifies the kind of the return type
Integer(kind).
KIND(a)
Returns the kind value of the argument a, see Fortran Types.
LBOUND(array [, dim [, kind]])
Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound along the
dim dimension if present. The optional parameter kind specifies
the kind of the return type
Integer(kind).
LOC(x)
Returns the address of x as an
Integer.
MOD(a, p)
Computes the remainder of the division of a by p.
MODULO(a, p)
Computes the a modulo p.
RANK(a)
Returns the rank of a scalar or array (scalars have rank
0).
SHAPE(a)
Returns the shape of a scalar or array (scalars have shape ‘()’).
SIZE(array[, dim [, kind]])
Returns the extent of array along a specified dimension dim, or the
total number of elements in array if dim is absent. The optional
parameter kind specifies the kind of the return type
Integer(kind).
UBOUND(array [, dim [, kind]])
Returns the upper bounds of an array, or a single upper bound along the
dim dimension if present. The optional parameter kind specifies
the kind of the return type
Integer(kind).
Previous: Fortran Intrinsics,.
set fortran repack-array-slices [on|off]
show fortran repack-array-slices
When taking a slice from an array, a Fortran compiler can choose to either produce an array descriptor that describes the slice in place, or it may repack the slice, copying the elements of the slice into a new region of memory.
When this setting is on, then GDB will also repack array slices in some situations. When this setting is off, then GDB will create array descriptors for slices that reference the original data in place.
GDB will never repack an array slice if the data for the slice is contiguous within the original array.
GDB will always repack string slices if the data for the slice is non-contiguous within the original string as GDB does not support printing non-contiguous strings.
The default for this setting is
off.
Next: Rust,: Modula-2, Previous: Pascal, Up: Supported Languages [Contents][Index]
GDB supports the Rust Programming Language. Type- and value-printing, and expression parsing, are reasonably complete. However, there are a few peculiarities and holes to be aware of.
extern cratebehaves.
That is, if GDB is stopped at a breakpoint in a function in
crate ‘A’, module ‘B’, then
break B::f will attempt
to set a breakpoint in a function named ‘f’ in a crate named
‘B’.
As a consequence of this approach, linespecs also cannot refer to items using ‘self::’ or ‘super::’.
print ::x::ywill try to find the symbol ‘K::x::y’.
However, since it is useful to be able to refer to other crates when
debugging, GDB provides the
extern extension to
circumvent this. To use the extension, just put
extern before
a path expression to refer to the otherwise unavailable “global”
scope.
In the above example, if you wanted to refer to the symbol ‘y’ in
the crate ‘x’, you would use
print extern x::y.
ifor
match, or lambda expressions.
Droptrait. Objects that may be created by the evaluator will never be destroyed.
crate::f<u32>, where the parser would require
crate::f::<u32>.
Selfis not available.
usestatements are not available, so some names may not be available in the crate.
Next: Ada, Previous: Rust,).
Next: Additions to Ada, Previous: Ada Mode Intro, Up: Ada [Contents][Index]
Here are the notable omissions from the subset:
in) operator.
Characters.Latin_1are not: Overloading support for Ada,)
Floatis used, one means
Long_Float, and two means
Long_Long_Float.
(gdb) print 16f#41b80000# $1 = 23.0
: Additions to Ada, Up: Ada [Contents][Index].
If, after narrowing, the set of matching definitions still contains more than one definition, GDB will display a menu to query which one it should use, for instance:
(gdb) print f(1) Multiple matches for f [0] cancel [1] foo.f (integer) return boolean at foo.adb:23 [2] foo.f (foo.new_integer) return boolean at foo.adb:28 >
In this case, just select one menu entry either to cancel expression evaluation (type 0 and press RET) or to continue evaluation with a specific instance (type the corresponding number and press RET).
Here are a couple of commands to customize GDB’s behavior in this case:
set ada print-signatures
Control whether parameter types and return types are displayed in overloads
selection menus. It is
on by default.
See Overloading support for Ada.
show ada print-signatures
Show the current setting for displaying parameter types and return types in overloads selection menu. See Overloading support for Ada.
Next: Ada Exceptions, Previous: Overloading support detailed LWP: 0x1fac Parent: 1 ("main_task") Base Priority: 15 State: Runnable
task
This command prints the ID and name of the current task.
(gdb) info tasks ID TID P-ID Pri State Name 1 8077870 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task * 2 807c458 1 15 Runnable some_task (gdb) task [Current task is 2 "some_task"]
task taskno
This command is like the
thread thread-id some_task (gdb) task 1 [Switching to task 1 "main_task"]
task apply [task-id-list | all] [flag]… command
The
task apply command is the Ada tasking analogue of
thread apply (see Threads). It allows you to apply the
named command to one or more tasks. Specify the tasks that you
want affected using a list of task IDs, or specify
all to apply
to all tasks.
The flag arguments control what output to produce and how to
handle errors raised when applying command to a task.
flag must start with a
- directly followed by one letter
in
qcs. If several flags are provided, they must be given
individually, such as
-c -q.
By default, GDB displays some task information before the
output produced by command, and an error raised during the
execution of a command will abort
task apply. The
following flags can be used to fine-tune this behavior:
-c
The flag
-c, which stands for ‘continue’, causes any
errors in command to be displayed, and the execution of
task apply then continues.
-s
The flag
-s, which stands for ‘silent’, causes any errors
or empty output produced by a command to be silently ignored.
That is, the execution continues, but the task information and errors
are not printed.
-q
The flag
-q (‘quiet’) disables printing the task
information.
Flags
-c and
-s cannot be used together.
break locspec task taskno
break locspec task taskno if …
These commands are like the
break … thread …
command (see Thread Stops). See Location Specifications, for
the various forms of locspec. Source Character Set,.
When Ravenscar task-switching is enabled, Ravenscar tasks are announced by GDB as if they were threads:
(gdb) continue [New Ravenscar Thread 0x2b8f0]
Both Ravenscar tasks and the underlying CPU threads will show up in
the output of
info threads:
(gdb) info threads Id Target Id Frame 1 Thread 1 (CPU#0 [running]) simple () at simple.adb:10 2 Thread 2 (CPU#1 [running]) 0x0000000000003d34 in __gnat_initialize_cpu_devices () 3 Thread 3 (CPU#2 [running]) 0x0000000000003d28 in __gnat_initialize_cpu_devices () 4 Thread 4 (CPU#3 [halted ]) 0x000000000000c6ec in system.task_primitives.operations.idle () * 5 Ravenscar Thread 0x2b8f0 simple () at simple.adb:10 6 Ravenscar Thread 0x2f150 0x000000000000c6ec in system.task_primitives.operations.idle ()
One known limitation of the Ravenscar support in GDB is that
it isn’t currently possible to single-step through the runtime
initialization sequence. If you need to debug this code, you should
use
set ravenscar task-switching off.
Next: Ada Glitches, Previous: Ravenscar Profile, Up: Ada [Contents][Index]
The GNAT compiler supports a number of character sets for source files. See (gnat_ugn)Character Set Control. GDB includes support for this as well.
set ada source-charset charset
Set the source character set for Ada. The character set must be
supported by GNAT. Because this setting affects the decoding of
symbols coming from the debug information in your program, the setting
should be set as early as possible. The default is
ISO-8859-1,
because that is also GNAT’s default.
show ada source-charset
Show the current source character set for Ada.
Previous: Ada Source Character Set, happen | http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 15,359 | 54.63 |
drab v0.10.1 Drab.Live View Source
Drab Module to provide a live access and update of assigns of the template, which is currently rendered and displayed in the browser.
The idea is to reuse your Phoenix templates and let them live, to make a possibility to update
assigns on the living page, from the Elixir, without re-rendering the whole html. But because
Drab tries to update the smallest amount of the html, there are some limitations, for example,
it when updating the nested block it does not know the local variables used before. Please check
out
Drab.Live.EExEngine for more detailed description.
Use
peek/2 to get the assign value, and
poke/2 to modify it directly in the DOM tree.
Drab.Live uses the modified EEx Engine (
Drab.Live.EExEngine) to compile the template and
indicate where assigns were rendered. To enable it, rename the template you want to go live
from extension
.eex to
.drab. Then, add Drab Engine to the template engines in
config.exs:
config :phoenix, :template_engines, drab: Drab.Live.Engine
Performance
Drab.Live re-renders the page at the backend and pushes only the changed parts to the fronted.
Thus it is not advised to use it in the big, slow rendering pages. In this case it is better
to split the page to the partials and
poke in the partial only, or use light update with
Drab.Element or
Drab.Query.
Also, it is not advised to use
Drab.Live with big assigns - they must be transferred from the
client when connected.
Avoiding using Drab
If there is no need to use Drab with some expression, you may mark it with
nodrab/1 function.
Such expressions will be treated as a “normal” Phoenix expressions and will not be updatable
by
poke/2.
<p>Chapter <%= nodrab(@chapter_no) %>.</p>
Since Elixir 1.6, you may use the special marker “/“, which does exactly the same as
nodrab:
<p>Chapter <%/ @chapter_no %>.</p>
The
@conn case
The
@conn assign is often used in Phoenix templates. Drab considers it read-only, you can not
update it with
poke/2. And, because it is often quite hudge, may significantly increase
the number of data sent to and back from the browser. This is why by default Drab trims
@conn,
leaving only the essential fields, by default
:private => :phoenix_endpoint.
This behaviour is configuable with
:live_conn_pass_through. For example, if you want to preseve
the specific assigns in the conn struct, mark them as true in the config:
config :drab, MyAppWeb.Endpoint, live_conn_pass_through: %{ assigns: %{ users: true }, private: %{ phoenix_endpoint: true } }
Shared Commanders
When the event is triggered inside the Shared Commander, defined with
drab-commander attribute,
all the updates will be done only withing this region. For example:
<div drab- <div><%= @assign1 %></div> <button drab-Shared 1</button> </div> <div drab- <div><%= @assign1 %></div> <button drab-Shared 2</button> </div> defhandler button_clicked(socket, sender) do poke socket, assign1: "changed" end
This will update only the div with
@assign1 in the same
<div drab-commander> as the button.
Please notice it works also for
peek - it will return the proper value, depends where the event
is triggered.
Caching
Browser communication is the time consuming operation and depends on the network latency. Because
of this, Drab caches the values of assigns in the current event handler process, so they don’t
have to be re-read from the browser on every
poke or
peek operation. The cache is per
process and lasts only during the lifetime of the event handler.
This, event handler process keeps all the assigns value until it ends. Please notice that
the other process may update the assigns on the page in the same time, by using broadcasting
functions, when your event handler is still running. If you want to re-read the assigns cache,
run
clean_cache/0.
Partials
Function
poke/2 and
peek/2 works on the default template - the one rendered with
the Controller. In case there are some child templates, rendered inside the main one, you need
to specify the template name as a second argument of
poke/3 and
peek/3 functions.
In case the template is not under the current (main) view, use
poke/4 and
peek/4 to specify
the external view name.
Assigns are archored within their partials. Manipulation of the assign outside the template it
lives will raise
ArgumentError. Partials are not hierachical, eg. modifying the assign
in the main partial will not update assigns in the child partials, even if they exist there.
Rendering partial templates in a runtime
There is a possibility add the partial to the DOM tree in a runtime, using
render_to_string/2
helper:
poke socket, live_partial1: render_to_string("partial1.html", color: "#aaaabb")
But remember that assigns are assigned to the partials, so after adding it to the page, manipulation must be done within the added partial:
poke socket, "partial1.html", color: "red"
Limitions
Because Drab must interpret the template, inject it’s ID etc, it assumes that the template HTML
is valid. There are also some limits for defining properties. See
Drab.Live.EExEngine for
a full description.
Update Behaviours
There are different behaviours of
Drab.Live, depends on where the expression with the updated
assign lives. For example, if the expression defines tag attribute, like
<span class="<%= @class %>">, we don’t want to re-render the whole tag, as it might override
changes you made with other Drab module, or even with Javascript. Because of this, Drab finds
the tag and updates only the required attributes.
Plain Text
If the expression in the template is given in any tag body, Drab will try to find the sourrounding
tag and mark it with the attribute called
drab-ampere. The attribute value is a hash of the
previous buffer and the expression itself.
Consider the template, with assign
@chapter_no with initial value of
1 (given in render
function in the controller, as usual):
<p>Chapter <%= @chapter_no %>.</p>
which renders to:
<p drab-Chapter 1.</p>
This
drab-ampere attribute is injected automatically by
Drab.Live.EExEngine. Updating the
@chapter_no assign in the Drab Commander, by using
poke/2:
chapter = peek(socket, :chapter_no) # get the current value of `@chapter_no` poke(socket, chapter_no: chapter + 1) # push the new value to the browser
will change the
innerHTML of the
<p drab- to “Chapter 2.” by executing
the following JS on the browser:
document.querySelector('[drab-ampere=someid]').innerHTML = "Chapter 2."
This is possible because during the compile phase, Drab stores the
drab-ampere and
the corresponding pattern in the cache DETS file (located in
priv/).
Injecting
<span>
In case, when Drab can’t find the parent tag, it injects
<span> in the generated html. For
example, template like:
Chapter <%= @chapter_no %>.
renders to:
Chapter <span drab-1</span>.
Attributes
When the expression is defining the attribute of the tag, the behaviour if different. Let’s
assume there is a template with following html, rendered in the Controller with value of
@button set to string
"btn-danger".
<button class="btn <%= @button %>">
It renders to:
<button drab-
Again, you can see injected
drab-ampere attribute. This allows Drab to indicate where
to update the attribute. Pushing the changes to the browser with:
poke socket, button: "btn btn-info"
will result with updated
class attribute on the given tag. It is acomplished by running
node.setAttribute("class", "btn btn-info") on the browser.
Notice that the pattern where your expression lives is preserved: you may update only the partials of the attribute value string.
Updating
value attribute for
<input> and
<textarea>
There is a special case for
<input> and
<textarea>: when poking attribute of
value, Drab
updates the corresponding
value property as well.
Properties
Nowadays we deal more with node properties than attributes. This is why
Drab.Live introduces
the special syntax. When using the
@ sign at the beginning of the attribute name, it will
be treated as a property.
<button @hidden=<%= @hidden %>>
Updating
@hidden in the Drab Commander with
poke/2 will change the value of the
hidden
property (without dollar sign!), by sending the update javascript:
node['hidden'] = false.
You may also dig deeper into the Node properties, using dot - like in JavaScript - to bind
the expression with the specific property. The good example is to set up
.style:
<button @style.backgroundColor=<%= @color %>>
Additionally, Drab sets up all the properties defined that way when the page loads. Thanks to this, you don’t have to worry about the initial value.
Notice that
@property=<%= expression %> is the only available syntax, you can not use
string pattern or give more than one expression. Property must be stronly bind to the expression.
You also can’t use quotes or apostrophes sourrounding the expressio. This is because it does
not have to be a string, but any JSON encodable value.
The expression binded with the property must be encodable to JSON, so, for example, tuples
are not allowed here. Please refer to
Jason docs for more information about encoding JS.
Scripts
When the assign we want to change is inside the
<script></script> tag, Drab will re-evaluate
the whole script after assigment change. Let’s say you don’t want to use
@property=<%=expression%> syntax to define the object property. You may want to render
the javascript:
<script> document.querySelectorAll("button").hidden = <%= @buttons_state %> </script>
If you render the template in the Controller with
@button_state set to
false, the initial html
will look like:
<script drab- document.querySelectorAll("button").hidden = false </script>
Again, Drab injects some ID to know where to find its victim. After you
poke/2 the new value
of
@button_state, Drab will re-render the whole script with a new value and will send
a request to re-evaluate the script. Browser will run something like:
eval("document.querySelectorAll("button").hidden = true").
Please notice this behaviour is disabled by default for safety. To enable it, use the following
in your
config.exs:
config :drab, enable_live_scripts: true
Broadcasting
There is a function
broadcast_poke to broadcast living assigns to more than one browser.
- It should be used with caution *.
When you are broadcasting, you must be aware that the template is re-rendered only once for the client which triggered the action, not for all the browsers.
For broadcasting using a
subject instead of
socket (like
same_action/1), Drab is unable
to automatically retrieve view and template name, as well as existing assigns values. This,
the only acceptable version is
broadcast_poke/4 with
:using_assigns option.
iex> broadcast_poke same_action(MyApp.PageController, :mini), MyApp.PageView, "index.html", text: "changed text", using_assigns: [color: "red"]
Link to this section Summary
Functions
Returns a list of the assigns for the main partial
Like
broadcast_poke/2, but limited only to the given partial name
Like
broadcast_poke/3, but searches for the partial within the given view
Cleans up the assigns cache for the current event handler process
Returns the current value of the assign from the current (main) partial
Updates the current page in the browser with the new assign value
Link to this section Types
result() :: Phoenix.Socket.t() | Drab.Core.result() | integer() | no_return()
Link to this section Functions
assigns(Phoenix.Socket.t()) :: list()
Returns a list of the assigns for the main partial.
Examples:
iex> Drab.Live.assigns(socket) [:welcome_text]
assigns(Phoenix.Socket.t(), String.t() | nil) :: list()
Like
assigns/1 but will return the assigns for a given
partial instead of the main partial.
Examples:
iex> assigns(socket, "user.html") [:name, :age, :email]
assigns(Phoenix.Socket.t(), atom() | nil, String.t() | nil) :: list()
Like
assigns/2, but returns the assigns for a given combination of a
view and a
partial.
iex> assigns(socket, MyApp.UserView, "user.html") [:name, :age, :email]
broadcast_poke(Drab.Core.subject(), Keyword.t()) :: result() | no_return()
Broadcasting version of
poke/2.
Please notice that broadcasting living assigns makes sense only for the pages, which was rendered with the same templates.
Broadcasting the poke is a non-trivial operation, and you must be aware that the local
assign cache of the handler process is not updated on any of the browsers. This mean that
peek/2 may return obsolete values.
Also, be aware that the page is re-rendered only once, within the environment from the browser
which triggered the action, and the result of this is sent to all the clients. So it makes sence
only when you have the same environment eveywhere (no
client_id in assigns, etc). In the other
case, use other broadcasting functions from the other modules, like
Drab.Element.
Returns
{:ok, :broadcasted}.
iex> broadcast_poke(socket, count: 42) %Phoenix.Socket{ ...
broadcast_poke(Drab.Core.subject(), String.t() | nil, Keyword.t()) :: result() | no_return()
Like
broadcast_poke/2, but limited only to the given partial name.
iex> broadcast_poke(socket, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") {:ok, :broadcasted}
Like
broadcast_poke/3, but searches for the partial within the given view.
iex> broadcast_poke(socket, MyApp.UserView, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") {:ok, :broadcasted}
This function allow to use
subject instead of
socket to broadcast living assigns without
having a
socket. In this case, you need to provide all other assigns to the function,
with
:using_assigns option.
iex> broadcast_poke same_action(MyApp.PageController, :mini), MyApp.PageView, "index.html", text: "changed text", using_assigns: [color: "red"] {:ok, :broadcasted}
Hint: if you have functions using
@conn assign, you may fake it with
%Plug.Conn{private: %{:phoenix_endpoint => MyAppWeb.Endpoint}}
Cleans up the assigns cache for the current event handler process.
Should be used when you want to re-read the assigns from the browser, for example when the other process could update the living assigns in the same time as current event handler runs.
peek!(Phoenix.Socket.t(), atom()) :: term() | no_return()
Exception raising version of
peek/2.
Returns the current value of the assign from the current (main) partial.
iex> peek!(socket, :count) 42 iex> peek!(socket, :nonexistent) ** (ArgumentError) Assign @nonexistent not found in Drab EEx template
peek!(Phoenix.Socket.t(), String.t(), atom()) :: term() | no_return()
Exception raising version of
peek/3.
iex> peek!(socket, "users.html", :count) 42
Exception raising version of
peek/4.
iex> peek(socket, MyApp.UserView, "users.html", :count) 42
peek(Phoenix.Socket.t(), atom()) :: result() | no_return()
Returns the current value of the assign from the current (main) partial.
iex> peek(socket, :count) {ok, 42} iex> peek(socket, :nonexistent) ** (ArgumentError) Assign @nonexistent not found in Drab EEx template
Notice that this is a value of the assign, and not the value of any node property or attribute.
Assign gets its value only while rendering the page or via
poke. After changing the value
of node attribute or property on the client side, the assign value will remain the same.
peek(Phoenix.Socket.t(), String.t(), atom()) :: result() | no_return()
Like
peek/2, but takes partial name and returns assign from that specified partial.
Partial is taken from the current view.
iex> peek(socket, "users.html", :count) {:ok, 42}
Like
peek/2, but takes a view and a partial name and returns assign from that specified
view/partial.
iex> peek(socket, MyApp.UserView, "users.html", :count) {:ok, 42}
poke!(Phoenix.Socket.t(), Keyword.t()) :: integer() | no_return()
Exception raising version of
poke/2.
Returns integer, which is the number of updates on the page. It combines all the operations, so updating properties, attributes, text, etc.
iex> poke!(socket, count: 42) 3
poke!(Phoenix.Socket.t(), String.t() | nil, Keyword.t()) :: integer() | no_return()
Exception raising version of
poke/3.
Returns integer, which is the number of updates on the page. It combines all the operations, so updating properties, attributes, text, etc.
iex> poke!(socket, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") 0
Exception raising version of
poke/4.
Returns integer, which is the number of updates on the page. It combines all the operations, so updating properties, attributes, text, etc.
iex> poke!(socket, MyApp.UserView, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") 0
poke(Phoenix.Socket.t(), Keyword.t()) :: result()
Updates the current page in the browser with the new assign value.
Works inside the main partial - the one rendered in the controller - only. Does not touch children partials, even if they contain the given assign.
Raises
ArgumentError when assign is not found within the partial. Please notice that only
assigns rendered with
<%= %> mark are pokeable; assigns rendered with
<% %> or
<%/ %>
only can’t be updated by
poke.
Returns
{:error, description} or
{:ok, N}, where N is the number of updates on the page. It
combines all the operations, so updating properties, attributes, text, etc.
iex> poke(socket, count: 42) {:ok, 3}
Passed values could be any JSON serializable term, or Phoenix safe html. It is recommended to use safe html, when dealing with values which are coming from the outside world, like user inputs.
import Phoenix.HTML # for sigil_E username = sender.params["username"] html = ~E"User: <%= username %>" poke socket, username: html
poke(Phoenix.Socket.t(), String.t() | nil, Keyword.t()) :: result()
Like
poke/2, but limited only to the given partial name.
iex> poke(socket, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") {:ok, 3}
poke(Phoenix.Socket.t(), atom() | nil, String.t() | nil, Keyword.t()) :: result()
Like
poke/3, but searches for the partial within the given view.
iex> poke(socket, MyApp.UserView, "user.html", name: "Bożywój") {:ok, 3} | https://hexdocs.pm/drab/Drab.Live.html | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 2,841 | 66.13 |
Timeline
01/07/13:
-]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Fixed typo in 1.5 release notes; thanks Jonas Obrist.
- 21:12 Ticket #19565 (FloatField object returns string when it's value is set from string) closed by
- invalid: This is much like #12401, only for a different type of field. When a …
- 19:31 Ticket #19575 (1.5rc breaks custom querysets (at least in my case)) closed by
- invalid
- 18:14 Ticket #19574 (Tutorial query date should be updated) closed by
- duplicate: Thanks, this has already been reported in #19555.
- 17:08 Ticket #19575 (1.5rc breaks custom querysets (at least in my case)) created by
- A custom queryset that was working through 1.5b2 breaks under rc1. I …
- 16:34 Ticket #19574 (Tutorial query date should be updated) created by
- The tutorial includes the following: # Get the poll whose year is …
- 15:22 Ticket #19573 (It is not possible to overwrite field label in AuthenticationForm) created by
- If I inherit "django.contrib.auth.forms.AuthenticationForm" and …
- 14:02 Changeset [01222991]stable/1.5.x by
- [1.5.x] Created special PostgreSQL text indexes when unique is True …
- 10:54 Changeset [c698c55]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Created special PostgreSQL text indexes when unique is True Refs #19441.
- 07:08 Ticket #19073 (strange behaviour of select_related) closed by
- worksforme: We are not going to fix this in 1.4. Our backporting policy is such …
- 04:30 Ticket #19572 (Unused argument in staticfiles.views.serve) created by
- The view 'django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve' has the optional …
01/06/13:
- 16:00 Changeset [7ca9b716]stable/1.5.x by
- [1.5.x] Fixed #19571 -- Updated runserver output in the tutorial …
- 15:59 Ticket #19571 (Django 1.5 Tutorial Need to update Version on First page) closed by
- fixed: In a890469d3bffe267aed0260fd267e44e53b14c5e: […]
- 15:59 Changeset [a890469d]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Fixed #19571 -- Updated runserver output in the tutorial
- 15:47 Ticket #19571 (Django 1.5 Tutorial Need to update Version on First page) closed by
- invalid: If it says 1.4, that does mean that the Django version you are running …
- 15:18 Ticket #19571 (Django 1.5 Tutorial Need to update Version on First page) created by
- …
- 11:26 Tickets #15959,17271,17712 batch updated by
- fixed: In 69a46c5ca7d4e6819096af88cd8d51174efd46df: […]
- 11:18 Changeset [69a46c5c]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Tests for various emptyqs tickets The tickets are either about …
- 11:18 Changeset [a2396a4]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Fixed #19173 -- Made EmptyQuerySet a marker class only The guarantee …
- 04:56 Ticket #19570 (call_command option kwargs differ from command line options) created by
- when used with call_command, certain management commands use keywords …
- 02:54 Ticket #19569 (Add "widgets" argument to function's modelformset_factory inputs) created by
- Function modelformset_factory doesn't have widgets=None in it's input …
01/05/13:
- 11:20 Ticket #14040 (Python syntax errors in module loading propagate up) closed by
- needsinfo: We would need a real use case to demonstrate the problem.
- 11:04 Ticket #12914 (Use yaml faster C implementation when available) closed by
- fixed: In a843539af2f557e9bdc71b9b5ef66eabe0e39e3c: […]
- 11:04 Changeset [a843539a]15667stable/1.10.xstable/1.6.xstable/1.7.xstable/1.8.xstable/1.9.x by
- Fixed #12914 -- Use yaml faster C implementation when available …
- 07:28 Ticket #19567 (Make javascript i18n view as CBV and more extensible.) closed by
- needsinfo: I'm not sure I see what you're proposing here, or why you're proposing …
- 05:37 Ticket #19568 (2012 is so last year!) closed by
- duplicate: Thanks, but this has already been reported in #19555.
- 05:17 Ticket #19568 (2012 is so last year!) created by
- I was reading through the excellent tutorial for 1.4 (and let me just …
- 04:01 Ticket #19567 (Make javascript i18n view as CBV and more extensible.) created by
- The current view populates a global namespace (see …
- 02:53 Ticket #19566 (update website for retina display) closed by
- wontfix: There's a team working on a rebuild of the Django website at the …
- 02:44 Ticket #15146 (Reverse relations for unsaved objects include objects with NULL foreign key) closed by
- duplicate: Closing this one as a duplicate of #17541. It doesn't really matter …
01/04/13:
-]15667stable/1.10]15667stable/1.10. | https://code.djangoproject.com/timeline?from=2013-01-07T20%3A45%3A26-08%3A00&precision=second | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | refinedweb | 766 | 63.39 |
which works as expected.
Code: Select all
#include <STM32Sleep.h> #include <RTClock.h> RTClock rt(RTCSEL_LSE); ... sleepAndWakeUp(STOP, &rt, iSecondsToSleep);
Unfortunately, I failed to implement "sleep for x milliseconds" myself. I read the forum, searched the web, searched the core files and read the STM32 manual. I tried HardwareTimer just to find out that these don't wake up the STM32 from goToSleep(STOP); of STM32Sleep.h.
I tried to use the IWDG but failed again. Maybe I don't understand how the IWDG works. I thought it's similar to ATMega328p's watchdog. I've tried
but no blinking.
Code: Select all
void loop() { lstate = ! lstate; digitalWrite(LED_PIN, lstate); iwdg_init(IWDG_PRE_256,2000); goToSleep(STOP); // sleep forever }
I don't care about the lack of precision of the IDWG, in case this is the easiest route to solve my problem.
Would be great if someone can point me in the direction.
Thanks & best | http://stm32duino.com/viewtopic.php?f=28&p=35558&sid=088623911b6813d6d6eab6072ada09b4 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 153 | 78.45 |
This is a POC done on Interaction Center Web (ICWeb). This POC explains the configuration steps required to change / replace labels in ICWeb Client. The first challenge is to identify the view which contains these labels. The next step is to check the page preview and confirm if the label which you want to replace is present. In case the preview is not available just open the .htm page and try to search for the label in the code. for changing / hiding labels in one single document.
This relates to CRM 5.0
To change / replace labels in ICWeb Client. The first challenge is to identify the view which contains these labels. The view names are quite self explanatory and one should be able to easily identify them. The next step is to check the page preview and confirm if the label which you want to replace is present. In case the preview is not available just open the .htm page and try to search for the label in the code. This is a little tedious process but I guess there is no shortcut to this.
Create a new BSP application in the customer namespace and assign it to a customer package, if you want to transport your developments.
Creating a new package:
1. Access the object navigator (transaction SE80).
2. Select Package from the dropdown box.
3. Enter Package = Z_CONS_COOK in the input field and choose Enter. Enter Short Description = Package for BSP App.
4. Click on Create Button.
Creating a new BSP application:
1. In the object navigator (transaction SE80), right click on the package you created above and
choose Create --> BSP Library-->BSP Application.
2. Enter BSP Application Z_CRM_IC and a Short Description, such as BSP Application for POC.
Working with Views:
1. Access the IC WebClient workbench (transaction BSP_WD_WORKBENCH).
2. Enter application CRM_IC and leave the Runtime Profile blank. Click on the Execute Button.
3. Open the Views node.
4. Select and right-click on view BuPaCreate.
5. Choose Copy.
6. Enter Target BSP Application Z_CRM_IC. This copies the view and all dependant objects, including controllers.
7. Enter transaction SE80. Choose BSP Application.
8. Enter Z_CRM_IC and double click it.
9. Expand Z_CRM_ICViews BuPaCreate.htm
10. Right click on Z_Cons_IM->BSP Library->BSP Applications-> Z_CRM_IC and click on Activate Button.
Now we shall remove code which is responsible for showing the version label and the changing of the label text.
2. Enter application z_CRM_IC and leave the Runtime Profile blank. Click
on the Execute Button.
4. Double click on view BuPaCreate.
5. ON the right side of the screen choose View Layout-> BuPaCreate.htm
6. Double click on BuPaCreate.htm.
Click on link to see the figure
7. Click on Change mode button and in the Layout tab and delete the line mentioned below or Comment it out: Delete the line as mentioned in the figure
8. For Changing the label text append the following line.
Append the line as mentioned in the figure.
9. When you activate your new objects, from the IC WebClient workbench or transaction SE80, you will encounter a syntax error that one or several include files are not available in the BSP application, Z_CRM_IC. This occurs because the relative location of the view was changed by the copying process. To fix this, change the view layout as shown in the figure below:
Change the relative location as shown in the figure
10. Save the changes. Click on the Change mode button.
11. Click on the Activate Button and ensure that the view is activated.
This is a very important step.
Customize IC WebClient Profile
1. Go to SAP CRM using the transaction SPRO.
2. Go to Customer Relationship ManagementInteraction Center WebclientCustomer-Specific ModificationsDefine IC WebClient Runtime Framework Profiles
3. Copy the Default Profile to a new profile called Z_CookBook.
Refer the figure
4. Select your new profile and choose Controller Substitutes. Enter a new entry for the replacement of the BuPaCreate.
Refer the figure
5. Create an IC WebClient profile by copying the default profile DEFAULT to Z_COOKBOOK as follows:
a. Choose IMG activity Customer Relationship Management → Interaction Center WebClient →Define IC WebClient Profiles.
b. Enter Z_COOKBOOK for the framework profile name.
c. Save your entries.
6. Assign the IC WebClient profile to your user’s or business partner’s position in organizational management.
7. Restart the IC WebClient (application CRM_IC).
8. Click on Identify Account->Click on Create Button.
Result
The version label is hidden and the label phone is changed as shown in the figure.
Click to see the result.
Interaction Center Consultant’s Cookbook. | http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Changing_Label_in_ICWeb | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 766 | 69.48 |
Just about every single company these days uses some sort of chat application for team-based communications. And it's not just our workplaces. Conferences, organizations, colleges, schools - you name it, and I'm willing to bet they are using something to keep in touch. There are a few major players in the world of communications apps, but most of them aren't free or open source. But that doesn't mean you're stuck paying licensing fees for your organization. There are a handful of really nice alternatives out there that are both free and open source if you're willing to install it yourself and maintain the installation (it's not hard - trust me). So that means for the price of a VM, some storage and bandwidth you can get a team chat solution online quickly and easily. And if you've read any of my other blog posts recently then you'll know what I'm about to tell you. That's right, with the Oracle Cloud "always free" tier you can get up and running for absolutely nothing. Zero dollars.
Today we're going to look at one of the major players in the free, open source, team-based communication and collaboration market: Rocket.Chat. We're going to do the following (but feel free to skip ahead if you know how to create a VM already):
If you're new to Oracle Cloud, you'll have to first sign up for a completely free account. You'll need to have a credit card on file, but you'll absolutely never be charged if you stick to the "always free" services. Once you've signed up for your free account, log in and head to the Oracle Cloud dashboard. It looks like this:
Let's create a VM. Click on 'Create a VM instance':
Give your instance a name and optionally change the image source. The instructions below will be for the default OS which is Oracle Linux, so it's probably best to stick with the default.
If necessary, click 'Show Shape, Network, Storage Options' and make sure the Availability Domain and Instance Type are both 'Always Free Eligible'.
Same thing goes for the instance shape - choose the 'Always Free Eligible' option.
Make sure to check 'Assign a public IP address' otherwise you will not be able to access the VM via the web!
Next, choose a public key file that has an associated private key that can be used to access this VM after it is created.
Click on 'Create' and you'll be directed to the instance details page and the VM will be in a 'Provisioning' state:
After a short wait the instance will become 'Available'. Copy the public IP address that has been assigned to the VM. We'll need this as we move on in this tutorial.
Your VM is now ready to go. You can now SSH in to the machine using the private key associated with the public key you uploaded when you created the VM.
We'll need to take care of a few items before we can start the Rocket.Chat install. If you skip this step your install will certainly fail.
The first thing we'll need to do is associate our VM's public IP address with a domain name. Rocket.Chat will give us free SSL out of the box by creating a reverse proxy with Caddy which makes use of Let’s Encrypt to automatically provide you SSL protection for your communications. In my case, I'm going to use the URL
chat.toddrsharp.com, so I'll add an A record with my DNS host to point at my VM's IP address:
Follow the directions of your particular hosting provider to point a domain (or subdomain) at your VMs IP address and you're ready to SSH in to the VM and continue the process.
We'll need to open some ports in our firewall and security list to expose the Rocket.Chat application to the web, so let's start by add some ingress rules to our VM security list in the Oracle Cloud dashboard. From the VM details page, click on the subnet:
On the subnet details page, click on 'Security Lists'.
Click on the default security list to edit the rules.
Click 'Add Ingress Rule' and enter a rule to open ports
80,443 to the 'Source CIDR'
0.0.0.0/0 (all IP addresses):
Ø
At this point we've got a VM up and running with a security list that allows ports 80 and 443. Let's SSH in to the VM and handle a few quick tasks before we start the install process. The first task will be to make sure everything is up to date with a
sudo yum update -y. Next, make sure the VM firewall has an opening for the same ports that we created ingress rules for:
We'll be using Snappy to install Rocket.Chat, so let's get that installed first. Enable EPEL with the following:
Now we'll install snap with the following instructions (via):
With the EPEL repository added to your installation, simply install the snapd package:
sudo yum install snapd.
The install process is really easy. If you need to refer to the official install instructions you can refer to them here, but to start the install you just need to run:
sudo snap install rocketchat-server
And just wait a few minutes for the install to complete.
Because everyone loves TLS, we'll take the next step and configure our Rocket.Chat install to use HTTPS for communications by using the Caddy integration. Again, the official documentation can be referred to if you get stuck, but here is what it takes (assuming you've opened the necessary firewall ports, created ingress rules and have a proper domain pointed at your VM IP):
The official docs would have your run a different command at this point, but I found that it failed on Oracle Linux, so if you did not receive any errors run the following to complete the configuration:
If the init ran without error, restart the services:
At this point your install should be ready to go at the domain you specified. Visit it in the browser and continue the setup.
In step 4, select 'Keep standalone':
This is certainly optional - you can use the built in user registration for Rocket.Chat if you would like to, but if your team or organization uses Oracle IDCS you can setup Rocket.Chat to use SAML. Follow the steps below (which are almost identical to the official docs) to configure SAML and IDCS.
You'll have to enable SAML in Rocket.Chat to get started.
Note: In this step, we'll enter a few values but leave some other values as their default. We'll come back to those other values later on.
Log in to Rocket.Chat as an admin and go to the Administration section:
In the SAML settings, enable SAML. Next, enter a Custom Provider which is a simple name for your service, but it will be used in URL paths so avoid spaces. Finally, enter a Custom Issuer URL which follows the format
https://[your domain]/_saml/metadata/[custom provider]. Save these changes.
Next, open the exact URL that you used for the Custom Issuer in a new tab. We'll need some of the values from this XML file in the next step.
Let's head over to IDCS to add our application. If you're not sure how to get there, in the Oracle Cloud console, click on your user icon in the top right and select 'Service User Console':
Next, search the list of services for 'id' and once you find the Oracle Identity Cloud Service select 'Admin Console'.
From the IDCS console, click on the 'Add Application' icon:
Choose 'SAML Application'.
In your new application, give it a name and use the Custom Issuer as the Application URL/Relay State:
Click 'Next' to get to the SSO Configuration state. We're going to now look at the XML available at the Custom Issuer URL to grab the values for this section:
The entity ID is again the link to the Custom Issuer from earlier, and the Assertion Consumer URL, Single Logout URL and Logout Response URL can all be obtained from viewing the XML from the Custom Issuer (as shown in the image above).
Before you click 'Finish', download the Identity Provider Metadata by clicking the button:
We'll use this XML file in the next step.
Open the SAML settings back up. We're ready to populate the Custom Entry Point and IDP SLO Redirect URL:
Let's look at the identity provider metadata XML file that we just downloaded to grab the last two URL values and update the settings. Find the node labeled
md:SingleLogoutService (highlighted yellow below) and grab the "Location" attribute and use it for the IDP SLO Redirect URL. Next, grab the "Location" attribute from the
md:SingleSignOnService (highlighted green) and use that for the Custom Entry Point.
Note: There may be multiple nodes that match these, so make sure your grab URLs that contain
/idp/sso and
/idp/slo and not
/sp/sso and
/sp/slo in them.
Scroll down a bit and customize the SAML button:
You're now ready to add users to your IDCS application.
And assign them to the application.
And use them to log in to Rocket.Chat:
Upon first login, you'll be asked to register a username for Rocket.Chat.
The always free includes 10GB of Object Storage. Rocket.Chat can utilize the OCI S3 compatible API to store uploads in your Oracle Cloud Object Storage buckets. Let's create a user for Object Storage, create a S3 compatible token.
Create a user:
Click 'Customer Secret Keys' and then 'Generate Secret Key'.
Enter a description for the key.
Copy the generated secret key (it won't be shown again):
Then copy the corresponding access key:
Click 'Create Bucket'.
Enter a bucket name.
When your bucket is created, grab the 'namespace' from the bucket details.
Your upload endpoint will use the following format:
https://[namespace].compat.objectstorage.[region].oraclecloud.com
Now head to the Rocket.Chat admin and search for the 'File Upload' settings. Choose 'Amazon S3' as the Storage Type and expand the Amazon S3 section below:
Enter your Access Key, Secret Key, Region, Bucket URL (in the format shown above) and select True for Force Path Style:
Save your settings and you're all set! All user file uploads will be stored and served from your Oracle Cloud Object Storage bucket.
In this post we created an always free VM, installed Rocket.Chat, configured it to use IDCS for authentication and Oracle Cloud Object Storage for uploads. If you'd like to see a demo of Rocket.Chat in action, register for an account and join the following channel:
Chat with you soon!
Photo by John Baker on Unsplash
in the section "Domain Name Record Set", I am struggling to launch the window. How can you launch the window with the title "edit record set"??
how can I launch the window "Edit Record Set" in your section "Domain Name Record Set"??
many thanks,
How can I launch the window "Edit Record Set" in your section "Domain Name Record Set"? | https://blogs.oracle.com/developers/team-chat-for-free-with-rocketchat-on-the-oracle-cloud | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 1,908 | 69.82 |
In this article we will be discussing the working, syntax and examples of tanh() function for a complex number in C++ STL.
tanh() for complex number is a function which comes under <complex> header file. This function is used to find the hyperbolic tangent of a complex number. This is the complex version of the tanh() which is under the <cmath> header file.
Tanh is the hyperbolic tangent function. To easily define the function, we can say that the tanh is equal to hyperbolic sine divided by hyperbolic cosine.
complex<T> tanh(complex& num);
The function accepts only one parameter which is num, of complex type.
It returns hyperbolic of tangent num.
Input: complex <double> num(0.0, 1.0); tanh(num); Output: (0, 1.55741) Input: complex <double> num(1.0, 0.0); tanh(num); Output: (0.761594, 0)
By this approach we can find out the hyperbolic tangent of complex Number.
C++ code to demonstrate the working of tanh( ) function
#include<iostream.h> #include<complex.h> #include<cmath.h> using namespace std; int main( ) { / / defining complex number Complex<double> x(1,0); Cout<< “ tanh “<<x<<” =” << tanh(x)<<endl; return 0; }
If we run the above code it will generate the following output −
tanh(1.000000,0.000000) = (0.761594, 0.000000) tanh(0.000000,1.000000) = (0.000000, 1.557408) | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tanh-function-for-complex-number-in-cplusplus | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 222 | 67.25 |
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