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Solution for
Programming Exercise 5.5
THIS PAGE DISCUSSES ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION to the following exercise from this on-line Java textbook.
Exercise 5.5 Write a program that let's the user play Blackjack. The game will be a simplified version of Blackjack as it is played in a casino. The computer will act as the dealer. As in the previous exercise, your program will need the classes defined in Card.java, Deck.java, Hand.java, and BlackjackHand.
Discussion
Let's start by designing the main program. We want to give the user $100 for betting on the games. Then, the user plays Blackjack games until the user runs out of money or until the user wants to quit. We could ask the user after each game whether she wants to continue. But instead of this, I just tell the user to enter a bet amount of 0 if she wants to quit. We need variables to represent the amount of money that the user has and the amount that the user bets on a given game. Let money and bet be variables of type int to represent these quantities. Then, we can write an algorithm for the main program:Let money = 100 while (true): Input the user's bet if the bet is 0: Break out of the loop User plays a game of Blackjack if the user won the game Pay off the user's bet (money = money + bet) else Collect the user's bet (money = money - bet) If the user is out of money: Break out of the loop.
Since the Blackjack game will take place in a subroutine, we need some way for the main() routine to find out whether the user won. The exercise says that the subroutine should be a function that returns a boolean value with this information. We should record the return value and test it to see whether the user won. The other point that needs some refinement is inputting the user's bet. We better make sure that the user's bet is a reasonable amount, that is, something between 0 and the amount of money the user has. So, the algorithm can be refined.Let money = 100 while (true): do { Ask the user to enter a bet Let bet = the user's response } while bet is < 0 or > money if bet is 0: Break out of the loop Let userWins = playBlackjack() if userWins: Pay off the user's bet (money = money + bet) else Collect the user's bet (money = money - bet) If money == 0: Break out of the loop.
This algorithm can be translated into the main() routine in the program given below.
Of course, the major part of the problem is to write the playBlackjack() routine. Fortunately, the exercise gives what amounts to a fairly detailed outline of the algorithm. Things are a little complicated because the game can end at various points along the way. When this happens, the subroutine ends immediately, and any remaining steps in the algorithm are skipped. In outline, the game goes like this:
Create and shuffle a deck of cards Create two BlackjackHands, userHand and dealerHand Deal two cards into each hand Check if dealer has blackjack (if so, game ends) Check if user has blackjack (if so, game ends) User draws cards (if user goes over 21, game ends) Dealer draws cards Check for winner
The last three steps need to be expanded, again using the information stated in the exercise. The user can draw several cards, so we need a loop. The loop ends when the user wants to "stand". In the loop, if the value of userHand goes over 21, then the whole subroutine ends. The dealer simply draws cards in a loop as long as the value of dealerHand is 16 or less. Again, if the value goes over 21, the whole subroutine ends. In the last step, we determine the winner by comparing the values of the two hands. With these refinements, the algorithm becomesCreate and shuffle a deck of cards Create two BlackjackHands, userHand and dealerHand Deal two cards into each hand if dealer has blackjack User loses and the game ends now If user has blackjack User wins and the game ends now Repeat: Ask whether user wants to hit or stand if user stands: break out of loop if user hits: Give user a card if userHand.getBlackjackValue() > 21: User loses and the game ends now while dealerHand.getBlackJackValue() <= 16 : Give dealer a card if dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() > 21: User wins and game ends now if dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() >= userHand.getBlackjackValue() User loses else User wins
This is ready to be translated into Java. One point of coding is the question of how to deal a card to the user or to the dealer. If deck refers to the object of type Deck, then the function call deck.dealCard() returns the card we want. We can add the card to a hand with the addCard() instance method from the Hand class. We can do this in one step, if we want. For example, to deal two cards into each hand, we just have to saydealerHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); dealerHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); userHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); userHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() );
Of course, a lot of output statements have to be added to the algorithm to keep the user informed about what is going on. For example, I expanded the step where it says "Ask whether user wants to hit or stand" toDisplay all the cards in the user's hand Display the user's total Display the dealers face-up card, i.e. dealerHand.getCard(0) Ask if user wants to hit or stand Get user's response, and make sure it's legal
The last step listed here expands to a loop that ends when the user inputs a valid response, 'H' or 'S'. The first step uses a for loopfor ( int i = 0; i < userHand.getCardCount(); i++ ) TextIO.putln(" " + userHand.getCard(i));
to display the cards in the user's hand. The function call userHand.getCardCount() gives the number of cards in the hand. The cards are numbered from 0 to userHand.getCardCount() - 1, and userHand.getCard(i) is the card in the i-position. Of course, to produce code like this, you have to make sure that you are familiar with the methods in the classes that you are using.
Although there are many other details to get right, it's mostly routine from here one. I encourage you to read the entire program below and make sure that you understand it.
The Solution
/* This program lets the user play Blackjack. The computer acts as the dealer. The user has a stake of $100, and makes a bet on each game. The user can leave at any time, or will be kicked out when he loses all the money. House rules: The dealer hits on a total of 16 or less and stands on a total of 17 or more. Dealer wins ties. A new deck of cards is used for each game. */ public class Blackjack { public static void main(String[] args) { int money; // Amount of money the user has. int bet; // Amount user bets on a game. boolean userWins; // Did the user win the game? TextIO.putln("Welcome to the game of blackjack."); TextIO.putln(); money = 100; // User starts with $100. while (true) { TextIO.putln("You have " + money + " dollars."); do { TextIO.putln("How many dollars do you want to bet? (Enter 0 to end.)"); TextIO.put("? "); bet = TextIO.getlnInt(); if (bet < 0 || bet > money) TextIO.putln("Your answer must be between 0 and " + money + '.'); } while (bet < 0 || bet > money); if (bet == 0) break; userWins = playBlackjack(); if (userWins) money = money + bet; else money = money - bet; TextIO.putln(); if (money == 0) { TextIO.putln("Looks like you've are out of money!"); break; } } TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("You leave with $" + money + '.'); } // end main() static boolean playBlackjack() { // Let the user play one game of Blackjack. // Return true if the user wins, false if the user loses. Deck deck; // A deck of cards. A new deck for each game. BlackjackHand dealerHand; // The dealer's hand. BlackjackHand userHand; // The user's hand. deck = new Deck(); dealerHand = new BlackjackHand(); userHand = new BlackjackHand(); /* Shuffle the deck, then deal two cards to each player. */ deck.shuffle(); dealerHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); dealerHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); userHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); userHand.addCard( deck.dealCard() ); TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln(); /* Check if one of the players has Blackjack (two cards totaling to 21). The player with Blackjack wins the game. Dealer wins ties. */ if (dealer("Dealer has Blackjack. Dealer wins."); return false; } if (user("You have Blackjack. You win."); return true; } /* If neither player has Blackjack, play the game. First the user gets a chance to draw cards (i.e., to "Hit"). The while loop ends when the user chooses to "Stand". If the user goes over 21, the user loses immediately. */ while (true) { /* Display user's cards, and let user decide to Hit or Stand. */ TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("Your cards are:"); for ( int i = 0; i < userHand.getCardCount(); i++ ) TextIO.putln(" " + userHand.getCard(i)); TextIO.putln("Your total is " + userHand.getBlackjackValue()); TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("Dealer is showing the " + dealerHand.getCard(0)); TextIO.putln(); TextIO.put("Hit (H) or Stand (S)? "); char userAction; // User's response, 'H' or 'S'. do { userAction = Character.toUpperCase( TextIO.getlnChar() ); if (userAction != 'H' && userAction != 'S') TextIO.put("Please respond H or S: "); } while (userAction != 'H' && userAction != 'S'); /* If the user Hits, the user gets a card. If the user Stands, the loop ends (and it's the dealer's turn to draw cards). */ if ( userAction == 'S' ) { // Loop ends; user is done taking cards. break; } else { // userAction is 'H'. Give the user a card. // If the user goes over 21, the user loses. Card newCard = deck.dealCard(); userHand.addCard(newCard); TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("User hits."); TextIO.putln("Your card is the " + newCard); TextIO.putln("Your total is now " + userHand.getBlackjackValue()); if (userHand.getBlackjackValue() > 21) { TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("You busted by going over 21. You lose."); TextIO.putln("Dealer's other card was the " + dealerHand.getCard(1)); return false; } } } // end while loop /* If we get to this point, the user has Stood with 21 or less. Now, it's the dealer's chance to draw. Dealer draws cards until the dealer's total is > 16. If dealer goes over 21, the dealer loses. */ TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("User stands."); TextIO.putln("Dealer's cards are"); TextIO.putln(" " + dealerHand.getCard(0)); TextIO.putln(" " + dealerHand.getCard(1)); while (dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() <= 16) { Card newCard = deck.dealCard(); TextIO.putln("Dealer hits and gets the " + newCard); dealerHand.addCard(newCard); if (dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() > 21) { TextIO.putln(); TextIO.putln("Dealer busted by going over 21. You win."); return true; } } TextIO.putln("Dealer's total is " + dealerHand.getBlackjackValue()); /* If we get to this point, both players have 21 or less. We can determine the winner by comparing the values of their hands. */ TextIO.putln(); if (dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() == userHand.getBlackjackValue()) { TextIO.putln("Dealer wins on a tie. You lose."); return false; } else if (dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() > userHand.getBlackjackValue()) { TextIO.putln("Dealer wins, " + dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() + " points to " + userHand.getBlackjackValue() + "."); return false; } else { TextIO.putln("You win, " + userHand.getBlackjackValue() + " points to " + dealerHand.getBlackjackValue() + "."); return true; } } // end playBlackjack() } // end class Blackjack
[ Exercises | Chapter Index | Main Index ] | http://math.hws.edu/eck/cs124/javanotes3/c5/ex-5-5-answer.html | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 1,888 | 67.86 |
Topics: Dynamic Programming & Pairwise Alignment of Sequences
We can apply this approach to an arbitrarily labeled grid (assume the upper corner has coordinates (0,0) and each increases and the coordinates increase as you progress south and east:
The steps we outlined were:
To do this, we will need:
import numpy as np #The number of landmarks going east and south from a location: east = np.array( [[3,2,4,0],[3,2,4,2],[0,7,3,4],[3,3,0,2],[1,3,2,2]] ) south = np.array( [[1,0,2,4,3],[4,6,5,2,1],[4,4,5,2,1],[5,6,8,5,3]] ) size = 5 best = np.zeros( (size,size) ) #Check to make sure this matches figure: print "east:", east print "south:", south
Now, let's fill out first row and column of the grid:
so that the upper corner is 0, and the elements in the first column depend just on the elements above them, and similarly, the elements in the first row depend on those to their left:
best[0,0] = 0 for i in range(1,size): best[0,i] = best[0,i-1] + east[0,i-1] best[i,0] = best[i-1,0] + south[i-1,0] #Check that it works: print best
To fill in the rest of the array, we use the larger of the total seen entering going east and entering going south:
#Fill in the rest of the array: for i in range(1,size): for j in range(1,size): best[i,j] = max(best[i,j-1] + east[i,j-1], best[i-1,j] + south[i-1,j]) #Check that it works: print best
Once we check that the above works, then we can add in the code that "reads off" the path from computatations. The easiest way to do this is to create a second matrix, traceback that keeps track of the direction from which the best path enters each element. To the top of the file, let's add code that creates a 2D array of dimensions (size,size) to hold the traceback. numpy arrays only take numbers, but when figuring out the path, it is easier to think of words "UP" and "LEFT" (then numbers. To make the code easier to read, we will create variables called UP = 1 and LEFT = -1 and use those:
traceback = np.zeros( (size,size) ) UP = 1 LEFT = -1
Now, when we compute the values for best, let's also keep track of where they came:
#Set up first row and first column to gap: best[0,0] = 0 for i in range(1,size): best[0,i] = best[0,i-1] + east[0,i-1] best[i,0] = best[i-1,0] + south[i-1,0] traceback[i,0] = UP traceback[0,i] = LEFT print traceback #Fill in the rest of the array: for i in range(1,size): for j in range(1,size): best[i,j] = max(best[i,j-1] + east[i,j-1], best[i-1,j] + south[i-1,j]) if best[i,j-1] + east[i,j-1] > best[i-1,j] + south[i-1,j]: traceback[i,j] = LEFT else: traceback[i,j] = UP print traceback
Once we have the traceback, we can use it to create the path. We'll start at the lower left corner (i.e. (i,j) = (size-1,size-1)) and then we write down the value we stored in the traceback for it, go to that point, write down its value, and repeat until we reach the origin:
path = "" i = size-1 j = size-1 while i > 0 or j > 0: if traceback[i,j] == UP: path = "south " + path i = i - 1 else: path = "east " + path j = j -1 print path
Check to make sure that your path is correct before continuing to sequence alignment.
The same underlying idea works for aligning sequences. Below, we will implement Needleman-Wunsch's algorithm for global alignment of sequences (a complete version of this program is in globalAlign.py.
import numpy as np #Some test sequences: seq1 = "TATATAGG" seq2 = "TAGAG" size1 = len(seq1)+1 size2 = len(seq2)+1 best = np.zeros( (size1,size2) ) traceback = np.zeros( (size1,size2) ) UP = 1 LEFT = -1 DIAG = 2
For alignment, we need to specify the gap penalty (delta) and the scoring function, (sigma(x,y)):
delta = 1 def sigma(x,y): if x == y: return 1 else: return -1
Now that we have the preliminaries set up, let's fill in the first row and column of the matrices:
#Set up first row and first column to gap: best[0,0] = 0 for i in range(1,size1): best[i,0] = best[i-1,0] - delta traceback[i,0] = UP for i in range(1,size2): best[0,i] = best[0,i-1] - delta traceback[0,i] = LEFT print best print traceback
Before continuing, print out the matrices to make sure they are correct.
Now, as above, we use a nested loop to fill in the remaining entries. In addition to LEFT and UP from the Manhattan Tourist Problem, we also are allowed to travel diagonally (DIAG) which gives one more clause to the definitions:
#Fill in the rest of the array: for i in range(1,size1): for j in range(1,size2): best[i,j] = max(best[i,j-1] - delta, \ best[i-1,j] - delta, \ best[i-1,j-1] + sigma(seq1[i-1],seq2[j-1])) if best[i-1,j-1] + sigma(seq1[i-1],seq2[j-1]) == best[i,j]: traceback[i,j] = DIAG elif best[i-1,j] - delta == best[i,j]: traceback[i,j] = UP else: traceback[i,j] = LEFT print "best: ", best print "traceback: ", traceback
Again, before continuing, print out the matrices to make sure they are correct.
Once we have found the path, we need to read off the alignment. As in the above case, we start in the lower right hand corner and work our way back to (0,0):
path1 = "" path2 = "" i = size1-1 j = size2-1 while i > 0 or j > 0: if traceback[i,j] == UP: path1 = seq1[i-1] + path1 path2 = "-" + path2 i = i - 1 elif traceback[i,j] == LEFT: path1 = "-" + path1 path2 = seq2[j-1] + path2 j = j -1 else: path1 = seq1[i-1] + path1 path2 = seq2[j-1] + path2 i -= 1 j -= 1 print "An alignment is:" print path1 print path2
Experiment with different sequences to verify that the alignment works.
(Image from Paul Reiners, IBM, 2008)
The Smith-Waterman Algorithm for local alignment is very similar to our local alignment code. It has the following changes:
For each lab, you should submit a lab report by the target date to: kstjohn AT amnh DOT org. The reports should be about a page for the first labs and contain the following:
Target Date: 4 May 2016
Title: Lab 13: Sequence Alignment
Name & Email:
Purpose: Give summary of what was done in this lab.
Procedure: Describe step-by-step what you did (include programs or program outlines).
Results: If applicable, show all data collected. Including screen shots is fine (can capture via the Grab program).
Discussion: Give a short explanation and intepretation of your results here. | https://stjohn.github.io/teaching/amnh/lab13.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 1,206 | 52.77 |
Aim: a helper class to process sequences of points. More...
#include <DGtal/geometry/helpers/ContourHelper.h>
Aim: a helper class to process sequences of points.
Description of class 'ContourHelper'
Definition at line 60 of file ContourHelper.h.
Destructor.
Constructor. Forbidden by default (protected to avoid g++ warnings).
Copy constructor.
Compute the barycenter of a set of points.
Checks if a polygonal curve given as a sequence of point is clockwise oriented or not.
Checks the validity/consistency of the object.
Assignment.
Transforms an input contour into an 8 connected contour. The contour is given from two iterators on points. If the input sequence contains some points not 4-connected, they are are ignored but the transformation continues on the next parts of the contour.
Writes/Displays the object on an output stream. | https://dgtal.org/doc/1.0/classDGtal_1_1ContourHelper.html | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 132 | 60.01 |
IRC log of indie-ui on 2012-11-01
Timestamps are in UTC.
08:09:50 [RRSAgent]
RRSAgent has joined #indie-ui
08:09:50 [RRSAgent]
logging to
08:10:09 [richardschwerdtfeger]
meeting: Indie UI Task Force Face to Face
08:10:15 [Zakim]
Zakim has joined #indie-ui
08:10:25 [richardschwerdtfeger]
scribe: Rich
08:10:33 [jkiss]
jkiss has joined #indie-ui
08:11:15 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: I chair PF and the Indie-Ui task force chair
08:11:48 [richardschwerdtfeger]
rich: I work for IBM. I am the ARIA chair and have worked on previous standards on Access For All
08:12:08 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Katie Harieto Shea - I work on 508 and accessibility
08:12:57 [richardschwerdtfeger]
James Craig: I work for Apple and I work on ARIA and I am interested in features needed for ARIA that run outside ARiA 1.0 scope
08:13:08 [richardschwerdtfeger]
david Macdonald: I work on HTML 5 and WCAG
08:13:33 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Lachland Hunt: I work for Opera. I work in the web apps working group
08:13:47 [Lachy]
s/Lachland/Lachlan/
08:14:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
andy heath: I am a consultant and work on the access for all piece and related standards around getting personalization going. I work on ISO standard 24751 targeted at accessible e-learning.
08:15:02 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Salamon Moon: Opera software. I work in the web events and now the new pointer event working group
08:15:11 [sangwhan]
s/Salamon/Sangwhan/
08:16:05 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Hygoin Park: I am a Phd student and I have projects in e-learning and web. I wanted to sit in and am looking to contribute. I am here as a first time observer
08:16:12 [David_MacD_Lenovo]
David_MacD_Lenovo has joined #indie-ui
08:16:15 [sangwhan]
s/Hygoin/Hyojin/
08:16:37 [Judy]
Judy has joined #indie-ui
08:16:38 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Jason Kiss: AC rep for the New Zealand govmnt. I am a member of the HTML working group and I am trying to get a better sense of how things work.
08:17:17 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Gottfried Zimmerman: Mediac University Stutgart and member of GPII
08:17:31 [Gottfried]
s/Mediac/Media
08:17:54 [richardschwerdtfeger]
thanks
08:18:22 [andy]
andy has joined #indie-ui
08:18:28 [richardschwerdtfeger]
call in info: 1617 761 6200 passcode 64343
08:18:40 [sangwhan]
rrsagent, draft minutes
08:18:41 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
sangwhan
08:19:33 [janina]
zakim, who's here?
08:19:33 [Zakim]
sorry, janina, I don't know what conference this is
08:19:34 [Zakim]
On IRC I see andy, Judy, David_MacD_Lenovo, jkiss, Zakim, RRSAgent, gaiaphj, Gottfried, richardschwerdtfeger, Lachy, sangwhan, jcraig, janina, MichaelC, smaug, lisaseeman,
08:19:34 [Zakim]
... trackbot, hober
08:20:04 [janina]
zakim, this will be #indieui
08:20:04 [Zakim]
I do not see a conference matching that name scheduled within the next hour, janina
08:20:15 [janina]
zakim, this will be indi-ui
08:20:15 [Zakim]
I do not see a conference matching that name scheduled within the next hour, janina
08:20:26 [janina]
zakim, this will be 64343
08:20:26 [Zakim]
I do not see a conference matching that name scheduled within the next hour, janina
08:20:30 [sangwhan]
zakim, this is indie-ui
08:20:30 [Zakim]
sorry, sangwhan, I do not see a conference named 'indie-ui' in progress or scheduled at this time
08:23:26 [jcraig]
46343
08:23:33 [jcraig]
(indie)
08:24:28 [Gottfried]
We are now on the phone
08:25:37 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: you can join web events or indie ui working group you can join the task force
08:25:59 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: either one is sufficient
08:26:23 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: We will discuss the eventing model first and then the use cases later in the day
08:26:56 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: if we wait for telecom time we will take a very long time on use cases.
08:27:52 .
08:28:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: this is one of our 2 deliverables
08:28:35 [Ryladog]
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08:28:45 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: This is the most appropriate user experience can be delivered in these situations. Then there is abstract events. This is a major opportunity for authoring.
08:29:11 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: When we are tired of use cases and want to take a break we will look at Mercurial
08:29:39 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Topic: Indie UI Overview
08:30:56 [janina],
call St_Clair_4
08:31:03 [janina]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
08:31:03 [Zakim]
sorry, janina, I don't know what conference this is
08:31:05 [sangwhan]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
08:31:05 [Zakim]
sorry, sangwhan, I don't know what conference this is
08:32:43 [sangwhan]
rrsagent, draft minutes
08:32:43 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
sangwhan
08:32:53 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: I work for Apple and I wrote one of the proposals that is used for this work. Some of the group contributions I was getting in from other members of the group did not make sense. Because there people in the group with varying levels of technical experience I wanted to give this presentation. I also want to just have a level set.
08:33:05 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: to get us all on the same page
08:33:53 [lisaseeman]
I am hanging up on zakim. Let me know if there is anything else I can try
08:34:13 [lisaseeman]
Q+
08:34:19 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: I want to give back ground on aria and how keyboard use only in authoring practices is a stop gap measure due to the scope of ARIA 1.0
08:34:36 [richardschwerdtfeger]
channel is not open
08:34:40 [richardschwerdtfeger]
need to get it
08:34:57 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: So let's go into background
08:35:14 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: ARIa has declarative markup in the DOM
08:35:39 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: overcome author, browser, and language limitations
08:36:09 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: retrofit markup for accessibility without gutting it - sprinkle some sugar on it and it works
08:36:09 [janina]
zakim, this will be WAI_Indie
08:36:09 [Zakim]
ok, janina; I see WAI_Indie()3:00AM scheduled to start 96 minutes ago
08:36:26 [janina]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
08:36:26 [Zakim]
ok, janina; the call is being made
08:36:27 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has now started
08:36:28 [Zakim]
+St_Clair_4
08:36:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: very difficult something like a standard radio button is hard as many parts are native
08:36:52 [sangwhan]
zakim, who's on the phone?
08:36:52 [Zakim]
On the phone I see St_Clair_4
08:37:16 [janina]
rrsagent, make log public
08:37:20 [janina]
rrsagent, make minutes
08:37:20 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
janina
08:37:53 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Declare semantics where host language cannot
08:38:17 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Native control output
08:38:31 [sangwhan]
Chair: Janina
08:38:34 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: output from web app to assistive technology
08:38:35 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
08:38:36 [laurent_flory]
laurent_flory has joined #indie-ui
08:39:00 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: web app updates a value
08:39:20 [richardschwerdtfeger]
zakim, [IPCaller is Lisa
08:39:20 [Zakim]
+Lisa; got it
08:39:38 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: browser notifies the screen reader
08:39:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: native control input
08:40:12 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: user attempts to change slider and the screen reader notifies the user
08:40:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: ARIA Control output
08:40:31 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: web app pdates a value
08:40:53 [Lachy]
s/pdates/updates/
08:40:54 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: browser updates the screen reader and the screen reader tells the user
08:41:15 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: browser doesn't know how to change the value of an ARIA slider
08:41:29 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: web application is never notified
08:41:45 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: this was out of scope for ARIA 1.0
08:42:27 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Standard Event Life Cycle
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08:43:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the way voiceover works in MacOSX 10 you could use the standard slider but we also allow screen reader direct manipulation. There is an interact with slider and so on
08:44:05 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: There is no standard way to do this yet
08:44:20 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Standard Event lifecycle
08:44:30 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: example: submit button
08:45:12 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the click event starts at the leaf level node and cam bubble up the tree as long as an author does not choose to intercept and cancel the event. This is called bubbling.
08:45:28 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jraig: in this case the img bubbles up to the submit button
08:45:39 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: example ARIA button
08:46:24 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: same thing happens. I bubbles up the the element with role-"button" and intercepts the event, does something with it and cancels the event. then that life cycle is over
08:46:54 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: in non-interactive elements they keep passing on up the tree to the body and nothing has responded
08:48:20 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Let's talk about keyboard events
08:50:00
08:50:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: keyboard event aria button - same deal as long as the aria button has focus
08:51:40 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: with event delegation the aria button has keyboard focus but it does nothing with it and it bubbles up
08:52:05 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the event target here would be the aria button even though it bubbles up
08:53:06 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: when I talk about canceling I am talking about stopping propagation.
08:53:37 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: in the case of a link the default action is to move the action to that link
08:54:13 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: if you are on a native button the space bar intercepts that. The space bar can then be propagated up if not stopped by the handler
08:54:29 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Indie UI event life cycles
08:54:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: span inside a span indise a slider inside a body tag
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08:55:19 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the context of this particular node the screen reader knows the user is on a slider.
08:55:29 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the screen reader can generate a value change request
08:56:18 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: in a web application where nothing is know about this event the author did not opt in to do anything in this event.
08:56:47 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: these are value change vs. value changed events as it is a request to make the change
08:57:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the idea is for backward compatibility we don't break anything that exists as the existing apps no nothing about these events
08:58:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
gottfried: What is the difference here when the AT generates the event?
08:58:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: in the case of a native control where <input type="range"> there are cases where the AT can request to adjust the range
08:59:20 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Today, the app would process arrow keys.
08:59:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the other way to do this would be to have direct manipulation of the value or basically setting the value of the slider
09:00:09 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: you might have a pointer to the slider and you might have a decrement or increment value.
09:00:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
gottfired: why can't they just all the api
09:00:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: for native controls yes but not aria controls where aria does not ovveride native functionality of the browser
09:01:27 [richardschwerdtfeger]
gottrfried: we could override the value now property. The people in the DOM working group would say that breaks the web
09:01:48 [richardschwerdtfeger]
rich: the author is not expecting that to happen
09:02:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: it is believed that would break the web
09:02:14 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: mutation events are being deprecated
09:02:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: they are deprecated for performance reasons.
09:03:49 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachlan: there are on change events but authors are not expecting them
09:04:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the indie event behavior
09:05:25 [lisaseeman]
q+
09:05:31 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the point of regard is where we have keyboard focus but the screen reader can also have its own point of regard
09:06:30 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: it seems that we need to go up a level to abstraction - elements themselves
09:06:43 [janina]
ack l
09:06:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: we could descend as well.
09:07:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: we could say that by inheriting an aria role the component could inherent functionality from the native control
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09:08:17 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: I am wondering if at that level we could re-engineer it
09:08:20 [Zakim]
-Lisa
09:08:32 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: ARiA has never changed the behavior of the user agent
09:08:42 [sangwhan]
zakim, draft minutes
09:08:42 [Zakim]
I don't understand 'draft minutes', sangwhan
09:08:48 [Zakim]
+??P1
09:08:48 [sangwhan]
rrsagent, draft minutes
09:08:48 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
sangwhan
09:09:16 .
09:09:30 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: escaping from the dialog for example
09:09:55 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: for a while we were talking about a back end where all the elements slide together
09:10:19 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: I am not sure what you are talking about
09:11:30 [sangwhan]
zakim, ??P1 is Lisa
09:11:30 [Zakim]
+Lisa; got it
09:11:59 [lisaseeman]
q+
09:12:00 [richardschwerdtfeger]
John Leaf: I am from Resarch in Motion
09:12:13 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Josh O'Connor: NCBI
09:13:21 .
09:14:06 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: if the web knew nothing about Indie Ui it would probably just let the event propagate on without being processed: backward compatibility
09:14:58 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: For those that do they can intercept the event and process the value change and updates the aria-valuenow atribute
09:15:15 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the screen reader would then announce the new value of the slider
09:15:16 [richardschwerdtfeger]
]
09:15:47 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jason Kiss: in the previous slide, for older browsers, the event never occured
09:16:22 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: rendering engines try to be extremely efficient
09:16:57 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: where nothing is listening for it the browser does not even allow it to go to the DOM
09:18:04 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the scene reader would know that the user is focused on this
09:18:12 [richardschwerdtfeger]
s/scene/screen/
09:18:56 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Dismiss dialog example
09:19:25 [richardschwerdtfeger]
body which contains an aria dialog, with contains a paragraph which contains an input element
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09:20:26 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the user presses an escape key which sends a dismiss request which bubbles up to the dialog. It intercepts the event at the dialog, cancels the event and executes a response to the dialog dismissal
09:22:04 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: e.preventdefault() lets the UA/AT know the event was intercepted
09:22:46 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: libraries like jquery has special library framework eqivalents
09:23:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachland: is it reasonable that at all times the dismiss request should be sent?
09:23:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: yes, I think so. Escape always triggers the browser stop function
09:24:21 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we don't want these events to be blocking on the application level - we do want on the rendering level
09:24:31 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachland: how do we do that
09:25:10 [sangwhan]
s/lachland/lachlan/
09:25:34 .
09:26:04 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: if this were to fly on a blocking engine … vendors are moving toward separate processed tabs
09:26:33 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jason kiss: how does the prevent default notify the AT that the event was completed
09:27:39 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: example: intercept a valueChangeRequest event on a slider
09:28:22 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: here we are talking about a e.requestValue for what is passed.
09:29:10 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we could have a value step for ARIA. 2.0 or 1.1
09:29:36 [lisaseeman]
q+
09:31:43 [richardschwerdtfeger]
rich: we are going to have to create a tracker here for web apps review as the changes will effect the methods provided in events
09:31:59 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: my suggestion would be to make this as hugely abstract as possible
09:32:35 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: if this is something where ARIA is used with RDF where people create their own widgets we could create new mappings.
09:32:52 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lisa: I would try to keep any property names abstract as possible
09:33:15 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: I agree and that is why we have requestValue vs. a slider request value.
09:33:25 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: this is not specific to ARIA
09:33:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: accessibility is one of the primary considerations but it is not the only one
09:34:27 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: I am almost done
09:34:35 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: the bulk of our time will be on use cases
09:34:49 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: we are walking through to get requirements
09:35:14 [richardschwerdtfeger]
janina: this is great. we are talking about a break at 10:45
09:35:37 [janina]
ack l
09:35:58 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: Indie User Context. the reason that this is pushed out longer is that there is a lot more to discuss here and we have a greater grasp of the events model
09:36:37 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: one of the requests that has come in is that we need a way for web apps. to respond to user needs
09:37:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: there are other things that are used as preferences. We want to simplify the user and authoring experience
09:37:17 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we want to make getting at these users needs flexible.
09:37:29 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we need to be able to get a user preference
09:37:41 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we need to be notified when a user preference changes
09:37:55 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we discussed a preference to view captions yesterday
09:38:08 [Zakim]
-Lisa
09:38:13 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: The web application will always know that the suer needs captions
09:38:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: the user agent could be made aware of increases in the ambient noise and ask that the web app turn on captions
09:39:07 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: register a listener for a preference change event
09:40:10 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: e. preference key for case font size change performa a uI action
09:40:52 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: in certain cases we would want to prevent this but we don;t want to prevent progress
09:42:05 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachlan: in the past we have had to adopt prefixed things from webkit because of its extensive use
09:42:45 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Issue: Vendor specific preferences keys
09:42:58 [richardschwerdtfeger]
ISSUE: Vendor specific preferences keys
09:42:59 [trackbot]
Created ISSUE-4 - Vendor specific preferences keys ; please complete additional details at
.
09:43:57 [richardschwerdtfeger]
ISSUE: DOM event method specification will require coordination with web applications
09:43:57 [trackbot]
Created ISSUE-5 - DOM event method specification will require coordination with web applications ; please complete additional details at
.
09:44:30 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Rich: Lachland how would you like to address that
09:44:48 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Lachland: Don't know now. would want to discuss this with other groups
09:45:15 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Rich: ok
09:45:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: apple has a preference on tab key navigation order
09:45:44 [sangwhan]
s/Lachland/Lachlan/
09:46:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachland: have you thought about how this impacts browser finger printing
09:46:09 [sangwhan]
s/lachland/lachlan/
09:46:29 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: certain elements have relatively how costs or low need for security. We don't want to burden the user all the time.
09:46:46 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we need to implement some kind of security model
09:47:00 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: no solution yet but has been discussed
09:47:38 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: there are a variety of taxonomies.
09:47:59 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jraig: we would want to allow access to these other taxonomies
09:48:09 [richardschwerdtfeger]
s/jraig/jcraig/
09:49:12 [richardschwerdtfeger]
lachland: so is that prefix like a name space?
09:49:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: this particular string is influenced by a namespace but we are not imposing XML namepsaces
09:50:12 [sangwhan]
s/achland/achlan/g
09:51:08 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we could have a new top level window object with new methods. This is larger than the scope of accessibility. So, I am not sure this should be part of the navigator object
09:51:35 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: we could have a property that if the user does not care that I worry about a property ...
09:52:43 [richardschwerdtfeger]
ISSUE: Potentially could have extensions to window level properties. Potentially need to coordinate with web application working group
09:52:43 [trackbot]
Created ISSUE-6 - Potentially could have extensions to window level properties. Potentially need to coordinate with web application working group ; please complete additional details at
.
09:53:47 [richardschwerdtfeger]
andy: there is a whole other bag of stuff in preferences as to how one gets them in. They are not only device preferences but there are also media preferences
09:54:26 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: questions: privacy questions. What happens when a web app requires a protected key?
09:54:44 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: should eternal properties bey prefixed, namespaced, etc.?
09:56:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
jcraig: How do we resolve value differences across platforms? e.g. fontSize, returns a different value on different systems. Should we standardize a unit or use a relative size?
09:56:07 [richardschwerdtfeger]
RRSAgent, draft minutes
09:56:07 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
richardschwerdtfeger
09:56:16 [richardschwerdtfeger]
RRSAgent, make log public
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10:19:05 [jcraig]
s/did not make sense/did not make sense in the context of how standard event lifecycles work./
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10:21:32 [jcraig]
s/jraig/jcraig/g
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10:22:40 [jcraig]
s/when I talk about canceling I am talking about stopping propagation/when I talk about canceling I am talking about stopping propagation and preventing the default action/
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10:27:54 [jcraig]
s/John Leaf/John Li? Lee?/
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10:29:47 [richardschwerdtfeger]
10:31:16 [janina]
zakim, who's on the phone?
10:31:16 [Zakim]
On the phone I see St_Clair_4
10:33:27 [Ryladog]
TOPIC: Use cases
10:33:45 [Ryladog]
scribe:Ryladog
10:35:48 [Ryladog]
!.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 up down etc will be our directional uses, then a separate set for logical next and previous
10:38:37 [Ryladog]
S6 through S9 are for the directional use?
10:41:17 [Ryladog]
JS: Suggest eight directional uses cases of South, Southwest, North, Northeast etc
10:41:57 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-up,
10:41:58 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-up-right,
10:41:59 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-right,
10:42:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-down-right,
10:42:02 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-down,
10:42:03 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-down-left,
10:42:04 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-left,
10:43:03 [Ryladog]
GZ: CSS 3 basic UI model elements has a these above
10:43:49 [Ryladog]
GZ: It may be too much work to cater to so many
10:44:16 [richardschwerdtfeger]
nav-up-left
10:44:43 [Ryladog]
JC: Maybe the CSS styles uses these, but that may be a problem for us
10:45:54 [Ryladog]
JC: Tabindex was all + integers, it overroad the default focus order of the DOM on interactive elements, Tabindex took focus out of the normal code order
10:46:40 [Ryladog]
JC: This may have a similar problem, using these elements above, as what happened with tabindex
10:47:52 [Ryladog]
GZ: It may be a problem
10:48:01 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
10:48:44 [janina]
10:49:20 [jcraig]
ACTION: jcraig to add directional navigations event with 8-way directional order property (e.g. n, ne, e, se, …)
10:49:20 [trackbot]
Created ACTION-14 - Add directional navigations event with 8-way directional order property (e.g. n, ne, e, se, …) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
10:49:44 [jcraig]
10:50:52 [Judy]
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10:51:13 [Ryladog]
RS: We are going to create events that are similar to SVG Tiny 1.2 for the names of the directional events for S6 through S9. And then two additonal,, next and previous
10:51:15 [jcraig]
ACTION: jcraig to add logical previous/next event (not tied to directional focus event) (maybe focusNextRequest and focusPreviousRequest?)
10:51:18 [trackbot]
Created ACTION-15 - Add logical previous/next event (not tied to directional focus event) (maybe focusNextRequest and focusPreviousRequest?) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
10:52:42 [richardschwerdtfeger]
SWAO
10:52:46 [richardschwerdtfeger]
SWAP
10:53:04 [Ryladog]
LS: Suggest SWAP we thought was useful. The main use cases were for learning disabilities
10:53:45 [Ryladog]
Semantic Web Accessibility Platform
10:54:02 [Joshue108]
10:54:56 [Ryladog]
LS: Easily navigable semantic information
10:55:33 [Joshue108]
10:55:46 [Ryladog]
LS: Someone could build and RDF by a proxy server if not on top of the app
11:00:32 [Ryladog]
JC and AH: This may be most useful in the User Needs/Preferences module
11:01:21 [jcraig]
q+ to mention this could be covered by taxonomy-prefixed preference keys
11:01:23 [Ryladog]
RS: ould you look at the Use cases we have and see if that would work with the use cases we have
11:01:59 [Ryladog]
JS: Richs request is a good one, if you can look over the use cases
11:02:15 [sangwhan]
s/RS: ould/RS: Could/
11:02:39 [jcraig]
ack me
11:02:39 [Zakim]
jcraig, you wanted to mention this could be covered by taxonomy-prefixed preference keys
11:02:55 [Ryladog]
RS: For example, a user case to simplify the content - that would help us because we do not have any like that
11:05:25 [Ryladog]
JC: Part of the User Context module might have a way to inject (maybe via proxy) what an application request value, font szie, captions, color, etc. Taxonomy defines this preference for short term memory
11:06:39 [Ryladog]
KHS: Could we include Simpler Language as a User Need?
11:07:25 [Ryladog]
JC: It may not fit, may be best addressed through a Taxonomy
11:07:42 [Ryladog]
LS: Short term memory loss is a very large challenge
11:09:45 [Ryladog]
LS: TV channel change, I put a sticker next to the on/off, simpler method, less choices
11:09:58 [sangwhan]
s/szie/size/
11:10:15 [Ryladog]
JS: Yes, this is a big issue,
11:11:51 [Ryladog]
RS: I think we need an event to this. We are seeing this in the education space
11:12:12 [Ryladog]
LS: You can map it to a use case
11:12:21 [Ryladog]
LS: Like your online mail
11:12:40 [Lachy]
q+
11:13:55 [jcraig]
ack l
11:15:23 [jcraig]
q+ to say a "simplify" event is still too general; simplify interface? simplify language? this may be valid, but IMO as a preference, not as an event.
11:15:39 [Ryladog]
Lacklan: From a developers perspective, there does seem to be a problem with having to code for each disability
11:15:47 [sangwhan]
s/Lacklan/Lachlan/
11:16:32 [Ryladog]
AH: I would be happy to speak with you off-line later
11:17:09 [sangwhan]
+1
11:17:10 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q?
11:17:28 [Lachy]
to clarify my point, solutions to the problems and use cases need to really look at the issue from web developer perspectives and making things easier and with more incentive to use
11:17:51 [jcraig]
ack me
11:17:51 [Zakim]
jcraig, you wanted to say a "simplify" event is still too general; simplify interface? simplify language? this may be valid, but IMO as a preference, not as an event.
11:17:51 [janina]
q?
11:18:00 [Ryladog]
RS: For the general web - maybe not too much, but in the education space developers do want this. I would like you to put together a user case for this
11:18:01 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q+
11:18:01 [janina]
q?
11:18:03 [sangwhan]
q+
11:18:20 [andy]
q+
11:18:28 [Joshue108]
+q
11:18:47 [janina]
q?
11:19:30 [janina]
q?
11:19:34 [janina]
ack r
11:19:40 [lisaseeman]
+q
11:19:50 [Ryladog]
JC: My thoughts on having a 'simplify' event. If you feel this is a valid need to have an event. You should provide the properties for this simply event, to help define and clarify. This is an action for you to provide a concrete proposal.
11:21:00 [Ryladog]
RS: I really want Lisa to give us some use cases. There is a project at the Department of Education right now, that is working on this.
11:21:14 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q?
11:21:44 [janina]
ack s
11:21:45 [jcraig]
ack sa
11:21:50 [richardschwerdtfeger]
ack sangwhan
11:22:00 [Ryladog]
LH: Without specific guidance it is hard for web developers to do
11:22:31 [jcraig]
q+ to respond to sangwhan's comment that spec is currently accessibility-focused
11:22:52 [Ryladog]
This is not going to sell to developers if this is mostly an Accessibility Spec
11:23:25 [richardschwerdtfeger]
+1
11:23:29 [janina]
ack s
11:23:33 [janina]
ack a
11:24:11 [Ryladog]
Joshue: I would like to see this spec be more general, which would be better adopted
11:24:43 [sangwhan]
/me would appreciate it if accessibility related acronyms are spelled out at least once for the noobs (like me)
11:25:21 [sangwhan]
s/ \/me would appreciate it if accessibility related acronyms are spelled out at least once for the noobs (like me)//
11:25:25 [Ryladog]
AH: I wish we had put it in AFA, and would like it to be in AFA 3. GPII want it. If it a preference, I do not think it is an event........
11:25:33 [Ryladog]
q+
11:25:38 [jcraig]
AFA = access for all
11:25:43 [Gottfried]
q+ to say that we need to address preference properties in a registry-based approach
11:25:45 [Lachy]
q+
11:25:48 [jcraig]
PNP = personal needs and prefs?
11:26:03 [jcraig]
GPII? dunno.
11:26:25 [janina]
ack j
11:26:25 [Zakim]
jcraig, you wanted to respond to sangwhan's comment that spec is currently accessibility-focused
11:26:35 [janina]
q?
11:26:42 [janina]
ack jo
11:26:47 [janina]
rm li
11:26:51 [janina]
q li
11:27:04 [sangwhan]
q?
11:27:47 [Ryladog]
Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII)
11:27:58 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q+
11:28:24 [janina]
ack lisa
11:29:07 [Ryladog]
JC: I am guilty that this is Accessibility focused. This spec grew from trying to fill the wholes that prevent access
11:29:43 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q?
11:30:15 [Ryladog]
JC: There are types of things that can not be done today, but we do want to make it more main stream
11:30:54 [Lachy]
q-
11:30:59 [richardschwerdtfeger]
ack Ryalodog
11:31:01 [janina]
ack r
11:31:06 [andy]
q+
11:31:07 [janina]
ack ry
11:31:09 [Joshue108]
+1 to James
11:31:10 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q+
11:31:21 [janina]
ack go
11:31:21 [Zakim]
Gottfried, you wanted to say that we need to address preference properties in a registry-based approach
11:31:31 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q?
11:31:37 [Ryladog]
JC: I do not want to address ALL of the needs in a 1.0 version that covers much Access issues
11:33:14 [jcraig]
q+ to briefly mention avoiding deep dives in either direction for 1.0: either accessibility or mainstream prefs
11:33:15 [janina]
ack an
11:33:15 [Ryladog]
GZ: I see there is alot more in terms of content negotiation, but this cannot be addressed by IndieUI. This will be better covered in GPII, some thongs that I will talk about tomorrow - mconcerning a global repoistory
11:33:22 [Lachy]
This is what I was in the queue earlier to say: Device independence is an incentive for developers. They want to target touch screens,]
11:33:22 [Lachy]
use.
11:33:25 [janina]
q?
11:33:37 [Ryladog]
AH: I am not suggesting we move away from Accessibility
11:33:39 [janina]
ack ri
11:33:56 [Joshue108]
+1 to Lachy on 'can provide transparent accessibility benefits.'
11:34:08 [janina]
ack j
11:34:08 [Zakim]
jcraig, you wanted to briefly mention avoiding deep dives in either direction for 1.0: either accessibility or mainstream prefs
11:34:11 [Ryladog]
RS: AT IBM if you can tie accessibility to a main stream use, there will be greater uptake
11:34:14 [janina]
q?
11:34:40 [richardschwerdtfeger]
q+
11:34:42 [Joshue108]
I think that the more the work that can be done to support a11y via the backdoor the better.
11:35:02 [Ryladog]
JC: For 1.0 I do not think we can cover all accessibility needs, but we want to focus on the most critical access needs that will be best adpted
11:35:03 [janina]
ack ri
11:35:50 [janina]
q?
11:35:52 [Ryladog]
LS: I would like to see a task force in the W3C concerning cognitive issues related to diability
11:35:59 [janina]
q?
11:36:19 [Ryladog]
MC: I would like to suggest a new Community Group
11:36:31 [Ryladog]
KHS: I agree, great idea
11:36:34 .
11:36:49 [janina]
q?
11:37:36 [Ryladog]
JS: eBook has a good solution for simplification
11:37:58 [sangwhan]
rrsagent, draft minutes
11:37:58 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
sangwhan
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-[IPcaller]
11:38:46 [Zakim]
-St_Clair_4
11:38:48 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has ended
11:38:48 [Zakim]
Attendees were St_Clair_4, [IPcaller], Lisa
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12:11:48 [smaug]
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About to resume ...
12:41:34 [Lachy]
ScribeNick: Lachy
12:41:39 [richardschwerdtfeger]
test
12:42:05 [janina]
rrsagent, make minutes
12:42:05 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
janina
12:42:17 [Gottfried]
Gottfried has joined #indie-ui
12:43:08 [janina]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
12:43:08 [Zakim]
ok, janina; the call is being made
12:43:09 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has now started
12:43:10 [Zakim]
+St_Clair_4
12:43:29 [Zakim]
-St_Clair_4
12:43:30 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has ended
12:43:30 [Zakim]
Attendees were St_Clair_4
12:43:45 [janina]
rrsagent, make minutes
12:43:45 [RRSAgent]
I'm logging. I don't understand 'make minutes', janina. Try /msg RRSAgent help
12:43:50 [janina]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
12:43:50 [Zakim]
ok, janina; the call is being made
12:43:51 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has now started
12:43:51 [Zakim]
+St_Clair_4
12:43:57 [Ryladog]
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12:45:12 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
12:45:14 [Zakim]
-[IPcaller]
12:45:14 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
12:45:32 [janina]
zakim, ipcaller is Lisa
12:45:32 [Zakim]
+Lisa; got it
12:46:01 [Lachy]
topic: Use Cases
12:48:17 [Lachy]
RS: The next one, assuming we've moved all the directional stuff into the spec, is S10. A command to direct media players to pause and play.
12:50:09 [Ryladog]
LH: In HTML5 has custom controls you would want to provide this a higher level command that says pause
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12:53:40 [Ryladog]
TOPIC: S10: Command to direct a media player to pause playing
12:54:23 [Lachy]
LH: The interpretation of event is application-specific.
12:54:23 [Ryladog]
GZ: Follow the event
12:54:44 [Ryladog]
JS: Are you saying that HTML5 a;ready supports this?
12:55:06 [Ryladog]
LH: It depends on the app - you can do it from a context menu
12:56:38 [Lachy]
ScribeNick: Ryladog
12:56:48 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Proposed resolution: Define a requestPause that asks a web application to pause any or all any media (audio, video, streaming) on the page
12:57:19 [Lachy]
--> PauseRequest
12:59:21 [MichaelC]
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12:59:23 [Lachy]
ScribeNick: Lachy
12:59:48 [jcraig]
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13:00:32 [Lachy]
Lachy: Another use case for pausing is an application downloading data for its own use. e.g. to populate a database (IndexedDB), download a lot of application data in the background. The user might want to pause that download.
13:00:54 [richardschwerdtfeger]
Proposed resolution: Define a PauseRequest event that asks a web application to pause any or all any media (audio, video, streaming) on the page
13:01:43 [Lachy]
Ryladog: I think it's something you could use in many contexts.
13:01:56 [David_MacD_Lenovo]
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13:02:17 [Lachy]
RS: We could say to pause any live, ongoing action
13:02:58 [Lachy]
james: One example: we have this idea of a primary action.
13:03:33 [Lachy]
… VoiceOver iOS has a gesture with a default action for the application. It's contextual depending on what you're doing. Media playing, on a phone call, etc.
13:04:05 [jcraig]
take photo in a photo application
13:04:20 [jcraig]
specific gesture is unimportant
13:05:11 [Joshue108]
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13:06:37 [Lachy]
Gottfried: I think we should have both.
13:07:41 [jcraig]
does play/pause or pause/resume need specific event, or is this a more general need that isn't specific for playing/pausing
13:10:55 [Lachy]
james: We should have toggle events. The same action could trigger toggleable action. Pause/resume, etc.
13:12:55 [jcraig]
such toggle events may be initiated at a specific DOM node, or at the body element if no point of regard can be determined.
13:13:43 [jcraig]
From the current draft "Event fires on document.activeElement (or AT equivalent) if applicable, or otherwise document.body."
13:14:08 [jcraig]
13:14:46 [jcraig]
so event delegation is recommended
13:15:36 [jcraig]
lh: many apps do not have stop, just play/pause, is there a need for stop? does the user care?
13:16:03 [jcraig]
gz: stop is a macro for pause, then move playback slider to beginning
13:17:08 [jcraig]
lh: difference between pause/stop may be a legacy use for paused cassette or video tape , keep on screen versus stop entirely
13:18:29 [jcraig]
gz: pause means halt/resume, but windows media player is a macro for pause and exit, because it exits, but remembers previous location when starting again.
13:18:55 [sangwhan]
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13:19:02 [sangwhan1]
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13:19:34 [jcraig]
lh: example of potential use. netflix playback asks if you want to resume or start at beginning.
13:21:25 [jcraig]
gz: since "stop" means different things on different platforms, we would not want to spec that as and intentional event, because the user's "intent" is ambiguous depending on platform.
13:21:36 [Lachy]
gz: Would that stop or pause event apply to animated gifs?
13:21:37 [sangwhan1]
rrsagent, draft minutes
13:21:37 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
sangwhan1
13:21:47 [Lachy]
Ryladog: you could apply it to all kinds of elements.
13:21:56 [Lachy]
james: That might be something that is a separate event.
13:22:37 [Lachy]
… Esc key pauses gifs in Firefox
13:23:08 [Lachy]
… In the context of VoiceOver iOS, we have a dismiss action, which sometimes means activate the back button, sometimes means close the current modal view, etc.
13:23:16 [Lachy]
Ryladog: An escape action could be one of those intents.
13:23:39 [Lachy]
gz: Escape is a means to an intent, dismiss is an intent.
13:24:07 [Lachy]
james: The original proposal was calling it EscapeRequest. Dismiss seemed more general.
13:24:50 [Lachy]
… I have some other functional keys on my keyboard that will trigger specific intentions.
13:26:56 [Lachy]
… Play/pause, seek, volume up/down, etc.
13:27:58 [Lachy]
… Stop is a macro for different functionality in different contexts
13:29:42 [Lachy]
LH: HTMLMediaElement has pause() and play(). No toggle().
13:30:03 [Lachy]
LH: We might want to have a toggle intent though, which the app can interpret according to its internal state
13:31:09 [Lachy]
james: The indication that these are media related keys on the keyboard indicates that these are separate from the general purpose pause and resume.
13:31:55 [Lachy]
… Is suspend and resume worthy of being separate from pause/play?
13:32:24 [Lachy]
… suspend/resume might make sense for a download or upload, which are separate from media playback. I wouldn't want them to hit a play/pause button on their screen and have it stop a download.
13:32:42 [jcraig]
s/screen/keyboard/
13:32:54 [Lachy]
RS: So you want to have two separate events?
13:33:09 [Lachy]
James: I don't think the media related events should be used for other purposes.
13:33:42 [Lachy]
RS: Suspend/Resume could also apply to live regions. e.g. a twitter stream.
13:37:14 [Lachy]
LH: e.g. live blogging examples, which are constantly updating with new posts. e.g. live blogging for an Apple event.
13:38:26 [Lachy]
james: Mozilla OS has some APIs that interactive with native device controls. e.g. receiving a phone call.
13:38:55 [Lachy]
gz: My point is we should avoid letting the web developer make all the choices because that will lead to inconsistent applications.
13:39:01 [Lachy]
james: What do you mean by choices?
13:39:14 [Lachy]
gz: The choice of how to respond to events.
13:39:39 [Lachy]
james: We might have a UA that chooses not to convey some events to the web app, but I think we would want to leave it up to the web app.
13:40:03 [Lachy]
… There may be some way that a user can define what kinds of actions they want to convey to web apps.
13:40:37 [Lachy]
LH: Is there a way for the web app to declare what kind of events their interested in?
13:42:29 [Lachy]
james: I would expect that the web apps would declare that by registerring for those events.
13:45:49 [Lachy]
LH: We need some way for the web app to declare which kind of intents it's really interested, so that a device that make a better guess at what the user's intent is, and to send the appropriate event.
13:46:01 [janina]
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13:46:47 [Lachy]
….
13:48:31 "
13:48:47 [jcraig]
s/defined/define/
13:50:20 [Lachy]
james: We should also allow a web app to declare what kind of preferences they're interested in.
13:52:21 [morrita]
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13:52:40 [Lachy]
gz: Android applications, when installed, declare up front what access they're interested in. The user can grant or deny permission.
13:53:20 [Lachy]
andy: Does it make any difference which group drives this work, re which preferences a web app is interested in?
13:55:57 [Lachy]
james: The UA should only volunteer the information if it's been specifically requested by the web application, and the UA should request permission.
13:56:32 [Lachy]
LH: Let's get back on topic.
13:56:49 [Lachy]
Ryladog: We just covered use case S11. Stop playing.
13:58:13 [jcraig]
ACTION: jcraig to add spec event for play/pause toggle event (and maybe media next/prev)
13:58:13 [trackbot]
Created ACTION-16 - Add spec event for play/pause toggle event (and maybe media next/prev) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
13:59:19 [jcraig]
ACTION: jcraig to add spec event for suspend/resume (non-media playback) for example, suspend upload or suspend live region chat log updates
13:59:19 [trackbot]
Created ACTION-17 - Add spec event for suspend/resume (non-media playback) for example, suspend upload or suspend live region chat log updates [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
14:00:54 [Lachy]
RS: I'm adding a suspend/resume use case.
14:11:13 [andy]
q+
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14:19:19 [Zakim]
-Lisa
14:20:09 [Lachy]
james: S13: Media caption toggle.
14:20:19 [Lachy]
… I think we need two different events. I think we want to display or not display captions.
14:20:24 [Lachy]
… The user preference change should fire an event.
14:20:31 [Lachy]
… Some people are always going to turn on captions.
14:20:39 [Lachy]
… We're going to want to explicitly turn them on or off.
14:20:45 [Lachy]
gz: I think we should have both. You may have an AT that interprets gestures. It may be the same gesture for toggleable event.
14:20:50 [Lachy]
… Gesture control is a main stream use case for our spec.
14:20:58 [Lachy]
… Maybe it's not 3 different events. Maybe it's 1 event with a variable.
14:21:03 [Lachy]
Andy: There are also audio descriptions and other media alternatives that the user may want to turn on or off
14:21:09 [Lachy]
gz: there are cases where the device might want to automatically enable captions for the user, based on the user's environment.
14:21:27 [Lachy]
james: Do we want to split User wants captions explicitly, or user probably needs captions due to environment?
14:21:37 [Lachy]
janina: Break.
14:21:44 [Lachy]
RRSAgent: make minutes
14:21:44 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
Lachy
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14:48:08 [janina]
zakim, who's on the phone?
14:48:08 [Zakim]
On the phone I see St_Clair_4
14:48:23 [Zakim]
-St_Clair_4
14:48:25 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has ended
14:48:25 [Zakim]
Attendees were St_Clair_4, Lisa
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14:48:47 [Ryladog]
test
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15:00:53 [jcraig]
LH: if we specify caption languages as a preference (e.g. "English, Spanish" etc) make sure the default value is undefined, so that any defined preference can be interpreted as an explicit user preference rather than the undefined default.
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15:05:12 [Lachy]
present+ Jim Barnett
15:05:20 [Lachy]
present+ Dan Burnett
15:05:40 [Lachy]
present+ Debbie Dahl
15:06:21 [sfeuerstack]
present+ Sebastian Feuerstack
15:06:37 [Lachy]
present+ Helena Rodriguez, Kazuyuki Asimura
15:07:11 [Lachy]
present+ James Craig
15:07:31 [Lachy]
present+ Lachlan Hunt
15:07:35 [Lachy]
present+ Andy Heath
15:07:43 [Lachy]
present+ Gottfried Zimmerman
15:07:50 [Lachy]
present+ Janina
15:08:05 [Lachy]
present+ Ryladog
15:08:47 [Lachy]
Debbie: In Multimodal Interaction, speech, e.g. there's a lot of user intent conveyed by speech rather than clicking or typing.
15:08:59 [Lachy]
… It always seemed to me that speech was just another way to type.
15:09:18 [Lachy]
… when someone says something like "I want the blue shirt", to translate that into a radio button that says blue next to it is stupid
15:09:43 [Lachy]
… As I understand this WG, the way what the user wants to do from how they express it.
15:09:58 [Lachy]
… I'd like to see if there's some benefit we can get from this abstraction.
15:10:13 [Lachy]
james: It may be beneficial to do a short version of the intro from this morning.
15:12:28 [Lachy]
… There are people within teh group with various levels of technical backgrounds, and varying levels of understanding of ARIA.
15:12:37 [Lachy]
… This is a short into to ARIA and Indie UI
15:12:49 [Lachy]
… Some of the background is about event models
15:13:01 [Lachy]
… and how these new events would be slightly different from the current system.
15:13:49 [Lachy]
… ARIA is declarative. So you can do things that overcome problems with authoring mistakes, browser implementations, etc.
15:14:09 [Lachy]
… ARIA allows you to sprinkle on some sugar and you don't have to completely rewrite the app to be accessible.
15:14:25 [Lachy]
… There are browser limitations with form control styling.
15:14:49 [Lachy]
… ARIA lets to style other elements and specify a role to give it the right semantics.
15:15:07 [Lachy]
… You can also declare semantics that are missing from the host language.
15:15:57 [Lachy]
… The way that you do a native control such as a slider, a web app might update a value by updating an attribute. The browser will notify the screen reader.
15:16:42 [Lachy]
… native control input works such that if a user wants to change the value of a slider, the AT can ask the browser to do that.
15:16:50 [Lachy]
… The web app is notified via the change event.
15:17:16 [Lachy]
… The same example with a custom aria slider, output works conceptually the same.
15:17:24 [sangwhan]
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15:17:35 [Lachy]
… For input, though, the user can try to change the value, but the browser doesn't know what to do.
15:18:42 [Lachy]
… Click event behaviour. User clicks an image in a button, the event bubbles up to the button element, which performs the default action.
15:20:32 [Lachy]
… registerred event handlers can also capture the event and perform a custom action.
15:20:40 [Lachy]
s/registerred/registered/
15:21:00 [Lachy]
… Keyboard events get sent to the element with focus.
15:21:16 [Lachy]
… Indie UI events are similar to keyboard events in this regard
15:21:55 [Lachy]
… IndieUI events are all FooRequest events. e.g. ValueChangeRequest. These are only requests, and do not perform any default action.
15:22:55 [Lachy]
[that's not quite right]
15:23:27 [Lachy]
… If the web app calls event.preventDefault(), then the UA and AT know that the web app handled the event.
15:24:09 [Lachy]
… e.g. dismissing a dialog. Pressing the Esc key on a keyboard should generally dismiss the dialog.
15:24:54 [Lachy]
… If an input control within the dialog (repesented by HTML <div role="dialog">), then the event will bubble up to the div, which can then handle it.
15:25:11 [Lachy]
… DismissRequest
15:26:06 [Lachy]
… preference change events.
15:26:19 [David_MacD_Lenovo]
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15:26:25 [Lachy]
… There's an API to query user preferences, and the event notifies when the user has changed the value.
15:26:37 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has now started
15:26:43 [Lachy]
… The keys may be defined in the spec, vendor specific or belong in an external taxonomy.
15:26:44 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
15:26:51 [Zakim]
-[IPcaller]
15:26:52 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has ended
15:26:52 [Zakim]
Attendees were [IPcaller]
15:28:06 [janina]
zakim, call St_Clair_4
15:28:06 [Zakim]
ok, janina; the call is being made
15:28:07 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has now started
15:28:08 [Zakim]
+St_Clair_4
15:28:23 [janina]
zakim, who's on the phone?
15:28:23 [Zakim]
On the phone I see St_Clair_4
15:29:55 [jcraig]
15:30:25 [jcraig]
15:30:39 [jcraig]
15:30:40 [Lachy]
Dan: What would be inappropriate use of these events?
15:30:53 [Lachy]
… Once you make events available to programmers, they will find creative ways to use them.
15:31:19 [Lachy]
… As a group concerned about multimodal interaction, you might have different input. You use events to pass information.
15:31:49 [Lachy]
… These are now a new set of events that are there to fill gaps in the existing set of events, but do you forsee any problems in how they might be used.
15:32:16 [Lachy]
james: I see potential for abuse in the user prefs section. Being able to inspect prefences that reveal disabilities, is ripe for abuse.
15:32:32 [Lachy]
… As far as the events being abused, I don't know.
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15:34:02 [Lachy]
… In the example of the dismiss request, there is a point of regard. It may or may not have keyboard focus. In the case of a web app with multiple dialogs, many of which may be dismissed.
15:34:37 [Lachy]
… In the case of a dismiss requested fired at a high level like the body, rather than a particular dialog, then we would expect the web app would ignore what it doesn't understand.
15:35:15 [Lachy]
… Maybe there are two dialogs, and there is a point of regard in a form control within one dialog, then that dialog will receive the event.
15:36:01 [Lachy]
… The types of events currently in the spec are: Undo, Redo, Delete, Dismiss, Expand, Collapse, Scroll
15:36:53 [Lachy]
… DOMAttrChangeRequest may be dropped.
15:37:07 [Lachy]
… ATFocusIn and ATFocusOut. These are not specific to keyboard focus.
15:37:37 [Lachy]
… Screen readers have a point of regard independent of keyboard focus.
15:40:08 [Lachy]
Debbie: Can we talk through an example of something, such as DismissRequest. Say there's a dialog on the screen, one way to dismiss it is by clicking a provided button, or by listening for an Esc key press.
15:40:27 [Lachy]
james: The browser doesn't know how to dismiss a web app custom dialog, the web app does.
15:40:50 [Lachy]
… Because there is no dialog element in HTML, everything we see as one is basically styled HTML.
15:41:13 [Lachy]
Debbit: If you had speech enable, you could say "Dismiss that", then the dismiss request event could be dispatched based on that command.
15:41:18 [Lachy]
james: yes
15:41:29 [Lachy]
Debbie: That would be nice from a multimodal perspective.
15:42:19 [Lachy]
james: Part of the event bubbling is such that you can differentiate different types of undo.
15:43:03 [Lachy]
… Depending on what has focus or point of regard, the event could be interpreted differently by the web app.
15:44:34 [Lachy]
Debbie: What if you wanted to select a radio button?
15:44:46 [Lachy]
james: I think that is pretty well covered by the default action.
15:44:58 [Lachy]
… It's equivalent to click or DOMActivate.
15:45:10 [Lachy]
… Those work well across custom applications.
15:45:28 [Lachy]
… The ones that don't work well are ones that have some kind of secondary action.
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Debbie: For the example of the radio button, we use a Pizza ordering use case. There is a small, medium and large buttons, and by speech, you select the "Large" radio button.
15:46:39 [Lachy]
james: I think we could consider doing a value change request and select the ones with the right value.
15:48:19 [Lachy]
james: Click is commonly used as a more general purpose event. It's fired by AT, by mouse, etc.
15:49:39 [Lachy]
Helena: There's a pointing action without activation, like focussing.
15:49:51 [Lachy]
james: That's changing the point of regard
15:50:17 [Lachy]
Debbie: e.g. On a mouse over, you might, e.g., change the font size.
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james: We have ATFocusIn/Out to show where the point of regard is.
15:51:10 [Lachy]
LH: What is the use case for ATFocusIn/Out
15:51:30 [Lachy]
james: There are cases where you may want receive a focus event on something that is out of view.
15:51:50 [Lachy]
… and the only way that custom views can respond to that is with custom views, and that's problematic.
15:52:37 [Lachy]
… A common accessibility error is that you move your mose over something and something happens. The ATFocusIn/Out handles this if they listen for it.
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16:01:29 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
16:01:56 [janina]
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/me Lisa? Is it you?
16:02:49 [janina]
zakim, ipcaller is Lisa
16:02:49 [Zakim]
+Lisa; got it
16:05:52 [Lachy]
Debbie: I think we should consolodate what our next steps might be.
16:06:08 [Lachy]
… If we see any gaps with respect to multimodal interaction, that we should fill in.
16:06:23 [Lachy]
james: There are a bunch of things we want to put in now after these disucssions
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16:08:02 [Lachy]
Debbie: Making the case for speech interaction in general, you can do things that aren't on the screen.
16:08:33 [Lachy]
… The user might say they want to go to the home page of the site. But this seems out of scope.
16:16:45 [Lachy]
james: When you said what apects do you think might be abused, if you have any aspects of this that might inform out decisions over privacy issues, etc.
16:16:50 [Lachy]
… let us know
16:19:42 [Zakim]
-Lisa
16:19:58 [lisaseeman]
ping me when the brake is over
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16:23:02 [Lachy]
[discussion about Access for All, APIP, etc.]
16:24:56 [Lachy]
james: With each of these different taxonomies, have any of them addressed the privacy concerns?
16:25:28 [Zakim]
+[IPcaller]
16:25:34 [Lachy]
RS: The way they have been named is to not show the person's medical disability. They just express user needs, rather than disabilities. I need captions. Not I'm deaf.
16:26:04 [Lachy]
Zakim: IPCaller is lisaseeman
16:26:23 [lisaseeman]
zakim, ipcaller is me
16:26:23 [Zakim]
+lisaseeman; got it
16:27:32 [jcraig]
ACTION: Andy to summarize important or common preferences/keys list from AfA/APIP/GPII, etc. and send to the IndieUI group for discussion and potential inclusion in the User Context deliverable.
16:27:32 [trackbot]
Created ACTION-18 - Summarize important or common preferences/keys list from AfA/APIP/GPII, etc. and send to the IndieUI group for discussion and potential inclusion in the User Context deliverable. [on Andy Heath - due 2012-11-08].
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16:29:06 [Lachy]
gz: The user must have control over what preferences are conveyed to the web app
16:32:05 [Lachy]
andy: We must be careful about users exposing preferences that could let strangers determine personal details, such as their disability.
16:34:25 [jcraig]
Actually use these:
16:34:36 [jcraig]
16:35:17 [jcraig]
Judy, the URLs with hash values are specific commits that will never change. Refer to 'tip' for the latest.
16:41:08 [Zakim]
-lisaseeman
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16:49:36 [Lachy]
RRSAgent: make minutes
16:49:36 [RRSAgent]
I have made the request to generate
Lachy
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disconnecting the lone participant, St_Clair_4, in WAI_Indie()3:00AM
17:05:02 [Zakim]
WAI_Indie()3:00AM has ended
17:05:02 [Zakim]
Attendees were St_Clair_4, Lisa, lisaseeman
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Judy has joined #indie-ui | http://www.w3.org/2012/11/01-indie-ui-irc | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 10,599 | 53.24 |
Skip to 0 minutes and 1 secondWe'll make a subclass of character called enemy, which will use the character class as a basis, but add some more functionality specific to enemies. In the existing character.py file, start a new class below the character class. The name of this new class is enemy. But we've put character inside the brackets to tell Python that the enemy class will inherit all of the attributes and methods from character. So character is called the superclass of enemy, and enemy is a subclass of character. Now, let's write some code to create a constructor for an enemy object. This looks identical to the constructor for character. Our enemy class inherits from character, so character is the superclass of enemy.
Skip to 0 minutes and 54 secondsInside the constructor, we call the superclass constructor method. This line of code means to make an enemy, first, make a character object, and then we'll customise it.
Skip to 1 minute and 7 secondsSave this code. Now, let's prove through using these two lines of code that the enemy class has inherited all of the properties of the character class. Go back to your test file and change all references to the character class to instead be references to the enemy class.
Skip to 1 minute and 27 secondsRun the code and test it out. You should be able to see the description of Dave and talk to him just as you did before.
Inheritance – extending the Character class
In our game we want to have multiple characters to interact with. For example, I might create two characters: Dave, the smelly zombie, and Catrina, the friendly skeleton. I might want to fight with enemies such as Dave, but I wouldn’t want to fight with friendly characters such as Catrina.
We will make a subclass of
Character called
Enemy. It will use the
Character class as a basis, but add some more functionality specific to enemies. In the existing character.py file, start a new class below the
Character class.
class Enemy(Character):
The name of this new class is
Enemy, but we have put
Character inside the brackets to tell Python that the
Enemy class will inherit all of the attributes and methods from
Character.
Character is called the superclass of
Enemy, and
Enemy is a subclass of
Character.
Now let’s write some code to create a constructor for an
enemy object – this looks identical to the constructor of
Character:
def __init__(self, char_name, char_description):
As we said,
Character is the superclass of
Enemy, so we need to ensure that
Enemy inherits from
Character. To do this, we have to call the superclass constructor method inside the constructor of the
Enemy class.
super().__init__(char_name, char_description)
This line of code means “To make an
Enemy, first make a
Character object and then we’ll customise it”.
Save this code. Now let’s prove that, with the help of these two lines of code, the
Enemy class has inherited all of the properties of the
Character class. Go back to your character_test.py file (or main.py in the new trinket) and change it so that all references to the
Character class become references to the
Enemy class:
from character import Enemy dave = Enemy("Dave", "A smelly zombie")
Run the code and test it out. You should be able to see the description of Dave and talk to him just as you did before.
An object of a subclass is also considered to be an object of its superclass. This concept is called polymorphism. In simpler terms, a
<subclass> is a
<superclass>.
So in our example, an
enemy is a
character. If a function requires a
character object as a parameter, we can give the function an
enemy object instead and the code will still work. However, this does not work the other way around – if the function requires an
Enemy object, we cannot give it a
character object, because
Enemy is a more specialised version of
Character.
© CC BY-SA 4.0 | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/object-oriented-principles/3/steps/348325 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 682 | 63.59 |
Many weblogs I read are highly technical. That doesn't come as a surprise though, as I am software developer and also write about technical issues often. Some observations, tricks or techniques work better with source code to demonstrate them. In a way, it's similar to the old "picture is worth a thousand words" except that it's code that's worth a thousand words this time :-).
Modern development environments have spoiled me to the point that I cannot productively work in the Notepad for example, and the features I miss the most are intellisense and color coding of the source. This "bad" habit has extended to the Web and it becomes very hard for me to read non-color coded and poorly formatted source code.
I have seen many attempts at dealing with this issue. Most of them are based on regular expressions and color-coding simple things like keywords and strings, maybe comments. But these tools do not understand the structure of the code you're posting and will never be able to properly color-code most if not all of the constructs, nor can they format the code.
Enter the Colorizer. �If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants�, and in this case, I was standing on the shoulders of Coco-R.
It#.
How does it work? Let's start with an example. Suppose you want to write a compiler/parser for Pascal. This language has its own grammar (just like spoken languages, except this grammar is simpler). There is a well known notation for expressing the grammar called (Extended) Backus-Naur Form. Input for Coco-R is called attributed grammar, it is modeled after EBNF notation and looks something like this:
Block = "begin" (. Console.Write("Inside a block!"); .) {Statement} "end" . VarDeclaration = Ident {',' Ident} ':' Type ';'.
This describes a
Block - it's something starting with text "begin", followed by zero or more
Statement and then text "end".
Statement itself needs to be further defined as well, up to the point when all constructs of the language are described in this manner. Second line describes the structure of variable declaration - it consists of one or many comma separated identifiers, followed by colon, then type of the variables, and finally a semi-colon - you get the idea. You can also see some C# code embedded in between
(. and
.). After the grammar is written, it is fed to Coco-R, which then produces C# code that is able to parse the language this grammar describes (and only this language, it is "hard-coded" to it). Embedded C# code above is inserted on a proper place, and becomes a part of the parser - for example, in the above case, your code will write "Inside a block!" to the console after the parser finds the text "begin" while parsing the
Block construct.
Authors of Coco-R have produced the grammar file for C#, thus it is trivial to produce a parser for it. Since you can embed your own code in the parser, that's exactly what I did - as each construct is recognized, based on the information I keep internally, I add code with formatting and color information (I just wrap code in
span elements of named CSS classes so that I can use CSS to customize colors) to an instance of
StringBuilder. Some of the information I keep internally:
Note that when you have a small snippet of code, it is impossible to do 100% correct parsing so on some places I had to guess based on all the info I got. In any case, my code is separated from the rest of Coco-R code and is marked with "My auxiliary methods" in the file CSharp.atg (attributed grammar for C# 1.1, provided by Coco-R, that I modified) so you can examine it in more detail. The pipeline looks like this:
Coco-R produces a parser that consists of three important classes -
Scanner,
Parser and
Errors. They all contain (very few) static methods/fields and are easy to use (this is a Helper class that contains the core parsing routine I will refer to frequently later on):
internal class Helper { private static Object _lock = new Object(); public static String CodePath { get { return ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["CodePath"]; } } public static String StylePath { get { return ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["StylePath"]; } } public static String FromFile(String path) { lock (_lock) { Scanner.Init(path); return Colorize(); } } private static String Colorize() { Parser.Reset(); Parser.Parse(); if(0 == Errors.count) return Parser.Colorized; else return String.Format(@"Parse complete -- {0} error(s) detected", Errors.count); } public static String FromString(String code) { lock (_lock) { using(MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(code))) { Scanner.Init(ms); return Colorize(); } } } }
You always need to initialize
Scanner, either with a path to a file or a
Stream. To make things easier, I added two small wrappers:
FromFile and
FromString; the latter one wraps
String into a
Stream and initializes with that. Then you reset the parser state with
Reset (resets error count to zero and clears the above mentioned
StringBuilder). Then you call
Parse and check the error count in
Errors.count. If it is zero, you'll find the result in the property
Colorized that returns the text of the colorized code (basically getting the string value of the above mentioned
StringBuilder). The
lock block is there so that you do not start parsing one fragment while another one is being parsed - don't forget, ASP.NET will execute your page code on a random thread from a thread pool, and since we want to use this code from an ASP.NET application, we need to make sure parsing is serialized. There were many small details I had to take care of, even slightly changing some of the grammar rules in order to be able to recognize every possible context properly. But the result is a full blown C# parser with formatting and coloring on top. All the colors are customizable via a single CSS file (style.css), excerpt provided here:
pre.code .key /* keyword: this, for, if, while... */ { color:Blue; } pre.code .typ /* type: any FCL type or your type */ { color:Navy; } pre.code .met /* method */ { color:Maroon; } pre.code .var /* local variable, or parameter */ { color:Gray; } pre.code .str /* hard-coded string (not variables of type string!) */ { color:Olive; } pre.code .num /* hard-coded number (not variables of numeric types!) */ { color:Olive; } pre.code .val /* enumeration values */ { color:Purple; }
Some symbols are not recognized properly because they are defined later. For example, you use an
enum in a method of a class, but the
enum is defined after the method. This code is legal, but the parser does not "see" the
enum until it reaches it. Solution would be to use two passes, but for simplicity, I opted for one pass only. In the example code provided, you can actually see this problem in action.
Formatting rules are not customizable. There is no way at the moment to specify whether you like your opening curly braces on the same line, whether you put a space between a function call and opening bracket etc. This is very easy to change if you'd like to play with the code provided. Current defaults are to use as little whitespace as possible while preserving readability, to always put curly braces on a new line, and to indent with two spaces.
There is no support for C# 2.0 (generics, iterators, partial classes etc.) at the moment. Coco-R authors have recently produced grammar for C# 2.0 thus making this job a lot easier. Basically, all you'd need to do is use more or less the same code I did for C# 1.1 and integrate it into this grammar. I might do this for one of the later revisions of this code if there's enough interest.
In case you have a relatively large C# code snippet, fear not - I have added support for regions. With just a bit of JavaScript (note that it therefore must be enabled on the client), you can condense/expand regions just like in Visual Studio (script is in code.js file)! Plus, the code works in both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox (6.0 and 1.0 versions tested, respectively).
Now that we have an easy way to do what we want (format and colorize C# source code), how do we use it with as little hassle as possible? Well, it turns out there are four basic ways to use this code:
Let's examine each of these solutions.
This is the simplest way - I have provided a trivial console application that accepts a path to the C# source file and produces an HTML file with the desired name. Code consists of the core parsing routine (see above) and a bit of command line options handling - a dozen or so lines of code. The resulting HTML contains a reference to the JavaScript code (region handling) and a reference to the CSS style sheet, thus these two files must be kept in the same directory with the resulting HTML files (both files are provided in the source download archive). While being least flexible, this approach offers the best performance - all files are processed before posting to the Web.
Having a handler is slightly more flexible than pre-processing a C# source file, but it does incur a performance penalty - now your code is parsed each time a user accesses a C# source file. If your visitors browse the site frequently, you might want to employ some caching to amortize for this performance hit. Why would you want to expose C# source code directly? Well, maybe you have a Web view of your source code repository that is public (or just for you) where files change all the time and you don't want to (re)process them whenever they change. Note that by default ASP.NET explicitly prohibits clients to access *.cs files directly in the URL, presumably so that you don't accidentally reveal your web site source code to the visitors. Take a look at the machine.config, it should be in <windows_folder>\Microsoft.NET\Framework\<framework_version>\config\machine.config. Do not modify this file! ASP.NET architecture allows you to set up configuration on a very fine grained level, up to the last subfolder in the hierarchy of folders of your web site. The machine.config supplies reasonable defaults that you can always override. The setting we are about to override is in the following section:
<httpHandlers> <!-- ... --> <add verb="*" path="*.config" type="System.Web.HttpForbiddenHandler"/> <add verb="*" path="*.cs" type="System.Web.HttpForbiddenHandler"/> <add verb="*" path="*.csproj" type="System.Web.HttpForbiddenHandler"/> <add verb="*" path="*.vb" type="System.Web.HttpForbiddenHandler"/> <add verb="*" path="*.vbproj" type="System.Web.HttpForbiddenHandler"/> <!-- ... --> </httpHandlers>
As you can see, many of the source code files are associated with
HttpForbiddenHandler, which means you won't be able to use them in URLs. We can still allow this in our own web.config file with the following line:
<httpHandlers> <add verb="GET" path="*.cs" type="NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web.Handler, NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web"/> </httpHandlers>
Now, any URL ending with *.cs will be handled by
NanoBriq.ColorizerWeb.Handler. Implementing handlers is very simple - you just have to inherit from
System.Web.IHttpHandler and implement one method and one property, like this:
namespace NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web { public class Handler : IHttpHandler { public Boolean IsReusable { get { return false; } } void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context) { String path = context.Server.MapPath(context.Request.FilePath); context.Response.Write("<html><head><script>"); context.Response.WriteFile(Helper.CodePath); context.Response.Write("</script><style>"); context.Response.WriteFile(Helper.StylePath); context.Response.Write("</style></head><body>"); context.Response.Write(Helper.FromFile(path)); context.Response.Write("</body></html>"); } } }
It boils down (again) to using core parsing routines from above and not much anything else. We inline JavaScript and CSS in the
<head> tag and that's it. From this point on, if you type something like (assuming your virtual directory is set up as "colorizer" and that it contains file named demo.cs), you will get back nicely formatted and colored C# source code.
Colorizing whole C# source files is fine and works great, but sometimes you need just a bit more flexibility. Maybe you frequently write articles, have a blog, or even have a CodeProject-like site where others contribute tips and tricks. If so, you have a lot of text with embedded snippets of code that you still want to format and colorize. For all those cases where the Web server is under your control so that you can frequently do build your own *.aspx pages, this solution fits nicely. Here's what you'd do:
<%@ Page <p>Some great programming technique...</p> <nbc:WebUIControl <p>More of the same...</p> <nbc:WebUIControl// Some inline code String fileName; Boolean itIs = Path.IsRooted(fileName); // ... </nbc:WebUIControl> <p>Closing thoughts...</p> </form> </body> </html>
There are two ways you can use this control - by pointing to a file on the disk with the
SourcePath property (control with ID
ctrl1), or by putting some C# code inline (control with ID
ctrl2). Don't forget to register the colorizer control with ASP.NET with the
Register directive - from that point on, you can use it in much the same way you use ASP.NET controls. It is not too hard to implement a simple Web control.
namespace NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web { public class WebUIControl : Control { private String _path; public String SourcePath { set { _path = value; } } protected override void OnInit(EventArgs e) { String code, style; using (TextReader tr = new StreamReader(Helper.CodePath)) code = tr.ReadToEnd(); Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock("CodeClientBlock", "<script>" + code + "</script>"); using (TextReader tr = new StreamReader(Helper.StylePath)) style = tr.ReadToEnd(); Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock("StyleClientBlock", "<style>" + style + "</style>"); } protected override void Render(HtmlTextWriter writer) { String toOpen = _path; if(null != _path && "" != _path) { if(!Path.IsPathRooted(_path)) toOpen = Context.Server.MapPath(_path); writer.Write(Helper.FromFile(toOpen)); } else if(1 == Controls.Count && Controls[0] is LiteralControl) { toOpen = HttpUtility.HtmlDecode(((LiteralControl)Controls[0]).Text); writer.Write(Helper.FromString(toOpen)); } } } }
As a minimum, you should implement
Render, but in this case, we need to do a bit more in the initialization method
OnInit. The problem is that we need to embed both CSS and JavaScript, but do not want to do it multiple times in case there is more than one custom control on a single page. Thus in
OnInit, we call
Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock that will make sure that if called multiple times with the same key (first parameter), the page does not end up with multiple copies of the value (second parameter). Core functionality of the Web control is (again) not much more than the core parsing routine with a check if
SourcePath property is set or if the control contains the embedded source.
Finally, if you want the most flexible solution, then you'd go this route. The problem with the last approach is that you can't always make sure that your code snippets are embedded in your control (or referenced from it). For example, you have a blog that you edit via internal control that allows you to use WYSIWYG mode or HTML mode, but neither assumes you'll add code to your aspx pages - it's all just content. The best thing you can do here is to mark your code snippets with a special tag, for example
<pre class= "csharp_source">...</pre>. Notice that this is very similar to what you'd do when posting articles to this very site - article submission rules state that if you want your snippets colorized, then you should wrap them in
<pre lang= "XX"></pre> blocks. Idea is that all output will be processed, these special tags found, and code parsed/formatted/colorized on the fly. It's extremely powerful, but incurs the greatest performance penalty since now all your outgoing content is checked for the presence of these special tags. We can to a certain extent amortize the cost of this by only checking certain content types, but in the most common scenario, practically all of the pages will be of HTML content type anyway, so have this in mind. Do not mix and match this solution with the previously listed ones! You could end up trying to parse the same code twice (if the
<pre> tag uses the same
class attribute) which could lead to all kinds of weird results. Here's what Module implementation looks like:
namespace NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web { public class Module : IHttpModule { public void Init(HttpApplication context) { context.BeginRequest += new EventHandler(OnBeginRequest); } private void OnBeginRequest(Object sender, EventArgs args) { HttpApplication context = sender as HttpApplication; context.Response.Filter = new Filter(context.Response.Filter); } public void Dispose() { } } }
This is a classic approach to output filtering - ASP.NET has built-in support for that. First, you need to subscribe to the
BeginRequest event that will fire each time a new request comes in - great place for that is the handler's
Init method. Then you build your custom
Stream derived class and put it into
Response.Fiter property making sure you save the previous value first (I keep it in the
_inner member of my
Filter class). Now all output will go through your code where you can either just pass it through or modify it.
Stream is an abstract class that has quite a few methods and fields, but most of them can be implemented as simple forwards to
_inner
Stream. The interesting stuff happens in the
Write method:
internal class Filter : Stream { private Stream _inner; private StringBuilder _toParse = new StringBuilder(1024); private Int32 _colorized = 0; internal Filter(Stream inner) { _inner = inner; } private String AddScriptStyle(Match match) { String code, style; StringBuilder whole = new StringBuilder(); whole.Append("<head>").Append(match.Groups["head"].Value); using (TextReader tr = new StreamReader(Helper.CodePath)) code = tr.ReadToEnd(); whole.Append("<script>").Append(code).Append("</script>"); using (TextReader tr = new StreamReader(Helper.StylePath)) style = tr.ReadToEnd(); whole.Append("<style>").Append(style).Append("</style></head>"); return whole.ToString(); } private String ColorizeCodeSegment(Match match) { _colorized++; return Helper.FromString(HttpUtility.HtmlDecode(match.Groups["toParse"].Value)); } public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { String piece = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, offset, count); _toParse.Append(piece); if(!Regex.IsMatch(piece, "</html>", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase)) return; String result = Regex.Replace(_toParse.ToString(), @"<pre\s+class\s*=\s*['""]csharp_source[""']\s*" + @">(?<toParse>[\w\s\W\S]*?)</pre>", new MatchEvaluator(ColorizeCodeSegment), RegexOptions.IgnoreCase); if(_colorized > 0) result = Regex.Replace(result, @"<head>(?<head>[\w\s\W\S]*?)</head>", new MatchEvaluator(AddScriptStyle), RegexOptions.IgnoreCase); Byte[] all = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(result); _inner.Write(all, 0, all.GetLength(0)); } // ... more methods ... }
Instead of implementing a complex state machine tracking if we are at the beginning, inside or outside of our custom
<pre> block, I decided to simply wait for the
</html> closing tag, and buffer all the output up to that point. In order to match a custom
<pre> tag and get its inner text in one shot, I used a somewhat complex regular expression that in English reads "match all <pre class="csharp_source"> (with some spaces between class and = and with apostrophe instead of quote potentially) then match (and store into named group '
toParse') anything until you match </pre>". There can be multiple blocks of this kind per page - we need to replace each one of them with formatted and colorized code. Regex support in .NET is great and it allows us to do everything in a single line with
Regex.Replace! For each matched block, our evaluator will be called through
MatchEvaluator delegate and what it returns will replace the matched block - perfect for our needs! Thanks to the named group "
toParse", extracting code to parse is trivial and the rest is the usual core parsing routine, for the fourth time :-) We also need to add script and CSS content in the
<head> element (just append it to the content already there). In order to make our module active, we need to add the following to web.config - do it only for the folder where you want this processing to take place!
<httpModules> <add name="ColorizerModule" type="NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web.Module, NanoBriq.Colorizer.Web"/> </httpModules>
One last thing - I have assumed that all your files and pages are UTF-8 encoded. If that is not the case, either use
Response.ContentEncoding or make sure your files are saved so that you can detect encoding properly.
The source code download contains everything you need to build and use the colorizer. Due to complex build requirements - we need to build Coco-R first, then parser sources from the attributed grammar, then the core parsing code, and finally Web components - I have used NAnt for building. The version used was 0.85 RC3, there shouldn't be any significant differences between this and the final version, but keep that in mind. I have also provided a test folder with some .aspx files that exercise the code. All you need to do is to create a virtual directory and point to this test folder and to configure the paths (in web.config) to the JavaScript region code and the CSS style sheet for colors. That's it! I hope you enjoy using this code as much as I enjoyed writing it.
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Pod::Man is a module to convert documentation in the POD format (the preferred language for documenting Perl) into *roff input using the man macro set. The resulting *roff code is suitable for display on a terminal using nroff(1), normally via man(1)...RRA/podlators-4.14 - 04 Jan 2020 23:32:29 UTC - Search in distribution
- pod2man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
- Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted text
- perlpodstyle - Perl POD style guide
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This is a "plug-in" class that allows Perldoc to use Pod::Man and "groff" for reading Pod pages. The following options are supported: center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, quotes, release, section (Those options are explained ...MALLEN/Pod-Perldoc-3.28 - 16 Mar 2017 01:14:07 UTC - Search in distribution
- perldoc - Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.
- Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff - let Perldoc convert Pod to nroff
Send a module's pod through pod2text and your pager. This is mostly here for people too lazy to type $ pod2text `pmpath CGI` | $PAGER...MLFISHER/pmtools-2.2.0 - 15 Mar 2018 15:25:35 UTC - Search in distribution
: This tool generates POD documentation for each all of the commands in a tree for a given executable. This command must be run from within the namespace directory....BRUMMETT/UR-0.47 - 06 Aug 2018 14:29:10 UTC - Search in distribution
ack is designed as an alternative to grep for programmers. ack searches the named input FILEs or DIRECTORYs for lines containing a match to the given PATTERN. By default, ack prints the matching lines. If no FILE or DIRECTORY is given, the current di...PETDANCE/ack-v3.4.0 - 30 Jun 2020 04:13:07.5 - 25 Oct 2017 07:28:20 UTC -...ETJ/PDL-2.025 - 19 Nov 2020 13:17:38 UTC - Search in distribution
- PDL::PP - Generate PDL routines from concise descriptions
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- todo - Perl TO-DO list
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- 16 more results from perl » UTC - Search in distribution loc...ASPIERS/Stow-v2.3.1 - 28 Jul 2019 12:27:30 UTC -.062 - 13 Aug 2020 07:24:35 UTC - UTC - UTC - Search in distribution
"pp2html" creates a set of HTML files for a foilset based on a simple textfile slide_text. Due to its formatting features and the capability of creating navigation, table of contents and index pages, "pp2html" is also a suitable tool for writing onli...LDOMKE/PerlPoint-Converters-1.0205 - 08 Feb 2006 15:33:27 UTC - Search in distribution
Does this happen often with you: you install a CPAN module: % cpanm -n Finance::Bank::ID::BCA The CPAN distribution is supposed to contain some CLI utilities, but it is not obvious what the name is. So you do: % man Finance::Bank::ID::BCA to find out...PERLANCAR/App-PMUtils-0.734 - 13 Jun 2020 00:59:10 UTC - - Search in distribution | https://metacpan.org/search?q=Pod%3A%3Aman | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | refinedweb | 539 | 52.49 |
On one of our internal mailing lists, someone was wondering why their expensive four-processor computer appeared to be using only one of its processors. From Task Manager's performance tab, the chart showed that the first processor was doing all the work and the other three processors were sitting idle. Using Task Manager to set each process's processor affinity to use all four processors made the computer run much faster, of course. What happened that messed up all the processor affinities?
At this point, I invoked my psychic powers. Perhaps you can too.
First hint: My psychic powers successfully predicted that Explorer also had its processor affinity set to use only the first processor.
Second hint: Processor affinity is inherited by child processes.
Here was my psychic prediction:
My psychic powers tell me that
- Explorer has had its thread affinity set to 1 proc....
- because you previewed an MPG file...
- whose decoder calls SetProcessAffinityMask in its DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH...
- because the author of the decoder couldn't fix his multiproc bugs...
- and therefore set the process thread affinity to 1 to "fix" the bugs.
Although my first psychic prediction was correct, the others were wide of the mark, though they were on the right track and successfully guided further investigation to uncover the culprit.
The real problem was that there was a third party shell extension whose authors presumably weren't able to fix their multi-processor bugs, so they decided to mask them by calling the
SetProcessAffinityMask function to lock the current process (Explorer) to a single processor. Woo-hoo, we fixed all our multi-processor bugs at one fell swoop! Let's all go out and celebrate!
Since processor affinity is inherited, this caused every program launched by Explorer to use only one of the four available processors.
(Yes, the vendor of the offending shell extension has been contacted, and they claim that the problem has been fixed in more recent versions of the software.)
That’s absolutely hysterical!
I’m glad someone is logging this stuff… MS tech support increasingly looks like one of the most thankless jobs in the world.
Sysinternals or someone should make a sort of culprit-identifying tool to detect and display the [module]name of the last caller to each of the global/process settings APIs….
Nice! It’s absolutely the best tech story I’ve seen in last weeks.
Maybe processor affinity should be added to the list of inherited properties at (along with anything else that’s not listed there).
SetProcessAffinityMask requires admin privileges (well, PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION rights) or it will fail. This is only an issue if people are viewing videos or using poorly written shell extensions while running as admin.
Oh wait, just about ALL of us do that, since so many programs misbehave when you try to run them in a non-godlike fashion.
Well thank goodness that Microsoft has never advocated this kind of chicanery. Uh …
Notice that the chicanery is listed as the third choice workaround, not the two actual resolutions. In other words, it’s only after the customer rejects the two "correct" fixes.
I thought processor affinity was only a hint; there was nothing to stop the thread/process from being moved.
Didnt know about inheritance, thats why MSDN has to be so thorough; it has to compete with a platform where you can look at the source at debug time.
Why does processor affinity inherit?
I thought the reason processor affinity inherited was obvious – think about it. But apparently it’s not obvious enough. I’ll add it to the list of future topics.
Steve Loughran: There are two types of processor affinity, "soft" (just a suggestion) and "hard" (absolute requirement). SetThreadAffinityMask sets hard affinity; SetThreadIdealProcessor sets soft affinity.
If Explorer ran each window in a new process by default, instead of having that choice hidden in the options, think kind of thing wouldn’t happen because that inherited affinity would "go away" as soon as you closed that window… right?
It would also be a lot more stable and reliable in general. Why isn’t that the default… is there some reason for running Explorer as a single process that I’m unable to figure out (my own psychic powers failing me here) or is it just institutional inertia?
Raymond, there’s a problem with the Knowledge Base stylesheet ()? It has a rule:
.kb div pre
{
// various other properties omitted
white-space: normal;
}
that causes sample code to be flowed in a single paragraph. IE seems to ignore the rule so it doesn’t show the problem. There was a similar problem in MSDN a while back. Can you pass the information on or let me know who I can contact about this? I don’t see an appropriate contact address on the web site.
"is there some reason for running Explorer as a single process that I’m unable to figure out"
Performance, I should imagine.
I used to have a problem where every time I previewed an AVI file in Explorer, it would never release the handle, so it became difficult to change or delete AVI files. Turned out to be a bug in RealPlayer, as far as I can tell.
"If Explorer ran each window in a new process by default, instead of having that choice hidden in the options, think kind of thing wouldn’t happen because that inherited affinity would "go away" as soon as you closed that window… right?"
Already available, just turned off by default.
Open an Explorer window, Tools menu, Options, go to the View tab, scroll down, and check "Launch folder windows in a new process."
"It would also be a lot more stable and reliable in general."
And much, much slower due to the massive number of context switches that result — which is why it’s off by default. (Plus app compat reasons.) But it’s there.
If you pass the message along about that stylesheet that seems to deliberately break browsers that aren’t IE, could you please have whoever wrote it come back here and explain exactly why they did this?
I mean, for the Opera ‘margin:-20px;’ thing (Google for ‘bork’) there was an explanation that sort-of made sense (it being a side-effect of a very ugly hack for a very different problem); but why anyone would want to set a PRE tag to … well, basically do the opposite of what a PRE tag is supposed to do? Even when that command is ignored in the only browser they apparently use?
I know this is off topic; it’s just that this kind of idiocy annoys me to no end every time I need something from MSDN.
I’m trying to find the owner of that stylesheet. I suspect the reason is that it’s a simple oversight.
In SQL 2000, using Data Transformation Services packages with ActiveX data transforms (now we’re getting technical), all the steps in the DTS package have to be set to run on the main thread if there are any package event handlers.
From:
If package event handlers coded in Visual Basic are being used, the ExecuteInMainThread property must be set TRUE. Visual Basic does not support free threading, which DTS uses.
Someone else’s description of the reason: "Visual Basic is an apartment-threaded application and DTS is free-threaded and the two can conflict to produce the error. This is simply overcome by setting each step’s ExecuteInMainThread property to true."
I realize that threading models and bugs are not the same thing, but there are cases where we’re told by Microsoft to run everything in an application on the same thread.
Also, I know that threads and processor affinity aren’t the same thing either, but I’ll bet that thread errors show up much more wheh you’re on a multi-processor machine.
Microsoft is not a single entity. There’s the COM group, the shell group, the VB group… It’s entirely possible that advise you get from the VB group conflicts with advice you get from the COM group. In the same way you might decide not to follow the rules set down by your brother. When you say that "Microsoft" told you to do something, you need to be more specific which group was doing the talking.
For any given browser, there are always at least 3 CSS solutions to any problem, one of which is a proprietary extension. (That includes our beloved FF.) Two of them will have unintended consequences in other browsers and require further workarounds, or giving up the feature, or simply living with/ignoring effects in other browsers. CSS compatibility is still nasty even across the so-called "fully compliant" browsers (Gecko, Opera, Safari). So don’t be too hard on the guy who did it.
I won’t even get into how many times I’ve become angry at "Microsoft" only to discover that it was a bad shell extension some app installed that trashed my system. Ones that won’t release file hooks are infurating; I just wish there was an easier way to manage them than the registry. (They’re a lot like browser plugins.) Maybe there is and I just don’t know it.
For separate windows you can consider separate processes. For a single window, it’s very very (very!) hard to correctly synchronize message queues so many/most shell extensions just run in the same process.
This is a path that we’re pursuing anyways just for better fault isolation but it’s not an easy fix. I haven’t thought about it enough to make a claim like "therefore the windowing system is fundamentally broken" so feel free to make such a claim after thoughtfully considering the same problem on X windows, NeWS, etc. AFAIK, there’s no support for a single window hierarchy that spans clients in X; only the WM aggregates windows from multiple clients. But it’s been almost 11 years since I’ve touched X…
Ryan Myers replied to Peter da Silva:
>> "If Explorer ran each window in a new
>> process by default, instead of having that
>> choice hidden in the options,
>
> Already available, just turned off by
> default.
Both wrong. There is a choice hidden in the options (as both said) but it doesn’t run each window in a new process, it only runs some windows in one separate process from some other windows.
Remember in Windows 95/98, when an option was added to Internet Explorer to browse in a separate process, the frequency of complete hangs/crashes/etc. of the entire Windows system dropped by half? Maybe at some level this was considered a reduction in performance, but overall it was an improvement.
Windows Explorer really needs the same thing, an option to put every invocation in a separate process.
Michael Grier: It’s entirely possible for one X client to "swallow" another as a sub-window. For example I have a Mozilla plugin that can embed random applications in the browser in order to display file types that aren’t directly supported by the browser or a plugin. Those applications obviously run as separate processes.
Chris Lundie: I wrote an AVIFile handler once that would cause the same symptoms if you manually enabled its "proxy" mode, until I found the handle leak. The XP shell media extension is a magnet for third-party bugs, and unfortunately problems with it will extend into the common file dialog too. :(
Speaking of unwarranted whacking of global settings, for some reason this story reminds me of when I used to use Windows 95. Seems a lot of driver writers at that time couldn’t find a good way to avoid the "browse for file" dialog on driver installation other than to change the cached Windows CD path to their install folder. You’d then blame Windows for being stupid for trying some weird directory in TEMP to install TCP/IP support.
"Windows Explorer really needs the same thing, an option to put every invocation in a separate process."
That would be a great improvement indeed. Another thing that would greatly improve Explorer is making it multi-threaded, looks like it isn’t at the moment or at least threads block eachother for no reason.
Try opening a SMB share on a computer that doesn’t respond, explorer completely freezes while waiting for the timeout, the UI doesn’t even redraw. Is there a seperate UI thread and if so why is it blocked by the filesystem-thread ?
Hilarious! You made this geek’s day :-))
l – Hanlon’s Razor: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.
I’m wondering how .Net manage this affinity mask… Somebody know ?
I too have seen explorer freeze, really slow down or hang because one window is hung doing something (e.g. accessing a slow/non existant network share or whatever else)
An option (or feature) so that each explorer window is a different process (or thread) and one hung window wont hang the other explorer windows would be very usefull.
Although I am sure that the explorer/shell guys at Microsoft have good reasons for not implementing this.
Raymond answered this when I asked it in the suggestion box a while back:
(quoting the relevent piece of the article)
"Why is explorer.exe monolithic? Why wasn’t there a desktop.exe, taskbar.exe, etc?"
Processes are expensive.
So there you have it. If each instance of explorer was in its own process, the system would crawl (or so I imagine)
"So there you have it. If each instance of explorer was in its own process, the system would crawl (or so I imagine)"
Maybe that was true on a p100 running win95. But why is it still there ? With all the CPU time spent on visual gadgets in winXP, why not spend a little on fixing explorer ?
I’m not saying everything should be it’s own process, but a multithreaded explorer would be nice, so if a filesystem operation doesn’t respond I can at least cancel it and move on.
btw, Konqueror on my linux system does it the right way, and I haven’t seen performance problems with it at all.
Aargh said: "btw, Konqueror on my linux system does it the right way, and I haven’t seen performance problems with it at all."
Well, on Linux creating processes is cheap. In fact, having a fast fork() is a major goal of the kernel design team. Wheras on windows, as dhiren said above, "Processes are expensive".
It’s a remnant of the assumptions that the designers built into the systems years ago, and with the advent of multi-processor systems the Linux decision is paying off.
Um, Explorer does put each window on its own thread. Fire it up under your favorite debugger if you don’t believe me.
What about having these 3rd party extensions run in some virtual explorer process? Rename the real one to something else etc. And have some stuff to manage what stuff has been installed into the virtual explorer. Oh and add a managed API for doing the most common extension stuff in XP too..
"Um, Explorer does put each window on its own thread. Fire it up under your favorite debugger if you don’t believe me."
I believe you, the problem is not each window having a different thread, the problem is that there are no seperate threads for the UI and the filesystem stuff. So a non-responding network FS also freezes the UI.
Explorer tries to do heavy filesystem stuff on background threads but sometimes it messes up. But this has drifted far off-topic so I’ll let it go.
This is slightly offtopic – but wouldn’t it be a good idea for Explorer to have add-in management like IE 6 SP2? I’ve seen tons of people have problems with shell extensions – and since it isnt obvious as to how you can remember them, an options UI which lets you turn on and off individual extensions (everything from icon handlers to namespace extensions) might be a usual feature
Yes, I read the top half. My point was that you extrapolated from the first half to the second half, concluding that "Microsoft" told you to do something, as if all of Microsoft agreed on the recommendation you received.
"When you say that "Microsoft" told you to do something, you need to be more specific which group was doing the talking."
Raymond, did you read the last half of my post and ignore the first half? I was completely explicit in the post as to who within Microsoft "told" me to do something. I even included the link in the post: I was quoting from“>“>“>“>“>“>“>
You could probably tell better than I which group within Microsoft authored the content, if that’s what you want me to tell you, but I thought that including the link at“>“>“>“>“>“>“> it would provide 100% of the relevant information. I’m sure it was some part of the SQL server group. That part is obvious from looking at the link that I provided, which is“>“>“>“>“>“>“>
Yes, I did say in the post "there are cases where we’re told by Microsoft to run everything in an application on the same thread" when I could have reiterated that the example I posted was from the link which I included in its entirety, at“>“>“>“>“>“>“>
David Walker
Aargh! I don’t know why the link repeated itself each time I included it, I didn’t do that on purpose. I would use a Preview button if the forum software had one…
"Well, on Linux creating processes is cheap."
I’d read that in several pieces of literature (rather, that Unix is far superior to Windows as far as process efficiency, such as this), but I didn’t really know the technical details. Can anybody recommend some literature about how processes differ between Unix and Windows, and why Unix is so much better? Sorry for getting further off topic, but with my attention span, if I don’t ask now, I’ll forget about it (like I’ve done in the past on this topic) :P
Justin: Arguably, process creation is cheap on Unix because it needs to be cheap. Concurrency and communication between programs are normally done with separate processes. Windows (in its 32-bit versions) was written with the assumption that programs would normally use multithreading for concurrency and DLLs for extensibility, so there wasn’t the same concern about the cost of creating processes.
Another perfect example of "sweeping the dust underneath the carpet" approach. Don’t know how to fix a pesky problem? Hide the visible sympthoms!
We’ve experienced many similar problems at the wetware level. Our software has extremely fine-grained internal locking, and has been pretty heavily tested on multiprocessor systems. It turns out that users are really good at creating rendezvous’ by trying to share single mutex-protected objects across all threads on all CPUs, creating pileups of threads behind the object and reducing the overall performance to that of a single-CPU system. Further questioning of various users who were having problems revealed that a large number of them really didn’t understand threads, ranging from complete incomprehension of the whole concept ("What, you mean you can have two thingies executing as part of the same program? Naaahhh, pull the other one") to simply not understanding how to manage objects in the presence of multiple threads. Because of this, our documentation now includes a Threads for Dummies-style section right at the start to tell programmers what threads are, how they work, how to manage objects in the presence of multiple threads, etc etc.
Ryan Myers wrote:
> And much, much slower due to the
> massive number of context switches
> that result — which is why it’s
> off by default. (Plus app compat
> reasons.) But it’s there.
Please explain this "much, much slower" to your MSFT fellows who are proposing to run LUA: if the switch ain’t set you won’t be able to execute a second EXPLORER.EXE with administrative rights at all!
So running in different processes is REALLY essential for running with different credentials.
Here "speed" doesn’t matter,but security.
I’m working with this switch for years and never found it to slow down my system(s).
I would have written "The DTS team at Microsoft says to run everything on one thread because of a conflict with VB." It’s a workaround not a preferred configuration.
You’re right, Raymond, I should have clarified my comment by saying that "Microsoft in this case with this software says to run everything on one thread".
То есть, как не надо фиксить баги…
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Simple theme customisation
Anvil’s Material Design theme is a standard, clean design that is appropriate for a wide range of web app use cases. That’s why we chose to make it the default theme when creating a new app.
Its look and feel can be tweaked to your app’s individual needs using Colour Schemes and Roles. It also has a built-in title bar and optional sidebar. As with all Anvil themes, advanced developers can take total control by modifying the HTML partial and the CSS stylesheet that go into making the Material Design theme.
Let’s have a look at what’s on offer.
Colour Schemes
Your app doesn’t have to be blue, white and orange. That’s the default Material Design colour palette, but you can customise your colour scheme using the Colour Scheme tool. If you click on ‘Colour Scheme’ under ‘Theme’ on the left-hand panel of the editor, you can select the Primary and Secondary colours of the theme using the dropdowns at the top.
You can also modify each of the colours individually by modifying the RGB hex of any colour. Colours can be added to the palette using the ‘New Colour’ button.
Now you have your colour palette, you’ll want to apply it to the components of your app. Your changes to the primary and secondary colours will be applied automatically - look back and the Design view and you’ll see your app’s new look.
You can also set the colours of components manually by setting the
foreground and
background properties on a
component. Find these in the ‘Appearance’ part of the Properties panel in the Design View.
As always in Anvil, you can also set them programmatically - just assign the
foreground or
background attribute to the name of
the colour, as a string:
self.button_1.foreground = 'theme:Secondary 500'
If you want to use a colour that’s not in the Colour Scheme, just use the RGB hex directly:
There’s also a colour picker so you don’t need to guess the RGB hex for the colour you’re looking for. Just click on the paintbrush icon next to the relevant property, then on the icon next to the ‘Enter manually’ box.
You can set an RGB hex programmatically as well:
self.button_1.foreground = '#ee67a1'
Roles and Theme Elements
You can change the look and feel of components by assigning Roles to them. Play with the ‘role’ dropdown in ‘Appearance’ in the Properties panel to see what’s available for a particular component.
You can also set roles programmatically. Just assign the
.role attribute of a component to the name of the role as a string:
self.link_store.role = 'selected'
Some roles in Material Design are so useful, we’ve made shortcuts for adding components that already have them set. These are ‘Card’, ‘Headline’ and ‘Highlighted Button’. They can be found under ‘Theme Elements’ in the Toolbox.
A Card is a ColumnPanel with the
card role applied, to produce a separate area within a page. It looks great
when used to show content such as blog posts or emails in an inbox, where there could be any number of identical pieces
of
full_width_row box in ‘Container Properties’, and make sure
spacing_above and
spacing_below are set to
none in the Layout section. Play with the
display_mode to get exactly what you want.
The Headline element is a label with the
headline role applied. It has a large font, giving a standard style for headings.
The Highlighted Button is a button with the
primary-color role applied. It stands out against the background,
in comparison with the standard Button, which has a transparent background in Material Design and appears more like a link.
Other Roles in Material Design
There are many other roles available and with a bit of experimentation you should be able to find a look-and-feel that really supports your app’s user experience. Bear in mind that roles have different effects on components within the sidebar compared to components in the main form body.
In particular, check out the Button roles -
primary-color,
raised and
secondary-color, which you can use to
give the user visual cues about what the button is for.
You can use Labels as
text,
subheading,
headline and the very large
display-4. The
text role takes away padding
from both Labels and Links, which allows them to stack and create lines of text with sensible spacing.
input-prompt is great for Labels that tell the user what a TextBox or DropDown is for. It applies the correct padding to
line the Label up with the TextBox or DropDown and makes the fonts match.
Setting a Link as
selected in the side bar is useful if you’ve got a set of navigation Links in the sidebar - programmatically
making a Link
selected indicates to the user where they are within your app.
Sidebar with show/hide button
Notice the white bar on the left side of the Design view? When you hover your mouse over it, it tells you “To add a sidebar, drop a ColumnPanel here”.
Dropping in a ColumnPanel causes a ‘hamburger’ icon to appear on the titlebar, which shows and hides the sidebar at runtime. If you add some Links into your ColumnPanel, you instantly have a hideable navigation menu. You can add any component you wish. Here we’ve added a company logo and some CheckBoxes for managing global site settings.
On a desktop browser, the sidebar is shown by default, and the hamburger icon hides it. On mobile, the sidebar starts hidden and it is shown when the user touches the hamburger.
Page titlebar
Hovering your mouse over the title bar, you see ‘Drop Title Here’ and ‘Drop Links Here’.
‘Drop Title Here’ is intended for a single label to serve as a page title. If you add a Label component, you can give your app a name. Any component can be added here, but Label is usually appropriate.
‘Drop Links Here’ is a FlowPanel. It allows any number of components to be added. Note the nice circular highlighting when hovering the mouse over a link in the top bar. The Material Design guidelines suggest just having icons in this position - you can do this by adding a Link with an icon and no text.
Switching the main page contents
To use your new nav bar to navigate around your app, you need to make the links change which form is displayed in the main section of the page.
Let’s assume we’ve implemented a ‘Gallery’ form and an ‘Articles’ form. We can create an event handler that switches
to the Gallery form by clearing the ColumnPanel and instantiating a
Gallery() within it:
def switch_to_gallery(self, **event_args): """Switch to the Gallery view.""" self.column_panel_body.clear() self.column_panel_body.add_component(Gallery()) self.headline_made_with_anvil.scroll_into_view()
And similarly for
switch_to_articles. Remember to register these as event handlers for the relevant Links!
Let’s make our event handler set the link’s role to
selected when a user is viewing that page. The user can now
easily see where they are in the app:
def switch_to_gallery(self, **event_args): """Switch to the Gallery view.""" self.column_panel_body.clear() self.column_panel_body.add_component(self.gallery) self.headline_made_with_anvil.scroll_into_view() self.deselect_all_links() self.link_gallery.role = 'selected' def deselect_all_links(self): """Reset all the roles on the navbar links.""" for link in self.link_articles, self.link_gallery, self.link_store: link.role = ''
Here’s how that looks when it’s up and running:
Going further
In a few features, Material Design provides the building blocks to create a wide range of apps. If you want to customise your app further, have a play with your app’s Assets, which can be found under the Theme section of the left-hand panel.
Assets allow you to modify the HTML and CSS associated with your Components.
standard-page.html is where the title bar
and sidebar are defined, so if you want to add or remove anything from the standard page layout, here’s where you can do it.
theme.css contains the CSS for the Roles as well as for everything else on the page. Roles work by applying special
CSS classes to a component; a Role named
foo applies a class named
.anvil-role-foo to its component. If you want to
define your own Roles and set up some CSS rules associated with them, you can add new Roles in the Theme->Roles section of
the editor, then modify
theme.css accordingly.
For more about customising your theme, see the Themes section of the Reference Docs.
Happy styling! | https://anvil.works/learn/tutorials/using-material-design.html | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 1,442 | 61.67 |
CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
Hi, I am João and I'm starting to work with Orchard (currently at the latest version from the default branch from source control).
I wanted a specific field (Fields_MediaPicker) from a specific content type to be shown on the Layout Featured zone of my theme.
I came across this article: and I realised that I could do this in my theme's placement.info file:
<Place Fields_MediaPicker="/Featured:1"/>
Now, my problem is the Fields_MediaPicker replaced the Zone [Featured], instead of being injected inside it. Is this the default behavior?
Because our featured zone has alternates and wrappers.
Is there any way to maintain the featured zone and not replace it?
I've done a bit more digging on this issue, I believe this is to do with when the shape Featured is created.
With moving the part onto the zone in the placement.info, when the shape Featured is created it is not aware it should be Zone so is setting it's placement shapetype to ContentZone instead of Zone, thus not having the correct behaviour.
I tried to get around this, by forcing the shape type to be Zone in the placement.info like this
<Place Featured="shape=Zone"/>
But it didn't work, I also tried creating a custom shape table provider in the theme to set the behaviour as a zone, but it didn't work also:
public class FeaturedZoneShapeTableProvider : IShapeTableProvider
{
public void Discover(ShapeTableBuilder builder)
{
builder.Describe("Featured")
.OnCreating(creating => creating.Behaviors.Add(new ZoneHoldingBehavior(() => creating.New.Zone(), null)));
}
}
I may be missing something obvious, I'm still trying to get my head around clay, can anyone aid us on this?
Cheers,
P.
Please file a bug.
Done, let me know if we're on the right track, and I'll be happy to try and sort it out if needed.
Are you sure you want to delete this post? You will not be able to recover it later.
Are you sure you want to delete this thread? You will not be able to recover it later. | http://orchard.codeplex.com/discussions/373177 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 349 | 71.95 |
umpernickel - "This blog has no entertainment value without you being around. Inhibited by trolls or permanently offended Brits who in their desperation associate with trolls for nobody else will support their position here."
Nor is TE a Facebook for your entertainment and ignorant pronouncements on other bloggers.
No "entertainment value" for you maybe, who have nothing of substance with which to gain support from ANY poster for this democratically-challenged institution known as the "EU", unless you -like Enriquecoste - consider the resort to the flimsiest of "historical justification" in events that have not the slightest connection with the modern democratic era are justifications for this dictatorship.
Do not seek a "union" were one will not grow - this will leaves you with dictatorship again, as announced by the unelected spokesperson Mr Borossa.
There is no obligation to vote for federalist political parties. Our elected Governments are creating the Federation. Political union already exists in Europe, something evident (Customs Union, Currency Union. High Court, Schengen, Charter of Fundamental Rights, common Defense procurament office...etc, etc)
The federal framework has been there for six decades, and only rest filling the blanks, details.
As Edward Heath said years ago, Britain has the honour to participate in the creation of the European Federation.
Strange that Pumpernickel always considered this Charlemagne thread as his own private property. He posts 24/7, decides who is a "troll" and who is not, awards points, is obsessed with people's nationality so he can stereotype them, demands that we indulge in "horseplay", that is when he is in the mood, spends time playing chess with other bloggers and telling us what he had for lunch.
Do you think there is a medical term for his condition? I wonder what it is.
LOL
Thankfully we are now spared his non-stop bragging about his cheap vacations. I gather he has suddenly stopped his trips to Greece & Portugal.
Gee,I wonder? the locals not too friendly as usual or something Pumpy?
Where is the clown, btw? He should be here. Maybe he's gotten lynched in that big demonstration in Portugal a couple of days ago after telling people there is "no gain without pain".
You know, tactful like.
LOL."
But it can only survive as a dictatorship - not for long in other words.
Time you asked the Europeans whether they want it by direct ballot, without intference from Brussels progandists and their national place-persons subverting the respective national parliamentary institutions..
Enriquecost
Political Union is unrealistic. I would support it, if I thought otherwise. The French for a start would never agree. The best we can hope for at this stage of the game is a robust financial infra structure to get us through the crisis. The integration will take one or two generations and has to happen organically. It cannot be imposed.
Why should it happen any faster than it happened in the US of A, where conditions for integration were more favourable politically? We must be realistic. Step by small step does it.
All the opposite. The European Federation is the most democratic national construction in World History.
The creation of Britain or Spain were just the consequence of aristocrats making love each other and selling their lands with their vassails. Nobody asked the People of Britain if they wanted to create Britain. They were just vassails, servants working for the Lords. Nothing else.
When the U.S. was born:
a) Women (51% of the population) didn´t have right to vote.
b) Blacks (20% of the population) were slaves
c) Natives (10%) were not considered even human beings.
And that was the most democratic national construction by then...
So, compared to past national constructions, the European Federation is the most democratic never seen. All member states are democracies with elected Governments. Citizens have a high degree of education. So, the debate is something logical. Such debate was almost non existant for the People (without rights) when the U.K. or the U.S. were created.
In fact, most of the national institutions in the European Federation ALREADY exist. There is a European Parliament, which should be more rational (the one in Strasburg should be closed, leaving just the one in Brussels) Perhaps half of the MPs could live in their districts and vote thanks to electronic signature, and participate in debates thanks to videoconference...
There are few steps left in the road to a European Federation. In fact, we have been a Confederation since the Maastricht Treaty (1992)
We are already in a political union ¿or how can be called a "zollverein" with a common currency, common budget, European Charter of Fundamenteal Rights, High Court, common Defense procurament office....etc, etc?
We are ALREADY in a political union, and our representatives are just drafting the details. They are just filling the blanks in the map, but the map was done decades ago.
You are wrong again (again, I do not work for the EU, I am an anglophile, I do not use other names for my comments)
Your blindness and nationalism make you attack people for exactly what they are not.
Why so much hate for people who are in favour of the unity and integration of Europe ? Why such a strong desire to see them and the project fail ? (give it enough time, you will see, they will not, and you will be surprised, just I imagine as you were surprised if you were old enough to have seen things that a number of people in Britain thought they would never happen like: the Common Market, the European Union, the European Parliamant, the Shengen Area, and of course the Euro - which is there to stay, you will see, ....).
You should read more carefully what people write before judging them in a totally false and unfair manner.
Coming back to the US as it seems to interest you (answer to emmafinney): the USA are not Britain; they are a melting pot, and this is wonderful, a melting pot of people of European origins first, and now much more of people coming of all races and countries, and this is fantastic. Their desire for all: to become Americans, and this is what they become. Their President is Black and had a Keynian father. And this is great. They add 100 millions people every 30 years. And statistics there regarding the breakdown of the population in various ethnic groups and its fast change, are just normal and there to be discussed, it is not because you mention these statistics that you are a racist, not at all, it is just interesting and useful. You should live there sometime if you do not know that.
Europe is not a melting pot. It is just as hard for the Turks in Germany to become and to be considered as “full” Germans, as for the Indians or Pakistanis in Britain to become and to be considered as “full” Brits, or for Algerians of Black people from Africa in France to become and be considered as “full” French. And this is regrettable. But maybe for all these people living in Europe and having no desire to go elsewhere, it will be for them and their children easier one day to become “full Europeans”.
Nationalism rather than Europeanism is on the contrary much more linked to racism and ostracism and xenophobia (history has shown that clearly): hence for example the opposition to the free movement of people within the European Union (to the Shengen treaty). Europeists are the ones who are much more open.
Please stop treating people who are in favor of European integration and European unity of being facists, totalitarians, racists, fanatics, anti-democrats, anglophobes, etc….. in fact they are exactly the opposite. Their views are in the line of those of some of the greatest thinkers, poets, or composers Europe has produced: Goethe, Victor Hugo, Beethoven, etc…. You think you discredit them, but you discredit yourself.
Your personal attacks are absurd and totally unfounded. My only point of view is that I regret that Britain is not, and most probably will never be a full member of the European family with all these opt-outs it has and wants to have, and may find itself alone and on the side as European countries continue their path towards more unity and federalism (and the Euro crisis and its resolution will just hasten that).
My opinion is that Britain should be inside (unfortunately it will not). My opinion is that Europe would be better of with a full participation and contribution of Britain to its endeavours, in order for Britain to be able to bring all the good things it has, and to balance the continental views; this opinion is shared by the very very vast majority of your compatriots who live or work in other European countries, or have there a second home (they are many). Walking out of the room, particularly when there are difficulties, is not the right attitude.
You are the ones with your ideas who prevent this full participation of Britain from happening with your never ending criticism of Europe, and wishful thinking it will fail, when it will not; it is your entire right to think as you want, and to express it, but it is not a reason to insult people who do not think like you by calling them names which correspond to the worst times of history or of relationships between people, or to tell lies regarding who they are, what they are, or what they think when you do not know them.
I will stop here this discussion, because the way it goes with this sort of unfounded personal attacks, I do not think that this debate is elevated enough and with people who have enough knowledge and international experience to be able to judge things and to defend their point of view, when it is different, with fair and reasonable arguments.
Thank you nevertheless, as it has helped me to better understand the difficulties of pro-Europe British people in Britain to make themselves heard and make their opinions understood, and I can tell you they have my full respect for their courage.
BAE Systems merger with EADS...perhaps Britain is more inside than you think.
Yes, and this is a good example of what Britain can bring, of what others can bring to Britain, and how every one can benefit from a strong European integrated aerospace and defense group, more comparable to Boeing at present, but tomorrow also to a similar Chinese group which will inevitably emerge, etc....
Business is generally more advanced, more European, and more international than politicians and a number of people. This is true on the continent, but very much so in Britain too.
It was not easy at the creation of Airbus between the French and the Germans, has not been at times, but everybody is happy about it now; Airbus has been a fantastic success, including for all other European countries. Let's hope the EADS-BAE merger will go ahead and will work (not so sure Americans see that with a benevolent eye though, and let's hope the French and German governments will not put too harsh and selfish conditions).
Europe still has a lot on its plate, but it has a big potential, and the British are 100 % welcome when they want to help to realize that potential and play the European game with the same goals.
The whole idea of 'Europeanism' is based on race and racism, it has its foundation on the thinking that Europeans are above others, is a large part of fascist ideology.
You can waffle on and fudge, but history is filled with despots and tyrants that have spoken the same words that you have written.
The E.B.A. (European Banking Authority), which head is Mario Draghi, has its headquarters in London. And Spain has agreed to lose its permanent seat in the Governing Council of the ECB...something which only can be explained if it is going to be given to Britain. The U.K. is the second holder of ECB´s capital after Germany and already pays millions of €uros every year to the ECB, even if it cannot take part still in the decission-making of the ECB. Britain is inside, and a BAE Systems - EADS merger only can be explained if the U.K. will join the €urozone after the next Elections in britain.
to enriquecost on Spain having given her permanent seat on ECB
How I wish you were right in everything you say but I have to accept you are the only Galician I know who's more optimist than circumstances warrant!
Apologies for the little joke but you how I love Galicians and a little leg pulling never does any harm..... "
Who needs the 'European Project' when it acts as a dead weight to progress.
The battle lines are drawn as Brussels wants state powers.
....
The foundation of the Markets in Financial Instrument Directive 2004 (MiFID), states an investment firm can set up a branch in a 'host' nation and partake in trading securities on the single european market, including in other european national markets free from any restrictions as once it meets all legal obligations with respect that nations regulations as outlined by the Central Bank of Ireland in my case.
Application to the Irish Stock Exchange is granted within acceptance by the Central Bank and the Admissions Committee of the Investment Intermediaries 'Prospectus Directive'
Therefore with the introduction of this we have seen a number of 'subsidary banks' ie Ulster Bank is to Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS).
If a 'home state' investment firm Royal Bank of Scotland based on market inside knowledge invests large quantities of resources in the 'subsidary bank' (Ulster Bank) in hope of manipulating growth in the 'host' country is this not the same as "Ficticious Devices" as outlined under the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority Act.
Given this then lead to the strenghting of the Euro currency, would this not under the same act of legislation be regarded as 'price postioning'?
Price postioning defined as "the manipulation of a bond or securities to produce artifical valve upon it", know as pump and dump by stockbrokers.
Under the above legislation it is the entitlement of the Financial Regulator (Financial Ombudsman in Ireland) of sovern states to request all documentation with regards to any wrong doing precieved. (In this case 'Insider Dealing').
Documentation includes all Financial Transactions for the previous 5 years, list of employees with access to price sensitive information, any or all previous employees involved in wrong doing and vested interests.
The Financial Ombudsman also retains the right to formally request all documentation with regards to a foreign investment firm or investment intermediate it believes to be in direct breach of the Markets Abuse Directive (MAD) while operating in the Irish market with regards to dealing in securities.
As the Ombudsman in the 'home nation' (Ireland) has to ability to reprimand Irish company acting unlawfully on the Irish Stock Exchange could it not also reprimand foreign bodies as they are supposedly bound under the same legal obligations outlined above in the MiFID?
The list of sanctions may be as follows for guilty parties:
-Reduction of scope with regards to any guilty party,
-Official reprimand and suspension (fine included) from Irish Stock Exchange until judicial process is complete. (Guilty party retaints the right of appeal to High Court).
-Explusion and criminal prosecution of those found guilty of market abuses under the Market Abuse Directive.
Under the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority Act would it not be possible in certain cases to impose a maximium fine of 10 million or maximium 10 year prison sentence or both in extreme cases.
Those investers in Investment Intermediaties (II's) can be compensated under the Investment Compensation Company Limited (ICCL) if they have lost invested pensions.
This should include all Intermediates such as
-Multi Agency Intermeditaries,
-Authorized Advisors,
-Deposit Brokers and
-Deposit Agents.
The High Level Group on Financial Supervision in the EU. Brussel, 25 February 2009.
Under the De Larosiere Report on Finanical Supervision within the Eurozone the following lessons were learned.
Although the way in which the financial sector has been supervised in the EU has not been one of the primary causes behind the crisis, there has been a real and important supervisory failures, from both a macro and mirco-prudential standpoint.
Defination of 'Prudential' as stated by Bankers Institute of Ireland states " That all financial serives either it be Investment Intermediates or Banking take the required steps to ensure the monetary integrity of the institution with regards to contuined solvency and liquidity"
The Group believes that this requires that an Institution at EU level be trusted with the task of Macro/Micro Prudential supervision. It also recommended the ECB/ESCB be explicity and formally charged with responsibility in the EU.
Also as the crisis developed supervisors in Member States were not prepared to discuss at early stages the vulnerabilites of financial institutions. Information flow was almost non-existant.
In turn it lead to an erosion of mutual confidance amoung financial supervisors.
The De Larosiere Group recommended the foundation of a new committee called the European Systemic Risk Council (ESRC), to be chaired by the ECB President.
It also recommended moving towards a European System of Fincial Supervision. (ESFS).
As far as cross border institutions are concerned, the ESFS should contuine to rely heavily on the college of supervisors.
The Group also recommends that "EU Member States should show their support for strenghting the role of the IMF in macroeconomic surveillance and to contribute towards increasing the IMF's resources in order to strenghten its capacity to support member countries facing acute or balance of payment distress"
Hense the ruling by the German Constitutional Court in recent days with regards to the ESM.
Recommendation 30 states as follows: "The Group recommends that a coherant EU representation in the new global economic and financial architecture be organised."
Eerish banks have many tax heaven deposits. This will become the blackhole for the next financial crisis. Making ipods won't solve anything.
Don't sell your kidney to buy ipod!
Thicko6,
Your reply shows your depth of knowledge with regards to economics.
None.
The above legislation refers to all Eurozone countries.
But you knew that already as stated above?
Go back to your barstool
Having become tired of Charlemagne, I know read his articles and blogs rather late if at all.
(just in case junoir asks me again why I have never anything good to say about Charlemagne, here I repeat my condensed reply:. Kipling recommended that over a century ago. It's a simple poem called "IF"; some,like me, attributed the great virtues of Britain until the end of the Empire on the state of mind "IF" portrays).
But I'm rambling.
I repeat, I now read late or never Charlemagne since what he is saying has little connection with facts and what matters.
But that's a mistake: somehow his threads still garner some excellent contributions.
Pumpernickel keeps his invincible wit and common sense. I never know which I admire most.
La Výritý seems to have given up in despair.I fully understand him but miss his unbeatable erudition in financial matters and its legal environment.
Milovan continues to dazzle us with his mixture of practical and intellectual deep culture.
Oh! before any comments to the opposite: we don't have to agree with their opinions; I often disagree. That's immaterial; what is not is that I always learn something from these and several other quality posters.
To which I would like to include a relatively recent discovery for me:shaun39 whose flair for finding relevant sources of information is by far the best I've seen so far and his excellent ability to "read" statistics.
Instead of writing "read" I should have written "feel" but I'm afraid only he and enriquecost would understand exactly what I mean.
Thanks shaun; keep at it. You are doing excellently. I repeat this doesn't mean I always agree with you but that doesn't matter. What matters is that that you can look at stats with a cold eye. If you don't they are worthless.
There are a couple other new posters I rather enjoy; I selected to mention shaun alone just out of my strong passion for looking at stats with a totally unbiased mind.
I've just noticed, I didn't refer to any specific matter Charlemagne has written.
Well, as what he has written is totally irrelevant, particularly now, it is a sign of mental health I've nothing to say.
."
___________________________________
Have you ever considered that points a) - e) apply to most of us, and e) in particular?
From the top of my head, I could name about a half dozen incidents when you called a debate over as soon as clearly contradicted by facts... .
Just saying.
to Josh
who wrote
Have you ever considered that points a) - e) apply to most of us, and e) in particular?
From the top of my head, I could name about a half dozen incidents when you called a debate over as soon as clearly contradicted by facts... .
Just saying.
There you go again.
Even if true, which I will never dispute, I am not a journalist.
Now.
But I did teach a few.
Yes, it's me again - and again without asking for permission first. How dare I.
See, my point was simply: since we've enjoyed his hospitality for so long, you shouldn't be so hard on CHARLEMAGNE, Sanmartinian. I might also add that the subtlety of your statements (of which you are so proud) tends to wear off a bit when you sound too self-righteous.
to josh on being welcome into a thread and subtlety wearing thin.
As I get baffled by long reply threads and do not like ping pong style arguments, I have commented on your reply at the top of the page (at this moment)
Are you people ever going to get tired predicting the immanent demise of the EU. We've been listening to the same whining for decades now. You'd think that at some point, you'd realize you're simply on the wrong side of this.
If you want more democracy, work for it within that framework. Otherwise, live with the democracy you're going to get.
@Birtnick.
Here is a piece of news that will drive eurobots crazy.
ttp://ca.news.yahoo.com/ottawa-open-joint-u-k-canadian-diplomatic-missions-163748344.html
CANADA, UK TO CUT COSTS BY SHARING EMBASSIES ABROAD
"Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird and British Foreign Secretary William Hague will sign an agreement to open joint Canada-U.K. diplomatic missions abroad in an effort to extend each country's diplomatic reach while cutting costs.
Hague told CBC News, "as the Prime Minister [David Cameron] said when addressing the Canadian parliament last year: 'We are two nations, but under one Queen and united by one set of values.'"
The British Foreign Secretary hopes other Commonwealth countries like Australia and New Zealand will join the iniative so they can pool their resources and extend their reach abroad."
We really don't care, this does not drive anybody crazy. Management of diplomatic work is linked to money, opportunity, who has the best relations with the local government and other minor things. Here in Abidjan the UK representation worked under the EU, since they didn't have interest in having any representation during the civil war. Now that it's over, they came back, but while on some things they are independent, on other matters they are not: they work under Accra for visa issues, (mostly) under the EU for development policy, including economic development, and independently for commerce.
Even the US is represented by the EU in donor meetings on economic and social development, as in most countries they select a lead interantional representative for more coherent relations with the local governments. It was the US in Zimbabwe. Who cares? Provided it works.
Cameron is just making silly propaganda on unimportant issues to play on petty nationalism. Good for the Queen, what can I say. The only thing that matters is that they'll save some foreign affairs money and get UK, Canadian and New Zealand expat nationals in any given country go to the same office for unnecessary paperwork (which remains a painful human invention) and foreigners going to the same place for visas, were they willing to travel to the UK, Canada and New Zealand during the same trip, which will be excellent news for the two or three people embarking on such a crazy trip.
The real message is: we got no more money, so let's cut a few unimportant millions here and there.
Your remarks show that you do care.
My remarks show that I care pointing out that management of diplomatic relations is a totally irrelevant indicator of the state of EU integration, unless you're a Prime Minister trying to do appealing PR for your voters.
Once again your crude lies about Cameron show that you do care.
What can I say, come and visit and ask directly to the interested parties on the ground. You can even find cheeseburgers these days (though nothing compared to Burger King, my industrial favourite).
I don't lie, I really think Cameron is a d!#k.
And what has your feelings about Cameron got to do with joint UK-Canadian embassies?
The issue here is not EU integration and Cameron's policies, the issue here is Britain's close ties with Canada and other commonwealth countries that allow them to even share the same embassy.
This is not the same as the EU handling US affairs in some part of the world where the US has no presence, this is about 2 countries sharing the same embassy.
Britain's close ties with Canada, Australia & New Zealand existed prior to Cameron and they will exist after Cameron goes.
Is this why a harmless issue about UK-Canadian joint embassies sent you on Cameron bashing binge?
"Is this why a harmless issue about UK-Canadian joint embassies sent you on Cameron bashing binge?"
It didn't. Maybe you are of age, or just short in memory, but let me refresh it with what you wrote:
"Here is a piece of news that will drive eurobots crazy."
Without hopefully giving the impression that I'm a eurobots (whatever you mean by it, it's just the automation hint in the suffix that doesn' suit me, though I have nothing against the prefix), the point I made and hoped would be clear is that there is nothing to be crazy about, since it is a harmless issue, which has been taking place for decades (uniting or sharing diplomatic missions); I shared with you the interesting (I thought) detail that UK, EU, US, and other diplomatic representations often share offices due to a number of reasons, culture being a relatively secondary one. The timing of an otherwise obvious statement, and your highlighting it as something that can drive people crazy, it's propaganda, and very kindly I showed to you that it is meaningless. So, we are of the same opinion about meaningless and harmless, but from very different angles.
That said, Cameron is a d!#k regardless of any specific decision. It's his general policy... Don't take it personally.
No the US doesn't share embassies with any other countries. Two parties have to be on the ground to share an embassy.
Cases of EU handling US affairs in some part of the world where the US has no presence is not the same thing but than again you knew that already.
Your attempts to downplay the UK-Canadian joint missions with false comparisons tells us that indeed it does drive you crazy.
You must have read somewhere that I wrote that they are sharing office space, which of course I didn't. Office and representation are two different things.
The frantic and exacerbated comments of certain people on this TE site (British one can imagine when one reads what they say) against the EU certainly show how they are afraid to see the EU succeed, eager to see it fail regarding the Euro (wishful thinking, it will not), and their malaise to realize that they and their children will find themselves in 1, 2 or 3 decades out of one of the major peaceful and democratic achievement of unity of peoples on the planet, and a stranger to what will be then a mature entity (call it European Union, Federation of European States, Confederation, or United Sates of Europe) that will in the next years continue to evolve and find its proper democratic organization, and that will count in the world politically, economically, financially, and in terms of influence, civilization, and capacity to defend its interest versus giants like China, India, USA, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, when Britain unfortunately will no more.
It will be a pity for Britain that for reasons of false nationalism it will have refused to play the game (being out of the Euro and out of the Shengen Area, 2 decisions which will bring a real separation when the Euroland will have solved its problems - and it will - and progressed to this aim towards a much closer integration and unification) and to be a positive member while Britain had so much to bring, and had still the time and influence - 2 things it will also then have no more. I personally will regret it deeply.
Do you work for the EU?
Didn't you post here under a different moniker "Themorph"?
I see that you periodically drop in under different monikers with the same theme - EU is the greatest invention since sliced bread and your never ending bashing of Britain the USA while claiming to love those countries.
Your anglophobia always gives it away.
Perhaps bots Mr Blume or philpaul are Pumpernickel's alias (since he is so fond of conspiracy theories he'd probably give himself two). He's lost the argument in the face of his own media so he is resorting to mad smears, never mind his usual scapegoating in the form of those dastardly anglo bankers (or les Perfides when he tries to suck up to Marie-Claude) compared to all those lily-white continental ones.
Always the same dullard Brussels cant: "Our dictatorship has failed - blame the anglos!" Such imagination in these desperados.
He is so desperate that he is now thrashing around, venting his bile on today's UK on which he poses as an an expert: about the English suppressing minority languages (the ignoranus obviously hasn't noticed that Welsh is the official language of Wales) or the English swarming across Scotland this minute like Sondereinatz-SS-Divisions oppressing the Scots.
What on earth next, what crazed yardstick will he find for himself?
What a tortured anglophobe.
Possible but Philpaul is more sophisticated in his manipulative propaganda than primitive Pumpy.
Actually Pumpy was gushing and fawning all over philpaul earlier on .
Pumpernickel wrote:
"Philpaul
It is heart warming to this here Europhile to read your comments, not unlike what I have been writing since years without, seemingly, making much of an impact on the Cutters & Mahers & Co. around these fora."
PS: Yes, the more unpopular the euro/EU become, the more anglophobic Pumpy becames. His hallucinations are getting worse. I think your links about German polls showing widespread rejection of the euro and disappointmenet with the EU has driven him over the edge. He can't blame the Germans so he is taking out is frustrations on his favorite scapegoat-anglos.
Take out your popcorn and enjoy the show.
You cannot be more wrong. To answer your question:
I do not work for the EU (but I respect people who do, even when I do not agree with them, because they work for the unity of Europe, which is something dear to me)
I have no idea who is “themorph”, or Mr Blume, or Pumpernickel, or other people you mention; my comments in TE have been only under my name philpaul, if there are other similar comments, it is only because other people in certain aspects think in a similar way.
I consider myself anglophile, and this is how people do consider me and tell me I am. I have lived in both Britain and the US and loved it, and in other English speaking countries too (but I can tell you there is not so much more in common any more between Britain and the US - and there will be less and less -, and the US do not care more for Britain than they do for Germany (probably less) or for France.
I deeply regret that Britain has put herself almost out of Europe. The position of Margaret Thatcher versus Europe (I do not speak here of her achievements domestically), the refusal of Britain to participate in the Euro, the refusal to allow free movement of people between the Brisith territory and continental Europe, and the last positions of your government to practically walk out of the room when there are difficulties in Europe (while besides the currency Britain has basically more or less the same problems as the others) and to convince its citizens that Britain is right to be aside, are I think not good and selfish.
Each European country is unique. Britain, even if it is an island, is no more unique than the others, and this does not justify in itself wanting to stay apart; the fact of having English as a common language is not a valid reason to think that you have the same system and that your interests are the same as America’s, in fact they are not, your interests as a country are the same as the other European countries.
It is a pity that Britain since the beginning and until now has not participated in the building and the shaping of Europe on the same footing and with the same enthusiasm and contribution as other European countries of the same size: Germany, France, Italy, without forgetting all the others. Because of that Europe is now more built by the continentals; Britain, had it had a more positive attitude instead of skepticism and criticism would have brought a lot to make Europe better and more balanced, also alongside very valuable anglo-saxon concepts and rules.
Predicting the demise of the EU, or even wanting it, has unfortunately discredited and diminished the role Britain could have played and could play.
Always criticizing Europe for lack of democracy is very largely unfair. It is still a construction in the making but it is democratic: the European Parliamant is elected, and the people working for the Commission are chosen or approved by Governments which themselves are elected (indirect democracy), and the European court of justice functions like a normal judiciary body. It is not sufficient, but a next step will probably be the election of a single European President (probably the one of the Commission) by the European Parliamant if not immediately directly by the people. Wait a few more years to see that, it will happen.
The problem is in fact nationalistic feelings or stances, and people like you playing that card. Keeping one’s identity as a citizen of a European country is not at all incompatible with the building and the acquisition of a European citizenship and identity on top of it. It just means having a bigger heart, and more possibilities and potentialities.
Nationalists in Britain are not the only ones to try to resist this movement for now 60 years towards unity and integration in Europe, they exist in other countries too (France, Hungary, the Check Republic, the Netherlands) but they have not created a situation where their country has been on the side of the European project, being out of its 2 main achievements (the currency and the free movement of people), and probably will risk being absent and alone at the end.
My view is that this it not good for Britain; this does not mean at all that I am an anglophobe, on the contrary I am an anglophile and I regret this situation as I would like to see Britain having the same place in Europe as other important European countries and bringing its own and desirable contribution.
(This has nothing to see with America, which is another country, of the size of Europe altogether - the US are adding 100 million people every 30 years, 1.5 times the whole population of Britain but in their vast majority not at all of European decent anymore and more an more spanish speaking, you can check -, in another continent, and which is Europe's major ally and friend).
why do you care of us?
you should worry who's gonna win the elections in the US, you should worry about Bernake QE3
a bet? you have been told on american blog to get the hell out
He gives himself away with the same desperate-emollient fanaticism - "you will unite with Europe or else !!!"
Follow The Script and pay attention:
"Each European country is unique. Britain, even if it is an island, is no more unique than the others, and *this does not justify in itself wanting to stay apart*..."
Quite incredible. Same tired old dictatorship dogma.
What the bots will never understand is that the Brits LIKE Europeans, but that their attitude to the "EU" is "thanks but no thanks", but feel free to go ahead.
But people like these are too primitive to return this courtesy!
Anyway, why are they so concerned with what they obviously consider to be a poxy little offshore island?
Dictatorship-insecurity for its own sake.
Do the Brits care what the USA thinks of the Brits/German/French? No.
Do the Brits care about not being in the inner sanctum of this botched and unhappy dictatorship?
No.
Do the Brits want to become part of a superpower "Europe" to face off Chinese/American/Asian "aggression"?
No.
It's all tedious old hat, but the bots are pogrammed to continue to threaten and cajole to the very last Brussels bunkerbot ruin.
Your remarks speaks volumes about your ability to live in an imaginery world.
One of the greatest threat to Europe is EU nationalism which like Stalinist Soviet union relies on propaganda to create an USE based on lies, half truths and distortions.
Your post above was a good example of this.
And thankyou for also showing the ugly face of racism which seems to be part and parcel of EU nationalism with that remark about the US population not being of European descent in the future. Wildly untrue but shameless anti-Americanism appealing to the basest discredited racist based politics of nazism & fascism that produced so much misery in Europe.
Relying on distortions, half truths and lies for the purpose of scarmongering Europeans.
I think we have all seen this movie before.
You described it well.
EU fanaticism like all fanaticism is impervious to reason, logic & rational thinking.
And it is like talking to a brick wall.
I got a great kick out of his hallucinations that Americans care more about other Europeans than the British. Perhaps according to the imaginery world eurobots live in but not according to polls which show the USA consistently rates English speaking countries like Britain, Canada & Australia as their top favorite countries.
Even Japan beats out most continental European countries so I really don't know why Eurobots go on spewing lies about this issue in a desperate manipulative rage at the special relationship which sticks at their crow. I guess they even start believing their own lies after some time.....
1) Canada 96%
2) Australia 93%
3) Britain 90%
"Nearly all Americans, a full 96 per cent, have a favourable view of Canada, according to a new Gallup survey.
Australia is right behind us in second place at 93 per cent. Great Britain is in third at 90 per cent."
MC Outcasted in reply to emmafinney Sep 23rd, 22:17
"why do you care of us?"
--
Who is your "us" ??
Just wondered. If you meant France, fine.
But if you mean "EUrope" - not so fine, forget it.
Yes to wther away like those 3rd world micro states Norway ,Switzerland
Spot on!
if she had clear and concrete infos, and not a vindictive mind
In most of her interventions she is trying to tell us how much superior her Great America is
You use too many words to tell what many EU open-minded people think. That (most of the) UK is a great place, plenty of UK citizens are fantastic persons, and UK current government is appalling (half UK citizens may think that way anyways, so it's not an exclusive European sentiment).
Some people just don't understand how we can like somebody and not agree with his ideas, so as soon as we don't agree we are called somebodyphobes. I wouldn't worry, it will go away.
Also, you try to defend your position on the uniqueness of individual countries in Europe with somebody who scorns Europe and those who think there is a shared European identity based on the fact that we have language diversity (which I consider a fascinating feature, but lazy people may not) and comparing this situation to the United States, reportedly a coherent political space with a monolithic cultural identity. Now, everybody who has lived or traveled in the US or even spoken with US citizens coming from different parts of the country knows how Oregon or Massachusetts are as similar to Texas or Mississippi as Norway or Denmark are to Greece or Hungary, bar the language (which for most anthropologist has long stopped being a key feature of an identity. Never tell a pure American like Celt-descendant Finney that Spanish is on the surge, you’ll invite a thunderstorm of invectives and references of doubtful present-day relevance of how historically predominant English was in the US).
"Never tell a pure American like Celt-descendant Finney that Spanish is on the surge, you’ll invite a thunderstorm of invectives"
Please don't project your xenophobia & racism onto me and Americans.
The polls show it is continental Europeans generally that have a big xenophobic problem not only with muslim immigrants but even with their own fellow Europeans from the east.
PEW SURVEYS
Favorable views of Eastern European immigrants
Britain = 56%
Spain = 45%
Germany = 34%
Italy = 22%
Favorable views of Latin American immigrants
USA = 57%
Canada = 72%
PEW survey Results
NORTH AMREICANS MORE WELCOMING THAN EUROPEANS
"Americans and Canadians continue to be generally more welcoming to newcomers than Europeans.
As in 2005, solid majorities in both countries say it is a good thing that people from Asia and from Mexico and Latin America come to live and work in their countries."
who cares?
I read it somewhere this year, but can't find it now... however, did you know that in 2012 PEW made a meta-analysis on how reliable (meaning how free of bias) their own surveys are? Do you know what they found? Non-respondents: 91%. I let you interpret it the way you want. The way I interpret it is that they may be extremely biased, since as I'm sure you know, in statistical sciences, people who respond and people who don't may have very different cultural or academic backgrounds, occupational situations, socioeconomic conditions, you name it... I’m sure PEW, admittedly some of the best in their field, must work some tricks to try to reduce the bias, but it’s heck of a non-response follow-up that would be required.
In countries where people can't care less about polls (such as Italy, where besides the field supporting Berlusconi, who made of it a survival tool, people lack the basic interest in following up polls and providing their opinion on issues they don't care about), opinions you get out of surveys tend to come mostly from people who have something strong to say. On issues of race, which is such a minor one in Italy as opposed to former colonial powers, racists, supremacists, fascists, and more in general all those frustrated people who can't get along with a global world that is changing what were perceived to be consolidated balances of power and economics, may be likely to be the ones most willing to get the message through.
Then again, I might be wrong and Italy has indeed a large majority of a55holes, which would of course hurt some vague form of national pride that is embedded in my subconscious through traces my civil education classes in primary school, and just more generally sadden me a little bit. But the case in point is that I surely do not project any xenophobia & racism onto you or Americans, I just try (and I am sure fail) to annoy when you do project xenophobia & racism against anything that smells of Europe, because of some philosophical or ideological perversion that I have yet failed to identify (it’s a lie, I suspect you must be a hardcore right-of-the-right-wing republican).
Ok so PEW is biased. This must be why it is considered the world's most respected survey organization.
What else is new?
Whenever Eurobots are faced with some unpleasant facts they resort to trashing the credibility of the source.
If you knew anything about the history of the USA, the Pew surveys showing majority of Americans have favorable view of Hispanics shouldn't surprise you.
After all a good chunk of the country lived under Mexican/Spanish rule for 2 centuries before these terrorities were acquired by the USA and with it the Hispanic populations that came with these new lands.
So the USA has always had a Hispanic population for centuries, they are not new immigrants. They are our oldest citizens. I have heard Spanish from the day I was born, it holds no fear for me.
There is a problem with millions of ILLEGAL immigrants pouring in through an open border. No country tolerates ILLEGAL immigration, least of Europe which locks up illegals in detention centers and deports most of them back home. I hear the EU is sending extra soliders to guard Greece's barbed wire fences that keep out illegals from entering Europe.
You had mistaken oppostion to ILLEGAL immigrants as oppostion to Hispanics. If millions of "pure celt descendant" illegals poured into the country, there would be equally the same amount of oppostion, with me being the most vocal critic. The issue is ILLEGAL immigrants.
In fact it also appears you are not aware that in the US context, Hispanics merely refers to Spanish speaking peoples and not to race or ethnicity. In fact 50% of Hispanics in the USA are white according to the latest census. Hispanic senator like Marco Rubio would be considered European in Europe but in America he is an Hispanic, which only means spanish speaking peoples.
Another fact you are not aware of is that Hispanics are assimilating at a much faster rate than anybody expected - majority of first generation Hispanics speak English as their first language....
TIME HAS COME FOR AN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LATINO NETWORK.
"A majority (51%) of Latinos born in the U.S. are now English-dominant.
A recent Pew Hispanic Center study found almost two-thirds of Latinos (or Hispanics) living in the U.S. are either bilingual or English-dominant.."
Survivor of previous despotic and tyrannical regimes calls the €U for what it really is.
Václav Klaus warns that the destruction of Europe's democracy may be in its final phase!
.
Mr Klaus was born in Nazi-occupied Prague, played a key role in the 1989 Velvet Revolution that overthrew Communism and became founder of the Czech Civic Democratic Party, which has remained in government for most of the Czech Republic's independence.
"They think they are finalising the concept of Europe, but in my understanding they are destroying it."
To his "great regret" he finds himself a lone fighter for democracy among Europe's heads of state.
"It is an irony of history, I would never have assumed in 1989, that I would be doing this now: that it would be my role to preach the value of democracy."
"Political elites have always known that the shift in decision-making from the national to the supranational level weakens the traditional democratic mechanisms (that are inseparable from the existence of the nation state), and this increases their power in a radical way."."
"Political elites have always known that the shift in decision-making from the national to the supranational level weakens the traditional democratic mechanisms"
U.S history proves this to be wrong. Also the unification of the German states and the creation of the Italian Kingdom.
Those who oppose this move are the modern counterparts of those who one day opposed moving from city-states to nation-states.
The American Civil war proves that this is true. The south pushed for stronger "traditional democratic mechanisms" (independence) and was smashed to pieces in the process.
As the Anglos who had crushed the Welsh Irish and Scots Celts in training for decimation of the natives of every continent,wonderful irony the polyglot isle has been repopulated by what a Tory minister entitled "plebs" you know the sort of people your maid meets,Daily Mail readers and suchlike
The 'Anglos' did no such thing, for that you would have to look at the French pretenders that ruled at the time. Quite typical of continentals in deed and manner, who had very little support in till they learnt the lingo.
"According to recent polls, a majority of Germans think they would be better off without the euro, and many would be rid of the EU too."
-----
One of these polls showed an interesting chart, shown in 3 slides at the top of an article in Die Welt....
This table polling opinion in Germany, France and Poland, reveals that the Germans rate the personal benefits of their euro and EU membership the lowest, followed by the French. It showcases the gulf in perception between the EU-net beneficiaries versus the EU-net contributors. The Polish saw the "EU" more benevolently - almost the reverse, reflecting an earlier pattern in certain western states that have been net beneficiaries of EU subsidies:
Slide 1.
asks "Would your employment opportunities without the "EU" be (a) better (b) as now (c) worse (d) don't know - no reply (as percentages)?"
- The German show extreme scepticism about the advantages of EU-membership for their employment prospects.
The majority respond that they would be better without EU-membership.
Slide 2 . Personal situation without the Euro.
(a) Question for the French and Germans "how would it be for you with a return to the DM/FF" -
(better/somewhat better/somewhat worse/much worse/don't know/no reply - as percentages)
The French were evenly split, i.e. only lukewarm about keeping the Euro. The Germans were convincingly opposed to further membership.
(b) Question for the non-EZ Poles "If you adopt the Euro one day would that improve your situation?"
(better/somewhat better/somewhat worse/much worse/don't know/no reply" as percentages).
Conclusion -"... Im Vergleich zu Polen und Franzosen vernichtend: die Einschätzung des Euro" - ... the difference in the German estimation of the value to them of Euro-membership (by implication the EU) to that of the French and Poles is devastating .
Slide 3.
moves on to ask - "How would it be for you personally without the "EU"?
"better/somewhat better/somewhat worse/much worse/don't know/no reply"(as percentages)
The German response as you see, is that life would be far better without the "EU", with the French only marginally expressing a positive view on membership.
The Poles are the only respondents who fear for the future without an "EU".
*************************************************
It shows what most of us have long known:
the only people who believe in an "EU" are the functionaries employed by it and the net recipients of subsidies. Meanhwile for as long as the Brussels junta persists in running rampant with taypayers' moneys, international relations in Europe will continue to deteriorate.
IFOP poll
67% of the french would vote "no" to Maestricht treaty today...
"67% of the french would vote "no" to Maestricht treaty today"
Not surprising. I was there when the Maastricht vote was won by the YES campaign by a meagre few percent, a margin so small that it made French people in general very suspicious, angry, and sad.
I am glad to see that resentment against the Brussels junta reaches all corners of society there - even the élite. The current bugbear is that The "EU Commission" and not France is to decide whether France is entitled to classify the "appellations" of its own wines, on whether the word "château" can be used by the Americans to name their Californian wine. etc.
Ma foi, just where will all this "EU" skullbuggery try to insinuate itself next?
btw it looks like Brussels has just summoned a few bunkerbots to this thread to bang on that tired old soggy drum - "the EU preserved the peace in Europe for the last 70 years" !! :)
the french wines productors will not comply to Brussels, they aren't the parisian elite and have supporters on the whole planet
like they couldn't impose OGM on our agricultors
None is seeing this EU federation as a good thing here
The Swiss, if you ask them (I have) they are forced to live together, but the french can't stand the SwissDeutsch, and vice versa the SwissDeutsch dispise the Romanisch and Italian Swiss too, they think that the whole lot, but them are lazy
I'm waiting for a German to call us lazy too, and it will be 1914 again
"I'm waiting for a German to call us lazy too, and it will be 1914 again"
Lazy French ******. Does this suffice?
The big EU story is rapid convergence and productivity catch up:......
And in a labs of economic policies set up, there are many questions raised by the excellent performance of Netherlands/ Ireland/ Austria/ Switzerland/ Sweden:......
The answers seem to be: low corporate tax rates, flexible labour markets, high investment in education, strong emphasis on gender equality, minimal regulation of labour & products, efficient legal systems, etc. And, as a result of this learning, these are precisely the approaches that the rest of Europe is now under pressure to adopt. That bodes well for future European growth.
----------------------------------
By extension, it's interesting to ask why Germany broke away from the group of large countries (UK/ France/ Germany/ Italy)? Why is Germany's PPP GDP/ capita now closer to the Netherlands than to the UK?......
The discrepancy between PPP and nominal movements seems to suggest that Germany's success comes partially from opening to Polish/ Baltic/ Czech/ Slovak/ Hungarian competition, from heavy (cost cutting) outsourcing to these countries, from more prudent levels of consumer credit and from government fiscal restraint.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
And this inspiration is where the EU does its best work:
- single market:
- internal review:
- support for member states:...
- serious efforts to make business easier:......
- seriously pursuing global free trade:
etc. This is the view of the EU which we should all agree on: competition, mutual learning, market integration, efficiency of government, spreading best practice, facilitating innovation and cutting out rent seeking, etc.
Further efforts (e.g. military union) might make sense from a security perspective (or efficiency/ economy of scale perspective), but really shouldn't be a priority at this time.
Do you work for the EU?
No - I'm a Scottish math & economics undergraduate.
... and as such you really consider physical gold not to be the best hedge against the present printing of money by the FED, BoE and soon ECB and seriously advocate sovereign bonds, as I seem to have read somewhere in your history?
I would never buy US, UK, German, Dutch, Finish or French bonds - the returns are, frankly, shit (that said, firms and financial institutions use these bonds to meet liquidity requirements, so they constitute valuable balance sheet tools even while they are lousy investments).
But Spanish and Italian 10 year bonds (yields: 5.76% and 5.05%) are a pretty damn good return (and almost certainly better than gold over the next 10 years).
Portugal, with a 5% budget deficit this year (despite a deep recession), with a current account already approaching surplus, with booming exports, with 16% unemployment (which suggests unused capacity & room for an economic boom and fiscal improvement), with a manageable debt level (109% of current GDP) and with continued low interest European finance, is probably a great deal too at 8.6% for 10 year bonds.
There aren't many opportunities to safely double your money over 10 years in inflation adjusted terms.
I'm still too cautious to buy Greek or Irish bonds though - both countries are on track for more debt than Italy/ Portugal, and both still have excessive deficits. That's compounded by:
- In Greece, everything depends on politics - and the track record is not inspiring. Further restructuring will almost certainly happen.
- Ireland's already an extremely rich country, and there just might not be the kind of growth potential of Spain or Portugal. A low tax revenue share of GDP means that deficit cutting & debt finance will probably come at a high cost in terms of additional tax distortions.
But Italian/ Spanish/ Portuguese 10 year bonds are definitely a good deal (a deal that has been created by artificial incursions: the biggest owners of these bonds - domestic banks - have been forced to sell these bonds en-mass at-loss to meet capital calls from the freezing of securitized debt markets; ratings downgrades have forced pension funds to sell these bonds because of prudential regulation; the simple fact that these bonds are no longer liquid has destroyed business and financial demand, and that is a fact that could easily reverse in the next 10 years). When the people you're buying from are forced to sell against their will, that certainly bolsters confidence.
The euro is inflation bound to an indexed bundle of consumer goods - and most sovereign bonds guarantee safe returns relative to this (with Italy/ Spain/ Portugal being most attractive). Gold, on the other hand, has no underlying market value - its price is determined by the arbitrary purchasing/ selling decisions of central banks and sovereign wealth funds. (That is, gold is especially sensitive to a falling oil price, falling Chinese surplus, Japanese debt crisis, selling of European gold reserves, expansion of Arab financial markets, a reverse in the private-gold-bug bubble, the end of quantitative easing and any number of other realistic events that could hit us in the next 5 years.)
shaun
"There aren't many opportunities to safely double your money over 10 years in inflation adjusted terms."
I nearly safely doubled my investment buying physical gold 2 1/2 years ago. How's that? What's more, I expect it to gain another 50% over the next two years and if there is a Black Swan or war, pushing the dollar and gold up, it could even double.
Highly unlikely it will collapse under such circumstances. The big boys, Soros & Co., China, Russia, the banks are buying all they can lay their hands on whilst merrily manipulating the price down. What does this tell us?
I agree Italian and Spanish bonds are a good investment and Portuguese even more. What about UK gilts in your estimate?
Barge pole??
Agreed - barge pole for UK gilts (and US treasuries and German Bunds).
On gold, there's plenty of uncertainty. Gold has gone from $300/ ounce to $1,700/ ounce in a 10 years. It could easily rise to $2,500 before it crashes, but it will be trading under $800 soon enough.
About 35,000 tonnes of gold are held by sovereigns, and about 159,000 tonnes are held privately. Against that, with prices at an unprecedented high, gold production is booming: a record 2,600 tonnes were mined in 2011 (that's a 1.3% growth in the known quantity, absorbing 114 billion euros of new purchase at current prices), with enormous additional investment in new mining capacity.
What happens if the EU (15,800 tonnes of official gold reserves, or 8.1% of all known gold) starts to sell? Italian, Spanish and Portuguese central banks have started to sell some of their substantial gold reserves & buy their domestic long term bonds.
What happens if Japanese, South Korean and Chinese budget surpluses fall? A large part of gold demand in recent years has been large scale purchasing by these countries to keep their currencies down during the crisis... but with a Chinese recession, those currencies would keep themselves down (and perhaps trigger gold selling rather than purchase).
What happens of oil prices fall? A large part of gold demand in recent years has
And what happens as gold production increases year after year on the back of record mining profits - an additional annual 3,000 tonnes chasing new demand. That requires 132 billion euros to be sunk into newly created gold each year (at present prices). That can hold up during QE, Asian currency manipulation, obstinate European gold hoarding, the OPEC oil boom and the gold-bug-boom. But can it hold up for 5 or 10 years? When the prices fall by just 20%, the reversal of the gold-bug-boom and the freeze on additional sovereign/ central bank purchase would easily drive prices down just as rapidly as they have been driven upwards in the past 10 years.
I'll concede that there's a high degree of uncertainty in gold - price levels are not well anchored in any aspect of the real economy. But the recent rally is exceptional (far in excess of what happened in the stagflation years), and its days are numbered.
Deutsche Bank is considering a return to Gold standard
... and German Bunds
Now this you will need to explain in a convincing manner.
And don't start telling me about the Bad Banks hiding all that sub prime junk, as if only Germany had this problem and not Switzerland, France, UK as well but not Italy and Spain curiously.
"... and German Bunds"
because I don't like negative real yields. Do you?
LOL I see what you mean but then, like gold, it may go up, although, unlike gold, not to the same extent but from a safety point of view, as good as gold, nearly.
Gold isn't safe - it's extremely unsafe. Gold is a bet on general commodity prices, central bank behaviour and sufficiently robust emerging market growth to buy all the stuff that's being mined each year.
Bunds are safe - they constitute a stream of euro income, where the value of euros is indexed through CPI. But safe isn't good enough for investment - Bunds offer a terrible return.
Far more attractive and nonetheless safe opportunities exist in corporate debt, consumer debt and "periphery" sovereign bond markets (caveat: higher volatility means less liquidity - such products are good for investment, but bad for balancing cashflow).
Shawn dont forget EM SD debt is more attractive and over more coupon but best is EM Corp also,But AU at stored value you are righ its a joke on return,You may as well sell and buy AU miners and short and also there NAV is becoming more attractive,I mean soros fm dumped all there AU holding in the summer i wounder why lol,the PRC yes is buying a lot but only because of exposure to the $ and having large holdings and has sold 80% of its euro holding when the market was stable,But PRC is now the largest producer of AU but way things are going here the economy is slowing, Companies here are having problems with raising loans or paying them back and the PRC banks are rolling debt over on the asset books,You find many companies in china only work on small profit normally 3%,But a lot are closing down or cutting jobs.But as bunds go yep the negative return on shorts even mids but coupon has been rising the past few weeks.
"as if only Germany had this problem and not Switzerland, France, UK as well but not Italy and Spain curiously."
Apparently yes, and there's also the mystery of the Sparkassen....
I understand why Schaeuble and Merkel are reluctant that all the banks should be audited and under a central control, but the only few international banks
these virtuous Germans, what euphemists
Yes, and isn't it comforting to know that we are ALL in the same boat and Germany is not necessarily just helping the others when agreeing to massive bailouts, as some here will have us believe.
Solidarity by necessity. Self preservation under the guise of altruism. Helmut Schmidt might have mentioned this as well but refrained from doing so in his recent speech when given the prize of Westphalian Peace. Euroland being so intertwined by now that nobody can pontificate and they all have to bail out the water from the leaking boat. Only the ones refusing to help, you know who I am referring to, zorbas, should be simply thrown out of the boat after being given one last warning and ignoring it.
Euopean banking union makes sense, only if there is a Pan European stock exchange and some joint bonds - but can an unitary currency ever make 1 + 1 = 3? Perhaps, if inter national market trading coefficients price exchange between the central Euro differentially. For example, Spain could receive 0.95 for each Euro while Germany receives par of 1.0, with the difference making up a risk premium to an ECB growth fund.
Structural instability in derivative trading needs to be addressed in US, European and world markets by reformation, regulation with both minimum floor and maximum ceiling caps to risk taking by banks. Accounting needs similarly to evolve, with risk adjustment so that bankers do not expect compensation of 1:1 to speculative forex and stock options and warrants. Historical measures of "book value" are anachronistic in the modern world of time weighting and compound interest, while market valuations require risk adjustment..
Can this Robot be re-programmed from entering the debate.I fear Fuxnet or similar has done botnot,a Pflamethrower perhaps
I guess a flamethrower would be more helpful.:)
I am what some of you would call a "true" European, a parent is Spanish, the other one is half German Belgian half Luxembourgian. I speak Spanish and German (and French) as mother tongue. I was also pro-European but I've discovered (it is never too late) that the EU is a club of greedy and dictatorlike politicians working to achieve a totalitarian state controled by Central and Northern European turbocapitalist banksters.
The EU has no future. The EU and its core countries (which I call "die Mittelmächte") is becoming the enemy of my country (Spain). Our government is a puppet one and deserves to be court-martialled charged with high treason.
It was the Bankers that lent the money so countries like Spain could join the single currency, you only have your own politicians and selves to blame for that.
Given that Spain has long been ruled by "greedy and dictatorlike politicians working to achieve a totalitarian state" one can see how you missed the real working of the €U, but you should have known better by the same token.
What makes you think this?
The EU is in no way the enemy of Spain - and nor are the "core countries" (presumably France/ Germany/ Benelux/ Austria/ Slovakia/ Finland/ Estonia).
Integration in Europe is no small part of the reason for Spain's rapid productivity growth in the past two decades. Spain is now richer than at any time before 2006 - and that is despite performing far below potential (as evidenced by the massive surplus stocks of labour, housing, office/ retail units, airports and other infrastructure). Spain has room for an economic boom - which will come as soon as the macroeconomy has been stabilised (i.e. deficits already removed), access to finance has been restored (banking clean up, preferably banking union) and investor confidence has recovered (a more predictable tax environment - once the deficit has already been cut).
In what ways would you wish that the EU were different? Undoubtedly, Spain would be a far poorer place (with far less potential) without it.
Obviously in hard times primary reaction is to blame the outsider, and calling him totalitarian demonstrates (by Godwin's law) that one's definately overpassed by the problem, splendid and worrying example. You probably have notion of how life got expensive in the euro zone as compared to 12 years from now, prices averagely multiplied by 5 to 10 in all sectors in economies like Spain's or Portugal's, while salaries have frozen from those last 30 years on the whole Euro zone. Time to think that the Euro was dead unsustainable for poorer countries.
And time to think, I dare add, deeper problems lie in european lack of fermness in their overall democratic mentality, for at the time of the European Community political correctedness was reaching heights. Let's accept all of them, we've created a society of growth, things are immutable. But you've created a society of chaos, and western political/economical models have reached a dead-end, as was many times predicted. Let's look towards fresher economies like Brazil's or China's to learn our lesson. For the present let Catalans save their asses.
Growth in China and Brazil are impressive because they come from an incredibly low base. Both countries are able to grow just through high savings and investment, with capital accumulation from a low base, and with minimal opening to world markets:...
Notice, that coming from a low base, both China and Brazil have grown rapidly in proportional terms. But in absolute terms, Spain's GDP/ capita has grown by $8,356 while China's has grown by only $5,606, and Brazil's by $4,344. (Inflation accounts for some of this, but Spanish incomes have nonetheless grown far faster than China's or Brazil's in absolute inflation adjusted terms.)
Spain's and Portugal's growth are based primarily on productivity catch up, technological advance and innovation rather than capital accumulation (capital stocks are already large, and marginal returns on additional investment are low). Productivity growth comes from achieving more intensely competitive markets: by integrating regulation & policy with other large countries (removing competition barriers) and by adopting best practice as observed in other rich countries (access to education, gender equality, legal processes, tax design, infrastructure models, etc).
That's what the EU is all about:...
And when it comes to democracy, the EU is probably more open and democratic than the US federal government. Where Congress is run by commercial lobbyists, the European Commission practices far more direct consultation. For example, while the American side of trade negotiations are closed to ordinary citizens, everyone in Europe (or the US) can contribute to the EU position:
And there are open consultations in most areas of EU action:
Blogs:
And of course, the European Parliament rescued us from ACTA (which the American Secretary of State had bullied every European government into agreeing).
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China and Brazil are certainly important - as markets, as destinations for outsourcing, as sources of cheap capital and feedstocks, as sources of educated immigrants, etc. But neither country has much to offer Spain in terms of economic frameworks or politics for achieving growth (it's actually the other way around - China and Brazil could learn far more from Spain).
No need to tell lies about America to save your discredited EU.
Is that the latest propaganda EU fanatics are peddling now?
First it was the dire warnings about war if the euro is abolished, now it is malicious lies about America to defend the EU's well publicized democratic deficit.
Enormous effort has to be taken in every country, international organisation and business to increase online transparency and accountability.
The EU has a long way to go there. Probably because of the criticism received, the European Commission and European Parliament have opened up to a greater extent than the US Federal Executive Branch or Congress have.
I don't see such comparison as malicious - and certainly don't intend it as such. I love America too - I'm more an internationalist than a European. It's good accountable government, elimination of rent seeking and high productivity that I care for.
I think you are particularly ungrateful to what the EU has done to Spain. Many of Spain's current infrastructures have been built with European funds, paid by the Northern European countries. The money received by Spain in regional funds, development funds, and all sorts of other help has been huge.
Spain will have a great future within Europe once it has cured its present illnesses due to unbalanced budgets and excessive borrowings particularly in the regions, and the lack of discipline of Spanish banks who have lent money to too many people, government or regional bodies, or companies, without caring enough to look how they could repay.
The fact that you may not like the political colour of your own PRESENT government, or the one of the PRESENT majority of European governments, is no excuse for blaming or hating the European project, things should not be mixed up.
Let the economic and financial problems calm down, in 2 or 3 years they will be much less acute, I am convinced the majority of the Spaniards can put things in perspective seeing the very long way Spain has gone in the last 30 years since it joined the EU and all the help it got, and looking at the next 30 where the future of Spain without doubt is within the EU for its own benefit and the benefit of Europe, and will be bright, rather than going it alone in front of a crisis it cannot solve with its own means (this is not a criticism of Spain, but the situation of a number of other European countries).
I fully agree with Shaun 39, without Europe Spain would be a far poorer country today, and with much much less future potential. Alone today, it would just go bankrupt, unable to pay its debts. Without the Euro, the country would suffer a massive and long lasting depreciation of its assets and wealth, and in a few decades it would be bought up by the Chinese, Russians, Americans, Brazilians, etc...
Give it another 3 or 4 years, bite the bullet (we must all do in Europe), change your government if you want and can(this is democracy), work to change or make evolve the representations of European Institutions if you wish together with other people in Europe who would share your views, but do not be ungrateful to what other European citizens like you have paid, and to what many Spaniards have done, to help make Spain what it is today: a full democracy, a developed country, and a country which counts in Europe, and where despite the present economic and financial problems for many people (I do not discard it) it is very pleasant and safe to live versus many other places on the planet.
"...a "true" European.." bla bla "... the enemy of my country (Spain)."
What a lot of revealing tosh. If North Europe pays, you are a European. If not, you are suddenly a Spaniard. Since when have the Northern countries the obligation to fix your countries problems. You personify what is wrong with the South. Take the EU money, waste it and then blame others if it does not work.
Was there ever a time, that South Europe (exception is Italy) gave to others instead of taking? And what have you achieved with all that money?
"...charged with high treason." Funnily, you're government is currently trying to cheat it's way thru the crisis big time.
How much more do they have to cheat to please you? "True Europeans" like you are the best argument to persuade me that a break up is the best option.
The net contributors to the €U are the UK and Germany. You take out either one of them and the figures fall dramatically. No single country has the money to make up the short fall if the UK leaves, and the pressure on Germany is already stark.
When much of Spain's infrastructure was built, the UK was the biggest net contributor by a large margin, that is why it requested the rebate.
The €U does not even abide by its own rules, it is therefore a tyranny.
I don't really see how this is relevant. Being British, I obviously want my country to participate fully in the EU, and to guide EU policy for the better (more pressure for the single market, more resistance to regulation, more support for bringing in Turkey, more demands for transparency and direct accountability, more support for patent & legal reform, more pressure to end CAP, more pressure to end or radically reform CFP, etc).
The UK was only the biggest net contributor when it first joined - France drove a tough bargain. Then there was the UK's protracted financial crisis and our IMF bailouts. Then our net financial contribution became significantly positive again during Thatcher's recovery. That ended in 1984 with the rebate.
The UK today, being poorer than a third of Europe, is not such a major net contributor to the EU budget (Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Denmark and Finland all make bigger net contributions per capita; indeed even non-EU Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein make net per-capita budget contribution approaching the UK's).
For sure, the UK's involvement is enormously valued - financially as well as politically. And I want my country to participate more fully than it does. Unquestionably, we gain an order of magnitude more from a competitive continental market and higher productivity than we contribute financially (and that will only become more the case as Eastern Europe converges and the market grows).
Nice propaganda push, but the UK remains by quite a large margin the second largest net contributor. You can fudge the figures all you like, but they means squat in bookkeeping terms, to the actual figure puts the UK as second.
Netherlands pays roughly 2/3 net compared to the UK, France even less.
British net contribution went from £5.3 billion in 2009 to £9.2 billion in 2010.
There is nothing to be gained from the UK's continued membership at this kind of expense.
The Common Market is broken beyond repair, the UK has a huge trade deficit with the continent, and should look to the same trade deals as India, South Korea and Japan have.
A nice spin on the 70's recession, a situation that the UK faced due to militant Unions and cutting itself of from the larger markets of the Commonwealth. Historical data shows that the UK would have been hugely better off financially if it had not joined the EC.
Brazilians work up to 15 hours a day and many commerces open 24 hours on 24. And guess what, they don't have by far as many vindications as europeans working 36 hours a week in countries like France (being a caricature), having it all and raised to ask more than they give. Situations in Spain and Portugal are a dead-end, those countries cannot sustain the Euro. Brazilian states have been competing those last two years as for which of them had produced more jobs the previous months, that's the flavour of the news you get to read in Brazil nowadays. I don't see what political or economical framework Brazil would wanna take from Spain, such absurdities seem to satisfie you, but as for myself, having both european and brazilian citizenships, I'm vitally confronted to those issues, guess what I'm leaving the EU boat to guys like you with all my pleasure.
From an efficient tax system to legal reform to political checks & balances against corruption to investment in education to gender equality to integrating with other large markets, Spain leads Brazil & China in almost every area.
(I'm entirely in favour of retail & labour market deregulation - though keep in mind that workers freely choosing leisure over work is a sign of prosperity. Also note that Brazil has some of the world's most overbearing labour market regulation.)
Objectively - see business competitiveness rankings and other statistics pertaining to every one of these areas. And see the vast difference in incomes, standards of living, productivity, life expectancy or any other metric.
For you personally, a move to Brazil might be advantageous - Brazil has extreme inequality, and offers many well paid jobs for European expats. On the other hand, I had two Brazilian colleagues in Berlin over the summer - and both planned to stay in Europe. With any objective comparison in general living standards, no wonder.
In Brazil's case, the present growth owes much to the natural resource boom, which will implode as the composition of Chinese growth shifts away from infrastructure investment. Worryingly, Brazil has been slipping down competitiveness rankings, and it remains all too dominated by a messy informal sector, all too burdened by its lack of investment in education, all too isolated by trade barriers that keep out modern capital equipment & competition, and devastated by rent seeking protected industries.
Brazil has enormous potential - but that potential will require market integration with Argentina/ Chile/ Colombia, actually building more hydroelectric plants, achieving completely free trade (no tariffs, no regulatory restrictions on imports) with South America/ Mexico/ US/ EU/ China/ Japan/ South Korea, deregulating labour, promoting expansion of the financial sector, expanding investment in education, achieving greater gender equality and progress in many other such areas.
Spain's strong growth record has far sounder foundations.
"The net contributors to the €U are the UK and Germany"
Germany the 1rst
France the 2nd
Italy the 3rd
UK the 4th
from which planet you hold these infos?
oh then for Brazil taking Samba classes count as working hours
The French work more than the Germans, pro week, and pro year
Your quoted numbers are for 2007 when the euro:sterling ration was 1:0.70, and when the British economy was in full finance + oil boom.
The UK has had a much worse recession than the EU average, and that is compounded by sterling's depreciation. So now the UK is paying less net/ capita than France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland or Austria. And it's actually paying less net/ capita than Norway, and roughly the same as Switzerland (non-EU members which must contribute to adjustment funds and comply with European regulation in return for market access. This is a factor in why both the Norwegian Labour and Conservative parties want EU membership, and why the Swiss Social Democrats want EU membership).
I'd love to see your historical data and the supposed certain causation you refer to. The UK was failing economically for many reasons: because of shutting itself off from every market (commonwealth + developed countries), because of insisting on an overvalued exchange rate, because of an anti-business tax & regulatory system, because of nationalisation and protectionism, because of an over-sized state, because of financial repression & capital flight, and a whole host of other such factors. The UK was an out-and-out basket case (with lower GDP/ capita than Italy or New Zealand).
Market liberalisation and integration in Europe (Thatcher's reforms + EU + globalisation) were somewhat of a rescue for the UK. We should certainly pursue deeper convergence with commonwealth countries too - but it would be foolish to neglect the extent to which British commerce and industry is centred in (dependent on and deeply intertwined with) Europe.
The answer is not one or the other: it is both.
Ach, ech weess, Dir géift eis Arbeit macht frei rekommandéiren, gell?
"strong growth rate" ? "sounder foundations" ? Are we talking about the same countries ? Well, certainly, that's probably why Catalans want independence and portuguese are heading to AFRICA. I'm answearing such nonsense.
By World Bank figures, both by PPP and nominal, Spain and Portugal have experienced faster GDP/ capita growth than the UK over the past 10 years.
That's not surprising - they're coming from a base of lower productivity, and are both increasingly integrated in a large European market.
Catalans can vote for and attain independence - that is just fine. In the context of the EU, all that would mean is increased pressure for lighter taxes and lighter regulation (probably a good thing for the EU as a whole). It doesn't matter much one way or the other - and is irrelevant to the success of Spain.
R.E. "Heading to AFRICA!!!", I don't support your use of "AFRICA" as a euphemism for hell. on the other hand, at least it gives is a more concrete basis for comparison. On no metric is Portugal anywhere near as bad as any country in Africa. Of many examples, here's PPP GDP:...
In the long term, while Portugal's performance has been dismal, it has seen more per-capita GDP growth than the UK, Italy or Japan. And in the long run, Portugal has so much potential, which the present trajectory of reform will help it to exploit.
The UK had free trade with the Commonwealth right up to we joined the common market. Commonwealth Nations have grown faster and have a better market share than both those of the old common market and the project members today.
It was the Unions and Labour that brought in the protectionist nationalisation of industries, it took the Conservatives to undo the damage.
The continent is no longer the UK's main market, going by ONS figures, and this is an on going trend. The UK now is doing the same amount of trade with India as it did before being a member of project.
You seem to forget that it was going the common market that forced the UK to end the free trade it had, so why would the Commonwealth now want to share on the projects terms?
Angola and Mozambique aren't hell as true as portuguese educated youth are heading there in important numbers. I meant no euphemism for hell but rather a periphrasis intended to emphasize that growing economies, even though coming from extremely low bases, show more attractive to energetic youth eager for agressive business, than does Europe, with all its overused guaranties on political security, and its so-called sound foundations. Portugal isn't near as bad as any country in Africa, except if one considers measuring the choice a young ambitious portuguese has between his own recessing economy, taken in the wetlands of european political-correctedness, with a currency they can't afford and with a percent rate of increase of 1% as the promissed land, and more hazardous lands where all is still to be built. I'm french, not portuguese. I'm sure your methods of autosuggestion would reassure some of the portuguese youth, have a try and tell them, but I'm not sure it's anywhere near enough to make them trust again in Europe. Hence the most talented are leaving - to Africa, to Brazil/
At no time during the 20th century did Britain ever have free trade with any of the dominions. There were always substantial tariffs and restrictions. American pressure on all the dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) blocked Britain's attempt at preferential free trade agreements (America threatened to restrict market access and finance).
The UK might have been able to overcome US pressure on commonwealth countries, and actually achieve free trade. Perhaps. But it didn't between 1945 and 1973.
Within the EU, the UK has genuine integration in the world's largest market. And with the negotiating power of the EU, we've achieved partial free trade with most of the commonwealth in a way that the UK couldn't:
Canada:...
South Africa:...
Egypt:...
Burma
Singapore:...
Malaysia:...
Hong Kong:...
New Zealand:...
Australia:...
Not to mention the considerable negotiating power that the EU gives us for gaining fuller access to the US market than the UK could ever hope for, and for negotiating robust incremental opening of trade with places like China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Pakistan, Nigeria & Russia (places where the UK alone couldn't hope for so much as an audience).
Without the EU, British goods & services would have less access to large markets. Competition would be impeded, rent seeking would be worse and productivity would be less.
The UK absolutely must step up the pressure within Europe towards driving for further and deeper free trade agreements with commonwealth countries (and other promising markets).
But we're kidding ourselves if we think that the UK would have this kind of access or potential as a stand-alone player.
Angola and Mozambique are terribly impoverished countries - with incomparably lower living standards next to Portugal.
Skilled Portuguese expats command exceptionally high (by local standards) salaries there, and can exploit business opportunities. So naturally, some expat workers go there - in the same way that some British expats work in places like Ukraine and India.
That's healthy exploitation of market opportunity - but it's no indication that Portugal should be learning (from Angola, Brazil & Mozambique!) how to improve economic policy, business regulation, education systems or legal/ government processes!
Mimicking success is mostly a good policy - but that success is mostly to be found in the EU, US and most developed Asian economies.
"Ach, ech weess, Dir géift eis Arbeit macht frei rekommandéiren, gell?"
Is this gobbledygook supposed to be German? Hopefully, your French is better.:)
Alluding to the Nazis seems to be the only argument you can come up with. Funny, Franco does not seem to be an issue for you? As a true Spaniard, that is.
"The French work more than the Germans...."
And once more, total hours mean nothing. Efficiency is the key word here. But that of course is not part of the OECD stats.
efficiency? rather talk of competiveness...
if we weren't forced to deal with a DM euro, our competiveness (and the italian's) would overpass the german's
That is not my opinion, and if you're - if no mistake - undergraduate in economy it's urgent for you to begin critize what you learnt or have so far taken for granted, and think for yourself out of generalised opinions. Also note that I'm not being so black and white. I'm not sure Portugal has anything to learn from Angola, but certainly Europe would learn from Brazil or China. Sure, the latters' educational systems, business regulation and so forth are still in full development, and there's a lot they would take from Europe, still carefully avoiding their errors : what is good for Europe isn't good for the whole world, and their educational system is far from being ideal (europeans, on the whole, would learn a lot from Finland from ex.). You seem to see our european social/economical models as parangons of general wellfare ; that is not the case, as recent history indicates. The cost of life in Brazil is, not considering the richer parts of the megacities, by far not comparable to the cost of life in Europe. Low income seems not a damnation to most brazilians thus, neither does working 16 hours a day. They create riches, which isn't the case in Europe, they create growth, for their own wellfare, their childrens' and their country's (often in a form of desinterested, confucianist spirit europeans will take time to understand). European life made us used to extreme comfort, and we still, we always ask for more. Brazilians don't ask much and seem to be by far more satisfied with the little they have. That is certainly a lesson europeans ought to take from growing economies. Apparently not what you're learning at school, which seems to me the most worrying.
The OECD does make some effort to collate productivity statistics:
It's highly aggregated and fudged (with dodgy results, e.g. Spain ahead of the UK and France ahead of Germany, the Czech Republic ahead of South Korea, Turkey ahead of Poland and Italy equal to Switzerland) - but mildly interesting.
Thanks for that. Obviously didn't find it, stupid me.
"...highly aggregated and fudged..."
Well, this doesn't come as a surprise.:)
"...our competiveness (and the italian's) would overpass the german's.."
Of course it would. It couldn't be otherwise. That's why France and Italy ruled before the Euro was introduced. Cool, let's break the EZ up asap to free up Italy and France. Done deal if you ask me.
/irony
@Wilhelm Röpke
"Taking into account where the European continent stood before 60 years and if you look at it today - it is a success story at all."
Humans have a remarkable capacity to rebuild & flourish after devastating wars. This trait is not solely an European or German trait but common to humanbeings all over the world.
I really admire South Korea. After being destroyed by a brutal Japanese occupation, a few years later they were invaded by North Korea. This is equivalent to Germany experiencing the devastation of WW2 twice on its soil within the space of a few years.
Yet today South Korea is one of the Asian tigers with a booming economy. There was no Marshall plan, no EU funds.
Rwanda after going through hell barely a decade ago is now flourishing economically and being touted as the "Singapore of Africa"
The US experienced a devastating civil war in 1865 which destroyed the country both emotionally and economically. Yet barely 40 years later it had became the greatest industrial power in the world with the biggest and most powerful economy. There was no Marshall plan.
After all I would not conclude that within the last 100 years there was anything else comparable to the 2 wars. All took place in a small time window and the effects were all in all horrible.
I would not like to come to the point in the European history or in the history of any other nation that lead to a debate about which nation suffered the most.
However, if there are nations outside Europe, it was Japan, which experienced heavily destructions as well. And it culminated in the dropping of two atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Moreover, we should mention that South Korea was widely destroyed after the Korean war. I do not know if South Korea received money from abroad. It seems hard to imagine that there was no aide.
The US was never ever in any way so destroyed as Europe was after the 2 world wars, or Japan or South Korea. And NO country in the world was forced to come along with all the effects that cause an atomic bomb. Insofar, I wonder why you draw parallels. The US, I am sorry, in this context, is misplaced.
Europe is all about France and Germany, just to make a long story short. And the the prior (main) idea was reconciliation. This is the core of everything in the European history. Both nations found a way to get along with each other after devastating wars. Peace was rare in Europe. Especially over a longer term. So you can conclude that after war a boom is mostly followed. But boom is doable because there is peace between nations and not war. Therefore we could conclude that there must be peace and then come the good years.
Personally, I concentrate myself on peace and I prefer excluding any debate about which country suffered the most - I just strongly dislike any thoughts about counting deaths and damages.
"However, if there are nations outside Europe, it was Japan, which experienced heavily destructions as well."
Japan's invasion and brutal occupation of Asian countries caused the death of 7 million Asians in China, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia etc and you think it was Japan that suffered the most?
I suggest you do some reading on the Japanes occupation of Asian countries during WW2. Japan's suffereing was nothing compared to what other Asian countries suffered when Japane went on a murderous rampage and looting spree across Asia.
No, it was South Korea that suffered most. First it suffered a murderous Japanese invasion and occupation. Than a few years later North Korea backed by China invaded and waged war on South Korean war. South Korea suffered TWO devastating wars on its soil.
"The US was never ever in any way so destroyed as Europe was after the 2 world wars."
Read up on the destruction caused by the civil war in 1865. You are of course aware there was civil war waged on American soil in 1865?
My point is that countries all over the world have rebuilt and flourished after experiencing devastating wars on their soil, so the European experience after WW2 is not that impressive when seen in a global context.
South Korea experienced two wars, the USA exprienced a devastating civil war on its soil in 1865 and yet barely 40 years later it had became the greatest eonomic power. Other countries have done it without Marshall plan aid, without debt forgiveness, without care packages.
"Both nations found a way to get along with each other after devastating wars."
No they didn't.
The USA forced them to get along by blocking reparations demands on Germany and making the Marshall plan available only on condition of a cordinated European effort..
And lets not forget the Soviet union and Russian troops in the middle of Europe on East Berlin soil is what made the Germans and French coperate afterwards from the 1960's onwards till the EU. The cold war gave the Germans and French no choice but to coperate.
You really need to read up on Japan's invasion and occupation of other Asian countries in WW2 before making ignorant remarks that Japan suferred the most in Asia.
Your ignorant comment will be met with the disgust it deserves in many Asian countries.
The Pacific war didn't start in 1941 with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour. It started in 1931 when Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria.
Japan invaded Cbina in 1937.
In total, an estimated 20 million Chinese, mostly civilians, were killed during World War II.
And you think it was Japan that suffered the most in Asia?
Shame on you. There is no excuse for ignorance in this age of the internet.
I see that you have mentioned Hiroshima and Nagarski several times, however you have made no mention of the victims of Japanese invasion and occupation of Asian countries in WW2.
Instead of being obsessed with Hiroshima and Nagarski, become obsessed with the victims of the Nanking massacre, the 20 million Chinese who died as result of Japan's invasion of China. The other 7 millin Asians who died as a result of Japan's invasion of Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc.
The 27 million Asian victims of Japan's brutal occupation is whitewashed away while your mind is obsessed with Hiroshima and Nagaski and grandly proclaim that Japan suferred the most in Asia.
Ever spare a thought for the 27 million Asian victims of Japanese occuapation ?
Perhaps if the victims were a little less obnoxiously indignant?
Why? are the victims of Nazi Germany less obnoxiously indignant?
We get it, only European victims are worth sparing a thought, not Asian victims.
Why? are the victims of Nazi Germany less obnoxiously indignant?
We get it, only European victims are worth sparing a thought, not Asian victims.
."
one more of your MSM vaguenesses BS
NO, the French and the Grmans started to cooperate after that de Gaulle and Adenauer met, ie last sateday Merkel Hollande discourse in Ludwigsburg(they repeat de Gaulle's one)...
junoir
In a way it is Immanuel Kant who may have provided a Road Map of what many of us hope Europe will become in his treatise on Perpetual Peace. A federation of free states, bound together by a covenant not to war on each other as a foundation to everything that follows, which he, however, does not spell out other than saying that the constitution should be “republican” by which he means that legislative and executive should be separated, ideally under a monarchy. Not unlike what Great Britain had become, which could well serve as a model to a European federation, except that Scotland, Wales and Northern Irish original language and culture has been subdued (Cutters, are you listening) by Perfidious Albion and the whole construct is too much of a Transfer Union for my taste. The Scots are saying they are being exploited by the Sassenach, the Anglos are moaning about having to transfer money north and west. Not much love lost between those “nations” is there? (Birtnick, are you listening).
Compared to this what relative harmony we have in Europe, where moneys are lent with interest, not transferred and were there can be no question of Germany dominating the rest, if only because there is also France and Italy who would not tolerate this. A paragon of virtue the Eurozone is. Kant would be delighted because according to him: it is wrong to borrow money for if we all tried to do so there would be no money left to borrow.
"the Anglos are moaning about having to transfer money north and west."
Are you hallucinating again?
Sometimes your propaganda is hilarious to say the least.
If you are going to talk up such issues, then you could at least get the context correct.
The divisions that exist in Britain are originate from continental invasion and hostility. The country was of one people in till the Roman invasion which divided the nation, then there came a time when most of it was harmonious till the continentals invaded again, the Normans. This last invasion is the one that did lasting damage. If anything, France and Italy owe Great Britain money in reparations for the damage they have done.
The ones crushing the culture of the Celts were foreigners to Great Britain.
As for being a transfer union, that was started by Labour which is a socialist and pro-€U party, but there is little difference between it and Germany with all that money being spent on the east. It still remains that the Scots want to ride on the tails of the British 'opt out' of the €U and €Uro.
It all comes back to the continent being the origins of trouble, woes and widows in Great Britain, which is indisputable fact.
You obviously aren't aware of the UK's politics. Tories have been moaning for years about the Barnett formula - only the imminent independence referendum has prevented a more radical move to reduce public funding in Scotland.
As part of the talk of cutting social transfers and benefits, there has been no shortage of commentary around the higher proportion of recipients living in Wales, the north of England and Scotland (this is often targeted at London & South Eastern audiences to raise support for social cuts).
And that's not to mention the Tory government's proposals for regional pay... (Quite sensible in fact, but enormously contentious in the context of a national budget.)
There's enormous tension caused both by fiscal transfers within the UK and by Whitehall's ignorance. There is enormous need for greater local autonomy and a smaller central budget. And there's probably a 40% chance of Scotland voting for independence in 2014 - to which this dynamic has certainly contributed.
you forget the Angles, the Saxons, the Vikings... poor Brits had to flee onto the Continent, hey Britany anyone?
"where moneys are lent with interest, not transferred and were there can be no question of Germany dominating the rest, if only because there is also France and Italy who would not tolerate this."
never ever it's Germans' fault
but you signed for it
Hay Shaun please do leave the UK but Salmond said he want be joining the EURO if the scots want out and queen will be still head of state and i tell you what let the English tax payer hand you back RBS and HBOS and English tax payer can be paid back by Scottish tax payer for the bail out,After you can suck money from the EU instead of the English tax payer and you can get your hand outs form Brussels and they would love that at moment.Let bs honest if Scotland had raise SD on the global markets i wounder where coupon wound start say 5C%.
I suppose its better than being invaded by the germans
I'm all in favour of euro membership - though that isn't a necessary consequence of independence (not bad to be in the same company as the Netherlands, Ireland or Finland).
Settlement of national debt/ liabilities will indeed be contentious and require negotiation. The fact that Scottish sovereign debt markets are underdeveloped means that the rump-UK would have to assume a disproportionate share, or Scotland would have to meet its share by means of a transfer payment rather than debt issuance.
In the long run, Scotland stands to benefit economically from independence: with more competitive corporate tax rates, with greater freedom to raise finance for infrastructure investment (rail connections to airports, power connections to Iceland, etc), with more freedom from Whitehall regulation (less rent seeking by London's insurance & legal industry), with more freedom to invest in education, etc.
We have both the examples of Ireland and Scandinavia - a small and democratic country in Europe under pressure to adopt best international practices is sure to outperform a big country (like the UK) dominated by tradition & rent seeking.
Scotland already runs a massive goods & services trade surplus - a solid foundation for further improvements to competitiveness, productivity and growth.
So want the EURO do you,Well it will cost you as it will cost europe for the next 20 years,It will take Spain, Portugal and god no about Greece a probable never to recover epersode i feel and another SD cut and right down,Spain its self will need a good 300Bn euro to start with when it does succumb to bail out mind market will rise when it does,But still EURO on a dead cat bounce,Ireland will make or break at least Irish have taken the nasty medicine in one go and are trying instead of posturing and black mailing like the Spanish.
As to Scotland it already has a independent FM and insurance industry granted its has lost a lot of head way these past ten years but it can regain that back,But what do you think Brussels will want in return in corp tax setting do you think they will allow Scotland to under cutt the main land like Ireland does at the moment at and also little tiny Luxenbourg also sets a low rate of corp tax but never hear that do you something the lord mayor of Luxembourg does not like to mention sorry i meant the pm.But of course you could become Ireland and fail.Lets be honest please stop blaming london you get enough money out of london and how you spend it is up to salmond how he dishes it out,But your right as well as the FX side and SD and pension debt transfers and civil liabilities Scotland would have to take on and setting up a CB also and then after there would be the issue of companies and where they would base them selfs.Its a very complex issue and then there case of moving nuclear fleet back to Portsmouth etc
And as i have said it will also mean moving RBS and HBOS over to you guys and the liabilities of some £115bn and scotland GDP is what £153Bn off the top of my head i will be honest have not been reading any stats Scotland since march am more Asian based these days and if people want to move there liquid to other banks in england and then in Scotland that could create a black hole in funding costs for the new CB to try and plug,Any way nice talking
Scotland will take the whole lot, as HBOS and RBS were only saved so Labour could try and win the Scottish vote. Scotland will have to take its full share of the debt, which is huge.
Scotland can also meet the full cost of blairs security, it was the Scottish that got him into power in the first place.
Scotland wont have a seat in the of the finance committee that sets the rates for Sterling and will have to reapply to join the €U. These have been made very clear, your denial is only a show that you are in denial.
What have I denied? Scotland would have to apply for EU membership - but that process would be a doddle (Scotland already complies with all legislation and requirements). Scotland would be formally obliged to join the euro - but as with Sweden, actually joining is discretionary. As with the Irish Republic before the euro, sterling could freely circulate either as Scottish currency, alongside a new Scottish currency or alongside the euro. Really doesn't matter much (it isn't as though BoE interest rates have ever been appropriate for the Scottish economy either, so there is no monetary independence yet to be lost).
On HBOS and RBS, I can feel your venom. Nonetheless, these are both large and very European banks - with more operations & staff in England than in Scotland, and with more operations in the eurozone than in Scotland (though note that RBS also has larger operations in the US and until recently had larger operations in China than it does in Scotland). For that reason, I'm in favour of a European financial regulator and European resolution mechanism.
I can assure you that there is no significant political constituency in Scotland for bank bailouts (is there anywhere?). The decision of the UK government was guided by Whitehall, the FSA, the BoE and financial sector lobbyists, rather than by any considerations of what might or might not be thought in Scotland.
I'm not sure what any of that means for a "fair" decomposition of liabilities in event of Scottish independence. An amicable and proportionate settlement would have to be negotiated. In the long term, this really isn't so important - quality and efficiency of government matter so much more.
(Separately, for the record, Blair won all three of his elections in England as well as Scotland - Scotland just delivered wider landslides.)
I'm in favour of Scottish independence - but always hold in mind that we're still talking about hypotheticals. By a slim margin, it probably won't happen.
Great article, especially about the ambiguity of the final goal. Barroso's vague comments with promises of details in 2 years confirm his utter vacuity. Europe just needs to agree that it wants to become a federal state, and that it therefore needs its own appropriate budget (rather than trying to "coordinate" the budgets of its members, something for which it will never have the necessary legitimacy) and to adopt truly democratic, simple institutions, with clear separation of what the EU does and what the member states do, and no meddling in between (aka "subsidiarity").
Taking into account where the European continent stood before 60 years and if you look at it today - it is a success story at all.
However, there are some fields to be adopted. I think even the Economist puts aside that Europe should be always considered as a peace project, especially if it is judged.
I do not believe, as it is outlined in the recent days, that Europe will become united as the US. But rather like something new which is a mix between the US and still sovereign nations. More and more power will be ceded, but to whom?
Personally, I would consider that this is the main question - and there is still no answer to it. Is the EU and the euro zone heading for more centralization or toward more democracy? Currently the EU and the euro zone established institutions outside democracy and outside of the direct voters' controle. That is sade. Somehow, indirectly, there is control, but non-transparent. It was missed to pass on more power to the European Parliament. Instead more power was passed on to the executive.
The second objective will be, how democratic will the institutions be when it comes to vote? The ECB is an example of that. One country, one vote. However, the weight behind the vote differs tremendously. The result is that countries which have a bigger share, have the same vote. That is the result of the fear of the smaller countries. And after all I can understand why and the bigger ones should pay attention to. On the other hand, the smaller countries should acknowledge that a country that pays more in or with more population should have a bigger share of vote. The fear of a German domination was and is still given. France, for example, has insisted a long time, to be at the same level as Germany - this is no blame. In this respect the ESM considers that lack of democracy much better.
If you put all in one clause: The EU appoints its personnel by national-democratic elected people but not through direct elections or votings in the European Parliament.
The lack of direct democracy is huge and the politics do not solve or even consider it. All decisions are concentrated within the head of states and those establish institutions without European control. Insofar, the executive controls itself.
In these forms democratic control was never meant to be.
At the end, we should solve the lack of democracy first before we go ahead without the people. Europe stands for compromise. And I think this is the key to everything.
Each nation can now proof itself, it is willing to make compromises. The mentality Ms Thatcher brought in the European family damaged it and set a seed which yield we can admire today.
Well said!
The ECJ did put forward several FIO requests that the so call parliament rejected. In till the institutions can follow the rule of law, how can they be trusted with anything else.
The rest just reads as propaganda and wishful thinking on your part.
centralisation and democracy are not necessary contradictory. The German Federal Republic is more democratic than the German Confederation or the Second Empire, which were confederal.
I personally do not believe in the so-called United Europe. Federation between sovereign nation states is impossible. If we look back in the history, we'll notice that there were sort of Unions between sovereign countries, like Holy Roman Empire, or Austro-Hungarian Empire, but these were united with the help of force, and cease to exist.The idea of creating European Federation is a flawed project at its birth. We should not allow European elite to do another big mistake, instead of that we shall point out the advantages of the Common Market before it became EU. The re-establishment of the Common Market must be our ultimate goal.
Best Regards.
Then what about the United Kingdom, Black Adder. United with the help of force and still going strong. The EZ is more civilized. There will never be any force and nobody has to join. No Sassenachs roaming the uplands and lording it over the natives until they have been gobbled up into their United Kingdom against their will. What brutality. And against this background you and your ilk are preaching to the Continent. What hypocrisy.
Ireland gained independence from the UK and Scotland is on its way too. And Scots still maintain their own currency, ain't that right? Plus do you consider the UK as federation or union between sovereign nation states? Or does it look like the USA, unified country consisting of semi-autonomous regions with their own legislation that recognize the supremacy of the central government and federal constitution? Now please when you use an example try to see similarities and differences. Do not think that the UK is a good example.
The UK is a constitutional mess, in which Whitehall & Parliament commands 45% of GDP and demands absolute supremacy (often challenging the devolved Scottish Parliament & Welsh/ Northern Irish assemblies).
Neither a federation nor a union of sovereign nation states - just a collection of nations dominated by an extremely centralised government.
The eurozone and EU, for what it's worth, will never look anything like the UK or US. The European "federal government", even if entrusted with the military, would never approach the share of GDP represented by the US federal government or UK government. It will remain a much slimmer and leaner entity - of political necessity, given that it must retain consent of all participating nations.
You obviously have not read what is being suggested, and are ignoring the past moves taken by Brussels.
The army will be controlled through majority voting, no vetos, and vetos in other areas are to be taken away. The army would have to be set at a minimum of 2% GDP to be able to do anything, as less than that would leave it hugely underfunded and unable to call itself more than a militia.
The British parliament remains sovereign, while the others have devolved powers. If you think that this is not what those in Brussels have in mind for the entire €U, then you have not been reading what is being said, are and idiot, are a trolling propagandist, or any of the above mixed together.
You are wrong to suggest that people in Brussels are of one mind - they are not. There is a diverse range of opinion, reflecting the diversity in ambitions held by member governments and populations.
2% of EU GDP would be an obscene waste.
0.5% of EU GDP would be a more appropriate military force - more than enough for nuclear deterrent, a world beating airforce, a 300,000 strong professional expeditionary force, superior technology, etc.
There's no need to relive the cold war; there's no need to waste American proportions on defence; Europe's defence requirements need coordination and unity, but don't need to break the bank.
Ultimately, all states have complete freedom to exit the EU - that freedom is guaranteed and enshrined in the Lisbon treaty. For that reason, the EU's power is necessarily limited by the consent of member states. The framework of vetoes, European Parliament power, etc are parts of the negotiation and compromise process - restriction of vetoes may or may not be a good thing. But at heart, the fact that any state can succeed whenever it wants ensures that the EU must be non-extractive, and most provide net benefits to all members.
You obviously haven't read the full proposal. Any kind of 'national pride' is to be made a crime, as they want to do away with anything they consider 'nationalism'. So the first thing you'll have when you declare that you want to leave the federation is a knock on the door, the last is a criminal record if you are lucky. Once the €U has control of an army, nukes, you only have to look at the former Soviet Union to know what happen when a country want to break free... or China.
That 0.5% wont pay for the up keep of an army that can do anything like its duty, it will be a laughing stock, asking for someone to roll it over.
You think any new treaty will have a get out clause! It was hard enough for the UK to ensure it was in Lisbon in the first place.
You are so naive.
You seem to be challenged there - how would you imagine that national pride ever could or would be "criminal"? What an absurd notion...
Ambition in Europe is generally driven by efficiency concerns, with concessions/ compromise made to get through important treaties and outcomes. The purpose of a European military - which is not likely any time soon - would be mutual guarantee of security at a relatively low price.
The EU is the world's biggest economy by a large margin - $17.6 trillion (2011). Half a percent of EU GDP would be 50% more than the UK or France presently spend (with better value for money given lower labour costs in Eastern Europe) - plenty for a nuclear deterrent, strong airforce and competent expeditionary force.
As the EU expands to include ex-Yugoslavia & Albania, as Eastern Europe's productivity & GDP converge to Western European levels, and possibly as Iceland, Moldova, Ukraine and Turkey accede, that economic might will only grow. European association agreements ( ) are ultimately the best security policy. Indeed, given Russia's increasing economic and cultural dependence on Europe, and increasing tension with China over territorial rights, the likelihood is that there will be increased Russia-EU military cooperation in the next decades.
Military just isn't near the top of Europe's agenda in security terms - other factors (like pension rights, tax design, budget deficits, productivity growth) matter so much more. European cooperation isn't a priority in this area - but where it is pursued, it's objective will be to more efficiently (at lower cost) achieve military security. That will probably involve military spending at 1.4% of GDP or so (the German level) - but 0.5% would be better.
Doesn't matter so much one way or the other - the wider economy matters so much more.
Your 2% minimum is a lazy approach! You first have to define strategic goals, then to define the military forces that are essential to achieve these, then you have the minimum budget.
Until now you have not done the first steps, therefore, your conclusion is nonsenses.
Without intentions of global power projection, with a clearly defensive stand the current forces are still overkill. The problems we have are in most cases not money related.
Ja, you are partly right. The big point is who make the decisions and
who elects or nominates the people? It is possible to concentrate power.
If this power is controlled directly and democratically all is fine.
The commission is mostly autark, the ECB in full - that is o.k, the ESM also which is not o.k.
The construction of the EU and the euro zone is supranational, but it lacks of control. Just the head of state can intervene. There is a European parliament but it was not given more power in the recent days. However, more decisions were concentrated within the executive. Who has a seat in the ESM? And if the executive breaks European law nobody cares.
Second objective is how are the decisions made? Do all have the same vote?
Or can a minority outvote those representing more people or countries which hold a bigger share in capital as it is possible in the ECB.
In a democracy all power comes from the parliament. It is its center.
I miss that in the EU and I do not see that is is considered and likely to be solved. The European people feel more and more powerless because they have no means to stop what the executive does on the supranational level - excluding national elections.
So you end up with borders you cannot control because you wish to spend more on the 'welfare state'.
The German military is the butt of jokes in NATO, they should not even have a seat as they do not meet the requirements.
Having such a weak military is asking for a kicking, there is simply not enough bodies or equipment to hold ground.
It would lead to constant over stretch.
As to national pride, that shows you have not read what has been proposed.
I'm certainly not in favour of expanding the welfare state. The first objective of reduced military spending should be to cut corporation tax (with a much bigger impact on living standards than any government benefit).
Germany has military security - it's the world's third biggest arms exporter (after the US and Russia), and makes many of the world's most advanced tanks, helicopters, missiles, submarines, torpedoes, military satellites, sensor systems and aircraft components. Germany could easily scale up military production & operations of it had to. More importantly, the fact that every potential military threat is economically dependent on Germany makes a serious conflict untenable.
That's what the EU should aspire to - security though military potential rather than actual military spending, and security through economic integration and dependence rather than bigger-gun-than-thou. Though a comprehensive nuclear deterrent and decent airforce/ UAV force and EU border force are a minimal (easily affordable) real-world baseline.
And where did you imagine reading proposals to "criminalise" national pride? The Daily Mail? Admitted: I haven't read that rag recently. I prefer living in reality (or, when departing from reality, to at least remain within the realms of the plausible).
In spite of dire predictions EU will move along with enough respect for individual country sentiments.
Labour mobility has increased the competitiveness. Common currency is the uniting factor and will not go away.
Britain stands on sidelines sneering, but envious..
"sneering but envious"
Yes, and in the end it will come, cap in hand and haggard looking, like the prodigal son, to be embraced by Mother Merkel. She will take it to her breast and nurture it back to strength but no longer will it be in charge of the European Casino’s bank. No longer able to do harm. A Britain in peace with Europe finalement. And we will rejoice and clap our hands merrily.
It is not the UK that is continuously out with the begging bowl.
Great Britian is on the sidelines saying 'told you so', and shaking its head at the further hubris.
The reality of the world we live in is the EU's begging bowl missions to China to invest in Eurobonds.
The EU's begging bowl missions at every G20 summit to get non-European countries to contribute to never-ending IMF eurozone bailouts.
Or even worse than begging bowl is the EU's browbeating of developing countries like Brazil and India to contribute to IMF eurozone bailouts while millions live in poverty in those countries.
Beggging bowl missions and robbing from the poor in the developing countries is the sad reality of the EU today.
No wonder you feel a need to project EU behavior onto Britain....
Check yourself. You seem to have lost perspective and proportion in the giant "begging bowl" you sit in.
Although I regard myself as a Pro-European, I agree with the article that the federalist ideas proposed by the group of ministers will fail to solve the current economic crisis, and also fail to create an United Europe in the long run.
In regards to the current crisis, any effect of the proposed Federation will come too late, and the combination of austerity and hidden inflation (stagflation on steroids) will be unstoppable in the current setup.
In regards to the long term goal of an United Europe, assuming it survives the temporary crisis, I strongly believe Leopold Kohr's observation is correct, that a federation of very different (size-wise) states will either break up, like Yugoslavia, or become an authoritarian nation like the USSR or the German Reich. Also, the European nations are exactly that - nations looking mostly after their own interest.!”
This is, indeed, the best development, as it would also be in accordance with most people’s identity and, in the long term, I believe this will happen to everybody’s advantage but for the time being the reality is, as you also say, national self interest. There are no shortcuts.
However, consider that being part of the Euro is very much in the national self interest of all GIPS countries, who wouldn’t dream to go back to their previous fickle and weak currencies and consider the Euro the best thing that has happened to them lately. The other countries are benefiting from a Euro kept weak as a result of their soft underbelly, as it helps their exports to the BRICs and the rest of the world. The money they are expected to put into the bailout funds is safe, as long as none of the countries outside Greece, which is a basket case, goes under. Consider it as a European kind of Marshall Plan, which also was repaid with interest, even when it took an eternity to do so. We should think 50 years, if need be, and not be shy asking for collateral, of which there is plenty, for only against the background of collateral in place will there be the serious desire to pay back what has been loaned at reasonable rates of interest. It is doable. Far simpler than the Marshall plan after the war, as there are no real calamities, only self-inflicted financial stress.
and even Greece will be saved, if only because this is cheaper for the rest than having it default. In time, the Greeks will see the light and decide that, perhaps, as a proud people to live on the dole is beneath them and will surprise us by showing the same enterprise at home which they usually show outside of their country in Germany, USA, Britain, Australia. Our Zorbas here being a prime example of an enterprising Greek with honour.
Further break up of European countries is not at all necessary for success of the EU - though it could help (it would reduce the perception of single countries dominating any aspect of politics).
Strong independence movements exist in:
- Bavaria (15.3% of Germany's population)
- Corsica (0.5% of France's population)
- Brittany (6.7% of France's population)
- Savoy (1.7% of France's population)
- Alsace (2.8% of France's population)
- Northern Ireland (2.9% of the UK's population)
- Scotland (8.3% of the UK's population)
- Wales (4.8% of the UK's population)
- Catalonia (16.0% of Spain's population)
- Basque (4.6% of Spain's population)
- Calicia (5.9% of Spain's population)
- Canary Islands (4.5% of Spain's population)
- Silesia (12.3% of Poland's population)
- Belgium could easily split into Wallonia/ Flanders/ Brussels
- Republika Srpska (38.4% of Bosnia)
- South Tyrol (0.8% of Italy's population)
- Sicily (8.3% of Italy's population)
- Sardinia (2.8% of Italy's population)
- Lombardy (16.4% of Italy's population)
And there are many more besides this selection...
Quite separately from change at the EU level (but in part because of the free trade, mobility & security the EU provides), a number of these independence movements are likely to succeed in the next decades.
Mildly interesting - we can only hope that existing states are sufficiently free of nationalism, and show respect for self-determination.
I would have no problem with parting with some of my savings if I were sure it lead to a stable European environment (actually, I already have, thanks to the Greek de-facto default). Collateral? I got none. No-one ever will, even if promised - there is no way of pawning a Greek island today.
Currently not only the EU has decided to print money to solve the crisis, but also the U.S., Japan and the UK. There is already too much money around, in the hands of nervous investors, often managed by superfast computers. Not regarding China and the other emerging economies. I can see no way to reach a stable situation here. It is a situation not dissimilar to the Cold War.
In the end, the result might remind one of one or other of the possible outcomes of the Cold War - mutual destruction, arms (money) control, and/or the breakdown of one of the participants, not necessarily (but possibly) the EU.
So please allow me to remain pessimistic, even if I rather would be Euro-optimistic.
stong movements of independance?
not what I noticed, but a handful of separatists, who, when they were required to vote for their autonomy, in a referendum, 90 % voted to stay within their source of money
Perhaps - there are however popular movements for breaking up existing countries (a little) and forming new countries.
Whether they succeed or not doesn't obviously matter much one way or another. Does it?
The only case that I have much stake in is Scotland, where I've been converted from a passionate unionist (3 years ago) to a passionate "nationalist" today. It's all about quality of governance, efficiency of government, combat against rent seeking and achieving greater direct accountability.
Since I'm strongly in favour of slashing military spending, slashing corporation tax and joining the euro (for the whole of the UK, but even for just the part I live in), Scottish independence is a means to an end. If Scotland can be richer on the outside - and I believe that it would be - that is the right outcome.
Please, oh please - can we organise a referendum on independence for Sicily?
Please?
You northern Europeans have no idea just how much damage Sicily does to Italy and Europe - and the Mafia is just the beginning of it. Ever since the Reconquista of Sicily (which generally preceded the Spanish Reconquista) the Vatican has used hapless Sicilian subjects/voters to condition or dominate: southern Italy in the Middle Ages and Renaissance; and all of Italy in the modern period.
Sicilian independence would render Italy fully governable, out of foreign and Vatican clutches and capable of becoming a normal European country: the Anglo-Americans will never permit it to happen...
If Sicily became independent, the Sardinian, Lombard and northern Italian separatist movements would evaporate: Sicily is the real problem. The others merely want out because Italy is constantly at risk of being either ungovernable or governed by the Vatican - all that would change without Sicily.
Personally, I am hoping Scotland votes for independence and the shock waves reverberate to Palermo...
BTW, your info on separatist movements in Europe is quite extensive.
My senator once pointed out to me that every SERIOUS separatist movement in Europe has always had a "national" church behind it.
You can't create a new patriotism without priests somewhere to bless the dead soldiers...
"and even Greece will be saved, if only because this is cheaper for the rest than having it default."
Dici poco?
Translation: And does that seem like such a small point to you?
I have been trying to communicate that for two years here...
Militant separatism isn't an option in civilised Europe. Regionalism and local "nationalism" can only win with popular referendums and with central government acceptance of self determination.
The UK has done it before - allowing Irish counties to vote for independent government. The Scandinavian countries have done it before - repeatedly voting for dissolution. We had popular votes for distributing territory during the breakup of Austria-Hungary. Czechoslovakia voted for the velvet divorce. And we have the example of Slovenia voting to succeed from Yugoslavia.
Peaceful secular redefinition of legislative & government structures & territories is something that has a long & abundant precedent in Europe. No obvious need for priests - though if that helps you dispose of Sicily, good luck :).
But popular referendums and self-determination derive only from religiously-based insistence.
The Irish counties fought for independence and the UK allowed it largely because there was a strong Irish Church - in that case not just separately administered but Catholic instead of Anglican.
Austria-Hungary (I live in Trieste, city of James Joyce ;-)) was being torn apart long before WWI by the Hungarian Reformed Calvinist Church and the Hungarian Catholic Church - which retained the power of nominating Hungarian bishops throughout the lands historically dominated and governed by Budapest (Slovakia, Croatia, Transylvania). It was this religious "separatism" that forced the acceptance of the Dual Monarchy in 1867.
The Czechs and Slovaks broke up without animosity - but the divorce was more for religious reasons than linguistic ones: the majority of Czechs are atheist, while there has long existed an independent Slovak Catholic Church, which still holds the allegiance of a majority of Slovaks today.
In 1992 religion did not seem terribly important in Slovenia, although there was a huge - and purely temporary, as it turned out - return to the Catholic Church and its Mass in the 90's. But that should not obscure that there has very much existed a Slovenian Catholic Church for some time - with its own priests and bishops, and quite separate from the Croatian Catholic Church, not to mention from the Serbian Orthodox Church or from Bosnian Muslims.
Slovenian Catholicism is a topic for another forum (that will probably never be written). However, let me point out here that its intellectual strains were/are quite a bit different from Croatia's. The Slovenian Church definitely had its collaborationist and pro-Fascist elements (mostly in Ljubljana - Archbishop Rozman) but it also had strong anti-Fascist elements, something that never existed among Croatian Catholics.
For the religious reasons, I would say that Scottish Independence is a concrete possibility - they have their own well-established "national" Presbyterian church...
Not so Wales, where their separate religious identity is far less pronounced or historic.
Unfortunately, this is the problem with Sicily - given that beneath the veneer of Christianity, their culture and language were heavily influenced by Islam,"their" Church resulted from a Reconquista that left them a colony of the Vatican - hence, no independent church.
Unless one counts the many clergymen who collaborate with the Mafia, sometimes called Cosa Nostra ("OUR thing").
For all their competence and courage, Sicilians lack an independent Church that would tell their people they can survive alone (over 5 million people on one of the world's largest inhabited islands - more than Ireland).
There is an old proverb from Catania - which I would dearly love to see repudiated:
"Without Italy, Sicily is afraid; without Sicily, Italy counts little".
Personally, I think within the context of the EU and NATO, Sicily need no longer fear for its strategic safety - while 56 million Italians would move forward quite well without Sicily, which is the tail that wags the dog here.
Not to mention that without Sicilian votes, Berlusconi never would have arrived at a majority in parliament. | http://www.economist.com/comment/1651992 | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | refinedweb | 23,269 | 58.72 |
updates to synced tabs don't appear on the mobile homepage unless a manual reload of the page is done. Perhaps fennec should be doing a timed reload or should sync fire a reload if inbound tabs are detected?
The Androidy way to do this is for Fennec to register as an observer for the tabs ContentProvider, and for the CP to correctly notify its observers on change. I believe this is already done for the bookmarks provider.
not blocking unless someone from product or UX wants to advocate otherwise
Margaret, Lucas: Should we make this a "mentor" bug?
Sure, I can make it into a mentor bug. This probably isn't a good first bug, unless the contributor is already familiar with Android, but I think it's good to start making non-trivial bugs into mentor bugs :) rnewman was correct in comment 1, we do already register a content observer for bookmarks: We added an API to BrowserDB/LocalBrowserDB to do this for bookmarks/history: We'll probably want to add a similar API to TabsAccessor to register an observer for changes to BrowserContract.Tabs.CONTENT_URI.
I can help with this too.
I would like to contribute to this bug.
(In reply to subodhinic@yahoo.com from comment #6) > I would like to contribute to this bug. Great! Do you have a Fennec build environment set up? That's step one. Can you let me know how the instructions at work out for you? This is a frustrating process, but there's lots of people who can help on this part.
Hi, I would like to contribute to this bug. I am done with downloading source code and building fennec. And also have successfully tested it on my droid.(Thanks to your detail instructions) I have chosen this bug coz after solving it I would learn how firefox instant sync works ! Currently I am reading about content providers, sync adapters, Account Authenticator etc, after reading all these I would try to understand how fennec uses all this and provides sync service. But I am having problems in reconstructing this particular bug. Fist of all I would like to know on which version of fennec this bug is being encountered? I am using nightly build for reconstructing this bug. ! But yeah this bug is also being encountered as I have to manually reload homepage in order to refresh tabs. Please contact me on how I should approach. IRC: harshit Mail: harshit.syal@gmail.com
(In reply to Harshit Syal from comment #8) > ! Tab changes on desktop aren't usually enough to cause a sync to occur. Syncs happen in the background every few minutes, and when you make major changes (e.g., to prefs or bookmarks). Tools > Sync Now is perfectly acceptable. On Android, syncs are even less controllable. They happen when Android thinks they should. We're tweaking that as we go. The approach you're taking right now is fine. Take a look at Margaret's Comment 4 for what kind of code changes you need to make.
I am facing a lot of problems in understanding code base, please assign me to this bug and provide me a mentor
(In reply to Harshit Syal from comment #10) > I am facing a lot of problems in understanding code base, > please assign me to this bug and provide me a mentor Hi Harshit, I think Margaret is pretty busy at the moment, so I can be your point of contact. Margaret's comment #4 () is definitely the place to start. The code base is quite challenging -- can you suggest how you got started? I think I would try to figure out how to trigger an about:home refresh (or better, just the synced tabs component) manually first, before trying to tie it to the DB update. Have you tried doing that?
Created attachment 701473 [details] [diff] [review] Partial Patch There are some unnecessary changes in this patch. The changes might not be perfect, Although this patch does solve this bug. Please review it and tell me if my approach is right.
Comment on attachment 701473 [details] [diff] [review] Partial Patch Review of attachment 701473 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- Good job getting started! General comments: * Trailing whitespace throughout. In general, never introduce a new line when you don't need to, and never leave trailing whitespace. It'll show up as red in the review. * Also, please make sure to follow these instructions: to add the appropriate headers and formatting to your patch. * I think there's stuff in this patch that isn't necessary -- two new menu items, and logic for triggering a sync. The former shouldn't be included at all, and the latter isn't quite the right approach to the problem. So let's stick to redisplaying the UI when the DB changes, and leave the rest for another bug (perhaps Bug 814993, or Bug 726055). ::: mobile/android/base/AboutHomeContent.java @@ +77,5 @@ > > private static int mNumberOfTopSites; > private static int mNumberOfCols; > > + Please don't introduce unnecessary whitespace. @@ +145,5 @@ > public void onClick(View v) { > Tabs.getInstance().loadUrl((String) v.getTag(), Tabs.LOADURL_NEW_TAB); > } > }; > + Please make sure to remove trailing whitespace before preparing a patch for review. @@ +150,4 @@ > mPrelimPromoBoxType = (new Random()).nextFloat() < 0.5 ? AboutHomePromoBox.Type.SYNC : > AboutHomePromoBox.Type.APPS; > + > + Same. @@ +207,5 @@ > if (mAccountListener != null) { > mAccountManager.removeOnAccountsUpdatedListener(mAccountListener); > mAccountListener = null; > } > + Same. ::: mobile/android/base/BrowserApp.java @@ +66,5 @@ > private Boolean mAboutHomeShowing = null; > protected Telemetry.Timer mAboutHomeStartupTimer = null; > + > + private ContentResolver mContentResolver; > + private ContentObserver mContentObserver; I don't like keeping this much state around in this object. Use getContentResolver() directly instead of persisting the value -- this is a property of the Context, and we already rely on it not changing. @@ +693,5 @@ > + mContentObserver = new ContentObserver(null) { > + public void onChange(boolean selfChange) { > + > + mAboutHomeContent.update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); > + mAboutHomeContent.update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); Indenting. @@ +695,5 @@ > + > + mAboutHomeContent.update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); > + mAboutHomeContent.update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); > + > + Log.d(LOGTAG,"About:home, Content observer trigered ! !"); Spelling and unnecessary punctuation… but this can probably be deleted. @@ +698,5 @@ > + > + Log.d(LOGTAG,"About:home, Content observer trigered ! !"); > + } > + }; > + BrowserDB.registerRemoteTabsObserver(mContentResolver, mContentObserver); Indenting. @@ +709,5 @@ > // to create an AboutHomeRunnable to hide the about:home content. > if (mAboutHomeShowing != null && !mAboutHomeShowing) > return; > > + BrowserDB.unregisterContentObserver(mContentResolver, mContentObserver); Ugh, this API sucks. There's no reason why BrowserDB should be involved here at all: that call is defined as mContentResolver.unregisterContentObserver(mContentObserver); so without having error handling or somesuch, there's no point in it existing. @@ +1124,5 @@ > case R.id.new_private_tab: > Tabs.getInstance().loadUrl("about:home", Tabs.LOADURL_NEW_TAB | Tabs.LOADURL_PRIVATE); > return true; > + case R.id.refresh_chrome: > + mAboutHomeContent.update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); Can you explain why this is necessary? @@ +1131,5 @@ > + > + > + Account[] account = org.mozilla.gecko.sync.setup.SyncAccounts.syncAccounts(getApplicationContext()); > + > + SyncAdapter.requestImmediateSync(account[0], new String[] { "tabs" }); This will misbehave if Sync isn't set up, or if there's more than one account. It's also unnecessary, if I'm not mistaken: Android *already* triggers a sync in this case, because Sync is sensitive to DB activity; Sync just ignores it because it's already synced recently, and isn't smart enough to realize that it might want to do a "mini sync". The right fix is for Sync to actually perform a sync when Fennec starts watching the DB, rather than backing off. ::: mobile/android/base/resources/menu/gecko_app_menu.xml @@ +8,5 @@ > android: android: android: > + <item android: + android: Don't do this, but also menu strings need to be localized. @@ +10,5 @@ > android: > + <item android: + android: > + <item android: + android: Don't do this at all. Sync is supposed to be a background service, and this functionality is already exposed in Settings.
Thanks, rnewman, for jumping in, but be aware that I asked Harshit to submit this so I could see his WIP. A lot of the UI stuff is so that we can test what's happening, and won't be final. I'll take a further look at this tonight or tomorrow.
Created attachment 701929 [details] [diff] [review] Patch showing problem in TabsAcesssor.getTabs() Patch for review, Steps to find problem in TabsAccessor.getTabs(): 1.) please use adb logcat -s GeckoBrowserApp:d, As I am using android style logs. 2.) make some changes in desktop tabs, sync now on desktop firefox 3.) open fennec, go to settings then sync now fennec. 4.) during sync "sometimes" you'll observe that no of tabs returned is 0, even when they are supposed to be something else. please notice "sometimes" because this doesn't happen always !
> 4.) during sync "sometimes" you'll observe that no of tabs returned is 0, > even when they are supposed to be something else. I figured out what was causing this problem. In reality, you should *always* see at least one 0 returned. What happens is that: - Sync deletes all tabs - TabsProvider.delete calls notifyChange - The ContentObserver sees 0 tabs (unless timing errors delay this) - Sync bulkInserts all tabs - TabsProvider.bulkInsert *does not call* notifyChange. The patch at the end of this comment fixes TabsProvider.java.in to actually call notifyChange. Long term, we need to fix *all* bulkInsert calls to call notifyChange correctly. But this should get you closer to addressing this ticket. Also, there are two places that will need ContentObservers: - the AboutHomeContent.mRemoteTabs AboutHomeSection - the RemoteTabs PanelView in RemoteTabs.java (this is the SYNCED section of the TabsPanel that you see when you hit the "tabs arrow"; the other sections are TABS and PRIVATE). I think we should register the observer for the AboutHomeSection in AboutHomeContent.init, probably after I think we should register the observer for the RemoteTabs PanelView in RemoteTabs.show() and remove it in RemoteTabs.hide(). Any way, enough for now. Here's what to do to make the new tabs generate an update: diff --git a/mobile/android/base/db/TabsProvider.java.in b/mobile/android/base/db/TabsProvider.java.in --- a/mobile/android/base/db/TabsProvider.java.in +++ b/mobile/android/base/db/TabsProvider.java.in @@ -641,11 +641,14 @@ public class TabsProvider extends Conten } } trace("Flushing DB bulkinsert..."); db.setTransactionSuccessful(); } finally { db.endTransaction(); } + if (successes > 0) + getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null); + return successes; } }. For now I think this should be merged !
Comment on attachment 702759 [details] [diff] [review] Final Patch, solves this bug Review of attachment 702759 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- This is looking really good! Several nits (that are easy to address) mean we can't land this as is, but after the dependent bug lands, we can get this in. Thanks, Harshit! ::: mobile/android/base/AboutHomeContent.java @@ -65,5 @@ > -import java.util.Map; > -import java.util.Random; > -import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; > -import java.util.zip.ZipFile; > - This kind of re-ordering makes it really hard to see what has changed. Please only add/remove the single lines your patch needs. @@ +90,5 @@ > private BrowserApp mActivity; > UriLoadCallback mUriLoadCallback = null; > VoidCallback mLoadCompleteCallback = null; > private LayoutInflater mInflater; > + private ContentObserver mContentObserver; Initialize to null here. @@ +145,5 @@ > public void onAccountsUpdated(Account[] accounts) { > updateLayoutForSync(); > } > }, GeckoAppShell.getHandler(), false); > + // Bug 740556 - reload the mobile homepage on inbound tab syncs nit: newline before. @@ +148,5 @@ > }, GeckoAppShell.getHandler(), false); > + // Bug 740556 - reload the mobile homepage on inbound tab syncs > + // Adding content observer for remote tabs component > + mContentObserver = new ContentObserver(null) { > + public void onChange(boolean selfChange) { nit: we indent 4 spaces per level. This is 8, or perhaps a hard tab character. @@ +150,5 @@ > + // Adding content observer for remote tabs component > + mContentObserver = new ContentObserver(null) { > + public void onChange(boolean selfChange) { > + update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); > + Log.d(LOGTAG,"About:home, Content observer triggered ! !"); We don't log without checking log levels, but just remove this log entirely. @@ +153,5 @@ > + update(EnumSet.of(AboutHomeContent.UpdateFlags.REMOTE_TABS)); > + Log.d(LOGTAG,"About:home, Content observer triggered ! !"); > + } > + }; > + BrowserDB.registerRemoteTabsObserver(mActivity.getContentResolver(), mContentObserver); nit: newline after. I think we can register the observer directly here, rather than having this BrowserDB static interface: |mActivity.getContentResolver().registerObserver(...)| Or we can add a static interface TabsProvider.registerTabsObserver. (Note that the observer is for all tabs, not just remote tabs. It's based on the URI, not the query itself.) I like that more, actually. Then it's a little easier to track where things are registered. @@ +256,5 @@ > Cursor cursor = mTopSitesAdapter.getCursor(); > if (cursor != null && !cursor.isClosed()) > cursor.close(); > } > + if(mContentObserver != null) { nit: newline before. nit: space between if and (. @@ +257,5 @@ > if (cursor != null && !cursor.isClosed()) > cursor.close(); > } > + if(mContentObserver != null) { > + mActivity.getContentResolver().unregisterContentObserver(mContentObserver); nit: 4 space tab. Let's set |mContentObserver = null;| here. ::: mobile/android/base/db/BrowserDB.java @@ +98,5 @@ > public void registerBookmarkObserver(ContentResolver cr, ContentObserver observer); > > public void registerHistoryObserver(ContentResolver cr, ContentObserver observer); > + > + public void registerRemoteTabsObserver(ContentResolver cr, ContentObserver observer); It's not at all obvious, but |BrowserDB| manages only the History and Bookmarks databases. So this really doesn't make sense here. Also, it just passes through to |LocalBrowserDB|. I'll suggest a place where you can just use the ContentObserver interface directly. @@ +253,5 @@ > > public static void registerHistoryObserver(ContentResolver cr, ContentObserver observer) { > sDb.registerHistoryObserver(cr, observer); > } > + Delete this too. ::: mobile/android/base/db/LocalBrowserDB.java @@ +642,5 @@ > > public void registerHistoryObserver(ContentResolver cr, ContentObserver observer) { > cr.registerContentObserver(mHistoryUriWithProfile, false, observer); > } > + As earlier, this is not in the correct place. (Notice how other register calls are using member variables to get URIs, but your URI is static constant.) ::: mobile/android/base/db/TabsProvider.java.in @@ +644,5 @@ > db.setTransactionSuccessful(); > } finally { > db.endTransaction(); > } > + if (successes > 0) nit: newline before, and 4 space tab. Keep this for your testing, but we need to fix this bug for all the content providers, which is Bug 830884. I'm working on fixing that this afternoon.
(In reply to Harshit Syal from comment #17) >. Yeah, I saw this too. What is happening is that your register method expects the LocalBrowserDB to be initialized first. This isn't necessary -- we can register directly with the content resolver -- so we should be able to make this happen. I'm going to ask for UX input. ibarlow, should we automatically update the SYNCED section of the tabs panel? I expect users to only have that open for a short time before making a choice, so refreshing could be annoying if your rows suddenly change. On the other hand, I don't expect a tabs refresh to happen while the SYNCED section is open very often.
Might I suggest pull to refresh, or similar? And won't write get the ping to sync when the awesome bar appears, which will be before the synced tabs section displays?
(In reply to Richard Newman [:rnewman] from comment #20) > Might I suggest pull to refresh, or similar? We could do this, I suppose, but I don't think we use pull to refresh anywhere else in the Android UI. ibarlow? > And won't write get the ping to sync when the awesome bar appears, which > will be before the synced tabs section displays? I don't understand this.
(In reply to Nick Alexander :nalexander from comment #21) > > And won't write get the ping to sync when the awesome bar appears, which > > will be before the synced tabs section displays? > > I don't understand this. Sorry, I wrote "awesome bar" when I meant "tab bar" Current Nightly and Aurora has Synced Tabs in a section in the tab "+", but it opens on "Tabs" (local). We could trigger a background tab sync when the tab view opens.
Comment on attachment 702759 [details] [diff] [review] Final Patch, solves this bug Review of attachment 702759 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- Drive by! ::: mobile/android/base/AboutHomeContent.java @@ -65,5 @@ > -import java.util.Map; > -import java.util.Random; > -import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; > -import java.util.zip.ZipFile; > - Also the import ordering should follow our coding style guidelines at
Created attachment 703824 [details] [diff] [review] Patch v2 Made very few changes, tried to address all the problems in previous patch. Here I have removed involvement of LocalBrowser and BrowserDb, and have confined changes to only AboutHomeContent.
Created attachment 703825 [details] [diff] [review] Patch v3 Made very few changes, tried to address all the problems in previous patch. Here I have removed involvement of LocalBrowser and BrowserDb, and have confined changes to only AboutHomeContent.
Created attachment 704012 [details] [diff] [review] Patch against m-i This is a slightly stream-lined version of Harshit's patch. Depends on the patch for Bug 830884. Harshit, can you take a look at this and see if you disagree with any of my changes? Thanks!
Comment on attachment 704012 [details] [diff] [review] Patch against m-i Review of attachment 704012 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- ::: mobile/android/base/AboutHomeContent.java @@ +149,5 @@ > updateLayoutForSync(); > } > }, GeckoAppShell.getHandler(), false); > + > + // Bug 740556 - reload the mobile homepage on inbound tab syncs We don't need the bug number listed here, but the other comments seem fine.
Thanks nick for making necessary changes. For me, all the changes you made looks fine.
Created attachment 705591 [details] [diff] [review] Updated patch against m-i Updated comment to remove bug number. Thanks for your great work on this ticket, Harshit!
STR: 1) install Fennec 2) set up Sync 3) go to about:home 4) verify remote tabs exist 5) change tab configuration on remote device 6) force remote sync 7) go to Settings > Accounts & sync and force a local sync 8) return to Fennec about:home, using "task manager" rather than clicking on App icon 9) verify that remote tabs exist and *are not* updated 10) force reload of about:home, possibly by killing Fennec process 11) verify that remote tabs exist and are updated After Bug 830884 and 740556: 9) verify that remote tabs exist and *are* updated | https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=740556 | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | refinedweb | 2,943 | 58.08 |
im trying to create a simple header file for a couple custom functions.
but when i go to compile the program, it gives me the errors:but when i go to compile the program, it gives me the errors:Code:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.c>
#include <time.h>
void pause(int t);
int random(int u);
void pause(int t){
int x;
while ( x < 1000000000 ){
x = x + t;
}
}
int random(int u){
int x;
srand(time(NULL));
x = ( rand() % u ) + 1;
return x;
}
redefinition of `void pause(int)'
`void pause(int)' previously defined here
redefinition of `int random(int)'
`int random(int)' previously defined here
and when i doubleclick the errors to see where they are, they both highlight the same line of code. basically, its telling me that those functions are previously defined by themselves! ive tried everything i can think of. whats the deal?? | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/28064-i-hate-when-cplusplus-fails-make-any-sense-printable-thread.html | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 147 | 71.65 |
Announcing Visual Studio Online Public Preview
Nik. 😁 onboarding new team members without the benefit of a local IT presence.
- Open source and inner source are making collaboration more important than ever. As a result, developers are working across boundaries in many codebases, often at the same time.
- Increasing computational and data workloads (e.g. Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data), powered by cloud computing, are naturally shifting development activities beyond the “standard issue development laptop”.
- The explosion of cloud native development and microservices have enabled developers to use multiple languages and stacks in a single system to take advantage of each technology’s particular strengths.
- Developers facing expectations for decreased time-to-market are seeking techniques and technologies to help them collaborate more quickly and increase productivity.
As a result of your feedback, these trends, and what we have learned with Visual Studio Code Remote Development, we have been working hard on a new service called Visual Studio Online. Visual Studio Online philosophically (and technically) extends Visual Studio Code Remote Development to provide managed development environments that can be created on-demand and accessed from anywhere. These environments can be used for long-term projects, to quickly prototype a new feature, or for short-term tasks like reviewing pull requests. Additionally, since many companies already have existing infrastructure for development, we made sure that Visual Studio Online can take advantage of those as well. You can connect to your environments from anywhere using either Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio IDE (see below), or the included browser-based editor.
We’re excited to get your feedback as we launch Visual Studio Online into public preview. Read on to learn more about the service and the scenarios it enables, or dive right in with one of our quickstarts.
Rapid Onboarding
Development environments are the cornerstone on which Visual Studio Online is based. They’re where all of the compute associated with software development happens: compiling, debugging, restoring, etc. Whatever your project or task, you can spin up a Visual Studio Online environment from your development tool of choice or our web portal, and the service will automatically configure everything you need: the source code, runtime, compiler, debugger, editor, personal dotfile configurations, relevant editor extensions and more.
Environments are fast to create and disposable, allowing new team members to quickly onboard to a project, or for you to experiment with a new stack, language, or codebase, without worrying about it affecting your local configuration. And since environments share definitions, they are created in a repeatable manner – all but eliminating configuration discrepancies between team members that often lead to “works on my machine” type bugs.
Additionally, environments are completely configurable so they can be precisely tuned as required by your project. Start simple by specifying a few extensions that you want installed, or take full control over the environment by defining your own Dockerfile.
Cloud Powered
Visual Studio Online’s development environments are Azure-hosted and come with all the benefits of the cloud:
- They scale to meet your needs:
- Create as many as you want (up to subscription limits) for all your various projects and tasks and throw them away when you’re done.
- Need a little extra horsepower? Create a premium environment to get all the CPU and RAM you’d need to tackle even the most demanding projects.
- They have predictable pricing and you only pay for what you use – down to the second. If you create an environment and delete it after 6 minutes and 45 seconds, you’ll only pay for 6 minutes and 45 seconds. Environments also auto-suspend to eliminate accidental runoff costs.
- Moving your development workload to the cloud boosts your overall computing power so your personal machine can edit media assets, email, chat, stream music, or do anything else, more.
Already have investments in on-premise development environments, or not quite yet ready to move a workload to the cloud? Visual Studio Online also allows you to register and connect your own self-hosted environments, so you can use that already-perfectly-tuned environment and experience some of the benefits of Visual Studio Online, for free!
Your Favorite Tools
Visual Studio Online supports three editors: Visual Studio Code, our no-install browser-based editor, and Visual Studio IDE (see below). This allows you to use the tool you’re most comfortable with, in any language or framework.
By installing the Visual Studio Online extension you can use Visual Studio Code, the streamlined code editor with support for operations like debugging, task running, and version control. It aims to provide just the tools a developer needs for a quick code-build-debug cycle. It’s free, built on open source and now enhanced with cloud powered development environments.
Visual Studio Online’s browser-based editor adds the ability to connect and code from literally anywhere, and its fully powered with Visual Studio Code under the hood. Gone are the days of lugging around heavy dev machines on the road or to a coffee shop. Instead, travel light knowing you’ve got the full computing power of Azure, just a new browser tab away.
We’re also proud to announce that Visual Studio IDE’s support for Visual Studio Online is in private preview at Ignite. Developers will now have the option to use a full-fledged IDE with the entire toolset, from initial design to final deployment, enhanced with the benefits of Visual Studio Online. Along with this private preview, we’re also introducing the capability to create Windows based Visual Studio Online environments, expanding the set of workloads the service will support. Sign up now to be added to the wait list.
Along the way we’ve also learned that developers not only want to use the right tool for the job, but they are also highly opinionated about their development environment, and commonly spend countless hours personalizing their editor and terminal. To address this, Visual Studio Online’s flexible personalization features make any environment you connect to feel familiar, as if you’ve never left home, whichever editor you decide to use.
Even better, you can freely extend these capabilities since Visual Studio Online has support for the rich ecosystem of extensions in the Visual Studio Marketplace.
Effortless Remote Debugging
Once connected to your Visual Studio Online environment, simply run your web app or API as you usually would, and we automatically forward it, so that it’s accessible to you – and only you. It behaves just like your traditional, local dev workflow.
In addition, we’ll soon be introducing support for app casting, that will allow you to remotely interact with and share a running GUI application.
Built in Collaboration
On top of all of this, Visual Studio Online’s environments come with built in collaboration tools like IntelliCode and Live Share. IntelliCode helps enhance individual productivity by instilling AI-assisted intelligence into the editor. It does this by making things like auto-completion smarter with “implicit collaboration” based on an understanding of how APIs are used across thousands of open-source GitHub repositories. Live Share directly facilitates real-time collaboration by enabling developers to edit and debug together, even if they aren’t all Visual Studio Online users, or prefer a different editor.
And More to Come!
Visual Studio Online is in public preview at Ignite. That means that now is a great time to try it out and share your feedback. We’re eagerly looking forward to working with the community to understand the best ways to make Visual Studio Online even better.
I want to thank all the users who have submitted feedback already – you’re the ones who have made the service as great as it is today – and I can’t wait to hear from so many more of you.
Next Steps
If you’d like to learn more, head over to our product page or “What is Visual Studio Online?” documentation.
To try the service, follow along with our Visual Studio Code or browser-based experience quickstarts.
As mentioned above, if you’re interested in Visual Studio IDE support and Windows based environments, sign up for our private preview and we’ll do our best to grant you access as soon as possible.
Finally, feel free to report any feedback you have in our issue tracker on GitHub.
We can’t wait to hear what you think!
Thanks, Nik Molnar & the entire Visual Studio Online team 👋
“Visual Studio Online also allows you to register and connect your own self-hosted environments”
Could you please tell me how to connect to my own self-hosted environment from online.visualstudio.com? I checked every document but yet to have a clue.
hello! Please take a look at
– Tried a small test on friday (happy with it).
– Disconnect and went home for the weekend.
– On monday I received an alert about surpassing my budget. 98% goes for VSO.
– Fill a support ticket with snapshots.
– When billing support team called me back, the cost details about VSO were gone.
– The cost is there yet on main dashboard graphs and on the alert details.
Sounds like someone had a bumpy first production weekend! ^__^
Yep, same here. Goto an odd $42 charge that seemed more than i expected then BOOF the charge is now $0. Happy but no explanation lol
Been a MSFT fan for several decades – but you guys ALWAYS screw up on product names. It’s like the product name department is stuck in 1996.
Nobody, and I mean nobody uses the word “online” anymore for new products. By default everything is online as of like ten years ago.
PLEASE consider these much better alternatives that do not channel a large beige-colored CRT attached to a computer with a sliding CD-ROM drive:
VSCloud
VSWeb
VSGo
etc…
Any one of these is better than the name suggested by the marketing group that brought us “SharePoint” and “Microsoft Live” or “PowerBI” or “Sql Server” or “Microsoft Foundation Classes” or “Windows Presentation Framework” etc. etc.
All I’m asking is that you move the year to something post-2000.
You’ll never get a 22-year old excited to use “Visual Studio Online”.
Should this not be called “visual studio code online”. Again Microsoft have released “Visual Studio online” which is nothing of the sort.
vs online can’t work on ipad..?
Hi, I want to know if using VS Online I can secure my source code. I have remotes developers and I want to give them access to the code and be secure that when they leave the organization they don’t have a copy of the code in their computers. It’s that possible with VSO? Can I restrict to access Azure Repos only from VSO?
Is it possible to use Visual Studio Online with a student subscription? I have an “Azure for students: Starter” subscription and haven’t been able to use VS online.
When trying to create the first environment, on web (Chrome) I get the error message “204-Access Failed” or “FailedToRegisterResourceProvider”. When trying to create the environment with VS Code I get the error message “The operation is not permitted for namespace ‘Microsoft.VSOnline’.”
I already “registered” all resource providers in Azure, but still getting the same errors. Is it mandatory to have a different kind of subscription and/or provide payment info?
the Visuslstudio online can’t work on my computer , what can I do next?
I’m in China now | https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/announcing-visual-studio-online-public-preview/?WT.mc_id=-blog-scottha | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | refinedweb | 1,917 | 52.19 |
Parrot Virtual Machine/Classes and Objects
Classes and Objects[edit]
We briefly discussed some class and object PIR code earlier, and in this chapter we are going to go into more detail about it. As we mentioned before, classes have 4 basic components: A namespace, an initializer, a constructor, and methods. A namespace is important because it tells the virtual machine where to look for the methods of the object when they are called. If I have an object of class "Foo", and I call the "Bar" method on it:
.local pmc myobject myobject = new "Foo" myobject.'Bar'()
The virtual machine will see that
myobject is a PMC object of type Foo, and then will look for the method 'Bar' in the namespace 'Foo'. In short, the namespace helps to keep everything together.
Initializers[edit]
An initializer is a function that is called at the beginning of the program to set up the class. PIR doesn't have a syntax for declaring information about the class directly, you have to use a series of opcodes and statements to tell Parrot what your class looks like. This means that you need to create the various data fields in your class (called "attributes" here), and set up relationships with other classes.
Initializer functions tend to follow this format:
.namespace .sub 'onload' :anon :init :load .end
The
:anon flag means that the name of the function will not be stored in the namespace, so you don't end up with all sorts of name pollution. Of course, if the name of the function isn't stored, it can be difficult to make additional calls to this function, although that doesn't matter if we only want to call it once. The
:init flag causes the function to run as soon as parrot initializes the file, and the
:load flag causes the function to run as soon as the file is loaded, if it is loaded as an external library. In short: We want this function to run as soon as possible and we only want it to run once.
Notice also that we want the initializer to be declared in the HLL namespace.
Making a New Class[edit]
We can make a new class with the keyword
newclass. To create a class called "MyClass", we would write an initializer that does the following:
.sub 'initmyclass' :init :load :anon newclass $P0, 'MyClass' .end
Also, we can simplify this using PIR syntax:
.sub 'initmyclass' :init :load :anon $P0 = newclass 'MyClass .end
In the initialzer, the register $P0 contains a reference to the class object. Any changes or additions that we want to make to the class need to be made to this class reference variable.
Creating new class objects[edit]
Once we have a class object, the output of the newclass opcode, we can create or "instantiate" objects of that class. We do this with the new keyword:
.local PMC myobject myobject = new $P0
Or, if we know the name of the class, we can write:
.local PMC myobject myobject = new 'MyClass'
Subclassing[edit]
We can set up a subclass/superclass relationship using the
subclass command. For instance, if we want to create a class that is a subclass of the builtin PMC type "ResizablePMCArray", and if we want to call this subclass "List", we would write:
.sub 'onload' :anon :load :init subclass $P0, "ResizablePMCArray", "List" .end
This creates a class called "List" which is a subclass of the "ResizablePMCArray" class. Notice that like the
newclass instruction above, we store a reference to the class in the PMC register $P0. We'll use this reference to modify the class in the sections below.
Adding Attributes[edit]
Attributes can be added to the class by using the
add_attribute keyword with the class reference that we received from the
newclass or
subclass keywords. Here, we create a new class 'MyClass', and add two data fields to it: 'name' and 'value':
.sub 'initmyclass' :init :load :anon newclass $P0, 'MyClass' add_attribute $P0, 'name' add_attribute $P0, 'value' .end
We'll talk about accessing these attributes below.
Methods[edit]
Methods, as we mentioned earlier, have three major differences from subroutines: The way they are flagged, the way they are called, and the fact that they have a special
self variable. We know already that methods should use the
:method flag.
:method indicates to Parrot that the other two differences (dot-based calling convention and "self" variable) need to be implemented for the method. Some methods will also use the
:vtable flag as well, and we will discuss that below.
We want to create a class for a stack class. The stack has "push" and "pop" methods. Luckily, Parrot has
push and
pop instructions available that can operate on array-like PMCs (like the "ResizablePMCArray" PMC class). However, we need to wrap these PIR instructions into functions or methods so that they can be used from our high-level language (HLL). Here is how we can do that:
.namespace .sub 'onload' :anon :load :init subclass $P0, "ResizeablePMCArray", "Stack" .end .namespace ["Stack"] .sub 'push' :method .param pmc arg push self, arg .end .sub 'pop' :method pop $P0, self .return($P0) .end
Now, if we had a language compiler for Java on Parrot, we could write something similar to this:
Stack mystack = new Stack(); mystack.push(5); System.out.println(mystack.pop());
The example above would print the value "5" at the end. If we look at the same example in a language like Perl 5, we would have:
my $stack = Stack::new(); $stack->push(5); print $stack->pop();
This, again, would print out the number "5".
Accessing Attributes[edit]
If our class has attributes, we can use the
setattribute and
getattribute instructions to write and read those attributes, respectively. If we have a class 'MyClass' with data attributes 'name' and 'value', we can write accessors and setter methods for these:
.sub 'set_name' :method .param pmc newname $S0 = 'name' setattribute self, $S0, newname .end .sub 'set_data' :method .param pmc newdata $S0 = 'data' setattribute self, $S0, newdata .end .sub 'get_name' :method $S0 = 'name' $P0 = getattribute self, $S0 .return($P0) .end .sub 'get_value' :method $S0 = 'value' $P0 = getattribute self, $S0 .return($P0) .end
Constructors[edit]
The constructor is the function that we call when we use the
new keyword. The constructor initializes the data object attributes, and maybe performs some other bookkeeping tasks as well. A constructor must be a method named 'new'. Besides the special name, the constructor is like any other method, and can get or set attributes on the
self variable as needed.
VTables[edit]
Resources[edit]
-
- | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Parrot_Virtual_Machine/Classes_and_Objects | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 1,094 | 71.85 |
What is monkey patching in Python with an example?
In Python, the term monkey patching refers to the dynamic/run-time changes taking place within a class or module. Here's an example:
Note: Being one of the most sought after languages, Python is chosen by small and large organizations equally to help them tackle issues. Our list of Python Coding Interview Questions shall help you crack an interview in organizations using Python while making you a better Python Developer.
Example
import monk
def monkey_f(self):
print "monkey_f() is being called"
monk.A.func = monkey_f
obj = monk.A()
obj.func()
Output
monkey_f() is being called
Suggest An Answer
No suggestions Available! | https://www.bestinterviewquestion.com/question/what-is-monkey-patching-in-python-with-an-example-viqgd5924xl | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 111 | 56.55 |
Subject: [OMPI devel] Build failure on FreeBSD 7
From: Karol Mroz (mroz.karol_at_[hidden])
Date: 2008-04-04 19:34:47
Hello everyone... it's been some time since I posted here. I pulled the
latest svn revision (18079) and had some trouble building Open MPI on a
FreeBSD 7 machine (i386).
Make failed when compiling opal/event/kqueue.c. It appears that freebsd
needs sys/types.h, sys/ioctl.h, termios.h and libutil.h included in
order to reference openpty(). I added ifdef/includes for these header
files into kqueue.c and managed to build. Note that I also tried the
latest nightly tarball. The tarball build actually succeeded without any
changes. Curious if anyone has experienced this type of behavior? A
colleague of mine mentioned it could be a FreeBSD autotools issue?
Although builds were successful (with modification for the svn build,
and without modification for the nightly tarball), I tried running a
simple app locally with 2 processes using the TCP BTL that does a
non-blocking send/recv. The app simply hung. After attaching gdb to one
of the 2 processes, the console output (not gdb) reported the following
output:
[warn] kq_init: detected broken kqueue (failed add); not using error 4
(Interrupted system call)
: Interrupted system call
I'm including the diff of kqueue.c here for completeness. If anyone
requires any further information, please let me know.
Thanks.
--
Karol
Index: opal/event/kqueue.c
===================================================================
--- opal/event/kqueue.c (revision 18079)
+++ opal/event/kqueue.c (working copy)
@@ -52,7 +52,17 @@
#ifdef HAVE_UTIL_H
#include <util.h>
#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBUTIL_H
+#include <libutil.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_TERMIOS_H
+#include <termios.h>
+#endif
+
/* Some platforms apparently define the udata field of struct kevent as
* intptr_t, whereas others define it as void*. There doesn't seem to be an
* easy way to tell them apart via autoconf, so we need to use OS macros. */ | http://www.open-mpi.org/community/lists/devel/2008/04/3666.php | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 321 | 69.38 |
UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Front Cover Title Page Preface Fun March 13, 1869 March 20, 1869 March 27, 1869 April 3, 1869 April 10, 1869 April 17, 1869 April 24, 1869 May 1, 1869 May 8, 1869 May 15, 1869 May 22, 1869 May 29, 1869 June 5, 1869 June 12, 1869 June 19, 1869 June 26, 1869 July 3, 1869 July 10, 1869 July 17, 1869 July 24, 1869 July 31, 1869 August 7, 1869 August 14, 1869 August 21, 1869 August 28, 1869 September 4, 1869 13, 1869 Page 6 Page 7 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 March 20, 1869 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 March 27, 1869 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 April 3, 1869 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 April 10, 1869 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 April 17, 1869 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 April 24, 1869 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 May 1, 1869 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 May 8, 1869 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 May 15, 1869 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 May 22, 1869 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 May 29, 1869 Page 115 Page 116 Page 117 Page 118 Page 119 Page 123 Page 124 Page 125 Page 126 June 5, 1869 Page 127 Page 128 Page 129 Page 133 Page 134 Page 135 Page 136 June 12, 1869 Page 137 Page 138 Page 139 Page 143 Page 144 Page 145 Page 146 June 19, 1869 Page 147 Page 148 Page 149 Page 153 Page 154 Page 155 Page 156 June 26, 1869 Page 157 Page 158 Page 159 Page 163 Page 164 Page 165 Page 166 July 3, 1869 Page 167 Page 168 Page 169 Page 173 Page 174 Page 175 Page 176 July 10, 1869 Page 177 Page 178 Page 179 Page 183 Page 184 Page 185 Page 186 July 17, 1869 Page 187 Page 188 Page 193 Page 194 Page 195 Page 196 July 24, 1869 Page 197 Page 198 Page 199 Page 203 Page 204 Page 205 Page 206 July 31, 1869 Page 207 Page 208 Page 209 Page 213 Page 214 Page 215 Page 216 August 7, 1869 Page 217 Page 218 Page 219 Page 223 Page 224 Page 225 Page 226 August 14, 1869 Page 227 Page 228 Page 229 Page 233 Page 234 Page 235 Page 236 August 21, 1869 Page 237 Page 238 Page 239 Page 243 Page 244 Page 245 Page 246 August 28, 1869 Page 247 Page 248 Page 249 Page 253 Page 254 Page 255 Page 256 September 4, 1869 Page 257 Page 258 Page 259 Page 260 Page 261 Index Page 265 Page 266 Back Cover Cover Full Text .30 'i 4 ....... ....... NX v AA, ij V PUBLISHED LONDON : (FOR TEE PROPRIETOR) BY W. ALDER, 80, FLEET STREET, E.C. S" OAT AOY! said a voico. iT #70- The same to you, and many of 'em!" replied FUN, adopting Sthe nautical language of his interpellator with his accustomed __facility. S-- It was NEPTUNE who spoke. FuN on perceiving him assured him that his boat was not a hoy-that in fact there had boon no hoys since the steamboats took to running to Margate. "Exactlyso," said old NEPTUNE, there are such remarkable im- provements and inventions now-a-days, that I almost expect to have --- the sea taken-up in shares and converted into a limited company- " -7-- "And then you will say you have not a notion," said one of the sea-nymphs, who had overheard the old riddle on the sands at Rams- --S _____ ,-- gate, and thought it was new and original. NEPTUNE smiled, but 7/--cr -FUN rebuked him for laughing at the aged. The old man of the sea S- tittered feebly, and murmured something about a wotter'un." -. "Why, you must be 'a Constant Reader'-the party who is Walways sending me those old jokes," said FUN. "No:-I seldom get anything to read," said the marine deity. You have the Wave-early series, of course," observed the jester. "Well, I get an occasional volume of modern fiction, at times, <- coming among my flotsam and jetsam after falling off a steam-boat __in the season." -- Floating, eh ? I should have thought them too heavy for that- / but, to be sure, they are so bad they don't deserve to 'go down.' Bu t you were saying- " t _'\ __ "I was observing on the novelties they introduce now-a-days. -Who would have expected to see the wooden walls of England made --TO I =---~of cast iron ?" _j ?. v U V Who, indeed ? or for that matter," said FUN, with a knowing Snod to the Nereids who bore the old gentleman, who would have expected to see an Ancient Mariner, like you, hauled up by water -. -- --lasses instead of windlasses?" The young ladies tittered so tre- \ mendously that they nearly let the old boy drop. Their style of dress made them intensely susceptible of the bare notion of a joke. It i \.J should be observed, that they were clothed from head to foot in surge. They wore seaweed in their hair, but though they only had a little S_ "_i-- spray each, their head-gear was so much larger than the ordinary bonnets, that the vulgar sea-urchins (Echinus comnm:) head-dressed -we beg pardor.-addressed to them the question ooze your hatter ? " iv PREFACE. NEPTUNE was, not unnaturally, a little jealous of the attention paid to FUN by his fair attendants. "Never mind him," said one of the damsels encouragingly, his barque is worse than his bight." ' "I suppose his bight is, like his bark, a bay. I should expect as much from an old sea-dog." The pun restored harmony. NEPTUNE piped all hands for a pipe, and began to blow a cloud. "What cheer, mate? he remarked, I see you're on the cruise in your yacht." "You're right. The crew's under me, and we're off for a sail-our weekly sale, in fact." "Where away ?" "Round the globe, of course,-the largest circulation in the world," and FUN waved his hand. "You're not going ?" said NEPTUNE, anxiously. Oh, I always go," was the reply. "Well, give us a lock of your hair, then." "Would you dis-tress me ? But I shall expect a slice of your main, in exchange." Sir, you command the ocean You are the man at the commonweal, not to be spoken to-our pilot-our beacon- " "Pilot, and beacon, eh ? You must be thinking of stearine candles; or taking me for a lighter-man. But I must be off, while the tide serves." "The tide is not the only one who feels bound to serve you," said NEPTUNE. That's neat," said FUN. "Take it so, if you like," said the encouraged marine deity. Or will you take it warm with' ?-name your tipple." "Not to-day, thanks," replied the wit; and the Nereids went off into fits of laughter at the joke-which they saw, but we will defy any one else to observe with the naked eye. Must you go ?" asked NEPTUNE, with obvious regret at losing so pleasant a companion, "Who is to fill your place ?" My volume," aptly responded FUN. "A volume of water ?" No, of spirit; but warranted pure and unadulterated." Spirit Then it is essential ?" Yes, for the well-being of everybody. In fact, everybody takes it. Here's one for you!" A thousand thanks! If you hear of any extraordinary high tides don't be astonished-I feel I shall split my sides! " Oh, your high-tides are always attractive," said Fux, returning the compliment. "I have known people quite carried away by them !" But NEPTUNE had disappeared. He had rushed off to the confusion of botanists, who are unacquainted, as a rule, with a rush [Buscum littorale] in sea-water; and also to his palatial cave, where he flung himself into his chair and began to read. There has been a dispute among scholars as to a passage in ZEschylus-" K ur7-y avrpieo ov ytXaa-la." If the commentators could only have seen NEPTUNE now, they would have understood the meaning of the "endless laughter of Ocean," for he was reading 951n hintlyj Vhlnmc of td 9ef R y rieM of In. NOTHING AT ALL IN THE PAPER TO-DAY. OTHING at all in the papers to ,day! .-1 Only- a murder somewhere A g or other- A girl who has put her child Not being a wife as well as .. a mother. Or drunken husband beating .* a wife, g at o ith the neighbours lying awake to listen: Scarce aware he has taken a S life : . Till in at the window the But that l the regular N r way- There's nothing .at all in the paper to-day. Nothing at all in the paper to-day! ! To be sure there's a woman died of starvation Fell down in the street-as so many may SIn this very prosperous Christian iiation. Or two young girls with some inward grief Maddened, have plunged in the inky waters. Or a father has learnt that his son's a thief- Or a mother been robbed of one of her daughters. Things that occur in the regular way"- ' There's nothing at all in the paper to-day. There's nothing at all in the paper to-day, Unless you care about things in the City- How great rich rogues for their crimes must pay (Though all Gentility cries out "pity!") " Like the meanest shopboy.that robs a till- There's a case to-day if I'm not forgetting,. The lad only borrowed" as such lads will- To pay some money he lost in betting. But there's nothing in this that's out of the way- There's nothing at all in the paper to-day. VOL. IX. Nothing at all in the paper to-day- But the Births and Bankruptcies, Deaths and Marriages, But Life's events in the old survey, With Virtue begging, and Vice in carriages: And. kindly hearts under ermine gowns, .And wicked breasts under hoddan grey, For goodness belongs not only to clowns, And o'er others than lords does Sin bear sway. But what do I read ?--" drowned wrecked! Did I say There was nothing at all in the paper to-day ? A Pretty Figure! MR. VERNON HARCOURT-Historicus of the Times- has made his maiden. speech in Parliament, and in it he spoke of an old sword that we nust keep bright and burnished as we have received it from our ancestors. He added:- . "If the present be not on age in which it is required, we should preserve it for future use, when political storms may arise, when it may prove a security for the throne and a safeguard for the people." We really don't see what use a sword would be in a storm, or how it could protect anything. Did not MR. HAncouRT mean an umbrella P Fair or Pharos P A DEPUTATION of' the shipping interest waited, the other day, on MR. LowE and MR. BRIGHT to ask that the "light dues now charged on them might be thrown on the national exchequer. Very properly the Ministers declined to interfere; and MR. BRIGHT, who is a little new to matters of navigation,- expressed his opinion that if the dues were light the deputation would do well to pay them and say nothing about it. -._ '_ _. .. One a Penny. AT Blayney, in New South Wales, one hundred and eighty horses were sold at a penny a-piece. I There would be little difficulty in putting beggars on horseback in that part of the world, supposing one had a turn for hoss-tentatious charity. A COMMON "EGG TICKx."- Counting your chickens before they are hatched. 6 U N [MAReH 13, 1869. 8V rUX OFrIGA, Wedlnesday, March 10th, 1869. T'ii rather difficult to- see how what some people call the spoils " of the Irish Church aso'ldihave been better bestowed than upon those institubiona.whieh. the. Premier has selected, the lunatic, and deaf-anad-dunb asylums, and similar charities, which may be looked upon as establishments, of practical religion. It is not altogether certain whether this use of the Church funds is not restora- tion rather than confiscation-," as Mn. DISRAELI calls it. The monasteries and other religious houses: o earlier times were the hos- pitals, asylums, and schools, so to speak, since the sick and afflicted poor were their special charge. Besides the scheme, beyond this-im- mediate benefit to these poor creatures, lightens the burdens of the struggling, population a, present taxed heavily for tieinsupport. But, was it not rather o.dd that the party, which, itn power- only took about. an hour in alteriag its policy on the questiomof. Reftm,. should require; three weeks Im opposition to toy and pick holes- it thoe Governmeot measures? Butithe fMnistry was rightitia reis B atprea sa.- tination. No real refomr was- ever yek eletpaedlt Sa- generallgpdA& that did not: create pvsait injuries here anf thtiere. It isas;well not to let these rankle too, long, or they- may injure the healthy part. JI amputation is necessary the doctors;do 3i1with promptitudie, and dA nott give the severaliarteribs too muchittea-bleed. BRut M GDADnsToN need not fear -he goes. out to this: combatthe Champion 4tJustice the chosen of England,. to clear her name= from not altaQatter nn- deserved charges.. R43est. success to. *te abuse in a bAi~Wa ng ink- stand ! IT is not very often that one catches the Saturday Eeview in a blunder; though, to be sure, not very long ago it made a bad mistake in admitting an article on "'The Flogging of Girls," the only effect of Which was that.a smart publishing firm. turned, it into. an ad;vertise- ment to catch the prurient. However, a mistake of taste in the Superfine is more common than- a blunder in mere classical matters. Here is a blunder of this latter kihd. The reviewer. of a work on Italian sculpture quotes the epitaph on a certain tomb, in which epitaph the CouNTEss MONTOmO, erecting a monument to her only daughter and-though still living-to herself also, says:-- "Filia suaw unicew benemerenti, ct sibi, vivens,posuit." Thereat our reviewer warms, up and quotes, and comments in this wise:-" Filia sum unios vivena posuit,! What a tale. of. long past and forgotten sorrow is in the simple words.!" Bosh!-the livenss" has nothing to do with the words he thus selects-it belongs to and ex- plains the sibi," though, he seems to think it lends a greater tender- ness to the expression.T The line, in short, runs thus in English:-. "To her beloved and only daughter, and to herself, while still living she erected this monument." But the reviewer garbles the quotation thus:-. thus "To her only daughter she, whileastill living, erected," etc. And that is absurd. THE Daily Telegraph has lately-taken to giving a. sort of report of the Literature Market, in brief notices of new books. The notion isn not a bad one-better, at least, than, devoting two or three columns to the fools who write to the papers.on all. conceivableand inconceivable: topics. But is the D. T. going to give us a quite new style of critical language ? A volume of somewhat serious verse has been recently published, and this is the elegant way in which we are told that it is likely to attract attention.:- "We shall not be surprised if" thisittle volume cause-ta considerable fhss."' Now, that is lofty! _ THE publishers of a periodical' called Huiman Nature. would save themselves postage and us trouble if they would put the copies-they intend to send us into the fire at once. We never read the publication, which has the shabby outward appearance of those vile sham-medical books you get from the quacks. The contents are worthy of the exterior-but utterly wasted on us; for we have long ago made up our mind on the spiritualist, question, and it needed, not the case of LYON v. HoME to convince us that it was a perilous: swindle as well as a miserable self-delusion. It is simply sickening to read the twaddle of such spiritualist publications, recording facts so childishly absurd that only fools could believe, and only- rogues could invent. them. W DOUBLE ACROSTIC, NoI 1.06. W.E had. so many all the-winter through,. That-though this istheirperiodimost fitting- We should. quite well. think,. without them do:: The.weather-cierk ftrtonea thi aplagu iremnitting; -L-AlthoughiByg -Utne accumt,. 'Tia. not a thing, that, at its worst: And yet as far as I can learn Like things at worst it's apt to turn. 2.-While there you seldom shiver From winter's stern attack: Thence, touching, sir, your liyer, You seldom bring-one. back.. a3-For CAPTAIN COOK and LA PEOCBQs This title we were wont to usa Ere steam's great power-wa- foundL But, ah, since steam has done the;triik, The name is given JACKx TOM, and DICL,. Who swing 't'ould anchor" roumL 4.L--Oh,.DoCTORWA TS! oh, DOCTOR..WATT*!f Your poems-liava been read by lots-L Your tales ofidogs tha4lbark-andiTte, Gf lions and ofeara, that fight. Ml.ee given peaik'maich delight. No-jpy in thloaeie'ffe urcauld.see;- AndiI must own' the busy bee Wasnever very much to. me. Your poetry one error-blots- It's too. instructive,.D.. WATTrs! 5.-" I'fachisia,"' exclaimed Sit TOPAZ, and bDhs;-, Ill score your costard, yam son: of mud. Go,.fetbh me a cup of the:best of sack!" A terrible lot of odd terms, good lack,- And SIm TOPAZ said this, when the waiter came back! SOLUTION OF AcROSTIc, No. 103.-Shipwreck, Lifeboats: Seal, Hel- vetti, If, Paste, Web, Ridotto, Euthanasia, Carcavet, Kars. CORRECT SOLUTIONS or ACROSTIC No. 103, RECEIVED MARCH 3rd.-Ruby's Ghost; Eller S. andlamism.R, A Sweet Fropact., THEY are beginning to manufacture sugar-ih Suffolk from breat-root. "If England to herself' be-troo(t);, -as.tha old prophecy says,,we shall be able to beat the foreigner out, of the market.. Until now EFrance has been the. only country that didmuch.in this way:: but themEcance has always had a.inhclination to sack-a,-Rhine. A Strong Likeness. THE following-sentence is clipped' from axecentlypubhlihedcmneuL- "Laura andiber father had never been wholly unreserved to each other,.aantof late they had not grown less so." Surely we have seen something like it, liefbre- It bears ai simtng resemblance tothe relation which C.ssane ind. POmPEy, but es1eoially PoMEEy,. hore.ta one.another. All Among the- Bkrliy., WiE have it on the authority of the poet that the-gay-eAn bearded barley smiles. We have applied to an eminent agriculturist for an explanation of the phenomenon and' heo says it. smiles from ear to ear. The Bight ]M n for the' Places. THE Era of 21st February contains the fbllbwing adVertisement:- "Wanted, immediately, a.Gentleman to sustainthe Heavy business." Was not this the very situation for Mai. EDWA-a WATHmn EDWARDS ? The trifling duties connected with his position as Official' Assignee must have left many spare hours on:that awcomplished.gentleman's hands. MILDNESS, OF T'E SEASON.. VEGETATION is '"very forward"'-the sama may be said'ofthe rising generation. THE WORST LIMBO TO WHIH A. M CAN c l aHECowSIGn..--the Limb o' the Law. FIT To.TEaB Syoop-Aan.-A rmckle, Bed.. THE GacEAxN Ban.--Towards:Crete. F U JIN.-MAnOH 13, 1869. - ,^f K II ~I ll\IV(i/ JslL- f" F ii N K -'-7--,- --a~r S (I THE CHOSEN CHAMPION. ~NV\ '\\ /"-KYt IW tli MABCH 13, 186.9.] FUN. AN ANTIPODAL DINNER. BY our owW CoNNOIssErR. Ir ever I should be reduced below a neck of mutton and turnips, or a tender, juicy beefskirt, commend me, my dear Editor, to a plate of Kangaroo soup-that is to say, of tin-can-garoo soup, with a glass of still hock, a red mullet, to give a little flavour to the next dish, which should be Kari de Mouton, boiled in Sydney, and put under an air-pump, with dry sherry to take off the woolliness; a couple of Kubab Byezas, or vol au vents, made of the fur of the striped Bunyip, and washed down with a glass of red Burgundy. This, in the absence of a dish of tripe and onions, or a stewed sheep's head and parsley sauce, might be followed by beiled boned legs of mutton, squeezed into a canister, and certainly very satisfying at the price, even when they are sold at sevenpence a pound ; a slice or two of beef done up with a French name, and a good disguising sauce, and a bit of raised pie to give a zest to a tumbler of champagne. I think it possible that after this I might experimentalise on a wing of widgeon or a teal, and so natural for sheep to taste like woolly flocks-all might be well, and the national rationale would be that nations would save their rations. Seriously, my dear Editor, and approaching the subject after mature reflection, and an excellent dinner from as prime a haunch of Scotch mutton as I ever remember to have put a knife into (and, by-the-bye, I've still some of that old sherry left)-seriously, I say, why should people spend fourteenpence a pound on rumpsteaks (and venison is, I believe, very little cheaper), when they can get meat sent them at so much lower a price P It is true that the shins and heads, and what are called the inferior parts of meat in this country, are attainable, but what well regulated miid could submit to a repast composed of baked lamb's heads and. roasted potatoes; of ox head and leg of beef soup, flavoured with celery tops, barley, carrots, and onions; of stewed cow heel, garnished with bacon and turnip-tops; or boiled breast of mutton and parsnips unless these dishes were served with French names for sauce ? I have a notion, my dear Editor, having dined, that there is more to be done yet in the way of preserving Australian meat for a little less tin, literally as well a&figuratively; and. that at present, wind up with a g6le de Geelong, a crime h la Melbourne, and an Australian waffle; by which time I am convinced I should have partaken of a dinner of a truly colonial character, and one which is only possible in an age when sheep can be bought for half-a-crown in one part of the world, and boiled down for salb, at sixpence or seven- pence a pourd for prime joints, after a voyage to the other side of the globe. Statistics, of which I am delighted to say I know nothing whatever, declare that sheep "on the Plate" average 561b.-and it stands to reason, that even allowing for great waste in cooking, they must weigh half as much on the dish; and I leave anybody to judge what a saving must be effected when they are shipped free on board. I don't know why this sort of argument is always considered so con- clusive, but I know my impression-on a recent occasion, -when I was invited to the Australian meat banquet atthe Cannon-street Hotel-was that if; our army, our navy, and (I think, but I won't be quite certain) our volunteers, together with the QUEEN, the PwTcG OF WALas, the PRINCEss of WALas, and the rest of the Royal Family, our foreign visitors and the guests of the evening could only be induced to buy their meat ready cooked, and get over the general flavour of stewed fur tippet, by the free use of. salt in their kangaroo soup-while they acelimatised their palates to the mutton, by remembering that it is well devised instruction in. domestic economy and household cookery, as a part of the scheme of national education promised us this session, might lead to a recognition of the value of those so-called inferior parts of the meat which are now so neglected, but many of which were regarded by old-fashioned gourmets as choice dishes, worthy, when properly prepared, of forming a special banquet of themselves, such as a birthday dinner, or a jovial club supper. I can't help fancying, too (and, this is after a third glass of the dry wine I mentioned), that I could suggest' a. capital experimental dinner to the editor of the Gastronomic Art Journal-an admirable publication for those who can afford to dine at one pound seventeen a-head. Here is my fMenu in kitchen French.:- Potages.-Jambes de bcenfs; Pieds de moutons (clair). Poissons.- Harengs frais; Filets de plaice Anglais. Entries.-Pieds de blaufs gel]e avec garniture de jambon; Rissoles de pore itouffd. Relev6es. -T6te d'agneau h la crdme; Roast rump of beef (Anglais). Rots.- Pigeons; Lapins i la sauce piquante. Pancakesn; Beignets do pomme. There, sir, will you come and dine with.me P FISBMONGoER' HAUL.-An indiscreet speech from the President of the Board of Trade. --1- 11 12 FTU -N-. __[MARH 13, 1869. il '" IT'S THE EARLY BIRD," &co. J. BY A LIE-A-BED. MonE than one has shown how hollow Is this proverb, and absurd; M0NEY For the worm, it sure must follow, A ANCE''Got up earlier than the bird. S Doubtless too the bird in question TO ANY Eating with too great a zeal, Suffered much from indigestion Owing to that morning meal. And, it would not be surprising If tlat birdie fell a prey , To the sportsman-early rising Makes the aim so sure they say. Perhaps its young too-had it any- By their parent left forlorn, Caught catarrhal ailments many From the keen, cold air of morn. Other birds-for birds will chatter- When they saw the bird alight, Might have chirped with scornful patter- "Ah! the rake's been out all night " Summing up the case concisely, This decidedly I say, Early birds don't get on nicely, Early rising does not pay ! Lines on Miss Lydia Thompson's Locks. UPON the Atlantic's further side They're saying that her hair is dyed; And LYDIA is compelled to swear Her legal right to her own hair. e- Yet needs she not to feel aggrieved, For you and I might be deceived By one so perfect in each part, "' THE MONDAY POP." Her art seems nature-and her nature art. HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. Hibberd! of Thee I'm Fondly Dreaming! Mn. WATTS PHILLIPS'S capital drama of the Dead Heart has been To this gentleman we must refer a correspondent who inquires if revived at the Adelphi, where it draws as large house s as ever. Robert the clematis is indigenous to Great Britain- if not, when was it first Landri is one of M n. WEBSTER's best impersonations; a5d, indeed, ae-lematis-ed (evidently meaning ac-elimb-atised). For our own part, the whole of the Adelphi company seem well suited. Mn. ARTHUR we should feel inclined to reply to his first question-Deciduously STIRLING as the Abbe Latour, however, fairly shares with MR.WEBSTER not! the honours of the evening. It is with great regret that we observe . that a habit of dwelling at too great length on her words, first ob- EPIGRAM. servable in her acting of Sally in No Thoroughfare, has become con- THE fact a deal of clamour makes firmed with MRs. MELLON, and much detracts from the excellence of That half-a-dozen Kittiwakes what used to be one of her best parts. In Brutus, the Terror of Kings, Have in the Park been seen. we miss the broad humour of MR. TooLE: Mn. BELMORE'S forte does The OVEREN and GURi sY mu res not lie in this particular direction, and he is better suited with, we may Prove that there always lots of gulls say, better work. The Dead Heart is preceded by one of the regular Have in the City been. screaming old Adelphi farces, Did you ever send your Wife to Camberwell? -first made famous, if we mistake not, by poor WRIGHT. ON Wednesday last Mn. ROBERT BUCHANAN gave his second reading More's the Shame! from his own works, at the Hanover-square Rooms. The selection En-strange to say-has this "chalk" over Albion:-Hereno was perhaps hardly as good as that of the first reading; for though it man can make headway without strict application, but how often do contained some of MR. BUcH xAA 's best works, they were hardly so we see that "No Irish need apply" p suited for reading aloud. "Liz" and "The Starling "' were by far we see that "No Irish need aly" the most successful, though "The Little Milliner" and "Poet Andrew" were both very well received. Mn. BUCANAN's delivery is Quite so! clear and distinct, but perhaps a trifle too slow, at any rate for the A sEzmors contemporary who is given to publishing moral maxims, humorous poems, which would have told the better, for a little smart- says:- ness. It is also doubtful whether an alteration of pitch here and there I "Good order is bread; disorder is starvation." would not have corrected the unavoidable effect of monotony which is And that is all very well; but "idleness is loafing." How about that? produced by a whole evening's reading by one reader. But these are minor defects. We feel that MR. BucuANAN will become one of our recognized readers, and we welcome him as such with pleasure. It is LITERARY NOTE. not often that we can find a poet capable of: interpreting his own WE see that MEBssns. MnACMILLAN announce, among other new works, writings as Mn. BucmANAx does, to the delight of intelligent audiences. Bacon's Advancement of Learning. Does Bacon owe this advancement MR. anD Mns. HowAnc PAUL have taken the Great St. James's Hall, to Hogg's Instructor .? where, on the 11th and 12th instant, they will give one afternoon and two evening performances of their popular entertainment, and will in- .. TO DINERS-OUT. troduce a variety of new songs and fresh characters. TIME your jokes with discretion. For instance, reserve rather for a public dinner than a friend's table your remark that the soup is not A Poon LoOK-OUT.-A workhouse window. "the cheese." MAnCH 13, 1869.] FUTjN. A GIRL'S LIFE. In Six Chiapters. CHAPTER l.-BABYHOOD. . THE dearest of dimples, the tiniest face, With a baby's bewitching, inscrutable grace,. Can we fancy just now she will go the whllkpace;. When her wee head has knownaaeventeemasunmmnnr For now she's a laugh and a kiss and a smile,. Looking up at mamma with shy glance all the while.; A coquette in her cradle she'll sweetly beguileh With a childish flirtation alLoamers. CHAPTER II.-GItmnHoon., A rGInL-sweeter fairfor the shy little look, As she bends o'rramnovel, or some lesson book,, At some nice-little'boy,.'tis herearliest "1luke,"' In.a-game that will end in her winning,;, Though- cynical BKnoe might sneer:akf agiAlr. Who enjoys bread:and butter, the tiniest nrl On her head can set young thoughts in amorous .whirl, And the loves of a life are beginning. CHAPTER IMh-MAIDENHoon. GROWN older, she grows also sweet and serene, There's a halo of love around pretty nineteen, And she rules o'er a court, an imperious-queen, Whose commands are so pleasant tb'follow. Fair lady, I counsel you, bring down your bird While he sighs for a smile, while he hangs on a word, For a man's heart, as, doubtless, you often have heard, Is terribly vacant and hollow. CHAPTER IV.-MATRONHOODn. You're married,-now throw off the flimsy disguise,. HTe'll look on you now with far different eyes,. And you'll feign the politest, serenestasmiprise, If he ever expects wifely duty. What's the use of a husband but this, so you'll say, Just to hear all your whims, and to grin, and to pay, He's a bore too, sometimes, when he stops in the way Of a victory won by your beauty. CHAPTER V.-MOTHERHOOD. You've children ? Ah, well.! keep them safely upstairs, Let them play with the nursery tables and chairs, They're a source of annoyance and infinite cares, S If.once you begin any nursing. You've tooemany visits to make and receive, And you've too many pleasures from morning till eve, And you've too many balls, where you'll dance and deceive In a part that needs little rehearsing. CHAPTrr VI.-THE EnD. Is-the tale well-nigh.told,? Has the end come at last, When the pleasures and sins of.your life are all past, And a something is creeping your heart round, so fast That you gasp for a.braathP With stem face he Comes in w ill strip off the tinsel and gold, And your heart will cease beating-your face will grow cold, And the sod and the daisies upon you be-relled- And I sigh-" '2equieecat in pace." Long Looked-for,, (bme at Last. A coTEPoroARY, speaking of the cancelling of the appointment of Chief Engineer and Inspector of Machinery at Chatham, observes fi- "Though sudden, itis believed that the order was not expected.? Isn't there some mistake here ? Can it be that though looked-for the order was not unexpected-no! not that: but these things are so very confusing, we must leave our readers to puzzle them out for them- selves. TALKING OF THE WEATHER. IT will probably be imparted to you by some close observer of Nature that "The weather's been very open this season, Sir.' Answer him, "Yes! Open to a good deal of remark!" THE- IRST "MAN OF THE WORLD."-ATLAS. CRMB-PE'rrsi- obin red-breasts-. CHATS ON THE MAGS. AnRCH. THE Cornhill winds up "That Boy of Norcott's" too abruptly. It is one of the best of Mn. LEVEa's latest works, nevertheless. Lettice Lisle is good. Mn. CHARLES RhADE interests us with the opening of his new story Put Yournelfiin His Place." Of the other articles, one on "'1ailway Signalling,,"' iswmest. readable. The bit of verse is passable.. The illustrations are inferior. London Society. is somewhat dull. Mn. BtmNMAN's London Lyric " is sweet and. musical, and "Cousin Car flows pleasantly. With 'the Courkat Oompiegne is amusing, andi so 'i "'Days at the Crystal Palace." -Biutcthe puzzle-o the number iw toflnd' out the meaning of the illustmatin, to' "Offioerwsand Gentlemen "-an amusing sketch, by the way. "See the Story "' is-inscribed beneath the picture, but hours of study-have'failedito discover the connection.. The pictures on the whole- are good,, though it ii, doubtful whether the crude sketch of COUNrTESB SPEaNCE wilLdb credit to the memory of that clever artist, Gt.AI.TnoAsi Bl4ratiewoulillbe more welcome if it brought us a; Bigger instal- mcnt of "'Bbundl to John Cbmpany." Maes.. Mon, AL. T ioanuarY, and M t:SkAvma, however, combine to makethenumber ai good. one, and Ma1z8iea, though somewhat too violently virtnous,,iS amining on " Stage' ,Costume." The illustrations ama feeble, especially that to " My'lhemy's:Daughter."' IN TempflBar the best things are "'The Jealousy ofi Lnovaes" Six Years in the Prisons of England,"' and a scrap of "'Paris' Gossip." " Tyrrells Confession" isbettor than the usual run of6 T.'.B. verse; but it is difficult to conceive how the author, who has managed tile rest so well, shouldthiae plungediinto such an execrable coupliat.aBs- The thought of'allitbat chanced before The vision of the broken laaw,"-(lord)) THE rArgosy Has a good "Jbnim y Ludlow"' this.monfti. "'Mrs Hubbard's Three Warnings" is amusiiahg and "Clbriora"' fanciful and musical. The Editor's story occupies.more thanwhalf the magazine -is not that- too much ?'" The less said' ablut the illustration the bettor! Vnder thet Cown continuestomake its way, and may. be looked upon as fairly established. Its conductors must, however, guard against ifs being overdone with essays, and treatises.. The, illustration is sus- ceptible of improvement still, but altogether the magazine presents a satisfactory appearance. THE London is in full force this month, with more, and perhaps better, articles than usual. The Ladies' Treasury and Le Follet are al: o to hand. LIBER STUDD-uRUM.-A betting-book on next Derby. THE BEST PER 0ORMER ON THE FLYING TRAPEZE.-One who will fly with it out of sight and never come back. WHa s HOLD A MAN COME Ur SMILIN ? "-When he dives upon a pearl. [WYe cannotireturn unaccepted MSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied'by a stamped and directed, envelope; and wee do not hold ourselves responsible for loas.] CONSTANT READER.-You are right in your conjecture; but we cannot adopt your suggestion. MARRIED SuBsciaiEn.-A modern version of Horace. MENS.-Other men's, though guaranteed as original. P. Q. (Cheltenham).- P. Q.-liarly bad. R. B. writes to suggest the starting' of' a Lilliput Bed at- the Child's Hospital. "It would be a practical way of proving that FuN's roadbrs can do something else besides laugh." We have no doubt any sums forwarded to the Secretary, at the Hospital, for that purpose will' be duly applied as our correspondent suggests, and we should be glad to hear that the notion had been acted upon. SIMON.-A fuss about nothing-don't you think so ? H. (Co thall-court).-How often must we repeat we do not require acrosticso? M. (Lancaster).-See above. W. C. (Stamford).-Has been forestalled elsewhere. F. C. THOMSON (William-street, Limehouse).-You are toos courteous. Why did you ask our opinion if you thought it bad ? LACKLAND.-We regret to have to refuse, but have reasons for doing so. Declined with thanks :--Bicoster Hunt Ball; J. M. W., Queen's-place ; .T. 0.; A. S. B., Glasgow; Fama semper viret; 1-. R., Netting-hill C. W. W., Greenwich; Veil of Tears; Hermit Crab; Briefless; Ca et La ; J. M. T., Maida-hill; C. J., Braintree; F., Woolwich; Pius X.; A. M. Z.; E. L.,-Surreystreet; S. G., Aberdare; J. E., Belfast; A Subscriber; Repartee; C. E. B.,Wigan; J. O'R. H., Maguiresbridgc; Craighall; ,M. L., Hitchin; T. S., Cork; W. G. K.; Vigilous; M. A. H., Tottenham ; H. E., Dublin; Miles, Dublin'; F. B. R., Woolwich; Pi,.Liverpool. 14 F U [MARCH 13, 1869. SOMEBODY OR NOBODY. Moossoo (to nan who has just touched his hat to stout party on horseback) :-" TELL ME, SARE, WHO IS ZAT GENTLEMANS ?" Man:-" OH, WE CALLS 'EM THE MARE AND CORPORATION." [foossoo makes a note to that effect. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. ground-the little seaside village of Portlappoch and its environs-is sketched in, with the quaint population and the oddities of the place, THE beautiful old ballad of "Robin Gray" has been selected by not forgetting Girzie Todd, and her Cuddie," Dawnie. Mn. CHABLES GIBBON for the foundation of a novel, as it was by MR. HALLIDAY for the plot of a drama. But while the playwright managed to spoil the story in Daddy Gray, the novelist has adhered closely to it, A New Lyte. and availed himself of all its strength in his work. But we must not WE beg to suggest to the various painters, who about this time are have seldom read a more engrossing tale. It is next to impossible to put it down when you havsuppose that the begun it. Yet its incidents are, on the look-ou The Alps, the Alps, the joyous Alps, though exciting, not made up of the ordinary sensational materials. I bow me to their snowy scalps The characters are admirably drawn, with a strong national flavour That rush into the sky." about them. McWhapple, or Clashgirn, to give his lairdship his title, is a subtle bit of painting; and Ivan Carrach may claim rank with A TouCH or IRaoY.-The skates in the ironmongers' windows of Dick Hatteraick as a creation of a peculiar class. If we must find late. fault, it is with the extraordinary development of Jeanie's character after her husband's incarceration; though there is no limit possibly to THE ROUTE FOR THE GALLANT.-County Gal-way. the power of womanly instinct under such trying circumstances. The end of the story may not be quite in accordance with the wishes of the NOTICE.-How ready, the Fifteenth Half-yearly Volume of FUN, leing sentimental, but it is a wholesome and a moral one-the only one that could be thoroughly satisfactory. It would, be unfair to dismiss the THE EIGHTH VOLUME OF THE NEW SERIES. work without a word of praise for the capital way in which the back- Magenta cloth, 4s. 6d.; post free, Ss.; Cases for binding, Is. 6d. ea"A. OVER COATS, 21s. TO 63s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, so, LUDr&ATn rIIIrL. Printed by JUDD & GLASS, Phoenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: March 13, 1869. MARCH 20, 1869. j B N 15 OF CERTAIN ODD FISH. BY oun ow COMPLETE ANGLER. SScHoLAR.-There be, so I have heard, some strange kinds of fish in the ponds beyond Brompton, and you have alreadyy told me so much, that I am willing to believe still, more especially as the powdered beef went mighty well with that last pot of ale; and here, now, is a con- venient place to rest in under the trees, where we may see the river without the trouble of casting a line. . PISCAToR.-And, indeed, I have heard that just here such a cast would add but little to our basket, for the finny tribes are not without their commonwealths; and such a pother as hath been made of late about their concerns by the naturalists, who one would think but officious persons, that I hear from those who have been here since Martinmas the best chub, as well as the grayling and the bigger perch, have left these waters; but they nmiht be captured alive and mewed up in those tanks which your credulity hath called ponds, there to be made a gaping stock of, which is what a well-ordered fish grown, with a kind of outer tumour or wart, that would make no man's mouth water to eat them for breakfast, though I have heard that from these tanks we are to have our river stocked withal. PIscATOn.-Ah, such is the short-sightedness of those legislators who are not also anglers, and love not a life such as ours by the river's brink! Even science cannot make a silken purse out of a sow's car, and fish thrive ill in water-butts. The streams have been cleared of fish in season and out of season, and now it is thought to mend matters by putting in sickly things that will scarce breed, instead of leaving those that are here already to their own affairs. It is this science that hath been called a notable invention, for that it taketh from .the river and the sea that which cannot thrive on land; and casteth into the water that which makes living things therein to perish or to flee, and is wanted to enrich the soil, and grow food for man and beast. SCHOLAR.-It hath often struck me how great a resemblance there seemeth between the words shore and sewer. PISCATOR.-Yes; and it is these seeming affinities that your notables arc ever running their heads against, which if such an action would never can endure. Therefore, there are but sticklebags, minnows, and it may be a few millers' thumbs, down in the mud, the which are not worth our wetting a line for; and the large game have sought far better quarters up above by the paper-mill, where there is a dam, and good baiting-ground withal; though some do hold that the liquors and chemicals that flow down from such places are abhorrent to the fish, and cause them to lose flesh. All I know is that within this week past I have taken some thumpers close by the pool of the mill, and that they did bite freely, as though they had the appetite that comes of soundness; and it hath seemed to me that those alkalis and medicaments that come down may be healthful to fish when they have been over-worried by the restless science of mankind; just as we, when full of care and the sickness that comes of worldly strife, betake us to the waters of the German springs, or, which is is more to be com- mended, soberly drink seltzer with our wine, and correct the evil humours of the body with potash and soda. SCHOLAR.-Truly it is pleasant to hear such wisdbm, and this is a fresh proof how men arrive at true knowledge, by contemplation as well as action; being, if one may say so, busy without excitement, and thoughtful without indolence. I remember well that I saw some of the naturalist's fish which were bred in boxes of glass, and others imprisoned in troughs, and there were many of them sickly and over- break the affinities it might be well; but breaking their heads instead, we have all sorts of vagaries, that can only be escaped by getting out on a day such as this, and contenting the mind with sticklobags till men grow wiser. But methinks I saw a dimple in the face of the stream, as though the soft spring rain had kissed it. We will get us under this tree for a while, and discourse on the strange properties of the herb called tobacco, the which, by-the-bye, fish cannot abide, so that I should not greatly wonder if some wiseacre do some day use it for bait. Ear, hear! IN an account of a duel between two fashionable Paris celebrities, a contemporary says:- Both of the principals were hit; one in the car, which, we must all allow, Is rather too near to be agreeable." Well, that depends on the length of the ear to a great extent; and we should be inclined to credit these gentlemen with a good supply. THE EoD OF A FAST" LIFE.-Starvation. A BAD PLUCK'n 'UN.-A Tough Goose. VOL. IX. IFU N. FUN OFFICE, March 17th, 1869. AS it struck none of our M.P.'s, that the full statistics supplied by the police to LonD KIMBERLEY for his measure for punishing habitual criminals tell more against the force than in favour of the bill, which, after all, will depend to a great extent on their capacity for working it? We are informed that there are twenty-three thousand known thieves and burglars, three thousand and odd receivers, thirty-three thousand vagrants, and twenty-nine thousand suspects." It is a pity that alongside of this accurate knowledge of felondom, we had no return of the number of undis- covered thefts and robberies which occur. Are the energies of the boasted detective force so exhausted in supplying the number of wrong- doers, that the misdeeds escape notice ? The thing is absurd! The police know all about it-so accurately that they distinguish between the twenty-three thousand known and the twenty-nine thousand sus- pected. But when a robbery is committed all their exhaustive know- ledge doesn't bring them to the right track-except when "they receive information," which means when an outsider guides them, or " peaches on his friends. It is to be supposed that their excuse for not catching the particular thief out of the exact twenty-three thou- sand is that of the nigger who counted the whole litter of pigs- except the little black and white one, who ran about so that he couldn't count him. IT is to be hoped that the Opposition will not allow the dis-appoint- ment of MR. EDWARD WATKIN EDWARDS to pass unquestioned. Apart from his aptitude for jobs, which should recommend him in that quarter, he displayed very valuable powers, and a versatility which was surprising. He would have made an admirable Chancellor of the Exchequer for the late Ministry. Indeed, the policy of paying for the going out of the Abyssinian expedition, and utterly ignoring the cost of its return (which the new Government has had to pay), might almost have been suggested by the adviser of the firm of OVEREND AND GURNEY, remarkable for his skill in keeping the cases he had to deal with out of bankruptcy. To be sure, as an Official Assignee he ought not, perhaps, to have exercised this skill, because it was damaging the shop to which he belonged, and on this ground he may have been dismissed. But dismissed he is-and so exit E. W. E. Those initals, by the way, form the word "Ewe." There will be little difficulty in guessing the colour of the sheep. LovEns of the sea and its beauties will be glad to learn that steps are being taken to procure an Act of Parliament for the protection of the sea-birds. They add a charm to the scene, and are useful sca- vengers; so that as the ornamental and useful they have a claim on us. But the student of nature does not go into the question of use and beauty. It is enough to him that these harmless creatures have been endowed with life and a power of enjoyment; and-except in extreme cases-are not killed for food. It is hard that the coast- visiting cockney cannot leave the poor birds alone, and that men even who should know better are tempted sometimes bQcause a gun is at hand to deprive the shore of one of its graceful habitants. But when the birds are shot at the time when they are rearing their young, the question becomes graver; and it to be hoped that there will be a "close time" for them, as there is for salmon, and even Reynard, the roost-robber. Tms day Dark Blue and Light Blue meet once more to dispute the sovereignty of the Thames. Public sympathy must go with the Cam- bridge crew for their pluck in continuing the contest. Should Fortune favour the Light Blue, Oxford men will be the first to congratulate their rivals, and in doing so will be half consoled for defeat. A Confusion of Terms. WE hasten to assure SNOBBINS, who called on a Duke the other day and got kicked down-stairs for his pains, that he will hardly be justi- fied in saying that in his relations with his Grace he has acquired a good footing. He might be mistaken. PITCH AND TOSS. IF instrumentalists require new horns in consequence of the altera- tion of the pitch, does it follow that mad bulls will require new horns for their toss ? The question leaves us on the horns of a dilemma. A RARA Avis IN TERRIS."-Mxss SwANN. [MACHO 20, 1869. S. DAISY! ING_! Sing! little maid, from your seat on ; tthe boughs, Very pleasant, auh.! etno doubt, but unsteady. S Did you scramble Sup there to be safe from the cows ? Why! Mylove, you've a lover already! What a queer lit- Mtle man with SOrhis hand on his heart, All his hair with emotion unaisy, Z - If the horse of his language don't follow the cart, You must not be surprised, little Daisy! Laugh! laugh! little woman, but mind you don't fall, For he may not be able to catch you; You've chosen discreetly a lover so small, For a bigger than he wouldn't match you. Maybe that his merriment's due to his nose, Or maybe his plans are but hazy, Or is it his fortune is small P I suppose At your feet he is flinging it, Daisy! Sigh! sigh! little girl that you're bound to confess That neither your bread nor your butter Will spring out of nothing, and living on less Is scarcely delightful, you mutter. Oh! isn't it hard that this story-book love In reality never is lazy, 'Tis pleasant to swing it, but one little shove Brings both of you down to us, Daisy ! Say! say! to that naughty boy-lover who kneels, And talks just as long as you let him, You are perfectly sure he declares what he feels, Though it's best on the whole to forget him! You know he's neglected his sheep, you believe You've driven him frantic and crazy; But now that he's done for, you daughter of Ev, Why, what is the use of him, Daisy Sing sing little maid, he'll go back to his sheep, You'll sigh very likely-and know he will weep, But the last thing you dream of is sinning. 'Tis merely the way of the world to forget, And the ways of a woman are mazy; There are lovers and lovers in plenty-but yet They will not always kneel to you, Daisy! Bruce-que Economy. THE Government are introducing reduction with great advantage, into speech as well as other branches of its duties. On Tuesday, March 2nd, the following speech was made by the Home Secretary, on the subject of- TURNPIKE TRUSTS. Ma. G. Cnrav asked whether any legislation on this subject was contemplated during the present session. Ma. Brca.-No. MR. BnucE has set a good example. If there were less talk, there would be more work done. The Last from the House. WE have been informed that the other evening the Siamese Twins were taken to the House of Commons to see the proceedings of the English Parliament. They unfortunately arrived just at the end of a debate, and were thrown into such a state of alarm by the cries of "Divide Divide !" that they beat a precipitate retreat. THE EDITORIAL "WEE."-His Youngest. F U N .-MAno 20, 1S69. Nn~N -'~ -. .--._._. . .. OF F! Coxswain Dizzy :-" IF WE CAN'T BEAT HIM OFF THE CHURCTE WE MUST TRY AND MAKE A FOUL OF IT! FUN. LIFE FOR LIFE. ACT I. SCENE 1.-MACRONALD'S Castle-hall, With MISTRESS URSULA discovered tatting. URSULA. My brother Angus has gone forth to fight The Clan Mackane. I hope he won't be killed. But as the clan is eight-and-twenty strong, And he is only one, a betting chiel Would back the clan at very lengthy odds. To her there enters LILIAN, her niece. LILIAN. Good morrow, auntie. Has papa come home ? You weep ? That tear informs me he has not ! Alas! I wish he wouldn't fight so much. I often tell him these perpetual rows Do not become a Highland gentleman. Alarms and excursions heard without. Then enter men, with Xenelm prisoner. A MAN. Your father is no more; Mackane's claymore Has sliced him as I'd slice a cucumber! LIniLA. Mysterious man! Although your words are framed In dark enigmas; yet I read your meaning ! You meant to tell me my papa is dead ? A MAN. I do. LILIAN. Well, well-perhaps it's for the best. A MAN. But here is Kenelm- son of the Mackane- He is our prisoner. Let him be slain To expiate his father's murd'rous deed. LILIAN. Back, man! Although his father murdered mine, If I don't mind that murder, why should you ? THE CLAN. Give us his blood. LILIAN. Stand back! He wants it all. He is a charming boy, and plays his part With much enlivening vivacity. If you destroy him, how will you relieve The classic tedium of the next three acts ? THE CLAN. In truth that thought did not occur to us. But if he lives he must adopt our name And choose a pattern for his Syd'nhams' from The fifteen different tartans of our clan.- He must consent for all his life to wear 'The curious kilt of the Macronald tribe, The kilt that's made in puckers at the waist, And knows no mean, in length, 'tween inches nine And inches six and thirty. He shall wear That kilt made out with crinoline and wire And underneath that kilt the worsted tights That, trumpet-tongued, proclaim Macronald's clan. LILIAN. All this, and more, the frightened youth shall wear. ACT II.-The Convent of St. Catherine, Where, somehow, LILIAN is visiting. To LILIAN enters OSCAR (Clan Mackane). OSCAR. My LILIAN ! LmiA.. Oscar! How I love thee, boy! My own loved OSCAR! By the bye, my dear, Who are you ? What's your clan ? OSCAR. The Clan Mackane. LILIAN (in horror). Back, monster Clan Mackane? My brother killed. My father! oh, away! away! away! OSCAR. This is unfortunate, indeed; but see, My brother 'twas who killed your sire-not I- You are to marry me, my dear, not him. If you were going to espouse my brother, Then your objection would be just indeed! LILIAN. Oscar, thou reasonest well. Embrace me, love! I thank thee for that sensible remark. OscAR. Thank Doctor Whately, Lilian-not me LILIAN. A prayer for Whately, Oscar, ere we part They kneel and pray for WHATELY. End of Act. ACT III.-. Valley, where the coryphees Of Clan Keekane are halting on their march. .knter SIR OSCAR. Ballet girls all cheer. Sm OSCAR. Thanks for this welcome. Is my brother well MICHAEL. Save that he sits apart in gloomy state, And yields himself an overwilling prey To thoughts of vengeance and acute remorse Because his son, young Kenelm, has been slain By fierce Macronalds, he is pretty well! MURnOCK, SIR OSCAR's brother, enters here. SIR OSCAR. My noble brother, I'm about to man5 ! M URDOCK. Then go to Davie's-but, nay, pshaw! I rave Whom would ye marry, boy ? Come, give it mouth Sm OscAR. Whom would I marry ? I would marry her (Of course) who's daughter to our deadliest foe. Fair Lilian, of Macronald's haughty tribe! MURDOCK. Wed a Macronald! Never Marry one Whose father slew my pretty little boy, The boy who's pleasant epiqlerie So brightly cheered the dulness of our Acts ? SIR OSCAR. That is the lady I propose to wed. MURDnCK (dissembling). I consent (aside) I don't. I will be even with ye, brother, yet! Come (this is sa'd aloud) we'll witness now The corps de ballet of the Clan Mackane. Grand ballet, with a song, and curtain falls. ACT IV.-Room in MACRONALD's Castle. Night. Fair LILIAN enters in soliloquy. LILIAN. My Oscar! What a pity 'tis that you Should happen to belong to Clan Mackano ! If you belonged to Clan Macronald, we Might marry comfortably any day. But as you don't, we can't. What follows then But that 'twere better, if you wouldn't mind, To join our clan and let dissensions end. Enter MACKANE in harpers dress disguised. MACKANE. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, Whose trembling steps have led him to your door- LILIAN. Oh, certainly, come in, my poor old friend, And play me something on your quaint old harp. Be casts off his disguise as princes do In pantomimes when changed to Harlequin. LILIAN (exclaims in mortal terror). Who are you? MACKANE. I am thy hated foe, the dread Mackane., Your father slew my son, and I am here To pay the debt I owe your clan, in full! LILIAN. What would you, monster ? MACKANE. I would have thy blood. It is a haughty boast of the Mackanes That when a member of the clan is slain They seek for vengeance- not against strong men (For strong men could return them blow for blow), No, they contrive a nobler plan than that, They catch some timid woman all alone- Some woman who could never hit them back. And when her clan don't happen to be looking, They sheath their poniards in her bosom-thus! About to stick his dirk in LILIAN'S ribs. LILIAN. Hold, fiend! My father never slew thy son! Behold him here! He's waiting thy embrace ! Young KENELK enters from a secret door. MACKANE. It is- it is my son! Ha! ha! ha! ha! Who saved thy life, boy ? KENELM. This young lady did ! MACHANE. Then she shall marry Oscar. Oscar, ho ! OSCAR appears and runs to LILIAN'S at ms. Thou shalt espouse Macronald's lovely girl! Macronalds and Mackanes henceforth are one At least, as long as Life for Life shall run! (The Curtain falls because the play is done.) OURSELVES. A piece in literary merit strong, A piece in story and construction weak. It is much longer than it needs to be, Playing (on Saturday) from eight o'clock Until eleven thirty, by our troth. Miss NEILSON plays the part of Lilian. Her elocution is extremely clear, Her voice is sweet-her face expressive, too. She plays the part with much intelligence, Although she's somewhat mannered in her style. Mackane's by MR. HERMANN VEZIN played; One sees in every thing this actor does The thoughtful, educated gentleman (The part is hardly worthy of him, though). Miss MINNIE SIDNEY played a sprightly boy So nicely as to please our Lordships much. The scenery is good-the dresses poor, And (to a Highlander) ridiculous. Out on Ye ! WE hear that a certain portion of the parish of Bridgwater saw fit to "liquor-up on the strength of the result of the late election petition. Doubtless they gave effect to their inclinations in the shape of goes of gin-" two outs." MAcH 20, 1869.] 22 FUN. [MAnCH 20, 1869. QUITE TIME! Old Gent (waking up suddenly) :-" Hi, PORTER! WHERE DOES THIS TRAIN STOP NEXT P" Porter :-" DON'T STOP ANY MORE, SIR !" Old Gent (excitedly) :-" NOT STOP ANY MORE HERE, HI! OPEN THE DOOR-I'LL GET OUT here !" A CRY FROM THE CAM. March 17, 1869. OH, thou, whatever name enhance My calling to thy ear, Oh, Fortune, Favour, Luck, or Chance, My fond petition hear ! Thy mighty nod the sons.to-day Of Cam and Isis wait ; Reverse thy wheel, dread goddess, pray, And, oh reverse our fate. For eight sad years have briny tears Filled Alma Mater's eyes: Eight times in vain with painful strain Her sons have sought the prize. But consolation's hidden deep Behind the tears that gush; For though she often had to weep- She never had to blush. Let SELWYN say, let GRIFFITHS tell (No braver e'er have been) The toil that they endured so well, The pang they felt so keen. Four years in swift succession still Found KINGLAKE at his place, Alas for science, pluck, and skill- Four years we lost the race ! Wilt thou not grant us of reward To reap a single tithe ? Was it for this we toiled so hard To Baitsbite and Clayhithe ? Oft Ely's towers looked grimly o'er Our training contests there, And Cam grew narrower than of yore In sorrow and despair.' And, oh, if now from Mortlake's bank Ring forth the voice of fame, And Science, Valour, Beauty, Rank, Our conquest all proclaim, We'll say it did not cost too dear To lose in days gone by, If now we list to such a cheer For such a victory! A "FoG" SIGNAL.-The Last Glass. A CURIOUS EXPERIENCE. THE party was over. So much so, that I was the last to leave, and when I came into the lobby found there was only one hat there. As usually happens after evening parties that hat was not mine. But that was not the worst of it. The gentleman, if he will permit me to call him so, had left his head in it; a fact which, while it excused his thoughtlessness in taking my hat by mistake, rendered my position the more confusing. A few moments of meditation sufficed to show me the course I had to pursue. The hat, I should mention, was far too large for my own head. I stepped into the supper room, which was luckily on the same floor, and hastily snatching up a dessert spoon, I severed my own head, which I gave to the servant, telling her I would call for it in the morn- ing. I then clapped on the head and hat in the lobby and left the house. Then began my difficulties. My body, accustomed to the habits inculcated by my own head, was utterly at a loss to reconcile itself to the strange directions issued by that which belonged to the strange gentleman. He was evidently of a jocose nature, for he knocked at doors, and rang bells, and chaffed policemen with an audacity which made my legs stagger and tremble under him. Nor was this all. He insisted on my body accompanying him into public houses and par- taking of whisky-Irish whisky-which gave my body some faint glimmering of his nationality. To make matters worse, Irish whisky is one of those things which my stomach has a horror of. Consider its feelings then when in the midst of its disgust it was conscious that somebody else's lips were smacking as if it approved of the beverage. To add to my body's misery, although it evinced the greatest anxiety to go home, the strange head compelled it to walk in another direction. This did not matter much at first, as my body supposed the head was only going to its own home. But eventually it turned out that the head was taking my innocent corpus to the midnight haunts of vice and dissipation. Thereupon ensued a terrific struggle, in the course of which I fell down several times with such violence that it is strange the head did not come off. But the head, as might be ex- pected, got the better of it; though my body was so exhausted it could hardly obey its dictates. However, before long it was in the haunts of iniquity, and my stomach was taking in more of the whisky in which his lips delighted, while my lungs were asphyxiated by the cigars that tickled his palate. But this was not to last long. As my body was reluctantly taking his head to a fresh haunt they met a policeman, who charged me with drunkenness. The strange head hiccuped out a confused denial, but my sober and enraged body was so stung by the insult that it let fly with its left, and the result was that after a brief melde with several members of the force, head and trunk were taken to the station-house and locked up. To aggravate my misery, the head then took it into its head to ache till morning, when we were taken before the magistrate. The futile efforts my body made to compel the stranger's head to ex- plain the solution of the mystery were set down as evidences'of con- tinued intoxication. The result was my pocket had once again to pay for another's head. On my discharge, I hastened to the house where the party had been, and recovered my head, leaving the stranger's in the bottom of the Hansom cab. I found my own head aching from the anxiety it had felt, on reflection, about the safety of its body. Strange to say, though I have explained all this to my wife, she will not believe it, and still insists that I must have been intoxicated and disorderly! SOMETHING LIKE A CONJUROR! IT'S all very clever to produce a bowl of gold-fish from a hat-but show us the man who can bring chops from the gridiron! MiAci 20, 1869.] FUN. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 106. THEIR fortunes are the theme of every tongue, Alternate are their praises each day sung; And in a contest that will answer this, They'll strive; a sight I shouldn't like to miss. 1.-Though he may pull my nose, Yet you mustn't suppose, He does it in insult or fury; It won't be a case Though he does touch my face, To settle with judge and with jury. 2.-A peak volcanic towers into the sky, And in the place they say there is no lack o' Cloth, and such products natives can supply, But best of all they send out good tobacco. 3.-A "genial giant" The poet has told, How brave and defiant His banner unroll'd. A fair sister's honour, The cause of the fight, For trick played upon her By wandering knight. The tournament over, That knight, stricken down, Won wife like a lover And gave her a crown. 4.-It vanished, was not even left behind; It led a man on; fleeter than the wind The horses were, it held them; in a glass A chemist saw it rise and swiftly pass. SOLUTION OF ACRosTIC No. 104.-Chambers, onnmmeree: Chic, Hallo, Alarm, Mum, Babble, Ear, Raccroc, Salve. SOzLTIOi or AcROSTIC No. 104, RECEIVED MARCH 10th, 1869.-None correct. A Stake in the Country. An account is given by the Mining Journal of a new stove made to consume petroleum. The oven, our contemporary states, attains a baking heat in from one to two minutes, and "bread, apples, and potatoes were baked, as well as a stake cooked in the presence of the meeting." If this is to be taken literally, while petroleum supplants wood as fuel, wood is about to be converted into an article of food. We can- not say from our own experience how it answers as an eatable, or how far it is suited to take its meet place with our joints, but if wood could it should be a boon to the poor. A Good Notion. A MONSIEUR JOUGLET announces that he has discovered a method for cleansing printed paper. He should be engaged by Government to apply the process to the blood and thunder serials intended for the youth of England. Those serials are known, by the way, as the "penny awfuls." Would it not be better to call them the "penny ofi'als," considering what garbage they are ? A Puff Extraordinary. A CIGAR seven feet long and thirty pounds in weight has been manufactured at New Haven, in the United States. It is proposed to present this New Haven-nah to GENERAL GRANT; but it is hard to see why the President should be the victim of such an unprecedented weed. If his Presidency commences with an attempt to blow this portentous bacca we fear it is likely to end, as well as begin, in smoke. Toute Autre Shoes. WHAT a discussion there is about the merits or demerits of the Goodenough Horse-shoe. And the case is so simple too! If the shoe is good enough for the purpose, why ask more ? REST AND BE THANKFUL. IMPEY KEWNYUS, who is always in difficulties, says he considers that Sunday is a day of rest because it is not a day of ar-rest. NOT SUCH A BLOCK-HEADED IDEA.-A misnomer at the present day- Fleet-street. A HERO OF FinANCE.--MR. E. W. EDWARDS, Ex-Official Assignee in the Court of Bankruptcy. WINGED WORDS. GREAT changes are whispered in the managements of our numerous theatres. We give them as we hear them, merely as reports. The Holborn is to pass into the hands of Min. BAnRY SULLIVAX, amd be- come a Shakesperian house. The Standard is to become the homo of the Queen's company, with Mn. TOOLE at its head. And the Queen's ? Rumour is uncertain, but murmurs something about being carried out into moonbames." There's talk of a new house for comic opera, and of a new circus on the Surrey side. But all these whispers are vague indeed. On Wednesday, the 17th, Mit. TuariN, the box book-keeper of the Haymarket, takes his benefit, and as the bill comprises Home and the perennial lxn and Cox, it should be such a bumper as Mn. Tuni'IN deserves of the audiences to whose comfort he constantly attends, THE GOOD KING. THERE once was a good monarch who'd a joint stool for a throne; For all the subjects he did rule, he'd but himself alone. And it ever was his habit in his condescending way To ask himself to dinner with himself-ay, every day. He had an old blind mare whereon his progresses to make, But his subject out to ride with him would always kindly take; But he didn't ride out often, for the little boys would scoff, And his subject rode so badly that he feared his falling off. He never taxed his subject for his chattels or his pelf, But always paid most handsomely for everything himself. And moreover when he'd bought it, it would frequently befall, That his subject very quietly appropriated all. Yet the monarch never murmured at the doings of the elf- But loved him like a brother-I may c'en say like himself. Yet such is man's ingratitude, when that good monarch died, It grieves me to inform you that his subject never cried. 1foRAL. He'd have cried for him most likely if a cousin or a brother. So since he's a bad subject-let us change him for another. How the Time of the House is Wasted. Ix reply to a question, Mn. BIUCE lately stated that it was not the intention of Government to legislate on the subject of Turnpiko Trusts this session. We should think not, indeed. "Trust" at ai Turnpike is a thing we must experience before we credit its existence. A Piece of Advice. To those who would enjoy a day of uninterrupted sunshine-never walk about with a "clouded" cane. A "TRULY LIBERAL" POLICY (recently displayed by the Crystal Palace Company-read this announcement, never mind the bull).- "Guinea Season Tickets .Free !" alsfurs ta xrun-spolffrws. [We cannot return unaccepted XSS. or Sketches, diless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope ; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] A FOOLISH MOTHER.-Very nice, but not funny-or very funny, but not nice; we can't decide which. PAT (Dartford).-Question one-Both. Question two-Yes. PADDY FROM CORK-who, with Hibernian consistency, dates from Liverpool-is partly illegible, partly unintelligible. REJECTED HAL is likely to be hal-ways rejected if he can't do better. K. Dox.-Quite the reverse. W. S. D. (Mile-end).-If you "have every reason to believe the enclosed is original," we can only say that we have one reason more for knowing it is not. G. B. C.-Thanks for the suggestion. M F. T.-The change-recognised by most as a change for the bettor- is likely to be permanent. LIvERPOOL.--Ai numbers from the commencement of the Now Series are in print. BOB-A-LINK.-Be happy. LANCASHIRE LAD.-See answer to H. (Copthall-court) in our last. Declined with thanks.-Squires, Dulwich; H. J. S.; J. B. J., Reading; J. S. M.; Byan; A Reader; A., Conservative Club; W. J. J. W., Button- hble, Leeds; W. E.; Undergrad.; F.,Glasgow; Two Faces Under a Hood; G. R., Queen's-square; Belfast; Trotter, Torquay; Loem; D. W. T., Loeadenhall-street; C. B., Baker-street; A Mad Pedagogue; C. W. W., Greenwich; Constant Reader; H. W., Birmingham; B., Thames-street; E. D., Burnlcy; J. E. S., Leyton; E. P. B.; B. G.; G. S. F. 23 i ____ ___ FU N. [MARCH 20, 1869. A PLEASANT AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT. Recommended to the notice of R. Swiveller, Esq. Native :-" No, SIR, THERE DON'T NOBODY PERTICKLER LEV ABOUT 'ERE, THAT IS, EF THEY CAN 'ELP IT; AND US FARMERS AS DO, BE MOSE PREVIOUS POOR-MOAST 0' US. WHY, WE ON'Y TASTES BEER ABOUT ONCE A YEAR OR SO-A GLASS WHEN US PAYS OUR RENT; AND THEN IT GENERALLY MAK'TH US DREADFUL BAD " CHATS ON THE NAGS. MARCH. The St. James's has a most interesting instalment of a "Life's Assize," and one or two other good papers. "Holiday Theatricals " is gush, not criticism. The Return of Spring is very neat verse, and the notice of Hans Breitman is clever. It is pleasant to note that " Cut Down like Grass comes to an end; it was a blot in an other- wise good magazine. There seems a little excess of political padding in this number, and that of a very ultra-strong kind, which is a mistake in a cheap magazine. Kettledrum is very good this month, and its illustration is the best it has had for some time. Science Gossip, always readable, is this month more than ordinarily interesting. The West End appears to be devoted to the reproduction of old cuts. The literary portion of it does not seem to aim at any very lofty standard. The Gardener's Magazine is as fill of information as ever. The Sunday Magazine is rich in good pictures. The large drawing Forgotten by the World" is. very telling. "Miss Bertha" is an interesting story, which would seem to be not entirely a fiction. Gnodi WPords is accompanied by a supplement nearly as big as itself, and quite as good. Both abound in illustrations, and their literary contents aro as usual up to the mark. "' Toilming and Molling is a IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE t SAMUEL BROTHERS, series that should be studied, and for lighter reading, A Supper in a Caravan may be safely recommended. Good Words for the Young seems rather scant this month, but its contents are as good as ever. An article or two on natural history may be read with pleasure; and the introduction of such a feature is judi- cious, as young people like natural history, and are benefited by its study, since it tends to correct the juvenile instinct to bully dumb creatures. Too Good to be True. LIFE Assurance Policies are now advertised on absolutely uncon- ditional terms. As the decease of persons holding policies manifestly cannot be insisted upon as a condition of payment, we counsel all lucky policy-holders to send in their claims instanter. THE RIGHT M1AN IN THE RIGHT PLACE.-MR. IRONMONGER, Mayor of Wolverhampton. NOTICE.-Now ready, thle Fifteenth Half-yearly Volume of FUN, being THE EIGHTH VOLUME OF THE NEW SERIES. Magenta cloth, 4s. 6d.; post free, 6s.; Cases for binding, Is. 6d. each. -w rSE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. 50, LUDC3-A.TBJ3 fIL:Thzc. Printed by JUDD & GLASS Pnemnix Works, Sr. Andrew's Hill, D.ctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: March 20, l0u0. OVER COATS 21s. To 68.. MlAuCH 27, 1860.] FU N. N ill / /11 II 1/ 25 - (IS, maizu in- - ~AtL A SETTLER. This was what happened to poor little Porx-N at Margate last season. When he was trying to witch the world with noble horsemanship, his hired steed began to lie down in the water. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. THERE is no better collection of fairy tales and stories extant than that of the BROTHERns GRIMM; and when the stories are illustrated by etchings by CRUICKSHANK, they become a rare treat. MR. HOTTEN has just brought' out a new edition of this very popular work, which will be widely welcomed. It is turned out in a manner worthy of it, with good paper, print, and binding. The pictures are in CRtUCK- SHANK's very happiest style, and there is an introduction by MR. RusKIN, which-like all he writes-is well worth reading. The same publisher also brings out an interesting little volume of Passages from the Note Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Every page contains some curious reflection, or some felicity of fancy; and there are several exquisite descriptive passages. The interest of the volume is enhanced by a preface by MR. M. 0. CONWAY, in which he gives an account of Brook Farm, the original of the Blithedale Romance. THE inventor of the A B C Despatch Box has turned over a new leaf in the matter of Despatch Boxes, and his invention deserves a place here, for it is an undoubted boon to literary men and men of business. It is recommended by its simplicity- the only wonder is that it was not invented before, as people said when COLUMBUS dis- covered America, and stood an egg on end. The arrangement is admirable, the sliding divisions adapting themselves to the wants of those who require more of C than X for instance, or even of those egotists whose run would be upon I. Wash your Little Game P THE British Medical Journal says that "an alteration is likely to be made in the import duty on beer, so that foreign beer will in that respect stand on nearly the same footing as British beer." But only "in that respect," which is about the only respect it is likely to get from the British consumer. Any one who has tried the Vienna beer, which has recently been vended in London, will agree with us that- paradox though it may appear-it is so very like soapsuds it will never wash. YOL. IX. CAVEAT VENDITOR. JOE PODGERS, the farmer, he keeps a rare store Of sheep, as his neighbours can see, And oxen, and I can't tell how many more, For a well-to-do fellow is he. Of beef and of mutton he never doth fail, And craftily qualified is his milk-pail; But he never paleth, he quaintly doth say, As his meat goes to London on each market day. But oh! oh! oh! his books do show Where many a cow of his worst doth go. BILL CHOPPERS he sits in his little back room, For a butcher discreet is he : But oft from his premises comes a queer fume, He says it is only his tea." But there's a small yard just behind the loft stair, And folks say they see some strange carcases there; But CHOPPERS he says, and he looks very bold, That the meat which he sells is the best ever sold.' But oh! oh! oh! JOE PODoGEns doth know Where many a calf of his worst doth go. JOE PODGERs reclines in his easy chair Without ever dreaming of strife : But the dead-meat inspector is heard to declare That the time for a summons is rife. And the magistrate has a most critical tongue, And condemns PODGERS' meat to the dogs to be flung. So somehow JOE PODGEas don't go home to bed, But finds himself lodged in a prison instead. And oh! oh! oh! doth he chuckle and crow As he tramps on the treadmill ? Oh no No ! Of Course, of Courser. A LIVERY stable keeper in New York calls his establishment the "Hotel de Horse." Would not Hoss-pital suit his purpose better P 26 FUN. [MARCH 27, 1869. SUN OFFICE, -Wednesda, Mearch 24th, 1869. E 'Peers are bored to death. The Palace -of Westminster 1 re-echoes to their cry of "We've got no work to doooo !" as if ,.J they were so many gardeners suffering from: the late frosts. "* They positively refuse To live and lie.reclined OnCthe hills, like gods, together, careless.of mankind. Suchlhas ever been:the case with superior beings. Even Olympus wad so dull, that the deities were glad to slip out on the sly, and come down-to earth, where they got into all sorts of mischief, just as lads who are most strictly kept-in at home have the worse fling when they doescape from the domestic rule. LoRD SALISBURY who was too recently LOn 'CD e C M.P., to forget entirely the delights of active life in 'the, Lower House,- has madeithe misery of the Peers articulate, and a. deputtion of'sixM.P.'swilmneet a similar number of weary lords, and see ifstsomething cannot betdmne to give employment to the Upper H.ase).which is growigg",blue- mouldy,'",for want, not of a batingg;'" but tf de-bating. -Hew Jupiter HATHERLEY must yawn! 11How Juno CLAns:noo must be bored! .,And how the fair-haired i&aenL-aceO ugs enua must, pine for-4resh conquests! The chastei~Basa, must-,wish 's.eveonidhher SaEArTS- Bev in some worthy quarry.,vsile.A.paoReunListaget.rt that he has notL:'r-oa a fitting theme. CSB.as,.-withhber RThEMniag shea-of corn must.be sickle-ied o'erhtiththepida e ast..bfnthought. The eagle has gone to roost, and Cupid(:GRAwvaumLA nappig.: Bacchus of MALMESBURY nods on his cask of Malmsay, and Vulcan of DERBY leans listlessly on his idle hammer. Neptune CHEEMsFORD,- who has seen no active service since Copenhagen, and Mars SUTHERLAND, who has been at (if not under) fire often, are tired of such a want of work. Hebe-she be grown GREY Earl-y in the service-unsuccessful in (n)'ectoring over the other celestials, is silent. Minerva CAInNS looks grave, and the Mercurius of SALISBURY utters an eloquent sigh over the inertness of the Peers. As in courtesy bound, we hasten to acknowledge a compliment paid us by the Daily Telegraph in that most sincere form of 'flattery- imitation, not .to say plagiarism. In the Daily Telegraph of last Thursday will be found a prose-we will not say prosaic-version of our cartoon of the day before-a description of the Irish Church con- test in the House of Commons, allegorically rendered as a boat-race. We should have felt the compliment more keenly if the young lion " to whom the task was entrusted had known enough, of either rowing or the University, not to spoil the figure by making the rivals row for a cup. We should have thought even the, most hopeless cockney would by this time have learnt that the only thing the victor of the Oxford and Cambridge race wins is the glory. We. had almost forgotten to add that the compliment would have been still more enhanced if the D. T. had stated that it.was indebted to us for the idea of its leader. THE Oxford and Cambridge race, although smartly contested, was but a repetition of. the old story, which the papers might keep stereo- typed now. The. Light Blue went away with that pretty, flashy, fast stroke, which gives a lead at the beginning, but could only snatch a victory by a combination of accidents. Oxford started with the slow, steady, undemonstrative stroke, with as little in the air and as much in the water, as possible. Their, opponents might run away a bit at starting, but the Oxford men knew that their stroke must overtake them with the certainty of Fate. Now that the University Race is established as a London sight, the very least Londoners can do is to assist the subscription for deepening and widening the Cam. Until that is done there is little chance of variety in the spectacle. AFTER a good many false reports, and false starts, the Combined Opera is fairly under weigh, and has issued its programme. How long the combination will last it is- impossible to. say; but -it would be almost a public benefit if it came to an end to-morrow, for the public has more to gain from competition than from co-operation. To judge from what .has appeared, the arrangements, are not altogether satisfactory. The Covent Garden orchestra is retained, it is true, but it remains to be seen what the body is worth without its head, the incomparable COSTA. "Then again, the peculiar action taken by MR. HARGRAVE JENNINGS, in the matter of the Daily News, is scarcely an indication of a healthy disposition on that side of the bargain. We can' only hope the-management of the combined Opera.will be-modelled rather on the .:generous and, splendid scale of the .Covant Garden regime than in the grimy and mean style which distinguished Her Majesty's, for the destruction of which by fire opera-goers found a solitary consolation in the fact that they had seen the last of its shabby scenery and faded costumes. Of course the list of engagements is very brilliant, and the repertoire most extensive. It remains to be seen how far this promise will be ripened into full performance, which depends, we fancy, on which of the allied governments gets the upper hand. .DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 107. IT'shoots its keen arrow, I Unswerving, resistless; -It pierces ayanrin .aw, Andredars youAlitles: It patches the skin, Itt tesheireason, ItIt maiaealthtiood thin: And is jtst now-in season! SL.-4-I .cannot quiite say:it's exactly enough, And yet it's 'sfificient-Dr was.in its: day. : Though, it. maypbeparhsaps: like the tough and the rough, itfs the same,:but.pronouncedin a.different way. 2.-To.! edticklesa'PEaran SSeama nL not a boon 'Could3hve been much -sweeter r. nrore pportune! SSadto thik.he knew not 'ITat somd61olks at noon SaikSdws evithrew hot!- (.ITht'a.facffI do not '.*enturetoimpugn!) -r-,.-S~-;imederndenants, happy men, you're :SafeAreinthat-ancient form of tenure; 'Wherebytihd:uckless serf was bound To see his-.ehieftain amply found- Whene'er that chieftain so might choose- In all the needfuls for a booze. The landlord doubtless was a gainer 'Who made of renter (r)entertainer. 4.-Into the thick of the fight Rushed the redoubtable knight! 'Twould have terrified any beholder To see how he l 'rew o'er his shoulder, With both LLmds, sturdy and -strong, His-weapon-some six feet long; As the huge blade around him he swept About.him a circle he kept, -And o'er the ground bounded, and-hopped The. heads and _the .limbs .that were, lopped. His success was due mainly, I wis, To the lact that his weapon was. this. SOLUTION or ACRosTIC, No. 105.-- Winds, 'March: 'Worm, India, Navigator, Didactic, Sirrah. 'CORRECT SoLUTIONs or. ACRosrIC No. 105. :1RPEcrIrD 17th March. Lucretia MeT.; J.O.P.; Charlie Mabel ; H. G. ;D. D.; Old Maid ;_Ben ; omanelli; E..G. S., Netting Hill; Tea at .Bryan's ;.R. ..0. M.; SillawBros.; Linda Princess; Old Cider Eye; Pimlico Tom Cat; Katie; Long Lugged Louisa; Hippochondriacus; Detfla and Ycul; Nemo. WINGED .WORDS. MonE rumours theatrical flying. about. MR. WooDrN's Polygraphic Hall is to be converted into a theatre ; iand a similar fate is hanging over the Oxfordi to which, when it is metamorphosed, MIss WI TON will migrate from the Prince of Wales's, Miss OLIVER succeeding her as manager of the pretty little house in'Tottenham-street. Mns. JonN WOOD is to open the:St. James's Theatre, reviving the old comedies of the SnUHRIDAN times with magnificent mounting. It is; possible -that ME SSS. TooLn.and nBROUGH will be of the company. Mrss, HmENrrITA HODSON is likely to-assume the.managerial reinsat the Queen's, where every one will wish her the greatest success. Not a Bad Shot. THE DJKE OF SOMERSET said the other night in the House of Lords that every British .missionary requires a gunboat. Of course the mis- sionarywished himself a canon on beard it. Quite Right too! .The Court..Journal-says thatMt. TRENN ON has "again refused the offer iof peeragege" -Well, considering-some, of the people who have been made lords, he is wise in refusing a baron honour. OLYMPUS OUT OF WORK; OR, PRAY EMPLOY THE POOR PEERS. The Mercurius of aUebvry :-" THOSE HAPPY MORTALS IN THE LOWER HOUSE HAVE PLENTY TO DO. I WISH we HAD SOME EMPLOYMENT!" 3LAnCH 27, 1869.] FUlN. THE BAB BALLADS. No. 64.-THE HAUGHTY ACTOR. k N actor-GIBas, of Drury S\ 8 7 Lane- I \Of very decent station, Once happened in a part > ^ to gain Excessive approbation: lIt sometimes turns a fel- low's brain And makes him singularly iight that actor slept, and i'll attempt To tell you of the vivid dream he.dreamnt : THE DREAM., In fighting with a robber baid (A thing he loved sincerely) A sword struck GIBis upon the hand And wounded it severely. At first he didn't heed it much, He thought it but a simple touch, _IBut soon he found the weapon's bound Had wounded him severely. To SUnGEON CoRB he made a trip, Who'd just effected featly, An amputation at the hip Particularly neatly. A rising man was SURGEON COBn, -But this extremely ticklish job He had achieved (as he believed) P. particularly neatly. The actor rang the surgeon's bell, "Observe my wounded finger, Beegood enough to strap it well, :;'And prythee do not linger. That I, dear sir, may fill again The Theatre Royal Drury Lane: This very night I have to fight- So prythee hmner is defect Had made his finger fester. "Oh, bring my action, if you please, The case I pray you urge on, And win me thumping damages From Coin, that haughty surgeon. He culpably neglected me Although I proffered him his fee, So pray come down in wig and gown On COBB, that haughty surgeon " That Counsel, learned'in thelaws, With passion almost trembled. He just had gained a mighty eause Before'the Peers, assembled! Said he, How dare you have the face To come with Common Jury case To one who wings rhetoric flings Before -the Peers, assembled?" Dispirited became our .riend- Depressed his moral pecker- But stay a thought! I'll gain my'end, And save my poor exchequer. I won't be placedupon, 6ff ?" :.4 ) -- "Too bad," said Ginns, "my case to. 31 31 FUN. [MA cn 27, 1869. LIFE IN LODGINGS. No. XV.-LODGERS (continued). HE class of Lodgers which now comes under consideration, although very low down in the social scale, is a stop above - i those poor creatures whose occupation of park-benches, dark arches, and doorways we have already discussed. The lodging-house of this class is provided by the Guardians of the Poor by direction of that most beneficent and tender piece of legisla- tion known as the Poor Law. No human work is perfect, and, there- fore, it would be too much to expect that the Poor Law should be faultless in itself. But when to the defects of construction we have to add the failures of the machinery provided for carrying the statute into effect, it is not a matter of surprise that the working of the Poor Law is a thing to raise the blush- of conscious pride, or possibly of indignant shame-to the cheek of MOTHER BRITANNLA. The arrangements of the lodging-house we are discussing-best known as the Casual Ward-are in good keeping with the rest of the administration of the Poor Law. It is managed with such care and judgment that while it puts the deserving casual pauper to inconvenience, shame, and discomfort, it affords to the professional tramp, who always knows the workhouse which offers the best Cadgers' Hotel," every encouragement and advantage. The first lodger we encounter belongs to the profession. He is quarrelsome, vicious, and brutal; and accordingly he gets the snuggest corner of the ward, and the least of the work. He comes to these gratuitous lodgings not because he is absolutely pen- niless-for he has deposited his day's earn- ings, if one may so style the proceeds of sturdy and menacing beggary, with a friend outside. His game is to hang about quiet squares or suburban terraces and extort alms, by importunity, or failing that, by threats, from nervous and lonely women. He is a phi- losopher in the matter of lodgings, and calcu- -- l latesthat the extra comforts he would get at a S"penny pe'" or cheap tramps' lodging-house hardly compensate for the expenditure of coin whichcanbemore profitablyinstein gin or bacca. Hemakes night hideous in the ward, and disturbs and worries the genuine poor casuals, who are weary and would gladly sleep, by his atrocious language and his persistent attempts to quarrel with somebody. This poor fellow is an agricultural la- " bourer. He has been so crushed in the pro- vinces that at last the poor worm turned 4 / and made up his mind to come to London to find a brother or a friend, who was cur- rently reported to be doing well there. He finds, London larger than he expected, and he does not find those he came to seek. He has been trying very hard to get a job all day-holding a horse, anything !-but your Londoner does not employ a bumpkin when he can find a London man to do the work, .Y so the poor fellow has not earned a penny. i He has been hunted about by the police, and bullied by the street Arabs till he is sick at heart as well as weary of foot. He will possibly develop into a vendor of ferns or of chick- r weedandground- sel, if he does not starve before he discovers those means-not so much of earning a living as of achieving a slow starvation. There is yet another chance for him! Unaccustomed to Lon- don streets, he may get run over, when he will be taken to the hospital, there to be carefully tended and well fed for the first time in his life. It is not quite clear that it would not be better for him to die there, and so take leave for ever of a world that has only revealed its darkest side to him. Here you have a specimen of the genuine London Arab-we will not call him Bedawin, because he seldom wins a bed. But he is very jolly on the whole, and is endowed -with a cheerful spirit that is as good as a moral waterproof against the storms of life. Boots or shoes he has never known-but then he has never had a corn or a bunion in consequence of that blissful ignorance. And so for every want of his, which we should be tempted to consider a hardship, he has in his cheer- ful philosophy a more than corresponding benefit. He never works, and that is supreme happiness. To be sure at times he plays at being a vendor of cigar-lights or evening papers, or pre- tends to be a shoeblack. But he never makes a serious business of such passing amusements. His delight is to go the gallery of a theatre, and on this very evening he has spent all his money on that intellectual amusement with the full knowledge that he would have to take a bed in the Casual Ward, and sup offtoke and skilly to make up for the dissipation. But he comes skipping to his couch with a snatch of a popular ditty, and doesn't care a farthing for the menaces of the quarrelsome tramp, who adorns a threat to punch his head with so many tropes and figures, that there is almost enough of it to deserve separate publication as a tract on bad language. T) N The casual ward is a dual estab- lishment. There are many more in the men's ward, whose virtues (or the reverse) we might record; but we must -'- take a hasty peep at the lady-lodgers. f I Here is a professional again Don't ,9) fall into the error of pitying her as the children are not hers. They are hired S-perhaps stolen. A short time since // \ -when her last penny was spent - f i you might have seen this agreeable family party outside a gin-palace quar- reling among themselves and swearing from the baby upwards, all more or less the worse for gin. For the wretch gives the children some of her beloved poison partly to quiet them, partly to stunt them. She makes her money by mumping about the streets by day, and by singing songs, to airs-not from heaven, but of her own com- posing-at public-house doors. This, on the contrary, is a deserving case. This poor old'soul was once a small shopkeeper in the Isle of Dogs. She is a widow now- her daughters have gone away into service, and she has lost trace of them. Her son is away at sea. When the hard times came in the East' End, and her poor customers ran up scores they could not pay, and her a I creditors were harder on her than she could find it in her heart to be to her debtors, she was turned into the streets. Then she tried to do tailoring work, but her eyes grew too P dim. Last of all, she has come to selling playbills, but the younger and more active Irish girls from the sweet purlieus of Drury- lane have beaten her, and she is driven to the Casual Ward. Whither after that ? And this! Is it deserving or not ? It is difficult to say. It passes for a servant out of place; but what has a servant out of place to do with that fuzzy, frowsy chignon ? Poor creature, let it be what it will, at least it is driven here by dire hardship. It is a / last clinging to hope and life. A few days or weeks more and instead of the Casual Ward the bed of the Thames may be its sleeping place! Aye, even a servant out of place, without a character, may come to that; there are so few ready to give her a chance. So for these, and the like of these, night after night the Casual Ward opens its doors; and what a blessing it is that we have a paternal and a discriminating Government- l -i local as well as national-that all our Poor Law officers are angels, and all our guardians gemniuses! The Weather and the Parks. WE have sent a special commissioner to report. on this important subject, and his account is a brief one. He says the Parks are pretty well, thank you; but as to the Weather, it is "whether we shall have frost or no." MARCH 27, 1869.] F T UN. 33 KING JOBBERNOWL. A CASE OF HEAD, OR TALE. S 01! Kin JOBBEnaowL SWas a wicked old soul: .; A wicked old monarch he! SA For he thought, it not im-, proper To chop off withA chopper The heads of' his no- bilitee t *~ Wheell. wheedle, wheedle, Would the nobilitee For their .lives on their bended: knee. S W But the tyrant ne'er re- laxed, Saying, ,"Wait till you are axedl!" And then giggled at his joke-"he! he!" At KING JoB3ERNOWL Offended on the whole Were the chief aristocracse, For to be decapitated Wts a thing that captivated. Not one of them all greatlee. "Weed'll,.weed'll, Weed'll Of its nobilitee This fair land his vile tyrannee. We shall lose-if no one stops This cruel monarch's chops-, Our stakes in the whole countree," So to. old.JOBBERNOWL Came an imp black as coal- And a hatchet and a block had'he ! And said he, "I'm Revolution, And I'll put in execution, And the deunce then to pay there'll be 1" Wheedle, wheedle, wheedle- - Went the king:timidlee, rom his-fate- quite unableto,flee. For of cutting off his nob They were bent upon the job, And so there was an endof -,! MORAL. Of old JOBBERNmOWL The moral's rather droll-= For of course there a moral must-be. "Axe your friends, if you have sunk; But don't press them overmuch- It'smot E. T. I Q. E: T."" We'd a 1--, wed:a 1-, we0&a I- O0 of:trouble for to see The moral of this historee. If it doesn't snit your views You're at liberty to choose. What you likeforypu've paid yoaurmonee! CHATS ON THE NAGS. MARCH. THE Atlantic Monthly has several good papers this month-" The Small Arabs of New York," for example-but the most interesting thing in.it is of course the article on the new President. The verse seems hardly so good as usual. Our Young Folks is very full of pictures this month, and contains some capital papers. M1R. ALDRICH'S "Story of a Bad Boy" is admirable, and the William Henry Letters" abound in quaint fun. The little poem called "A Morning Sunbeam" will delight many a mother's heart. Axe me no Questions." WHERE is a "chump chop "' mentioned in SHAESPEARE'? "Off.with his head-so much for Buckingham !" [Only it is not SHA-KEPEARE, though it bears a Cibberlarity to it.] A HuM"-MmING BiD.-The Canard, HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. ONE Of the sneers n which the enemies of the Crystal Palace most frequently indulge is, that it has quite abandoned its original high purpose, and become a place of mere popular amusements. There is a complete answer to this assertion in the fact that the. lectures and readings which are given there attract liage'and intelligentaudiences. If tie director& were wise-which some are not-they wauld give every encouragement to this feature of the programme. By promot- ing it even at some cost they would maintain the better repute of the Palace and attract a better class of visitors, studiouiaend thoughtful people. But judging from the reception of 1ik. F. B. Pmiairs's Readings, we have no hesitation in saying that.it ifidellectual enter- tainment of an equally high stamp. is enauim&-and the directors could command the best that London produosw-litge numblewwould be attracted to the Palace. A very. much better room must%,iweavr, be provided if our suggestion is to be carried.- out; for the esent room, to find no minor faults, is acol'stically deficient, wlfil the trampling.in the gallery overhead is a serious drawback. Ar. PHILLirs's reading was a real intellectual-tteatt Hanamaw clear ringing voice of remarkable flexibility; and. by its powerr.,aline- without any of the posturing or buffoonery to which too.many of our readers resort-he moves his audience to tears or lhuglitervat his will. And this constitutes true reading, as distinguished ftmrn the two extremes of intoning and bad acting., With.excellent taste he selected for the first part of his reading-as an experimment on theipossibility of interesting an audience in unsensational readings-t4hree biographical passages, two. of which were chosen from the ry!al:.'Palace Portrait Gallery, written:by his late father, and the third ftom the vivid and erudite pen of MB. GnovE, whose great literary dZility is too' often forgotten in the fact that he is the Secretary of the Palace. "The death of Joe," from Bleak House, and "Pray emploX Major Namby," from Household Words, concludedtia too..brief reading.*-one of the most enjoyable we remember tohameheard.. The Terpsichorean ballet of The Kite.ht vfdl s has been a very popular item among the Palace amusements. It is well worth'seeing if only.on .Ma E. VoKEs's account, whose most marvellously'active dances are gone through with an ease and an absence of effort thoroughly artistic, and most laughter-moving. It's an Il Wind. TnE wind, I see, stays E- due E- And doesn't make a wee stir; But, oh, dear me! why should it be So 'Easterly at Easter-P HnEAR! HEAR ! MONS. AGOUSTE, a clever juggler, not unknown in London, is, we observe, starring it in the -provinces. Of course, he pays due attention to.the AGOUST-io properties of;the buildings in which he performs, [ We cannot return unaccepted S88. or Sketthes, wiless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope;. and we. do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] "AUT CJESAR AUT NULLUS."-Well, thelatter,.since you are so pressing. ARIEL.-Not prosperous. G. P., who says he is a baker, had better knead his bread in the ordinary way-not by writing poetry for it. SILE.-Why didn't you make that joke earlier-it comes late at the end of (f)Lint, as our Irish friends would say. But well see. MENs.-You are po gentle-Mons! The jokes you sent were old, only you perhaps did not remember having heard them. Your memory is evidently not strong, for in your last letter you forgot-yourself I B. (Halifax).-Thanks. C. H. H. (Glasgow).-Much obliged. F. C. T. (Limehouse).-Don't mention it;-we had forgiven and for- gotten. R. W. (Gloucester-sqnare).-We are as sick-a s we are sure the rest of the world is-of the mere mention.of."the Girl of the Period." ScuD.-Thank yoe. E. B. L. (Dublin).-One will do. Declined with thanks:-W. N. T., Bayswater; B. R., Camberwell; Impecuniosus; J. D. M., Newbury; A. B. C., North Shields; A. R,, Man- chester; C. B., Cork; B., Newcastle; A Stone-mason; S. W. ; The Queer One; I. 0. W.; L. T. J., Dalston; Blew Petre, Horsham; Verax; H. W. B., Muswell Hill; Noodle; H. L., Barcombe; M. C.,' Lincoln's-inn-fields; M. C., Dunstable; Pobbs; H. St. Martin's-lane ; Tom' Blunt; W. S., Tun- bridge-wells; Novus Homo; Q in the corner; S., Windsor; C. M., Liver- pool; Dandy George.; M. S. ;.Live Rats; Knee-mo Mee; S., Manchester; R., Liverpool; Ecstaticus; That Boy Again' An Old Reader; Pesky Bob;,G., Birmingham; A Subscriber from the first; E. B. 8., Wallbrook Nemo; C. P., Liverpool. 34 U [MA 27,1869. NOT TO BE DONE. .Dealer :-" Now, there's a little 'oss I can warrant. He's a clever, perfectly-trained, snaffle-bridle hunter, and fast; up to twice your weight across any country. Sold for no fault; well bred and powerful; high courage, but good tempered, and temperate with hounds. Quiet and free from vice; well known with Her Majesty's, Prince of Wales's, Mr. Garth's, Surrey, Berks, Cambridge, Essex, Kent, Warwickshire, Mr. Leigh's, Mr. Scratton's, the Quorn, Pytchley, and several other packs of hounds. Winner of many races; out of constant work; perfectly sound; grand action, and thoroughly broken. Goes well in single and double harness; has run wheeler and leader in a team; 'will work in a cart, plbugh, or harrow. Never out of his place; a capital jumper; never made a mistake in his life over bank, timber, water, stonewall, hill or vale country. Best lady's 'oss in England; been ridden charger; plenty of quality and manners; splendid mouth; doesn't shy.; Aever stumbles; good walker and fast trotter; excellent park hack; never sick nor sorry since he was foaled; subject to any Vet.'s examination; and to be sold for a song " .. Customer :-" Ah I'm doubtful he's scarcely enough of a 'oss for me. If he could only trap rabbits, manage foreign and fancy poultry, rear pheasants, do a little plain gardening, milk and look after a cow and pig, wait at table, teach in the Sunday-school, and play the organ in the church as well, why-I wouldn't mind having him on trial for a time-eh !" OPERA GREETINGS. IN March, before ever the swallow Flies back to us over the seas, May the daughters and sons of Apollo Return with a favouring breeze. Let pitiless March give us powers To bid the dear truants remain, "- Hush, winds! and be merciful, showers ! :.... The song-birds are coming again. Our musical Garden is longing (No less than it lbhgedin' the past), To see its loved visitors throngjiig The nests thai they feather so fast. With mistletoe-beres nd holly- : Mad pantomime filtter might reign; But now a long truce to its folly- The song-birds are coming again. Once more the enthralment of PATTI Will seize on the heart of the town; Once more will her sweet Batti, batti, S Bring houses adoringly down. And vainly will NiLSSoN the winning, Endeavour to make us disdain The fair Violetta for sinning- - The song-birds are coming again. And TIEJENS, with tragedy graces, Shall wade as Lucrezia, through crime; And LuccA, with fairest of faces, Win lovers by scores at a time. Just look at the future before us, And see if you dare to complain. Come critics, and join in the chorus; "The song-birds are coming again !" Aye, I!.: WHY is the difference between food and illness a mere question of pointlof view ?-Because it depends on the site of the "i" whether it is aliment or ailment. . THE REAL CONDEMNED SELL"-The firm of OVEaEND, AND Co. OVER COATS, 21s. GURNEY, TO 63s. IN STOCK TOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE.' SAMUEL BROTHERS, so, vDCATJs -ThI . Printed by JUDD & GLASS, Phoenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: March 27, 1869. APRmIL 3, 1869.j F T PERIPATETIC PAPERS. An OLD SIGHT FROM A NEw SITE. MR. EDITOR,-As a professor of that peripatetick philosophy about which I once spoke to you as yielding me the greatest pleasure of which a lover of nature and human nature is capable, I have lately extended my walks beyond their usual limits, and was actually present at South Kensington, recently, when your artist was engaged in making his design of those "odd fish" which Ma. FRANK BUCKLAND hath put into his museum there. To me, who am yet so antick in my tastes as to see no reason for going farther afield than SHANKS his mare will carry me, unless it be on some very serious business, when I commit myself td the danger of a coach, that hath likely borne some patient to be cured of small-pox, or to a cab, the driver of which reeks little of the lives and limbs of pedestrians, or even to the lingering extortions of the directors of steam carriages, at the ways of which the public hath such reason to rail; there is a charm in the fancy that we may yet have fish brought down to the very Strand, where the banks JN. 35 tempt us to visit remote towns, or waste our substance in long journeys, while there is so much close at hand to admire and to explore. It reminds me, Sir, of what Ihave read of the disinterment of those antick cities buried under the volcano, for now that the dust and cinders and rubbish that were thrown into our town by the eruption of speculative building that threatened to engulph us after the death of CHRISTOPHER WREN, are being cleared away, lo! there appear fine churches, mansions, and architectural beauties all finely preserved, but hitherto little known to any but the careful observer who had the wit to penetrate to the remoter recesses of the town, and thread its mazy labyrinths in the spirit of ingenious discovery. What pleaseth me most, however, and will doubtless please many whose purses are plethoric and need blood- letting to make them again capable of receiving healthy replenishment: is that the way hath been cleared to the doors of certain excellent charities, the support of which shall be most profitable to us as a City, and demands our care as a body politick. At one of these, as I was gazing at it, where the great space of our new Law Courts did shew me where it lay, I noted also your young gentleman all agape, as of Thames are now to be covered with a fine stone wall wherefrom. anglers like your Correspondent of a week ago may practise their patient art. I am the more concerned in noting this since the Embank- ment, as it hath been called, spoiled my own-pleasuire for many weeks while it was a-building, and hath even now blotted out some of those picturesque views of the river which were to me a source of so great I delight that I have often in moonlight nights taken me to the foot of one.of those steep lanes leading from the Strand to the brink of the rushing stream, there to look out ipon the scene all flooded with a silver-light glory that made the shot tower, and the aerial bridge of Hungerford, and the great piles of wharf and warehouse even change as by some art-magic into consonant shapes with vast mysterious surroundings. It has been matter of less deprivation to me, however, since in the few months last past I have, by broad daylight as well as by the softer illumination of the night, seen such real transformations in our very streets as have roused my wonder and quickened my sense of venera- tion as well as my philanthropy. In every direction, sir, where the houses are being removed -whetherit be near the Mansion-house or on the. other side of that venerable Bar, sacred alike to the history of ivic authority, 'treason, and banking, such vistas of the Londinal antiquity are bina opened to us that we may well wonder what can VOL. It. indeed one who calleth himself bythe noble'name of 'artist might well be, since art is ever allied to that tenderness that maketh us pitiful and to delight in helping each other. I therefore ventured on asking him to make a picture of what we saw, and though it may not draw others to that great building the Hospital of the King's College, as it did draw us,-after that we had drawn it, -yet methinks the half million of people who live around that great space, of whom one-half do yearly go to have their diseases made into ease, and their ailments turned to halements, while some are taken altogether to be cared for in its great wards, and there fed and healed: -I say methinks these por folk and many others going from a distance to seek such help, will be none the worse for our walk that morning, and if some of my brethren who also belong to the Peripateticks will leave their guinea behind them, and so have the delight of helping on so good a work, all I can say is there is room enough yet for miracles of healing and of mercy, miracles that are given to us to do as proofs of our belonging to a higher philosophy still than that of a mere- PBRIPATBTICK. THE "SHIELD'S" TWO SIDES. SHALL the New Courts of Justice be erected on the Embankment, or the Carey-street site ? FUN. [APRIL 3, 1869. TL FUN OFFICE, .Yarch 31st, 1869. 8A might have been expected, Ms. DisRAELI was beaten on the Second reading of tie Irish Church Bill. To judge from his '43 speech, he did not anticipate any other result, though he pos- sibly did not expect to be defeated by so large a majority. The fite speeches of the debate were made from the other side of the House, and with the feeble sputter of MR. HADYT's summing-up, the light of the Opposition went out. The picture has been already drawn by the witty DEAN, when he described how, at the time of the high tide at Sidmouth, "DAME PARTINGTON, who lived on the beach, was seen at the door of her house with mop and pattens, trundling her mop, squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused-Mas. PARTINGTON's spirit was up, but I need not tell you that the contest was unequal. The Atlantic beat MNs. P. She was excellent at a slop or a puddle; but she should not have meddled with a tempest." There you have the Leader of the Opposition-all that has to be added is his First Lieutenant, Me. GAyTHONE HAARDY-with arched back and bristling whiskers, uttering his protest. IF, after all, the Irish Church Bill were, by some unforeseen chance, to be lost, it would not have been brought forward in vain, if only because it elicited a speech from MR. Lows, containing a sentence which we should like to see written in letters of gold, and exhibited in the most conspicuous spot in London:- "I hope, sir, this may be the beginning of a time when we shall give up, not only the idea of persecution, but the language of toleration-when we shall come to admit that one man's faith is not a thing to be tolerated by another, but to be respected." This is a noble sentiment, which expresses the feelings of the best minds of the age in the most forcible and the finest language. As FUN is not the much-wished-for cedile of the metropolis, he cannot order the marble slab and gold letters, so he enshrines the passage in columns which have never been. tainted by a sneer at the religious faith of any man, THIS go-ahead age of ours seems to have gone ahead so fast that it has. if we may use the Hibernicism. gone backwards. We learn that the Parisian ladies have revived sedan-chairs, and we know that Thoughts and Notes. velocipedes have become the rage in Paris. Now, both these machines ELIHU BURRITT is very likely a capital blacksmith, but he is a very wore invented, and abandoned, long ago. The sedan-chair seems to inferior logician. We would rather see him forge horse-shoes than have nothing to recommend its revival, but the improved form of chop logic, if he can find no better argument for total abstinence than velocipede may be a wise resuscitation of an obsolete vehicle. In one he adduces in his last volume of essays. Speaking of the fatal Americ it is already acclimatised; and is even beginning to gain effects of intemperance he says- ground in England. a. MAYALL, the well-known photographer, The custom of moderate drinking was the gateway to the gulf. No drunkard of has accomplished feats with it, which his familiarity with the chariot any clime, or country, or age, ever reached it by 'any other passage. of the sun may partly explain; and a gentleman at Southampton, bearig the name of JONEs, has not exactly defied the thunder, but This is an obvious truism. If a man never drank anything but has challenged a toll-keeper, from his exalted throne on a two-wheeled cold water in his life it would be impossible for him to get intoxicated. Parisian importation. Ad yet the offending tollman had only charged But the argument cuts another way. If moderation is to be condemned him peambulator rat-not donkey rate-soo t mhat he merely hinted that the gateway to excess, where is this sort of condemnation to stop him ambulatory rate--no donkey rate--so that helmerely ine t ha am the amusement was childish. The gate is to be closed against MR. No man ever became a murderer, who did not begin life as a baby-but JONES when next he and his perambulator come in sight, in which case, is that a reason for a second Massacre of the Innocents? IR. BuRRITT'S of coutfe/,hc will put the animal at it and jump over dila TuswN. logic is evidently unable to take care of itself, and his arguments w ____taaij____ r decidedly want seeing home. Spirited Legislation. A Look-out for Lords. THE Second Chamber of Holland has voted, by a very large Txse is too bad really. We cull it from the advertising columns of majority, a bill for increasing the excise on spirituous liqueurs in order a contemporary:- to make up for the loss occasioned to the revenue by the abolition of A VERY LUCRATIVE POSITIOI, with other advantages, is OFFERED to a the duty oft newspapers. This is creditable to the public spirit of -"- Oeotlewan who is intimate)y associated with.mambers of the aristocracy. Hollands, if not profitable to the private distillers. In future we shall res, in confidence, Ar care ofher acquaint s ar rqusd o apply.- Somlw a Dutchman by his rcad newspaper nog his red nose.e - mnow a Dutchman by his read newspaper not his red nose. At a time when the Peers are complaining of want of employment it is too cruel to hold out this temptation. What a rush there-will be to Catlets--with Sauce Piquants. Obtain it-and since only one can hold it, what deep disappointment A RE xnKABLE item of news is forwarded from Paris, It appears will pervade the Peerage! that M. Popsraa MBRIMEE has been in a state of catalepsy. for sixty- two hours at Cannes, He is since reported to have written to Paris FROM THE, SURBIME TO, &c. saying, "I am much better; I am up, andhave eaten twocutlets." We Ta most minent. geologist may- find that,, ompared with a work cannot help fancying that either M. MERIMEE or some "liner" of the ing gunmakr, he knows nothing of centrall fre." press has bcen M ai-MRx-king. TAKE IT EAST. .R PROM OTR HALF-BAKED CORKESPONDRNT. IT is no uncommon thing for people with plenty of (' go in them BAxEas must find it hard to please. Is their bread.."light "? tiy'." to go-to the bad. are justly fined; is it "heavy" ? away flies their custom. 36 SI J'ETAIS R01, Ir I were king for half .an hour, What lots of things I'd do! I'd tear from false men all -the power, And give it to the true. No starving voices then abould cry, No poverty should lour About the poor man's home, if I Were king for half an hour. And all should have enough of work, And yet enough of play, I'd teach the idlers not to shirk- But in some pleasant way. No child should look all wistfully At toy, or sweet, or flower: I'd treat the little ones, if I Were king for half an hour. I'd have no prisons in the land- All people should be good; With no temptations to withstand They truly might and could. We'd have no armies, by-the-bye, Nor ships the seas to scour. The world would be at'peace, if I Were king for half an hour. All should be happy free and gay, By Act of Parliament; And grief and sorrow done away By general consent. No eye should weep, no breast should sigh, No stricken head should cower, No heart should ache at all, if I Were king for half an hour. And in the end, the folk would tire Of me and my reforms; No more calm weather would admire- Would almost sigh for storms. And last a guillotine so high Above the crowd would tower- They'd cut my head off, sure, if I Were king for half an hour ! ___________________________________________________________________________ -7 __ -~ Id _____________/ \.~ _______________ __ -/ - ,-~- -- - - r~ ~ '** * -T IIt ~9i2z I-,---- THE MODERN MRS. PARTINGTON. " SHE WAS EXCELLENT AT A SLOP OR A PUDDLE; BUT SHE SHOULD NOT HAVE MEDDLED WITH A TEMPEST."--Sydney Smith. IFIJ IN -APRIL 3, l8,60. / N / K Lwf NE-- - 7 -.:--- --- 5 ArmP 3, 1869.] FUN. THE BAB BALLADS. No. 65.-THE TWO -MAJDRS. per- formed, ".o ^ To be slavered with sickening ( praise. No officer sickened with praises his So little as MAJoR LA GUERRE- No officer swore at his warriors more Than M or.o MAXREDI PEP.irn. GuEann. No doubt we deserve it-no mercy we crave- Go on-you're conferring a boon; We would rather be slanged by a warrior brave, Than praised by a wretched poltroon!" MAKxEDI would say that in battle's fierce rage True happiness only-was met: Poor MXAon MAK-REDn, though fifty his age, Had never known happiness yet! LA GERaE would declare, with the blood of a fee*ANnmna, pretty FLrERE (With a pistol he quietly played), I'11 scatter the brains in your noddle, I swear, All over the stony parade!" "I cannot do that to you," answered LA GrermT, Whatever events may befall, But this lean do-if you wed her, son ohr I I'll eat you, moustachios and all!" The rivals although they would never engage, Yet quartelled whenever they met; They met in a fury and left in a rage, But neither took pretty FnLsTTE. "I am not afaid," thought MAKREDI PREPERE, For country I'm ready to fall ; But nobody wants, for a mere Vivandidre, To be eaten, moustachios and all 1 " Bsidealthough LA Gonna 'ha his faults, I'll allow, He's one of the bravltt of men : MygoodWes! If I diagree with him now, mig t disagree wih him then! " "Ino eowad am I' said L GUERRE, as you guess- limeer at an enemy's blade; But don't want Pfazman to get into a mess For splading the stony parade " One day on parade to PazPEr E and LA GUEnRE Came Cda'ounAL JacoT DEBETTE, And trembling all ever, he prayed of them there To give him the petty FILLETTE. "You see I am -willing to marry my bride Until you've.arranged-this affair; I will blow out my brains when your honours decide Which marries the sweet Vivandilre!" Well, take her," said both of them in a duct (A favourite form of reply), "But when I am ready to marry FnILETTE Remember you've promised to die !" He married her then, from the flowery plains Of existence the roses they cull: He lived and he died with his wife; and his brains Are reposing in peace in his skull. Extraordinary Triunphs of Mechi-nism.. Mle. MEOcH, having astonished all the farmers with his doings at Tiptree Hall, has returned to his place of business in Regent-street, and seems determined to astonish the rest of the world. Here are a few of the ethnological wonders he hag on view :- Large Green Moroaeo Lady's Drsning-case. Large Red Russia Gentleman's ditto. Small Pale Russia Gentleman's ditto, Blue Morocco Gentleman's ditto. Eighteen-ineh Brown Rustia (Senleman's Mechian Bag. Fifteen-ineh Lady's 'ale Russia Patent Bag. Ms. Macni evidently keeps inhabitants male and female, of Morocco and Russia, of all sizes and of all colours. The Circassian lady pales before the large green Moroceo lady, and Mtss SWAnw, the Canadian giantess, looks small to :an eighteen-inch brown Russia gentleman- . small as he is! We shall rush off at once to see this curious exhibition before the public overcrowds it. Goon, IP TrnE.-The very man for "podi-boilers"-CA ) hwO. .1~ ~~~~~l ., aP-L6 F U N. [Aprn, 3, 1869. ON THE S. E. R. Irascible Passenger :-" WHAT STATION IS THIS, PORTER ?" Porter :-" WYE, SIR " I.P. (with fury):-"WHY, sm P BECAUsE I WANT TO KNOW, SIR! WHAT THE [Engine fortunately whistles, and the remainder of I. P.'s remark is lost. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 108. 0 PRINCE, in the desert you travel, Far over the Orient sand, Where we ponder but cannot unravel Strange tales of that mystical land. Do you think 'mid the fAte and the dancing Of kings who have vanished away, Where the Sphinx imperturbable glancing Looks down on the men of to-day. 1.-A very funereal aspect it wears, 'Tis heard when the baby is happy up-stairs; It makes a great noise in the air overhead, Is hushed when the baby's asleep in her bed. 2.-The House of Commons is called this, But combats held therein Are never deadly now, I wis, Whichever side may win. 3.-He was always so terribly spoony, The lady the answer became; If he could he'd have got her the moon-he, I think, was completely to blame. 4.-A help when sinking in the swelling wave, If haply one is near enough to save; And yet sometimes a help also to death, Making a man get very short of breath. 5.-We've heard of a certain Mycenian king, Whose conduct I fancy was scarcely the thing "; But he caught it no doubt, was pursued, but at last, By Athenians was pardoned, his sorrows all past. SoLUTION OF AcROSTIC No. 106.-Boat Race : Barber, Orizaba, Arac, Trace. ConaECT SOmTIONorF AcaooSTc No. 106, xRECIVED MARCH 24th. -Chippiug Podgebary; Tea at Bryan's; Nous. W. 8.-We cannot alter our rules; and we endeavour to avoid such complications to the best of our ability. Cent-imental. MaR. CHARLES READE brought an action against the Bound Table the other day, on the ground-thatihis novel Griffith Gaunt, having been denounced intsacolumns as immoral, would not be read. The jury give him a verdict --six cents! Of course that settles the question of naryry read !" as the Yankees say. * IDEAL COPYRIGHT. THe Atheneum, which, to its credit be it spoken, always opens its columns to the grievances of authors, has just laid before us a very pretty quarrel as it stands. A MxS. GODOLPHIN writes first to com- plain that she offered a series of the "juvenile classics" in one syllable to MESSRS. CASSELL, PETTER, and GALPIN, of which they published some volumes :-that with reference to two others, after leaving the MS. in their hands, she differed as to terms, and went elsewhere ; that they thereupon published, under her title, their ("de- fective") versions of the very two books she had named. To this MESSRS. C., P., and G. "ingeniously make answer-1st. That they projected the series -2nd. That they declined because of Mrs. G.'s advance in terms-having the means of getting the works done at less cost. But they do not rebut her charge of the defective- ness of their work ; while they deny her any property, legal or moral, in her idea. Further, while taunting her because they forestalled her (she having to look about for other publishers and make fresh arrange- ments) they admit they took immediatee steps to cut her out. Thereupon, MRS. GODOLPHIN replies, categorically stating-1st. That the series was of her invention, and admitted by the firm to be "something quite new,"-2nd. That it was the firm's reduction of terms (because they could "do the work at less cost" on the premises) and not her advance which led to the rupture. And further she states that as regards the reduction of popular tales to words of one syllable she claims that her books were the first published. And to this we regret to say MzssRs. CASSELL, PETTER, AND GALPIN have made no reply. We regret it because, as popular educators and publishers of moral literature, their position ought to be above a breath of suspicion. But we only quote the quarrel as a text. It shows how easily pub- lishers may pick the brains of authors-and how likely it is that un- scrupulous ones should do so when eyen a firm of such repute-" as chaste as ice, as pure as snow "-cannot escape accusation. We have heard of a firm which, after declining a suggestion, acted upon it; but in that case its author was a man of business, and by a threat of com- mencing the issue of his copyright notion, brought the firm to reason, and to terms. But it is not everyone who can act thus efficiently; and it is well, lacking an appeal to law, that we should have the Court of the .Athenceum in which to lodge our plaints. On behalf of litera- ture, we tender our thanks to the Athenceum. To the Point. SIR CHARLES TREVELYTA suggests that we ought to bring over CLEOPATRA'S needle and set it up in the centre of the Temple Gardens. We think the notion a good one, and would add-as they say on ship- board-" make it so !" SIR JAMEs ALEXANDER says it will only cost 1,500 -" that is if there is no job in the matter !" Heaven, forbid - fancy having a job from a needle of that size ! A Swan or a Canard P GREAT interest has been excited in scientific circles by a report that the management of the Prince of Wales's Theatre possessed a remark- able natural curiosity. It turned out on inquiry, however, that the rumour arose from the fact that a well-known wag had stated that Miss WILTON possessed a rara avis in TERRIss. To the Chief Commissioner of Police. ORANGE-PEEL thoughtlessly strewn on the pavement is no slight source of danger to the pedestrian, but what must be done with the spring gun-ions openly hawked through the streets on costermongers' carts? 42 ArIIIs 3, 1869.] FU-N. APRIL FANCIES. BY A FOOL. PRIL! Of all the months the best, Thou showery, flow- ery, pleasant sea- son, v / In folly rich, but dis- possessed Of all the dull be- quests of reason! I hail thy coming gladly, when Wild mirth is mon- arch madness rules, MAnd we pronounce the sons of men-, April ? Fools April A fig for Wisdom's solemn lore- Itploughs the brow 1k W with crooked Wrinkles. A sNo furrow will the fore- head score, 0' O'er-whi kthe cap of Follytinikles. A- cheery laugh to clear mthe lung Is better than the dust of schools; I hold all those who study young April Fools-April Fools! I've had my heart-aches in my timoe- I've had attacks of melancholy; But then I set my bells a-chime And went and had a romp with Folly. Aye, aching sides cure aching hearts; So he who o'er his troubles pules Must join with those who nurse their smarts- April Fools- April Fools! Let's laugh and labour as we may- Make holiday-with pipe and tabor; And ontthe usual working day Sing cheerily about our labour. Some make about their work a coil, And find sad faults with all their tools: They never strive to lighten toil- April Fools-April Fools ! Some fret themselves to win them gold- And burn with avaricious fever. For all the wealth that o'er was told I should feel scorn to turn a griever. I smile to see the gamblers throng And strive for wagers, stakes, and pools. When won, pray can they keep them long ? April Fools-April Fools! And yet in no unkindly mood With satire's sounding lash I strike them- For still the moral will obtrude- If they are fools-we fools are like them ! For well I know that Fate will scrawl When wise-eye dims, and mad-brain cools, One epitaph above.us all- "April Fools-April Fools! " De-side-edly ! TiuAN's latest, in the feminine journal, which admits his incoherent ravings, runs as follows:- Shut the door against England. Let us have war. If Grant'will shut Stanton and Seward out of the Cabinet, and let my Fenians free Ireland, I ill stand by him. The man that has me on his side-or the woman either-is safe; baut.woebe to those whom I oppose! Folly is in the majority in this world, no doubt; so that the side, for which such a truly representative fool as TRAns declares, has a good backing. 43 TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. WTE gladly welcome the appearance of The life and Songs of Lady Nairne, the.authoress of "The Land o' the Leal," Caller Herrin'," and other well-known Scotch poems. The collection is edited by DR. ROGEns, who has brought to the task not only culture and ex- perience, but sympathy and enthusiasm. The book is nicely turned out, but the very bilious tone of the paper is a little unpleasant to the eye. THE Fwrmers' Calendar, published by MEssRS. CARTER, although but a small pamphlet, contains some very useful practical hints on differences-of soil, and the crops best suited to them, with other valuable information. WE have received the new issue of .Debrett's Peerage, and also of .Debrett's Baronetaqe and Knightage. It is almost superfluous to say a word in their favour, but we cannot but express our surprise, knowing something of the difficulties of printing, that these books should be brought out, with the last information and the latest additions inserted in their proper places. VISCOUNTESS BEACOUSFIELD'S title is but of yesterday's creation, but her arms, and all the notice thereto be- longing, look as if they had held their place in the stereotyped pages for ages. Epigram. Ir appears that the bribers of Beverley Don't manage their business cleverly, As for money, they've been so pn.6&aeithit, BARON MAi.TIN means playing the fleuce with it. But he won't do-at odds you may took it- What they say that: the Deuce dAes-o lerlook it. Head or Tailt THE Constitutionnel gravely reports that in thdrGildhillidftthe',ity of London the other day, a prisoner sentenced to three -months' im-' prisonment went Tommy Dodd" with the magistrate whether it should be double .or-qnits, and .that. the magistrate consenting, the appeal to chance was made, and the prisoner won, and was discharged. To be sure English justice, especially as administered by our Mayors and Aldermen, has a good deal of a toss-up involved in it; but when the story is thus circumstantially given by a French paper, we must really cry "Tale!" A Parody. Suggested by Recent Occurrences at Cambridge. Ir I had a donkey wot wouldn't go, Do you think I'd vollop him-oh, dear no ! But I'd give him some beans, and let him go To Sidney Sussex College! [ We cannot return unaccepted MSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] CECIL.-Why this imbe-Cecil-ity? How can you expect lines to appear in FUN in March, when they do nothing but halt ? FInMAMENT sends us such a weak joke that we can only suppose it was in-firm-he-meant. R. F. (Beaumaris).-You should, have called your MS. not a "revel"- 'but a revelation" of rhymes." We never knew before that "bicycle" could rhyme with skies a gull" or flies higgle," etc. A. (Whitehall-yard).-Thank you for the suggestion, of which we avail ourselves at the earliest opportunity. BLow-UP.-You don't understand what you write about, and we cannot afford space to argue with any one who is snob enough to write as you do, anonymously. But we may just point out, as you talk of Raphael s style (of wood-engraving ?) as following Durer's, that the latter was born May, 1471, died April, 1528; and that Raphael was born 1483 and died 1520! After that, shut up ! R. E. C. (Newman-street).--Too late. A. W. W. M.-Not in the Now Series. The Old is out of print. JULIA T.-Much obliged. NIL DESPERANDUM.-We have read your "important" letter;-if you had read your FUN you would have been saved the trouble of sending a joke made weeks ago, We feel sorry for you (and your composition) when you take up FUN "thinking to find my ban mots, &c. published, except which (sic) I find them declined." Declined.with thanks :-G. H. M., Kensington; H. L., Dublin; A. C. B., Brighton; D. N. M., Peckham; E. M., Kingstown; W. W., Greenwich ; A. G.; Constant Reader;.A. H. B., Leith; H. P.; S. W., Reading; Gargon Noir; Lord Dundreary; Hector ;'T: B.,oeeds; Are pa Yo-Klino ;.G. .; R. M., Bath; G. R., Cambridge; Boshco; E. F. G., North Shields; Snooks. IFUloN. A Meditative Puff and a Meditated Blow. 44 A Child's Wisdom. UNDERRthe above title a poem by Miss ALICE CARY is quoted by a contemporary. The last verse runs-not to say gallops-thus : - I can see a troop of children- Merry-hearted boys and girls- Eyes of light and eyes of darkness, Feet of coral, legs of pearls, Racing toward the morning school-house Balf a head before their curls. Very pretty! But, unless reason be overlooked in the interest of rhyme, what is the meaning of "legs of pearls ?" Considering the headlong pace at which the young people are described as going-at such a pace that their heads outstrip their hair- is it not possible that, in allusion to the probability of a spill, Miss CARY wrote "legs of purls ?" A Good Reason. I CANNOT sing the old songs- I cannot sing the new; Although there are, I'm told, songs Of both kinds not a few. But then you see to be a Great singer's something choice- And I have no idea Of time or tune- or voice. Very Grammatical. IT is a well-known fact that two negatives make one affirmative. An American friend of ours who is editing a grammar, adds in a foot note : That's so And two contradictions make one regular riled." A PROMISIN PEASANT r on ART-EDUCATION.-The Terra Cotter.-- Is he an Adsariptus Glebe ?] Dust thou not Know P A BUSHEL of March dust has been appraised as worth a king's ransom. Such a valuation is not very flattering to royalty; for DoCTOR LETHEBY and some other clever chemists have thrown dust in our eyes-we mean, have brought dust before our notice, as a most unwholesome compound. Animalculms abound in it, as do fungi, and abound most at about five feet from the ground -on a level with most people's mouths. What is to be done ? The hom copaths bid us always talk Hin-dust-anee and to be as in-dust-rious as possible. Betting-men and other thirsty souls lay their dust at bars and taps. Quakers shake their fists at the clouds of atoms and say you do! "- or rather "thou dust! We hive an excellent remedy: we might make our fortunes if we advertised that we would send it to anyone forwarding two stamps. But no! we will give it freely-the best plan is to walk on stilts. A Dark Saying. BY OUR OWN ETHIOPIAN SERENADE. I thay, GINGER " Ifs, POMPEY." Wal, GINGER, if you was wrecked on him desert island inhabited by a lot of cannibals, an' they wos a-goiu' for to eat you, on'y some- how a ship come dah and sabe you, why would you be like um sw ,et- meao " "Don't know, POMPEY." "Cos you would be um preserved GINGExr." Given with all Reserve. WE hear that the Vocal Memnon, lately visited by the Pl'INCE or WALES, will appear in London in the course of the season ; it is also rumoured that at about the same date the Holborn Valley Viaduct will be opened to the public. OVER COATS, 21s. ro 63s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, so, L-TTDc-ATEr lIL. Pin'ed by JUDD & GLASS Phoenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Deators' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-str-et, E.C.-London: Anprl 3 19s9. [APrmL 3, 1869. LIGHT AS AIR. THE Baker leans upon the rail, The cook between the bars is peeping, The jealous housemaid leaves her pail, And to the g :rr-t hies a-weeping. There's dignity int Ptl.-n's look A worshliipper of MIn. VAtNCE, lie Bestows his heart on Mius. CooK, SAnd gives her with a cottage-fancy! We hear of trifles light as air, But trifles light as these may vanish, A footstep coming down the stair Would love as well as lover baislh. The moral tells not of the end Or if they are, or are not, mated; The cook must be the baker's friend Before the broad is airey-ated. THE DEFEAT OF DYSPEPSIA. DYSPEPSIA Goddess of sweet unreason ! Kept casting her dangerous eyes on me, Unhappily just at the opening season Of GUNTER'S suppers which don't agree: She was far too sweet, and I far too silly To sever the knot which had bound us two; And homewards wending through Piccadilly I'd dreams of a black" and a midnight" blue.'' I vow'd I would free myself once and ever From sad depression and constant pain, "Dyspepsia darling 'tis hard to sever Thy toils," I cried, and be free again ! My morning meal was a farce too hollow, "-' And only pleasant my sea-green tea, Till a maiden passed with a whisper, Follow! " And CocoATINA she rescued me ! APRU 10, 1869.] THE ROTTEN ROW OF THE COMING PERIOD. FEMALE NOVELISTS. IT is not generally known that the introduction of velocipedes is a You like a clever novel, you are fond of works of fiction, crafty device of the Hippophagists. When the new vehicle has corn- By the ancient novel writers and the men of modern days; pletely driven horses from the Row and the road, when thousands of And you often name your preference-declare your predilection grooms are thrown out of work, and hundreds of livery-stable keepers For a tale of love and passion with a good plot's winding ways. are ruined, there will be nothing for it but to send the animals to the meat market at Smithfield for what they will fetch per pound. You have read Clarissa closely, with a heroine the sweetest It is confidently predicted in fashionable circles that Rotten Row That a man's pen e'er depicted, and you know her true and pure; will be completely given up to velocipedes, and that horses will be no- Or our THACKERAY's great Esmond with his Boatrix completest where. COLONEL HENDERSON, with sagacious promptitude, is having Of all perfect pictures painted by his artist hand so sure. several constables of the A Division instructed in the art of veloci- Or you dote on mode writers, read all T's pleasant stories, pedg, inordr to overtakeany v s glt yof furious Or you dote on modern writers, read all TROLLOPE'S pleasant stories, reckless drg, ivin order to overtake any velocipedist guilty of furious or Or CHARLnES READE'S sensation chapters with their great and graph The Board of Works, it is rumoured, has already issued instructions powers, - for the casting of a gigantic bronze velocipede by Mzssits. SNOXELL You are fond of stalwart KrNosLvY, or of LEvEn who so glories, AND SPENCER, to take the place of the horse in the equestrian statue In the heroes of the battle, and the Salon's magic hours. of the DuxE OF WELLINGTON at Hyde-park Corner. But you need a word of caution if you read a woman's novel, At present the prices of the new vehicle are rather high, and the As a rule the works by women raise a blush upon the cheek, amusement, therefore, is likely for some time to be confined to the And our female fiction-writers strive, who lowliest can grovel upper classes. But we may confidently look forward to a time when In the dirt of crimes revolting of which men would fear to speak. a velocipede will be within the reach of the poorest. It is inexpensive to keep, and might be very useful in conveying clothes to the wash, If you want a double meaning that would scarce bear open speaking and taking out greengrocery. The bicycle is somewhat difficult to If you wish the sly suggestion of an easy way to sin, manage at first, as it has a tendency to throw its rider, but practice Go see in women's novels the degraded things you're seeking, speedily makes perfect; and some even go so far as to recommend a Though applause from vulgar readers they may chance in time little preliminary practice on the treadmill as a first step. win. An eminent mechanician is turning his attention to the combination 'Tis a sad thing and a strange thing that their work should not of the velocipede and sewing-machine, which will enable those ladies i inrst newho like to "take their work with them" to enjoy exercise without That their heroines and heroes should delight in deeds of shame; neglecting their needlework.But the books that limn such doings with acquaintanceship the sure Are the popular three volumes that will bear a woman's name. A Strange Want. THis is a strange want, clipt from a northern journal: WANTED, a Paper Machine Man, used to elephants, must be a steady and good Blind, and Half Blind. workman.-Address, stating wages, age, &c. A FRENCH journal, speaking of the number of letters the Ex-Quee A man, who is a machine, and who is also to be paper, is a sufficient of Spain receives, remarks en passant, "Her Secretary is nearly blind, wonder. But he is to be "used to elephants" too! Would an ac- In the country of the blind," says the Spanish proverb, "the oni quaintance with rhinoceroses, or a familiarity with hippopotami do as eyed is king: so no doubt in this case Jack's as good as his mistre well P Because if so, we know hundreds of people, who won't do. -and better too. cie to be st n 3- VOL. S. V. 46 [APRIL 10, 1869. THE NEW CLUB. "A FASHIONABLE JOURNAL announces that a Ladies' Club is on the eve of forma- tion. The entrance fee is to be ten guineas, and the annual subscription five." OH, listen, disconsolate lover, Scared father, and terrified hub, To the blow you will never recover- 'Tis the New Ladies' Club. FUN OFFICE., We&esday, April 7th, 1869. Not the Newman-street Club, with odd features: LTHOUGH we are threatened with the opposition of the This looks upon that as a scrub! House of Peers, there can be no doubt about the ultimate suc- Tip-top swells are the members, sweet creatures, cess of MR. GLADSTONE'S Irish Church Bill. He may, there- Of the New Ladies' Club. fore, congratulate himself on having discovered the means of reconciling Ireland-an object which seemed unattainable to other For the entrance fee's ten guas," 'tis settled, statesmen, and for which patriotic Irishmen have long sought in vain. And five for the annual sub" : MR. GLADSTONE is, in fact, the fortunate finder of the four-leaved They'll be damsels well-off and high-mettled shamrock, which, so the legends of Erin, as recorded by SiMaLr LOVE, In the New Ladies' Club. one of her poetical sons, assure us, confers on those who discover it the The male sex they mean to look down on- power of shedding happiness and contentment around them. Ma. Their lords and their masters they'll snub. GLADSTONE may hand over the charm to the blushing but happy Erin, The pretensions of man they will frown on and disregard the croaking of the bird of ill omen, who keeps repeating At the New Ladies' Club. the words "confiscation" and "sacrilege" because (as was the case About spirits d wines they'll be curious- with the Raven of MR. EDGAR ALLAN PoE) it "is his only stock and Aboud nice andbout questions ofbe cgrub oe" At bad cooking they're sure to be furious TaH new Post-office regulations, for closing all post-office letter- At the New Ladies' Club. boxes at night and on Sundays, in order to divert letters to the pillar- Of an evening they'll play at .cart-- post, seems to have been framed without due consideration. Unless Or join in a guinea-points rub; book-parcels or MSS. open at both ends are allowed to be posted in Oh, they'll gamble with eagerness hearty the pillars, the rule will be a serious hardship to a great many- At the New Ladies' Club. especially to literary men and journalists. There appears to be no good They'll make little parties of pleasure- ground for prohibiting such postage of book-parcels ; while the pur- Which excursions or ice-nics they'll dub- posed delay with which any infringement of the rule is met amounts to They will always have plenty of leisure, vexatious petty tyranny. It is to be wished that the Department were At the New Ladies' Club. managed in a different spirit-were ordered with a view to the greatest public convenience, instead of being as at present regarded as a bit of To Richmond a team of good spinners, toy machinery, which the officials set going in various ways for their They'll drive-or they'll row in a tub, own amusement. Or at Greenwich have snug whitebait dinners, Will he New Ladies' Club. ONE simple reform, which has been before suggested in these They will come home at night very jolly, columns, would be an immense advantage. The issue of a "railway Pull up at each small roadside pub: postage stamp "-a three halfpenny or even twopenny stamp-would Other clubs oft indulge in like folly be a great boon. Such stamps could.be purchased at railway stations, With the New Ladies' Club. where there should be a box, wherein letters with these stamps might be posted, to be cleared out at every up-train, whose guard would have to And last, when some lamps they have broken, post them in a pillar post on reaching town. The extra charge would Or a toll-keeper possibly drub; fully compensate the railways, and people resident in districts where Will some householder's bail be bespoken posts are few and far between would gladly pay the extra rate to For,the New Ladies' Club! expedite their letters. No perish so base a suggestion, OwING to the necessity for going to press early on account of the Who hints at such things is a cub; Easter holidays, our remarks in the last number on "Ideal Copyright" They'll all be quite ladies past question did not quite complete the case. MESSRS. CASSELL, PETTEE, AND On the New Ladies' Club. GALPIN, we are glad to see from the Athenaum of the 27th March, They'll deal not in slang, nor fast-going, have answered Mns. GODOLPHIN'S second letter-although their reply Nor in latch-keys from HOBBEs or from Curan ; is no more than a general contradiction of Mas. GODOLPHar 'S state- But in tea, tatting, scandal, and sewing, ments. The reply is dated the 18th of March, and should have At the New Ladies' Club. appeared in the Atlienaum of the previous week, but seems to have been crowded out. The dispute remains much where it began, each They'll cultivate fibbing and fashions, party contradicting the other; and the additional'letter does not affect And the brewing of China's great shrub, our argument, for which the correspondence merely served as a text; And harmless and feminine passions but we feel it is fair to MESSRS. CASSELL, PETTER, AND GALPnC to note At the New Ladies' Club. that they did reply, and to explain the delay in the publication of their letter. Very Rich indeed ! Wages for Work done. THERE is no satisfying some people. We have just read the follow- SOmE of our contemporaries seem very much surprised that the ing extraordinary case in a contemporary:- Berwick guardians of the poor, being in want of a medical man and a There has been tried at Limerick an action for breach of promise, brought by workhouse porter, offer to the former only 25 a year, out of which Miss Kate Studdert, daughter of a D.L., against Mr. Robert Hewson. They had he will have to supply drugs, and to the latter as much as 20 with long been engaged, but defendant suddenly broke off the engagement, alleging ill board and lodging. We can see no reason for wonder. They pay the health. A clergyman said that latterly the defendant seemed troubled at coming board and lodging. We can see no reason for wonder. They pay the into so much wealth by the death of an uncle, and that it appeared to be a great porter well because he has to perform one of the most important duties worry on his mind. The jury awarded the plaintiff 2,500 damages and 6d. costs. in connection with the union-he has to keep the paupers out! Poor fellow, if his riches are such a burden to him, the result of this trial must have suggested a remedy. He has only to go on making Fourpence Halfpenny a Day. breaches of promises, and his breeches' pocket will not long suffer from repletion. Or, "another way "-ride MeS. GLAssa-if he will hand IT came out at an inquest held in Lambeth the other day that a poor over the wealth to us, we'll see that it isn't a worry on his mind any woman employed in needlework was only paid three-farthings a shirt more. He needn't hesitate, thinking it may prove a worry to us-we for making "gentlemen's coloured shirts," and that with the utmost sha'n't mind! exertion she could not make more than six a day! Fourpence half- penny a day, at high pressure, was all she was. earning from her em- ployer, a tradesman at Kennington. Men who remember that in Pah!' wearing such shirts they are wearing out "human creatures'lives" "THE child is father to the man." Yes, but why? Because of will, we should think, be shy of purchasing in Kennington course as soon as he's born he becomes apparent. F TJ 1sN.-APRIL 10, 1869. L 1/' N K THE FOUR-LEAVED " I'll seek the four-leaved shamrock in all the fairy dells, i And if I find the charmed leaves, oh, how I'll weave my spells. I SHAMROCK. Oh, I will play th'enchanter's part in casting bliss around, And not a tear or aching heart shall in the Isle be found."-Samud Lover. I) I AniUL 10, 1869.] FUN. THE BAB BALLADS. No. 66.-THE THREE BOHEMIAN ONES. (1 WORTHY man in every way Was IM. JASPER PORKLEBAY : He was a merchant of renown (The firm was PORKLEBAY AND BRowN.) Three sons he had-and only three- But they were bad as bad could be; They spurned their father's righteous ways. And went to races, balls, and plays. On Sunday they would laugh and joke, I've heard them bet-I've known them smoke. At Whist they'd sometimes take a hand, These vices JASPER couldn't stand. At length the eldest son, called DAI, Became a stock tragedian, And earned his bread by ranting through SHAxSPERIAN PORKLEBAYs), They drew not on their father's hoard- For JASPER threw them overboard. Yes, JAsPER-grieving at their fall- Renounced them one-renounced them all; And lived alone so good and wise At Zion Villa, Clapham Rise. By dint of work and skilful'plan -Our JASPER grew a wealthy man ; And people said, in slangy form That JASPER P. would cut up warm." He had no relative at all To whom his property could fall, Except, of course, his wicked sons, Those three depraved Bohemian ones'. So he determined he would fain Bequeath his wealth (despite Mortmain), Freeholds, debenture stock, and all To some deserving hospital. When Ihis intent was known abroad, Excitement reigned in every ward, And withnthe well-experienced throng Of operators all went wrong. St. George's, Charing Cross, and Guy's, A- d little Westminster likewise, And Lying-In ad Middlesex, atambined old JASPER to perplex. IBnse-surgeons, spite of patients' hints, Bound head-aches up in fracture-splints; -IA measles, strapped the spots that come, With strips of plain diachylum. Rare Leeches, skilled at fever beds, For toothache shaved their patients' heads; And always cut their fingers off If they complained of hoopingcough. Their zeal grew greater day by day, And each did all that with him lay To prove his own pet hospital The most deserving of them all. Though JASPER P. could not but feel Delighted at this show of zeal, When each in zeal excels, ere JASPER could decide, Poor charitable man, he died ! And DONALD, SINGLETON, .and DAN, Now roll in wealth, despite his plan, So DONALD, DAN, and SINGLETON, By dint of accident have won. Vice triumphs here, but if you.please, 'Tis by exceptions such as these (From probability removed) That every standing rule is proved. By strange exceptions Virtue deigns To prove how paramount she reigns; A standing rule I do not knew That's been more oft established so. What a Falling-off was there ! HERE'S an announcement of something pleasant to look forward to, for, of course, it will come from Paris to London! A tight rope dancer, named Balleni, the Great Australian Blondin, will appear at Paris, May 1st, in his grand sensational feat of falling head first from the rope, and turning in mid air. We trust that the LORD CHAMBERLAIN will extend to this man's feat the attention he has recently paid to actresses' legs. If CALCRAFT'S tight rope performance and drop have been abolished as a brutalising and degrading exhibition, we cannot see how BALLENI'S tight rope performance and fall can be permitted. A. PICIURE-DEALER'S TRANSLATION. Ars est celare artem--The art is to sell the artist. 51 FUN. [APRIL 10, 1869. Master Charlie (to Mr. Chips, who dates from a period anterior to the discovery of raecination) :-" I SAY, MR. CHIPS, TOMMY SAYS ALL THOSE PITS IN YOUR FACE ARE ONLY PIMPLES TURNED INSIDE OUT. ARE THEY " AN EXPOSTULATION. [PHILASTBR, passing 1N t- 7 along the streets, be- holdeth a constable take away a boy's hoop, and thus addresseth him :- H, dainty constable, why stoop To take away an urchin's hoop ? Are there no fierce garotters nigh On whom to. keep a watchful eye ? Are there no burglars, bound to crack A crib, whom it were well to track P Or is there left no petty thief Who's game's a pocket-handkerchief, On whom your skill you might employ Better than on that frightened boy ? T'he Constable in his turn accosteth PHILASTER_:- You'd better stop your jaw, my swell, Or else I'll run you in as well! [PrILASTrEn expediteth his departure. A VoIcE FROM THE RANK.-When does a cabby resemble a carpenter's instru- mont ? When he's a screwed driver, of course. HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. EASTER is almost as prolific of new pieces as Christ- mas; and accordingly several novelties claim mention just now. MR. ROBERTSON supplies the Gaiety with a drama entitled Dreams. MR. RonEBTsoN is not successful in dramas, perhaps because he does not consider that a drama requires the very brilliant writing which he bestows on the dialogues of his comedies; and so fails to exercise the power which almost alone makes his plays succeed. It is not entirely because he has such an admirable company to perform his pieces at the Prince of Wales's that he reaps all his laurels there. It is due partly to the fact that he has never produced anything but comedy at the little theatre. It would have been more generous of MR. ROBERTSON, if, instead of trying to draw us off the real scent by dragging a suggestion of the LAUREATE'S Lady Clara Vere de Vere" across the trail (the piece having no resemblance to that poem), he had acknowledged its real source-a story written by Mn. T. AnCHER in "The Bunch of Keys." Dramatists are not over-scrupulous whence they borrow ideas ;" but a spirit of camaraderie should have deterred one of the contributors to that volume from taking a collaborateur's ideas without ac- knowledgment- unless indeed ME. ROBERTSON felt that in adapting the story to the stage he had so disfigured it that the kindest thing he could do would be to conceal the real parentage of the maimed narrative. The plot is too slender to bear elaboration into five acts;-mn three acts, with some improbabilities and excrescences cut out, it would do well. MR. WIGAN is but ill-suited, having no opportunity of distinguishing himself save by some rapid changes (due to his "doubling "), in which MR. WooDIN woufd distance him with ease. The most prominent part in the piece is given to MR. SOUTAR, who considerably over- dresses it. MR. CLAYTON is capital, and Miss ROBERTSON is graceful, ladylike, and, when necessary, powerful. Perhaps the best bit of acting in the piece is to be found in some business between MR. MACLEAN and MR. ELDRED, which has nothing to do with the story, and like a good many other bits only hinders the action. The drama is capitally put on the stage ;-an interior at Castle Oak- wood being especially good, so good that it made ex- cusable a call for the painter, which, however, MR. O'CoNNon was far too much of an artist to comply with. AT the Globe, MR. BYRON follows up Cyril's Success with the drama of Minnie; or, Leonard's love-which is far better than might be surmised from such a title. The dialogue is always pleasant, and-especially in the third act-often brilliant; the story is simple and intelligible, and the piece is well cast. MR. CLARKE is excellent as Dr. Latimer, a crusty but candid surgeon, and MR. FISHER acts Mr. Vaughn, a gentleman of broken fortunes, as a gentleman. Miss BRENNAN is good as Dora, and Miss FOOTE admirable as Minnie-though we could wish that the appearance of delicate health, necessary for the character, had seemed more entirely due to "make- up." Mn. REECE'S extravaganza, Brown and the Brahmins, which goes admirably now, follows the drama; and we know of nothing else of the kind now running that affords such a hearty and genuine laugh. ON Monday, the 12th, Mn. PHILLIPS will read at the Egyptian Hall from the works of THACKERAY and DICKENS. Family Jars from the Virginians, and the "Death of the Colonel" from the Newcomes," are sus- ceptible of fine rendering, and should alone secure a very large attendance. "Music hath Charms." PIANoFORTES are now-a-days plenty as pitchforks in farmhouses hence FARMER SHORTHORN'S boa mot. Finding one of his best cows choked one fine morning, he exclaimed, Quite a Beet-hove(r)n night! One for his Nob. MURPHY RIOTS," accompanied, as usual, by broken heads, are again reported from the north. Well, those who will attend such meetings deserve to have to put up with the sconce-quences. ArnIL 10, 1869.] FUN. BROKEN TOYS. WHENEVER in my tender years I broke a toy of any sort, I honoured with a flood of tears The damaged article of sport. Folks told me I was very weak, And very like a naughty boy, To make a streak on either cheek For nothing but a broken toy. How oft the fleet and cruel years- In bringing pain and bringing care- Have brought me fitter cause for tears Than all my baby sorrows were. How many hopes-how many dreams 'Twas theirs to give and then destroy; How many a past ambition seems No better than a broken toy. The love that thrilled my latter teens. Appeared no evanescent flame. Soon over ? Not by any means; At fifty wouldd be still the same. Doth any glimmer yet survive To lure, to dazzle, to decoy ? No; Love appears at thirty-five As useless as a broken toy. I look on Money as a snare, On Friendship as an empty name; Of Health I utterly despair, And soon shall cease to follow Fame. Ambition once upon a time Was all my passion, all my joy ; And now- I scribble silly rhyme And dawdle o'er a broken toy. Fiat experimentum in corpore vili. THE lancet bewails the want of subjects for the anatomical schools, and among other reasons says the scarcity is due to The establishmer t of suburban cemeteries, which tempts these same friends (of the paupers) to claim and bury their dead relatives, since the ceremony is an ex- cuse for an outing or a half-holiday in the country, with copious liquorings-to drown sorrow-on the way. If we were inclined to sneer, we should suggest that the medical journal is decrying cemeteries in the interest of the doctors, whose practice has no doubt diminished since the pest of intramural interment was abolished. But we have no wish to sneer, and only desire'to point out a remedy for this scarcity. If the poor, with their usual brutal indifference for the interests of their betters, will insist on having a perverse regard for their dead (and, perhaps, some of them do not require the excuse of the death of a dear one for taking a little drink), the only cure we can see is that the Lancet people, and those who agree with them, should hand over their friends and relatives to the dissect- ing room! If the poor and ignorant are expected to do this in the interests of science, why should not the educated and enlightened do it ? Surely the maxim which heads this paragraph, is not in force in a Christian country in the nineteenth century ? The Civil Service. Now that the Ministry are taking such pains to economise in the Civil Service, we feel sure we shall gain their thanks by drawing their attention to a fact which Ms. BENTLEY advertises:- ANTHONY TROLLOPE'S THREE CLERKS." We trust Mn. CHILDERS, or some other enthusiastic economist, will lose no time in re-engaging a gentleman who at a single salary would do the work of three. In Statue Quo. Sm H. VERNEY is going to ask the Home Secretary to "place the ancient monuments now existing in the country under the protection of some authority which may prevent their destruction." If SIR HAERY means the London statues, we sincerely hope that his question has been mis-reported. What he ought to suggest is that some one should be appointed to superintend their destruction-and the sooner the better. Down Again! THE great "musical pitch" question is slowly, but surely, making its way. We read in a .very peculiar metre-ological report, Drums lowered on the South and East coasts." CHATS ABOUT MAGS. APRIL. IN the CornhllO 30a. CHAILIES RHADE's story gathers interest as it moves into the sphere-of Trades Union outrages. It is accompanied by a most un-Cornhillilike illustration. Lettice Lisle keeps up its interest. "Fifty Brides" is a worse than Tupperian version of the story of the Dfanaides. It is a marvel how such feeble maundering should have fietalt its way into such a magazine. The paper on " Modern Venetian Glass gives an account of the works of SALViATr to whose enterprising genius we owe the exquisite-and not yet in- ordinately dear; but once very cheap-examples of Venetian manu- facture, which for cdlour and grace eclipse-despite of all that is said on the other side-the more finished works of Bohemial and Great Britain. The MARTIAI? paper is enjoyable, though some of its transla- tions in verSe are painfully loose and defective. Golden Hours is too obviously an imitation 61' Good Words-and an inferior one. The leading story, "Ravens and Lilies," is an absurd combination of sensation and "goody-goody," with a heroine as offensive as an incarnate tract Sea-beach; Gatherings," and "Memorials of the Huguenot 06l'y4'in Spitalflidg;' are very read- able, and do their bestito atone for th'-" Ravings an&dSillies." MATOR GIERnNE's Recollections of India" is as -good ad'a photograph. The illustrations are capable of improvement Uidrf'ithe Crown goes on unflaggingly, and iseern to have settled .dwn to ito work:-weli' It has wisetl, abandeRd.e&any attempt at filttstratienu 1 St!- BS ul'4s, Mit. TAOLLOPE's novell appoeats' tbYdbe d awing to a cli&e. Tle' number is full of sound articles, froWi'Vhqt itis invidious It&v selet' any. for special mention. Howevelt, '~haIint A tion as a National Characteristic ".is so very good as to'desett#6 tlBrd to itself. The Overland Monthly is admirable, as usuall' Itisfit, from cotcr to cover, of most readable and varied matter: It is strMgae' that litera- ture should be: so well represented at San'Francisco, wh 5 most of us look upon as still a sort of unredeemed desert'of diggifgt Scientific Opinion is far more interesting reading for ariottasider than its title would lead one to suspect. Let no young lady, however, turn to the article entitled, "The. Heart's Interpreter" in .expectation of something tender andiraemat'iS. It refers to a machine for registering the beatofti6 'pulse. The little Elizabethan is to hand, and is amusing and interesting as ever. A Virtual "Leaver." MR. STEPHEN J. MEANY, a released Fenian convict has been showing his gratitude for the leniency which set him at large, by making seditious speeches at Ennis. He made one little' slip though! lHe reminded his friends of his position, He was virtually a ticket-of- leave man." He should have been more cautious in the choice of his words, for his words remind us that about the time of the Great Ex- hibition of '62 a STEPHEN J. MEANY was tried and sentenced for stealing prayer-books and bibles. If he is not a "ticket-of-leave" man now, he is an expired convict," and as his name is identical with that of our patriotic orator, the latter would have done well to avoid a remark calculated to lead to confusion. [ We cannot return unaccepted MSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] C. J. P. (Manchester).-We are happy to receive suggestions, but not under the conditions you indicate. NEVER SAY DIE.-Although you have 'made an effort,' taking Mrs. Chick's advice," we trust you have not yet reckoned on your chick-ens, EXPECTATION.-Shall we answer you, if our reply is "No ?" PATCHOULI.-Should never have beek scent to us. W. G. S. (Dublin).-We really cannot find room for such a lengthy pro- duction. Why don't you publish it in parts-foreign parts, say? A. S. B. (Glasgow).-1. No thanks; 2. Nicholas, Bab next but one. 3. On the wood. PIEncE.-Hardly, for you lack point. MENs.-We are getting so tired of your quibbles that we shall say de- mens directly. Declined with thanks:-R., Erith; J. L.; G. W. M., Edinburgh; G. D. I., Mayfair; E. G. W., Gloucester-place; C. W. W., Greenwich; Zaocheus; H. E. X.; Q. M. E.; F. H. h., Glasgow; Snog; D. C. L., Dublin; H. H., Portarlington; Xoff; Juvenis ; Blazes C. J. K., Ridley- road; M. M., Lambeth ;-Durham; S. J. J.; Blithers; iThomas's Tom Cat; B., Liverpool; Imenschoff of Moscow; Paddy from Cork; A Volunteer; S. T., Manchester; D. M., Leeds; Here you are; N. T. L. R., Dalston; W. M.; Rose R.; Tootles; R. F. Lancaster; Noddles; Beecham,; T. ; ,Q in a corner; Anti-spooney; G. B., Hackney.; J. K.; A. J., Amsheer; H. G. E.; Nil Desperandum; M., Hartlepool. 54 F N[AP 10, 1869. F J' "" 'I DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 109. LAST week they were at it hard and fast, SiOn the open downs, in the cutting blast. L EAI. FO, M ,R. 4I They must have a decided penchant for FARES e The pomp and the circumstance of war; i rlS o For my part, if I were a volunteer,. I should like it much later on in the year. 1.-Unwilling NAPIER a peerage bore Chiefly to honour a gallant corps. 2.-WILLIAM of Deloraine, when, with awe The body of MICHAEL SCOTT he saw, Declared that the wizard's form he found With this material wrapped around- A priestly vestment as some expound. 3.-On Russia's map if you're a peeper, You'll find this city on the Dnieper. -- 4.-Imperial CAsAR dead, and turned to clay; -. This Joint Stock Company in Rome held sway. But not for long because, you see, /r \cThe number made no company. 5.-A man so various that he seemed to be An extract, condensed on some newfangled plan, Of all humanity. Now, pray, was he The abridgment of all that is pleasant in man ? 6.-In the sky, Seen on high, ad r Portent of the weather; Foul or fine ? S -~R ain and shine There combine together! SOLUTION OF AchosTic No. 107.-East, Wind : Enow, Ascii, Sorehon, Two-handed. SOLUTIONS OF AcaOSTeI No. 107. RECEIVED MAnRn 1st: -None correct. Foiled. WE learn that Sm JOHn LAWRENCE is tO be raised to PLEASANT FOR MR. PROBOSCIS. the peerage; but will not, as was rumoured, take the title of "Foyle." His virtues are jewels that require no Street Arab :.-" HERE, GUV'NOR, LET'S CARRY ONE OF YR TRUNKS FOR y !" such setting. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. Diminutive. IN the Handbook of the Year 1868 (WYMAN AND SoNs), we have a THE attention of the enthusiastic and quill-mending chief of the fitting memorial of the industry, the energy, and the great talent of Stationery Office is hereby respectfully called to a paragraph in the MR. TOWNSSEND, whose melancholy death has occurred so recently that Madras Athenaat$m, which says- it must be in the recollection of all. In the compilation of works of An assistant in one of the public offices has very cleverly managed to compress this class he had no rival, and leaves no successor; and we trust his within the small space of a circle formed by a two anna piece, the whole of the merits in this respect will be duly recorded in future editions of Men of Lord's Prayer. To the naked eye it is scarcely discernible, but with a magnifying the Ties, a work which he found deficient, incorrect, and useless, and g.ass one can easily see and read the prayer. left complete, accurate, and valuable. The handbook under notice u Oh, 31n. GRm, only think what a saving in paper it would be to have gives an exhaustive register of facts, dates, and events. The re- this genius over here And there is so much writing done in Govern- ferences are so numerous that in seeking for a particular event for ment offices which nobody ever wants to read, or ever has to read, that instance, by turning to any leading word in connection with it, you a very limited supply of magnifying, glasses would be required for the will find indicated the heading under which it occurs. Very copious perusal of the official "minutes.' -N.B. Please accent the last appendices include matters which do not strictly belong to 1868, but syllable. are necessary to complete the work as a handbook. It is difficult-so comprehensive is it-to understand how any one can fail to be Measure for Measure. interested by so clear a record. To a large class, who have long THE noble aspiration of ROBIERT BURNs- needed such a register, it will become indispensable, and will be yearly Oh! wad some power the giftie gie us looked for with expectation. To see oursel's as others see us- Who FRANK HIGGINSON, A.B., is we do not know, for we have never is now within the reach of all. Any advertising clothier will supply heard of him before; andf to judge from his "satire," The Beleaguered "Rules for self-measure." Irish Church, think it improbable that we shall ever hear of him again. Vulgarity, bad taste, and ignorance combine with blunders of rhyme and rhythm to make this one of the worst of those dull "satires "' No Rule without an EXception. which are always elicited by a great political struggle. THE verdure of the country has an almost magical charm for the pent-up Londoner, but, strange to say, we never yet met with a cabby SUNDER THE CROWN."-A- Four-and-nine Tile. who had the slightest affection for "the green-yard." OVER COATS, 2Is. TO 636. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, 50, LTJDG-ATE KIT.II-. Printed by JUDD & GLASS, Phomenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: April 10, 1869. APLra 17, 186).] F U N . A CHANGE OF NAME. Robinsn :--" GOOD PIANO THIS OF roUns, RACKET. BROADWOOD P " Racket :-" IT WAS-IT WAS ; BUT IT HAS BEEN SO OFTEN TAKEN FOR DEBT THAT I CALL IT COLLARD AND COLLARD NOW.7, CHATS ON THE MAGS. "ONLY A WOMAN'S HAIR." APrIL. A SONNET. London society is weak in its illustrations this month. The picture An, ie! how sad the recollection seems I! to "Ambigu" is unintelligibly bad, and the portrait of Princess A cloud on the horizon of the past, Louise is treasonable, as it represents Her Royal Highness with a Which ever through this weary time must last, terrible swelling of the lower jaw on the right side. The instalment And overshadow all my fairest dreams of M or N" Is good (does MR. WHYTE-MELVILLE know, by the way, We two had wandered beside summer streams, that it is "N or M" in the original P), and there are one or two Our love-or so we thought it!-true and fast. amusing papers, and some pleasant verse by MR. SAwTEn. The paper Alas what fond illusive visions cast on American University Customs" is well worth reading, the A glory over life's now ruin'd schemes! American character comes out so strongly in the readiness of the youngsters to snatch every opportunity for "orating." It is painfully O, dear lost love! O, joy for ever fled I characteristic when it mentions that at the "town and gown' rows at 0, bright hope vanished into dark despair I Yale revolvers were used and on one occasion with fatal effect. Another 0, wondrous tresses on that lovely head! bad sign is the systematised and general attempt by theft or bribery 0, blessed curl that next my heart I wear I to get hold of examination papers. At English universities, though of 0, would that I-unhappy man !-were dead, course here and there a man will crib," any such wide organisation Rather than know that she had dyed-her hair ! would be impossible-as it should be at places whose boast it is to rear gentlemen. The best thing in the Argosy is "Jerry's Gazette," in which Johnny Ludlow is very hard upon a most infamous system. Hare-brained. "An incident in the Life of Lord Byron" should not have been WE congratulate LORD ELCHO on his selection of the month of reprinted, as it is not in any way vouched for, and, indeed, bears the March for the introduction of his "Bill about Scotch hares." He stamp of fiction on its face, and should not, therefore, be produced as if should be created EARL orF MARCH (hares) in the Scotch peerage. a valuable addition to the stock of Byronic history, to which the COUNTESS GUICCIOLI'S recent contributions have drawn new attention. The magazine would do better without such art as is to be seen in the Literary Memrn. frontispiece. So much discussion has been excited by the suggested alteration of THE St. James's is an average number this month, as far as literature the musical pitch, that a new organ-we mean a paper-will be esta- is concerned. It is, as far as art is concerned, a curiosity, for it con- blished to afford field for the debate. It is to be called The Musical tains, in the illustration to No Appeal," the worst picture that ever Pitch-in. appeared in a shilling magazine-which is saying something. On the whole, the St. James's would be better without its cuts :-they cannot Great Guns. induce anybody to buy it, and they may frighten off some folks who WE see a good deal of discussion going on about the "Fraser guns." might be inclined to do so. Well, guns may be good phrasers, but we should like to know how they The London completes its first volume very creditably. will speak to an enemy, when required to do so. TOL rX. A6 NB [ApmL:17, -8M9. F.UN OFFICE, Wednesday, .Apil.1 4th, 1869. HE curtain will shortly Cieseend on -the -successful drama of "Enfranchised Erin;~.or,TEhe Reconciliation." Despite.,all the grumblings, and the threats of opposition in another house, in the great theatre of the people, there can be no doubt,tbat the hero of -the piece, MR. GLADSTONE (his. original character), aided by his esquire, MR. BRIGHT (his first appearance in the; part, 'will lead EnRm to the embraces ,of her elder sister. BITMANIA. But-we-must not, as candid critics, withhold our praise from the;:artists .who'have nothing to do at this crisis of the piece, save toistand as 'supers at the wings, carrying a banner with an exploded inscription; while the principal performers monopolise the. applause. MR. uDmusEl----%whose services in organising and drilling (not to say edue6t. g) erowds of country gentlemen, etc., is universally admittedi.tobeharivalled- has a claim on our sympathies. He does-not. liketheapieeiand,:esihe has no longer the ear of the management, he can onlystazidiy.andvwatch the success of others, not apleasant-,tasnfEonaewho;basonce-"'done the leading business." IT is to be hoped that the 'Volunteers willtakeo.to'heart the candid criticisms'which ithe bad&weathereof the Easter.Review day extorted from.:the various :newspaper, correspondents. -Nathing but the ex-, asperation produced by-such a day would have elinitedmnch unpleasant; truthsfrom those amiable gentlemen.; to whosewioedumcde rosereports as much as to anything, elseis .due thdilaxity whi&htlhas ibeenwso-armly:. censured. But now.thatthe catiisout .of the.bag,.letrus.hope that the' realhbrain and sinew ofthe Volunteermovementwilllbefdevoted to com- pelling her to jump in the right direction infuture. It'is-hardto condemn a multitude for the:laches of aniinority; :harder stillhtofind fault with it, when it puts.mnp-with hardship sand foulweather-for no particular personal ,advantage. The Voluiteer force has -the very strongest vitality, or-it'-would'not haveisurviled-attacks-from without, and,,worse still, bad influences fro6vithin. Thatrnoble spark of life must not be permitted to be snuffed out by a damp journalist, or a crusty ex-military, for faults which are due rather to. weak .officering than to want of the requisite pluck, endurance, and discipline of the main body. THE pleasant coaching times are not to be altogether lost to us yet, despite the opposition "of railways. They can annihilate Time- almost; but they cannot destroy some of the jolly things of the past, at least while the race of gentlemen, who can afford to indulge in the honest passion for a spanking team of four-in-hand, is not extinct. Those who prefer the cheerful road, and the spirited nags, to the monotonous cuttings and embankments, and the snorting and sul- phurous engine, can have a spin to Tonbridge this spring; for a four- horse coach will start from the White Horse Cellar at ten o'clock every day on and after the First of May, and take them through pleasant Surrey and beautiful Kent to the place of "Pantiles." For such a journey both a good driver and a good team are necessary; and MR. HoAnt will supply both requisites, or we are much mistaken. Cutting a Shine. THE sudden collapse of the princely-establishment kept up by MR. BENJAMIN HIGGS, of-Tide End House, Teddington, late Clerk of the Great Central Gas Consumers' Company, with a salary of 400 per annum, has naturally created a nine-days' wonder. Itis evident that the worthy in question was unable to "sink the shop" (although he appears to have done all that lay in his power to swamp the concern) as, in his private life he was essentially-to use an expressive Ameri- caniem-a "gassy "'man. Warmth from the Stars." AN interesting article on this subject lately appeared in the Daily' News. An illustration in point occurs to.us. It is well known that' the renowned T. P. BARNum is a "-warm" man, may not this be traced, in a great measure, to a "bright, particular star "-JENNY LIND' ? "TELL ME, MARY, HOW TO WOO THEE." MAn : Show me that -you are worth a clear thousand a year, a brougham, and box at the Opera and--I think you'll do! NOT TO BE TOLERATED, ON TER. BRXAKPAST-TABLE OPFA THOROUGH SPonRTSAN.-"Potted" Game. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 110. 'TwinL vanish, men.say, as the shell From the sand in-theface of the storm; If-wishful to,live,iftwere well They organised needful reform. 1.-A pleasant-sight upon the country aide, Men saw and honoured it both far'and wide. Its name brought. thoughts of.fish-andflesh and-fowl, The well-filled beakerand the: lowing bowl. They also knew, but:perhaps I've saidenough, In combination it showe; sterling t~iff. 2.-In various ways it is spelt, I think none so good now as.this, And I never heard thatit smelt Any worse, -were its vowels amiss. 3,-I rose, I wentdown to the club, I dipped into bitters anashery, A most impecunioussub . I tried, butinevain,-tdobeamerry. IFor,ilo !'in the'distance I-saw This'wretchtalking-wildly of sueing, I can't face the arm of thalaw, And so go on vainly renewing. 4.-The athlete loved it in his youthful prime, And bounded o'er it in thessummer time; Ah, me! that one day when hegoes to rest, 'Twill lie so long upon-his maIny breast. A5,-ANmaEON complained, sweiAow, In'blassic strains long yearzSgo, That he could sing-of ihisAine, -A godwho fillsapleasantAbmone. SonrImoN or AceosTiwWo. 2108,&-.;airor F eals:irow,-A-ena, Idol, Rope, Orestes. Con ecrSommrions op AcnoswToU'No. 108,.BaBrvmAa *.7-_.PretjtyWaiting- mnaid; Two Enterprising Earwigs; RubysOhaost; Slodgerm e WaTi.;.eJ. 0. P.; 'Prior; East Essex; Captain; Sleepy Peter; Con; Mur;4JLindaPr.inaes.; Pimlico Tom Cat; Arundel Owls; Another Pompadour. Vicarious Poisoning. IN the early ages, when KING EDWARn was wounded with a poisoned weapon, his faithful queen extracted the poison by sucking the wound, and saved the monarch's life. We manage these things better now. The advance in science enables us to kill others by ourselves taking the poison which should destroy them. At least, that is the only solution we can find for the following statement in the columns of the IllustratedLondon News:- "Lord Coventry lost three of his best hounds on Saturday, by eating part of a ,poisoned rabbit." If LORD COVnxTRY, by eating part of a poisoned rabbit, can. cause the death of his best hounds, but escape 'unharmed 'himself,' -such a -pro- ceeding opens a new vista of possible 'crime in the form o6f-vicarious poisoning. -We trust the new invention may be extended in a more humane direction. What a blessing it would be to mankind if Alderman Gobble, by partaking plentifully of the Mansion House banquet could satisfy the hunger of: several poor families. Could'Te; but'hear such welcome London News we don't carethow soon we, see it "illustrated." Astrological and Logical. MR. GREGORBY the other evening, presented a petition to the House of Commons from Benares, in India,,prayingfor a. repeal of illaws that prevent the peaceable practice of astrology. Would it not be well to pass an act repealing all such laws as far as Benares is con- cerned, and providing a free passage to that happy spot for all who, prattise the precious art in London, and rob and deceive servant girls and other ignorant folk P Oh, -Gore-acious ! A FmiA' toast has been discoveredrin-Eyrone, which'hs a:enrieus mixture of fury and folly in it. It expresses a desire to see a building .ten miles long erected of Protestant .bones, ".thatched with ministers' skins, andwhitewashed with .their .blood! No one but an Irishman could possiblyhave suggested -that the building, should.be whitewashed red! "Wholesale .Butcheiy. WHEN would the times be out of'joint F-When all -.ho.hadar-teak in the country-foundian, enamy seizing onthe chopa of the.Channel. F U N C-APEIL17, 169 Iv1111/1, M 1 ~7j 'FYI> 2 w- A POOR PART IN THE PERFORMANCE. D.scontented Super (Mr. 1*sr**l*) :-" THIS IS PRECIOUS UNSATISFACTORY WORK FOR A PARTY WHO HAS BEEN ACCUSTOMED TO THE LEADING BUSINESS. I HOPE THERE'LL BE A CHANGE IN THE BILL SOON !" *^ i F TN. LIFE IN LODGINGS. XVI.-'LODGEBRS (continued). W- AE .are in exalted lodgings now, if you please. s A small town under one roof .is the best definition of such a palatial hotel as the -Great Westnorthcrossgrolangcan. It has its police-about as efficient-as the ordinary Scot- land-yard emanation, who-if you are robbed- S"have information," and'are" on the track." It has its Local Government, which is horribly supercilious, but, as a rule, instead of being a board of old, women, is a matronly Lady Mana- ger. It even has its railway; but the steam I engine is perpendicular, and makes a lift in- stead of a line. Such an hotel often changes hands. The wild visionaries who start it, drop it like a hot potato, occasionally, and others coming bywhen the heat is out of it profit by it. It comes under the title of Lodging House very strictly, because certain classes use it regularly at certain periods and for a consider-! able length of time. That most mysterious season of all seasons, The Season," brings high tide to the hotel. Other seasons varytas we have good reason to know, for Antumni takes: up so' much ofethe space belonging to Winter sometimes, that Winter has to take alb tbe bedclothes 'off Spring to get;his 'fair turn-in; .as, the:Spring of 1'860 can testify. But if early roses are nipped in the Spring of '69, and crocuses doi't show as they ought, while snowdrops are altogether at a discount, the invariable Season of our hotel, governed by the Session of Parliament, which is the sun that warms its system, comes round with the regu- larity of the taxgatherer. The gentleman who figures in the initial is sure to be at the hotel. VOYCLIS VOAT, EsQ., M.P., must be at his post to bear his share of the Atlantean load of Popular Government. Mas. V. V., and the young V. V.'s, male and female, insist oh it; and he can afford it-but prefers to stay at an hotel. A town residence would not suit him, and would offer temptations to his wife and family, so he takes his pleasure -and business-sadly at the Great Thingumbob (a term by which we will,, if you please, designate the. sesquipedalian-subject of our notice). VOAT is a' most harmless duffer in the House. The whip of his party loves him; for he knows he has no- opinions, and is always ready to go into the Lobby to which he is ' halloed. He may be a prosperous manu- facturer, or an old country gentleman-we only know he is a staunch adherent, and that he makes his family happy, spends his money, and does his duty with the least pleasure to himself and the greatest com- fort to every one else. This is MoNsIEUR CHosE. He is ddeorS, and wears his little bit of ribbon constantly, without being in the least conscious that lots of English people fancy it is only the lining showing. Why does he come to England, and live at an expensive hotel? Upon my word, I don't know; especially as every Englishman vows that Paris is such a delightful city! To judge from his tight- fitting costume, an aspiration for freedom is f not .the thing you would suspect him of. No! He is'looking after an English mar-: riage, I fancy. He wants to wed one of our blonde "meeses "-not because he is in need of money, but because he likes our fresh, honest, 'English' heauty. He is S a standing protest against the sweep- Sing condemnation of English girls, which an Englishwoman was spiteful Enough .to write, and an Englishman fwassilly enough to. admitinto. a high- class paper,.underthe, coatchpenny title, of "The Girl of the Period." Here you..have the girl of a very much .other period. This is the DOWAGER LADY PDICHR. She nipsher- S "self and her household during the rest of the year in order'to cometo towi'in' .C,, the season. The trial of the manufc- turer of'Beauty-for-Ever was a cloud Sto'LADY P. The incarceration of that / most necessary personage made there ladyship undecided about her periodical visit to London, until she reflected that "Dear LADY ROUGEBISMUTH must necessarily have found a substitute; for the children (by complexion) of RACHEL could not afford to waste time in weeping for their mother. So hero is LADY P. again, delighting society, and worrying her lay's-maid into an early grave. Bless her ! SNOBxnI, the great manufacturer! To balance him, we will have MR. JERUSHAH P. WAUKSHARP, Of Smartyillo, Mass., U.S. It is a .pretty confmast. SNOBKIN is slow and solid. WAUKSHAnP IU go-ahead and gassy. Old SNOBaxn is one of a long line of SNoAXW, distin- guished as manufacturers of -anything you like, by wa of particularising, from to irnclads. He has moved , along like an elephant with capital. The Trades Unions, ,and the difficulties thence arising, haveuscarcely pene- trated ,as yet to that inner ( A shrine inihis.takull, where, ', V / if anatomy is to be believed, his brain is 'situated. But he is warm-very warm- -y f and will leave so : much warmth behind:im.nAhat- not to name his eldetst on, w1ho inherits, the business, as a noble's son'itakes . athe title-his family generally, reared though they havaebeen in a hothouse, will not suffer from" a 'decline of temperature. On the other i hand, JEausHAH P. WAUKSHARr started in.lifo,' with- .out a cent. In England, when a man begins life on three-halfpence and makes a success, he is so proud ,of his comparative singularity that you never hear the last of it. In America, the r- thing is so common nobody.,boasts of it. ,Indeed, some people say that to judgevfrom theomajority - of society in New York, such a rise must be almost the ,uile. So it is impossible to say whether JEmUSHAH P. WAUKSHARP was a newspaperiboy or a shoe- black. It is scarcely less difficult to say what he-is now. He may be a genuine capitalist-he may be the embodiment of a company of shrewd Yankees-or, he may be an impostor. At any rate, he makes the money fly, and can talk a donkey's- nay, an elephant's hind-leg off. At present he is ventilating a project for a Joint Subernubile Railway between Chicago and London. We can only select one more sample from this great Hotel-hive. It is the HoN. AND REV. ALGER- NoN REREDOS-a gentleman every inch of him, and rector of a small, country parish, with a good in- come. He is about seventh from a peerage, so he is well connected; and as he keeps three curates, in e order to conduct the service "properly," he may well be allowed to run up to town in 'season to see his relations. But he does not'idle even 'when in town; for though he goes to LADY MOUNTBANO'S receptions, he assists at a favourite church in town on Sunday, and does a little district-visiting in the morning. It might almost be supposed that he went to her ladyship's balls as a penance, 'for he never dances save once a-year-not because he disapproves of it, but because he does not like it. .But once a year he leads out his headnfarmer's 'wife in a 'quadrille at the Harvest Home, which 'he has con- verted from a vulgar debauch into a.pleasant asao- ciation of all classes; and which, by his 'presence among the workers, he connects 'in their 'mmndwith !a recognition of :the Great Source of -plenteous harvest. Does anybody grudge this simple, earnest, hardworking gentleman a little holiday among .his 1kith and kin? He never grudges anyone 'ele ia 'holiday-indeed, would give the wofkin-clamseos .more recreation-days if ,he could. 'He is, -very likely, '"over the heads" of his parishionars,:butlhe has,' somehow, found his way to their'hearts; 'and they-are guided more by thelatter'than:therf6=wrm . Wh!etherhe everdreams in his remote village:of 'beconmingia:bshop, thanks' to his- connections, 'I cannot say. If he doos, I have::no 'oubt he chalks'eout for himself -an active career, no less than 'he county on the season inown. 'But theporterof'the Gredt Thingumbob Hotel has ihad.hismus- pieions' roused' by the' earnest way in-which'we hawve'eyed the-ldgers of that vast caravanserai, so-we had:better retire. A LrroTToA FAoT.-The EncroachmentoftheJ ea. 17-, 1869.] 62 F U N. [ArIL 17, 1869. S-- AFTERNOON TEA. R AFTERNOON TEA! Well, I'm bound to confess, O After thinking it over I really can't see Si Any fun in the fashion which makes us think less -- "- Of our dear fellow creatures at afternoon tea. SThough the hostess be pretty, and as to her wit J Though none would acknowledge they didn't agree, No charm in the world would persuade me to sit For her sake to do penance at afternoon tea. If a man has a room in which mortals can dine, And another for revels of Terpsichore, He has hardly a right to save victuals and wine By the mockery hollow of afternoon tea. When after a battle with beauties we toil To get at the ices and find they are wee, We turn to the sweeties and thoroughly spoil Our dinner by flirting with afternoon tea. A bass with a bellow which threatens the roof, A terrible tenor with chest and with C Should alone be sufficient to keep one aloof From the musical honours of, afternoon tea! From sofas and lounges, with petticoats full, Fair Beauty would doubtless be glad to be free; SLittle folks fond of flirting will not get the pull S_ I Over rivals or mothers at afternoon tea. r a The men stand in groups pretty close to the door, e owA seat is quite out of the question you see, ti-anlAnd on all the men's faces we recognize bore," --t'Tis a word not uncommon at afternoon tea. _ciAfternoon tea! 'tis a folly and snare, And if you are wise you will listen to me, n dAnd in spite of such feminine tact pray beware Of the empty delusion of afternoon tea! Poissons d'Avril. To land a pickled salmon one would naturally use a "rod in pickle," but how, ye Piscators, may a smoke- PANE AND GRIEF. jack be brought to bank P Bough Humanitarian (w~o has run up against enraged glazier with disastrous consequences :-- 1x'S A PRECIOUS UNGRATEFUL COVE TO ABUSE ME LIKE THAT PARDON TmHE BULL.-Prisoner's Base.-The released FOR REMOVING A PANE FRIOM HIS BACK Fenians. sHERd E, TaE, AIDn E. Ma. J. L. TooLE, with his detachment from the Queen's, is drawing A E wE, uM A L mEs large houses at the National Standard Theatre, where Dearer th-an Lsje AT Drury Lane we have Mn BAtWid BERNARD'S version of Lot is received with enthusiasm. fie8rables in The Man of To Lives. The adaptation is tolerably suc- cessful, the last scene, with the building of a barricade, being very Single aen, pay-hew Evermore be Happy ! effective. The weight of the performance falls on a. DILLON, who e is scarcely equal to the occasion. The opening of the pantomime of M HENRY MAVHxw-author of "London Labour and the London Two in Boats follows as a pleasant change after a gloomy story. To Poor "-has invented a new button, called "Mayhew's Patent Clamp those who have not seen the exquisitely pretty scene of the "Flowery Button Fastener." Seeing that needles are perfectly needless for Dell," we can only say, "Go and see it," for it is one of the most setting it on, we suggest that The Bashelor's Button would be a charming things we remember to have seen. more flowery and equally appropriate name for the invention. THE Christy Minstrels, who have been all the way to Balmoral to see the Quxxw, present a most imposing appearance. Christy Min- Germane to the Question. streldom has indeed flourished. In the old days half-a-dozen darkies YET another Polar Expedition is being fitted out in Germany. It or a dozen at the most, sitting in a row, was considered the proper may be noticed as an auspicious fact, that it will have the benefit of complement. But at the hall in Regent-street, over which waves the experienced services of Captain Kold.-way. triumphantly the banner of St. George, may be seen no less than the experienced services of Captain old-way. twenty coloured gentlemen in twenty chairs, and as if this were not Perish Sav(el)oy sufficient, they are backed up by as many more to assist the vocalists eish av(el)oy! with harp, violin, double bass and drum. The art of part-singing, AN eminent statesman was once nearly saying "Perish Savoy!": and, indeed, it is an art, seems to have been carefully studied by The judging from recent disgusting revelations, the cry from the poor of Royal Original-dreadfully obnoxious word, we are aware-Christy London should be-" Perish Polony-a! Minstrels. The body of voice in the choruses is magnificent, and such "pianos" and "fortes," such a power of "ensemble," and such tricks All my Eye. of harmony, could only be given by a trained and skilled band of A HUNTING FRIEND does not appear to think that at Spring-tide musicians, When Ma. BRENEmi sings "Blue-eyed Violets," with its Nature puts on her loveliest. He tells us that the hedge-rows are fast hushed accompaniment of voices, the audience begins to look down its becoming "blind." nose, but the moist drops disappear out of the corners of eyelids when Ma. WALTER HOWARD sings the "Wild Beast Show," and imitates "PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE." the Fair showman with proper force and action; and the indefatigable WE would remind those whomay contemplate following this "tip," bones-Ma. HAaRY LEsLI-mystifies the audience with a wonderful of MR. RwADe'S that to personate a voter is a penal offence. genealogical mystification. A jig by Ma. LINDSAY, a ballad by Ma. BERNARD, the author of the troupe, a harp solo by MR. POLLOCK, and the A BAD INVESTMENT. great burlesque of the Very Grand Dutch-8 which simply intoxicates A BA V MZ. the shilling gallery, are the other noticeable features of a varied and WHAT sort of ham is most like an ill-fitting waistcoat P?-A West- admirable entertainment. failure. SArPmIL 17, 1869.] FUlN. A SLIGHT MISTAKE. HE gallant of Guzbury- 'phoole Had only just come from school, I 'froFor his pa was dead; S -w So he-in his stead- 'Was Sim. Gu r- Guzbury- phoole. although very young, To knightly pro- prietyclung. SoSo his armour he donned- -- Forth quickly he wonned, As has oft of knight errant been sung. "The regions all round here," said he, I from all sorts of monsters will free, From giant and dragon- And broomstick with hagt on- And all the had things that there be!" Forth went he-with warrior-like front, Till hea heard a most terrible grunt! When it struck on his ear, He levelled his spear And advanced to the battle's fierce brunt. And his lance-never sullied before- Was bathed in an animal's gore, But 'twas only a pig He happened to dig, Though he thought-'twas a bore-'twas a boar! And the village rose up like one man- So SIr GUMPTIOUS like anything ran, And got out of the way, For they swore that if they Could catch him, they'd close his life's span.. Said he, "From fierce monsters I tried To deliver the whole countryside ! For a small slip like that, If such games they are at, I had better take care of my hide!" So he kept to his knightly abode- On no further adventures he rode, But paid for the pig- Took to smoke and to swig- And" The country," said he, "may be blowed! " Coming the Old Soldier. THi forgery of assay marks has formed the subject of criminal proceedings in Birmingham, or rather Brummagem. The charitable public must be on their guard-people who can forge Assaye marks will find little difficulty in turning out a crippled Waterloo veteran, or a battered old salt purporting to have seen service at Trafalgar or the Nile. To Bed! To Bed! Wims should the Egyptian tourist seek his couch ?--When he has the catameacts of the Nile in his eye! Further Patti-culars. ADELINA PATTI is making such a stir in the Russian capital, that it is not improbable that it will be re-christened St. Pattisburgh. A THOV-uGHT ANENT AN EASTER TR .--Cure for a nipping wind.-A nip. Mcxm fby our Parisian Attachd).-WmnH makes the swell-the want of him the woman. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. THE fortunate editor of the Gastronomical Art Journal acknowledges the receipt of larded capons and cases of wine "sent for review." Weo taste the pure wines of Greece at second-hand only through the pages of Mn. DENMAAN'S Pure Wine and How to 1Ktow It, a very useful little treatise on a subject of no slight importance to the invalid. If Comeo be only as sound as the arguments-if Mount Hymet be only as clear as the style-and if Kephesia be only as dry as the perusal (without a running commentary of the vintage that is)-of this small work, the wines of Greece deserve the recommendation they receive in its pages. "Honour among publishers ought to be as sound a maxim as the current one which has reference to the mutual good faith practised in another line of business. Unfortunately, it does not always hold good, as is evidenced by the publication of two editions of the Hans Breit- maom ballads. In this instance, it is not difficult to decide which issue is the genuine. MESSRS.- TRUBME. undoubtedly were first in the ticklish experiment of trying the English taste with the peculiarly Germano-American dish prepared by Mn. LELAND. It was their personal acquaintance with that gentleman (mentioned in a protest put forth by MESSRS. TRUBNER) which was probably one of the chief in- ducements to the experiment. They claim that by the courtesy of the trade their edition should not have been interfered with. Such a rule deserves to be respected by English publishers, (whatever Americans do), especially when, as in this case, the profit is shared by the author; and we trust that Mn. HorTEN, who published so many good works is not anxious. to make a reputation by infringing this tacit understand- ing. He-has shown an unworthy haste to avail himself of the expiry of the copyrights pf English authors by publishing a cheap edition of the first series of HooD's Whims aud Oddities, although the authorised edition is still part of the only property their author had to leave to his representatives. He did not forget to complain when others pub- lished ARTEMUS IWAim's works, and should therefore practise the rule he propounds. The new Breitmatnm Ballads are to the full as funny as the first series. Hans Breitmann, as a Politician (which, by the way, is two-thirds copyright indisputable of M-ssas. TitvNERn) is very funny indeed; but there are some funny philosophical bits in the Christmas series. The dialect is particularly easy to master; but, nevertheless, we doubt whether the ballads will be enjoyed by "the general," much as the-select few may appreciate them. [ We cannot return unaccepted MSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] JoHN HARRIS (Haverfordwest).-We must decline to enter into the question of what you call previouss wrongs with you. CROGUET.-We could not lay our hands on the book. It is published by Cox, of 346, Strand. HENRY the VIII.-An evident Hal-lucination. NIL DESPERANDUM.-WO should not print the "joke which concludes the following letter, did we not believe that the amusement afforded by the latter would compensate for the dulness of the former. We have only to add that the epistle is genuine (as are all communications noticed in our answers), although it is almost too funny to be fact-not factitious. "Southampton-street, London, April 1, 1869. SIR,-Never have I through the whole period of my professional experience seen such ungentlemanly conduct on the part of one whose duty it ought to be to show urbanity tothose whom he comes in business contact, as I did on taking up your paper this morning. With regard to the insinuation which you throw on my composition, I beg to say that it is infinitely better than yours i.e., your reply to my letter. "But I have a firm conviction if you knew to whom you wrote you would never speak thus. For three long years I have been trying to get into a place In Litera- ture but without success, but when I think that all great men began like this I am inspired with an enthusiasm which effectually surmounts all offending elements- know you that Tennyson the poet Laureate took 10 years of hard intellectual labour before his intrinsic talents were recognized. If you think that by returning such answers to my Contribution, you will deter me from writing to you in future, I beg to inform you that you are mistaken, for if I had to write to you hourly during the wholt period of my future existence, I would willingly do so (the though that I am being wronged makes me a Poet). ".Why you should maintain such a cynical disposition puzzles me for in evening parties as a clever young fellow I am allowed by all to be pre-eminent, the only reason I can assign for it is jealousy. If you are a Cynic, then I am a stoic. "I should be going against my conscience, if I were to allow your conduct to go unheeded, but nith all the provocation I have received am still willing to forgive. "Let the past be buried in Oblivisn and a fresh era commence. "In reading this letter, I trust you will look at the intention, which pervades it, and not the mere words inwhich It is expressed, "I do sincerely hope that next week will find the following inserted, and if not at least politely discharged and not blighted. NIL DESPERANDUs. A solitary mnooner at the Polytechnic, whilst listening to a lecture on Astronomy was so transported that he paid no attention to mundane things, an expert thief who was present took the oppornity of picking the gentleman's pocket, and pro- nounced the proceeds to he starring. Declined withthanks :-Dava; B. E. B. S ; S.LN E .E.,Bas- bury-terrace; J. ., Liverpool; Dick J., Belfast; L., Portland-place; J. W., Geswell-road; H. G. F., Dublin; J. B., Hull; M. D. Lond.; Tea-zer. __ FUN. [APRIx 17, 1869. \ .i l A DAY IN DIRTYSHIRE. Very nice country-especially when you have to stick at a muddy corner while the huntsman is drawing cover, close alongside of CAPTAm CooLMAN's old mare, who no sooner sets her foot in a puddle than she begins patwing like mad. TRUE POLITENESS. LAY siege to the heart of the maiden you love, And, after the manner of noodles, Pen poems, and style her your darling and dove ; Pay court to her brothers and poodles. Give presents, and when you are scorned and refused, In a way that you cannot think flatters, Say sweetly, as if to such things you,were used, You don't think it anyway matters. A pic-nic get up for a party of swells, And after you've floated the bubble, Get cut by the fellows, and snubbed by the belles- And thanks, if you can, for your trouble ; Reduce your finances to much below par; And then, as if nothing alloyed it, Stand up unabashed, like the hero you are, And swear that you've really enjoyed it. Go bond for the chumn of your bosom and youth, Accept all his bills and professions- Believe in his friendship, his honour and truth, And lend him one half your possessions ; And when (as a matter-of-course, 'twill befall), You're diddled and done beyond measure, Assert to have shown him a service at all Has brought you the greatest of pleasure. Give glorious dinners, send out and invite Your friends, and do" all that you're able To make your cuisine give those present delight, And when, as you sit at the table, You're badgered and sneered at by each who sees fit, Why, vow, as your heart-felt confession, That, truly, their exquisite manners and wit Enchant you beyond all expression. Put faith and your money in railway or mine, Believe with respect to directors, That honour and M.P. must always combine; In the conscience believe of projectors; And then, in the hour when you find that you are A beggar, with pleasant persistence, Protest that it is, you are certain, by far The happiest of all your existence! A Utilitarian Age. IN former days much was thought of "The Automaton Chess Player;" nowadays, people set far more value on a "Mechanical Chimney Sweep." A Musical Grievance. EvEN a pianoforte with the most perfect repetition touch has its drawback-the performer is, of necessity, subjected to an encore. BOYS' SUITS, 16s. To 45s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL. BROTHERS, 5so, .-cUDC-AT T131 . Printed by JUDD & GLASS Phoenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Dvctors' Commons, and Published. (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: April 10 1869. APrIL 24, 1869.] FUN . THE GREAT SMOKING-CARRIAGE QUESTION. Little Snob :-" BLOW THESE HERE RAILWAYS AS HAS SMOKIN' COMPARTMENTS. IN THEM AS HASN'T, A MAN CAN ENJOY HIS 'BACCA .ANTD EMALE SOCIETY SIMULTAIN'OUS. Now, IP I MEANS TO FULLER UP MY CONQUEST, I MUST SACKERFISE MY SMOKE " VELOCIPEDEI THE human race now-a-days only gives heed To one great desire and longing for speed- Velocipede, velocipede! Honesty dies in the rush after greed; Trade has become but a fraudulent weed, Velocipede, velocipede! Girls of the period, having no need, Paint as the hags do, just running to seed- Velocipede, velocipede! Parliamentary candidates, hot to succeed, TUse wholesale corruption from Thames unto Tweed, Velocipede, velocipede So fast is the age that the parsons, indeed, Exaggerate, each one his several creed, Velocipede, velocipede! Of success at aquatics, men seeking the meed, Or of honours at college, to health give no heed- Velocipede, velocipede! The finest horse going is turned to a weed Because much too early they urge him to speed, Velocipede, velocipede! Spoiling true sport and destroying the breed,. To see such sad mischief done makes one's heart bleed- Velocipede, velocipede! And yet there is hope that, with lightning-like speed, Reform in each quarter at length will succeed- Velocipede, velocipede! - And that all who are honest in word and in deed, Of their talents and labours will gather the meed- Velocipede, velocipede! IN what county are the greatest number of people born F-In Beds. CHATS ON THE MAGS. APRIL. Tinslep's nroves on well under its new editor. The paper on " Music Halls is worth twenty times the price of the number: it is excellent. The monthly part of the Young Ladies' Journal-the first we have received-surprises us. It is very well illustrated, and the literature is wholesome and sound, while its especially feminine element of needlework, fashions, et hoo genus omne, are-we have it on feminine authority-beyond praise. We can therefore safely commend it to those who to say nothing of the cheapness of the publication-do not care to have their womankind supplied with periodicals that advocate tight-lacing, or beautiful-for-ever-ism. Belgravia is amusing. We welcome with pleasure a series of papers by MR. N. A. WOODS, of the Times. The Overland Monthly is still as surprisingly good as ever. An Unincorporated Society is absurdly funny, in spite of its reminding one of DE QunrCY. Good Words is pleasant in its verse, and plentiful in its illustrations. The leading stories are fully up to the mark this month. The Sunday Magazine is more than ordinarily good. The City Man," who is rapidly becoming a "feature" of the 8. M., is par- ticularly strong. The pictures are as admirable and numerous as ever, that to a Sunday in Shoreditch" being especially characteristic and powerful. The Atlantic Monthly is noticeable for two very good stories-" A Strange Arrival" and "A Ride with a Mad Horse." Its more serious papers are clever and interesting. In Our Young Folks-excluding of course Mn. ALDMCH'S admirable " Bad Boy "-the best thing is "Tom Twist," with capital illus- trations. The number, as a whole, is very good. We have also to acknowledge the receipt of the Ladies' Treasury, Scientific Opinion, Science Gossip, The Naturalist's Note Book, Le Follet, The Gardener's Magazine, and an excellent Good Words for the Young. VOL. IX. 65 FUN. [APRIL. 24, 1869. 66 66 DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. III. AAMWEEK ago, how we did shiver Before the wind that KINGSLEY hymns ! Now in full sunlight's golden river The happy world enchanted swims! We missed our Winter- Spring we miss; And headlong plunge at once in this. S'fPUN OFFICE, Wednesday, April 21st, 1869. 1.-His art the music-critics may call vicious; IIE ,irst iddleiftfifmn ciers, our present Premier, has a promising But then, by Jove, his waltzes are delicious. pupil in Mabter~Iewe. As that young gentleman goes through his part, asaltdd *iby Master BImt r, with the two partners, 2r--In Bahia Miss CHILDn US of the Admiralty, and Miss OCAeWELL of the You will seen Wa' Office, whose low estimates of. themselves are -so modest anad River called the San Franoilco. becoming, it is scarcely to be wondered at if he receives warm prices When close by it for the way in whidh he has mastered the figures. -You espy it- - Well may Master WADn HRUrr, who' is standing out this time Orf Geographiam" say" disebl" course, being at the side with Miss DisAEnI,idobk enviously.'on.the. 3.-It seemsva contradiction-bit performance of his- rival. H&eis aIittle too pondetoad'for such gaefdo YontyVes to see. this must be-ihut. work; and his partner's frHe lieasrather in thedoi ble shuffle. like the sond; 4.-1 caiAft-sayil like the souid; 1.&tt _.t-so people say- Ma. GRAvEs's scheme of cheap postage for papers has-much to. Itt ehe soldier's bosmba aid, commeld it. But it must not '-for one _i tant be '.iiistaken for -a Andmnerves him for the'fay. "popular" measure. It will confer no boto on the Wr6king-classes,' A asic battle's awful riskittoe weeten, who seldeal or never receive a paper -y.i pn t, as cou*pared with the It:eafesi battualled,'s though fts akwaysbeaten. middle an d upper classes. -And -there is. this, torbeorged agai ait it- that the letters which 'we transmit by. postitte not- so very efibieA y 5.--If it were my post delivered that we dare tax the machinefyfurther. -We grantihat 'To do this to a ghost this should not be the case, but until our.iit.t-pot in.made peifecti it. (Which it.is not like to bg) would be absurd to make any addition to-esfiltain. 1VLht us begin the I should order him to dbl reform at the. right end, and, by-and-by, v eo-hhall have cheap news-; For of years a myri-ed paper-postage. Begin with that, and we shl ;hatteletter-postagein a At the bottom of the Red-4ted:Sea ! more hopeless muddle than now-which is udlesinie.%We want in the 6.-It is not this, and it is not tha Post-office the reverse of what we want in West,-ezgaTBvernment OfficesIt is not this, and it is not tha --iberality, not economy. Not that we wadtit1hAer-salaried clerks; Oh, it is not one of two!t. -But it stands for a noun, thont*! Jrs r&baut. bntw e-hould give more to the real workers,' on 'whom- especially on Does this-erbum sit-,, n yuif postmasters-the: additional business entMed' by savings-ban s and dog-licenses should .confer a rise of pay-1-but' has not yet done so. SOLUTION or ACROSTIC, No. 109. Easter mview : 'Enginceer, When we have reformed abuses, MR. G(nBAEs, we shall be glad to talk Amice, Staroi-Bikhot, Triumviri, Epitome, Rainbow.. about improvements. CORRECT SOLUTIONS OF ACROSTIC No. 109, nRECIman APRIL l4th.--NNeiland'Louie; Nik6 Apteros; Chipping Podgbury; Lindis; Prior; Pompadour; Old 'Cider Eye; IT seems probable, to judge from the'hot water into which book- D. E. H. making has got him, that MR. W. HEPWORTH DIXON may in future mind his own business-which is to, edit the _Athenmeum, and is not to War or Peace P do catchpenny. EENST CouNT VoN.KENIZ, in the advertising columns -SECRETWY Cox says- so we learn from an American paper- that of the Atheneum, gives its editor the--"ignorance" direct, .to put it PRESIDENT GRANT has determined to send Quakers to deal with the mildly; and only recently Dn. BALL in the House, and the American Indians; and will soon appoint prominent members of that society as *Minister at Newcastle referred to statements of Mn DIxoN's, that superintendents and Indian agents. This is very hard on the red involved awkwardnesses out of which he could not wriggle save by the man I After trying to demolish him with soldiers for ever so long, disingenuous dodge of making New America. his standpoint for re- now the Americans mean to set the men of peace at him. He might butting charges directed against Spiritual Wives. Perhaps his latest get the better of the warriors in a fight sometimes; but if he ever exhibition of bookmaking is his worst. In the Athoenaum's "Weekly beats the broad-brims at a bargain, they are not true descendants of Gossip" we find that "we -i.e., Ma. H. D.-- Fox. Notice a change of text on the very first page, which seems meant as answer 'to a query-put to the author in more than one quarter. The workinow opens thus: "Haf a'mile below London Bridge, on ground which was once a bluff, commanding Making History. the Thames from St. Saviour's Creek to St. Olave's Wharf, stands the group .of IN a recently published work from the pen of Miss BnADrooN we buildings known in our common speech as the Tower of London, in official phrase as y pu se wor rom e pen IS ADDON we *Her Majesty's Tower." The words in Italics are added in the new edition, find such a curious fact in history that we must quote it. In de- What a defence of a claptrap' title! If Ma. Dixon -were going to scribing a series of ancestral portraits, Miss BADnnoN speaks of- write a history of any particular man-of-war, would he call ,his book Soldiers who had fought at Bosworth and Flodden ; cavaliers who had fought at Her Majesty's Ship Our common speech," which is not good Worcester; and travel soldiers and loyal gentlemen who had helped to beat the enough for a DIxoN, is more correct than his acquaintance with rebels on Marston Moor. "official phrase." It is time MAI. DIxoN returned -to his "critical" We had ever been under the impression that the battle of Marston duties, and relieved some of the other poor old ladies of the task of Moor was one of the most fatal defeats the royal cause suffered; reviewing books that they cannot understand-the Bab lallads, for and one of the greatest victories the rebels achieved. The lady instance. novelist, however, no doubt expects the same complaisance from facts as from men-they must give way to her. LADIEs so frequently travel alone on the Chatham and Dover line, Victrix causa diis placuit, sed victa Braddoni. assured of the courtesy and care of the servants of the company, which are proverbial, that we feel compelled to give them one little warning. When they travel on Saturday afternoons, it may happen that they -Razor'n an Objection. will have to change carriages at Herne-hill ;-in which case, if they AN order has been issued permitting the metropolitan police to wear ,are bound for stations beyond Sydenham-hill, they will do well to see moustaches and beards if they choose. We have not yet heard how that they -have lighted lamps in the carriages in which they travel, or the announcement has been -received in the select circles- or perhaps they may be in total darkness in their passage through the tunnel, we should say areas-in which our gallant constables move. For our Nothing, of course, but an unexpected pressure of traffic on Saturday part, we cannot help thinking that the wearing of a beard- however afternoons could cause the station-master to forget to see that the pleasant it may be to abolish the razor-might be found inconvenient lamps were lighted. But as pressure of traffic is possible now -that if policemen ever engaged in rows. But then we are repeatedly -Spring is coming on, "the unprotected female" will be the.better for informed that they never do! our hint. The' Service is .going to the deuce TERM FOR PEOPLE WHO QUARREL IN THEIR Cups.-Can-tankard-ous. WILa it be credited that at Dover on Easter-Monday.experiments A THOROUGHLY INDEPENDENT MAN.-One who depends on an inn .were made with a ".flash-system of telegraphy ? for his living. N.-APBIL 24, 1869. \ -~ 'I I' I ~ ~~7??~/A-,- / '~~~V~'A ~ / ~'-. GOOD AT FIGURING. Mr. Gl*dsn (Professor of Deportment):-" THERE, MY YOUNG FRIENDS! SEE HOW CAPITALLY MASTER LOWE GETS THROUGH HIS FIGURES !" FU Ill e PRIr. 2 1869. -; I' r -- T. ..r i -' ..I ".' '- k ',, ." Aegm 24, 1869.] FIJ N 7N BLACK AND WHITE. ACTI'. SCENE 1.- Loom in Miss MILBURN'S 'House, in the Island of Trinidad. Evening Party going on. 'Adelphi guests as per usual. iEnter MIss' MILnun (an heiress) and'Msas. PENTOLD, her friend. Mbts. P.-Miss Milburn, whyso sad? Miss. M.- Sad F? Ah, Mrs. Penfold, if. you had danced with Maurice, Count de Layrac, at Paris, as I did last year, you would be sad. MAs. P.-Does he 'then dance so badly? Miss M.-Badly ? He is a Vestris Mrs.' Penfold, I love 'that man! Mls. P. (eoldly.)-Oh. Is that quite compatible with your engage- ment to Stephen Westcraft, a rich planter ? Miss M.-It is-quite. Listen. We flirted at several balls, and when he learned that I was going to return to Trinidad, he promised Sto be present at my birthday ball! 'bMs. P. (coldly.)-r-Ah. You've been going it, you have. Miss M.- Of course he did but jest. Mins. P.--Well, I think I'll go. I never thought much of you. A young heiress of tender years living alone in Trinidad, and. giving parties on her own responsibility, like the heroine in the Great Gity, is hardly a proper acquaintance for any lady who respects herself; and I can only say that the opinion I had half formed concerning you is strengthened by your disgraceful behaviour, not only with Count .de Layrac, 'but also towards that very worthy and good-looking young planter Stephen Westeraft. Good evening. ["Exit. iEnter STEPHEN WESTCnRAvT. 'STEPHEN (to'Miss M.)-Won't you dance with me, dear ? MissM.-No. STEPHEN.-My pet, is 'this quite .kind ? Come, in a few short days you will be my wife. Let us make the most of the happy present. 'Miss M.-No, I shan't. Get away. STEPHEN.-Why this singular coldness, darling? bMiss M.-Because I prefer to dance with- [Enter SERVANT. SEnVANT.-The Count do Layrac! [inter the COUNT DE LAYAc. Miss' M.- Good heavens, 'tis he! COUNT.-Miss Milburn, you invited me to your ball. I am here. Miss M.-And have you come all this way to see ne ? CoUSNT.-Solely for that purpose. Miss M.-Mlaurice! My own Maurice! [Throws herself into his arms. STEPHEN. -My own, I don't want to appear inquisitive, but I should like to know towhom I am indebted for this affectionate behavioni towards my affianced bride. - CouNT.- Impertinent! SrEPHEN.-Nay; chide me not thus hastily. COUNT.- Take off your hat in the presence of a. gentleman. [Knocks it off, hy way of proving what' a gentleman.he (the COUNT) is. STEPHEN.-Really- CoUNT.-You can send a friend to meat my hotel to-morrow. STEPHEN.-Come, come-I'm not annoyed. COUNT.-Coward! [.Enter DAVID MICHAELMAS, the COUNT's Servant. DAVID.-Sir--a woman, named Ruth, wants to speak to you. CoUNT.-Oh, impossible. Miss M.-My Maurice wanted by a woman ? And he told me he had come here only to see me ! CoUNT.-Good-lead on-I'll follow. [Exit. Miss M.-Fury! Maurice is going to keep the appointment. I'll follow. [Exit. STEPHEN.-My affianced bride going to wander through the woods at dead of night, after this affectionate Count! I'll follow. [Exit. SCENE 2.-Interior of RUTH'S Hut. RUTH (a quadroon) in led. -Enter COUNT DE LATYAC. Cor NT.- What can this Ruth want with me ? Miss bM. (appearing at sferet door).-What can this Count want with Ruth ? STEPHEN (appearing at hole in roof).-What can Miss Milburn want , with the Count ? RUTH.- Count de Layrac, you are only the adopted son of your reputed father. COUNT.- Ha! RuTH.- You are my illegitimate son, and a slave! Flee this island ereit istoo.late ! Miss M.-A slave ? And I thought him a Count! Oh, horror! STEPHEN.-A slave ? Then he can't marry my darling. :A ray of hope illumes my black, black sorrow! RuTH.-True, my master, Mr. Brentwood, gave me my freedom before he died-but no one knows where he placed it. This is the only clue 'to its-hiding place (reads from proper) "In my room in the old wing, six along, three across." [Dies. COUNT and Miss M.- Ha! STEPHErn.-Ah! [Tableau. ACT II. SCENE 1.-The a-arket Place. Enter DAvm -and PLATO, a Negro capitallyy played by bIR. BELMOnE). DAVID.-I have determined to find out the key to this mystery. " The old wing must mean a wing ofithe houso in wMch Mr. Brmt- 'wood lived; "my room," must mean the room he occupied. Come, come, I'm no fool! (To PLATO.) Do you know l Sratwnod house. PLATO.-I present my combliments to you, sao L Yes, I know it. DAVID.-If you'll show me the way to it I'll give you, a sovereign PLATO.-I present my combliments to you, sat r! Certainly. [ExentL -Enter STEPHEN WESTCoAuFT, meeting COUNT Du L A-rAC. COUNT. You here, you scoundrel! -STEParE.--Oh, I'mn glad I've mot you, because I want to give yon back the cane you left behind you last night. CouNT.-Hound! STEPHEN.-Come, come-this is strong language to a Plantua, from a man in your. position! COUNT.-What! STEPXEN.-Pardon me; you are, I believe, a slave by birt CoUNT.-Liat! [Smacks his face. STEPHEN (thoroughly roused).-Ah, now you've gone too far. (To Slaves.) Seize him-he is a slave, and ho has struck me 1 COUNT.-Fury! [Tiny seie Aim. STEPHEN.-Give him a beating. CoUNT.-Let me go, devils! [They are about to strike him, when s Miss MILurm rushes fn at the prighit moment. 'She throws herself between the CorNT and his assailants, who qudil; thewhole forming a strikingly novel andi effective tablau. STEPHEN (weakly).- Oh, of course, Miss Milbumrn, if you object I won't beat him. (To CouNT.) There, go away to prison, and don't do it again. ACT III. SCENE 1.-The Close4 Room in Brentwood house. Cobwebs *everywhere. The hangings are mouldy, the furniture is rotten, and the whole scene conveys -a very fair idea of a room that has been closed for thirty years. It also conveys a fair idea of a luxurious Adelphi boudoir of the pre-ToM-TAYLO period. En'er DAVID through window. DAviD,--This must be the room. Now then, "six along, three across "-it must refer to the pattern of the hangings. (Counts.) One, two, three- one, two, three, four, five, six! This must be the police, and as I live, here is an opening in the wall! And, as I live, here is the letter! [Takes very seedy old letter, and exit through window SCENE 2.-Interior of-the Prison. Enter Miss MILBURN and the PRovosT MArtSHAr Miss M.-You say he is confined here. Oh, lot me see him! 1'. M.-Certainly. [Opensmeell door and lets the Couer out. Miss M.-Maurice I COUNT.-Loved one! [They embrace. -Mrss M.-You are to be sold ,by auction to-day; unless you are pre- viously disposed of by private' contract, and Stephen is determined to -buy you-but I will outbid-him. [Enter STEPHEN WaZcaArr. STEPHEN.-Now really, my afianced one, you shouldn't hugslaves like this. It isn't consideratestowards me. Miss M.-IMonster! You intend tobuy him at the auction; but I will outbid you. (To CouN-.)e ''Come away and be married! COUNT (to STEPHEN).-Reptile [Exeunt .Cor'o r Bnd h ss 3L STEPHEN.- This foolish girl must not be allowed to commit herself by marrying a slave. She will be cut by everyone if she does. She loves me no longer, yet I should betaorry to let her take such a fatal step without stretching outta hand to save her. I will buy him by private contract! Any sacrifice to save her! [Exit. SCENE III.-The Market Place. Enter COUNT DE LAYRAC, Miss MILBURnN PnoVoSTr aRs&s., and Otherx. Miss' M.--We are marriednow, and I, am happy!' ALL.-The sale! The sale ! Miss M.-Don't tremble-I will buy you at any cost. Enter STEPHEN WESTCRArT. STEPHEN.-Not so. He is mine. I have bought him by private contract! COUNT.-Ha! Agony! STEPHEN.- Come with me, if you please. Miss M.-You 'would not separate us. STEPHEN.-You wrong me, I would. Come ! Enter DAVID, breathless, with letter. DAVID.-Stop! Here is the letter! ALL.-Read it! P. M. (reads.)-This letter contains Ruth's freedom! CorNT.-Then I also am free! My own wife! STEPHEN.-And I am foiled! I did my best to save the unhappy girl, but it was not to be 1 CURTAIN. 9 OURSELVES.-A good, though rather conventional story. Thereislittle attempt at clever dialogue; but the action is smart, and never hangs fire. Altogether, however, it is hardly worthy of the two clever gentle- menwho are responsible for it. It isverywell acted-particularly byMl. FECHTER, ]MR. BELMORE (excellent), MR. ATKINs, and Miss CAwnrTTA LECLERCQ. The scenery is good, though rather highly coloured. ThIe second act should have been (as we give it) in one scene instead of three. 72 F T1 N. [APaI 24, 1869. THE POET'S DRAWBACKS. is a pleasant place, we all are well aware; The only drawback to the job con- S- sists in getting there! You live on milk and honey- and on gold in that abode; But must have ca- pital to pay the turnpikes on the M road, And besides to be a -.~ -. .poet you will find there's but one plan- If you'd prove abac- And,-. ocalaureate, don't be a married man. Forifyou'vewifeand family; they're always at your Hanging on until r'/ your coat tails A /' stretch, as they N were like to crack. A And i you have to A make your choice at last: 'tis-will you (there's the rub) Give society a but- terfly-your little onea no grub! For poets will some- times o'erlook-I speak in solemn verity- Their immediate de- scendants while they'rewriting for posterity. The lark can soar to Heaven-andthen drop into its nest. But you're no lark, my poet-friend,- with wings you are not blest: fortune to attain Parnassus' crown The thoughts of home mayn't ba- lance the fatigue of coming down. And the comfort of --- your family 'twill --- somewhat tend to flummox If-though you've bays upon your brow-they've nothing on their stomachs. Besides, you want your dinner as you climb the rising road, And the butcher's bill's not settled just by making it an ode. So, if you've not the wherewithal, best let the bays go whistle, And, like your humble Pegasus, content you with a thistle. It may seem rather hard, of course, with an unjaundiced eye, To see men, scarce your equals, toiling upward, pass you by. Don't envy them the yearnings, though, that onward bid them roam; There's no diviner instinct than the love that leads one home ! And he's no fool who children, wife, and household blessings chooses, Not the company of Phoebus and the nine blue-stockinged Muses. Ah, if you take my counsel, my ambitious friend, you will Aspire to nothing higher than the top of Primrose Hill, Whence looking at the reservoir, where water on is laid, Be thankful if the quarter's rates (and taxes) are all paid: And if your children all are well, your wife in health and strong, Thank Heaven you've not by suffering been cradled into song ! If history's page nor tradesman's book bears record of your name, Rejoice to think your credit more extensive than your fame. So come, friend, write your copy-take no heed of sneering fellows, You've exchanged divine afflatus for the common fireside bellows, Wherewith you make the kettle and the homely pot to boil, And so support your family with honest humble toil; Which is, mayhap, far better than to sit with laurels garish- On Parnassus, while your family's supported by the parish. WHAT'S ON THE WALLS? THE Society of British Artists is steadily improving its exhibition- a fact which some critics, always going in the same groove as that wherein they started, would do well to recognize. The walls at Suffolk-street this year are laudably lacking in those gaudy works that seemed designed with an eye to the teaboard-manufacturers. [It is not out of the way to note, en passant, that the old "teaboard" style somewhat lacks application of late, owing rather to the improve- ment of teatrays, however, than of pictures.] There are names in the society which alone would ensure a good show, and the Hanging Committee has exercised a wise discretion. Among the landscape- painters MR. WALTERS, MR. H. MOORE, and MR. G. COLE decidedly bear off the palm as members; MR. HATES, as always, is unapproach- able as a marine-painter; and MR. BARNES sustains-and more-the credit of the society in figure subjects. Among the outsiders, we recommend the visitor to look up the pictures of MEssRs. O'CoNNoR, V. BROMLEY, HEMY, NIEMANN, and HERxOMER; although the selec- tion by no means exhausts the list of worthy works. Ms. WARLLS, in the French Gallery, opens an exhibition of French and German pictures, which has seldom been equalled. He has chosen to give a large number of excellent pictures, instead of subordinating a quantity of mediocre works to the effect of one sensation canvas. Where all are so exquisite it is impossible, within limits like ours, to attempt to define; but we may remark that it is a collection which it would be a sad pity to miss seeing. Folkes-tone and the Public Voice. THREE children, aged respectively eleven, eight, and fourteen, were charged the other day for stealing a shillingsworth of rape greens on a. farm near Salisbury. The prosecutor did not wish to press the case, being only anxious to stop such depredations. LonR FOLKESTONE, after some not very wise remarks, wished to fine the children 20s. and costs each, or a month in gaol! Eventually, some of the other magis- trates protesting, his lordship allowed the child of eight years to be discharged. Of course, the brats had no right to steal; but a scolding or a whipping would have been sufficient punishment, whereas a month in jail would be disedifying education. They manage these things better in France "-and really FOLKESTONE is so near France that if hewould only go there, no one would miss him. The Velocipede Mania. WE have received a number of a New York "periodical, of the period," styled The JVeocipedist. It is chiefly to be noticed for giving what it calls "a selection from the responses to the call of the Boston Transcript for "a rhyme for velocipede." The "selection" includes:- Horse to feed, Mossy meed, Loss indtes1, Chance to m ed, Dolly Reed, Loss o' speed, Glossy steed, Hoss I lead, Bossy feed, Fo-sil, heed Saucy steed, Loss I heed. If this be a "selection" of the responses to a call for a rhyme to velocipede (of course, we mean a trisyllabic rhyme), what must the others have been from which these were picked ?-there isn't a single rhyme in the selection! Notts- so bad! THERE is every reason to believe that MR. DISRAELI is still engaged in completing the "education" of his party. An item of provincial news states that in Nottinghamshire- The young wheats have changed colour, but no apprehensions are felt as to any harm done to them. Harm done to them Not a bit, rather the reverse in our humble opinion. Arnm 24, 1869.] F UN. A B C. BY OUR OWN CYNIC. B C the old man teaches,- "Silly pedant, trusting youth, Practise what the teacher preaches, And you'll find it's not the truth. S Crooked paths are best to follow, I Life goes topsy-turvily, - Though the world is round, 'tis hol- low, This is plain as A B C. Take a boy with birth and breeding, Faas ie out his line of life, Ru inng papa is "bleeding"- * Wanton means the same as wife. Jewish palms are very greasy, Pretty trade-is usury, Fun is free and ruin easy As the letters A B C. Never trust a woman surely, When she's true she's not herself, Plotting she looks down demurely- Give her china, she'll have delf. Treat her tenderly, she'll find you Trust in her implicitly, Then she'll hocus you and blind you. Please to mind your A B C. Makdehcr wife, and ever reckon On a round of bills and bliss. She will come if you but beckon, When you wish it, she will kiss. Years may pass without undoing Nuptial felicity. Still 'tis true when you were wooing, She was loving A B C. Pause at that initial letter Which you point to-letter A; Would you make him wise or bett ' Both? Well, here's a simple way .3) Tell your tale and mind dilate you On its eccentricity, Then when he has learned to hate you He will know his A B C. MORAL. By our Advertising Agent. Nola Bene :-Mr. Preacher, Would you have the world to know You of alphabets are teacher ? Here's the dodge for doing so I! (Five per cent. to your adviser) And next week, shall-thanks to me- The A B C Advertiser Advertise your A B C. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. MEssRs. CxALEsi AND Co. have recently issued a most successful series of photographs of the Tableaux Vivants lately given at Rutland Gate *for the .benefit of the "Distressed Irish in London." The Tableaux were wrxanged under artistic supervision, and the photographs do such authority no discredit. The picture of the "Children in the Wood" -ain which the actors were the young LoRD S-ANDvs and Miss BARNEs, .the daughter of one of our most noteworthy painters-is undoubtedly most successful. The least happy is that in -which a lady was by some oversight permitted to challenge criticism with the unfortunate title of The Sleeping Beauty." We have only to add that the portefeuille of photographic pictures is sold for the.benefit of the. charity. We cannot see enough merit in Aecrostics from Across the Atlantic to justify the expenditure of good paper, printing, .and binding. MR. W. C. BENNETT'S Contributions to a Ballad History of .England fails because the ballads are attempts at the old style, and as a natural result are mere spurious antiques. Salts and Senna is a good name for a dose of would-be satire, that is only childish physic-nasty and weak. "Our Military rCarrespondent." WHAT funny notions "officersand gentlemen" 'have. A short time since we had from the Toronto, Lader .a very plain and succinct account of the assassination of a young officer at Quebec. Some cor- respondence which takes place in-a contemporary,. devoted to the, services, winds up with a letter of this sort. The writer first of all abuses all newspapers for quoting from a "suspicious document," meaning the Toronto Leader, a recognized colonial -organ. Then he! pitches into two previous writers. "A Civilian has called attention" to the story, has recalled an 61d blackspot on ther'egiment inculpated, and not unnaturally asked what will be done ? For this, our military scribe abuses him, but no less reviles another writer who, as an "Ex- officer" of the regiment, seems to have entered into its defence without a thorough appreciation of the maxim qui s'ecuse s'ause, 'ae." Our, military scribe having done this, proceeds to "defend his dead friend's; memory "-by mere vague expressions of opinion; and winds-up (after having bullied the Ex-officer for not giving his name) with the simple signature "M." We know nothing of the merits or demerits of the case; and can only hope, for the honour of the service, that a better defence will be found for the assassinated officer than the silly and incoherent bluster of a shadowy M." We are only desirous of pointing out to "officers and gentlemen" that there is a right and a wrong way of meeting allegations made in the columns of news- papers-and ;that M.'s" isnot the right-way. We Doubt it. FoR the future it will be optional with the Metropolitmn -police to wear beards and moustaches. Will the chaffing young London shavers, on this account, find their occupation gone? RECiTATION FronRHE AMPHIBIOUS.-"My name is Narwhal." HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. ON Monday, the 12th instant, Mb. P. B. PHILLIPS gave his reading from the works of THACKERAY and DicKENs at the Egyptian Hall. A large and critical audience approved the justice of the opinions which have already placed him in the foremost rank of our readers. We are rejoiced to see in his success hopes for the revival of a quiet and natural style of reading; which has been lost since the last time THACKEeAY lectured, and which the exaggerations of our BELLEWS and the artificialities of our D'OnsEys bid fair to render extinct. Higgs higg-sit. THE annual hneeting of the shareholders of the Great Central Gas- Consumers' Comlpany-lately brought into painful notoriety by the doings of Hiads, of Teddington-is fixed for the 30th of April. It should have been on the 1st, we should say, in compliment to the Directors.', It is to be hoped that unhappy shareholders have not been anticipating a large dividend :-it would, we fear, be a case of count- ing on their chickens before the higgs wore hatched. [ We cannot return unaccepted JSS'. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a-stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for leos.] F. G. C. (Regent-street).-If the series is no better than the first sample, you would, by sending it to us, be merely wasting pence on a bloated Revenue. R. S. R. (Fowkes Buildings).-If you had read your FUNx you would have known better than to sendus such a joke on such subject; and would have complied with our rules as to the return of rejected MSS. SINODA-Adone, you reverse of an Adonis. ' A. P. (an aspiring School Boy) should get FUN for November 21st,-if he has not got it already, as we suspect. G. B. W. (Oakley-street).-Before you are critical of other people's grammar, look after your own. The provincial journal you quote was correct -punctuation is not an inevitable necessity of grammar. D. SHARP, who subsequently calls himself "A Drone" must belong to bagpipe music, which does not harmonize with us. E. (Brighton).-Not up to the previous mark. A CORRESPONDENT who signs with the whole alphabet might have put that body of letters to better use in the body of his letter. P. (Barton Moss).-We do not remember the sketch to which you allude. H. (Symonds-inn).-Can't see our way to working it out. 3.'G. G. (Glasgow),.-Thanks. Declined with thank :-T. E. 0. II., Edinburgh; J. S., War Office; F. Woolwich; Subscriber, 'Cardiff; C. W. W. C.; W., Eaton-square; J. W., Camden-road.; W. W. RJ., Manchester; Incognita, Highgate; E Camden- squareP., Laughton; F. C., Liverpool; W. B.; Hard-up Undergraduate; W. S. .; Old Bobby; H. G. E.; H. R. K.; Morocco; Blow-up; S., Fulham-road; B. T.; H, H., Tewkhesbury; 0. P. S.; L. V. K.; Snawker's Gal; Pattypan; J. S., Leeds; Valladolid; Tootles;. N. W., Liverpool; Snooks; Jobbernowl. 73 FUN. [A.Prm 24, 1869. THE NEW MEAT MARKET. "DoES not a meeting like this make amends "-to some extent at least-for the painful old traditions of Smithfield F We do not mean the stakes of the martyrs, but those living steaks, which, when the poor cattle were tortured in the old market, were'bruised and beaten before their time. The Dead Meat Market is an example of the law of Nature, that when the dumb beast suffers, the wrong extends to the human beast who ill-uses it-or allows it to be ill-used. Unwholesome meat was the result of tortured cattle. Now we have not only animal pain spared, but animal food bettered; and more than all, the detection of those scamps who do not scruple to turn a penny by sending dis- eased meat to market rendered more easy and certain. Let us fill high a bumper of beef-tea, and pledge in it the prosperity of the Dead Meat Market at Smithfield! TO THE ANCIENT GRIDIRON OF THE SUBLIME SOCIETY OF BEEFSTEAKS. "On April 7th were sold the furniture, plate, portraits, &e., of the Sublime Society of Beefsteaks, founded in 1735. The great lot of the sale-the old gridiron -was knocked down for 5 15s., to Messrs. Spiers and Pond."-Daily paper. ALAS, we cannot put a skid Of Time's revolving wheel the tire on! And so away your time has slid, Grid- Iron! Far greater relics greater bid We well might spend, did we desire, on. We might have bought a pyramid, Grid- Iron! But, ah, the steaks, which once you did! The steaks which have you placed the fire on ! Let the world lose you ? Heaven forbid, Grid- Iron! Should such an implement be hid- Which had steaks, sung by poet's lyre, on ? Those who'd permit it should be chid, Grid- Iron! Oh, come to Ludgate Hill, then, (id Est, that hill's foot which rails environ) Of thoughts of humbler spheres get rid, Grid- Iron! No more by you shall be bestrid 'Yon hearth, which ashes now expire on! Go-go your laurels rest amid, Grid- Iron! You've seen good service! Take your quid Pro quo- be gazed as ancient sire on! The Silver Grill's to you a kid, Grid- Iron ! Different Hues. 'l E Metropolitan Board of Works have failed to make good their charges against MR. HUGHEs, accused of misappropriating their funds. This termination of the trial seems due less to Hughes than to the abuses in the management of the Board's accounts. They have, in fact, lost their money not because offices of trust were HUGHES-full, but because their holders were ornamental. SUITS FOR ALL OCCASIONS, 42s. TO 114s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, so%, I3D-.A.T HMILL. Printed by JUDD & GLASS Pheaix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Dectorf Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: April 24, 1869. I 74 i - # I MAY 1, 1869.] FU N. 75 THE BAB BALLADS. No. 67.-THE POLICEMAN'S BEARD. O search throughout the human kind, I'll undertake you will not find A kinder, softer-hearted boy Than gentle-eyed POLICEMAN JOY. He sickened at the sight of sin, And sought a hallowed refuge in That haven of unruffled peace The Metropolitan Police. "Here," thought the gentle-minded lad, Protected from examples bad, And far removed from worldly strife, I'll pass a calm monastic life. "For wicked men, with nimble feet, Avoid the good policeman's beat; And miscreants of every kind Disperse like chaff before the wind. My beat shall serve me, as, I'm told, Grey cloisters served the monks of old; A spot convenient where at ease, To ruminate on vanities. "'Twill be, on all material scores, A monastery out-of-doors, With (here it beats monastic shades) A good supply of servant maids." Nor did his hopes betray the boy, His life was one unruffled joy. He breathed, at Government's expense An atmosphere of innocence. Vice fled before him day by day, While Virtue often "asked the way;" Or beg he'd kindly leave his beat To help her cross a crowded street. Where'er he went 'twas just the same; Whene'er he whistled, Virtue came; And Virtue always found him near, When she was sent to fetch the beer. 0 For Virtue said, "That gentle eye Could never compass villany. A DON GIovANNI none could trace In that fair smooth angelic face!" And Virtue guessed the simple truth, He was a good and harmless youth, As simple-hearted as he looked, His inside places Truth had booked. But, ah, alas! as time rolled on, LIEUTENANT COLONEL HENDERSON This order to policemen gave, All Constables must Cease to Shave " The order soon was noised about, The prisoned beards broke madly out. And sacred from the morning knife, They revelled in a new-found life. Moustachios, freed from scissor-clips, Poured madly over upper-lips; Or curled themselves in either eye- They breathed the breath of Liberty ! How fared it with our gentle boy, That tender lad, POLICEMAN JOY, Whose eye recalls the mild gazelle ? Alas with him it fared not well. That peaceful chin-those chubby cheeks, That mouth that smiles, but rarely speaks, Now wear by HENDERSONIAN law, The fiercest beard you ever saw ! It spoke of blood-it spoke of bones, It spoke of yells and midnight groans; Of death in lonely robber-cribs, Of poignards stuck between the ribs! And Virtue, timid fluttering maid, Shrank from her gentle boy afraid; And took him for-I know not what, At all events she knew him not. Attracted by no whistled air, Shy shrinking Virtue took good care To see the boy was no where near, When she was sent to fetch the beer. And Vice that used to run away Would now take heart of grace, and say A beard that twirls and tangles thus Must appertain to one of us!" He brushed it often-combed it through, He oiled it and he soaped it too; But useless 'twas such means to try, It curled again when it was dry. Well, Virtue sadly gave him up, Vice proffered him her poisoned cup, And thus good, kind POLICEMAN JOY, Became a lost abandoned boy! A Poser. FROM OUR SPORTING CONTRIBUTOR. "SUPPosING," says the bard, "that I were you"-and next he adds, on reflection,-" and supposing that you were me "-then he continues, after indulging in this poetical license with LINDLEY MunnA, Sup- posing we both were somebody else "-But the problem is too dis- tracting to be pursued further. What we would add is, Supposing you were me, and were reading a knowing sporting paper, why wouldn't you be me, and why must I be you Because o' Tissue I VOL. IX. r-U.- 76 6 I ; -I -- , 'THE 'CRECT CARD. Morning Callcr:-" Is Mms. BurrLas AT HOME? TAKE IN MY cARD, PLEASE ! Intelligent Slavey :-" YES, MISS, SHE'S HIN--BUT WOULD YER MIND TAKIN' 0' THE CAinm IN HERSELF, MY 'ANDS IS SO WET " UUNS OFFICE, Tednesday, April 28th, 1869. HE experienced Acrobat who last year drew such .crowds by his daring performance of "A Leap in the Dark," has been of late compelled to spice his entertainment more highly a trifle. A rival troupe has been commanding such good houses, and has lately made such a hit by the balancing of PRorEsson LowE, that the great DIzzy has been driven to attempting "A 'Leap for Life." He hopes by this to eclipse the efforts of the opposition company, but we shall be glad to hear that a feat, fraught with-such danger to himself, has been put a stop to, if not by his friends, by the proper authorities. THE Chancellor of the Exchequer -has been so very successful in giving the House one surprise, that he was tempted to try the manoeuvre on again the other night with reference to the site of the New Law Courts. His position was something like that of the pro- prietor of the chameleon in the old poem one learnt at school. He let the advocates of Carey-street and the Thames-Embankment fight about it to their -hearts' content,.and-then- He oped theabox-amd,.lo, 'twas white!" Both sites were very well in their way, but'he had a'better-still. 'But MR. 'Low must be careful not'to wear out this pleasant little artifice. We shall get rather tired of a Surprise Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, as a child wearies of a Jack-in-the-Box after a time. 'We admire his undoubted talentxso much that we should regret to see him pEAY 1, 1869. 'DOU'B'L'E ACROSTIC, No. 112. THE British rate-payer may thank His stars he's got a man Who'll stick'to money in the bank, Nor-spend on foolish plan. She money:that we're forced topay iFor this, there's one as good. For half the money,-let us pray The Commons understood. 1:-She-was lovely, was divine, One great charm -was, I opine, That this most bewitching dear Had some'thousands'ten a year; 'So 'twas hard in vulgar verse Her sweet praises'to rehearse, Speaking of a "buss "-a kiss, :And he really called.her this. 2.-The schoolmaster made the boy hammer At syntax and hard Latin Grammar:; 'What wonder, I'm sorry to state it, -He-said in his Latin I hate it." 3.-The lady with calm, satisfaction looked down, On the bright hues that pleasingly shone on her gown; She thought how much labour perchance had been spent On the texture, but she might have rested content; And known that a mighty machine, with small loss Of man's time, ran the threads, running in this across. 4.-If I were a mighty bird Living'here, as I have heard, I would steal a little child From'its mother, have it "biled"; Till so tender it would feel, Eitted for my evening meal. SoLUTION or AcosrTIO'No. 'l10.-House, Lords: Hall, Otto, Usurer, Sod, Eros. CORRECT SOLUTIONS Or ACiosTio No. 10, TsCEIrvxn 21st ArP L. -T. Butcher.; .yde and. Ellis; Annie,. Leeds;-Old Maid; Pompa- dour. Jet-some. A LAPIDARY of our acquaintance says that the gas companies are quite right-considering their blackness -to talk of their lights as gas jets. exchanging the post of a big gun for that of a pop-gun. And apropos of guns, we incline to think his removal of the tax on hair powder a mistake. Unless he wishes us all to wear white hair, we can see no motive for the emission, while the tax on the use of armorial bearings is retained. The latter is in many cases a necessity, but powder is a mere fiction of fashion. WE shall have Tramways in spite of the opposition of the railway companies, and the ill-odour in which Train's abortive attempts involved the system. The Southern side of the Thames, which is so heavily taxed by the confederate railway companies, will before long have a remedy in its own hands, for the trams ;may be extended indefinitely into the suburbs so soon as they have proved that they are easily and safely worked. When the distances become considerable, cheap light traction engines, constructed like vans, so as not. to frighten horses, without whistle or smoke, might take the place of the team; and then we should have a veritable People's Railway "-cheap, safe, and expeditious. No one 'will regret that the days of Railway mono- poly are numbered. :Deflnitions. THE proprietor of an'state'wliich'he has let on building lease is a ground landlord. It is hardly necessary to 'define to any one who is acquainted with the poorer districts of London what a ground tenant is. The only oddity is that very often.tenantsin underground cellars are tenants more ground than the others. Darned .Classical. DEAR, dear!" paid Mlaterfamilias ruefully surveying the large holes in Young HopefuPs socks as he was taking'off his shoes; Dear, dear there's a lot of.p6tatoes-to mend!" Potatoes, my love;" said'Paterfamilias,loolkiig. ap from his work "I should have thought carets the more appropriate term." F T N'.-MAY 1, 1869. A LEAP FOR LIFE. A SHOCKING FAILURE AFTER "THE LEAP IN THE DARK." FU N. A FT E R D -A:R .K.. -A 'Lt ONO' IDY-L. tNLondon, when .the sun is low, to borrow-somethinglike CAMPSE'L'S words, there descends a gloom, which is probably the deposition of the smoke that has been held :m suspension over it all day. It is -known as "the dark," as distinguished possibly from "the -night" Which enfolds the rest of the country. It is ,made more Sperceptibleby the dull gleam of the- street lamps and the -glare of .the shop windows-as long as'the-shop windows S remain open. It is a long and unpleasant interregnum in which-the bull's-eye of the policeman keeps its dazzling orb fixed on all:who wander abroad. It is impossible, in the limits of a short article,'to describe all the features,of -this:mysterious time. We can -but pick out a few salient ones. After dark! The pavements are greasy and damp. The gas burns a sickly yellow. Night cabs have just begun to turn out, and crawl in a half comatose state about the streets. There are not many shops open, though the gin-palaces are more wide-awake than ever. What, then, is the meaning of this congregation of apparently respectable folk at this street corner ? Old maidens, young maidens, and even children, are here. They loiter about, despite the il fact that there is a quiet drizzle begin- ning, with a modest assurance as if it for the last 'bus! And here it comes, so stand aside, for gallantry - and humanity are quite forgotten in such a case. "Twelve inside and four out," won't-to put the matter arithmetically-" go into about two and twenty. In the language of common sense, two and twenty can't squeeze into the 'bus, so the rule is every one for himself, and the"-conductor won't "take the hindmost." Has he missed the last 'bus ? Well, in one sense, yes In another sense, no! Ho has missed it in the sense that he won't go home in it as usual. He has not missed it in the sense that he did not mean to go home in it- in fact, it has been gone an hour or so. He has stayed in the City to dine with a friend. Or he has been at his Whist Club. Or he has been looking over his books. At any rate, he is going home considerably after x, dark, and he is hurrying along too, for he knows his wife is sitting up for him. We will trust the stout gentleman's road does not lie in the direction of this gentleman's lurk- ?ing place. This gentleman's active life is spent --like that of other beasts of prey- after dark. ,Like other beasts of prey, he does not always hunt alone. There are- two others equally pre- possessing waiting about in the neighbourhood, to assist-him in capturing his prey. He is quite well known to the \ I police, who visit him at his hotel-the inn -where he takes his ease until he is wanted" for "put- ting the hug" on somebody after dark. I Then he accompanies his friend, the con- -,tr stable, quietly, and receives his sentence, eventually, with stoical indifference. But he does not receive with stoical indifference the execution of that portion of the sentence which makes him acquainted with an animal which, like himself, is most lively after dark --the cat! He howls under its infliction with great zeal. 'But it is doubtful whether the teaching of the cat is more than shrin-deep. When he comes-out again, it will hardly have the effect of deterring him from more excursions after dark. After 'dark-very much after dark, being made lup after dark 81 models of what Ethiopian serenaders are supposed to resemble; this genius-with two or three congenial soils, accompanied in every sense by bones, violin, and tambourine-discourses music at the doors of public-houses. He sings chiefly-with the roof of his mouth, which gives his melody a touch of influenza,, and ,lends the tones of the catarrh to his banjo. His -repertoire is limited; but, fortunately, his audiences are not critical, and are often beeoo, so that, if, when he has reached the end of his selectionand finds coppersstill iortheoming, he begins over again, the repetition is not noticed. Ho is given greatly to melancholy ballads, descriptive of .the loveliness and early death of some Lily," or "M1 ary," or Smiling May," who .is buried " down in "-some of the United States. This tendency of his to sing plaintive ballads is rather cheering, for his rendering of them is amusing, whereas his comic singing is enough.to move one to tears and despondency. After dark still; but getting on towards the small hours. The music-halls -have, closed long-since; and the Jolly Cad, the Great Dunce, and -the rest of 'he comiques, who are not a whit better than the melodist we have just been contemplating, are sleeping, let us hope, the sleep of innocence of ideas. So let them sleep on!" as the poet says. But their humble imitators- imitators of such originals !-are still out and about "seeing life." Life,. according to their philo- sophy, is made up, it would seem, of milk-men, market-carts, draggled drabs of women, and threes of gin! The contempla- tion of such spectacles is calcu- lated to reduce the gay youths to the state of our friend in the margin-melancholy idiocy and incapacity. His Champagne "l"; y Charlie" hat is battered and bruised. His cut-away coat is smeared with mud, and so are his tight-fitting trousers. The guardian of night and the peace gently advises him to go home. He hiccups a reply in the form of an inquiry where he lives. Take him away, Mr. Policeman, and lock him up, first undoing his neck-tie, and seeing his head is higher than his heels, for liquids-even bad drink-will find their level, and nature abhors a vacuum. He'll be all the better for a headache in the morning. After dark. Yes, it will soon be after dark in another sense, for after dark comes dawn. The sky is getting grey-a pure, cool grey; one almost wonders how it can do so over such a place as London, and especially the night side of it- Yonder comes AunonA-at l least, not exactly Auioiu, but the lady who keeps an early coffee-stall. Bless you, her shrine is more popular among night-cab- men, police-constables, market-gardeners, and early workmen than that of AunotiA would be! It is a warming, comforting beverage she dispenses-and, hush! a word in your ear! If you can't do without a nip of some- thing stronger, I have heard that she retails a potent spirit extracted by some mysterious process from old rope- a fiery, scathing spirit, which I should recommend you not to take (unless you are a Salamander or a Fire King) in stronger proportions than a tea-spoonful to the waterman's bucket of water. You're not to be tempted ?-well, then I must bid you-what is being fast turned on -a good morning, after dark. The Saturday Shrew. THE Saturday Review the other day acknowledged the existence of "good girls of the, real. old English type." The sixpenny shrew of journalism has railed at women so long that perhaps when it grants thus much we ought not to look the gift in the mouth. Still we should like to know the exact meaning of the old English type." Perhaps the middle-aged dame who has scolded so because girls will be pretty, means old-faced type." If we are to go back to the very old English, all we can say is that, unless history tells fibs, the girls of that period used to paint- a very bright blue. But then, to be sure, in the matter of dress there was not much to take hold of. ,A Growl by our Cynic. -W En a man says that his misdeeds have come home to him you may generally take it for granted that it is because they find it a congenial home. 82 F U N. [MAY 1, 1869. THE SAILORS' HOME. FRoM OUR OWN OLD SALT. WHAT I want to know, Sir, from you, as the Captain of FUN, or if not from your honour's self, from the chief officer, or it may be the bosun, which I should judge was the publisher that pipes all hands, whether or not you'll say a good word for us that, as the song says, finds how hard it is to write." There's another song, Sir, wrote by a landsman, and sung, as I've heard it myself, to a many that never went beyond the Nore, and wouldn't trust themselves on ship-board even round the Isle of Wight, that says, A life on the ocean wave and a home on the rolling deep is the sort of thing that would suit: and I'm not a-going to deny at my time of life, Sir, and when I've been, as I may say, a-knocking about the world here and there for nigh upon forty-year, that a sailor don't take kindly to his ship when she's sea-worthy and well-found, and a master that knows how to look at a man as a man and make allowances: but what I'm driving at, for all that I seem to be yawing about as if I'd lost the wind,-is this, that when a seaman is homeward bound, what sort of a life is he generally a-looking forward to ashore, and what sort of a home after he once sets foot on the wharf, or gets moored alongside the St. Katharine, or London, or Victoria Dock, or otherwise. Well, Sir, if you'll pardon my freedom, I'll tell you what we was obliged as reasonable men to look forward to in my young days, and that was, that, while we was kept off and on, neither afloat nor ashore, but yet, as one may say, run aground in the surf, a-waiting for the owners to settle up our arrears of pay, we had to lodge somewhere nigh handy, and if the crimps and the runners and the Jew clothesmen that always laid by for poor JACK like a school of landsharks didn't get hold of all that was to come of our pay, and then live on us till we was obligated to go to sea again with borrowed money: there was plenty of others to help 'em, and to say as we used to sing- "Get no, Jack, and let John sit down, For you are outward bound." Now, Sir, does it stand to reason that many of us being single men could look after ourselves in the way of getting a decent lodging in such places as lay alongside of where we landed, when it was just the look-out of everybody as came athwart us to put us into a place where we didn't know who was our friends or who wasn't ? Mind, I'm not going to deny that sailors and fools may be what an old purser used to call sonominous terms: they've been ominous to a good many of us, but for all that, when a sailor gets ashore it's a good deal like what I should think it is when a landsman finds himself at sea: he loses his reckoning, and can't nohow keep his head to the wind, wants somebody to look arter him, in fact, till he gets hold of a rove rope and makes out his bearings. Well, Sir, and I've been veering right away from the p'int, but having made an offing ain't no proof of bad seamanship,-what I want to say is this, will you give us a good word for Sailors' Homes ? If you'll just please to think, Sir, you and the other gentlemen, what a sailor's life is, and how, perhaps, you wouldn't get on so very well without some of us a-bringing this, that, or the other from different parts of the world, it might be my excuse for hailing from this new Home in Well-street, where I've just brought myself to anchor, and for saying that there's a little help wanting, not here only, Sir, in Well-street, near the London Docks, but at Portsmouth, Falmouth, Bristol, Dublin, Belfast, Glasgow, Leith, and at every other large seaport in this tight little island, where Sailors' Homes are, or should be. It ain't that we want to be kept, you understand, Sir; our wage is sufficient for that: but there's help needed for getting the houses large enough, and for making them ship- shape; there's a little help wanting too, Sir, for what wasn't hardly thought about in my time,-(or, at least, if it was thought about it was by the Government, that took our shillings from our pay for Greenwich Hospital, and never let us see the value of our money though they promised to give us an asylum)-and that is a Convalescent Sailors' Home, where men discharged from hospital, but too weak for to go to sea, is laid up for a bit in dock to complete repairs. I am your honour's most obedient, JOHn JuNK. N.B.-No relation to a cousin o' mine in the theatrical line: he wasn't never more than steward of a river steamer. N.B. again.-What I said last tack about not wanting help ain't meant to take the wind out o' the sails of the Destitoot Sailors' Asylum as is close alongside o' this Home. There's destitoot sailors, just as there is destitoot parties of other callings, some by their own fault some by misfortun' and the 'Sylum, which is under the same good management as the Home, gives food and shelter to many a poor chap who's in worse danger ashore than afloat. EARLY EXPERIENCE OF THE CUCxoo.-Life in lodgings. FUN. A PROSPECTIVE TRIP TO BATH. ._ C 1 H, the time is approaching ifor tripping, To Ramsgate and f largate and Dover- And Hastings and Worihing moreover. And all places that be On the sea, on the sea, Famed for salt, and for shrimps, and Sfor shipping. Yes! the time is approaching for dipping ; For a dance on the sand, In a band, Hand in hand, 'Mid the breakers so morily skipping. .- But too often, dear me,., S" r'' In a-manner so free, --' The performers deserve a good whipping. This season let's hope that each hopper -Will wear a costume that is proper, And abolish the- style S Of-bathing so vile-- 'Twould raise blushes on cheeks made of copper. If not, -let us hope, as a stopper, The Lord Chamberlain may, As he did t'other day, On the practice come down with a whopper. For the Chamberlain he A Commander should be Of the Bath, as becomes a tip-topper. The Mildness of the Season. OwING to the warm sunny weather we have had during the last few days a quantity' the most excruciating puns have suddenly blossomed,, and many wild conundrums have rapidly assumed their natural greenness without saying so much as with your leaf, or by your leaf. Many of these have been plucked by thoughtless persons and wantonly thrust into our editor's box. On the principle of nailing the bat to the barn door we print one of the most extravagant of these attempts as a warning to all evil-doers:- - "Why is a lady who has eaten a pork-pie, containing more fat than the one she previously partook of, like one of the most popular artistes on the lyric stage ? ' "Because she's had a leaner patty (ADELINIA PATTI)." Can.it be possible -the miscreant-alludes to the charming MARQUISE DE Ca Ux? The perpetrator of this atrocity is well known to -the police, and we solemnly warn him not to do it again. Inghani-bob ! WKY will our police magistrates try to be Solons-when they are hardly Solan geese? MICINGIHAM, of the Wandsworth court, said- That drunkenness was the cause of all the misery, In the world. If working men were to keep sober, they (the magistrates) would have to shut up their shop. We do not know what MR. INGHAMAe professes to .sell at what he in dignified terms calls his shop; but we-should not think of trying there for common sense or logic. He knows perfectly well that there are plenty of evil passions beside the passion for drink which bring men before him. He should also think that for one, whose duty it is to know the law of evidence, to make such a loose statement amounts virtually to telling a-fib! Drink to me only with thine Eyes ! REA- LY -the economies now practised by our Government depart- ments are becoming too much like cheese-paring-we beg pardon, quill-mending. Here's an instance: The Board of Trade have awarded a telescope to Captain Von Schantz, of the Russian barque Gefion, for his humanity in receiving a portion of the shipwrecked crew of the barque Aldivalloch, of Sunderland, on board his vessel, on the 21st of January, 1869. Could not the Board of Trade have done something more handsome for the gallant captain than merely standing him.a glass ?" High-ti-tighty! NEVERn form an opinion of a man by his surroundings. A trades- man may be in anything but a _prosperous way, even though his shutters are up." Maine Eooigh. We quote the following from an American jppor':- TheiseSZBei lM oretuw'auevently debating the Ullifor the abolition of capital punishment,.tndtan:animentwas proposed that, .previously to the ban of a criminal, idllotelbmnrlbe administered to:him. Thie was vehemently .oppoe, be- cause itirasdanlgemU to life, and finally rejected. We :could ayeat almost any absurdity from Ithe Legislature that enacted ta im-nmons "Maine Liquor Law," btut really this sort of legidatitonseems to hint at idiots rather than Maine-iacs. Singular Misapprehension. THE 'following sensible resolution is issued by authority of the Secretary of the United States Navy :- Duty will be assigned according to the requirements of the Navy, and officers will -be assigned to service who are well known to be the most competent to perform it. And yet this paragraph is quoted in English papers under the heading -Merit versus Influence I [ We cannot return unaccepted XS8. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] PuNDAIuE-It would have been better for all concerned if the "attempli which have been lying among some almost forgotten papers in your desk, had continued to do so, though lying is not a good habit as a rule. VAzE (Taff).-By all means, Vale-in sternum Vale! J. H. C. (Lady-well).-Who kindly says, "if we can make any use of the enclosed it is at our service," is thanked. It has just lit an excellent cigari for us. We prefer a hot coal as being more pure carbon, but we won't look a gift spill in the mouth. BoB-A-L K.-Bob-a-linked nonsense long drawn out. FAUST or KENSINGTON.-We don't see that what you offer could im- prove matters. A BLooMSBURY CARD.-We can'tdeal with ynu. PFN.-Wants mending. Apply at the Stationery Office. H. V. (Lower Thames-etreet).-We have no opiniono" of your pro- duction, and therefore cannot "state it in our answers to correspondents." 0. P. Q. (Birmingham).-Oh, pe-cu-liarly bad! J. H. F. (Oakley-square).-Your MS. may be had on application at the office. H. D.-Hardly of sufficient importance. TA-TA.-Is thanked for the description of his views on what he calls originall whit." SuGGESTION.-Probably he-was unconscious of the inspiration. Declined with thanks :-F. H. P., Sligo; B.; Bedmunds; D. W. F., Dublin; J. K., Old Ford; H. J. 'G.; Mack; J. S. W., Northampton; M. H. C. S.; C., Glasgow; S., Altrincham; Thrush, Q. A. M.; Cannio Newcassel; A. G. G., Dundee; A Constant Reader; Xanthippus; P. R.; Harry; C. J. S.; Tiny Trivial; X. 0., Liverpool; R. C., Huddersfield; E. C., Kensington; Gulielmus Radius, Horsham; 'W. A. S. S.; Alick; H. H., Westminster; J. W. W., Christchurch. MAY 1, 1869.] 83 HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. THE Co-operative Covent Garden Opera ,Copany has not been allowed much of saanmopoly. The Lyceum Theatre is once again to be Devoted to the lyric drama. It will open on the 3rd of May with an Itali ,n Opera Company, which, while it numbers many well-known rind I Lvi.:..iti artistes, introduces several recruits from the foreign opera houses, of whose merits the pwiblic will have an early oppor- tunity of judging. Such a spirited ndertakingadeserves support and will, -we feel sure, receive it. 'We .specially : rove of the new regulation which makes full dress eptiail on. Monday and Satordays; for it is a step that reil -otribute gr atly- to increase thbn p.-'nularity of Italian Opera. 'he swallow=t-alamle excludes many a humtbk lover of music. lHowis'itthatthero is such a'plonidlit of artiites announced for a Morning concept tobe given at St. George's tll an Tuesday, the 4th of ,May, for the benefit of the Hospylifor Diseasesff-t e Throat, Golden Square ? The programme boasts el the names of MmsDAMMs BODInA- PYBsE, LBMcMNBs-SHERRuINGTON,- =ad PATEY, of XWSe HBRSEE, Miss Ior1zamao, and MA Dr"noSELi DuASDIL, Of MESSnS.. RUEEBN, THOMAS, PAMZ,. and reasBaRDT. The solution is that these eminent singers -give 1heir services gratuitously and most readily to an institution which does 'sch great good to their poor bretihren-in-art. All honourtobaoth artists and institution I-the public.isbound.to patroniso the concert. WE are pleased to announce that MR. WaorGt, ithe treasurer of the Haymarhet, will take his benefit at that theatre on Thursday, the 20th of May, on which occasion a variety of entertainments, in which -Messas. BucxKSTONEand SoTHE N will be:suppoAted by the whole com- pany, is promised as an inducement-if-ainducemenBt 'be needed on such an occasion. 84 IF U NT. [MAY 1, 1869. SPRING IN LONDON. ANOTHER day of genial spring! O'er all the roofs the sunshine pouring, Shows up the dust like anything, And dirty bootmarks on the flooring. The window-panes with dirt are dim- And dim with dirt the paper mural; While motes in flights of myriads swimn, Like gnats above some streamlet rural. The budding trees (just two or three Are visible) look green-extremely ! Where all things black around them be Such verdure really seems unseemly. A week of London atmosphere Will tone them down to due propriety, And they all grimy will appear, And sooted to their black society.. The spring is here-the spring is here; As I have reasons good for knowing, For coats and boots will disappear At cries of "blowing and a-growing!" On yonder window-sill's a pot- You think th9se flowers are pelargonia: But, bless your innocence, they're not ! They're highlows and an old siphonima Well, since the garish sun will gleam, I'll meet the case with some effiront'ry! I'll shut my eyes and have a dream, And fancy I am in the country. The roaring streets shall sound like brooks- Like birds the little street-boys' calling. Lo, there's a settling flight of rooks- Just where a lot of blacks are falling! Ahd, well the country's very nice- Hot weather, verdant fields, and tillage. But think of shandy-gaff and ice! ., You can't get that now in "our village." The living in the country's bad, (Bad grub makes me fly in a fury)- MURDER WILL OUT. If rus in urbe can't be had, Checkdaker (to Jones, who has just seen Act 1 of MACeaTH at the Little D uflngtoe rd rather not shave 'erb in re. Theatre) :-" WON'T YE TANE A PASSt SIR? THERE'S THE MURDER OF DUNCAN IN THE SECOND ACT !" SUGAReY MOTTO FOR A GROCER's JUVENILE PORTER: Jones :-" THAwKS, NO! I'VE SEEN THE MURDER OF MACBETH IN THE rIRST !" Happy as a sancl-boy." TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES. system of railways. It takes the same view of the case as MR. Wis have received Songs of the risingg Nation, by MRs. FORESTER BRANDON'S little pamphlet, and argues it out very fairly. On one and her son and daughter- the latter "a very young girl," we are point it is undoubtedly correct :-that a considerable reduction of fares informed. The tone of the book may be gathered from the fact that and traffic charges is the only measure that will bring lasting and solid the dedication eulogises the "martyrs" who were hanged at Manches- prosperity to the railway interest. ter for patriotically shooting an unoffending policeman. The quality of the seditious poems" is warm and mildly effervescent, like a penny Much Ado about Nothing. bottle of ginger-beer, that has been insufficiently corked down and T complaint in this paragraph seems childish kept in the sun. If we thought that Ireland's wrongs could not THE complaint in this paragraph seems childish inspire better song than this, we should suggest to MR. GLADSTONE, in Riding-habits are worn so short just now that some ladies min Rotten-row are the interests of that oppressed country, to disestablish its national greatly embarassed to manage them. poetry as well as its church. A rising nation" ought ae Well, if they can't manage their riding-habits, they had better break that rise too, whereas these cannot soar to mediocrity, themselves of the habit of riding. In Pioneers of Civilization MESSRS. HoooGG follow up their book of Arctic explorations,.and continue a series which will delight our boys- TEST OF GOOD FEnowsHIP.-Singing, when in a minority, "Jolly and even the boys of larger growth." T ! We receive from MEssRs. MoxoN the authorised edition of Whims Noes!" and Oddities, by THOMAS Hoon. There is no need to criticism works to which the world has long since awarded its approval, but we may re- NOTIOC.-Complaints having been received that F u s sold on Tuesday; mind our readers that they will do better to purchase this edition, with the publisher begs to state that it is issued to the trade under a distinct the original cuts, than to buy a spurious and defective issue, put forth understanding that it is not to be published before Mednesday morning,. by an unauthorised house. As however some unprincipled persons, for the sake of a few extra pence A little pamphlet on The Railways of England, Scotland, and Ireland, profit, break through the rule, he will feel obliged for any information of by CarPTAIN PICrTET, sets forth a scheme for the reform of the present such cases. BOYS' SUITS, 16s. To 45.. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, 5o T.DCk-A-Tm aIrIT. Printed by JUDD & GLASS, Phenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: May 1, 1869. MAY 8, 1869.] F U N. 85 THE BAB BALLADS. No. 68.-THE BISHOP OF RUM-TI-FOO, AGAIN. OFTEN wonder whether you Think sometimes of that bishop, who From black but balmy Rum-ti-foo Last summer twelvemonth came. Unto your mind I p'raps l Half way I'll meet you, I declare, I'll dress myself in cowries rare, And fasten feathers in my hair, And dance the Cutch-chi-boo !" And to conciliate his see He married PICCADILLILLEE, The youngest of his twenty-three, Tall-neither fat nor thin. (And though the dress he made her don, Looks awkwardly a girl upon, It was a great improvement on The one ho. A Long way off. WHEN the papers said that Blackfriars Bridge was to'.be opened in May, we said to ourselves May-but may not !" May, even by the exercise of the utmost might, is now out of the question. But what alarms us is the announcement that the Bridge is now to be opened in the month in which the inauguration of the Holbora Viaduct is promised. The potential May is resolved in that very remote future. We leave it for posterity to name the month in which the Ho lborn Viaduct will be inaugurated. Described by MXCao PAXRE. VO.L. Ix. f 86 FUN. T FUN OFFICE, Wednesday, .fay 5th, 1869. HE Poor Law, as embodied- by- Bhimble the beadle, must be banished, as Ma. BxucoE more than hints. An increase in Pauperism of forty4ive per cent. in three years-as evidenced by a recent return-proves the incompetence of the system, and seals its doom. Bumble has. costumut cand done little. Exacting but inef- ficient, pompous but not imposing; oftinzealouswithout discretion, and always oppressive without real power, it has fostered the worst weak- nesses of the poorer population, without encouraging its struggling virtues. It has encouraged poverty where it was a trade, and ignored it where it was a calamity. It has held out premiums to imposture but closed its doors against genuine distress. The system has been sufficiently tried. It is found-to be an expensive failure. Despite his gold-laced cocked hat and his uniform, Bumble is proved an incapable, cruel, crass, and costly. Unlike OLIVER, JOHN- BULL does not "want more" of him. The course to be adopted in his case is simple- enough-so simple that a mere nursery rhyme isralLwe want to indicate our notion. Here we see an old man who1 in the sense of qui laborat orat, will not say his prayers." Let Jom-Bo.Bta tee up:" hisleft leg," and kick him "downstairs!," WE are glad to announce the projected establishment of a Lazetotal Society, in connection with an Indolbnce League. There can be no doubt about it that excessive labour is the curse of the present day. In some parts of England-itnthe City of 'London, for example-every other house is a house of business: These dreadful places are, indeed, even more plentiful than gin-palaces'! No one can fail to detect,' at a.glance, the man who habitually indulges to excess in work. His -pale face, his shattered nerves, his enfeebled frame; all attest to the fatal practice; which but too often results in softening of the brain, premature old age, and& death. It is useless to argue that a:temperate addiction to .work is harmless, or even in some cases healthy. The moderate worker is the undoubted cause of the evil. No man. ever. became a-confirmed toiler, who did not begin as a moderate worker; Were it possible to close all places' of business, what a boon we should confer on mankind, Such awful examples as the case of OVEREND AND GURNEY, or the defalcationesof. MR. HIGGS, are entirely attributable to the existence of such places in our very midst. Almost every crime, indeed, may be traced to the evil influences of excessive work. It is the intentioniof the Society and League above-mentioned to endeavour to procure the passing of a Permissive Bill, which will empower a majority of two-thirds of the inhabitants of any place to close all houses of business, in order to discourage excessive labour. In- strict accordance with the aims of these two institutions, honorary secretaries have been appointed, who: will abstain from all letter- writing ; and honorary treasurers, who will never touch money. An honorary chairman, who will never sit, will preside over an honorary committee that will never meet.. Of course, there will be printed reports, which will necessitate- the employment of printers' labour; but such things are unavoidable. Our Temperance friends know that, for only the other day, at Glasgow, a petition in favour of SIR W. LAwsoN's Permissive Bill, lying for signature at Glasgow, was left in charge of a man who was eventually locked up for being drunk and incapable. THE photographicc News.contaiais an amusing letter from MR. H. P. RoBIasoN, of Tunbridge Wells--one of the kings:of the camera-which is highly amusing. It relates how that gentleman, at Newhaven, anxious to take a photograph of the view seaward, chanced to select as his site of operations a bit- of shingle belonging to Government. A stolid sentry, backed up by an obtuse bombardier, ordered him off. He moved to a jetty a few-yards away, which was not Government pro- perty, and found that, whereas, at his former pitch he could only record the toss of the, ocean, here he could, unrestrained, take photo- graphs, of the coast defences. As an instance of the stupidity of military machines, the story is amusing enough. But MR. ROBImsoN makes it-a text for some suggestions so excellent that we venture to repeat them. Why, he asks, should not officers in the army-and we add, especially in the Engineers and- Artillery-receive a sound training in photo- graphy -an art which makes such rapid strides, and might be so useful in the field-P The-electric telegraph has been pressed- into the service of the army; and the camera would be scarcely less useful as an ally [MAY 8, 1869. Moreover, by being told off to assist at-photographic campaigns, pos- sibly, sentries might, in time, come to a better understanding of the workings of the art, and would not, therefore, hunt the photographer (and possible spy) from a site whence he can take nothing but the sad sea waves, to a spot which gives him- a fine sitting" of our coast defences. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 113. I LOVE, in Spring's first-sunny days, To visit these delightful spots; Where gardeners work in various ways With spades, and hoes, and watering-pots; Where trees, herbs, flowers, neathh constant tending, Are their expanding beauties blending. 1.-He can amble, trot, or canter, , And we have called him Tam o'Shanter. 2.-All--all but this I'll gladly lend- When-.storms burst o'er him-to my friend. For such a loan, As well is known, Experience cannot recommend. 3.-If he is of the right old sort, He likes a glass of fruity port. My oath I dare not to affirm on, That what he reads is his own sermon. 4.-Earthly beings come to dust When their brief lives cease. And all earthen vessels must SCome to this last piece. 5.-This-is pleasant-so Ihear- When given not by bear, but dear. 6.-A right good horse, Cannot perforce Be of a colour that is amiss: He ought to be rapid if he-is this. 7.-He talked for hours so tediously, that all the folks, who hoard, Made answer with wide-opened.mouths,.yet never said a word. SoLuTION OF AcROsTI No. 111. Sudden Summer: Strauss, ITrubu, Dream, Drum, Exorcise, Neither. CORRECT SOLUTIONS OF ACROSriC No.111, RxrVED APRIL 28.-D. E. H.; C. H. G.; BrynSyfl; J. L.; A Blighted Being; Apple Jack; Nil Desperandum (No. 2); Thomas and Collings; Slodger and Tiney; H. B. Derflaand Ycul; Constance L. C.; NikU Apteros; East Essex;: Addlepate; Pimlico Tom Cat; Linda Princess; Romanelli; Sillaw Bros. Cracking- up, the Crack. THE Times appears to have been rather unfortunate in reporting the proceedings at the late Newmarket Craven.Meeting. The following is rather an amusing correction.on the part of the leading journal:- By an error we were made to describe Pero Gomez as, cow-backed. It should have been cow-hocked. It is lucky that so thorough a sportsman as Sin JosEPH HAWLEY is the owner of the Derby favourite, as, whatever bovine-a bull-properties may be attributed to him, we may be sure that no milking opera- tions will be carried on in the market. The Times also- remarks that the colt "will yet have to beat the Two Thousand winner." Probably he may, but the veriest tyro in racing matters should know that it is by no means a certainty that the Two Thousand winner will be engaged in the race for the blue riband. Wait-for FuN's tip-all in good time. On a- Recent Regulation. CoLosTL HENDEzsox has promulgated an 6rder, allowing the Metropolitan Police to wear beards and moustaches. THE rule about beard And moustache, it is feared, Is a move neither prudent nor clever. When required seldom seen The police have aye been- We shall now see less-of themthan ever.! Au. pied de la Iettre. WHEN MR. DISRAELI lately deputed some one else to move his Irish Church Bill amendments in the House of Commons, it was-we regret to learn-because he had the gout-not because he had not a leg to stand on. A DEFPNITION- BY A HORRIID OLD TORY. THE CAP OF LIBERTY :-A mob cap. 85 F TJ N.-MAY 8, 1869. II ---,- --- it ii lu2, ii? ~TT:?7K7~- - I A cA^/N BUMBLE'S BANISHMENT ull :-" NOW, YOU BLUSTERING, INCOMPETENT, TYRANNICAL OR, WHAT IT MUST COME TO AT LAST. HUMBUG, GET OUT! YOU'VE HAD A SUFFICIENT TRIAL;-I MUST HAVE A CHANGE, NOW!" Ut(~ ~' \\ riZI7 11 F- -- 77 -- , --1 =-W- FUN. A TALE OF A HEAD. CHAP. I. OBODY knew exactly how much money old SCHAVEY, the barber had. It Was easier to take his measure than to make his treasure. He was a miserly vain old blockhead. His opinion of his personal appearance was only equalled by the value he set on his personal property. The only extravagance he permitted himself was in his estimate sof his good looks. He was Sethe village barber at Toodle- ton Parva; and had a shop in the High street; Over. the door" he had a pole, striped red, blue, and white, like a gigantic peppermint Westick. In the window was a. display of brushes and combs, Spomatum, frizettes, and false hair. And in the centre of the window, with its locks dressed' in the height of the fashion, was a head, after the styleof most hairdressers' shops But the head was not a wax dummy-though itlookedlike it. It was in reality the head of the establishment. Yes! ScuvAEY contrived to gratify his two weaknesses at once by substituting his own head for the ordinary waxen image. By sodoing- he showed off his countenance and complexion, and saved the price of the dummy. He had contrived a seat in, the window just behind a sham bust draped with the usual velvet, looped up on one shoulder. When a customer arrived he retired from the window for a while returning.to his seat as soon as the visitor's business was despatched. ScuAvny had but one relative living- a nephew, whom he was educating in London. He intended to bequeath him his business and his savings; but he kept him on very short allowance in the meantime. The nephew, NATHANIEL NIPPER, was by no means disposed to quarrel with the old man though he growled terribly at his meanness, which was really excessive, for he was wealthy enough to be able to affordthe golden mean -instead of the copper. NATHANIEL had never seen his uncle though they had corresponded often, and at great length. At last he determined to go to Tootleton in person and lead for an increased allowance. He had no difficulty in finding the shop. His uncle vas expecting him, seated in his usual place in the window. NATHANIEL who recognized the likeness of the dummy to his uncle's earte de visite exclaimed on entering, "By Jove, the block is uncommonly like the blockhead !" ScHAvEY said not a word; and, NATHANIEL, supposing his uncle was out, took a stroll round, the village. On his return he learnt that his uncle was ill in bed, andrefused to see him. The remark of his nephew had so affected the vain SCHATEY that he took to his bed-lingered a week-and then died of a determination of vanity to the head. CHAP. II. [I now'T see why I should call this the Second Chap." because it's about the same chap as the last-NATHANIEL.] NATHANIEL came a second time to Tootleton to hear his uncle's will read. During the old man's illness he had learnt all about the dummy, and could see what a fatal mistake he had made. As he sat on a stile just outside the village on the day of the funeral, his reflections were not very cheering. "He'll cut me off with a shilling razor!" thought he. But when the time came to his surprise he found that his uncle left him his writing-desk and all it contained. Visions of hoards of notes and gold swam before him. Without a moment's delay he opened it ? It contained nothing, save a small folded paper. With a.trembling hand NATHANIEL unfolded it. Within it was a lock of his uncle's hair with the brief inscription, "A chip of the old block .' The old man's money was devised by a codicil to "The Bald Barbers' Asylum." With one stroke of the pen he cut off his heir, as with one snip of the scissors he had cut' off his hair. An Appropriate Tex'. "Tim Cohditionr of'Texas" is engaging the attention of the united: States' Senate, and high time too! Here, in England, one of the chief topics of the day is the "Condition of Taxes." Budge it ! DoUBTLEss with a view to mark its appreciation of the versatility of Mn. Lowz's 'memorable budget, our contemporary, the ER a, has for the last month dispensed with its usual "Carpet Bag." THE LAY OF THE ANCIENT BACHELOR. A poor virgin, sir, an ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own; a poor humour of mine, sir, to take that that no man else will."-.As you Like it, Act V., Sc. iv. IT is an ancient bachelor, And he stoppeth one of three: "Fair maiden," saith he, so buxom and blithe, Wilt thou come along with me ? "Wilt thou come along with me, sweet maid, For a little walk or ride ? And we will stop at the nearest church, And thou shalt be my bride." The maiden's eyes flash proud disdain, She never a word doth say, But she crosseth the road and pursueth her walk On the other side of the way. Now it is an ancient bachelor And he stayeth with one of two, "Fair dame," saith he, no money have I, But a-heart both leal and true." The middle-aged dame she tosseth her head, Not a moment doth she stop; To escape from that ancient bachelor Sheeaitereth a shop. Ahl! wo-! the ancient bachelor Is left.with one alone; And she fixeth him with her haggard eye Above her sharp cheek bone. "Since thou. art so civil and kind, fair air, Why I will not say no." The old maid hath caught the old bachelor, And she never will let him go. MORAL. Know all men that this fearful tale Is a lesson stern but true : They may not be all prize roses That turn their hearts to you. Yet the perfume of some is very sweet- You pass them- at last forlorn, You'll find you can't get a rose at all, But must put up with a. thorn. An Opening. Hini's a chance for the medical profession! MORPETH UNION.-MEDICAL OFFICER WANTED. T HE GUARDIANS of this Union will at theit Meeting to be held on Wednesday, the day of next, proceed to appoint a duly qualified MEDICAL PRACTITIONER, as Medical officer of District No. 7, comprising the Townships of Hartburn, High and Low Anigertob, and East and West Thornton- Salary 4 per annum-Applications to be sent tome previous to the day of election Gao. BRUMELL, Clerk to Guardians. District No. 7 comprises but little over forty thousand acres, and you must find your own drugs.. Going for Four Pounds! Now, then, doctors, don't all speak., at once'! Piter-rile(d). THE Wekly Despatch, of a recent date, states, as its opinion, ithat- The game of Imperialism, puer et simple, is being played out. We are more willing to believe that there is a printer's error in this, than that an unkind cut is.intended at the only hope of the supporters of the present regime the Prince Imperial. Whom Sweet- Whom. OUn respected friend the penny-a-liner has come out in a new line! In his report of a crime recently committed in Brecon, he winds up with the statement that'its perpetrator has not been discovered. And' fact no clue has been obtained as to whom he is. The author of such an original sentence as whom he is" must be regarded as a whom-orist! The Right Tune for the Occasion. AT the opening of the new market, erected by the munificence of Miss BURDETTr COUTTS, for the benefit of the poor of Bethnal Green- the band, we hear played (in compliment to another great benefactor of the London poor), Hail Columbia-square." "A Doo's LIFE."-The existence of the poor in the Isle of Dogs. MAY 8, 186R.] FUN. A STIRLING PERFORMANCE. LovERs of SHAKESPEARE had a treat the other night at St. James's Hall when Mas. STIRLING read his most exquisite poem A Midsummer Night's Dream ; and the incidental music of MENDELSSOHN was supplied by an excellent orchestra, conducted by Mn. KINGSBURY. It is to be hoped that no long time will elapse before the repetition of an entertainment so agreeable and so interesting. Mas. STIRLING'S rendering is marked with the ability and intelligence to be expected of so accomplished and experienced an actress, whose claims to the foremost rank in her profession are beyond dispute. In the comic portion, wherein that earliest of Trades Unions, Quince's Amateur Company, is concerned, she was simply admirable. It is much to be regretted, therefore, that the performance of the most lamentable comedy of Pyramus and Thisby had to be omitted from the reading. Of course it would be impossible to read the whole play; and, equally of course, to leave out any part of it is to injure it; it is, therefore, something to say that MUs. STIRLING's arrangement omits as little as may be of the finest passages, while telling the plot most intelligibly. But we could still wish the "very tragical mirth" of the rude mechanicals had been retained; it would have been a telling feature. It may seem ungracious, if not presumptuous, to differ with MRS. STIRLING'S view of the Midsummer Night's Dream; but we venture to express our opinion that it is less a play than a masque; and that therefore the rhythmical passages should receive a treatment rather poetic than dramatic. By the latter treatment much of the musical flow is lost. In spite of the bad weather, the reading was well attended; and the audience bestowed warm and appreciative applause on MRs. STIRLING's efforts; and at the conclusion filled her arms with bouquets. Of the music what need to say it is exquisite-especially the "Clowns' Dance and the quaint Funeral March" of Pyramus and Thisbe ? It was played with a skill and taste for which the appear- ance of MR. KINGSBURY'S name as conductor was sufficient guarantee. We may add that the little book of the arrangement (" book of the words profanely called by the programme-vendors) is decorated with a fanciful frontispiece (by MR. WATTS PHILLIPS P) containing a portrait of MRS. STIRLING; and will therefore form a pleasant souvenir of one who is an old, and yet ever-young, favourite. SONGS WITHOUT WORDS. TO THE EDITOR OF FUTN. Smn,-What do you think of the following as an impromptu ? I do not lay any great stress on its mere meaning, but am a little proud of it. But you shall judge for yourself. The Bandicoot-the Bandicoot, 'Who plays that syncopated flute, The pitch of which Is soft and rich, Like wails of pipeclay, never mute! The Bandicoot-the Bandicoot, The wildly interesting brute, Can sing a thing That tears would bring To fill the eyes of orris root. The Bandicoot-the Bandicoot, Oh, list the adumbrate auroch's suit, And sigh while I Let Pandects fly In perfumed murmurs-toot-toot-toot! To say that I could have written that without inspiration would be a glaring absurdity, so I won't say it. Allow me to explain. It is- as near as I could guess-what a young lady sang at an evening party in my hearing-or nearly in my hearing-a few nights since. Young ladies seldom sing their words so that one can hear or understand them; so I have acquired a habit- being considered in my own circle of friends rather a poet-of improvising suitable words as the air proceeds. I consider this poem-though slightly obscure in parts (but what is genius without obscurity ?) -is one of my happiest efforts. As it is not improbable that it does not bear much resemblance to the words of the young lady's song, I deem it my duty to place it at the disposal of our native composers. I may say without infringing the limits of modesty it will answer their purpose at least as well as much they set to music. Yours, &c., ENTHUSIAST. ONE TOUCH OF NATURE." No wonder that velocipedes should become the rage-they can travel at a marvellous pace-downhill. [MAY 8, 1869. MAY 8, 1869.] F U N. 93 THE FAVOURED -FEW. I only danced once with most of my partners, and they were nearly all fresh people. r-much prefer dancing with a favoured few.-.Extrct from intercepted Letter. IN all the mazes of the dance, I circle with a wondrous grace, And coyly cast a witching glance, At some low-bending whisker'd face. 'Tis sweet, I think, and, dear, don't you, That dancing with a Favoured Few ? There may be partners that can whirl, As well as Austrians in the valse, On whom I lean, confiding girl, Nor reck if all the rest be false. And yet those "casuals dare not sue For favors, like the Favoured Few. And do I dance with gay hussar,. A plunger of the purest kind, With just a soupcon of cigar About him, and a vaduous mind. To him I'll say a long adieu, And hie me to the Favoured Few4 And be the partner pawhky Scot, Frae.Glasgie or the Kyles of Bate, (Totell the truth the bard is not, Aware what Kyles are, but 'twill suit The rhyme) he never dares to woo So sweetly as the Favoured Few. Ah MARYa dear, do you agree With his Philosophy of mine Then share my partners all with me, My generosity's divine. And yet, dear, you'll prefer theminew And won't expect the Favoured Few. CHATS ON THE NAGS. MAY. THE warm weather, -that has .marked, the opening of the month, seems to have influenced Tinsley's, which is somewhat reduced in bulk by it, we fancy. The four serials occupy the lion's share of the number. Of the shorter papers, "Painting and Puffing" and "Ladies' Clubs' are most amusing, and the verse, "Ethelin Fairyland," is clever in conception. Of the two illustrations we prefer that from the veteran pencil.of GEORGE COnrCKS HAN, though we never see his work on the wood without wishing it were on the copper, of which he is the master. In Belgravia we have a tantalizingly brief instalment of "Bound to John Company," and the conclusion of MR.: WooD's "Serpent" Papers, which is most interesting. MR. SALA's essay "on a passage in Vanity Fair "- is pleasantly chatty, but it would be better without the last few pages, wherein MR. SAI.A has the presumption, forsooth, to fall foul of THAcKExAY Readable articles from MESSRS. SAWYER, THORNBuRY, and..SDNE BLANCHAuR go to make up the number plea- santlyenough, with a piece of verse,,"The Dreamy Sea," grandiloquent, pseudo-Tennysonian, sham-mystical, and not altogether rhythmical. Of the illustrations the less said perhaps-the better this month. The picture to the verse, is a jumble that requires pulling together, being weak and scattered in effect. THE resemblance of Golden Hours to Good Words is more than ever marked this month, in everything save excellence. Sea Beach Gatherings," with its illustrations, is the best thing in the number. Mn. R. BAExEs and MR. TownrEY GREEN contribute clever drawings, but have lost somewhat either in engraving or printing. Perhaps if the reader -has but courage enough to wade through the opening story by "1WADE RoBmeso," he may get:on swimmingly enough with.the rest of the number. Going too Fur. THIS is a funny story ! Before leaving Paris his Highness the Nawab Nazim'of Bengal thought to keep out the.cold by having his. coats lined with fur. A Paris tailor did the needful, but with the six coats forwarded a little bill for more than 5,930-not francs but pounds sterling. This modest demand the Nawab refused to pay, and the in- domitable Frenchman followed his Highness to England. In England some friends of the Nawab interposed-the coats were examined, the furs condemned, and Monsieur Snip had to sneak home satisfied with a couple of hundred pounds or so. No one but a French tailor would have been ingenious enough to avail himself of the opportunity of clothing a man in furs-to fleece him! TO THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AiE spider-legged men peculiarly subject to cobwebs on the brain ? HERE, THERE,. AND EVERYWHERE. THE Globe Theatre now adds to the attractions of MR. BYnox's pleasant little comedy of Minnie and MR. RsECE's laughable burlesque of irown and the Brahmins, a new play, most. easily describable as a farce in two acts, Breach of Promise, adapted from the French by Mn. T. W. ROBERTSON. Though we should prefer to see the author of Caste and Society doing something more worthy of his reputation than mere adapting, we must confess he has, in transfusing the fun without 19uing its sparkle, achieved a success that few others could have ihusied. There is a rollicking abandon about the piece, an utter dis- regard for probabilities and possibilities, combined with a bustle and brikness irresistibly provocative of laughter. In fact, the roar begins a few minutes after the rise of the curtain, and is not exhausted till some time after it has fallen. Mn. CLARKE is excellent as Ponticopp. Ckaoples, "his friend," is performed fairly by MR. MARSHALL, but should hardly be made quite such a fool. When these two are searching Honor: Molloy's rooms for evidences of a landestine attach- ment that will justify Ponticopp's breaking off his engagement to her; his delight wiaen OCooples finds successively a cigar-case, some lettexv, and a portrait; and his disgust each time at discovering they are his own, are thorcighly comic. But it is Miss MAeeas BRENNAN, who, .as Honor Molloy, has to carry the piece along, and she does it with admirable spirit. In Cyril's Success and in this piece (the only two parts. with any opportunities that she has had since she appeared) she hag;:hown the greatest promise, and is already ai established favourite. We should be ad to find that she was withdrawn from the burlesque, which.is not her line, and reserved for comedy, in which she will soon achieve a reputation. An Old Barty in a New Form. The Awful Results of Studying the Breitmann Ballads. Dis-REILLY hafe a barty- Where ish dat barty now ? Where ish de loely.gauntry crowd DAt kick oop sich :a row ? WRere ish de shkid of de gommon wheel, VW shtop de Beople's hoas:? Altoned afay mit de losaof Bower- fly mit de dings datwostl: Epigram, "u. Know not whether"-TnE PFOT. THE SeasonB6f their change to be a hinter) Do not reject the rules that THo-QsoN taught 'em. For-briefliyon the question here to (w)iater- Springs aght not to be summaay'---Owieght-'cm ? [ We cannot return unaccepted 88. or Sketches, unless AiqatBraoem. panned by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do nsit haUWs-wvltes responsible for loss.] OLD SALT.-Not a trace of the Attic sal-y. H. A. L., J. K., T. H., AND C. B. D.-A joint stock om00 rather limited, of Conundrumists,'don't start with anytthiagwecan~ aVpital. TaY-TILL-YOU-DO-IT.-No, don't, we implore you! Thljgoect ofeo many years of suffering unmans us. T. L. (Strand).-Not at all bad-as copies! BLUEBOTTLE.-You're a-carrion' on, you are! You be blo-. No, that's absurd! You began life at that. TIT.-Rather above the average. Not suited for us. And we regret that we cannot-further advise you. CoPPEr must have plenty of brass to send such dross to us. J. I. L. (Llanelly).-If your humour were asgood as your good humour, you would be a -wit! C. H.-Not up to our notion of a rhyme. W. Y. (Russell-square).-Such language maybe permitted to the Bishop of Cork, but we could not use it, if we would. A. H. (Caterham).-Whichever you please. We should think the lady. G. T. DE W. (Leytonstone).-We do not reprint matter from Colonial comics. J. H. (Manchester).-Thank you. I. K.-Your Herculean effort is too classical a labour. BLOW up.-So you are really a descendant of the great Shakespeare! But If you had had pluck enough to send your address too, we oould have corrected a few misapprehensions, under which you labour. Declined with thanks :-P. M. W., Liverpool; Blue Boar, Hay; J. W. R.; A. 0., Chester; E. P. L., St. John's-wood; A Schoolmaster's Rule; T. G. J., Bedford-row; H. W., Birmingham; P. M., Norwood; Noodlekin; E. K. S. C., Hurst-green; T. A., Todmorden; Area Belle; Biceps; Tittup; J, Liverpool; Nussing; T. R, Leeds; James P; Nibbs; Anxious Ass; Podasokus; S. M., Manchester; V., Dalston; Tempus Few-git; Nessus; Count P. 04 F UN [MAY 8, 1869. THE WORK OF THE SESSION. THEY-RE gtting well on with the Session, The members elected last year, Wise measures are making progression, LGood laws will in due time appear. But work still remains and before 'em Long nights of debating one sees, Ere blue skies of August bend o'er 'em, Unfortunate hard-worked M.P.'s. There's CHILDEins, a stable AUGEAN, Of sad naval blunders must sweep, Ere England can sing a true paean Of Britain still ruling the deep. There's GOSCHEN must work like a martyr, As well as attend the debates, He'll find he's caught what's called a "Tartar" In equalization of rates. LowE's proved himself good at financing, I As well as in epigrams keen; IAnd BRIGHT at his old freedom glancing Regretful, appears on the scene. 'IThere's work too for G DASTONxE, to martial The hosts that obey his command, Presenting an empire impartial, rWe must have those tramways to lighten The traffic that blocks up the streets, I'itiAnd burglars that prowl and that frighten, 'i Shall taste of surveillance the sweets. Another American treaty, In re Alabama we'll draw, Since REvRDY JOHNSON's,-so sweet he Was always,-ends only in jaw. I There's work then for all if they'll do it, And not raise cantankerous roars, But stick like good senators to it, Unheeding long speeches and snores. I'j FiF{ ,I: And then when the worries are over, '. They'll fly, meritorious men, F \i L To seaside and covert, in clover, LAfar from the sound of Big Ben. Our GLADSTONE away down at Hawarden, .'I.,. I I '.Will think of the battles he's won, We suggest to BOB LowE a small garden, And seat sheltered well from the sun, Whereon he can rest him, and ponder llOn each senatorial ass, WVhile BRIGHT in the far Northland yonder Is snaring the salmon with BAss. Keen GoscHERw may stick to the city, -- And CHILDERS go Off to the sea, ___His tours of inspection we pity; And as for FUN, sagest M.P., -He'll rest as of old on Parnassus, And send wit and wisdom afar; And, when August comes, he will pass us ___ Cool drinks- and the soothing cigar. A Laugh on the Wrong Side. B 0 B BY AND B E A R D. TooTrws is of opinion that his gas company I'D BIN AWAY WITH MIESIS IN THE COUNTRY A TORTNIT, AND H1 COME DOWN THE has laid on laughing gas" because of its AIREY UNEXPECTED, AND I'M BLEST IF I KNEW HIM AGIN. OH, IT oGIVE tfi SICH- A (s)mil'd effulgence. When he comes to see TURN "-Extractfrom Zetter ofJANE, Coek what is charged for the darkness visible we think he will consider it no laughing matter. Breach of Privilege. TuosE members of the House of Commons, who took part in the debateon the New Law A RISTORIAL QUERY. Courts before the rising of the Chancellor of Exchequer declare that he was guilty of great WICrn would one naturally suppose to be the rudeness in taking a site at them on the sly! best of all Caesars ? A-gripper, to be sure! SUITS FOR ALL OCCASIONS, 42S.. TO 1-14s. IN STOOK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, So, -UDcG-ATB-m ma. Printed by JUDD & GLASS Phoenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Dnetors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.O.--London: May 8, 18 89. MAY 1, 1860.] F -1, / // t 46 N 04=3 CAMERA, a beginner in photography, not quite turn out as expected ! A NOT VERY HAPPY PEAR. thinks this a capital plan for securing hitt sister'slittle sister's attention during a sitting ; but (see below) it does HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. ON Saturday, the 1st instant, the Holborn Theatre was opened, under the management of MR. BARRY SULLIVAN, with LORD LYTTON'S play of Money. If the enthusiasm which greeted the new venture is a criterion of the sup- port the public is likely to give, we may congratulate Mn. SULLIVAN on the prospect of a long and prosperous managerial career. He certainly de- serves it, for he has collected a good company, and has spared no trouble or expense in putting the piece on the stage. Money is a play which has passed its meridian. It is clever, and there is some telling dialogue in it, but com- pared with our modern standard it is too long-winded and lacks delicacy. MR. SULLIVAN performed the part of Evelyn as so experienced and pains- taking an actor only could play it. Ma. GEORGE HONEY, as Mr. Graves, MR. COGHLAN, as Sir Frederick Blount, and Mn. STEPHENS, as Sir John Vesey, ably supported him; while Mus. HER- MANN YEZIN, as Clara Douglas, lent the charm of her finished acting to com- plete the picture. The comedy was preceded by the farce of the Mistress of the Mill, which kept the house in good humour till the curtain rose on the more important piece. He must be a bold man who still says VOL. IX. we ate hot a musical people. Besides the Royal Italian Opera, and the Lyceum Opera, which opened on the 1st of May, we have concerts of all descriptions, the latest addition to which is to be found in the conversion of the Holborn Amphitheatro into a Pro- menade Concert Hall. The now under- taking begins on the 16th of May, and publishes a programme and list of per- formers, which combined with the Briton's partiality for taking his music walking, will ensure a large at- tendance. To Flats. THE Birm inghamn Weekly Post, in its Money Market Intelligence, remarks, "Banks generally flatter." In their prospectus, doubtless; but were a tradesman desirous of overdrawing his account it strikes us that the very re- verse would be found to be the case. Seasonable. AN observant meteorologist has noted that as a number of smart holiday- folk were admiring the Bushy Park chesnuts the other day, a "smart" shower of rain fell. WrY are London sparrows so pert ? Because, callow when young, they na- turally grow up callous. rl// FUN. FUN OFFICE, Wednesday, May 12th, 1869. HERE is a story in that best of all story-books, The Arabian Nights, which the Government of MR. GLADSTONE should have studied- and doubtless would have studied if the Irish Church Bill had given them the leisure. But they are not the only people who would do well to take the lesson to heart. The liberated Fenians and the foolish Cork Mayor, levior eortier, should lay the little fable to heart. Doubtless the still incarcerated "Patriots," who are not likely to be liberated after what has happened, appreciate the apologue. A fisherman once found a brazen vase or jug in his net, carefully corked and sealed. He opened it, when there immediately rushed forth a huge quantity of smoke which eventually collecting itself became a solid body and took the shape of an ugly and ferocious demon. The first way in which this monster showed his gratitude to his liberator was by threatening to kill him. The fisherman, however, was more crafty than the rebellious spirit and contrived to persuade him into the bottle again-and as soon as he had him there safe he corked him up and kept him there ! Since the liberation of certain misguided Fenians there has been a good deal of vapouring ; and not a few threats have been uttered. Well, all we can say is that next time Government get these ungrateful spirits-consisting less of Irish potheen than of Bourbon whisky- into the bottle, we hope they will keep it well corked. THE Royal Academy Exhibition is exceptionally good this year, the bad pictures being chiefly supplied by the R.A.'s themselves. But the rejections are numerous-though SIR FAxNcis GRANT declared at the Dinner that every accepted picture was hung. If so the difference between the goodness that passed and-the badness that condemned must have been providentially marked with a hard and fast line just at the limit of the capacity of the new building. We fear SIR FRANcis threw an after-dinner cotdeur de rose over the matter, for we are informed of cases in which artists received varnishing orders and exhibitors' tickets-but whose works were not on the walls when the Academy opened. We hinted last year at a self-elected assistant Hanging Committee-can this curious state of things be due to their interference ? At any rate we are glad to hear that there is a movement afoot for a supplementary Exhibition, for which-to borrow from the circular the poetic language of the Secretary, MR. Moe THOMAs-" a noble and spacious suite of rooms" has been secured in Bond street. MEssRS. FULLER the originators of the Royal Albert Press, which is under the patronage of the QUEEN and the PRINCESS ROYAL, have always striven to further the employment of females in art-work. We have had occasion more than once to mention their exhibitions of illuminations by female artists; and we are glad to note that they propose to open a Gallery in Russell-street for the exhibition of works of art executed by females. Such a scheme is calculated, if well carried out, to benefit many a struggling gentlewoman. The regulations for exhibition and sale seem framed with a view to sparing the feelings of the sensitive; and the long experience which MESSRS. FULLER have had in this particular field will enable them to make the experiment an effective and sound one. Martin's Act. THE duty of trying so many and so widely spread Election Petitions, suggested to MR. BARON MARTIN, as we are informed, the ingenious device of transporting his judicial robes in a winged wardrobe." His Lordship has proved himself a very "bird of passage" ;-so chilly indeed must some of his passages" have fallen upon a certain portion of his hearers that we may almost term him a bird of North- West Passage." Please, laugh! WHY are the porters at London Bridge station too familiar ? Because they offer you a grin-each (Greenwich) train. N.B. We insert this merely to shame a contributor, who had the audacity to offer it to us, after a long whitebait dinner. A- COMPLICATED ONE. WHiy is the chiming of bells to church like a broken-winded horse ? Because it's a case of bell us to mend! [MAY 15, 1869. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 114. A YOUNG LAD is travelling there in the isle, Where Nature's endowed with an emerald smile ; He wins much approval wherever he goes, From friends, and inspires England's Fenian foes With fears that the loyalty shown will declare They'd better for utter extinction prepare. 1.-A rosy wee ball with the reddest of lips Peeping out where the dimple deliciously dips, A small voice that uttered one word, while a kiss Followed after the speech when the voice had named this. 2.-You must have heard it at a country fair, You must have heard it at a public meeting, You must have heard it ere the waves prepare To give the silver strand their usual greeting. 3.-It came and it vanished and then came again, With fever and aching and pestilent pain, And when it came back all the doctors exclaimed, Because of its habits it thus shall be named. 4.-How blest was he who 'mid the tempest's night, First saw a wonderful prismatic sight: A promise 'mid the thunder calmly given, That ne'er again the clouds should so be riven. 6.-I went to the doctor Who cautiously said, A careful concocter Of drugs, Go to bed, And I'll send a mixture Astringent and strong, 'Twill keep you a fixture, But not for so long." 6.-I tried to guess a riddle, but alas! I found myself at guessing quite an ass, Each answer that I tried I found to be This only, to my sore perplexity. SOLUTION or ACROSTIC No. 112.-Loie, Site: Lass, Odi, West, Eyrie. CORRECT SOLaIINS OF ACROSTIC No. 112, RECEIVED MAY 5th.-Derfla and Yeul; Ruby's Ghost; Oun; Nell and Louie; Sapientes; Diggory Dibble; D. E. H; H. B. TURNING OVER NEW LEAVES.. WE have received the first volume of The London, new series. We are sorry to see that the title does not clearly indicate that it is the half-yearly volume of the magazine. The dodge, resorted to by smart publishers, of calling magazine volumes, "annuals" and "collections" is unworthy of the management of this excellent periodical. As regards its contents we can only repeat the approval we have given to the numbers as they appeared. A selection from The Early Poems and Sketches of Thomas Hood, edited by his daughter, has been issued by MESSES. MoxoN. It is an interesting little volume for the student, and an amusing one for the general reader, and low enough in price to compete with the cheap and unauthorized editions put forth by those sharp practitioners whom HOOD himself so aptly designated "The Book-aneers." MESSRS. TRUBNER havepublished a second edition of Hans Breitmann's Christmas. The German philosopher would seem to be achieving a rapid popularity in this country : and we are glad to find that we were wrong in supposing the dialect would be a bar to his popularity. It is pleasant to learn that no impediment of the kind can bar the appreciation of genuine humour. John Bull recognizes a brother in any man who displays a capacity for that; just as old BREITMANN was convinced of the identity of his own son by his capacity for lager beer. Make Tracks! WE respectfully, but firmly decline to credit the statement of a late tourist in the Nile district to the effect that he had seen, not only the traces of Crocodile on the river banks, but also the Prints of Whales! A STRAIGHT TIP FOR THE DERBY.-A pretender will win. [We don't know anything about racing, but as this does not look like a joke, we insert it in the hope that it may be a prophecy.-Ed.] A CAILCUATION (by one who has tried a bicycle, and failed).-Twc wheels are frequently equivalent to one woe-if you can't stop 'em I F UJ iUN.-MAY 15, 1869. 7', ,/ I / A 'I 1,1 / :/ I ,*1 Mu,, A 'fl,.iII I' - -~ -N ~ ~K. ;~; -,0 -"I,-, _______________________ 'I _~7~' -~ /- - -J-L- - AM - Al ,j CORK OUT. "*HAST THOU ALREADY FORGOTTEN THAT I HAVE SET THEE AT LIBERTY?' ASKED THE FISHERMAN; 'AND IS IT THUS THOU DOST RECOMPENSE ME FOR THE GOOD SERVICE I HAVE DONE THEE ?' I CANNOT TREAT THEE OTHERWISE,' SAID THE GENIE; 'AND TO CONVINCE THEE OF IT, ATTEND TO MY HISTORY. I AM ONE OF THOSE SPIRITS THAT REBELLED.' "-The Arabian Nights. '-V I ,,7 ~ I -.'-* /-' _ -- -' ~~7'~ K'~< ~ / ---------------- -a^ kam MA 15, 1869.] FU N. LIFE IN LODGINGS. XVII.-LODGERS (continued). C -URELY," observed the artist who has so ably seconded the writer of this series, surely, you won't think of taking down the bill of Lodgings' till you have visited the Zoo-lodging-cal 3 Gardens!" The hint-and a Hansom-were at once taken. The weather-and eighteen-pence-were fair, and fare alike. In a few minutes we were traversing the terrace beneath which the fiercer carnivora have their dwelling. Here be lodgers in every variety, good, bad, and indifferent; respectable, humble, and predacious; sociable and moody; irritable and resigned. Their requirements, exclusive of eating and drinking, are not many. They don't, except in the case (not the packing-case) of the elephant, bring much luggage with them. The Polar bear takes his tub, and the brown bear wants a gymnasium. The monkeys require one, too. They reside chiefly in boarding-houses, and quarrel and pick one another to pieces just as human boarders do. They are strangely like human lodgers these wild beast lodgers, for whom Mil. BARTLETT is the kindly Bouncer, who has to accommodate the tastes of the Boxes and Coxes of the animal kingdom-the beasts of prey, who are up all night, like printers-and the ruminating animals, who are on the move in the day, like hatters. Yes, they are of all sorts of trades and professions, just like mankind. Come here! In that den you observe an actor who will shortly take a tour in the pro- vinces. He made his ddbit in town, but the sapient magistrates of Brentford were shocked (like the Loan CHAHMIERLAIN) at the bear idea, and would not license the performance. They had an omnibus and some difficulty in getting him to these lodgings. His manager and acting manager are in durance vile elsewhere. The humble super who acts subordinate parts with him is that wolfish looking dog in the corner. They agree very well, and Bruin was trained -to the pro- fession by kindness not cruelty, so that it hf is not very clear why the Brentford Dog- Ss berries had this magisterial bear-baiting. Bruin is not a bad actor in his particular line. Tragedy is not his forte, but he is good in pantomime, or even ballet. Those two leopards yonder are professionals, too. As you see them leaping over one another's back so gracefully and easily you can't help wondering why they don't wear spangled fillets , and baggy tights, and kiss their hands to us. They are i! the very embodiment of peri- |ii pathetic acrobats-save that l the police make the latter i, change their spots sometimes. Look at the lion, now Did you ever see that British lion ATERFAMILIAS more -clearly portrayed ? He has just done dinner, and is amiable on the memory of shin of beef. He is dozing comfortably, with his favourite journal over his nose to keep the flies away. Of course, that journal is FUN-you should hear him roar over its pages! He looks quiet and good-tempered enough; nevertheless, I would not Bother him if I were you. If that tall, thin, yellow S gentleman, with the hollow cheek and a quid in it, goes on poking at the animal, and shouting out something about "the old cnss's apoloe dames.- gising," he is likely to catch it directly-and serve him This is the cassowary. Gaze at it, and then hide your anything but diminished heads, ye fashionable dames. You thought when you invented chignons you had found out a novelty Bless you, the cassowary wore one when first man sot eyes on her. Observe the tie, with the long ends, on her neck. Note the high heels on which she trips about so daintily. Do not overlook the fact that her dress is in the latest fashion, with that modern sort of preposterous bustle that we imitate from the French. In one respect, the cassowary is your superior. Although her complexion is like a purple kid glove in texture and colour, she never thinks of going to RACHEL to be enamelled. Yonder is a number of pelicans. Don't they look like old washer- women ? And the crowned cranes, with their dancing gait, do they not resemble the demoiselles from whom they take their name. There's the auk, the very image of the fat boy in Pickwick. It is an odd thing, but I recognize several of DiCKENS's characters in the Gardens. In the Parrot House you will find Quilp. In his bird-form, he is spoken of as CuvIER's Podargus- one of the strangest of feathered creatures. His head is quite two-thirds of him, and its fierce, eagle-like look is ridiculous compared with the stunted body it surmounts. He has large eyes- and, oh, such a mouth! It is so big that it opens down to his waist. Indeed, it says much for the sagacity of animals that when lie yawns he doesn't tumble through his own beak. Poor wretch, hlie cannot possibly know what it is to have a mouth- ful of food-if he filled his mouth, his stomach would not find accommodation for the food. I can best describe the relative proportions of his mouth and body by comparing him to the portico of the Euston-squaro station leading into a sentry box. I cannot help thinking it is an oversight of MR. BARTLETT'S to put this deformed little crea- ture in the Parrot House. Parrots will talk, ,, and it is to be feared their remarks must often be very painful to him. Hero you are among your poor relations. It only wants a bright Bandanna handker- chief, a short pipe, and an apple stall, or orange basket, to convert the chimpanzee S yonder into BIDDY FLANNIGAN. When the keeper stirs it up and makes it come out of its hutch and show itself to the visitors, there's an expression on its face, as it turns i towards him, that says as plain as words, "Ah, bedad, you come down our coort, thin, and see what ye'll be after getting' !" This grave little gentleman, the capuchin, ghas something of the ecclesiastic about him. SHe has a careworn expression, and wears many a wrinkle; and he moves about in a melancholy, noiseless way. Observe how quietly he abstracts that nut from his neighbour's store -and now, see, another attempts to stempts to steal from , him, whereupon he sets up a shrill and prolonged chattering, as if he were delivering a discourse on the wickedness of coveting others' goods and f the sin of stealing. He could not have done it better if he had been a man, We have not half exhausted the Gardens yet. There are the llamas, who might be supposed to come from the States instead of South America they have such a pleasant way of expectorating. i There's the hippopotamus, too, whom I never see t with that perpetual grin on his face without being reminded of little SYermt, the funny man you meet at all the evening parties. It is only the beast's grin-not his size-that recalls SYMPER. Our SYMrPER is diminutive. Why do the funny men of evening parties never run above three foot eleven and a half ? Then there's the reptile house, the very atmosphere of which reminds you of the Court of Chancery. Then there are the statesmen in the eagle aviary, and the philosophers in the owl aviary in which I can point you out one bird who I know has the Differential Calculus in his gizzard. Then there are those cowlike antelopes, the elands, that remind one oof the fat young ladies at evening parties who don't dance, and like being taken down to supper. But we must bring our visit to a close, having merely mentioned a few of the inhabitants of the Zoo-lodging-cal Gardens, in which we are sure there are many more who will be glad to receive a call-in fact, the residents in the bear-pit have authorised us to say they will be delighted to see you all, if you will drop in-and you can take the children with you. To SUIT THOSE op AN ECHO-NOMICAL nuaw.-The cheapest evening newspaper. 102 F U N. [M 15, 1869. ,THE R.A.'S AT BURLINGTON HOUSE. BY OUR CANDID CRITIC. THE Exhibition of the Royal Academy this season is the best in every respect that we have seen for years. The rooms are light, and the walls a good colour. And there are no pictures stuck on the floor and hung on the cornice. Such improvements are likely to stamp out entirely a disease that has long prevailed, The Royal Academy head-ache." The art as a whole is very much in advance of that of past exhibitions. To say that there are no bad pictures there would be tantamount to saying that two-thirds of the R.A.'s were not exhibitors-a contin- gency more desirable than probable. For my part I can't see why - now that they are talking of allowing bishops to retire at a certain age-they should not make a similar arrangement for the elder R.A.'s. Their reputation would be saved from tarnish, and the exhibitions would be vastly improved. To those of us who remember CRESWICK'S prime, it is a real suffering to see such a picture as Sunshine and thing to provide a refreshment room, and a wiser in securing MESSRS. SPIERS AND POND, caterers, whom the public have long tried, and not found wanting. I also congratulate them on the courage of the confession of past faults, which a glance at MR. SANDY'S Medea," rejected laat year, must make plain to the meanest comprehension. Such a picture could only have been rejected from motives, into which, after repentance like this, we will not closely inquire. And now for a hasty word as we run through the rooms. POTT'S "Fire," clever. HEMY's "Canal-boat," true. BARWES'S "Last Rose," simply exquisite. LANDSEER'S "Lions," make Trafalgar-square a mystery. OAKES'S "Early Spring," clever. "God's Acre," by CALTHORP, full of feeling. WATTS's "Return of the Dove," dirty, considering the deluge of water. STONE'S "Princess Elizabeth," very good, but why make MR. FIELD TALFOURD a French ambassador ? LEADER'S landscapes, of course, fine. FAED'S pictures natural and touching; but where does he get the wretched verses he- quotes? ARCHER's "Against Cornwall," admirable. MILLAIs's "Gambler's Wife," and OncHAnxsoN's "Duke's Antechamber," good. Showers." Could not MESSRS. COPE, COOPER, HART, JONES, LEE, REDGRAVE, and PICKERSGILL be put on retiring honours, or at least be limited to a couple of canvases or so ? And I'm not sure that MR. WARD and one or two more might not join them with advantage. At any rate the Hanging Committee should be empowered to sky them. Apropos of skying, let me pay a warm tribute of praise to the generous modesty which has evidently influenced one of the hangers-I fear only one. There is not a single picture of MR. LEIGHTOx'S on the line, though they each and all deserve the best positions in the gallery. There are far too many portraits in the Exhibition. Of course they can't be turned out, for people would not have their portraits painted if they were not to be exhibited. But they might have one room to themselves, somewhere downstairs, and the Academy taking a hint from MADAME TUSSAUD, might charge an extra sixpence for the Cham- ber of Horrors. It would pay amazingly, for while it cleared the walls for lovers of art, it would give that strange class of people that likes to look at portraits an opportunity of indulging in the dissipation un- disturbed. If there were such a room, Mu. O'NEIL'S teaboard of Garrick Club caricatures should have its darkest corner. I congratulate the Academicians on having at last come to the con- clusion that because people will look at pictures they do not deserve to be punished with insatiable hunger and thirst. They have done a wise Then there are AnMITAGE'S Hero," COLE'S landscapes, and CooKE's sea-scapes, and LANDSEER'S "Swannery." SANrT' pretty children, and LEwis's wonderful "Intercepted Letter," Hoex's veritable snatches of nature from Devon orchard and Cornish sea, HOUGrTON'S clever "Swell of 1580," NICHOLL'S "Disputed Boundary," PATON'S "Cali- ban," PETTIE'S "Gambler's Victim," WALxER'S Old Gate "-there are a few to look at and admire. Then, don't miss HOLL's exquisite picture, No. 210, and you may safely look up the works of TADEMA, MASON, DAvis, TounnRER, POINTER, TOPHAM, and 0. J. LEwis. And then I have not exhausted the list of good things -haven't touched on water colours or sculpture-but I have come to my limit, and editors, like facts, are stubborn things. Jane, Cook, to Robert, Pleeceman. TAKE, oh, take those lips away, Now moustache and beard are worn; In these eyes you make to-day Of yourself a fright forlorn. To my missus's again Come not for cold meat-'tis vain! MAT 15, 1869.] FU THE VELOCIPEDE. THE Literature of this movement is at present in its infancy. And yet it is necessary that the friends of the new vehicle should be able to quote from the poets passages bearing on their favourite amusement. For this object an ingenious gentleman is editing a selection from the British Bards, .-the passages being carefully modified so as to bear on the subject. We subjoin a specimen, from The Lay of the Last Minstrel, by SI WALTER SCOTT :- The ladye forgot her purpose high, One moment and no more - One moment gazed with a mother's eye As she paused at the arched door, Then from amid the armed train She called to her William of Deloraine. Sir William of Deloraine, good at need, Mount thee on thy velocipede; Spare not to spurt, nor stint to ride Until thou come to fair Tweedside." "Oh, swiftly can speed my velocipede (She thinks that it's heavy it's clear), Ere break of day," the warrior 'gan say, Again I will be here." Soon in his saddle sat he fast, And down the steep descent he past, As only a skilful rider can, And soon by the Teviot side he ran. In Hawick twinkled many a light, Behind him soon they set in night; As he rattled his two-wheeled machine Beneath the tower of Hazeldean. Nothing so very Strange ! THE Spiritualists make a great deal of fuss about what they call "levitation," and count it a miracle that HUME has been floated in the air. In our city experience we have seen humbugs just as notorious- a joint stock company and a whole board of directors "floated "-and as in the case of the Spiritualist, without any visible means of support. As for the writing of names on pieces of paper, which the Spiritualists seem to think so wonderful-ask any magistrate and he will tell you it is not, unfortunately, very uncommon. Not a-count-able. WE thought the snob was a specially London pest. .But Pesth in Hungaly has lately been visited by him-a German version by a COUNT ESTERHAZY with hazy notions of the duty of a gentleman. This Count of small account went to the Opera with a companion, with whom he conversed in loud tones and with horse-or ass-laughter during the performance. The Captain of the City, CAPTAIN THAS had at last to threaten to remove him by force ; whereon the snob withdrew, and was fined two hundred florins next day. We commend the case to Acting Managers who often have similar cases to deal with. There may be a similar remedy for the nuisance in English law. Very Natural History. A PROvINCIAL PAPER the other day, in speaking of the arrival of the swallows, indulged in the following curiosity of natural history:- The swallow, as is well-known, spends the whole year in England, but flies to warmer climes at the approach of winter. If the swallow spends the whole year 'in England, but goes elsewhere in winter, he must be the bird SIR BOYLE ROCHE had in his eye. At any rate his mode of spending the winter should be described, to dis- tinguish it from hybernating, as Hibernianating. Aiming at High Game. EVER to tha fore with some instructive novelty, PROFESSOn PEPPER is now exhibiting at the Royal Polytechnic his "Great Induction Coil," proving that he is determined to be, in this branch of science, "Aut Sea-&Sr(-pent) aut nullus." A Great Oversight. IT is very strange that during the whole controversy about "musical pitch" no one should have thought of consulting the best authorities on the subject-the PYNES. A RARE EDITION.-With the majority of literary productions-the second. ]s 103 CHATS ON THE MAGS. MAY. Temple Bar commences with a new novel by the authoress of "Cometh up as a Flower." At present it shows no signs of the animalism that has tainted the writer's previous stories, but it is slovenly, unfeminine, and vulgar in tone, though by no means without merit. "Poetry of the Period," though very severe on the Poet Laureate, contains much that is true. Madame Euphrosine's Thurs- days" is clever-indeed the whole number is above the average in merit. THE Argosy contains a capital ghost story, "A Curious Story;" but "Johnny Ludlow" is hardly up to the mark this month. The illustra- tion is chiefly remarkable because Gerald Yorke's feet-or at any rate one of them-must have been treated on the Chinese plan, it is so miraculously small. Good Words for te Young is excellent as ever. There is not a skip- able page in the number, and it is hard to say where all is so good which is the best; but we incline to think MR. HENRY KINGSLEY'S "Boy in Grey will be as popular as anything with the youngsters. Kettledrum is capital this month. In July it is to appear with a new title, Now-a-days, which is an improvement on the present. We wish it all success, for it is an excellent magazine and true to its objects. Under the Crown maintains a high average. Though the names of the writers are for the most part new, the contents of the number are eminently readable and amusing. London Society is not very strong in its art this month, but it makes up for it by being extra good in its verse, with the exception of Under the \ Chesnuts which has an awkward limp here and there. But Who Wins '" is an excellent example of vers de society. A Model Market" is interesting, and pays a deserved tribute to the practical benevolence of Miss BURDETT COUTTS. We should like Musings among the Photographs" better if the author, who calls TENNYSON, BROWNINO and CARLYLE his literary friends, had not made such a stranger of Tom MOORE as to attribute his lines- The moan looks on many brooks The brook sees but one moon, to an American author ! IN St Paul's we have thethe close of MR. TROLLOPE'S novel, an instalment of "The Sacristan's Household," and a capital batch of papers far too good to be called "padding." "My Ideal" is musical in expres- sion and pleasing in fancy. MR. MILLAIS'S illustration is anything but flattering to "Mary Flood Jones "-enough to justify Phineas Finn's inviting the artist over to the coast of Flanders. ,usfav fa to a ynkst. [ We cannot return unaccepted tSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.] C. S. (Coleman-street).-We have heard something very like that before; so it is more suitable for the Echo than us. PERCIVAL PODGER.-We print your poem, The Zoozoo," here, in order to give the numerous correspondents, who find it so difficult to discover the sort of thing we want, a sample of the sort of thing we don't want:- To the Zoo you will go If you have any sense- It is the royal wild beast show, On Monday 'tis sixpence. The crocodiles you will see there Likewise the monkeys too, You'll also see the plar bear When you go to the Zoo. When you are there, just go and see The hippopotamus, You'll find him living with the Elephant in the same house. The lions and the tigers too Reside under the terrace, I would advise you them to view When you are near the place. This advice I have given to you, And if now you are funkey, I would certainly advise you To live there as a monkey. D. (Euston-road.)-Wo cannot see our way to doing so. C. (Stanley-road.)-We cannot avail ourselves of your offer of services, at present, thank you. Pucx.-Are you sure you have not been robbing good fellows of the Joe Miller order ? TATOES (Pentonville-road.)-Be good enough to call for your "lucu- brations "-didn't you mean St.-Luke's-ubrntions ? Declined with thanks :-J.; A., Todmorden; Old Subscriber J. C, York; H. W., Blackfriars-road: JH. E., Liverpool; J. G, Liverpool; E. J. D., Russell-square; W. K., Northampton; H. T. R., Claremont- square; J. D. H., Richmond; Henricus; S. D, Camberwell New-road; Eliza; X. Z.; Pitbury Pet; F. S., Leeds; Knobbut; Hawk-eye; G. S., Camden Town; P., Bradford; L. B., Margate. 104 F U N. [MAY 15, 1869. THE BAB BALLADS. No. 69.-A WORM WILL TURN. JunP shook off this sorrow's weight, And like a Christian son, Proved Poverty a happy fate- Proved Wealth to be a devil's bait, To lure poor sinners on. With other sorrows BBmnxA u coped, For sorrows came in packs ; His cousins with their housemaids sloped- His uncles died--his aunts eloped- His sisters married blacks. But BEiNAtD, far from numn! " Bat worms who watch without concern The cockchafer on thorns, Or beetles smashed, themselves will turn If, walking through the slippery fern, You tread upon their corns. And if when all the mischief's done You watch their dying squirms, And listen, ere their breath has run, You'll hear them sigh Oh, clumsy one !" And devil blame the worms., UTpon his friends to call, Subscription lists were largely signed, For men were really glad to find Him mortal, after all! BOYS' SUITS, 16s. TO 45s. I \IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, so, rUDCArTE Is.. Frinted by JUDD & GLASS, Phanix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Doctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E,C.-London : May 16, 1869. MAY 22, 1869.] FUN. THE CROYDON RACE: A DEED OF TRUE HEROISM. BY ONE THAT Dmn IT. Sm,-In such times when everybody's got a stick that's good enough to throw at a dog, by which I mean the police constables; not as I put it to you, or any man, that they're to be so called, though fre- quently suffering from such, as I was myself last summer, having my hands that bit with taking of 'em to the greenyard, that they was mostly a mask of corstick and diakylon, as prevented my holding of a truncheon with that comfort that one ought to; but this is getting off the beat. What I meant to say was, in times like these, when a con- stable's word's as good as his oath, and sometimes a good deal better than the oatheses of half a dozen men, according to which Court you go to, and what magistrate, there's never a good word to say for us, even when we're that active and intelligent that our own personal safety's not worth mentioning, and the day before's joints, or the little lux'ries that fell to some in the superior beats is mostly took away by charitable collectors as begs broken meat for the poor, which is paid for in the rates, just as we are ourselves by the parishingers, whether mounted or otherwise, as the case may be, as by law purwided, which I was myself at Croydon Races, where I was put a-horseback for to keep clear the course from the lower order, many of which I kept down by the power of eye that a man acquires in the force, and the more obstropulous by backing against 'em and driving at 'em till they knuckled under, and spoke civil, a-begging of my parden for incom- moding my horse, by taking of their feet from under him when he wanted to stand still. Now, sir, my duty were to keep that course clear, and to watch the race, which was a thing I'd never seen before, being mostly confined to the mettrypollyton district, where they aint run. You may judge of my feelings, then, as a man, let alone as an egseckative officer, when I see a regular rough lot in their shirt sleeves, and not a coat amongst 'em, come tearing hareum skareumn right along the course, and the fust and second a-layin' into their 'orses and sawing of their mouths that savage that if there'd been a member of the Sosiety for the Perwention there they'd have found themselves summoned in quick sticks. Now, what did I do, sir-with the fear of being smashed,-I rode slap across the first chap and pulls him up pretty sharp, pretty nigh countering horse and man over. The second, he gives a yell, and slips by a-laughing. I'll make you laugh t'other'side o' your mouth," says I, drawing my truncheon, as in duty bound. When what should happen, but our inspector sends me a message as I was wanted elsewhere. And so I don't get into the newspapers after a deed of daring which- Sir, there's a conspiracy agin me; would you believe that I'm to be hauled over the coals because some low carackter has swore that I stopped the winning horse, and what he calls fouled the race. I hear as there's a paper called the Tissue, where any man that wants to become a sporting party can learn all about it. I've sent out for the last number, and rite herewith to the editor.-Yours, A. COPPrr. The Derby Difficulty. THOUGH ev'n on Bell-though ev'n on Bell- Adrum the betting-men should yell, So doubtful is the race, that I'm Uncertain what to back this time. There's ev'n in Bell, there's ev'n in Bell A hesitation to foretell, In fact there's none can say which one Will be the winner-'till it's run! Pot and Kettle. We like a Kettle that does its work without a deal of spout and vapour. All honour then to Mn. RUPERT KETTLE -the Rupert of the Debate between the employers and the employed at Manchester ! Thanks to his arbitrations, there will be neither lock-out nor strike; and the wives and families of the workmen ought to be grateful to the KETTLE that keeps the pot a-boiling. Lights and Buoys. THE other evening, during a speech on Light Dues," the President of the Board of Trade seemed to get into a heavy mist, and broke down. Of course he was speaking from information supplied by the clerks of the Lights and Buoys Department at Somerset House, and we suppose the boys did not throw enough light on the subject. WHY must the Christy Minstrels at St. George's Hall surpass all others in spirit ? Because they perform con A-Nimmo. VOL,. IX. 103 106 [MAY 22, 1869. HE FUN OFFICE, Wednesday, May 19th, 1869. HE evidence of GoaLnwi SmITH completes the case against America. There is a strong feeling against England, and Svu-M NEn's speech was merely an expression of it. The "statesmen " of America, as they call them, are mere mouthpieces of the mob, and they follow-not lead-public opinion. If there were a cry for the invasion of the moon, some statesman" would assuredly turn up to advocate it, as a bid for popularity. The American yelping and howling may lead to war. It is quite possible the Americans don't mean that exactly. In fact, your noisy dogs are not very often fighting dogs. But they may go on barking and snapping till they can't go back. The British bulldog does not waste his breath on clamour. He has gone as far as he intends to go. He was not at all disinclined to be friendly, but the yelping pack would not allow it. He curls his lip up in scorn-but it shows a set of ugly grinders. History repeats itself; and America is a young nation anxious to make history. It wants another Bull's Run. It will be no less calamitous than the first one, for if they make our thoroughbred bull run, it will at their heels-and pretty close to them, even uncomfort- ably so. THE MAYOR OF CORK has made a virtue of necessity. He has dis- sembled his love "-for O'FARRELLS and such would-be assassins-and "kicked" himself "down-stairs" to save Parliament the trouble. This is as it should be. An Act of Parliament all to himself would have been more honour than a Mayoralty; and besides, when the 'coon says, "Don't shoot, Colonel, I'll come down," it is a saving of powder and shot. And we may be sure there is no necessity for more expense than has been already incurred- a sum probably amounting to not less than four or five hundred pounds. The Mayor's little burst of after-dinner idiocy has cost the public a pretty penny. Let us hope that as we have paid so much for his "education," he will be benefited by it. After such a lesson he ought to retire into private life a wiser and a butter-we beg pardon, better Or course the Permissive Bill has been sent to the limbo of all legislative millinery. Nobody quarrels with the good but incompetent people who wish to put an everlasting bung in the barrel of that beer, or those other alcoholic preparations which many love not wisely but too well. But the reformers of drunkenness have too narrow an outlook, and fail to see that moderation must not be punished because excess is difficult to deal with. An amount of medical testimony, which cannot be washed away by the oratorical flow of all the pumps of Permissivedom, exists in favour of a moderate use of stimulant, as one of the artificial results of that arch-artificialism, Civilization. To deprive us of it, who use it well, because others abuse it, would be very like depriving all mankind of their hands to prevent pocket- picking. Sweeping measures are bad-they do injustice, they injure the cause they should aid, and they spring either from ignorance or from indolence, which will not take the trouble to deal with particular cases, but wishes, like Nero, that all England had but one throat in order to put a cork in it and have done with the bother, The House of-Correction. SOME papers seem very much amused at a contemporary which, by a typographical error, announced the other day that a convicted thief was sent for two months to "the House of Commons." We really see little to laugh at. Considering the rate of progress on the Irish Church question, we think that for some time it would have been a very severe punishment to be sent to the House of Commons. Pretty near it. OeR philosopher says, that the abolition of the Irish Church is an established fact," and that the Orangemen arc "a disestablished faction." Dramatic News.. THR evergreen farce of Box and Cox has been recently performed with great success at Taunton, but the title was slightly modified: it was SERJEANT Cox and the Wrong Box." WHAT noble Russian family can never appear in full-dress ? The Demi-dofs. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 115. IT's open- and a splendid show It has of clever works a-row- The world its halls frequents, And mid the crowd the eye oft falls On what the vulgar public calls Them colour-grindin' gents." 1.-Great qualities in him met are- He wears a mighty scimetar- His martial air is grim, "etar- Nal grim," would Yankees vote, A native he of Turkey is, And his complexion murky is, Though his expression smirky is, This officer of note. 2.-This blade of Bailie Nicol Jarvie's Saw (so Smt WALTER tells) some sarvice- Though not ex armis snatched but arvis. 3.-It's hard to guess what 'tis : Yet it still harder is! 4.-CASTOn and POLLux were two pretty twins, The side which they favour the victory wins: At least with that notion would history fill us Reporting the contest near Lacus Regtllus. 5.-Though you talked till. you talked yourself red in the wattles, You'd not teach me this treatise of old ARISTOTLE'S. 6.-In rigging this runs pretty rigs, And oftentimes it feeds the pigs. 7.-When people say There's nought like leather," It is an error altogether; For here's an article (see TOOKE), Does-if not leather-like it look. SOLUTION OF ACROSToC, No. 113.-Nursery, Gardens: Nag, Um- brella, Rector, Shard, Embrace, Roan, Yarns. CORRECT SOLUTrION Or ACROSTIO No. 113, RzECIVED 12th MAT.-Ring-Tailed Roarer; Chudderton; Two Portobello Welters; Cider Eye; Knurr and Spell; J. S. F.; Charlie and Mabel; Constance L. C.; L. A. C.; Bush Salmon; Old Trafford; Thomas and Collings; J. 0. P.; Pipekop; Sutton; Stick-in-the-Mud; Hanky Panky- Old Maid; Pimlico Tom Cat; Suffolk Dumpling; D. P. P.; Doddy; Con; Nell and Louie; Bravo, Ned; Tom and Jim; D. E. H.; Thrte Didactic Dodekahedrons Ruby's Ghost; Diggory Dibble; Linda Princess. CHATS ABOUT MAGS. MAY. THE St. rTames's would do better, we doubt not, if it were not The only Conservative Shilling Magazine," for magazine readers don't want politics, of which they get enough in the daily penn'orth of news. Besides, if magazines must be political, they should get their politics done by men of superior mental calibre to MIR. CHARLEY, M.P. With less party-spirit and improved cuts, the St. James's would stand high among the periodicals, for it contains good writing and capital verse. THE Cornhill contains the wind-up of Lettice Lisle," with whom we part regretfully. MR. READE'S story is full of interest, though we cannot help fancying it is unworthy of his artistic powers to make his hero such an A TINous that all the women fall in love with him. Such heroes occur in the first novels written by aspiring school-girls. A paper on The Etruscans" will be found deserving of study. IN Good Words we are treated to an admirable lecture by the REv. CHARLES KINGSLEY, to be commended to the thoughtful perusal of our womankind. Short Essays" are not calculated to add to the reputation of the author of "Friends in Council," for they are written in a querulous egotistical spirit. Peeps at the Far East" is full of interest; and the pictures are good. THE Young Ladies' Journal, with a tremendous quantity of "work" supplement, sustains the high character we gave it last month. It is not only cheap but good; and its illustrations might form a model for higher-priced periodicals, while there is not a line of -it that might not be safely read by any young girl. We have to acknowledge the receipt of Ie 1o4ls, Scientifie Opinion, The Naturalist's Notebook, Seience Gossip, and that most welcome periodical just now, the Gardener's Magazine. Embarrassing Position. A GENTLEMA (a Commissioner of Income Tax) is a devoted astro- nomical student. He is in doubt whether he will be justified in making public some valuable information he possesses as tothe probable return of a comet. DImT oaL SH rs IBLD Ba.AEn.-Beef HaFlaw-mo le. F J N.-MAY 22, 1869. x,1 r.L'\/ I, / / (f J~J~ I.*l' I I-', - I /1 c4 2 -~ 4 1 414, I u-. ANOTHER BULL'S RUN,-SUBMITTED FOR A-MERRY-CUR'S CONSIDERATION. "ONLY, GENTLE, I' YOU MAKE THIS BULL RUN, IT WILL BE AFTER YOU!" \ 'I A^'- i :- "" \ ,7//7 - -, ll r- "~> " ':,:7 ,A A ------------ FUN. MISS MINUET. H Minuet Maiden, your coy- ness bewitching, Those down-looking eyes, and that very short Q skirt, Which you tantalize all of us Are signs of a sad disposi- tion to flirt. For if it were not so, why here, all in ruffles, Is seen such a pretty fan- tastical beau ? With a sharp little sword to protect him in scuf- Which old-fashioned gen- TYh tlemen fancied you know. Sweet Minuet Maiden, our grandmothers grumble, Our manners are wormwood and gall to their sight, Of decency, dirt, and decorum they mumble; And ANOLD keeps preaching of sweetness and light ! With deference due to old age, often crazy, Which mixes with wisdom a bushel of stuff, Their morals were somehow decidedly hazy In days of bad drainage, and duels, and snuff. My Minuet Mwaid, though you dance so demurely, That butter of course in your mouth couldn't melt, The thrill of a look you've experienced surely, The clasp of a hand on your waist you have felt. When fortune in kindness a lover had sent you, You didn't dismiss him in dudgeon, I hope, Pray tell me did modesty ever prevent you From just acquiescing in ladders of rope ? Al! Minuet Maiden, strange stories come down to These dissolute days of the galop and valse; And history whispering owns, though you frown, to Have known many grandmothers fickle and false. Those runaway matches-so modest!-and duels Well suited the steady conventional sort Of women, who starved upon prices and gruels, And men who got drunk upon magnums- of port. Be that as it may you're decidedly winning, Yes, both of you-lover as well as his lass- For her dress we forgive the young maiden her sinning, And also forgive the young courtier his glass! Most maidens are very much given to flirting, No matter what fashion or flow of its tide! And, Minuet Maid, to old dresses reverting, We find pretty much the same women inside! All the Difference. IN the course of recent legal proceedings wherein MR. WALKER, the great sufferer by the Cornhill watch robbery, sought to obtain (we regret to say- unsuccessfully) from the Corporation of London the money found in possession of the burglars who had so extensively robbed him, the Solicitor-General sarcastically remarked:- THnE question their Lordsbips were a-ked to decide was whether they had power (and he hoped it would not be considered an offence his saying so) to make the Goy poration, of London disgorge. Had the Corporation been requested not to dis-gorge-but to gorge- neither legal proceedings nor the eloquent aid of the Solicitor- General would have been required to secure their ready assent. A Free Rendering. A SPORTING correspondent wishes to know the meaning of iLjeu ne vaut pas la chandelle. We have much pleasure in informing him that it refers to the seizure of the Deptford Spec money by the police, and means that after their little game it is not worth while to have a farthing-dip in the Lucky Bag. A Fell Proceeding. SiNCE the beginning of May there has been a succession of Fell-onies in the lake district of Westmoreland. On the falls of that region first of all the wind fell, then the snow fell, next the rain fell, and last the mercury fell. 111 TABLE-TIPS. BY OUR STABLE-TURNING MEDIUM. DEPRIVED of the services of old NICHOLAs by prosperous circumstances over which we (and he) have no control, we have not scrupled, by calling in the aid of Spiritualism, to seek the services of his older namesake. Yes, we have tried the spirits, and after the third bottle we have elicited astounding results. Our medium-a circulating one which turns tables-has made some astounding revelations that we hasten to lay before the Dialectical Society and the public at large. After a steady application to the Spirits our table began to tip- which was just what we wanted. We obtained a rap, after having been for some time without one; we heard strange noises, and by the aid of the alphabet, with which our medium had a limited- perhaps we should say, merely speaking acquaintance, we procured the following information. A sound resembling the tinkle of a bell was heard, followed by the noise of a drum or some similar object beaten hollow. This was followed by a single rap, constituting a negative. A strain of music was next heard, like that of an accordion suspended in the air or of an organ in the next street. The first few bats of "Sally, come up, and Sally, come down," were played, and then a stick of the kind frequently seen on racecourses was violently throw on the table. We inquired, "Is this intended to indicate the Duke of"-" Beau to a goose," responded the table rapping rapidly. The tune was then changed to Not Sir Joe," and the music died away. Anxious to obtain a direct reply, we asked Shall we back the favourito ?" Answer, On no Pretence." Question, "Then a favourite will not be the winner?" Answer, "The winner will be a favourite-after the race!" Observation, "You are Merry!" Answer, "No, I'm wise!" Question, Shall I make money on the Derby?" Answer, "Not by landing the Spanish'! " We then determnied to bring matters to a crisis, and inquired Who will win the Derby ?" A Rank Outsider, was the answer. "What rank outsider?" we asked. "In the first rank at the post." The strains of music were here repeated. On our inquiring their meaning, the spirits whose spelling throughout had been very questionable, rapped out "Act accordionly!" We wished to press them further, but they said they were exhausted, and a glance at the bottles proving the truth of the assertion, we have sent out for more. Should the boy return before we go to press, we will publish the result of our further investigations. LATER INTELLIGENCE. A communication just received before the return of the boy. Slightly unintelligible, but seems to mean Ether's outside." Subsequently, as the boy rang at the area bell, Lad-has arrived" was spelt out. BLUSTER. SONS of the land, whose meteor flag Bears o'er the stripes the starry cluster! Come, now's the time, my boys, for brag- And bluster! Be bold, Columbia's sons, be bold, Guerilla, Rowdy, Filibuster- Let trembling Britishers behold Your bluster. Your bluster. Your nation's arms, the bowic-blade, The Derringer, the knuckle-duster, Display as arguments in aid Of bluster. Come, German, full of lager beer! Come, Fenian, come, to swell the muster! We'll teach the Britisher to fear Our bluster. Tall talk is better far than deeds, And o'er our nation flings a lustre; Great grows the appetite that feeds On bluster. What is our grievance ? That's all right; SUMNER declares it can't be juster. We don't mean fighting, our delight Is bluster! Sheer Off! "CUTTING down" is at an end so far as Deptford dockyard is concerned-Even the shears" there are unemployed. "DOUBLES and Quits"-as the Hare remarked to the Greyhound when she popt into covert. MAY 22, 1869.] 112 FUN. THE BAB BALLADS. No. 70.-THE MYSTIC SALVAGEE. D ERHAPS already you may know SIR BLENNERHASSET POR- TWICo ? 'T A Captain in the Navy, he- A Baronet and K.C.B. You do? I thought so. It was that captain's favourite whim (A notion not confined to him) That RODNEY was the greatest tar SWho BIEN: BAieu "-'twas that sailor's namo - "Don't fear that you'll incur my blame By saying, when it seems to you, That there is anything I do That RODNEY wouldn't." The ancient sailor turned his quid, Prepared to do as he was bid : "Aye, aye, yer honour, to begin, You've done away with shiftingg in'- Well, sir, you shouldn't! "Upon your spars I see you've clapped Peak halliard blocks, all iron-capped. I would not christen thl.t a crime, But 'twas not done in RODNEY S time, It looks half-witted! Upon your maintop stay, I see, You always clap a salvage;aiuter." Smi BLENNERHASSET shifted in," Turned deadeyes up, and lent a fin To strip (as told by JASPER KNox) The iron capping from his blocks, Where there was any. SIR BLENNERHASSET does away, With salvage salvage salvage was soon unshipped- And all were merry. Again a day, and JASPER came, " I p'raps deserve your honour's blame, I can't make up my mind," says he, "About that cursed salvagee- It's foolish-very. "On Monday night I could have sworn That maintop stay it should adorn, On Tuesday morning I could swear That salvage should not be there- The knot's a rasper! " "Oh, you be hanged," said CAPTAIN P., "Here, go ashore at Carribee. Get out-good bye-shove off-all right!" Old JASPER soon was out of sight- Farewell old JASPER ! MAY 22, 1869. [ MAY 22, 1869.] FUN. HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. AT present the public and the stage exchange reproaches for the rarity with which SHAKESPEARE is played, and the charge of want of taste is bandied, by way of shuttlecock, from one to the other. It is certainly true that managers may say that supply and demand balance each other, and that SHAKESPEARB, commercially, does not pay; yet we have GOETHE'S authority that the fault of a decline in taste rests rather with the artists than the public. We, therefore, are glad to see any movement towards rendering SHAxESPEARE intelligently. In the fashionable season, the theatres are sealed to him, and single read- ings would seem too incomplete and unrealistic for the public taste; but, halfway between the book and the boards, there are other rep*e- sentations, Costume Recitals," where portions of plays are given'by several actors in stage dress. We have witnessed one lately at St. George's Hall, under the direction of ME. RYDER. The brunt of the P-f a e was borne by Miss BoumERIE, who played in scenes from. -Asbeth, As You Like It, and King John. As one qualification for Slakesperian parts, this lady has that most agreeable of accident, great personal attractions ; but in essentials, she possesses intelligence, and an appreciation of the poet, consider- able play of feature, and gs~et power over a pleasing voice. In he acting, there is much energy and passion, and all is controlled byfhee results of careful teaching. When she has got rid of some mannerisms and flaws of voice-in fact, when stody and practice have cured (as they will do) her faults, and enhanced her merits, we hope for an: actress worthy of interpreting a*-.author, whom to study and to leave is a really liberal education. We hope to see these recis 'eem6ined, and with success. By the Lord Harrie ! WE see annomwlaIE 4 Romance of the Isle of Wight, entitled lord Harrier and .LeitS. 'The following stanza is quoted in the advertise-- ment, we j esuma.for its superior merits :- 0 Isle of Wight! 0 Isle of Wight I Thou home of beauty, land of song; Lovely by day, serene by night, Thy scenes to other climes belong. Thbanst England's Eden-southern star- Homef Lord Harrie and Leila (See page 173.) If our surmise is right, and the sample is a picked one, the general quality of the poem must be high! When we find star put as a rhyme to "Leila," we are inclined to think such cockney rhymes belong rather to a Romance of the Isle of Wight-chapel!" Universal Genius. HERE is a most ubiquitous musician! AR ...... EA., TEACHES the PIANO at Clapham, Brixton, Balham, &c., and all [parts of London, at his own residence. Terms moderate. Highest references. " Any terms must be moderate, and no references could be too high, for a gentleman who can teach the piano in all parts of London (not to descend to such small particulars as Clapham, Brixton, Balham, or even, &c.) and yet in his own residence. Why, he must live all over London and the suburbs! Does he carry his residence-in the shape of a barrel organ- snail-like on his back? A TIP-TOP TIP. (Show 'us a bettor!) I rANCY you may safely say, From odds-against him laid: Who plunges on Cophetua" Will be a beggar made." The Latest Atrocity from Botany Bay. A SHARESPERIAN scholar, whose wife rather prides herself on-having one of those earthenware hedgehogs filled with bulbs of blue scilla, horrified her the other day by describing it as a case of squills upon the fretfil porcupine." [The point of this joke may be lost on those who are not aware that "the blue bell" of sentimental youth is identical with the syrup- titious squills" of unromantic boyhood.-ED:] An au-dash-us Joke.' WE know a. lady, who is so fond 'of under-scoring things in her letters, that she even dashes her wig at times-we beg pardon, her chignon. A Perpetual Supply. "Fire," says the proverb, "is a good servant," we would add "Water is one that should never be turned-off." A DIALOGUE. SAID JONATHAN to JOHN, "Down your marrowbone upon, Confess thabyou've no honour and no honesty--ono . Yield your purse without a fuss-- And cede Canada to us- Ani 111 think about forgiving you for all you haven't dae!" Said JOHN to JONATHAN, It never was my plan To tradrle to a braggart, or to tremble at a threat. I shan't give up my gold, And Canada I'll hold, Anrfor what I haven't done I never have asked-parln yet!"' Said JONATHAN to JOHN, 1" You'll repent of this anon, How dare yen use such language to a chap as big as me? For I'll whip you all, that's At- Knock you into a cocked hat, Andmy w=yshall go forth and sweep your commerce fromn he sea!', Said JoHs to JoNATnAw, *All verywell, my man, But weiect baefae indulging in such mighty threats as these, That all your men-of-war Were not sufficient for The sweeping of the little Alabama from the seas! " A Rommidbout Pper. Irs not his advanasement from a 'Sffidi paIer rather a ease of circumlocution ? TO be SOLD, Five DaOez PIGEONS, and aWOMNIBUS to carry Twelve Persons, in,'good repair.-A-pply, Ae. Surely the "sale of an omnibuS. and a number of flies might have been more briefly set forth! Tree-mendously Fir-fetched ! THERE is in Hyde Park a variety of the Stone Pine," which has as yet received little attention from arboriculturists, but is well known in the locality as the Marble Larch. A Classical Con. For the use of the Ladies' College. WHY is that, which is useful and pleasant as well, Like you, as you Time's languid pulse eye "While your lover is absent 1 What, cannot you tell P Because, dear, you, till he come, dull sigh utilee cum dulci]! [ We cannot return unaccepted MSS. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope ; and we do not hold ourselves responsible for loss.) AN ALARMED MOKE.-Don't you know the use of commas ? You must be un-comman ignorant if you don't! R. F. H. (Bridgwater).-Conception better than execution, and so con- demned. W. (Idol-lane).-Would your pen had lain idle. A. C. W. (Oxford).-The lines have been parodied ad nauseam. H. G. (Dalston).-If you are open to well-meant advice, let your "first attempt" be your last also. A. J. (Harewood-street).-Not quite enough in it. LEXICON sends us a parody, and says, some of the strokes are capital." We see less of the capital than of the base in them. N. A. W. (Borough).-We cannot make the subject available, though it is funny enough. T. J. W. (Clerkenwell).-We must meet the wishes of the public in these matters. S. K.-Your letter is as unintelligible as the talk of an S. K-apedl lunatic. JACK TAR.-We may do it some of these days. AnRi CHAIa.-You deserve to be sat on for your vulgarity. PERO GOMEZ.-YOu are a Don- W. C. M. (Dublin).-No, thank you. What shall we do with your drawing ? Declined with thanks :-W. W., Birkenhead; F. B. A., Hull;" H. R., Liverpool; E. S. F.; M. H.; W. T. M.; R. E. P.; E. F. A.; J.W. B.; J. H., Belfast; P. B., Fore-street; D. 0. B., Plymouth ; Cocky; T. G. B., Brighton; H. A. F., Strand; Upupa; J. F.; G. B., Southsea; J. H. S., Portland-street; A. J., Euston-road; J. H. W., Essex-street; B., Dun- garvan; H, Dublin; Dan; Pun; Tom Crane; P., Mincing-lane; T., Liverpool; M. W. W., Manchester; Corkles; The Sugar-baker; R. G., Dbodah; S. S., Dalston. 114 FFU N [MAY 22, 1869. DRESSING THE RANKS. Contemplative Coaster :-" Now THEN, MY LADS, MIND YOU DON'T HAVE THE LORD CHAMBERL'IN DOWN ON YE 1" Literary and Scientific Meetings. THIS DAY.-Zoological, at 8.-" The Parotid Gland and its Connec- tion with the Imitative Powers of Birds," DR. McAwE. Geographical, at 8.30.-" PORTLAND BILL, with some Remarks on His Conduct while there," MI. WARDER. Literary, at 8.-" ToPEr's Phill-up-sophy," PRoFEssoR DRINKWATER. THURSDAY.-ROyal Institution, at 3.-" Solar Gas-tronomy, with a view to the Illumination of the Streets by Sun-burners," PRnoEssOR LAMPLYTER. Ethnological, at 8.-" Natives of Whitstable," Mn. OPENHEIM. FaRiAY.-Zoological, at 8.-" The Bearings of the North Pole, with Suggestions for a Supply of Buns on Sticks," DR. BREWIN. Geological, at 8.-" The Skin of the Flint, and How to Remove It," PROFESsoR O'SHABBINESS. SATURDAY.- Society of Arts, at 2.-" The Influence of Perspective on Tooth-Drawing," Mn. WRENCH. MONDAY.-Horticultural, at 8.30.-" On the Filling of Pits in Hot Weather," GENERAL OARDERS. Statistical, at 8.-" Import Duties, and How to Do Them," MR. SMUGGLE. TUESDAY.-Microscopical, at 8.-" Duplex Vision, and the Effects of an Extra Glass," DR. SCREWTINERE. Archaeological, at 8.30.-" The Age of Maiden Aunt-iquities," by PorFESson OLDKNOWS. OH HOW I'LL WEAVE MY SPELLS." SOMETHING Hiqgs-traordinary: Recent proceedings at the office of the Great Central Gas Consumers' Company. "The Mair's the Pity." The only ghost of an excuse or palliation urged by any one for the Mayor was urged by Mr Maguire. and what he had to say only amounted to a charitable sunposition that the Mayor must have been arunk at the time when he spoke of O'FARRELL as he did.-Saturday review. . 'TwAs at no flow of soul or feast of reason," But glut of whiskey, play of knives and forks crude, The Mayor of Cork was drawn-out to talk treason- And being Cork-drawn-out, of course was Cork-screwed. A Distressing Case. HERE is a poser for the philanthropists: - The Governor of the Bahamas reports that "The diminution in the number and valuation of wrecks has deprived numbers of their former sources of employment and profit." We have heard of a village so peaceful that the local lawyer became a bankrupt; and of districts so healthy that the doctors couldn't live. These were hard cases enough to see a remedy for, but what is to be done for those worthy people at the Bahamas who are deprived of their work and profit, because selfish captains won't wreck their ships and drown their crews ? A Sporting Note. A CORRESPONDENT wishes to know whether, supposing an outsider should win the- Derby, any one drawing Bosworth in a sweepstake would be entitled to the stakes on the ground that he had "the field." SUITS FOR ALL OCCASIONS, 42s. TO 114s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, 50, L-UDG-ATE fILT-ia. Printed by JUDD & GLASS Phwenix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Dectorts Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, B.C.-London: May 22, 1869. MAY 29, 1869.] FUN THE BAB BALLADS. No. 71.-EMILY, JOHN, JAMES, AND I. A DERBY LEGEND. 1 MILY JANE tWe a nursery maid- Life Guard, JoHN was a constable, poorly paid, (And I am a doggrbl N- bard). A very good girl was EMILY JANE, JIMMY was good and true, JOHN was a very good man in the main (And I am a good man too). Rivals fdr EMMIE were JOHNNY and JAMES, Though EMILY liked them both, She couldn't tell which had the strongest claims (And I couldn't take my oath). But sooner or later you're certain to find Your sentiments caii't lie hid- JANE thought it was time that she made up her mind (And I think it was time she did). Said JA-kt with a smirk, and a blush on her face, 'a I prdioise to wed the boy 'Who tak-s the to-moriro to Epsom Race! " (01hkh Iwould have done, with joy). From JoiNrY crusher came down doggrel bard). But JIMMY he ventured on crossing again, The scene of our Isthmian Games - JOHN caught him and collared him, giving him pain (I felt very much for JAMES). JOHN led him away with a victor's hand, And JIMMY was shortly seen In the station-house under the grand Granl1 Stand (As many a time l've been). And JIMMY, bad boy, was imprisoned for life, Though EMILY pleaded hard; And JOHNNY had EMILY JANE to wife (And I am a doggrel bard). A Double Event. WE have pleasure in announcing that on May the 31st Mn. SM.ALE, Treasurer of the Princess's Theatre, and MR. BUCKLEY, the Box Book- keeper of the Olympic take their benefits at their respective theatres. They are heavily backed by the two companies, and we trust the public will put on a pot for them. Turf Nomenclature. TURFITES are not so devoid of a superior cleverness to mere cuteness, as their satirists would suggest. He was a wit who chris- tened a horse that ran at Bath last week-" Champagne Charlie by The Dupe out of Clicquot." Ducks and Geese. MUCH has been said in favour of eider 'down beds, on account of the quality of the down of the eider duck. But give us Epsom Down beds, on account of the quantity of geese plucked there I Financial Notes; A "CAPITAL AcCOUNT."-Leave to draw ad lib. on the Bank of England. PIOFIT AND Loss.-Putting the pot on, as advised by the tipsters. VOL. Ix. t 115 11 F SU N. [MAY 29, 1869. Th,2 -~==~ - "I,, AFTER THE RACE. " We have every reason to believe that Velocipedes will be very prevalent among the crowd on Epsom Downs."-EVENING PAPER. THE GREAT COMIQUEI A'" E patrons of the music-hall, Your countenance I seek. Though my ability is small, I have a deal of cheek: And that is why From sympathy Your countenance I seek- So please to laugh, S For that's my chaff- I am a great Comindque ! My voice is middling, I must own, Between a grunt and squeak. It's hoarse-ish in its lower tone; Its upper notes are weak;i And that is why From sympathy Your voices I would seek- So please to laugh For that's my chaff- I am a great Comique! My taste in dress is rather fast- So loud, it ought to shriek! My coats and vests can't be surpast, My trousers are unique; And that is why From sympathy To suit your taste I seek- So please to laugh For that's my chaff- SI am a great Comique I My wit is of the dullest kind- With slang my ditties reek. I'm not much troubled with a mind- All thanks to Nature's freak. And that is why From sympathy To be to yours I seek- So please to laugh For that's my chaff- I am a great Comique ! CHATS ON THE MAGS. MAY. THE Sunday Magazine is rich in good pictures. The large illustration to Forgotten by the World" is exquisite. There is a touching little story, "The Village Doctor's Wife," and a beautiful poem by Miss FYVIE, called, A Cripple's Story." THE Ove, land Monthly does not flag. Every article in it is thoroughly readable. The critique on Mi. DILKE's Greater Britain, written in the spirit to be expected of an American, is most amusing. What is more, some of the blows are straight from the shoulder-and tell! We have received the first number of the Carlow Colleoe Magazine, a' school publication, promising fairly enough. We have also to acknowledge the receipt of Cook's Ex- cursionist for Whitsuntide. THE Atlantic Monthly is interesting this month. Its verse is pleasant, and some of the prose papers most amusing. A New Taste in Theatricals seems to prove that the Drama is in as bad a state in America as in England. A notice of Dixox's Her Majesty's Tower is refreshing for its truth and candour- it has not been re- viewed like that this side the Atlantic. Our Young Folks is a capital number. The Story of the Bad Boy is delightful, and the other papers of high excellence. "Candy -making" is a revelation of that enormous consumption of sweetmeats which is one of the secrets of the national dyspepsia ! WHEN TATTERSALL'S accounts are balanced, they are in a state of stable equilibrium." d_/. " ZA IL '~ >' I - MAN'S STRAIGHT TIP. S]NICHOLAS'S DERBY HIEROGLYPHIC : THE OLD FUN. [MAY 29, 1869. FUN OFFICE, We4neday, May 26th, 1849., HE great event of the day gives a colqRg to all our thoughts and ideas. We, all of us without being aware of it, become racy in our remarks on the commonest subjects. We talk, ourselves, horse therefore, in deference to the general feeling. Parliament is not sitting. The next meeting, does not come off until after the Epsom Summer meeting. Nevertheless we do not quite forget the stakes which are to be contended for in the course of the session. The Liberal stable is the one the public will be found to back. The Premier (GLADSTONE) is first favourite-a capital horse who looks like staying. The running will be made for him by Chancellor of the Exchequer (with LOWE up), a horse that has showed in good form through Economy (OmHILDEs) and Common Sense (CARDWELL) a couple of regular c.ppers. The Conservatiyv hTablo is not in good force just now, a good many horses having been parted with after the Consolation Scramble" at the close of the General Election meeting. Nevertheless Opposition is not such a bad horse, though he is inclined to show roguishness in young BEN's hands. It is thought that HARDY would pilot him better. The market is considerably in favour of Premier, Ihire being few backers for Opposition. Our tip is Premier for the absolute first- Opposition nowhere. THE result of the recent election at Liskeard makes it a matter of regret that the borough was not disfranchised by the last Reform Bill. By the result we do not mean the return of M. H luSAw to Parliament, where his presence is always 1.el:ose 1 reter to the means which led to his return. It is not the first tme tha t a division in the Liberal cap-4i enabled the Conservative minority to give a casting vote. 1#i be whole state of the Liberal party in the borough must be t1 tn, or it would not for the sake of the possible patronage of its latPr .l have served MR. BERNAL OSBORNE so shabbily as it did. If MR. HORSMAN is anxious at once to keep his seat, and vote exactly as he pleases, we should advise him to be careful to scatter as many crumbs of patronage as possible before his constituents who seem to think Liberalism, like charity, begins at home. The Popular Cry. As a proof of the amiable feelings inspired by the Derby Day, We may note that four French gentlemen, well-known for their dislik,. of Imperial Government, while going to Epsom inside a drag, with ample stores from FORTNUM and MASON on the roof, were heard to shout "Vive 1' hamper-o'er!" From a Turfy Point of View. CoMriguCATiON between passengers and guards is at length esta- blished by Act of Parliament. Let's hope that there will be no string- halt; but why should that disgraceful system, roping, have been adopted ? Foul Play. A WAG wishing to sell a betting-man of our acquaintance, offered to lay him odds against the favourite-in eggs. "Bah! said the betting man, "I wouldn't book such a poultry bet!" Latest from the Ring. THE changes we may expect to hear from Bell-a-drum, if he wins. Tin-tin-nabulum, to be followed by rub-a-dub-dub-up I A PROPrECY WITH NO NONSENSE ABOUT IT. THE losers of the Derby will be beaten out and out. (Full par- ticulars in our next). WHAT'S THE ODDS ? WHY should not a parson be seen in the betting-ring ? Because they are all lay-men there! or COURSE. WHY was the race for the Glasgow Plate at York the other day like a tradesman's bill ? Because it was run on T. Y. C. MOMUS'S FIRST (ST)RATE TIP. A RIGMAnOLE OF RHYMES AND REASONS. As the bell is rung at starting, So at end will drum be beating ? You'll the facts sum-up at parting- Learn in fact at Epsom m,.: t i g. If they had been aware what this horse was worth, There would not be so many on the course So dickey that they cry with Dick of Bosworth, "A horse-a horse! my kingdom for a horse!" When failure our luck is befalling, We're sore, and are savage withal, But then the result tust be galling For Brennus you I.Row is a Gaul. A Duke, as a Dux, should prove leader- But, the matter to give you a hint on, True mettle must win, if the breeder Hasn't coined it a very Bad-mint-on. Whether stayers they, or comers, Legs some horses have, and some sticks; But to beat the time like Drummers, They of course need only drumsticks. Some with chances at blood-heat are, Some with chances down at zero; But the one by which all beat are Must this horse be more than Peer o'. If stale champagne will never do, On cider flat you'll frown, 'Twould play old gooseberry with you To swallow Perry down. Pretenders to the throne oft are Thrown-over as our history mentions; But what if this "particular star " Has not pretences but pretensions! For landing stakes, upon ZEgean You of course will hardly stand! For you know it well to be an Ocean-so it cannot land! To go up an Alpen-stock is Meant: yet, think I, to be frank This to JEFFERY (who the jock is) Will but serve for a Mount Blank. Like the cunning FoxE, instanter Stakes you Martyrdom will book for, Yet remember, in a canter Martyrdom you scarcely look-for. So to name him, let the trainer Feel ashamed-the owner blush, In the rush if he's not gainer Ryshworth is not worth a rush. Another DERBY-mentioned cavalierly- This horse reminds us of. It is his fate, Until he proves himself the winner clearly To pass but as a Rupert in Debate. That two heads better are than one, 'tis said; Then should the stakes by Ten-'ead-'oss be won ? A race is won oft by a single head, But 'tis wit-h legs, not heads, that it is run. Thorwaldsen was a sculptor, and I trust About his doings there is little doubt. Although he treats his rivals to a bu'st, 'Twill prove a chisel, if he cuts them out. 'Twere rash to stake your life on Meteorologic forms, So those who bet on Typhon Had best look out for storms. Beware, though odds be high or odds be low, For such a chance your money might be lost o'er. Since, though Loan TOWNSHEND will not have it so, A Vagabond's not always an impostor. A rapid young man ALEXANDER once had as His messenger swiftest of feet, It remains to be seen if we look on this Lad-as A boy that is not to be beat. A word ARISTOTLE of old did bequeathe us, With which we're not going to quarrel, We know very well what's the meaning of Ethus, But is it in this case a moral p " F' [if N *-MA'- !), 1 I _____________________________________________________ N ~ -- -. -. ~ A -' ------~ - K - 1VVIzf / ~ -- -~-~-----'~- V~j~ THE FAVOURITE-AND DOESN'T HE LOOK LIKE STAYING? N' N 7~*N N K. ~1 ~~iii> MAY 29, 1869.] FU N. MRBS. BROWN'S DINNER PARTY. I SAYS, BROWN, in course they'll espeoct a goose a-comin' the very day arter its University, as comes every Michaelmas thro' being' a thing as GUY Fox was partial to, and took and eat just afore execution, as you may read any day in his Book of Martyrs, as my dear mother 'ad a beauty with picters in a-showin' 'ow them Romans as conquered us once on a time did used to torment any one to try and make 'eml Christians, notasI considers it a good plan, and would pretty soon set me agin anything as was forced down my throat with a stake as the saying' is. For we was a-goin' to 'ave Ma. and MRas. HsAVESIDE and their married daughter, in the name of Tnvows, as was in the ready-made line, with twins as bein' only four months couldn't be left at home, tho'for mypartlalways said "Thank'ee, no; if I can't go oat in comfort and leave the children safe behind, home is the place for me." Well BRowN he was all for a fillet of weal and a tongue, but I stood up for a biled leg of mutton and a goose, as I considers a handsomee dinner, with a hot plum pie and a custard puddin'. A finer goose I never set eyes on as BRowN sent at once, with giblets and all. Whatever people means by a-sayin' as it's a awkward bird and not enough for two, I can't make out, for I'm sure that goose weighed eight pounds at the very least. It so happenedd that the middle of the day Saturday, just as I was a-tellin' our SARAH about the dinner, and a-makin' things ready, in come that boy ALaRED a-sayin' as 'is mother, BROWN's own sister, was not expected to get over it, as I'd been to see the day before and was afraid of arysiplos myself thro' a-seein' as her head was a-swellin', and didn't like the looks on 'er, as is what I calls a bad subject. I didn't wait for nothing' in course, but 'urried off to 'Ackney Wick, where they lives, and a out-of-the-way 'ole it is from South Lambeth, and thro' a lame 'orse thought as the cab never would get there, as is a nice little house for he's well-to-do is BARNES, and only three now. Well BARNES he was a-wanderin' up and down like a Jew, and when he see me he says, Oh! MARTHA, I don't think as there's much hopes ; I'm glad as you're come." "Now," I says, "you keep quiet, as frettin' won't do no good; so up-stairs I goes, and when I looked at 'er, I says it's bleedin' as'll save 'eor for she was a-breathin' like mad, and purple to look at. The doctor he was there, and says as bleedin' is murder. Well," I says, then if it was me I should say murder away; so we had another doctor and he agrees with me, and bled she was and down-stairs under the week. No doubt that doctor as was agin the bleedin' was right in saying' as it was a bad thing for to do in the general way, but depend upon it it 'as saved life. Well I couldn't leave that afternoon in course, so got ALFRED to go over and tell SARAH to get MRS. CHALLIN for to come and 'elp, and said as I'd be home the first thing. I did not mean to have stayed all night only BnowN he come over, and said as he'd rather as I did. She had a quiet night the', and was like a lamb a-sleepin', so I was ready for to start early only that plagin' doctor he didn't come as I wanted to see, not till nearly one o'clock, and then said as she was out of the wood. I was a-settin' in my bonnet a-waiting for him, and was 'alf a mind to give him a bit of my mind, as was a cantin' 'umbug, and begun a talking' a deal of rubbish, as I considers it, a-sayin' he'd been at Chapel, and I says to 'im, "I believe Sir as you are in the medicinal line, and 'ad better stick to that and when we wants a minister we'll send for 'im." I aint no patience with people not mindin' their own business; just the same as I know'd a minister once as come to see a poor woman and give her a couple of pills, as she died on afore the next afternoon. It was just on two when I got 'ome, and if the TRYONs didn't come up to the door at the same instant, twins and all; and as to MaR. and Mas. HARnsrDms, they'd been there soon arter twelve, as I considers a nuisance anyone to come that early. I 'adn't hardlyy time to turn myself round afore BROWN was a- hollarin' as dinner was ready, and I'm sure the smell of that goose werry nigh knocked me down as soon as ever I got to the door. When the covers was took off the dishes I thought I should 'ave dropped, for the goose was as black as your 'at, and shrivelled up to nothing and if they 'adn't sent it up with his head under his wing, and the mutton was raw and cut quite blue; they'd forgot the capers, as the turnips was all lumps and water. As to the goose, they'd never drawed it and was obliged to be took out of the room, and we shouldn't 'ave 'ad no dinner at all if I 'adn't took and briled that mutton myself with 'ot ketchup. Of course the pie 'ad been sent to the baker's, and if they didn't refuse to give it up because it wasn't sent for before 'arf past one o'clock, as they said they was liable to be fined if they give it up rter that. I didn't mind that gal SARAH as couldn't be expected for to cook, but that old fool MRS. CHALLIa did aggravate me a-sayin' as she thought as the goose come from the poulterer's all ready. And when 1 says a word about the mutton, she says quite cool, Well it's your own directions was follered as said it wasn't to be allowed to bile," and if that born idjot 'adn't been and left it in cold water on the 'ob for hours as well it might be raw. I will say as BROWN behaved beautiful and so did the others tnro' a-knowin' as it were thro' illness, except MtR. TRYoXs as kop' a-com- plainin' instead of making' the best on it; I'm sure it was lovely mutton and eat very nice briled-but shameful waste with meat such a price. MaR. HAVERSIDE is a werry nice woman and so is 'or good gentle- man; but of all the stuck-up rubbish it's that Mus. TaYoNs and 'im a- makin' a fool on her a-callin' 'or 'is pussy cat and a-goin' on foolish and saying' she was starved and all that, as put me out and made BaowN savage. Of all the rubbish as she talked you never did, a-sayin' as she must keep two nusses for them twins, as would spilo 'or figgor'ns is a regular dumplin' all over, and a talking' about havingg a wolwet gownd and me a-knowin' all the time as he was only his father's foreman on three pounds a week and not paid for his furniture yet as they had thro' the tally man, as is a awful bad plan for I knows very well a friend of mine as paid a guinea for a gingham umbrella as she got at a tally shop as didn't wear no time, and that weight as you couldn't hold it up without pretty nigh breaking your arm in a 'igh wind. So she says to me, Mrs. BRowN, it's a pity as you don't'ave a good cook, as you'd find cheaper in the end than them gals out of the work'us, as costs a deal in what they wastes." I says, "Excuse me, Mrs. TaRYONS, mum; my servant ain't no gal out of the work'us, but a respectable young woman as I gives eight pounds a year to, and everything found; as you'll find will mount up to fourteen, without 'er keep." Oh," she says, "then it's a shame as she should spile your dinner like that." I says, I'm sorry as it were spilled but I says, as I didn't expect so many for to come I think as it might be looked over." Up she bounces, and says, CHARLEs, git me a cab. I won't stay a moment under this roof. I'm sorry as ever I let myself down to come." There wasn't no pacifyin' the wixen, the' 'er father tried, and so did 'er mother, but she kept a-sayin' I will 'ave a cab." I begun for to smell a rat, as BaowN 'ad made the punch too strong. So when that poor mollycoddle, as I calls TRYONS, come with the cab, she says, a-callin' up-stairs to 'er mother, as were putting 'er bonnet on, Mother, are you a-goin' to stop in this stinkin' don all night." Well, that was too much for me, so I says, Now I toll you what it is, MRs. TavoNS, if you stands on my door-mat insulin' me, I'll take you by the shoulders and turn you out of doors." She dared me to, so I give her one push and outside she was afore she know'd it." Down come TRYONS with a twin on each arm, as regularly put me out by his ways with them, as I'm surn no decent woman wouldn't let a man go on as he did, and he says, Where's my poppet, is she ready ?" I says, "Your poppet's outside the door and the sooner you follows 'er along with your offspring the bettor, and afore you brings 'or out agin learn her better manners." Well, just then there come a thunderin' rap at the door, and there stood a policeman. So I says, "What's your business ?" He says, the lady in the cab told me for to come in as I was wanted." I says, What for ?" Why," he says, you've got a female here as is that drunk as you can't get 'er out of the house. " I says, That female is in the cab, thank you." I must say as I did pity that poor wretch of a TaYONs, for as soon as ever he got to the cab door if that creotur didn't begin to scream and holler like mad as that scared 'im as he nearly dropped the twins, and MRas. HAVEESIDE she runs out and says, "Oh! MRs. BROWN, she's a-dyin'." I says, "Rubbish; she's took too much punch, as I see 'er dip 'or beak into pretty deep." That made 'em all turn on me like mad, and old HAVERTSIDhe come and chimed in, and there they was all round the cab. Says the policeman, "You'd better take 'or in doors." I says, No, thank you." I says, You may take'or to the station- 'ouse till she's sober, but she don't never darken my doors no more," and in I goes and shets the door right in their faces, and told the gal to give old HAVERSIDE 'is 'at and umbreller up thro' the airey, and never 'ave spoke to any of the lot since, but 1 always shall think of a leg of mut- tp and a goose, as certingly were an unlucky dinner as it turned out, b.4t 'ow anyone could behave like that in a friend's housee puzzles me, as is a downright discredit and a disgrace, and I heardd as that Mts. TYvoNs 'ad took to drinking' and led 'im a wretched life, and 'ad buried the twins, as is a 'appy release with such a mother, as never can end well, that's certain. SILENCE IS GOLDEN.-A racehorse is of little use whenoa he "makes a noise." A HotSE-LEECH.-The Vet. FUll. 124 F U N. [MAY 29, 1809. ESCAPING FROM TOWN. OH! the joy for a day Of the getting away- For gentle and simple, for peer and for clown- From life and its care, To breathe the fresh air, And drink the ozone of the brisk Surrey down ,, Oh, the height of delight I Of the wight you invite, To join once a year in escaping from town When the Derby is run, There is plenty of fun, The enjoyment of holiday outing to crown! Let philosophy scowl- And let bigotry howl- On the frolics let plodding propriety frown ! Let them preach! Let them teach! Waste of speech upon each Of the holiday rev'ller escaping from town! So, follow the plan Of this rollicking clan, Withwhite hats and blue veilsand with dust-coats of brown- / Your vehicle place on, From Foarxuar AND MASON, A few of those hampers of wide-spread renown, Lots of wine, fowl and chino- For you'll dine, I opine, With a relish more keen for escaping from town. Oh the joy of a day, In this holiday way, When in sparkling champagne all your worries you drown! 'Tis a tipple you'll own Mixes well with ozone- And a very nice means, too, of washing it down. -" iBut, I say, of next day Think, I pray, and don't pay W" h a headache next morn for escaping from town- WV h a headache next morn fol escaping from town. Cr- ...- 'r .. :,-- FUN. AN OLD TRAP-SET BY A VERY OLD TRAPPER. THE DERBY DOLL'S DITTY. 'M a rollicking Derby Doll- A frolicking Derby Doll- I've nothing to clothe me, The decent must loathe me, And yet-well, I feel tol-lol! I'm a rollicking frolicking Derby Doll- A rollicking Derby Doll! I'm a shivering Derby Doll- A quivering Derby Doll- At the end of a whip In a noose that will slip They dangle me aus per coll! I'm a shivering, quivering Derby Doll- I'm a smashable Derby Doll- A crashable Derby Doll- They put my limbs out, And fling me about, As on drag, 'bus, and waggon they loll! I'm a smashable, crashable Derby Doll- A smashable Derby Doll! I'm a whirlabout Derby Doll- A twirlabout Derby Doll- How far better for me If the pet I could be Of some dear little Peggy or Poll - She'd take care of and treasure her doll, Whereas on this scene How ill-used I have been, As a hurlabout, whirlabout Derby Doll- A whirlabout Derby Doll. IIAMMLESS TO TMH FEATHERED TRIBE.-A Dead Shot. gxsistwi ta xfltolbflnliit,. [ We cannot return unaccepted MSS. or Sketcihes, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves t responsible for loss.J ALPHA.-Try and do Bet(t)a, another time. PERUVIAN.-Wo doubt the joke's peroovin' original, if we tested it. J. G. (Liverpool).-No improvement, though a haltor-ation, for your measure limps worse than ever. Bon (Manchester).-If your brain has boon as you say, worked into a state of pulpy softness," you can do better than try to compose comic verso with it. Make it into bread sauce. GLASGOW.-We could rhyme an if we would-and wouldd be an answer to you. But let it pass, go ! DIOGENEs.-Your tub muat think its contents very small beer. PALAMON.-Not a Pal of ours. COVE OF THE PeRIoD.-When you say you will be delighteded" do you not mean spell-bound ? P. M. W. (Liverpool).-Your "jokes open up quite a new prospect for punsters, for whose benefit we cull a few-" may-flower (mayor) sprout (spout)-seedy (seditious)." This is, indeed, "punning made easy." JOHN JARGON.-You begin your "advice to young men" by asking them to "lend you their ears "-our advice to them is not to do so, for cars are an article with which you seem plentifully supplied. If you borrowed them, however, for a change, you of course would not want them long. PIMLIco.-Send your name and address as a guarantee of good faith, and we will set the matter right. A. R. C. (Bristol).-Thanks. ADMIREB (Worcester).-We are flattered. E. C. HOLLANDs.-The telegraph companies are doubtless obliged to you. We are not. W. C. M.-It was not up to the mark. It is of no use to us, and can be returned if you wish it to be sent. Declined with thanks :-C., Belfast; W. T. N., Arlington-street; I, Glasgow; W. K., Northampton; Brighton; N., Llanelly; H. It.; It. B., Landport; V., Hackney; B. G., Northlampton; T. C., Tramnnere: A., Clarence Gardens; G. P., Brighton; P. 1'. ; L Dublin; Marcus; W. T., Manchester; Anon; G., Leeds; Deep Thinker; E G., IIoxton; Z., Carlisllo G. D. I., Mayfair; V., Taunton; Euston-road; T. M.; W. S Dublin; W. S. B., Chancery-lane; O.H., Hyde-park; E. H., Norwich. MAY 29, 1869,] 12.5 FUN. 126 i 1!] -- A THE RETORT COURTEOUS. Swell :-" AD H NO iRWEAKFAST ?" Sweeper :-" No, SIR " Swell;-" PAW SEOGAW AND NO DINNER " Sweeper :-" No sin! " Swell:-" PAW REGGAW!' " Sweeper :-" GOT E'ER A COPPER, YER HONOUR " Swell :-" NAw ! Sweeper :-" PAW BEGGAW [MAY 29, 1869. DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 116. FOR Pero Gomez these declare- Those stand by Belladrum- While some by the Pretender swear, By Duke of Beaufort some. Of Ladas, Ethus, Vagabond, Rupert, and Thorwaldsen, Are other backers just as fond: As many minds as men! Our tip we hide these verses in- Guess! and 'twill tell you which will win. 1. Who plunges too deeply, and puts all his cash On one horse alone, with a confidence rash, Will think when his venture has turned out amiss ThAt his conduct has almost been culpably this. 2. Till the race is run, And the prize is won, None knows the winner, excepting FuN. Till the prize he gains, As the post he attains, The winner most certainly this remains. 3. Belladrum- (But, hist be dumb !)- So someone whispers me- Is in wind unsound, And if so, I'll be bound, He's not in the first three. 4. Too many of these, there is no denying, To horse's temper are very trying. 5. Tight trouser and hat on one side, A touch of the groom in step and stride, A straw in his mouth, a wink in his eye- These are the things you will know him by. He knows the stable-he has the tip, But never a word of it passes his lip. He'll lay the odds, and his book is sound, And on every race-course he's sure to be found! SOLUTION OF ACROSTIC, NO. 114.-Prince Arthur: Papa, Roar, Intermittent, Noah, Catechu, Error. CORRECT SOLUTIONS OF ACROSTIC No. 114, RECEIVED MAY 19th:- Jenny; Nell and Louie; D. C. L,; Yrrah Snewo; Ryde and Ellis; Cowpar Angus Idiot; Ben; I. 0. P; W. J. P; G. C.; Llahtyrt; W. M. W.; Julu; Frank and Maria; Pompadour; Fair Oak; Shorncliffe; Cider Eye; Tiny Tan; Another Pompadour; Sparkie; M. B.: I. L. A. T.; Podgers; Flora B; Emaroth; Old Mortality; D. G H.; Ruby's Ghost; Physic and F.; Little Ryan; Alastair; Sphinx; Man of Deceit; Tolo; Joppy; G. H. P.; Sillar Bros; D. R. P.; Sapientes; Louda P.; Pimlico Tom; Sub Rosa; A. F.; C.B.H. Now Singe Etc.; 2 Boobies; J. A. P.; G. L. S.; Doddy; Owen; Ring-Tailed Roarer; three have sent Pa" for the first word, and two have sent a choice-against the rules. Lesson for Lancashire. UNIMPEACHIABLE intelligence, from the north, apprises us that "GLADSTONE was defeated by a short head; so, perhaps, MESSaS. Caoss AND TURNER are not, after all, such very long-headed fellows. On second thoughts, though the informant quoted is not likely to be a Liberal, for he malignantly adds, bad third." NOTE by our betting P. D. Please, sir, the gents' been and mistook the Times's report of the Doncaster races for a political article." A Contradiction. IT is strange that over the Derby course the horse that wins must be able to stay as well as go." CHARLIE IS MY DORLING. HE who trusts his fortunes to Royal Oak will, like KING CHAIILES be up a tree. PUT THAT IN YOUR PIPE. WHAT bookmakers do with strong backers :-Smoke them. THE popular Race-Glass: "-A bumper of Champagne. Not a Shave. Mn. COIDEESs has placed our sailors on the same footing- or rather chinning-with our soldiers and our police. Shaving is to be dis- pensed with in the navy. Jack is not to be razeed any more than his frigate. Let us hope that this immunity from scrapes will not be confined to the time he is at sea. Speculative. THE Deptford Racing Spec is a thing of the past. When shall we be able to say the same of another speck-or rather foul blot-on our social system-the well nigh chronic distress at the East-end ? Healthful Sport. WE wot of a dear lover of the trigger who fills up his mornings in the interval between rook and grouse shooting by flushing" his sewers. WHY cannot a lady who owns a roan horse possess one of any other colour ? Because it would not be her own. SONG for an obese jockey who cannot "reach the weight" to ride a favourite: Shall I wasting in despair F' BOYS' SUITS, 16s. TO 45s. IN STOOK FOR IMMEDIATE USE OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, so, -.-uD-ar-TE- IraTJ.. JUNE 5, 1863.] F U N 127 OUR POOR RELATIONS. SCENE.-2Tli Monkey House at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's-park. A-MAVIGIUs, a philosopher in spectacles, is conducting a young Dis- ciple of his school over the building. ARMA.-Here be the quadrumana. It is a mighty elegant building, and the plants, besides giving it grace and beauty, are highly useful in absorbing the noxious odours, which are inseparable from the best- regulated monkeys. Discrp.-Oh, my! Look at that chap pulling the other's tail "through the bars. ARMA.-The Orientals conceive the monkey to be, in reality, a human being, but endowed with such superior cunning that he declines to talk lest he should be set to work. Others consider them to be our poor relations, who, according to Loan MON-ODDo, are rendered so restless and fidgety by their straitened circumstances that they miss the advantage of man's sedentary habits, which alone are the cause of his being tail-less. The monkey, then, is born of poor, but dishonest -parents -and he takes after them- ,[4At this point, the philosopher having approached too close to the cage, a monkey seizes his spectacles. -As he strives to recover them, a second monkey pulls his wig through the wires, and a third tears his cravat. DiscIP.-Oh, my eye! Here's a lark! Chronicle Small Beer. OLR otherwise excellent contemporary, the Public Schools Chronicle, has been trenching on our ground by publishing some excruciatingly funny things in the shape of dramatic criticism. A little while since it gravely noticed Plot and Passion as a new piece! Last week it gave solemn advice to Miss FOWLER of the Gaiety, describing her as a beginner and telling her what to do if she intends to take to the boards." Our contemporary has, we are aware, with a view to en- couraging their literary taste, invited the schoolboys to send contri- butions; but it is hardly wise to let the young gentlemen do the dramatic notices. A Coox's ExcuRSIoN.-Going to bring the Chops of the Channel to the Gridiron at the docks. STANZAS. Br OUn OWN SEAGULL. 'D have you know a daw is not- Because he wears its plumes -a pea-fowl. If girls are ducks, may I be shot, Because they're feathered by the sea-fowl. Let them obey The law; and may The statute flourish long! say we fowl! Oh, ladies! Trust in your own charms, Nor let them follow with ill-luck us: No feather in your hat" our harms! Forbid then Fashion thus to pluck us. You are made fair With flowing hair- Not plumes, as Nature has bestuck us. Reject each savage feather-froak From fashions milliners unfurl you, And lasting gratitude bespeak From guillemot, grebe, puffin, curlew- And praises cull From guileless gull, You kindly fascinating girl, you! The better Horse. THE Yankee papers announce that MRS. BLOOMER, the originator' of the costume which bears her name, has been elected Mayor of Council Bluffs, Iowa." If the Aatives of that place do not reject our bluff counsels, they will henceforth call their chief magistrate a mare. In the country of the blind the one-eyed is king," so we suppose in the city of donkeys the grey mare is the better horse. VOL. Im. M FUJ N. "VERY LIKE-VERY LIKE." MBl. B. A. BooNE having given SoMUDGE, R.H.A., leave to exhibit his portrait, is intensely delighted to find there is a slight mistake in the Catalogue, and that the description really belonging to No. 82-" B. A. BOONE, ESQ., F.Z.S., etc."-has been transferred to No. 28. 128 FUN OFFICE, Wednesday, June 2nd, 1869. HE atmosphere of the House of Lords is cooler and more tem- perate, we are always told, than that of the House of Commons. The "Irish Church Bill" fight which is about to take place there is, therefore, likely to be a civil war. We are warned that the Opposition peers have laid their heads together with the intention of throwing a stumbling-block, thus composed, in the way of the Bill's advance. As in the old times of the Parliament those who wish to treat the measure in a Cavalier manner have agreed to such an ambus- cade, as MR. MORRIS'S clever painting in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy depicts. As the Bill, under escort of LORD GRANVILLE and LoRD HATHERLEY is making progress, we see its foemen in ambush. LORD W*STM*ATH, who has possibly good ground for not reposing too much on his head, throws himself on his stomach and keeps watch. LORD DruaY, with drawn sword is ready to dash in with a Rupert charge, while LoRD CAIRNS, who depends too much on his legal skill in fence to need much armour, waits patiently. Behind them lurks a deserter from the Liberal ranks. His name points to an Eastern origin, but it is in the West-buried under another title. He was once high in the ranks of the Liberal party, which nothing however "graced so much as his leaving it," or might have disgraced so much as his stopping in it after certain revelations. However, here he is, ready to fight fiercely as deserters must do; "one of the sons of Bethel driven to the camp of Belial," the Puritans would have said of such a man. We, however, do not use such unparliamentary language, we only smile to see him of all men compelled to consort with bishops and battle for bigotry. ALL sensible people will rejoice that CHARLES DICKENS has directed against the bigots and fanatics of real life the keen pen which pinned Chadband and Stiggins as specimens of pious coleoptera in bygone times. During his retirement on account of ill health, at a time when his privacy should have been especially respected, they hovered about him, with discordant and threatening shrieks. Fortunately, though such people possess the tastes, they have not the unerring instincts of vultures and such vile carrion-birds, which collect around the wounded and dying; and CHAnLEs DicxKEs is among us again to nail a few of the buzzards of bigotry on the barn-door beside Stiggins and Chadband. They are real vermin this tim-te th sermon-sender and the rest of the crew are, as we know, living nuisances; and many are they who, pestered by them in time of affliction, will be grateful to our popular humorist for punishing those traders on human sorrow and suffering. It is too infamous that in the first anguish of bereave- ment, people should be informed by harpies, who never heard of them until they scented their addresses in the "Deaths" in the Times, that their sins and misdeeds have lost them their beloved ones. And that this most cruel outrage should be committed under the cloak of religion is the more shocking. The hyena frequents graveyards and finds amusement in desecrating death. But he is only a wild beast -not a wild bigot, and he does not call his yells sermons, or disguise his enjoyment as zeal for the good of others. We are so grateful to MR. DicxENs for his exposure of this wicked sham that we can overlook the only blot on his Fly-leaf, the some- what excusable vanity which seems to suppose that all the world came to a standstill at the news of his indisposition. Long may he live to make us uneasy about his health as an Irishman would say. WHOLESALE, ANr, WE TRUST, FOR EXPORTATION.-Our able-bodied paupers. [JUNE 6, 1869, DOUBLE ACROSTIC, No. 117. A CLEVER M.P. has been speaking of late On women and questions affecting their state. He looked for the day when the poor suppressed sex" Should ne'er, to the yoke men enforce, bow their necks. The ladies applauded, and with their applause They gave him what surely should help making laws. 1. Supposing an animal yawn, and you know That animals yawn like all mortals, This word would express, what leads far down below As well as carnivorous portals. 2. A novel by HANNAY is reckon'd A capital tale of the sea; His hero has names, this the second- We find, of a good tap was he. 3. It comes, they say, from France, and yet It's derivation you ll forget In change of sound, although the same Short word in Latin has a name, Whose meaning you will all detect In English, meaning to direct. 4. Had he only spoken But one little word, When his troth was broken Then his ears had heard, Angry answer surely This he would have told. Yet he acted purely In the days of old. 5. By gas-light or daylight, or noisy, or still, Whatever my mood is, I love Piccadilly; " So sings Mn. LOCKER, my more modest praise is Of that which surrounds it, in each of its phases. SOLUTION OF ACROSTIC No. 115.-Academy, .Artists . Aga, Coulter, Adamant, Dioscuri, Ethics, Mast, Yufts. CORRECT SOLUrTIONS OF ACROSTIC No. 115, RECEIVED MAY 26th.- Nell and Louie; L. A. C., Fenchurch-st.; Pompadour; Sapientes; Doddy. SLODoER AND TINEY.-Answers should be received not later than Wednesday morning. We believe yours was received but was not in accordance with the rules. T. AND Co.-The letter was in time. For rules vide No 97, New Series. Qr- V T! F J U N.-JuE 5, 1869, THE AMBUSCADE :-A DESIGN FOR A FRESCO IN THE HOUSE OF PEERS. [With Fur's apologies to Mr,. MORRIS for taking a liberty with his clever picture in the Royal Academy.] ,IVNE 5, 1869.] FUN. LIFE IN LODGINGS. XVIII. VALEDICTORY. '.. T length we have, we believe, ex- hausted our theme. We have visited Every description of Lodgings, from the extreme postal district of N. to S., from fashionable W. to seafaring E. We have taken the courteous .- reader to the police-station and the '. yy\ 'workhouse as well as to the West- / end hotel and the genteel shades of lMayfair. And now the time has 1, come when we must give our notice S to quit. Our duty to the public has not been performed without somewhat serious consequences to ourselves. On more than one occasion ladles-stout, of mature age, and gifted with large and weighty umbrellas-have called at No. 80, Fleet-street, and expressed a desire to see the author of Life in Lodgings. We recently induced a friend from the country, who is ambitious to ap- pear connected with literature, to personate us. He lies at this moment in a precarious condition at the St. Bartholomew's Hospital, with one eye injured by a poke from the ferule of a gingham, and extensive scalp wounds produced by repeated blows with a door-key. Such are the serious inconveniences we have suffered by proxy in our anxiety to serve the public. Another result of our devotion to the common weal is that it has become utterly impossible for us to obtain lodgings anywhere. We have occupied three hours and a Hansom in the vain search for apart- ments. The MRs. Bonxcans of the Metropolis refuse for once to "take in'" a lodger. "They don't want no prying parties a-watching over the way as they conduck their business and a-writing about it in them papers." Even the slavey refuses to allow us to look over the rooms, as if we had sinister designs on the Britannia metal. Nay, without going so far as to seek lodgings, we have met with severe rebuffs on occasions when we have called on friends, living in apart- ments. The vengeance of the landladies has fallen on those unoffend- ing beings, after having acquired an edge by violent abuse of us. The result is that our acquaintances have frequently implored us not to visit them. Now that our task is completed we shall shave off our whiskers, have our hair done the fashionable colour, cultivate a Scotch accent, and endeavour to lose all traces of our identity. Should this fail our only hope will be to procure a tent and take up our quarters, as suggested in the initial in some rural and retired spot-in the extensive Fields in which St. Martin's stands, or amid the quiet shades of Whetstone Park. It is not without reluctance that we part from our reader, who has accompanied us on our mental journeys from the eari luogi or dear lodgings of the fashionable quarter to the accommodation gratis of the casual wards. Visions of the strange things we have seen and learnt during our travels rise before us. We see the lodging-house cat, which considering its extraordinary partiality for cold meat, and the ingenuity it exercises in compassing that viand is curiously lean and lank. Nor is the cat the only domesticated animal that we recall amongst the fauna of Lodgerdom. We can picture to ourselves the wild huntsman who at the witching hour of night has to get up, light a match, re-illume his fiat-candle, and plunge into the mad excitement of the chase. We recall too the manners and customs of the natives of the region. Their manners are over-bearing and their customs extortionate. Their knowledge of compound arithmetic is peculiar-five mutton chops at sixpence amounting, according to their calculations, to three and sixpence. Their weights are dubious and their I measures peculiar, only three half-pint glasses going to the quart of beer by their rules, whle e a penn'orth of milk is so very minute as to be scarcely percepti- ble to the naked eye. It it were not the established rule in England that only the undeserving should be honoured with statues, Tra- falgar-square would have been long since adorned by a piece of sculpture of the annexed design, wherein a typical lodger is seen piercing with her own exaggerated bill-file the prostrate form of the conven- tional landlady. But we neither expect nor desire our labours to be thus crowned. If-as has been said by a distinguished writer-if our writings have at any time .... opened the eyes of the unsuspecting to the depredations of the un- scrupulous, if they have lightened the perquisites and seared the conscience of a landlady, or afforded innocent laughter on the right side of the mouth to one of her victims, our efforts have been rewarded. It is some consolation to us, and will doubtless be interesting to the public, to learn that our artist has also suffered in the good cause. e has more than once been turned out of his lodgings in consequence of a suspicion that he was connected with this series of papers. -IHow great such an inconvenience was may be gathered from the fact that his principal luggage and chief property .isa plaster cast, life-size, of the Venus de Medici, purchased in early hours of affluence, enthusiasm, and Academy studentship. When our readers picture to themselves that indefatigable youth wandering from street to street in search of an abode, accompanied by atsmall black portmanteau and a large white Venus, they will form :some idea of his devotion to the interests of science, the welfare of thepublic, andithe amusement of the street-boys. Before taking our leave we may as well take this opportunity of deny- ing a rumour which is prevalent in the highest'bircles that the Carlton Club, relying upon our popularity with the -newly-qualified voters, who came under te Lodger Franchise, intend to bring usl forward for one of the metropolitan boroughs at the next general election. There is even less ground for the report, circulated by malice and invented by envy, that our sole object in writing this series has been to advocate the claims of a new invention, which we are stated to have patented as "the High Pressure Double Action, Centrifugal and Condensing Automatic Steam Slavey," and are described -as anxious to, bring out'as a Limited Liability Company. It is equally untrue that we have a scheme before Parliament for the conversion of Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral, Leicester-s miare and the site of the Nelson Column into a large Model Lodgir House, with sleeping accommodation provided in the beds of the I ames and the New River, and that we are endeavouring to induce the DuKE of CAMBRIDGE to stamp the sheets of Ornamental water in the Parks with "Stolen from GEORGE, Ranger" in large characters. Such visions are far too chimerical for us. Our object has been to combine as much amusement as possible with the smallest amount of instruction. In the full assurance that we have either failed or succeeded in this, we make a confident but grateful bow, as we take down the card in our window; trusting to a favourable verdict at the hands of that most intelligent jury, the British public, which we trust will not sit upon us, although we do thus put an end to our Life in 'l~ --I -_ Lj (I A Spark. PnorEssoR TYNDALL delivered his sixth lecture on Light" the other day. Was it on that most ancient form of illumination the Tynda(r)- light. 133 FUN. -- ...--.- - A MAN OF BUSINESS: 1st City HJan :-" JUST HAD A YERY HEAVY LOSS, EH ? SORRY TO HEAR IT. How WAs IT ?" 2nd Ditto :-" WHY, I INSURED MY MOTHER-IN-LAW'S LIFE FOR TWO THOUSAND-SENT HER TO SCOTLAND BY RAIL-AND HANG ME, IF SHE HASN'T come back again safe I " HERE, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE. THE management of the Gaiety is not content with making the theatre the most tempting in London, by abolishing fees and establish- ing all sorts of luxuries, not to mention comforts, in front of the house. It has in Columbus presented the public with an extravaganza which, for splendour and taste, eclipses all the old Lyceum extravaganzas, that the laudator temporis acti has been so fond of quoting. MR. ALFRED THOMPSON has superintended the mounting, as well as written the libretto, of the spectacle. The dresses are gorgeous and solid, instead of gaudy and tinselly ; and the scenery, with the exception of the last scene l(which is scarcely up to MR. MORGAs'S mark) is effec- tive and nd artistic. The music is admirably selected and songs and dances are marked by a refinement unusual in the regions of burlesque. It is to be regretted that despite some admirable situations and one or two very comic bits of business, the piece is, from a literary point of view, weak. The rhymes are more than ordinarily cockneyfled, which we should not have expected from a man of MR. THOMPSON'S taste and polish; while the lines are painfully irregular in metre, ranging from four feet to a dozen without scruple. It is fair to say that many of the jokes are excellent, and that few depend on mere word-twisting; but while some are fresh, the majority are so good that they have stood the test of time. As regards the acting, Miss FARREN carries the piece, as she alone could do-a burlesque actress without an equal on the stage at present. Miss LosEBY supports her with something better than the ordinary stage singing, and MR. MACLEAN, MR. ELDRED, and Ma. ROBiNS (in a small part) make the most of what is allotted to them; as does also Miss TREMAINE. The part of the heroine is en- trusted to Miss FOWLER, who unfortunately has only a handsome dress nd good looks. We were inclined to ascribe her shortcomings on the rst night to the vulgarity of a box full of swells who paid her the poor compliment of a pelting with bouquets the moment she appeared, and be- fore, therefore, she had done anything to merit the tribute. A second SWEEP I I'M in a sweep-a Derby sweep! Of money I may win a heap. Suppose my horse should chance to win, Oh, won't I make the tin to spin! I'm in a sweep! and if my horse Is first, I sweep the board perforce. If third or second I shall yet A very decent total get. I want some summer clothes-a hit, There's very little doubt of that. I have some bills I want to pay, So some of it shall go that way. I'll give AMELIA MARTHA JANB A very handsome watch and chain; And of my winnings I'll assign My uncle some -for keeping miae. And then-but stop! the paper's come, I'll see if I have won the sum; For first or second-Ha! I'm glummer, S"Pretender-Pero Gomez-Drummer! " Where was my horse? Why, bless my heart, The beggar did not even start. I'm done-I'm rather more than done! I drew a horse that didn't run. An Anecdote. WE submit the following apologue for republication in a cheap -no! some print and paper must be considered dear at a halfpenny even, so we will say small-contem- porary which, like a magpie, exists on what it sophisti- cally calls "extracts." It will remind the publisher and the six other people who constitute its public of its strictures on a certain cartoon. Here's the apologue :- " A certain area-sneak has threatened to bring an action against a gentleman, whose silver-spoons he had stolen, because they were not of the exact pattern he wished." The Largest Charcoalation in the World. A FRIEND Of ours who has recently taken to eating the well-known charcoal biscuits as a cure for chronic indigestion, assures us that he is quite proud of his dyspepsia now that he finds it is something to BRAGo about. visit (and everyone will go twice, by the way, to see Columbus) we regret to say, only confirms an opinion, that she is not likely to do much with a part so splendid in costume. We have only to add that the dancing of MADEMOISELLE ROSERI is alone sufficient to call for a visit to this most pleasant theatre. The present generation has not seen such marvellous feats so gracefully performed. She appears to swim-to pause-to fly through the air with a buoyancy devoid of all effort, and with a preci- sion truly marvellous. She is the only dancer in our time, to whom we can apply HOOD'S quotation dpropos of the Taglionis and Ceritos, "They toil not, neither do they spin." THE Flower Show season has set in with severity. The energies of the milliner and the horticulturist are alike exerted to add to its beauties. The Show at the Crystal Palace the other day was, as regards flowers, not so good as we have seen. The competition for cut-flowers in bouquets struck us as particularly weak. The show at the Horti- cultural, on the 22nd May, was of a very superior class, its chief attraction being a splendid display of pelargoniums. That so many important prizes fell to MEssRS. CARTER would not surprise those who had visited their nursery ground at Perry Hill, about one mile from Sydenham Station. There, in the midst of an almost park-like estate, their extensive gardens and acres of glass are situated, wherein the manager, MR. BOSTON, devotes long experience and tried skill to the production of seedling pelargoniums. We can compare the frames filled with the young plants to nothing but cases of the most gorgeous jewellery; so rich and exquisite are the colours, whose brilliancy defies the cunning of the deftest colourist to copy. We know of few ways of spending an hour or so more agreeably than in a visit to these beautiful plants. The Orange, and its Fruit. A HIBERNIAN friend says you may know the Orange party by the acid fermentation it pro-juices in Ireland. 134 [JCrsE 5, 1869. fl- .J.NE 5, 1869.] I FIREFLY. ACT I.-Somewhere in Baden Baden. Enter LEONARD GRANTLEY. LEONARD.-My brother Harry has forged a bill, and I am suspected of having done it! [Enter MORDECAT, a Hebrew, tI d Loun CASTLrEFOD. MORDECAaI.- This bill is forged by you! LEoNARD.-It is not! MORDECAI.- What proofs have you ? LEONARD.- Proofs ? What need of proofs when one's conscience is all right ? LORD C.-He speaks truly. I am sure he is innocent! 3MORDECAI.- Not so. (To Officers of Justice.) Arrest him! (The Officers attempt to arrest him. He knocks th m all down, especially MORDECAI, and springs over a wall, and so escapes.) ACT II. SCENE 1.-- Algier. Tie French Army discovered, bivouacking. A SOLDIER.-Hurrah for the bold Chassoores! ALL.- Hurrah! Enter LEONARD GRANTLEY, in thie uniform of a pr iate Chassoore, togfe'her with ROCK, lately his servant, but now also a Uhasscorr. Rocx.-My noble master! LEONARD.- Nay, Rock, we are no longer master and servant, we are equals in rank, and fight side by side. ROCK.-The Colonel dislikes you. LEONARD.-He does. I don't know why, for I am the finest soldier in the French army. Roex.- May it not be because you willwear your whiskers, although, by the rules of the French army, you are bound to shave them ? LEONARD.-It may be that. Very likely it is. At all events, we will hope so. (To the Ats my.) Soldiers of France, we will hope so! THE ARMY.-We will! Enter COLONEL DuRAND and the DUCHESS DI PRONA. COLONEL.- Private Grantley. LEoNARD.-Here! COLONEL.- Dog! LEONARD (aside).-Ha! But no matter. COLONEL.-The Duchess would see specimens of your ivory carving. LEONARD.-Behold them !.- [Shows some specimens. DUCHESS.- How much ? LEONARD.- They are yours for a glance of those soft eyes !. DucHESS (aside).-A gentleman, evidently! (Aloud.) Nay, I must pay for them. LEONARD.-I will not take money for them. A glance is all I want. COLONEL.- Don't trouble yourself, Duchess, 1 will give him the glance! LEONARD.- Nay, it must come from her Grace. COLONEL.-Insolent hound! LEONARD.-Ha! But no matter ! COLONEL.-Away! I will settle with you anon! DucnHss (confidentially to audience).-I love that ivory carver! [Exit, blushing. Enter FIREFLY, a Vivas;dire, on a pale horse with wteak eyes. FIREFLY.- I have achieved another victory! The Arabs have fled, and Algiers is ours-! LEONARD (mildly).-Are ours. Algiers are ours. FIREFLY.- Always right, my noble boy ! THE ARMY.-Three cheers for Firefly ! ALL.-Hurrah for the bold Chassoores! SCENE 3.- COLONEL DURAND'S Quarters. -nter COLONEL DURAND and CAPTAIN DE VIGNY. CAPTAIN.-Colonel, the French army has collared a little Arab child. She made a desperate resistance, but the armies of France were too many for her. After a protracted struggle she capitulated. COLONEL.- May France ever triumph thus over her haughty foes! They cannot now say that we have not taken a single prisoner. Load the captive with chains and bring her in. [They bring the captive in, securely guarded. COLONEL.-Ha! A right truculent countenance Away with her to the unprotected cottage on the Algerian frontier. CAPTAIN.- But--excuse me-her Arab father has only to walk over and take her back. COLONEL.- Silence, dog! (Enter LEONARD GRANTLEY.) Here, you- I'll send you on a message of re: tain death. Take a flag of truce and this letter to her Arab father. If you don't capitulate your daughter shall be smashed." LEONARD.-I go! [Goes. SCENE 4.-The Arab .Enca;mspment. ALDARIM, Chief of the Kho lifos, discerei ed, surrounded by his tribe. ALDAniM.-Changed are the days since Aldarim was the cockney Jew Mordecai in the first act! ALL.- They are. Enter LEONARD (with Flag (f Ti nee), o,.d also FIREnLY, on the Horsc (f te Crimson Eyelids. LEONARD.-I bear a message from the Franks. ALDARmI. -They are dogs! T N. 135 LEONARD.-Most Of them. Listen. "If you don't ea litulato your daughter shall be smashed." ALDARIM.-Ha! Bear him to his death! FIREFLY.-Not s0. ALDARIM.-Why not? FIREFLY.- Because I, the Vivandiiro of the Franks, decline to sanction such a proceeding. ALDARIn.-Oh. That alters the case, of course. (To LEONARD.) If Firefly remains with us as a hostage you can return to your army. Otherwise, you die. Which will you do ? LEONARD.-I will return, and leave her here. It is better that she should die than I, for I am the finest soldier in the French army. Farewell, Firefly ! FIREFLY.- But, I say- LEONARD.-NO, thanks-I am only too happy to give you another opportunity of showing these Arab dogs how well a Frenchwoman can behave under circumstances of immediate danger. [Exit, very quickly. ACT III.-The DUCHESS DI RHONA'S Apartminto. Enter LEONARD, meeting the DUCHEss. DUCHEss.-I want to pay you for those ivory carvings. LEONARD.-Nay. All I require is a glance of those sBat eyes! DVCHESS (aside).- He is a gentleman! Are you not Leonard Grantley LEONARD.-I am. DucHEss,-Then I am your early playmate. LEONARD.-Ha! My own Di Rhona! [They embrace. Enter COLONEL DUnAND. COLONEL.-What do I see? Private Grtntley embracing my Duchess! [B&it DUCHEss, very red. LEONAnD.-She is my early playmate, Colonel. COLONEL.- Oh, yes, I dare say. She is engaged to me, and you must permit me to object to your fondling her at your pleasure. LEoNARD.-There are some insults that even a soldier of France can't stand, and this is one of them. Have at thee, monster ! [Gives him one for himself. COLONEL.-Ha! A blow! Seize him! [Soldiers seize him. LEONARD.- Why, what have I done ? COLONEL.-Away with him, and shoot him! LEONARD.-Oh, Duchess di Rhona! My early, early playmate ! [They hurry him of. ACT IV.-The Desert. EEnter ARARs and FIREFLY. ALDARIM.-The Frankish dog has not returned with my child, so the woman he bravely loft as hostage shall die. ALL.-It is just! [They are about to stab her. ALDARIM.- Stay! A death by stabbing were far too easy and merciful. Tie her to yon tree with a handkerchief, while we retire and ponder on our vengeance. [They tie her to a tree with a cotton hasidkerchirf, and extent. FIREFLY.- How to break the irresistible bond that holds me prisoner. Ha! My trained Etna, with his wonderful Horse Effects ! Enter Etna, the pink-eyed horse. He unties the slip-knot, and FIREFLY is free. FIRErLY.-Free! Free! Away to other climes! But first, my Etna, ring the belfry bell, that the Arabs may know that I am going. [Etna rings bell. Enter ARABS, FIREFLY Votents Etna, shoots all the Arabs and escapes. LAST SCENE.- The Falls of Arena. (JoHNsON.) PEOPLE BEHIND.- Hold him back! Don't let him rush on! Enter SOLDIERs and LEONARD, a prisoner. LEONARD.- And I am to be shot for thrashing my commanding officer. I have said a good deal of clap-trap in the course of the piece about the admirable treatment French soldiers receive at the hands of their superiors, and I have often compared their happy condition to the miserable existence passed by our British troops, but I begin to think I was mistaken. COLONEL.-Shoot him! ALL.-We will! COLONEL.-At a yard and a half. Ready! Present- Enter FsEFrLY, just in time. FIREFLY.-Hold! COLONEL.-Why ? FIREFLY.-I don't know! COLONEL.-Ha I The forest is on fire! [So it is. FIREFrLY.-Indeed! Ha! the child in the hut! [Rides up rake to hut at back of stage. A child is obligingly handed out to her at the end of a pole by some devoted creature within. FIREFLY returns, and presents the child to the Soldiers of .France. ALL.-Hurrah I The Curtain falls, and LEONARD GRANTLa (we hope) is-shot forthwith. OURSELVEs.-The piece is terrible trash; but it is expensively mounted, and is illustrated by some excellent scenery. The last scene (by Ma. JoHNsoN) is especially good. Miss SAwDFOn is an accom- plished equestrian, and her horse is remarkably well trained. A word of praise for MR. EnoAR, who played Colonel Durand very effectively. He seems to know how a uniform should be worn. FUN. A BROAD DISTINCTION. .Dustman :-" WHERE AM I A-GOIN' ? To THE HOPERER-MT MISSUS HAS GOT A STALL THERE." Sceptical Friend :-" OH, An GET OUT " Dustman (naturally indignant) :-" TELL YER SHE HAS THE APPLE STALL JUST OUTSIDE THERE." OUR DERBY TIP. WE hasten to assure the numerous correspondents, who have written to thank us for giving them the correct tip for the Derby, that although they are good enough to offer us a share of their winnings we must decline to profit in any way by our prophetic skill. So long ago as two weeks before the Derby, while the ordinary turf-tipsters were beating about the bush we distinctly told our readers "Pretender will win "-vide page 96. NICHOLAs, himself the biggest pretender living, displayed on his watch chain a locket bearing his own initial in that character-P., which has been the cue for many a wiser and bettor man. The ass in the lion's skin, typifying Pretender, was first and foremost in the Old Man's Hieroglyphic, an indication aboutwhich there was no possible uncertainty. Moreover, we warned our readers that Pretender had pretensions not pretences, in Momus's tip and said that the winner must be "more than Pero," thus indicating the second also. But we need not enlarge on the subject. We never prophesy except on a certainty, and we are invariably right, more or less. By Gums ! A DENTIST advertises "Painless Tooth Extraction." No inducement to us-our painless teeth are far too precious to be parted with. glsfiatr a strspoxd [ We cannot return unaccepted MS8. or Sketches, unless they are accom- panied by a stamped and directed envelope; and we do not hold ourselves Se'ponsible for loss.] J. E. (Walsall).-Would you know what the editorial authority has done with your witticism P We can only reply in the words of your own Hint to woodcutters." TIT (Gray's).-As your tit is clearly no Pegasus, he must be turned out to gray's. H. J. P.-Lord Chelmsford. G. A. (Kensington).-See our rules, which we do not care to suspend for those who are too careless to read them. A. L. (Liverpool).-Your absence in America is your only excuse for considering that dreadful old joke about "head-scenter a novelty. W. A. N. (Putney).-The sketch shall be returned if you will send a stamped and directed envelope. Declined with thanks:-T. A., Todmorden; S. R.; Rio; Bedmunds; E. E. W.; Nemo; Foozle; Fama semper viret; R. P.; J. F. ; P., Burges; T., Nottingham; Pabletta; Done Brown; W. T.; H., Paddington-street; T. D., Hartlepool; S., York-road; 'Old Soldier; F. R. C.; Rum'un; T. T. S.; Fluffy; T., Leeds; Liverpool Charlie; M. W., Birmingham; Pips; A Derby Dog; S. S, Dalston; T. N., Manchester; Peter the Grater. SUITS FOR ALL OCCASIONS, 42s. TO 114s. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE USE, OR MADE TO MEASURE. SAMUEL BROTHERS, 50, LUDG-A.TE fI-mLsI. . Printed by .TUDD & GLASS Phwonix Works, St. Andrew's Hill, Deoctors' Commons, and Published (for the Proprietor) at 80, Fleet-street, E.C.-London: Jane 5, 1869. [JuNE 5, 1869. COURTESY. ToM RoEmsox and I at school To be polite were made- (Five shillings extra was the rule, And this our parents paid.) All usages of courtesy Were on our minds engraved; Until, at last, we got to be Extremely well-behaved! "No one e'er lost," they'd often quote, From having been polite;" And sometimes told an anecdote To prove that they were right. They told us how a man bow'd low- Which made him not so tall- An act of courtesy, and so Escaped a cannon ball ! How one a stranger to his pew Invited; and soon found A legacy became his due Of many thousand pound. A quantity of stories such As these, they told us then; To teach us we should do as much When we were grown up men. At last to school we bade adieus, And life's adventures sought; And then endeavoured to make use Of what we had been taught. Whate'er adventure TOM befell A thousand 'twas to one, It always surely turned out well For pleasure, good, or fun ! But Fortune never to me stuck, And in all sorts of shapes, When ROBINSOn got all the luck, Got me in all the scrapes! I now distrust all courtesy, Its object who can say ? Some covert reason there may be Which you will know one day ! To this all my experience goes- Politeness serves no ends- Treat everybody as your foes Until they prove your friends. JUNE 12, 1869.] F U.N. 137 A Very Bad Case. An Abuse of a Boon. KNUMSCULL is dreadfully stupid! He would insist upon it the other OLD Curmudgeon gloats over the prospect of an umbrageous seat on day that Physical Geography meant a knowledge of the effect of the Thames Embankment-pictures himself walking down with his medicine on one's stomach-ache-reage. camp-stool and-taking umbrage. Caught Tripping. WE must confess Bradshaw is not in- teresting reading. We never met with anybody who had read it all through and could tell us how it ended. Perhaps it is not finished yet, and the denouement will be the clearing up of the difficulties of the London, Chat- ham, and Doverr who will marry and live happily ever after. However, if Brad- shaw is not sensa- tional enough, we have got a sensation or two out of a little yellow pamphlet, is- sued by the Great Western Railway, under the attractive title, Programme of Tourist Arrange- ments. The Great Western! It breathes Of the west -of the west, of the land of the free"--of Devon and Cornwall and of Wales. It also, we find, lays some of its scenery in Derby- shire and Yorkshire, and even Scotland, though that occurs near the end of the work, and wehaven't read quite so far yet. Well, of 'all the works in circulation, give us this. little treatise and a monthly tourist ticket-and we'll ab- jure all other litera- ture, turn over no leaves save green ones, and shun all covers save those drawn (and design- ed) by 'fox-hunters. Some people will tell you it is wicked to be idle -we only wish we could so be "caught tripping." THE MOTTO OF THE R.A.'s.-" Let our- selves be hung-and let the outsiders be hanged!" A HINT FOR HORTICULTURISTS. Tourist:-"I SAY, OLD CHAP, S'POSE YOU THINK YOU'VE MADE THE MOST 0' THAT GARDEN. WHY DIDN'T YOU STAND IT UP ON END AND PLANT ON BOTH SIDES ?" A Morassinine Proceeding. THE leader of the Opposition, not con- tentwith conducting his party into "a Serbonian bog" by his baleful and un- certain glimmer, has in his policy about the Irish Church Bill led them into a' worse than Ser- bonian bog-gle. A Geographical Miled One. IT is a strange contradiction to the ordinarily" nipping and eager air of the Highland Scot, that when he gets hold of an island in a "loch," he takes only an "inch out of the ell-he-meant. A 'Fernal Joke. When a botanist is in pursuit of a specimen of Agrostes may we describe him as following hisbent, without being ac- cused of a humorous turn ? Wall-eyed Wis- dom. To judge from the good pictures they rejected, and the bad ones they hung the R.A.'swould seem to have been guided by the old saying, Let the weakest go to the wall !" Hue and Cry-tic. AN art-critic of our acquaintance was askedhis opinion about one of MADAME RACHEL'S chefs d'oauvre, who was attired in the height (?) of fashion at the opera. His commentary was too much body colour." THE RIGHT Ebnq. -In MRa. BInWN- ING'S latest work. Live and Learn. quarterly an "Index to the Times," at the price of ten shillings. We WE are under a deep sense of obligation to the Times. That are disillusionnes. Hitherto we have been under the firm belief that estimable journal (" widely-circulated and valuable are used-up the real Times index was the drift of public opinion. phrases), of May 20th, after modestly quoting a saying of Sim CORNE- WALL LEWIS, that "the future historian would seek his materials in An Is-mail-icious Remark. the columns of the Times," goes on to inform the public that M. n Is-a PALMER, bookseller, of Catherine-street, Strand, a "benefactor" of THE Viceroy of Egypt says that the coiffures of ladies in the English "coming FROUDES and MAOAULAYS," has for some time past published opera make him fancy himself in a Hair-em. yOL. ix. N 137 138 F U N [Jvc, 12, 1869. FUN OFFICE, Wednesday, J.une 9th, 1869. S RI. MOTLEY has arrived. But wemust cry, "Ware Motley !" until we learn definitely whether his wear is only the garb of a jester, or the costume of one clothed with authority. MR. RE.V.nv JoHasoN was believed to be duly accredited, but the Americans were only making April fools both of him and of us. We must take care that they do not repeat the joke. If Ma. MOTLEY be the authorized agent of the United States he has a ticklish task to perform The empty bluster of Yankeedom.has been so over-inflated by the "gassing" of MR. SUMNER (to use a Trans- atlantic figure) that it has broken loose like the Captive Balloon. The real. ex-captive or escapetive balloon has been recovered. But it will be no easy matter for MR. MOTLEY to bring the hullaballoon to its bearings. It will have to come-down considerably before he can hope to twine the English and American strands into the old bond of friend- ship, so severely has it been strained by the frantic behaviour of his national balloon. At present there is such a touch of lunacy in the bluster about the Alabama claims that we should suggest the cashiering of Yankee Doodle and Hail Columbia," and the promotion to the post of national anthem of-- Up in a balloon, boys, up in a balloon Carrying the stripes and stars, And- governed by the moon! IT is with the greatest pleasure that we record the success so far of the efforts made by the Committee of the Supplementary Exhibition to give the public an opportunity of judging of the cliqueism or jealous fear which has led to the exclusion of so many good pictures from Burlington House. It will be found that by a curious chance there are several cases in which comparisons may be closely drawn between works in the Academy and works rejected by it and taken to- Bond-street. In one instance, particularly, that of a processional * picture, we have no hesitation in saying that the painting in the Supple- nmentary Gallery is far superior in originality as in art, to that exhibited at the Academy by the pupil of one of the hangers. We would recommend the public by no means to omit a perusal of Ma. GtULLICK's pamphlet, The RoyalAcademy, the Outsiders, and therress. Although we do not agree with him entirely on art-matters, we cor- dially approve of his view of the injustice committed under the pro- tection of the Academy, and of the remedies he suggests. He has gone thoroughly into the matter, and argues the case exhaustively, and with mathematical proofs. He has calculated how many works each R.A. has sent, how much wall-space and of what quality they occupy, how long the judges gave to the inspection of each picture sent in (less than twenty seconds! ) with much more calculation and information of great interest. The British public loves fair play. The Royal Academy is incapable of showing it, but a number of gentlemen have with no possibility of fee or reward put themselves to trouble and inconvenience to see that our young artists shall have it. We are sure the public will support 'them. WINGED WORDS. ON FRIDAY, the 11th, St. James's Hall will boast the doable attrac- tion of MRs. STIRLING's reading and Miss EDITHm WYNNE'S singing. The Tempest is the play selected, and the whole is under the direction of Ma. KINGSBURY. We have great pleasure in announcing that Mn. H. J. MONTAGUE will give a reading at the Hanover Square Rooms, on the afternoon of the 12th. His selection from SwaKSPEsAE, HooD, DicEaNs, TENNY- SON, and others, is peculiarly happy; and the public cannot fail to give ample support to so popular a favourite. Pot and Kettle. THE Saturday Review has indulged in a violent pitch-in, directed against puffing advertisements. Aquila not capit muscas-No! we don't mean that; but a blue-bottle should not prey on flies." What does the Saturday Review think of this ? TrHE GIRL OF THE PERIOD.-A few Copies of the Number of the SATURDAY REVIEW, containing the Article on the Girl of the Period," may be obtained at the Office, 38, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C., at One Shilling per Copy. We wonder how the "advertising tradesmen" whom the Saturday denounces as the demi-monde of trade, aind as nuinAhces vulgar and hideous, like being abused like this in columns which their advertise- ments contribute largely to support, TWENTY-FOUR PORT. An Eclogue for the Economical. IT drank not the dew of Hymettus, it grew In no vineyard Falernian of Flaccus; It fed not the flame of the fair Lesbian dame, It maddened no mEcnad of Bacchus: It was pressed at the Cape of Good Hope, was the grape (Of the Spanish a far-removed cousin), Which the Dutchman supplies, and the Britisher buys At twenty-four shillings a dozen. Ho! a bumper of Twenty-four Port! I will gratefully moisten my throttle, With what merchants define as a very sound wine, But will go on improving in bottle." It ran not in sweet ripples round the white feet Of laughing girls," videe "Horatius "), No -the feet were not white, they were innocent quite Of water or ought saponaceous! From broad bullock-runs Afric's sable-skinned sons, Swinkt, weary at evening came home, And by tens and by twelves dipped their feet and themselves In the winevat's refrigerant foam ! Ho a bumper, &c. Acknowledge I must that it boasts of no crust, That it isn't "full-bodied" or fruity," Its tone is but poor, and its age immature, But it pays.a mere nominal duty; In the glass as-It glows, though the connoiseur's nose No exquisite bouquet discern, Yet a shilling 'tis plain on each dozen he'll gain If -the bottles he duly return. Ho! a bumper, &c. All! Dives, the deuce, you must pay for that juice, Which JoHAienr BE.G's vintage distils ; Too soon in the suite of YQUEM and LArITTE Come Logwood and Gooseberry's bills ! Your butler may prig and clandestinely swig, Your raciest, driest, and best; But butler I'v-e none, and methinks had I one, My .cellar he'd seldom molest! Then, ho! for cheap port! Bring me some of that sort! I will gratefairymioisten my throttle, With what merebalts define as "a very sound wine, unt will go on improving in bottle! " Line upon Line. THE vanity of men of science is really surprising! Here is Do. WALLNER, according to the Soientific .Rview, claiming all the merit of a new discovery because he says:- . That when he passed repid discharges from a Leyden jar through an ordinary Geissler's tube, and examines the light witi-the spectroscope, he finds that if the length of the discharge is increased a little, the sodium line appears, and with a proper length of discharge, exceeds in brilliancy the spectrum of the gas in the tube. bystill increasing the length of the discharge, a calcium line is produced with such intensity that it cannot be better seen by any other method. If the lngth of the discharge be now again increased, thelight in the tube assumes a dazzling splendour, the calcium line forms a continuous brilliant spectrum, in which the spectroscope reveals a completely black lise in place of the sodium line. The author looks upon this as the artificial productidnofa Fraunh6fer line. The author seems to think he has done something very novel and original in the artificial production of a Fraunhdfer line! The absence of SIB MORTON PETO on the continent to doubt prevents his writing a crushing answer to the Sieontifi R*viecM How about the artificial production of a London, Chatham aund Dover Line-years ago! De Lunatico. "THE Man in the Moon," we are informed in an ancient rhyme, "came down too soon to ask his way to Norwich." That must have been a very long time ago, for the recent disclosures, before the com- mittee for trying the Norwich election petition, would seem to indicate that his services have been fully appreciated there for many years. But this time he did not burn his mouth, but his fingers. Litera Scripta. WE observed an odd misprint the other day. A speaker, on the Irish Church question we think, was reported to say Beggars cannot be chousers." We should think the Mendicity Society could disprove this statement with great ease. F U N".-JuNE 12, 1869. -7-----^- I Iii. -___ ;J K f p A' -y 4'W UP IN A BALLOON! Mr. R. Johnson (to Mr. Mothy):-" AH, I THOUGHT SUMNER WAS 'GASSING' IT A LITTLE TOO STRONG. I DON'T SEE HOW YOU WILL GET IT DOWN AGAIN." *s Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00078627/00016 | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 81,741 | 72.05 |
Interceptor before s:hasPermission?Akhbar Falafel Jan 6, 2010 9:47 PM
I have an app with a relatively complex security requirement. I need to be able to dynamically inject information into the working memory before the @Restrict(
s:hasPermission...) call occurs using my Drools authorization rules. I could just do the permission check programmatically, but decided that it would be better if I implemented an Interceptor that would handle adding the objects to the working memory before the permission check is called.
I've done just that, but it appears to me that my Interceptor is not being called before the @Restrict() permission check occurs. I've added some simple logging statements to both my Drools security rule and my Interceptor, and the Drools statements always get called first. What do I need to do to ensure that my Interceptor is called before the @Restrict() permission check or any other Interceptor is called? Is there a specific
around parameter that I need to add to my Interceptor definition? Am I missing anything? Thanks for any help you can give me.
Steve
1. Re: Interceptor before s:hasPermission?Michael Wohlfart Jan 6, 2010 11:25 PM (in response to Akhbar Falafel)
Hi Steve,
did you check Tobia's Interceptor in
this thread as far as I understand it wraps all of Seam's Interceptors.
2. Re: Interceptor before s:hasPermission?Akhbar Falafel Jan 8, 2010 7:51 PM (in response to Akhbar Falafel)
I used that as the basis for my interceptor. However, the permission check still seems to be occurring before my interceptor is called. Here is how I have it setup:
I have a method that I wish to protect, but need to inject an object into the working memory before the permission check occurs. My method looks like this:
@MyAnnotation public class MyClass { @Restrict("{s:hasPermission('blah', 'blah')}") public void myMethod(){ ... } }
I would expect my interceptor to be called before s:hasPermission goes through. However, I get an AuthorizationException every time, and logging statements in my interceptor are never being displayed, leading me to believe that the permission check is failing before my interceptor.
Any thoughts as to how I can get around this issue?
3. Re: Interceptor before s:hasPermission?Michael Wohlfart Jan 8, 2010 10:37 PM (in response to Akhbar Falafel)
make sure you use InterceptorType.CLIENT and the SecurityInterceptor.class in the arround set:
@Interceptor( stateless=true, type=InterceptorType.CLIENT,Interceptor.class })
4. Re: Interceptor before s:hasPermission?Akhbar Falafel Jan 9, 2010 3:52 AM (in response to Akhbar Falafel)
Ahhh much better. The interceptor type was what was missing. Thanks for your help. | https://developer.jboss.org/message/702824?tstart=0 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 442 | 57.06 |
The XSLT debugger can be used to debug an XSLT style sheet, or an XSLT application. When debugging, you can execute code one line at a time by stepping into, stepping over, or stepping out of the code. The commands to use the code-stepping functionality are the same for the XSLT debugger as for the other Visual Studio debuggers.
You can start the debugger from the XML Editor. This allows you to debug as you are creating a style sheet.
Open the style sheet in the XML Editor.
Enter the XML source document in the Input filed of the Properties window for the style sheet.
To access this window, select Properties from the View menu, and then select Document from the drop-down list at the top of the Properties window.
Select Debug XSL from the XML menu.
You can also step into XSLT while debugging an application. When you press F11 on an System.Xml.Xsl.XslCompiledTransform.Transform call, the debugger can step into the XSLT code.
Stepping into XSLT from the XslTransform class is not supported. The XslCompiledTransform class is the only XSLT processor that supports stepping into XSLT while debugging.
When instantiating the XslCompiledTransform object, set the enableDebug parameter to true in your code.
This tells the XSLT processor to create debug information when the code is compiled.
Right-click the Transform call, point to Breakpoint, and select Insert Breakpoint.
Press F5 to start the Visual Studio debugger.
Press F11 to step into the XSLT code.
The XSLT style sheet is loaded in a new document window and the XSLT debugger is started.
The following is an example of a C# XSLT program. It shows how to enable XSLT debugging.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Xsl;
namespace ConsoleApplication
{
class Program
{
private const string sourceFile = @"c:\data\xsl_files\books.xml";
private const string stylesheet = @"c:\data\xsl_files\belowAvg.xsl";
private const string outputFile = @"c:\data\xsl_files\output.xml";
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Enable XSLT debugging.
XslCompiledTransform xslt = new XslCompiledTransform(true);
// Compile the style sheet.
xslt.Load(stylesheet)
// Execute the XSLT transform.
FileStream outputStream = new FileStream(outputFile, FileMode.Append);
xslt.Transform(sourceFile, null, outputStream);
}
}
} | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms255603(VS.80).aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 363 | 61.22 |
This one little problem has been bugging me for 1 whole hour.
If I run this, I get:If I run this, I get:import java.util.Scanner; public class Project8 { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); String s1, s2; System.out.println("Enter a line of text. No punctuation please."); s1 = keyboard.next(); s2 = keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.println("I have rephrased that line to read:"); System.out.println("" + s2 + " " + s1); } }
-Enter a line of text. No punctuation please.
-What the hell
-I have rephrased that line to read:
- the hell What
I want the space in the rephrased line before "the" gone...How IS IT POSSIBLE TO REMOVE? | http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/whats-wrong-my-code/9807-real-beginner-removing-space-before-first-word-when-switched.html | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 116 | 71.51 |
I'm trying to count given data points inside each ring of ellipse:
The problem is that I have a function to check that:
so for each ellipse, to make sure whether a point is in it, three inputs have to be calculated:
def get_focal_point(r1,r2,center_x):
# f = square root of r1-squared - r2-squared
focal_dist = sqrt((r1**2) - (r2**2))
f1_x = center_x - focal_dist
f2_x = center_x + focal_dist
return f1_x, f2_x
def get_distance(f1,f2,center_y,t_x,t_y):
d1 = sqrt(((f1-t_x)**2) + ((center_y - t_y)**2))
d2 = sqrt(((f2-t_x)**2) + ((center_y - t_y)**2))
return d1,d2
def in_ellipse(major_ax,d1,d2):
if (d1+d2) <= 2*major_ax:
return True
else:
return False
for i in range(len(data.latitude)):
t_x = data.latitude[i]
t_y = data.longitude[i]
d1,d2 = get_distance(f1,f2,center_y,t_x,t_y)
d1_array.append(d1)
d2_array.append(d2)
if in_ellipse(major_ax,d1,d2) == True:
core_count += 1
# if the point is not in core ellipse
# check the next ring up
else:
for i in range(loop):
.....
This may be something similar to what you are doing. I'm just looking to see if f(x,y) = x^2/r1^2 + y^2/r2^2 = 1.
When f(x,y) is larger than 1, the point x,y is outside the ellipse. When it is smaller, then it is inside the ellipse. I loop through each ellipse to find the one when f(x,y) is smaller than 1.
The code also does not take into account an ellipse that is centered off the origin. It's a small change to include this feature.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.patches as patches import numpy as np def inWhichEllipse(x,y,rads): ''' With a list of (r1,r2) pairs, rads, return the index of the pair in which the point x,y resides. Return None as the index if it is outside all Ellipses. ''' xx = x*x yy = y*y count = 0 ithEllipse =0 while True: rx,ry = rads[count] ellips = xx/(rx*rx)+yy/(ry*ry) if ellips < 1: ithEllipse = count break count+=1 if count >= len(rads): ithEllipse = None break return ithEllipse rads = zip(np.arange(.5,10,.5),np.arange(.125,2.5,.25)) fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) ax.set_xlim(-15,15) ax.set_ylim(-15,15) # plot Ellipses for rx,ry in rads: ellipse = patches.Ellipse((0,0),rx*2,ry*2,fc='none',ec='red') ax.add_patch(ellipse) x=3.0 y=1.0 idx = inWhichEllipse(x,y,rads) rx,ry = rads[idx] ellipse = patches.Ellipse((0,0),rx*2,ry*2,fc='none',ec='blue') ax.add_patch(ellipse) if idx != None: circle = patches.Circle((x,y),.1) ax.add_patch(circle) plt.show()
This code produces the following figure:
Keep in mind, this is just a starting point. For one thing, you can change
inWhichEllipse to accept a list of the square of r1 and r2, ie (r1*r1,r2*r2) pairs, and that would cut the computation down even more. | https://codedump.io/share/fp380v42GlNE/1/counting-points-inside-an-ellipse | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 500 | 65.01 |
Tutorial: Creating GUI Applications in Python with QT
by Alex Fedosov
Python is a great language with many awesome features, but its default GUI
package (TkInter) is rather ugly. Besides, who wants to write all that GUI
code by hand, anyway?.) QT designer also makes it very easy to add Python code to your
project. (If you want your app to do anything useful, you will undoubtedly
need to write some code. :) )
So the following is a brief tutorial on how to go about creating your first semi-interesting application with Python & QT.
First, you need to have the following packages installed:
Form1.
lineEdit1. This is how we will take input from the user.
listBox1. This is where we will store the input that the user typed in.
pushButton1.
pushButton1as the sender,
clicked()as the signal,
listBox1as the receiver and
clear()as the slot. Then click OK. (The meaning of this is that we want to delete all contents of the box when the user clicks the button.)
AddEntry()(don't forget the parentheses when typing in the new name) because it will add a new item to the list box. Don't change any other settings and just click OK. (We'll write the code for this method later on.)
lineEdit1as the sender,
returnPressed()as the signal,
Form1as the receiver, and our own
AddEntry()as the slot.
AddEntry()method. In the Project Overview window in the top right-hand corner, double-click on the
form1.ui.hfile. (The second one, under your main file.) A window will pop up showing the text of this file. This file is where you implement all your custom slots, which will then be included during the compilation process. Notice that QT designer already put in a header for our
AddEntry()function... except that it's in C++! Don't worry about that, however, we can still write Python code here right between the braces, and it will work just fine. (Python UI compiler is smart enough to understand the headers generated by QT designer.) The only problem is that QT designer wants to auto-indent your code, but it expects semi-colons at the end of line, so naturally Python confuses it and the indentation gets all screwed up. So alternatively, you can just use your favorite editor (read: vi) to edit this file. (Or figure out how to turn off auto-indent.)
self.lineEdit1is the line edit, and
self.listBox1is the list box. The line edit has a method called
text()which returns a
QStringobject representing the text in the line edit. Without going into too much details about these objects, all we need to know is that a
QStringobject has an
ascii()method which will return the raw ASCII string of the entered text. So to get the text out of the list box:
e = self.lineEdit1.text().ascii()
insertItem()which takes a string and adds it to the list:
self.listBox1.insertItem(e)
clear()method:
self.lineEdit1.clear()
pyuiccompiler. Pass the
.uifile as an argument, and it will spit out Python code onto standard output. (So it's more useful to redirect the output to another file.)
pyuic form1.ui > form1.py
form1.pywhich is a module containing your dialog as a Python class. Since it has no
main()function, you can't run it directly. Instead, we need to create a simple wrapper for it, like so:
from qt import *
from form1 import *
import sys
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
f = Form1()
f.show()
app.setMainWidget(f)
app.exec_loop()
mygui.py. Needless to say, this wrapper is fairly generic and can be reused for most of your Python/QT applications. Finally, we are ready to run! Execute your app with:
python mygui.py | http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~afedosov/qttut/ | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 626 | 74.49 |
PowerPC has instruction ftsqrt/xstsqrtdp etc to do the input test for software square root. LLVM now tests it with smallest normalized value using abs + setcc. We should add hook to target that has test instructions.
Question here: do we miss to propagate the SDFlags for SETCC which might affect how we lower the select_cc ?
This thread may be relevant here:
See inline for a minor improvement, otherwise LGTM. Someone from PPC should provide final approval after looking at the test diffs.
The description did not read clearly to me. How about:
"Return a target-dependent comparison result if the input operand is suitable for use with a square root estimate calculation. For example, the comparison may check if the operand is NAN, INF, zero, normal, etc. The result should be used as the condition operand for a select or branch."
If the plan is to generalize this hook for 'ftdiv' as well, then we can make the description less specific.
Yes, I think we are missing propagation of flags on all of the created nodes in this sequence. I don't know if we can induce any test differences from that with current regression tests, but that can be another patch.
PowerPC backend depends on the flags to determine how to lower select_cc between select and cmp+branch. I believe we can see the test difference. And yes, it is another patch.
Yeah, this seems to be a big hole of DAGCombine. We even don't have parameter to pass the flags for getSetCC now, though it could be set later.
Update the comments.
Can we add a verifier in DAG to verify the flag ? i.e. Checking that, there is no flags missed during the dagcombine.
I'm not seeing how it would work because the flags are always optional and not necessarily propagated from the operands. But if you see a way to do it, that would be a nice enhancement.
Ping for PowerPC backend change ...
I think it's better to add a denormal test case
Better to follow legacy formatting or reformat all the sentences here?
Move the comments above line 12383?
Any specific reason for i32 here? I guess here i8 would be enough
Target independent code checks denormal input, ftsqrt denormal input checking result is in fg_flag, your comments seems like related to fe_flag, does this matters?
Same as above, i8 should be enough for crD?
It is format by clang-format. Maybe, we can commit a NFC patch to format all the statements here.
Ok, I will do it with later change with this patch.
It is because the type of the CRRC must be i32.
def CRRC : RegisterClass<"PPC", [i32], 32,
(add CR0, CR1, CR5, CR6,
CR7, CR2, CR3, CR4)> {
let AltOrders = [(sub CRRC, CR2, CR3, CR4)];
let AltOrderSelect = [{
return MF.getSubtarget<PPCSubtarget>().isELFv2ABI() &&
MF.getInfo<PPCFunctionInfo>()->isNonVolatileCRDisabled();
}];
}
Target independent code didn't assume the content of the check and the target is free to do the kind of check. The ISA contains a program note:
ftdiv and ftsqrt are provided to accelerate software
emulation of divide and square root operations, by
performing the requisite special case checking.
Software needs only a single branch, on FE=1 (in
CR[BF]), to a special case handler. FG and FL may
provide further acceleration opportunities.
So, I select the FE for the special case handle.
I think there is functionality issue here if we use fe_flag, not fg_flag. From the comments in target independent code:
// The estimate is now completely wrong if the input was exactly 0.0 or
// possibly a denormal. Force the answer to 0.0 for those cases.
The iteration method to calculate the sqrt would be wrong if the input if denormal.
But in PowerPC's hook implementation, fe_flag will not be set even if the input is denormal. So now for denormal input, we may also use the newton iterated est after testing fe_flag.
According to, the double floating point is denormal if exp < -1022. So, the ftsqrt must return 1 as it is set if e_b <= -970. That means we won't have functionality issue but with precision issue for the value between exp >= -1022 ~ exp <= -970, which is handled by D80974
Address comments.
LGTM. Thanks for improving this.
Thanks for your explanation. So if flag fg_flag is 1, fe_flag must be also 1. For the normal input cases where fe_flag is 1, but fg_flag is 0, you handle them in D80974. This makes sense to me.
Fix a bug of the type we used for SELECT. For now, we are using the operand type, which is not right as we need to use the cond type.
testSqrtEstimate?
Will it be better if put logic below into base getSqrtInputTest implementation?
Typo: extra space
Hmm, I still prefer the getXXX as we have getSqrtEstimate and getRecipEstimate likewise routine.
I think both are ok. The good things for this is to have the target specific test inside getSqrtInputTest() and return SDVaue() if didn't have. We are making the default implementation non-override which makes sense in fact till now.
Thank you for this. I will update it.
Good catch. Update it when I commit it.
Found a crash that seems to be caused by this patch. This is a reduced test case:
extern "C"
#define a(b, c, args) d(double, b, , args)
#define d(g, b, c, args) g b args
a(sqrt, , (double));
int e;
double f = sqrt(e);
Building with clang -target powerpc64le-grtev4-linux-gnu -ffast-math repro.cpp crashes a top-of-tree clang.
Do not know how to custom type legalize this operation!
UNREACHABLE executed at /usr/local/google/home/jgorbe/code/llvm/llvm/lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCISelLowering.cpp:11088!
PLEASE submit a bug report to and include the crash backtrace, preprocessed source, and associated run script.
Stack dump:
[... stack dump omitted for brevity ...]
Quick fixed by commit c25b039e211441033069c7046324d2f76de37bed . Thank you for reporting this. We miss the test coverage for the case that crbits is disabled before. | https://reviews.llvm.org/D80706?id=302486 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 1,005 | 67.04 |
Closed Bug 879079 Opened 9 years ago Closed 9 years ago
Fix some static analysis warnings in js/src
Categories
(Core :: JavaScript Engine, defect)
Tracking
()
People
(Reporter: terrence, Assigned: terrence)
References
Details
(Whiteboard: [leave-open])
Attachments
(9 files)
This fixes ValueToId, ToString and ToAtom by making them take a Handle when <CanGC>. This was mostly just changing args.get(i) to args.getHandle(i) and args[i] to args.handleAt(i). In spots where this wasn't appropriate I either added a new Rooted or -- for hot(ish) paths -- I re-used an existing root or fromMarkedLocation'd as required.
Attachment #757714 - Flags: review?(bhackett1024)
Comment on attachment 757714 [details] [diff] [review] v0 Review of attachment 757714 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- ::: js/public/CallArgs.h @@ +303,5 @@ > /* > + * Returns the i-th zero-indexed argument as a handle, or |undefined| if > + * there's no such argument. > + */ > + HandleValue getHandle(unsigned i) const { This name is pretty confusing since there is also a handleAt(i) method. How about handleOrUndefinedAt? ::: js/src/jsarray.cpp @@ +1134,5 @@ > > JS_ASSERT(start == MAX_ARRAY_INDEX + 1); > RootedValue value(cx); > RootedId id(cx); > + Value indexv; Can you make this a RootedValue to not abuse fromMarkedLocation? This code will almost never execute. ::: js/src/jsproxy.cpp @@ +692,4 @@ > if (!str) > return false; > rval.setString(str); > + v = v_; Moving this assignment down introduces a rooting hazard. This function looks like it can be handled the same way as Trap1? ::: js/src/jsreflect.cpp @@ +3084,5 @@ > return JS_FALSE; > > RootedValue val(cx); > if (!serialize.program(pn, &val)) { > + args.rval().setUndefined(); setNull ::: js/src/vm/Shape-inl.h @@ +289,5 @@ > #endif > if (self->hasShortID()) { > int16_t id = self->shortid(); > + if (id < 0) { > + Value v = Int32Value(id); Ditto earlier comment, this code is cold.
Attachment #757714 - Flags: review?(bhackett1024) → review+ Green try run at:
Whiteboard: [leave-open]
This makes ToNumber take a MutableHandleValue.
Attachment #758830 - Flags: review?(sphink)
This makes the |Value descriptor| parameter of js_DefineOwnProperty (the jsobj.h instance) a Handle. It also moves the function inside namespace js::, since it will be identical to the friend api version when we add handles to the api.
Attachment #758831 - Flags: review?(sphink)
Tried: remote: remote:
Backed out the ToNumber changes so we can investigate an SM(r) crash.
The hard cases are places where we put an atom in a Value then immediately unpack it to call the static StringToNumber. I just exposed StringToNumber internally. There is one slow path where I had to add a Rooted. The rest are just trivial calls to args.handleAt.
Attachment #767500 - Flags: review?(sphink)
This weeks inevitable breakage. When are we getting the static analysis on TBPL again?
Attachment #767510 - Flags: review?(sphink)
Comment on attachment 767500 [details] [diff] [review] v0: handlify ToNumber (the other one) Review of attachment 767500 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- Oh good. This is a nice sweep through a bunch of stuff.
Attachment #767500 - Flags: review?(sphink) → review+
remote: remote:
This switches the type of Invoke/InvokeGetterSetter to Value instead of const Value&.
Attachment #767986 - Flags: review?(sphink)
TokenStream's matchContextualKeyword should take a Handle<PropertyName*>. This is the only change needed to kill our last real rooting hazard... again.
Attachment #767987 - Flags: review?(sphink)
The majority of users are StringValue(str) -> v.toString, so I added StringToSource.
Attachment #768006 - Flags: review?(sphink)
I'm actually wondering if we shouldn't make CallArgs::operator[] return Handle.
Attachment #768014 - Flags: review?(sph.
Attachment #767987 - Flags: review?(wingo) → review+
(In reply to Andy Wingo from comment . Bug 817164. Although considering that we explicitly don't want to root some paths for performance, we may never get to a spot where this is possible. In the meantime, the static analysis -- how I found this -- will keep this from regressing too far.
Comment on attachment 768006 [details] [diff] [review] ValueToSource v0 Review of attachment 768006 [details] [diff] [review]: ----------------------------------------------------------------- This one is a little tricky, since it's a legit use of a bare JSString* in a place where you'd expect a Handle. If the JSAPI were Handlified, that would be fine without a comment, but right now I think it'd be better to mention /* No Handle needed. */ or something.
Attachment #768006 - Flags: review?(sphink) → review+
remote: remote: remote: remote:
Status: ASSIGNED → RESOLVED
Closed: 9 years ago
Resolution: --- → FIXED | https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=879079 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 707 | 60.31 |
Compiler Error CS1061
Visual Studio 2015
'type' does not contain a definition for 'member' and no extension method 'name' accepting a first argument of type 'type' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?).
This error occurs when you try to call a method or access a class member that does not exist.
The following example generates CS1061 because TestClass1 does not have a DisplaySomething method. It does have a method that is called WriteSomething. Perhaps that is what the author of this source code meant to write.
// cs1061.cs public class TestClass1 { // TestClass1 has one method, called WriteSomething. public void WriteSomething(string s) { System.Console.WriteLine(s); } } public class TestClass2 { // TestClass2 has one method, called DisplaySomething. public void DisplaySomething(string s) { System.Console.WriteLine(s); } } public class TestTheClasses { public static void Main() { TestClass1 tc1 = new TestClass1(); TestClass2 tc2 = new TestClass2(); // The following call fails because TestClass1 does not have // a method called DisplaySomething. tc1.DisplaySomething("Hello"); // CS1061 // To correct the error, change the method call to either // tc1.WriteSomething or tc2.DisplaySomething. tc1.WriteSomething("Hello from TestClass1"); tc2.DisplaySomething("Hello from TestClass2"); } }
Show: | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb383961.aspx | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 189 | 58.99 |
Table Of Contents
* 🤓INTRODUCTION
* 🧠THE PLAN
* 📚TERMINOLOGY
* 🦄ENTITES AND RELATIONSHIPS
* 🌎CREATE THE PROJECT
* 🙏THANK YOU
🤓 INTRODUCTION
Hello, my dear hackers! Welcome, to the second part of the "Building the REST API with Python Django" series. I hope you are all having a great day, today is a big day, we will start planning and implementing the REST API using Python Django Rest Framework.
Please feel free to connect with me via Twitter, Instagram or LinkedIn
🧠 THE PLAN
Let me explain the plan. Don't worry, I will provide a visual example too 😎 We are going to build the REST API handling the company data for Employees, Sectors, and Projects! Each employee, sector, and project is described with specific attributes that are usually of some significance to the user consuming the data. Let me show you the diagram, and I will describe each entity separately as well as the relationships among them.
First, let's straight-up our terminology.
📚 TERMINOLOGY
- RELATION - the table with rows and columns
- ATTRIBUTE - named column of the relation
- ATTRIBUTE DOMAIN - the set of the allowed values for an attribute
- CARDINALITY - Number of data instances (rows) in the relation
- RELATION KEY - An attribute or a set of attributes that identify each data instance in a unique manner
- PRIMARY KEY - A candidate key which is selected to identify each data instance in a unique manner
- FOREIGN KEY - An attribute or a set of attributes getting paired-up with the primary key (candidate key) of some other relation
- ENTITY INTEGRITY - non of the primary key's attributes can have the value of NULL - no primary key can be NULL
- REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY - Values of the foreign key must be equal by value to the candidate key of the specific data instance in the initial relation, or can have the value of NULL
🦄 ENTITES AND RELATIONSHIPS
Our diagram describes:
AN EMPLOYEE ENTITY - Each employee, has attributes; The name that is a composite attribute and includes the first name, middle name, and last name. Also, we have, gender, address, salary, and the unique identifier ID.
THE SECTOR ENTITY - Name, Location, and a unique identifier.
THE PROJECT ENTITY - Name Location and a unique identifier.
RELATIONSHIP 1 - The relationship between Employee and the Sector. Each employee works in only one sector, and each sector can have many employees.
RELATIONSHIP 2 - The relationship between Sector and Project. Each sector can be in charge of multiple projects but that specific project gets assigned to the specific sector.
RELATIONSHIP 3 - The relationship between Employee and the Project. Each employee can work on multiple projects, and each project can have multiple employees working on it.
So, let's get to business and start creating our project! 🚀
🌎 CREATE THE PROJECT
We start by creating our project, and we will use the PyCharm GUI to do so.
- Open up the PyCharm
- Click on create the new project - make sure you have the right base interpreter selected
- After the virtual environment is initialized you should see something like this in your project directory tree
- Open the terminal at the bottom left in the PyCharm IDE
- Install Django by executing this code
pip install django
- Install Django Rest Framework by executing the following code
pip install djangorestframework
- Set up a new project with a single application
django-admin startproject company . cd company django-admin startapp API cd ...
So, we created our project, the CompanyProject, and our application within the project that we named API.
Let's now install the psycopg2 adapter for the PostgreSQL database.
pip install psycopg2
Register the rest framework and our application by navigating to the settings.py file and add this to you INSTALLED_APPS.
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'rest_framework', 'company.API' ]
Go to the pgAdmin and create the new database, I will name my database company, you can name yours as you wish.
In your settings.py setup the database
DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql', 'NAME': 'company', 'USER': 'postgres', 'PASSWORD': 'put_postgre_password_here', 'HOST': 'localhost', 'PORT': '5432' } }
Create serializers.py inside your API directory. Let's create our user serializer and user group serializer. Add this code to your serializers.py file:']
And add this code to the views.py file:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group from rest_framework import viewsets from rest_framework import permissions from company]
Inside your urls.py add the following code.
from django.urls import include, path from rest_framework import routers from company')) ]
Execute a migration to sync your database for the first time:
python manage.py migrate
You should see something like this in your terminal:
Now, let's create the superuser that we will use to login to our administrator panel.
python manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin
After executing this line you will have to specify your password, you can change your password any time.
Let's run our project!
python manage.py runserver
That is it! 🎉 We created our first project, go to your browser, redirect to and you will get your browsable API.
That is it for now, in our next chapter we will create our models for our company API and views.
Stay tuned! 🚀
🙏 THANK YOU FOR READING!
References:
School notes...
School books...
Please leave a comment, tell me about you, about your work, comment your thoughts, connect with me!
☕ SUPPORT ME AND KEEP ME FOCUSED!
Have a nice time hacking! 😊
Discussion (2)
hmmmm good content yessss
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This page lists features that Guido van Rossum himself has mentioned as goals for Python 3.0. Parts of this page have been consolidated into PEP 3000 [5]
Status
Python 3.0 is currently (2008-07-12) in beta testing, and has much accumulated documentation. More official sources of information include:
The development version of the Python 3.0 documentation:
- PEPs covering changes for Python 3.0:
PEP 3000, "Python 3000":
PEP 3100, "Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans":
PEP 3099, "Things that will Not Change in Python 3000":
PEP 3108, "Standard Library Reorganization":
Unfortunately there does not appear to be a well-maintained single point of entry for someone to find all relevant changes that will occur in Python 3.0.
Core Language Changes
Remove distinction between int and long types. [4]
Make true division the default behavior. [4]
Make all strings unicode [4], and have a separate bytes [2] type. [13]
Make the exec statement a function again. [1]
Remove old-style classes. [4]
Replace the print statement with a function or functions. (e.g. write(x, y, z), writeline(x, y, z)) [1] [21]
Make as a real keyword. [7]
Add an attribute to exceptions for storing the traceback. [22]
Remove raise Exception, 'message' syntax in favor of raise Exception('message'). [11] [20]
Require that the first statement of a suite be on its own line. [1]
Make True and False keywords. [6]
- Reason: make assignment to them impossible.
Raise an exception when making comparisons (other than equality and inequality) between two incongruent types. [24]
- Reason: such comparisons do not make sense and are especially confusing to new users of Python.
Require that all exceptions inherit a common base class. [9]
- Reason: forces the use of classes as objects raised by exceptions and simplifies the implementation.
Make the traceback a standard attribute of Exception instances [18]
- Reason: inconvenient to pass the (type, value, traceback) triple that currently represents an exception around.
Instead: use repr(x).
- Reason: backticks are hard to read in many fonts and can be mangled by typesetting software.
Remove the <> operator.
Instead: use !=.
Remove support for string exceptions. [1]
- Instead: use a class.
Add a mechanism so that multiple exceptions can be caught using except E1, E2, E3:. For instance:
JimD's suggested syntax:
The except code would then basically do the equivalent of if issubclass(arg1, Exception) or isinstance(arg1, Exception): ... else if len(arg1): ... (excepting, obviously, that this is implemented at a lower level in the C core). --JimD
- Perhaps have optional declarations for static typing.
GvR suggested the syntax [17]: (but NOT for static typing - for declaring type information that would be checked at runtime, not compile time)
Since some types only implement parts of an interface have 'strict' and 'lax' interfaces. Strict requires a complete implementation of the interface, lax requiring only a partial implementation with the rest being taken from interface defaults or ignored. This would require a new keyword/reserved word (strict) with lax mode being the default. This is to help duck typing. Ex:
Another proposal: Use -> and => as type conversion operators (lax and strict, respectively).
Built-In Changes
Have range(), zip(), dict.keys(), dict.items(), and dict.values() return iterators.
Move compile(), intern() and id() to the sys module. [1]
Change max() and min() to consume iterators.
Remove coerce() as it is obsolete. [1]
Introduce trunc(), which would call the __trunc__() method on its argument.
Remove dict.iteritems(), dict.iterkeys(), and dict.itervalues().
Instead: use dict.items(), dict.keys(), and dict.values() respectively.
Instead: use f(*args, **kw).
Instead: use range().
Instead: use functools.reduce().
Instead: use hasattr to check for __call__ attribute.
Instead: use new bytes type.
Instead: use input().
Instead: use eval(input()).
Remove execfile() and reload(). [1]
Instead: use exec().
Remove basestring.find() and basestring.rfind(). [23]
Instead: use basestring.index() and basestring.rindex() in a try/except block.
Standard Library Changes
Remove types module.
Instead: use the types in __builtins__.
Remove other deprecated modules. [3]
Instead: use sys.exc_info.
- Reason: it is not thread safe.
- Reorganize standard library to have more package structure.
- Reason: there are too many modules to keep a flat hierarchy.
Open Issues
L += x and L.extend(x) are equivalent. No, they are not. The former creates a new list without modifying the original list (which other people might have references to). The latter modifies the original list.
Can the parameter order of the insert method be changed so the the index parameter is optional and list.append may be removed?
If only Exception subclasses can be raised [9], should the raise statement be kept? Could x(y).raise() be used instead?
Are repr() and str() both needed? [1]
Should globals(), locals() and vars() be removed? [1]
- Should there be a keyword for allowing the shadowing of built-ins?
- Should injecting into another module's global namespace be prevented?
If line continuations (\) are removed from the language [1], what should be done about the instances where statements do not allow parentheses? Furthermore, the Python style guide [11] recommends their usage in some cases.
Should __cmp__ (and possibly cmp()) be removed? [8]
Should list comprehensions be equivalent to passing a generator expression to list()?
- Reason: they are essentially the same and it would remove edge-case differences between them.
With a new string substitution scheme [14], will old-style (%(var)s) substitutions be removed?
There are things in the string module that I think belong there, for example string.letters and string.digits. I don't think that all the string manipulations that we might include with the standard libraries need to be in the core interpreter (any more than I would condone putting the regular expression engine into the core). -- JimD
Should a with (or using) statement be added? [10] [19]
References
[1] Python Regrets:
[2] PEP 296 -- Adding a bytes Object Type:
- PEP 296 is withdrawn by the author in favor of PEP 358.
[3] PEP 4 -- Deprecation of Standard Modules:
[4] PyCon 2003 State of the Union Address:
[5] PEP 3000 -- Python 3.0 Plans:
[6] Python-Dev -- Constancy of None:
[7] Python-Dev -- "as" to be a keyword?:
[8] Python-Dev -- lists vs. tuples:
[9] Python-Dev -- Exceptional inheritance patterns:
[10] Python-Dev -- With statement:
[11] PEP 8 -- Style Guide for Python Code:
[12] PythonThreeDotOh
[13] PEP 332 -- Byte vectors and String/Unicode Unification:
[14] PEP 292 -- Simpler String Substitutions:
[16] PEP 246 -- Object Adaption:
[17] Python-Dev -- Decorators: vertical bar syntax:
[18] Python-Dev -- anonymous blocks:
[19] PEP 340 -- loose ends:
[20] Python-Dev -- PEP 8: exception style:
[21] Python-Dev -- Replacement for print in Python 3.0:
[22] Python-Dev -- anonymous blocks:
[23] Python-Dev -- Remove str.find in 3.0?:
[24] Python-Dev -- Comparing heterogeneous types:
[25] Python-Dev -- Fixing _PyEval_SliceIndex so that integer-like objects can be used: | https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python3.0 | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | refinedweb | 1,136 | 60.61 |
On Tue, 2 Oct 2001, Jason R. Mastaler wrote: > I'm writing a mail application that needs to have different values for > variables depending on whether the app is running under qmail or > Sendmail. > > Currently I have those variables in a module called "Defaults.py". > So, within the program main, I do things like: > > import Defaults > sys.exit(Defaults.ERR_HARD) > > Some of these variables need to conditionally have different values as > I mentioned. For example, exit status codes. Under qmail, > `ERR_HARD = 100', while under Sendmail, `ERR_HARD = 75'. > > I was thinking of splitting Defaults.py up into multiple files > (Qmail.py and Sendmail.py), and then using local namespace trickery so > that within the program main I can do things like: > > if qmail: > import Qmail as mta > elif sendmail: > import Sendmail as mta > > sys.exit(mta.ERR_HARD) > > However, the "import module as name" syntax is a Python2-ism, and I'd > still like to support Python-1.5.2 if I can. How about this: sendmail.py --- class mta: ERR_HARD=75 ... --- qmail.py --- class mta: ERR_HARD=100 ... --- main.py --- ... if issendmail: from sendmail import mta elif isqmail: from sendmail import mta ... sys.exit(mta.ERR_HARD) ... --- -- Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams <ignacio at openservices.net> | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2001-October/099647.html | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | refinedweb | 201 | 61.63 |
Python SDK released in Apache Beam 0.6.0
Apache Beam’s latest release, version 0.6.0, introduces a new SDK – this time, for the Python programming language. The Python SDK joins the Java SDK as the second implementation of the Beam programming model.
The Python SDK incorporates all of the main concepts of the Beam model, including ParDo, GroupByKey, Windowing, and others. It features extensible IO APIs for writing bounded sources and sinks, and provides built-in implementation for reading and writing Text, Avro, and TensorFlow record files, as well as connectors to Google BigQuery and Google Cloud Datastore.
There are two runners capable of executing pipelines written with the Python SDK today: Direct Runner and Dataflow Runner, both of which are currently limited to batch execution only. Upcoming features will shortly bring the benefits of the Python SDK to additional runners.
Try the Apache Beam Python SDK
If you would like to try out the Python SDK, a good place to start is the Quickstart. After that, you can take a look at additional examples, and deep dive into the API reference.
Let’s take a look at a quick example together. First, install the
apache-beam package from PyPI and start your Python interpreter.
$ pip install apache-beam $ python
We will harness the power of Apache Beam to estimate Pi in honor of the recently passed Pi Day.
import random import apache_beam as beam def run_trials(count): """Throw darts into unit square and count how many fall into unit circle.""" inside = 0 for _ in xrange(count): x, y = random.uniform(0, 1), random.uniform(0, 1) inside += 1 if x*x + y*y <= 1.0 else 0 return count, inside def combine_results(results): """Given all the trial results, estimate pi.""" total, inside = sum(r[0] for r in results), sum(r[1] for r in results) return total, inside, 4 * float(inside) / total if total > 0 else 0 p = beam.Pipeline() (p | beam.Create([500] * 10) # Create 10 experiments with 500 samples each. | beam.Map(run_trials) # Run experiments in parallel. | beam.CombineGlobally(combine_results) # Combine the results. | beam.io.WriteToText('./pi_estimate.txt')) # Write PI estimate to a file. p.run()
This example estimates Pi by throwing random darts into the unit square and keeping track of the fraction of those darts that fell into the unit circle (see the full example for details). If you are curious, you can check the result of our estimation by looking at the output file.
$ cat pi_estimate.txt*
Roadmap
The first thing on the Python SDK’s roadmap is to address two of its limitations. First, the existing runners are currently limited to bounded PCollections, and we are looking forward to extending the SDK to support unbounded PCollections (“streaming”). Additionally, we are working on extending support to more Apache Beam runners, and the upcoming Fn API will do the heavy lifting.
Both of these improvements will enable the Python SDK to fulfill the mission of Apache Beam: a unified programming model for batch and streaming data processing that can run on any execution engine.
Join us!
Please consider joining us, whether as a user or a contributor, as we work towards our first release with API stability. If you’d like to try out Apache Beam today, check out the latest 0.6.0 release. We welcome contributions and participation from anyone through our mailing lists, issue tracker, pull requests, and events. | https://beam.apache.org/blog/2017/03/16/python-sdk-release.html | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | refinedweb | 572 | 63.59 |
Book Notes: Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!
Nested Software
Dec 4
Updated on Dec 06, 2018
In the past few weeks I've gone over the book Learn You a Haskell for Great Good! by Miran Lipovača. I'd been curious, but also a bit intimidated by the idea of learning Haskell. Perusing it at random, Haskell code doesn't look much like the code many of us are used to in Java, JavaScript, C#, Python, Ruby, etc. Terms like functor, monoid, and monad can add to the impression that it's something really complicated.
Luckily I ran across Miran’s tutorial. It's definitely the friendliest introduction to Haskell out there. While the book isn't perfect - nothing is - I found it to be quite accessible in introducing the core concepts behind Haskell.
These notes are not comprehensive - they're just kind of a brain dump of the things that stood out for me, either for being interesting, useful, or tricky. I also included some of my own thoughts and observations about how things work in Haskell. Discussion, as always, is welcome!
LYAHFGG! is available for free online, or can be purchased as an e-book from the official Web site. Used print versions are also available at Amazon
LYAHFGG! has a flat structure of 14 chapters, but I tend to think of it more in terms of 3 big parts:
- Chapters 1-7: Intro to types and typeclasses; pattern matching; recursion; higher-order functions; modules
- Chapters 8-10: Making our own types and typeclasses; I/O; solving problems
- Chapters 11-14: Monoids; functors; applicative functors; monads; zippers
I found the first two parts fairly easy to get through, but on my first attempt I ran out of steam when I reached the chapters about functors and monads (11 and 12). I took some time away and returned to it later, determined to make it to the end this time. On the second try, it wasn't so bad. I just had to take my time and work through everything carefully and in detail.
Part I
These early chapters are about getting started. Miran does a great job of jumping right into Haskell code in a gentle way that avoids intimidating theory or notation. We are introduced to functions, pattern matching, and conditional logic.
Recursion and Higher-Order Functions
There is also an introduction to recursive functions and the holy trinity of higher-order functions,
map,
filter and
fold (also known as
reduce in some languages).
Pattern Matching
For me, the pattern matching was the most unusual feature in this part of the book. Since values in Haskell are immutable, it is possible to match a value against the way it was constructed in the first place! This feature is used a lot in Haskell.
100% Pure
The introduction mentions that all functions in Haskell are pure. It’s easy to miss the significance of this though. That means functions can never have any direct side effects at all. If a function looks as though it’s doing I/O, don’t be fooled, it's not - at least not directly!
Instead such functions return actions. We can imagine these as data structures that describe what the desired side effects are. When the Haskell runtime executes an action in, or resulting from,
main, that’s when it will actually perform the I/O, but it's done as a separate step. I think it’s worth emphasizing this point. It strikes me as the most distinctive aspect of Haskell.
Lazy Evaluation
Another very unusual core aspect of Haskell is laziness. In Haskell a function is only evaluated enough to satisfy the demands of the
main action (by default, at least). That means we can write functions that recurse forever without a base case, like the following:
Prelude> recurseForever n = n : recurseForever (n+1) Prelude> print $ take 3 $ recurseForever 5 [5,6,7]
We can omit
To satisfy the action returned by
recurseForever. Once we have these items, the evaluation stops. If we call a function, but its result is never actually used by an action, then the function call is not evaluated at all.
When we call a function in Haskell, we don't get the final result of the call directly the way we might expect. Instead, we get an unevaluated expression, sometimes called a thunk. The evaluation of thunks is driven by the Haskell runtime when it is executing the actions returned by the
main function.
Currying
Also of note is the fact that, in Haskell, all functions are automatically curried. A function that seems to take three arguments actually takes a single argument and returns a function with a single argument, which finally returns a function with a single argument!
Each of these functions captures the parameter passed in from the enclosing scope when it is returned. Because of this, I think it may help to be already familiar with closures from another language like JavaScript or Python.
Currying in Haskell allows writing code in a very terse point free notation. It also means that parameters can be partially applied to a function without the need to first wrap it in a lambda.
Point free notation can be nice, but it can also be misused to make code harder to understand. Converting everything indiscriminately to point free form is an anti-pattern and should be avoided.
In the code below,
2 is partially applied to the multiplication function
(*).
map then completes the job by applying each of the items in the list as a second parameter to the multiplication:
Prelude> print $ take 5 $ map (*2) [0..] [0,2,4,6,8]
Type Variables
Haskell makes it easy to create parameterized types. These are similar to templates in C++ or generics in Java.
Type Inference
One really cool thing about Haskell is its use of type inference. This means that we don't have to explicitly define types everywhere. The compiler can, in many cases, figure it out for us from the way the code is used. This feature, in addition to the repl, makes Haskell feel more like JavaScript or Python than a typical statically typed language.
Part II
This part of the book includes creating custom types and typeclasses (interfaces are the analogous concept in languages like Java and C++). How I/O works in Haskell is also discussed. Lastly, a couple of problems are worked out, an RPN calculator and a path-finding algorithm.
I/O
The idea of actions is introduced here. Basically the
main function returns an action - which could be a compound of several other actions. The Haskell runtime then actually executes this action. Everything else that happens derives from the evaluation of functions needed to complete this action.
Types and Typeclasses
To me, the detailed discussion of types and typeclasses is the most significant part of this section of the book. In particular, Miran mentions that value constructors in Haskell are also just functions. For instance, the
Just in
Just 3 is a function. I missed that on first reading and became a bit confused later on in the
State monad discussion.
Along the same lines, it's useful to keep in mind that functions are first-class citizens in Haskell, so a value constructor can contain functions just as well as any other values.
Record syntax is another area where I found it was easy to get confused. It's helpful to remember that record syntax is just syntactic sugar around regular value constructors. It automatically adds functions that produce the desired values.
To illustrate the above points, I've created a small example.
TypeWithFunctions is a data type that contains two functions as a values.
Val is the value constructor. The function
getF1 extracts the first function, and getF2 extracts the second function from a
TypeWithFunctions value:
Prelude> data TypeWithFunctions = Val (Int->Int) (Int->Int) Prelude> getF1 (Val f _) p = f p Prelude> getF2 (Val _ f) p = f p Prelude> vwf = Val (\x->x+1) (\x->x*2) Prelude> getF1 vwf 3 4 Prelude> getF2 vwf 3 6
Alternatively, we can use record syntax to accomplish the same result. Here we create our custom
TypeWithFunctions using record syntax. Haskell will automatically create the functions
getF1 and
getF2 to return their corresponding values (also functions). The code below is equivalent to the previous example:
Prelude> data TypeWithFunctions = Val { getF1 :: Int->Int, getF2 :: Int->Int } Prelude> vwf = Val {getF1 = \x->x+1, getF2 = \x->x*2} Prelude> getF1 vwf 3 4 Prelude> getF2 vwf 3 6
Another interesting idea is that value constructors can reference their own type, which lets us build recursive data structures. For instance:
data Tree a = EmptyTree | Node a (Tree a) (Tree a) deriving (Show, Read, Eq)
Here the
Node value constructor has three parameters: A value of type
a that represents the value of the current node, as well as two values of type
Tree a, which point us to more trees! These trees will resolve themselves into either
EmptyTree values or they will become further nodes with two more trees branching from them. That's how a binary tree can be implemented in Haskell.
Part III
This is the meatiest part of the book. It covers monoids, as well as functors, applicative functors, and monads.
The last chapter shows how a zipper can be used to traverse data structures.
Partial Application of Type Constructors
There's a neat trick that's mentioned in the chapter about
newtype regarding typeclasses. Just as we can partially apply functions, we can partially apply type constructors. Here I've worked it out in a bit more detail than that book does. Let's start with the definition of the
Functor typeclass:
class Functor f where fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
We can see here that
f has to be a type with a single type parameter.
Suppose we have a tuple representing a pair of values and each value in the pair may be of a different type. Let's try to make this tuple into a functor.
Prelude> newtype Pair s n = Pair (s, n) deriving Show Prelude> Pair ("hello", 3) Pair ("hello", 3)
Since the tuple is parameterized to two types
s and
n, we can't use it directly to implement the
Functor typeclass. However, we can partially bind its type to a single parameter so that
fmap is free to operate over the other value in the tuple. Below we partially apply
s (the type of the first value in the tuple) to
Pair. The result is a type that needs one more type parameter. We can therefore implement the
Functor typeclass for this type:
Prelude> instance Functor (Pair s) where fmap f (Pair(x,y)) = Pair(x, f y) Prelude> fmap (+3) (Pair("hello", 1)) Pair ("hello", 4)
What do we do if we want to map over the first value in the tuple rather than the second one? This is where the trick comes into play. We can reverse the order of the type parameters in the value constructor. This allows us to map over the first value in the tuple:
Prelude> newtype Pair s n = Pair (n, s) deriving Show -- flipped in the value constructor Prelude> Pair (3, "hello") Pair (3, "hello") Prelude> instance Functor (Pair s) where fmap f (Pair(x,y)) = Pair(f x, y) Prelude> fmap (+3) (Pair(1, "hello")) Pair (4, "hello")
The Infamous
(>>=) Function and
do Notation
do notation is introduced earlier in the book in chapter 9 in the context of I/O. Here we learn that the
do syntax is only syntactic sugar for an expression that returns a monad.
I/O actions happen to be one type of monad but the
do syntax can be used to sequentially chain together functions that operate on any monads we like.
Let's take a look at a function
multWithLog that returns a monad called
WWriter. We'll avoid the built-in
Writer in Haskell and roll our own for this example:
import Control.Monad (liftM, ap) main = print $ runWriter $ multWithLog multWithLog = do a <- logNumber 3 b <- logNumber 5 c <- logNumber 8 tell ["Let's multiply these numbers"] return (a * b * c) tell xs = WWriter ((), xs) logNumber n = WWriter (n, ["Got number: " ++ show n]) newtype WWriter logs result = WWriter { runWriter :: (result, logs) } instance (Monoid w) => Functor (WWriter w) where fmap = liftM instance (Monoid w) => Applicative (WWriter w) where pure = return (<*>) = ap instance (Monoid w) => Monad (WWriter w) where return result = WWriter (result, mempty) (WWriter (r, l)) >>= f = let (WWriter (r', l')) = f r in WWriter (r', l <> l')
When LYAHFGG! was written, I think that the
Monadtypeclass did not explicitly extend
Applicative. Now it does, so if we want to turn a type into a Monad, we also have to implement
Functorand
Applicativefor it. It turns out that this is easy to do using
liftMand
ap.
The result of running this code looks (kind of) as expected:
C:\Dev\haskell>ghc writer_example.hs [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( writer_example.hs, writer_example.o ) Linking writer_example.exe ... C:\Dev\haskell>writer_example.exe (120,["Got number: 3","Got number: 5","Got number: 8","Let's multiply these numbers"])
It's easy to imagine that this code is the equivalent of something like the following in JavaScript:
console.log(multWithLog()) const multWithLog = () => { a = logNumber(3) b = logNumber(5) c = logNumber(8) console.log("Let's multiply these numbers") return a * b * c } const logNumber = n => { console.log("Got number: " + n) return n }
It's not, though: We can't do I/O directly in Haskell.
do notation can easily be converted into calls to
bind aka
>>=. The Haskell
do notation code in
multWithLog can be rewritten as follows:
multWithLog = logNumber 3 >>= \a -> logNumber 5 >>= \b -> logNumber 8 >>= \c -> tell ["Let's multiply these numbers"] >>= \_ -> return (a * b * c)
What's going on here? To try to make it more clear, I've translated the example as closely as I could into JavaScript below:
const multWithLog = () => { const w = chain (logNumber(3), a => chain(logNumber(5), b => chain(logNumber(8), c => chain(tell(["Let's multiply these numbers"]), _ => monad(a*b*c))))) return w } const Writer = function (result, logs) { this.result = result this.logs = logs } // equivalent of Haskell "return" const monad = n => new Writer(n, []) //equivalent of Haskell ">>=" const chain = (writer, f) => { const r = writer.result const l = writer.logs const newWriter = f(r) return new Writer(newWriter.result, l.concat(newWriter.logs)) } const logNumber = n => new Writer(n, ["Got number: " + n]) const tell = logs => new Writer([], logs) console.log(multWithLog())
The
>>=function is called bind in Haskell, but here I've named it
chainsince JavaScript has its own, unrelated,
bindfunction. Haskell also uses the (really poorly named)
returnfunction to put a value into a minimal monadic context. Of course
returnis reserved, so I've called this function
monadinstead.
Now all of the Javascript functions are pure and getting
w doesn't produce any side effects, like the Haskell code. The result is just a
Writer object:
C:\Dev\js\fp>node monad_writer.js Writer { result: 120, logs: [ 'Got number: 3', 'Got number: 5', 'Got number: 8', 'Let\'s multiply these numbers' ] }
We made all of our functions pure, but we can also clearly see the emergence of the dreaded callback hell in this JavaScript code: We pass a callback to
chain, and in this callback, we do another chain that takes another callback, and so on. What's worse, since we need the parameters
a,
b,
c etc. to be visible in each nested scope, the callbacks have to remain inlined. They can't simply be extracted into separate named functions. It's rather a mess, and I think it shows why Haskell introduced the
do syntax.
The upshot of all this seems to be that we can kind of contort Haskell into looking like everyday procedural code! 😊 We do this at the expense of a higher level of complexity. Granted, we can cover up some of that complexity with syntactic sugar, but it's still there.
I believe this kind of Haskell code does impose a greater mental burden on the programmer to accomplish tasks that would be pretty simple in an imperative language. If I understand correctly, the tradeoff is that we get purity in exchange. I'm not convinced this tradeoff is always worthwhile. I'm sure there are cases where it does offer significant benefits, but it's not obvious to me that it's something we should be aiming for all the time.
I can understand the value of separating business logic into pure functions and having the I/O code call these functions. What's less clear to me is the value of every piece of code that does I/O returning an action that gets executed later.
At the very least, I think the greater levels of indirection make such Haskell code harder to maintain. In fact, that's not even the end of the story. LYAHFGG! doesn't cover monad transformers, which add an additional level of indirection!
Functions as Functors, Applicatives, and Monads
While the terms monoid, functor, applicative, and monad may sound foreign and complicated, for the most part this book does a good job of taking the mystery out of them. First we learn about how to think of simple types like
Maybe,
Either, and lists as functors, applicative functors, and monads. In this sense, they are nothing more than container types that allow us to apply mappings to the values they contain in a standardized, predictable way.
Things got a bit trickier for me when it turned out that the concept of a function itself,
(->) r, could be treated as a functor, applicative functor, and monad. The book doesn't show the derivations in detail, so I ended up doing some extra work figuring this out. For me, it was the most challenging aspect of the book.
Below are all of the implementations:
instance Functor ((->) r) where fmap = (.) instance Applicative ((->) r) where pure x = (\_ -> x) f <*> g = \x -> f x (g x) instance Monad ((->) r) where return x = \_ -> x g >>= f = \x -> f (g x) x
The idea here is that the function becomes the context or container for values. In the same way that we can extract
3 from
Just 3, we can extract a value from a function
(->) r by calling it.
When all is said and done,
fmap (aka
<$>) for functions is implemented as function composition.
<*> turns out to be a rather odd function I was unfamiliar with. I looked it up, and it is apparently called an S combinator. And, that last one, it looks familiar, doesn't it? Indeed, it's our S combinator with the arguments flipped around!
Prelude> f <*> g = \x -> f x (g x) Prelude> a = \x->(\y->x+y) Prelude> b = \x->x*2 Prelude> resultingF = a <*> b Prelude> resultingF 12 36 Prelude> g >>= f = \x -> f (g x) x Prelude> resultingF = b >>= a Prelude> resultingF 12 36
For functions, we can also just implement
<*> as:
Prelude> (<*>) = flip (>>=)
The funny thing is that while these results for
(->) r are interesting, I don't think they come up in real-world programming problems much. However, I do think it's worth it to make the effort to develop a decent understanding of this aspect of Haskell. For one thing, it makes it clear how orthogonal Haskell is, and how central functions are to everything in Haskell. In that sense, realizing that functions can be implemented as instances of these typeclasses is important.
In fact, both lists and functions can be implemented as monads in more than one way (
newtypecan be used when we want to create multiple implementations of a given typeclass for the same underlying type, e.g. see ZipList ).
I think this topic that functions can be functors, applicatives, and monads could have been placed into its own chapter. As it stands, it's discussed separately in the chapters about functors, applicatives, and monads. As I was reading, there was nothing to emphasize that this was something a bit harder to digest than the material around it and I almost missed it. I remember that I was going along a bit complacently with my reading at the time, and suddenly went, "wait, what?" 😊
Monads > Applicatives > Functors
It turns out that as we go from functors, to applicative functors, to monads, we get increasingly powerful constructions. If we have implemented the
Monad typeclass for a given type, then we can use it to implement the functor and applicative functor typeclasses.
I'm not sure that the way this is presented in LYAHFGG! is as clear as it could be. I found this explanation from the Haskell Wikibook to be both clear and concise:.
I've already shown an example for
WWriter that demonstrates how, once we implement the
Monad typeclass, we get
Functor and
Applicative for free. Below is a another working example for a state monad. I've called it
SState to distinguish it from the built-in
State type:
import System.Random import Control.Applicative import Control.Monad (liftM, ap) main = print $ runState threeCoins (mkStdGen 33) threeCoins :: SState StdGen (Bool, Bool, Bool) threeCoins = do a <- randomSt b <- randomSt c <- randomSt return (a,b,c) randomSt :: (RandomGen g, Random a) => SState g a randomSt = SState random newtype SState s a = SState { runState :: s -> (a,s) } instance Functor (SState s) where fmap = liftM instance Applicative (SState s) where pure = return (<*>) = ap instance Monad (SState s) where return x = SState $ \s -> (x,s) (SState h) >>= f = SState $ \s -> let (a, newState) = h s (SState g) = f a in g newState
Note how
SStateis just a wrapper around a function. This threw me for a loop when I first encountered it, and I don't think it's directly mentioned in LYAHFGG! prior to this. That's why I discuss
TypeWithFunctionsin a bit more detail earlier in this article.
Let's compile and run it:
C:\Dev\haskell>ghc random_state.hs [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( random_state.hs, random_state.o ) Linking random_state.exe ... C:\Dev\haskell>random_state.exe ((True,False,True),680029187 2103410263)
Below are the implementations for
liftM and
ap:
liftM :: (Monad m) => (a -> b) -> m a -> m b liftM f m = m >>= (\x -> return (f x)) ap :: (Monad m) => m (a -> b) -> m a -> m b ap mf m = mf >>= \f -> m >>= \x -> return (f x)
The Laws
For each of the big 3 typeclasses,
Functor,
Applicative, and
Monad, in addition to the type definition, there are rules that should be followed when implementing them. These are called the laws for functors, applicatives, and monads. Haskell doesn't enforce these laws, so it's possible to implement these typeclasses in a way that doesn't conform to them. However these rules should be followed. Otherwise a programmer using a given typeclass can end up running into unexpected behaviours.
LYAHFGG! tends to intersperse these laws in between examples. I understand that the goal of the book is to focus on practical use rather than theory or exposition, but I did find this a bit confusing. Here are all of the typeclasses and related laws all in one place:
Zippers
The last chapter in LYAHFGG! covers zippers. In Haskell, there isn't the concept of a variable that can reference a value. This is something that's pretty fundamental to most programming languages, but it just doesn't exist in Haskell! That's the extent to which Haskell emphasizes statelessness and purity.
For example, say we have a linked list that we want to traverse. Normally we might create a variable that points to the front of the list and then we re-assign that variable in a loop to point to each successive node. That idea doesn't exist in Haskell.
Instead we end up creating a completely new copy of our list each time. We have a value that represents our current list, and we also keep around a list that represents the nodes that we've visited so far, in order of most recent to least recent. Moving back and forth across the list involves shuffling items between these two values. Each move creates a completely new copy of both lists.
Since this can obviously be terribly inefficient, I looked into it, and Haskell does have libraries that allow for higher performance when working with data structures, though I don't think LYAHFGG! goes into this topic at all.
I found this comment from a reddit thread about data structures in Haskell instructive:
So the vector package implements sorting with mutable arrays to circumvent this problem, and it's possibly the fastest implementation around. It's able to do this without really "cheating" — it uses the ST monad, so it's still pure and safe from perspective of the caller — but it's certainly not simple, and I'm not sure I can call it elegant either, except in the sense that it's able to do this with the power of the tools that Haskell and various libraries gives you.
What's Broken?
There are some examples in LYAHFGG! that don't work as-is, although fixing them was not a big problem. There are mainly two things that have changed in Haskell since this book was written:
- Monads now also have to be applicative functors. This was the case in practice at the time the book was written, but it was not formally required. Now the code won't compile if we try to implement something as
Monadbut we don't make it an
Applicativeand a
Functoralso.
- The value constructors for built-in monads like
Stateor
Writerare no longer exported for public use. Instead we have to use functions like
stateand
writerto produce these monads. It has to do with the fact that the built-in monads now appear to be wrapped in monad transformers, which are not covered in the book (they must be something more recent in Haskell).
Here's an example:
Prelude> import Control.Monad.Writer Prelude Control.Monad.Writer> w = writer (3, ["hello"]) :: Writer [String] Int Prelude Control.Monad.Writer> w >>= \_ -> tell ["goodbye"] WriterT (Identity ((),["hello","goodbye"])) Prelude Control.Monad.Writer> w >>= \x -> writer(x+1, ["goodbye"]) WriterT (Identity (4,["hello","goodbye"]))
Above we can see that we have to use the
writer function to create a
Writer monad. We can also see that
>>= produces,
WriterT, a monad transformer rather than just a regular monad.
Pet Peeves
My biggest pet peeve with LYAHFGG! is that there are several places in the book that suddenly start listing a whole bunch of standard functions. I found this very annoying. It would have been nice for that kind of thing to have been moved into a separate glossary.
Conclusion
While LYAHFGG! isn't enough to really start doing serious programming in Haskell, I do think it establishes a good foundation from which to go further. I found the Haskell Wikibook to be a helpful resource for more in-depth background information. While I haven't read it yet, Real World Haskell, seems to be a good way to get started writing practical code in Haskell.
Overall, while I'm not convinced such a purely functional language as Haskell is appropriate for many everyday programming tasks, I'm glad it exists. It's really pure and very orthogonal: Any piece of code can be decomposed into function calls. Functions can also be treated like any other values. We can't change a value once it's been created. We can't directly produce any side effects, etc. I think Haskell is at the very least a good playground from which to learn lessons about ways that the functional/declarative approach can be helpful and also to find out more about the kinds of situations in which it may be a hindrance.
Because the core syntax of Haskell is quite minimal, I think it's a good platform on which to learn about things like functors and monads, and to understand the context 😊 in which they're used. Learning Haskell could also be a good first step before getting into other languages, like Clojure, Scala, Elm, F#, and Erlang/Elixir, that are known for taking significant inspiration from functional programming.
Related
Links
What’s a concept you understand now, but took you forever to grasp?
I’m sure we all have plenty of answers to this one, but sometimes we forget how...
| https://dev.to/nestedsoftware/book-notes-learn-you-a-haskell-for-great-good-2cnp | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 4,755 | 60.85 |
#include "ObitTableGBTPARDATA.h"
#include "ObitTableList.h"
#include "ObitData.h"
#include "ObitTableGBTPARDATA.h"
#include "ObitTableList.h"
#include "ObitData.h"
This class is derived from the ObitTable class.
Public: Constructor.
Initializes class if needed on first call.
If table is open and for write, the row is attached to the buffer Initializes Row class if needed on first call.
Public: Constructor from values.
Creates a new table structure and attaches to the TableList of file. If the specified table already exists then it is returned. Initializes class if needed on first call. Forces an update of any disk resident structures (e.g. AIPS header).
Public: Class initializer.
Private: Deallocate members.
Does (recursive) deallocation of parent class members. For some reason this wasn't build into the GType class.
Public: Close file and become inactive.
Public: Convert an ObitTable to an ObitTableGBTPARDATA.
New object will have references to members of in.
Public: Copy (deep) constructor.
Copies are made of complex members including disk files; these will be copied applying whatever selection is associated with the input. Objects should be closed on input and will be closed on output. In order for the disk file structures to be copied, the output file must be sufficiently defined that it can be written. The copy will be attempted but no errors will be logged until both input and output have been successfully opened. ObitInfoList and ObitThread members are only copied if the output object didn't previously exist. Parent class members are included but any derived class info is ignored.
Public: ClassInfo pointer.
Private: Initialize newly instantiated object.
Parent classes portions are (recursively) initialized first
Public: Create ObitIO structures and open file.
The image descriptor is read if OBIT_IO_ReadOnly or OBIT_IO_ReadWrite and written to disk if opened OBIT_IO_WriteOnly. After the file has been opened the member, buffer is initialized for reading/storing the table unless member bufferSize is <0. If the requested version ("Ver" in InfoList) is 0 then the highest numbered table of the same type is opened on Read or Read/Write, or a new table is created on on Write. The file etc. info should have been stored in the ObitInfoList:
Public: Read a table row.
Scalar values are copied but for array values, pointers into the data array are returned.
Public: Row Class initializer.
Private: Deallocate Row members.
Private: Initialize newly instantiated Row object.
Public: Init a table row for write.
This is only useful prior to filling a row structure in preparation . for a WriteRow operation. Array members of the Row structure are . pointers to independently allocated memory, this routine allows using . the table IO buffer instead of allocating yet more memory.. This routine need only be called once to initialize a Row structure for write..
Public: Write a table row.
Before calling this routine, the row structure needs to be initialized and filled with data. The array members of the row structure are pointers to independently allocated memory. These pointers can be set to the correct table buffer locations using ObitTableGBTPARDATASetRow | http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~bcotton/Obit/ObitSDDoxygen/html/ObitTableGBTPARDATA_8c.html#a16 | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 501 | 61.53 |
Execute an SQL statement
#include <qdb/qdb.h> int qdb_statement( qdb_hdt_t *db, const char *format, ... );
qdb
This function combines the formatting string in format with the values of the additional arguments to construct an SQL command string and then executes that string on the database referred to by db.
Individual statements within the command string must be completed with and separated by semicolons. There's no length restriction for the command string.
The formatting string and additional arguments work in the same way as with printf() (all the same conversion specifiers apply). There are additional conversion specifiers, %q and %Q, which in general should be used instead of %s for inserting text into a literal string. The %q specifier properly escapes special characters for SQL. For more information, see qdb_mprintf().
To determine how many rows were affected by the SQL command string, you can call qdb_rowchanges() after executing the command string.
By default, the SQL code is executed on the database before qdb_statement() returns. However, if the connection is in asynchronous mode, this function may return before the SQL code completes execution and may not report errors. In this case, you need to call qdb_getresult() to retrieve any errors.
QNX Neutrino | http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.6.0.update/com.qnx.doc.qdb_en.dev_guide/topic/api/qdb_statement.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 201 | 56.05 |
Segmentation Fault when attempting to import cv2 in Python 3 [closed]
Hi, I'm trying to use OpenCV 4.1.0, cross-compiled for armv6l from source with Python 3. When I try to
import cv2 in Python, I receieve a
Segementation fault and the Python interpreter is closed. Also, I recieve errors about Python not being able to find OpenCV .so files if I do not run
ldconfig.
cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${ROOTFS_DIR}/usr/local" \ -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=../platforms/linux/arm-gnueabi.toolchain.cmake \ -D OPENCV_ENABLE_NONFREE=ON \ -D PYTHON3_INCLUDE_PATH=/usr/include/python3.7m \ -D PYTHON3_LIBRARIES=/usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libpython3.7m.so \ -D PYTHON3_NUMPY_INCLUDE_DIRS=/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/numpy/core/include \ -D BUILD_opencv_python3=ON \ -D PYTHON3_CVPY_SUFFIX='.cpython-37m-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so' \ -D ENABLE_NEON=ON \ -D ENABLE_VFPV3=ON \ -D WITH_GTK=OFF \ -D BUILD_TESTS=OFF \ -D BUILD_DOCS=OFF \ -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF \ -D BUILD_PERF_TESTS=OFF \ -B "${CV_DIR}/build/" \ -S "${CV_DIR}"
CMake Output:
Make Output:
Make Install Output:
Thanks :)
EDIT: I can't answer my own question since I'm a new user.
The issue was that I was trying to use QEMU for the ARM target. It turns out it runs just fine on real hardware. | https://answers.opencv.org/question/215839/segmentation-fault-when-attempting-to-import-cv2-in-python-3/ | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 198 | 50.63 |
Created on 2007-07-14 03:06 by slowfood, last changed 2007-08-04 07:25 by georg.brandl.
The program below demostrates a "No Child Process" OSError on a multi-cpu systems.
This is extracted from a large system where we
are trying to manage many sub-processes,
some of which end up having little/no real work to
do so they return very fast, here emulated by
having the sub-process be an invocation of:
Executable="/bin/sleep 0"
Seems like some race condition, since if you make the
child process take some time (sleep 0.1) the frequency
of errors decreeses.
Error only shows up when there are more threads than
have real CPU's by at least a factor of two, on dual core machines up NumThreads to 18 to get the failures.
Same error on both Python 2.4.3 with:
Linux 2.6.18-gentoo-r3 Gentoo
and Python 2.4.4 with:
Linux 2.6.20-gentoo-r8
Any help appreciated -
= = = ===== Start code example ===========
% python subprocess_noChildErr.py
Exception in thread Thread-3:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib64/python2.4/threading.py", line 442, in __bootstrap
self.run()
File "testCaseA.py", line 14, in run
subprocess.call(Executable.split())
File "/usr/lib64/python2.4/subprocess.py", line 413, in call
return Popen(*args, **kwargs).wait()
File "/usr/lib64/python2.4/subprocess.py", line 1007, in wait
pid, sts = os.waitpid(self.pid, 0)
OSError: [Errno 10] No child processes
Test finished
% cat subprocess_noChildErr.py
import subprocess, threading
# Params
Executable="/bin/sleep 0"
NumThreads = 18
NumIterations = 10
class TestClass(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadNum):
self.threadNum = threadNum
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
def run(self):
for i in range(NumIterations):
subprocess.call(Executable.split())
def test():
allThreads = []
for i in range(NumThreads):
allThreads.append(TestClass(i))
for i in range(NumThreads):
allThreads[i].start()
for i in range(NumThreads):
allThreads[i].join()
print "Test finished"
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
% python -V
Python 2.4.4
% uname -a
Linux 2.6.20-gentoo-r8 #2 SMP PREEMPT Sun Jul 1 13:22:56 PDT 2007 x86_64 Dual-Core AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 2212 AuthenticAMD GNU/Linux
%
% date
Fri Jul 13 19:26:44 PDT 2007
%
= = = ===== End code example ===========.
I agree with abo that this looks to be a dup of 1731717, will try to mark it as such.
Managed to mark it as a duplicate, but not able to tie it to 1731717.
Sorry -
;;slowfood
Closing too. Tying bugs is not supported by SF. | http://bugs.python.org/issue1753891 | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 421 | 61.33 |
INVENTORY
UPLOAD<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
The
Inventory Upload enhancement provides a fast and efficient method for counting, recording,
and adjusting your Inventory stock item quantities. It
works in conjunction with a hand held terminal and bar code scanning wand. The program reads stock item numbers and item
quantities from an external file which is created by the hand held terminal. When the external file is transferred to your
Accounting Series, Inventory Upload compares the physical count to the computer count and
adjusts the computer count using add-to and subtract-from transactions.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
Installation
Instructions
To
install the Inventory Upload program, first make a working copy of the disk using the DOS DISKCOPY command. Use the copy to install the program.
Place
the diskette in Drive A: and close the door. From
the current prompt, type A: and press <ENTER>.
When
the A: prompt appears, type SETUP and press <ENTER>.
When
the setup screen appears, respond to the prompts as they appear. Help is provided on the screen to guide you
through the setup process.
Using
Inventory Upload
You
can buy the additional hardware needed for Inventory Upload from a number of different
suppliers. The hardware you choose must be capable of outputting the data in the following
file format:
each
record in the file consists of 2 fields of data expressed in ASCII characters, with a
maximum length of 15 characters per field.
The
data in the two fields are the stock item number and quantity.
The
fields are comma delimited, and the records are separated by a CR/LF character. Your hardware dealer can help you determine if a
particular machine fits your needs.
note:
We
recommend RealStar in Atlanta, GA, as a source for hand held terminals. These terminals work well with our products, are
preprogrammed for use with Reporting to the MAX including Point of Sale and Non-profit Versions, and are fully and capably supported
by RealStar. For more information, call
(800)
554-9111.
Gathering
Data
The
first step in using Inventory Upload is to enter stock item numbers and quantites into the
hand held terminal. You can input the data
with a wand, type it directly into the terminal, or use any other input device supported
by your hardware. Refer to your hardware
documentation for further data entry instructions. Once
the stock numbers and quantities have been gathered and stored in the terminal, you're
ready to transfer the data from the terminal to your Accounting Series.
Transferring
Data
Refer
to the documentation that came with your hand held terminal for instructions on attaching
it to your accounting computer.
After
completing the hookup between the two machines, proceed with these instructions.
Start
Reporting to the MAX including Point of Sale and Non-profit Versions and go into Inventory. From
the Master Menu, select option 3, Transaction Processing.
When you installed Inventory Upload, a new line was created on this screen.
To
begin the upload process, select option 1, Import Physical Inventory. If there are unposted Inventory transactions in
the transaction file, a warning message notifies you that they are there. Any transactions you generate with the upload
program are added to the ones already in the file. If
this is acceptable, press <OVERRIDE> and continue importing transactions. If you want to keep separate the transactions you
import with the hand held terminal, press <CANCEL> and then select option 4, Post
transactions. Post the existing transactions
and then reselect option 1.
To
transfer the data from your hand held terminal into a new file, select option 1, Transfer
Inventory Count - New File. To add the data
to an already existing file, select option 2, Transfer Inventory Count - Append File. Verify that the hand held terminal is correctly
connected to your computer and ready to send the information. Refer to the documentation provided with the
terminal for instructions on preparing your terminal for transfer. Press <ENTER> on your keyboard and then
start the upload from the hand held terminal. Refer
to the instructions that came with your terminal if you don't know how to send the data. When the transfer process runs, the data stored in
the hand held terminal is transferred to a holding file in your Accounting Series. The
holding file is an ASCII text file named INVCOUNT.DAT.
If you choose option 1, the Inventory Upload program overwrites all data that
resides in the file from a previous data transfer. If
you choose option 2, the Upload program adds the new data to the existing data. You can view and edit the contents of the holding
file with any text editor, such as the DOS text editor or Windows Notepad.
Do
not get the INVCOUNT.DAT file confused with the Inventory transaction file. The new file option of the upload program
overwrites the information in the INVCOUNT.DAT file; it does not overwrite transactions in
the Inventory transaction file.
Once the file is loaded, you can disconnect the
terminal from your computer. You now need to
generate transactions to adjust your computer Inventory quantities to the quantities from
the actual physical count. To create
transactions, select option 2, Generate Inventory Transactions. Then select a processing method. Choose between (A)utomatic, and (S)elective.
(A)utomatic processing creates a transaction for each Inventory item that was transferred
into the file. The (S)elective option stops
on each item in the file and lets you decide whether to create the transaction for the
Inventory item. Press <SAVE> or
<SKIP> on each entry to confirm or deny the creation of the transactions. During the generation process, the upload program
consolidates like stock numbers and combines quantities for those stock numbers. This assures that the comparison between the
computer quantities and actual quantities produces accurate results.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>When
the generation process is finished, an Inventory Physical Count Report prints. This report shows the Inventory stock number, the
description, the computer quantity, the counted quantity, and the adjustment required to
reconcile the computer and physical amounts. This
report also shows stock numbers that were entered in the hand held terminal but don't
exist in the Inventory master records. You
must enter these stock numbers and manually add transactions for these items using the
quantities shown on the report.
If your Physical Count Report shows numbers that
you want to adjust, you can edit the INVCOUNT.DAT file and re-generate the transactions. First, clear the transaction file to remove the
transactions that were created the first time you generated. Go out to your text editor and make the necessary
changes. Now, re-generate the transactions. When you are satisfied that they are correct, post
them.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>note:
The
transactions you create with the Generate Inventory Transaction option are added to any
other transactions that existed previously in the Inventory transaction file. If you clear the transactions, you will erase the
ones created with this option, as well as any that existed previously.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>Until
you post the transactions, the computer count remains the same. If you want to make the adjustments shown on the
Inventory Physical Count Report, post the transactions.
This updates the computer count so that the quantity on hand reflects the actual
amount. The subtract-from-inventory
transactions show a zero cost on the Transaction Edit Report, and in the Change
Transactions option. This is perfectly
normal. When the transactions are posted,
they are subtracted at last cost.
If
you are maintaining inventory in GL, you must use the Inventory Posting Report to make
journal entries.
<![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>
Search this website for: | http://www.cmstothemax.com/TS/tech_tip_INUPLOAD.htm | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 1,271 | 55.44 |
On 09/06/2013 08:44 AM, R. David Murray wrote:
On Fri, 06 Sep 2013 08:14:09 -0700, Ethan Furman ethan@stoneleaf.us wrote:
On 09/06/2013 07:47 AM, Armin Rigo wrote:
Are you suggesting that inspect.getmro(A) would return (A, object, type)? That seems very wrong to me.
Currently, `inspect.getmro(A)` returns `(A, object)`.
Which matches A.__mro__. EOD, I think.
I hope not, because currently this leaves a hole in the introspection of class attributes.
Is __mro__ aimed primarily at instances and not classes? That seems to be how it works. In which case, do we need another __mmro__ (or __cmro__ or ...) to handle the mro of classes themselves?
For the short term I can restrict the change to inspect.classify_class_attrs().
-- ~Ethan~ | https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/VEJPCCYCCWOE4MC7TN6HNZ52UPDKZXWR/ | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 130 | 80.17 |
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Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
FOREWORD
Lehman Brothers has had a long association with India – both through its own presence in the country, and through the many Indian nationals who work for us, including the 2000 staff we have in our knowledge center in Powai. But, as India’s impressive economic expansion gained momentum, the question naturally arose whether our presence in India was of sufficient scale, or whether we should raise it by a quantum leap. Such a decision is never to be taken lightly; and certainly we did not. First and foremost, we had to decide whether India’s recent growth upsurge was likely to prove temporary, as some commentators at the time were suggesting, or whether it had a chance of becoming self-sustaining. Accordingly, we embarked on a detailed and lengthy evaluation of the prospects for India’s economy, Indian financial markets, and Indian governance. We were encouraged by what we found. India’s rapid growth of the past several years, we concluded, bears all the hallmarks of the sort of economic take-off that, in earlier decades, had taken place elsewhere in Asia, and stunned a world that until then had thought that single-digit growth was the most that any economy could achieve. In short, we concluded that India’s growth could not, and should not, be dismissed as a flash in the pan. But our research also led us to conclude that a continuation of recent fast growth is not automatically guaranteed: just as this growth is the result of important structural policy reform, so will future growth be shaped, in respect both of its rate and its quality. In this respect, India is no different from, and cannot escape the challenges faced by, other successful economies, whether developed or developing: in a world of rapid technological change, changing tastes, global competition, climate change, and myriad other challenges, economies need continually to adapt. And the structure of countries’ governance has to lead this, if economies are to realise their full potential. India has learned a great deal from its structural policy reforms of the past decade; and we suspect strongly – though it is not guaranteed – that these lessons will be carried forward, and built upon, in the coming years. And it is on that basis that we judge that India’s economy has the potential to grow at 10% or so annually over the coming decade. Consistent with being one of the world’s fastest growing economies, India is likely to attract substantial foreign investment, and its local capital markets have enormous growth potential. Hence it is fitting that we are releasing this report, which contains a good part of our thinking as we approach the first anniversary of the opening of our new office in Mumbai, Ceejay House. In this short period of time, we have already created a full scale investment banking, securities trading and private equity business, a clear vote of confidence in the economic and social future of India – a future in which we at Lehman Brothers fully intend to play a large and growing part.
Tarun Jotwani Chairman and CEO of Lehman Brothers, India
October 2007 PLEASE SEE ANALYST CERTIFICATIONS AND IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES ON PAGE 171 OF THIS REPORT
1
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study owes to many people. It all started with the head of global research at Lehman Brothers, Ravi Mattu, saying “I think that something pretty interesting is going on in India. But why don’t you go there and look for yourself. Talk to people, make up your own mind, and write what you conclude.” So we did: one could not ask for a fairer mandate, nor a more interesting one. That was getting on for two years ago. In the intervening period, many people have helped. Senior members of the Government of India, of the Reserve Bank of India, and of the regulatory authorities all made themselves readily available and spoke with impressive openness. The Confederation of Indian Industry arranged for us to meet a host of representatives of different industries and other experts, who likewise invariably spoke with candour. Sir Michael Arthur, the then British High Commissioner and himself no mean scholar of India, together with his staff, generously arranged for us to talk usefully with a wider cross section of Indian society than we could ever have managed by ourselves; and UK Trade and Investment set up instructive meetings for us not only in Delhi and Mumbai but indeed throughout India. We are also indebted to many Indian economists for their frank discussions and debates, including Priya Basu (World Bank), Subir Gokarn (CRISIL), Pulin Nayak (Delhi School of Economics), Ila Patnaik and Ajay Shah (National Institute for Public Finance and Policy), Ajit Ranade (Aditya Birla Group) and Shubhada Rao (Yes Bank). Dr Vikram Akula, CEO of SKS Microfinance, was kind enough to talk us through the world of microfinance. And we are grateful for illuminating discussions with Peter Wonacott (Asian Wall Street Journal), and Jo Johnson and Amy Yee (Financial Times). The global world being what it is, we also received advice, encouragement, and information from outside India’s borders, particularly from The Indian High Commission in London, and staff at Chatham House and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. And we had two particularly useful discussions with Richard Herd of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Sanjeev Kaushik and Chimon Fernandes of the Lehman Brothers’ Mumbai office arranged many meetings with interesting organisations, and helped with an array of logistical issues. Julia Giese did a significant amount of the early research work before she left the Lehman Brothers London office to start on her DPhil at Oxford. Authors of particular parts are in general acknowledged in their respective sections: but specific mention should be made of Camille Chaix for her contribution on climate change, and Evdokia Karra and Melissa Kidd for their contributions on carbon trading and the clean development mechanism. Lehman Brothers’ Global Chief Economist, Paul Sheard, encouraged us throughout and, near the end, read the study through in its near entirety. And Valerie Monchi and her team looked after the full range of technical issues, from editing to layout to production. We have sought to document everything that we say in the report, to the greatest extent possible; and we have endeavoured to make judgements explicit, so that the reader can decide. But, as always, there are the inevitable errors. The responsibility here rests with us, and us alone. The cut off date for information in this report is 5 October 2007.■
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Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: INDIA RISING 1 2 5 6 8
We judge that India’s growth acceleration is not a flash in the pan. We see evidence of important structural shifts, suggestive of a dynamic growth process. CHAPTER 3: ACCOUNTING FOR INDIA’S GROWTH 21
“Growth accounting” studies are akin to taking a snapshot through the rear-view mirror when what is really needed is a movie taken through the windscreen. CHAPTER 4: INDIA’S RECENT GROWTH ACCELERATION – THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF REFORMS An in-depth consideration of India’s policies, reforms and political challenges: Developing the financial sector Macro management Foreign trade and investment Economies of scale and competition Growth and governance: the political challenge CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS 32 42 48 56 70 88
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With the right reforms, India could grow sustainably by about 10% over the next decade. THE OUTLOOK FOR THE INDIAN STOCK MARKET 91
Given the prospects for a sustained high rate of economic growth, the Indian stock market should perform very well over the medium to long term. EQUITY ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS We consider the implications of our findings for a range of key sectors. AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE INDIAN DEBT MARKET Few global debt portfolios regularly employ Indian debt. This will soon change. MEASURING THE LONG-TERM TREND AND VALUE OF THE INR 140 130 104
India’s moving into a new era of solid economic growth should support a long-term appreciation trend of the Indian rupee.
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Not Charity” Box 8: Recommendations on fuller capital account convertibility Box 9: Recommendations on developing the corporate bond market Box 10: Estimating the impact of financial development on economic growth Box 11: Estimating India’s public debt dynamics Box 12: Lehman Brothers’ Damocles model of external sector vulnerability Box 13: India goes global Box 14: Sizing up India’s SEZs Box 15: Estimating the impact on GDP growth from rising economic openness Box 16: Financing India’s infrastructure deficit Box 17: Climate change and India Box 18: India and the clean development mechanism Box 19: The state of India’s states Box 20: The structure of central government Box 21: Economic growth and the law Box 22: The centre and the states Box 23: The Uttar Pradesh election – its national implications Box 24: A legacy of anti-materialism Box 25: “A healthy India… for a wealthy India” Box 26: The economy and international relations Appendix 1: Common abbreviations Appendix 2: Issues with India’s macroeconomic data Appendix 3: The returns to education Appendix 4: Physical economies of scale Appendix 5: Problems with the theory of the production function Appendix 6: Limitations of the “growth accounting” method Appendix 7: Growth accounting results for the Indian economy Appendix 8: Status of India’s bilateral and multilateral trade policies Appendix 9: India’s foreign direct investment policy Appendix 10: Key statistics: India Appendix 11: Chronology of events in India Appendix 12: Map of India References 14 18 19 23 25 29 34 37 38 41 46 47 49 51 55 58 60 62 69 71 72 73 75 77 78 87 144 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 160 161 162 165 166 October 2007 4 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for BOXES AND APPENDICES Box 1: Economic take-off – definitions and drivers Box 2: Manufacturing: India’s new powerhouse Box 3: Dynamics within India’s top 50 companies Box 4: Summary chronology of India’s reforms Box 5: Adjusting the labour force data for “quality” Box 6: Economies of scale: A case study of the Tata group Box 7: Microfinance – “A Serious Business.
■ 5 • • • • • • • • • • • October 2007 . i. a period of demand running ahead of supply cannot be ruled out. We find clear evidence that India’s rapid economic development. Conventional static “growth accounting” analysis gauges the contributions of labour. and faster than most other studies have suggested. Inclusive growth can be facilitated by further easing the shackles on business. especially a developing one which has reached “take-off”. and more prudent macro management. Even larger economic gains could flow from removing constraints such as weak (soft and hard) infrastructure. by making education and health available to all of society and by developing the rural sector. Labour market reforms to spur the necessary job creation over the next decade will be a key challenge. which also stand to boost economic growth. bureaucracy. That is the basic reason why our estimate of India’s potential rate of growth is higher than that of other studies. They include the development of the financial system. at 10% or so per annum over the coming decade. That said. it is not immune. contributing to capital deepening and rising productivity. for example in trade liberalisation and the climate change debate. given that there is still much growth potential to be unlocked. also adding 1½ points to GDP growth.and intra-regional imbalances and avoid social unrest. sustaining higher growth in the medium term will require continuing structural reform. While India is one of the least vulnerable economies. India’s growing economic clout is encouraging a more proactive regional policy and greater engagement on the global stage. We believe that this approach fails to take adequate account of dynamic interactions in an economy. Conversely. there should be a new window for reform after the next general election due in 2009. trade and capital account liberalisation. a sharp global economic downturn is a risk to India’s near-term economic growth. This judgement is contingent on India continuing to actively pursue structural economic reforms.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • Impressive though its economic transition has been. The social and economic costs of not pursuing inclusive growth are potentially enormous. Given the powerful trends of demography and urbanisation. capital and multi-factor productivity to GDP growth. For example. Breaking down these barriers is key to enabling business to achieve increasing returns to scale by capitalising on its global comparative advantages in labour-intensive manufactured and agricultural exports. India has “everything to play for”. we estimate that further financial sector reforms could add 1 to 1½ percentage points to India’s long-term GDP growth. which employs nearly 60% of the total workforce. pushing through structural reform will remain a political challenge in the face of headwinds from vested interest and coalition politics. But more important than the ups and downs of the economic cycle are the structural changes behind India’s growth acceleration. We estimate that India’s trade-to-GDP ratio could double over the coming decade. While business continues to prove impressively adept at working round systemic and structural challenges. high growth and reforms have started to interact positively with each other – the economy appears to be taking on many of the characteristics exhibited by other large Asian economies during the early stages of economic take-off. we judge that India could grow sustainably even faster than at present.e. In short. raising risks of short-term overheating. India needs “a faster and a more inclusive” growth strategy to correct its inter. and labour market rigidities. However. Naturally.
• Our starting point has been the premise that the question of how fast the Indian economy may be able to grow sustainably over a multi-year period can be addressed only on the basis of presumptions about influences which may prove important in the future. we ourselves consider that history – or at least India’s history – need not prove to be a perfect guide. be influenced by India’s politics. they are not very useful at forecasting the future. analysis of the sources of growth assumes special significance not only because it helps to find out what has and what has not been important in the growth which has already occurred. based on a dynamic analysis of the growth process and examination of the performance of other Asian “miracle” economies. India has been attracting the attention its economic performance merits. It is therefore useful to approach the matter from two directions: by considering the factors which have enabled India’s economic growth to accelerate. particularly in Asia. As is only to be expected with a culture and economy as richly diverse as India’s. especially structural reforms. certainly. So.com Sonal Varma 91-22-4037-4087 sonal. with all its attendant potential implications for the global economy. At one end are commentators who argue that India’s recent growth performance will prove unsustainable. they do not explain why it happened. and by examining how this evidence compares and contrasts with influences which have been important in other economies. but also because of the obvious October 2007 6 . even if these have been identified correctly – and perhaps even quantified – the rate at which they will carry forward will depend on many factors. In particular: • We have used the growth accounting framework and statistical techniques which extract the trend component from growth. But that would depend upon India’s continuing to make progress with structural economic reforms. We have therefore coupled growth accounting with an examination of the policies and reforms which have driven India’s growth acceleration hitherto. Our judgement. India has never grown so rapidly as it has in the past few years. that “overheating” threatens its sustainability. However.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION John Llewellyn 44-20-710-22272 jllewell@lehman.varma@lehman.com Rob Subbaraman 85-2-2252-6249 rsuba@lehman. while these methods are useful to quantify what has happened to an economy. in turn. however. coming to a firm and convincing forecast of the economy’s growth prospects for the next decade or so is far from straightforward. for the first half of this decade India’s progressive upturn in economic growth went largely unremarked. in the words of Professor Bakul Dholakia in his Presidential address in 2001 to the Gujarat Economic Association: “In a developing country like India where rapid economic growth has become a national goal. At the other end of the spectrum.com With attention focused principally on China. in preparing this report. This was especially so following China’s accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in December 2001. Opinion has been spread over a wide spectrum. we have undertaken an in-depth.com Alastair Newton 44-20-710-23940 anewton@lehman. is that India could grow even faster over the coming decade than it has to date – at 10% or so over the coming decade. Recently. And. In turn. before assessing whether the current momentum is likely to be maintained if not increased. on their own. Some inferences may be obtained from influences judged to have been important in India’s past or in growth accelerations in other countries. The first question is important because. which will. However. this growth performance has raised questions about the future. holistic examination of the drivers behind the surge in India’s rate of GDP growth over the past two decades or so – particularly since the start of the 21st century – as well as the factors which will determine whether that can be sustained or even improved upon. That is why.
including in particular unusually high rates of private investment. These factors account for roughly two-thirds of the growth in the HPAEs. Oxford University Press. The World Bank (1993). the East Asian economies are booming again. it fails to take adequate account of dynamic interactions in an economy. The next chapter of this report examines India’s recent economic growth acceleration and presents evidence of structural changes. growth accounting has limitations when forecasting the future – in particular. This was a prophetic warning. (2001). Such high levels of productivity are quite unusual…This superior productivity performance comes from the combination of unusual success at allocating capital to high-yielding investments and at catching up technologically to the industrial countries”. Thus. major factors in achieving rapid growth. history – both India’s own and that of its Asian peers – provides cogent lessons in how fast India could grow over the coming decade. Professor Dholakia has been Director of the Indian Institute of Management. Since 2002. there would have been only about a one in ten thousand chance that East Asia’s success would have been so regionally concentrated. the World Bank explained the so-called “East Asian Miracle” as follows: “The high performing Asian economies (HPAEs)…differ from other developing economies in three factors that economists have traditionally associated with economic growth. we look at the implications of our projections for India’s economic growth for equity. significant government intervention which. India could grow sustainably by about 10% over the next decade. 1 2 Dhokalia. Four years later there came the Asian crisis.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for implications it has for the macroeconomic strategy and policies that affect the future growth – its rate as well as pattern.2 The World Bank also observed that this Asian economic performance did not happen by chance: were economic growth randomly distributed. in the judgement of the Bank. it is useful to draw inferences from the performance of a number of other highly successful economies in the region.8. combined with high and rising endowments of human capital due to universal primary and secondary education. especially a developing one which has reached “take-off”. Ahmedabad. But lessons from history are useful only up to a point. p. October 2007 7 . To forecast the future. led by the business sector. did not always reconcile easily with promoting growth. growth accounting as applied to India needs to be coupled with an in-depth consideration of the country’s policies. The remainder is attributable to improved productivity. which are the focus of the fourth chapter. But the World Bank also noted that there was. with the right reforms. following major structural reforms. in considering the extent to which India’s future growth may be different – faster – than in the past. caused in part by governments not having allowed markets to develop as completely and as efficiently as they might have. The fifth chapter pulls together the various strands of the preceding three and concludes that. High rates of investment. fixed income and foreign exchange strategy as well as the prospects for stocks in specific sectors. Fundamentally sound development policies and sound macro management in East Asia were. However. reforms and political challenges. The third chapter discusses the growth accounting framework. judging from experiences in other parts of the world. “The East Asian Miracle”. nevertheless. It is just as important to assess the potential – both economic and political – for further structural reforms which are essential to sustain and improve upon India’s recent impressive growth performance. which is a key tool in accounting for why an economy grew as it did. exceeding 20% of GDP on average between 1960-1990. B. Ten years on and. In 1993.” 1 The second question is equally significant because. World Bank Policy Research Report. tell a large part of the story. Finally. which are similar to the experiences of other large Asian economies during the early stages of economic takeoff.
Real GDP per capita during takeoffs 1100 900 Index t=100 700 500 300 China. and structural mediumto-long-term trends. 1 978-2006 Ko rea. 2007a). Macroeconometric model simulations show that India is among the least exposed economies in Asia. for it is the latter that this report is about. 3 Source: World Bank. and it appears to be taking on a trajectory similar to that of China and South Korea during their early growth accelerations. Our baseline view is that a modest US-led global slowdown is in train. 1 965-2006 -3 100 -6 FY52 India. and as yet untapped. or the third largest (after the US and China) in purchasing power parity terms. and that Indian companies are seizing the opportunities presented by new technologies and a more open economy. India’s exposure to a global economic downturn The current global economic outlook is highly uncertain. and. From the “Hindu rate of growth” of 3. The IMF estimates that a one percentage point (pp) fall in US GDP growth would reduce India’s growth by 0.1-0. and particularly its performance over the past few years. growth accelerated to 6. India has not reported a single year of negative GDP growth. potential for India (Figure 2).8pp. over the past four years not only has the growth of India’s GDP accelerated. Figure 1. This progressive acceleration of India’s growth. could be a flash in the pan. with GDP of some US$900bn at current exchange rates. This chapter examines the nature of – and inferences which can be drawn from – the most recent phase of India’s growth acceleration. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. India’s real GDP growth % y-o-y 12 9 6 3 0 Figure 2. but so too has the growth of GDP per capita. with the risks tilted to the downside. a middle class is fast emerging. Significantly.5% up to 1980.0% following the reforms of the 1980s and early 1990s. the growth performance has been even more impressive. But first it is important to make clear the distinction between cyclical ups and downs in the economy. of years from takeoff Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. over the past fiscal year it was 9. Our judgement is that India’s low-cost economy is now reaping the rewards of market liberalisation.3 Over the past four years. India is increasingly exhibiting many of the characteristics which were evident in the early “take-off” phases of other large Asian economies. it suggests a huge.2pp (IMF.4%. If this is indeed so. Faster growth has resulted in India becoming the world’s 12th largest economy in 2006. while the Asian Development Bank (2007) estimates that it would reduce Asia ex-Japan’s aggregate growth by 0. averaging 8. Ever since the reforms initiated in 1980s. the fastest rate in 18 years (Figure 1).5% per year. For example. which is spurring demand as consumption and investment interact in a benign and dynamic way. But we doubt it. October 2007 8 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CHAPTER 2: INDIA RISING India’s growth has accelerated progressively since the 1960s. 1 -2006 991 t FY63 FY74 FY85 FY96 FY07 t+5 t+10 t+15 t+20 t+25 t+30 t+35 t+40 t+45 No.
RBI and Lehman Brothers. the RBI has built up an enormous buffer of FX reserves: US$236bn-worth. especially ECBs and portfolio equity flows (Figure 3). A recent study by the IMF (2007c) found that direct holdings of shares account for only 2% of Indian household wealth. 4. Investors are demanding a higher premium for holding risk. a cumulative US$94bn (or 83%). the number of months covered by India’s FX reserves declines only from 13. However. To assess India’s external vulnerability. and Indian firms have recently been sourcing a larger share of their funds through overseas borrowing. But. October 2007 9 . lhs FX reserves. The US is the destination for 15% of India’s goods exports and about 70% of India’s service exports. Net capital inflows and FX reserves US$bn 45 FDI. India appears vulnerable to short-term capital flight were global risk aversion to rise.6 to 10 – still more than adequate – while the ratio of short-term debt to FX reserves remains low. At first glance. lhs Short-term debt/ FX reserve. Wealth effect: Sharp portfolio outflows can exacerbate equity corrections resulting in negative effects on confidence.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for However. of India’s total net capital inflows. (2) exports fall by 20% and non-FDI net capital inflows fall by 50%. were non-FDI. firms are likely to depend heavily on domestic funding via bank credit. in India macroeconomic linkages with asset prices are still embryonic. Financial intermediation: India’s credit risk remains low: the credit-to-GDP ratio is only about 45% and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). although this is still less than half the ratio for Asia ex-Japan. Exports: India’s economy has rapidly become more open. Figure 3. rhs % 8 14 7 30 150 11 6 15 75 9 5 6 4 B aseline Expo rts fall by 20% Exports fall by 20% + no n-FDI capital inflo ws fall by 50% 0 FY01 FY03 FY05 FY07 0 Source: Bloomberg. as firms reduce capex and jobs. RBI and Lehman Brothers. A sharp downturn in India’s exports would likely have spillover effects on its domestic economy. and. We judge that India would be much more affected by US GDP growth weakening from 1% to 0% than from 2% to 1%. or ECBs. Even under scenario (2). Source: CEIC. and that a 10% increase in the stock market index is associated with an increase in consumption of only 0. lhs Non-FDI. 2. Stress test of India’s FX reserves Months 16 Import cover of FX reserve. India’s financial institutions are not immune to the rise in global risk aversion. particularly non-FDI. equity and commercial paper to offset the domestic bank credit slowdown. However. Still. India’s central bank. with its exports having risen sharply to 23% of GDP from 11% a decade ago. There is a risk that Indian banks tighten their lending standards at a time when firms need to increase their borrowing. Capital flows: India has received robust net capital inflows. household wealth and business balance sheets. nor take into account all the feedback and multiplier effects. at under 10% (Figure 4). we conducted stress tests under two scenarios: (1) exports of goods and services decline by 20%. models may not capture all the channels.1%. with most of these routes now either more expensive or less readily available (the government tightened rules on external commercial borrowings. During FY04-FY07. 3. rhs US$bn 225 Figure 4. India is exposed through four main channels: 1. has been proactive in tightening provisioning standards and increasing risk weights. on 7 August 2007).
but every increase in growth now apparently requires a smaller trade-off in terms of higher prices – i. it is difficult to distinguish symptoms of overheating from those of rapid – and.e. We judge that such a structural acceleration in growth is happening in India today. Consider the three symptoms often presented as signs that India’s economy may be overheating: • Inflation. reflecting India’s structurally weak agricultural sector and robust global demand. This is not to deny that India’s transition to a higher growth trajectory is signalling some mild cyclical elements. economies can experience growth accelerations which are more structural than cyclical. Often an economy’s growth can accelerate for a few years but then run into capacity constraints which trigger overheating and provoke a policy tightening. which has helped to temper the housing bubble and ease inflation below the central bank’s target of 5. while inflation may accelerate in the process. Not only has there been a structural fall in inflation for every level of growth. asset prices and confidence feed off each other within and across countries. there is no evidence of a change in India’s growth-inflation trade-off: in economists’ parlance.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for As long as US GDP grows by about 1. But. lifting the economy’s potential output growth rate. but inflation later stabilised as induced investment – and strong productivity – added to capacity. this is a mild impulse given that the economy has accelerated to over 9% growth. However.2% in FY09. China and Japan experienced comparable higher inflation during their growth transitions. According to media reports. whether because factor inputs grow faster – i. transactions have dropped to almost half of their previous levels. under certain circumstances. It is necessary to note that a cyclical upswing is also underway in India since FY04 after a prolonged trough which began in 1996. we expect India’s GDP to grow by 8.” But it is far from clear that the economy is overheating: additions to productive capacity usually result.e.5% or more in 2008 – our baseline view – the impact on Indian GDP growth should be relatively mild. 5 Food prices were an important driver of the higher inflation rate. returning growth to a slower path. That this might be the case in India has been a concern frequently voiced. probably part of the global “wage moderation” process. and a 5-10% drop in real estate prices is visible in suburbs Mohan (2007). with a lag. the impact is unlikely to be linear. both domestically and more widely. Rakesh Mohan4 .6 To an extent. albeit with a lag.4% during the previous year. there has been a flattening of the Phillips curve. However. if US GDP growth falls to below 1%. 4 5 6 October 2007 10 . as weakening economic growth. The RBI responded by raising interest rates and increasing the risk weighting and provisioning requirements on banks for housing loans.0%. notably early in 2007 when inflation was rising. before picking up to 9. The periods 1991-99 and 2000-07 also witnessed a significant downward shift and a flattening of the Phillips curve. Wholesale price inflation (WPI) rose to 5. more labour and/or capital is employed – or because the existing inputs are used more efficiently (i. Deputy Governor of the RBI. in downward pressure on prices so that. And. notes that “it is important to disentangle the structural and cyclical components underlying the growth process. India remains on its short-run Phillips curve (Figure 5).8% in FY08. However. thereby easing price pressures. Interpreting the cyclical situation. the growth acceleration must be capacity-enhancing. Residential prices in cities such as Bangalore and Delhi more than doubled in the four years to 2005. at first. it also enhances supply. economies in this situation may nevertheless manage to remain sustainably on the higher growth path without overheating seriously. higher productivity). more sustainable – economic development. For this to happen. This investment surge first affects demand – witness the sharp rise in the prices of metals and cement.4% in FY07 from 4. international experience shows that. inflation also manifested itself through rising housing prices.e. but another reason has been the boom in investment. significantly. Structural shift versus cyclical challenge Provided the global economy avoids a severe downturn. causing a severe global economic downturn. Importantly. And policymakers – rightly in our view – remain alert to this risk.
Current account deficit. % 8 10 FY07 150 Ho ng Ko ng Canada 100 Thailand Ko rea Japan Germany France Singapo re 50 India B razil Turkey Indo nesia United States 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Nominal GDP per capita. as a result of monetary policy tightening. Greater Noida near Delhi.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for such as Kharghar in Navi Mumbai. Private credit/GDP vs GDP per capita 2006 200 Taiwan China M alaysia Private loans outstanding. such a pace is not sustainable in the medium run. a low share by international standards (Figure 6). financial liberalisation and a rising middle class has led to credit growth of more than 30% over the past two years. there is growing evidence that India’s growth acceleration is more structural than cyclical. 18 May 2007.7% to around 34% (Figure 7). would have sufficient funds to make investments to develop and grow. the “natural” direction for foreign capital to flow is from developed economies to developing ones.4% y-o-y by the mid of September 2007. 7 “Real estate prices see a sharp decline”. On the other side of the issue. with an investment boom and high productivity enhancing the economy’s capacity. In theory. But it started from a low base: private non-food credit comprised only 45. Hindustan Times. the emerging economies would be net borrowers and. twice as fast as nominal GDP. The combination of robust economic growth. • We are therefore not particularly troubled by India’s recent inflation performance and consider neither that. CEIC and Lehman Brothers.7 • Credit. But there is nothing intrinsically wrong with a developing economy running small current account deficits and it is not necessarily a sign of overheating.6% of GDP in March 2007. Evidence of structural acceleration. nor the balance of payments situation indicative of serious overheating. Gross domestic investment as a share of GDP has increased from 28. Source: IMF. and Bangalore’s Hosur Road. October 2007 11 .0% in FY04 to around 35% in FY07.0% of GDP in June 2007 on a 4-quarter rolling basis. allowing them to benefit from higher returns and increased diversification of their investments. Figure 5. Inflation and growth trade-off in India FY91-FY99 FY00-FY07 Figure 6. while gross domestic savings have risen from 29. which may well widen. Moreover. India’s current account registered a modest deficit of 1. nor the pace of credit growth. with (small) current account deficits. credit growth has recently started to ease – to 23. Clearly. % United Kingdo m FY91 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 GDP grow th. % GDP 14 12 WPI inflation. The developed economies would be net savers with current account surpluses. US$ Source: World Bank and Lehman Brothers.
can be eased. it hints at the sort of welfare improvements which the spread of mobile phone technology can help to underpin. and shortages on others. However. by adopting mobile phones the fishermen were to garner up-to-the-minute information on the market along the coast and to bring their catch ashore where demand – and therefore prices – was most favourable. vol. and markets improve welfare”. issue 3.1% in FY06. Source: RBI and Lehman Brothers. and bigger structural changes still have been occurring in the corporate sector. low sale prices) on some parts of the coast. The nub of the issue is that. before they had access to mobile phone technology. Private corporate financial performance % y-o-y 45 Sales Gross Profits FY71 FY80 FY89 FY98 FY07 FY95 FY98 FY01 FY04 FY07 Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Robust government revenue meanwhile is providing room for much needed public infrastructure spending.5 in early 2000 (Figure 9). Ample sources of funds and healthy balance sheets are underpinning a boom in corporate investment. 122. The lower the ICOR.0 in FY07. Gross corporate savings have jumped from 4. While this lesson is not necessarily easily transferable to agriculture in India’s interior. while the average debt-equity ratio for the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 500 companies (excluding banks) declined from 120% in the first half of the 1990s to 54% over FY04-FY07.7% of GDP in FY04 to 8. market performance and welfare in South Indian fisheries sector” by Robert Jensen. the bigger the growth “bang” for the investment “buck”. if other barriers to economic development. including transportation of goods. spurred by the diffusion of new technologies and rising competition – within India and.7% of GDP in FY04 to 12. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Corporate profits have grown by over 20% y-o-y in recent years despite accelerating wage growth. Reinforcing our judgement that India’s most recent growth acceleration since FY03 is not a flash in the pan are four Figure 7.2% in FY06. India is starting to look like other economies in take-off. 8 “The Digital Provide: Information (technology). higher raw material costs and a tightening of monetary policy (Figure 8). fishermen would simply land their catch at the nearest port. which tended to create gluts (and. 2007. One indicator of capital productivity is the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) which measures the ratio of the investment rate (investment/GDP) to the GDP growth rate. A recently documented example of how the diffusion of new technologies can boost productivity is the impact of mobile phone technology on the Kerala fishing industry. All this is consistent with productivity picking up.8 It was found that the private-sector roll-out of mobile phone technology drove significant improvements in market efficiency leading the author of the study to conclude that “Information makes markets work. increasingly. from more than 4. overseas. thereby. pages 879-924. India’s domestic saving and investment % GDP 40 35 30 25 25 15 20 15 10 FY62 5 -5 FY92 Gross domestic investment Gross domestic saving 35 Figure 8. which surged from 6. India’s ICOR has come down to under 4. October 2007 12 .
400 and US$22. India Inc. estimated at around 35% in FY07. 9 McKinsey and Co. India is experiencing surging demand for consumer durable goods such as cellular mobile phones.7bn in FY06. And foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows more than doubled to US$19. Source: World Bank and Lehman Brothers. “There is an investment boom in the country. October 2007 13 . Take-off in urbanisation rate % 90 75 60 Korea. According to one recent study. India appears to be at a relatively early stage which suggests that there remains substantial – perhaps enormous – potential to be tapped. (2007). as occurred in China and Korea. Fourth. ownership of which has increased exponentially to 148m in August 2007 from 49m two years earlier.000 – has increased to 13m households or about 50m people. 1 -2005 991 3 30 15 2 FY86 FY93 FY00 FY07 t t+5 t+10 t+15 t+20 t+25 t+30 t+35 t+40 t+45 No. The Bird of Gold: The Rise of India’s Consumer Market. from both local and international capital markets.7bn in FY07. Indian companies’ sourcing of finance. is resulting in a rapidly growing middle class.” India’s investment-to-GDP ratio. Compared with the take-off experiences of China and Korea. is now in the 30-40% range which was regarded by many analysts as intrinsic to the Asian miracle (see Figures 11 to 16). they tell only part of the story. A powerful indicator of this is the still low degree of urbanisation: 70% of the Indian population still lives in the countryside. an Indian home-appliances publication. Figure 9. such as China and Korea. as India’s finance minister.9 As a result. Encouraging though these developments are in their own right. First. Annual domestic sales of microwave ovens grew by a hefty 29% in FY07. It appears that India is catching up with the high investment rates of East Asia and China. according to TV Veopar Journal. From less than US$6. P Chidambaram remarked in parliament.4bn in FY07 from US$7. raised about US$30. India’s middle class – defined as those with incomes between US$4. The ratio of trade (exports plus imports) to GDP surged to 49% in FY07 from 31% just three years earlier. Second. And.5bn financed through the capital markets just five years ago. there is the dramatic opening up of India’s economy. which is a comparatively high figure given India’s level of GDP per capita (Figure 10). during the early stages of their take-off (see Box 1: Economic take-off – definitions and drivers). India’s incremental capital output ratio Ratio 5 ICOR (4-yr moving average) Figure 10. usage of high-end “frost-free” refrigerators is growing faster than that of traditional “direct cool” ones – a good example of growing income and aspiration levels. 1 978-2005 India.7m in FY07. McKinsey Global Institute. Third. to about US$800. to 4. 1 965-2005 4 45 China. of years from takeoff Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. has begun to take off. The number of visitor arrivals to India has doubled in the past five years.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for major signs that India’s economy is taking on key characteristics experienced by other large developing economies. the spurt in India’s GDP per capita. according to statistics from the Reserve Bank of India.
On the other hand. may also be important predictors of acceleration episodes. Pritchett (2000) defined an accelerator. in general. political regime change. expand and come to dominate the society. definitions of “take-off”. less susceptible to commodity price shocks. sustained for at least eight years.5% to 0. they also conclude that most accelerations are highly unpredictable.5% range to “permanent” stability above 1.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 1: Economic take-off – definitions and drivers Over the past four years India has met most of the criteria used in studies to define and describe economic take-offs. The drivers In a study of 146 country experiences. which is similar to a take-off. as the case where real per capita income growth was below 1.” Recent studies have used more specific.9% since FY03.0% or more. The Aizenman and Spiegel definition is particularly stringent. with the trade-to-GDP ratio doubling over the past seven years to 50%. The forces making for economic progress. Interestingly. Countries with a higher share of services – compared with commodities – in their total output are more likely to sustain a take-off because they are. we conclude that India is exhibiting growing evidence of being in the early stages of economic take-off. Easterly (2005) defined take-off as real per capita GDP growth increasing from the -0. requiring real per capita GDP growth to exceed 3% for five consecutive years and to occur within ten years of the stagnation period. Aizenman and Spiegel conclude that it is policy which does much to determine whether or not countries move from low-growth episodes to take-off. W. India’s experience With real growth in GDP per capita averaging 6.5% prior to a structural break and then above 1. Rostow (1960) was the first to use it in the context of economic growth analysis. Aizenman and Spiegel (2007) define take-off as transition from stagnation to robust growth. The definition Economic “take-off” is a nebulous term.W. ■ October 2007 14 . Rostow conjectured that economies evolve in stages and that “…take-off is the interval when the old blocks and resistances to steady growth are finally overcome. They find accelerations to be correlated with increases in investment and trade. which yielded limited bursts and enclaves of modern activity. or the end of a war.5% after the break. notably increased trade and capital account openness and higher average education levels. however. and with services comprising 55% of GDP. Growth becomes its normal condition. Hausmann et al’s study of growth acceleration for 110 countries between 1957 and 1992 shows that such accelerations are quite frequent.5%. where stagnations are defined as five-year periods with average real per capita GDP growth below 1% and robust growth is defined as a period of real per capita GDP growth exceeding 3%. Changes in political regime. and progressively more complicated. economic reforms and real exchange rate depreciations. Other factors are important too. Hausmann et al (2004) define growth acceleration as an increase in real per capita income growth of 2.
CEIC and Lehman Brothers. Figure 15.3% 25 20 15 Take-off 10 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 10 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 Source: World Bank. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. India % of GDP 35 30 25 20 15 Take-off Figure 12.6% 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 1973 1980 1987 1994 2001 Source: World Bank. CEIC and Lehman Brothers.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for INVESTMENT-TO-GDP RATIOS ACROSS COUNTRIES AROUND TAKE-OFFS Figure 11. October 2007 15 .1% 30 25 20 30 25 Take-off 20 21520 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 15 10 1964 Take-off 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 Source: World Bank.2% 15 Avg since take off = 19. South Korea % of GDP 45 40 Figure 14.5% Avg since take-off = 37. Japan % of GDP 40 Figure 16. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. Source: World Bank. Source: World Bank. Figure 13. Hong Kong % of GDP 40 35 Avg since take-off = 26. China % of GDP 45 40 35 30 Avg since take off = 25. Taiwan % of GDP 30 Take-off 25 35 30 25 20 Take-off 15 10 1964 10 5 19329 21885 1966 20 Avg since take-off = 30.1% 35 Avg since take-off = 31. Source: World Bank.
part modern. ingenuity.10 Business’s responses to these challenges range from “hard” infrastructure. Pavan K Varma. 12 Ibid. private companies partnering with universities to work around the skilled labour constraint. K. While such a response clearly involves costs. cunning. the private sector has tended to see such steps as an opportunity to form partnerships and work successfully within the existing system. whether in-house or working with higher education establishments. they have a burning desire to succeed. and. and expects about 30% to be financed by the private sector – a share which is looking increasingly feasible. Most importantly. private companies partnering with each other to build efficient supply chains.V. They have the ability to bridge two opposing worlds by just being themselves. Instinct and conditioning have taught them how to get around a problem… Circumstances have taught him (sic) how to take the failure of the system in his (sic) stride and find a solution anyhow”. India’s biggest private lender. there appears to be a serious possibility of business being able to continue to carry the baton of economic growth through to 2012 at least.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Business is carrying the baton None of this is to suggest that business does not face significant challenges in its role as the primary engine of take-off (see Chapter 4: Economies of scale and competition). “…[a] creative improvisation.e. for example training programmes for employees. the final year of India’s latest Five-Year Plan.12 Given this “instinct for jugaad”. Underpinning this is what the socio-economic commentator and former senior diplomat. 13 ‘Projections of Investment in Infrastructure during the Eleventh Plan’ a consultation paper by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. An oft-cited example of India’s entrepreneurial zeal is Mumbai’s Dabbawalas. private companies partnering with foreign investors. A relatively low-key but important series of policy decisions which the government has been taking to open up new areas of business to large private enterprise is also set to help. resolve. quick thinking. to “soft”. Mr Varma elaborates: “…as Silicon Valley has shown. 24 Sep. to partake of the good life. given the right environment [Indians] can be remarkably inventive. page 67. both to business and the overall efficiency of the economy. and all of the above”. for example installing private electricity generation capacity. Perhaps the most impressive aspect of India’s recent economic performance has been the ability of the private sector to work around the structural and systemic challenges it faces. 2007. Kamath. page 132. with about US$300bn of this earmarked for infrastructure and infrastructure-related projects. describes as the Indian “instinct for jugaad” i. part tradition. 2004). The aspiration to upward mobility makes them exceptionally focused and hard-working. initiative. 10 October 2007 16 . The Indian Government Planning Commission has just released a consultation paper projecting that investment of about US$492bn will be needed by FY12 to upgrade the country’s infrastructure13.000 lunch deliverymen who make lunch box deliveries to the city’s workers with almost faultless efficiency despite the infrastructure problems. CEO of ICICI Bank. i. an association of 5. 11 Being Indian by Pavan K Varma (Arrow Books. a refusal to accept defeat. Common types of partnership include: • • • • private-public partnerships for infrastructure projects (see Box 16: Financing India’s infrastructure deficit). projected in April 2007 that Indian private companies will invest US$500bn over the coming three years. a tool to somehow find a solution.11 Putting this in a business context.e.
as well as providing a powerful argument in favour of the government implementing the stalled 2003 electricity law. Perhaps the most significant immediate benefit is to give farmers better access to market information. October 2007 17 . This is seen by many commentators as an object lesson for the still-closed mining sector. Oil and Gas. While specific measures are providing significant private enterprise opportunities within individual sectors. and also create export possibilities – agri-exports could finally take off as people work out cold chains and efficient supply links”. with major exploration and exploitation of new gas fields and related development of infrastructure. Telecom.000 shops. even more important should be their cumulative impact. In January 2007.N. Containerised Rail Transport. hotel and hospital projects in particular to scale them up to a size at which it is financially viable to install basic utilities. The dynamism of the corporate sector is also evident in the number of new companies in India’s 50-largest list. As T. This led initially to a boom in budget airlines and is now stimulating the privatisation of airports and significant investment in air transport infrastructure. Banking.3bn) in 5. The sector is deepening and broadening. A consumer credit culture is taking hold and India’s large private banks. 9 January 2007). From the outset real estate development has been driven by the private sector and it has recently received a major boost from private equity and an influx of foreign funds taking stakes in Indian companies. The Indian conglomerate Reliance alone is planning to invest INR250bn (US$6. residential. • • • • • In addition to these sectors. which stands to break the state monopoly in cargo business and is expected to increase the Indian Railways’ container traffic to 100m tonnes (mt) by 2012 from 21 mt presently. India is currently making more than 5. aiming at annual sales of US$25bn by 2010 (although a recent political backlash in some parts of the country may lead to the company to reduce this target).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Areas where private enterprise is already having a major impact include: • • Civil aviation. cement. textiles and hotels (see Box 2: Manufacturing: India’s new powerhouse). Ninan wrote at the time of the rail containerisation announcement: “…the development of these businesses will bring about system-wide efficiency improvements. Until recently there was almost no organised retailing in India. the private sector has also made inroads into both domestic and export markets in such diverse sectors as pharmaceuticals.N. Ninan (Financial Times website. the government signed publicprivate partnership agreements with 14 companies. metals. Retail.14 14 “Growth Drivers” by T. such as ICICI. Real Estate Development. but the partial opening up of the retail sector at the end of 2006 has already stimulated a surge in setting up medium-sized grocery stores (albeit in the face of political resistance in some parts of the country). compared with 15 years ago (see Box 3: Dynamics within India’s top 50 companies). are in the vanguard with initiatives such as micro credit and micro insurance. most notably in rural areas where telecom has previously been largely absent. automobiles. including hypermarkets.5m new mobile phone connections per month. This has allowed developers of commercial.
9 33. Sector growth rates Net sales growth FY02FY05FY04 FY07 20. for example.0 33.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 2: Manufacturing: India’s new powerhouse Growth has been driven by aggressive inroads made in the export and domestic market by different sectors.7 136.3 27. leading to the popular perception that its growth has been services-led. The drivers at the macro level are usually similar: firms have focused on increasing their sales. as well as increasing their presence in R&D such as drug discovery and clinical trial services. have concentrated primarily on capturing export markets for growth. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. The auto.5 21. October 2007 18 .3 5. however. particularly capital-intensive ones.3 4.9 37. automobiles.6 -12. telecoms and textiles (Figure 18). low costs and aggressive inorganic growth have helped firms in formulation and bulk drug manufacturing.7 52.3% in FY07. economies of scale and lower costs: the industry has registered robust 21% y-o-y growth in sales volume over the past three years. *Either numerator or denominator is negative. Even in services such as transport and communication.2 20. following the removal of the quota regime. iron and steel and telecom.5 15. The information technology (IT) and IT-enabled services sector has long been the standard bearer of India’s international fame. where output volumes have grown at 21% y-o-y.6 119. Low costs.9% and. housing and industrial construction.4 13. However. India has emerged as the global hub for small car manufacturing through increasing indigenisation.8 16.3 47.2 8.7 34.6 36. Growth in the manufacturing & service sectors % y-o-y 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Jun-01 Jun-02 Manufactuing Services % y-o-y Auto & auto parts Banking & services Cement Engineering Hotels IT Infrastructure Oil & gas Pharmaceuticals Figure 18.0%) (Figure 17).3 21. For auto companies.5 * -35. productivity and profits through more efficient use of technology.0 23. They have passed lower costs onto consumers in order to gain market share.5 17. at 12. Firms have funded organic and inorganic growth through strong retained earnings.9 16. is now even faster than that of the services sector (at 11. Textile firms meanwhile have posted a 17% y-o-y growth in sales and 26% in net profit.2 23.7 Note: Results represent a sample of 1825 companies.9 95. process improvement. Other sectors.9 32.8 21.7 17. the growth in cement and iron and steel has primarily been buoyed by rising demand from indigenous infrastructure.7 10. Banking has gained from the rapid growth in retail and corporate credit. metals.6 12.5 58.4 26.4 21. including pharmaceuticals. exports have been the main market. notably in the United States and Europe.4 Jun-03 Jun-04 Jun-05 Jun-06 Jun-07 Steel & non-ferrous Telecom Textiles & machinery Transportation Utility & Power Grand Total 12. ■ Figure 17. thereby avoiding excessive leverage.7 8. cement. such as cement.4 29. which has enabled them to capture a greater share of export markets. For example. Source: Capitaline and Lehman Brothers.0 13.7 * 43. The manufacturing success story extends to many sectors.6 21.4 -9. in the past three years there have also been significant developments in manufacturing where growth has averaged 9. have depended largely on the domestic market to expand.4 59.0 78.7 99.1 22.1 41.6 24.9 31.7 15.1 12. pharmaceutical and textile sectors. sector strategies have differed. capital and labour.7 41.0 39. At the micro level.1 26. the availability of skilled and English-speaking labour and fast turnaround times have worked to India’s advantage.9 41.2 Net profit growth FY02FY05FY04 FY07 55.6 28. In the pharmaceuticals sector. the ability to reduce costs and prices has been the key to the volume-led growth most notable in the telecom and aviation sectors.8 18.
India’s top 50 companies by market capitalisation As on March 31. Commodity sectors. Reliance Energy ABB Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Jaiprakash Assoc Power Fin.47 20.56 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Bombay Dyeing Essar Gujarat Great Eastern Shipping Tata Timkem Nestle India Castrol (India) Century Enka Indian Aluminium Co.65 30.32 51. Century Textiles Grasim Industries Tata tea Tata Chemicals Larsen & Toubro Gujarat State Fertilizers Colgate Palmolive Master Shares (UTI) Cochin Refineries ICICI Chemicals & Plastics India Hindalco Bajaj Auto Brooke Bond India Indo Gulf Fert. the largest company. Given that Indian firms will likely continue to seek further scale globally.13 2.28 1.00 4.92 17.94 0.95 0.4 6 9. ICICI Bank Infosys Tech. 1992 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 State Bank of India Tata Steel ITC Reliance Industries Hindustan Lever Tata Motors Associated Cement Co.43 44.09 8.32 4.20 16.49 0.32 0. telecoms and financial services in 2007.84 6. about 26 companies have a market cap of more than 1% of GDP in 2007 compared with only three in 1992. Gujarat Narmada Fert. Mineral Devt. & Chem.84 0. Hindalco HCL Technologies Natl. Indian Oil and Steel Authority of India among the top 50.3bn. the equity market was dominated by manufacturing industries.66 0.■ Rank Company US$bn Rank Company US$bn Rank Company US$bn Rank Company US$bn • • • Figure 19. Hindalco and Hindustan Lever have consistently maintained their top market cap position. The subsequent rapid growth in the services sector has resulted in an increase in the total number of services firms to 18.04 32.12 0.86 0.44 7.66 0. Co. 2007 80.02 5.84 16.17 1.19 25. Market capitalisation of the 14 companies which still make it to the top 50 list has increased enormously with Reliance.36 0.77 24.33 0.98 21. October 2007 19 .42 17.Zinc Idea Cellular Grasim Industries Cairn India GAIL (India) Kotak Mah.53 0.33 0.80 5.37 0.36 0.58 0.23 17.83 40.35 0.62 5.25 7.37 0.57 0. a similar change has swept through some of the largest Indian companies which have led this growth acceleration.49 5.77 12.91 6.16 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Suzlon Energy Reliance Capital Hind.57 0.33 0. In 1992. rising per capita income. TCS State Bank of India BHEL SAIL Larsen & Toubro ITC Natl. Siemens ACC Ambuja Cem. The Indian economy has gone through a dynamic change over the past 15 years with robust growth. Co. As of end-September.53 12. engineering. Raymond Woollen Mills Birla Jute Industries Oswal Agro Mills Ingersoll Rand India Mazda Industries Seimens Ashok Leyland VST Industries ITC Bhadrachalam SKF Bearing (India) 0.35 0.56 7. Reliance Petro HDFC Wipro Mineral & Metal Trading Indian Oil Sterlite Inds.92 2.34 17. Tata Motors.53 7.48 0.67 0.08 8. The boom in services has led to the dominance of IT. 7. DataStream and Lehman Brothers. with only 14 companies from the earlier period still present. both energy and metals.67 27. textiles.45 6. Jaiprakesh Industries Shipping Credit Co.28 8.46 0.79 0.06 29.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 3: Dynamics within India’s top 50 companies Changing growth dynamics have altered the entire landscape of Indian firms over past 15 years.88 4. ITC.88 6. Not surprisingly.03 1. Aluminium Sun Pharma.47 0.57 1.83 Source: BSE. we expect this trend to become more pronounced. Top companies such as Reliance.77 8.30 5.23 6.42 0. have also joined the top 50 list in 2007 with companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation. State Bank.08 13. Corp. Britannia Industries Apollo Tyres Madura Coats Gujarat Ambuja Cement Indian Rayon National Organic Chem.96 25.54 0.53 14. Corp.04 7.36 0. Sectors which dominated in 1992 included fertilisers.68 0. Figure 19 shows the top 50 Indian listed companies by market capitalisation in 1992 and more recently in 2007. Bank Tata Motors Satyam Computer Maruti Suzuki GMR Infra. increased consumer demand and changing consumer preferences.69 1.92 0.88 0. Tata Steel HDFC Bank Unitech Hindustan Lever As on September 28. Motor Industries Co. 10. currently at a market capitalisation of US$80.44 0. shipping and automotive companies.36 0.62 8.42 0.54 0. with only six service-sector firms in the top 50.47 0. The key observations are: • A number of new companies make it to the top 50 list. This reflects the greater economies of scale achieved by Indian firms.72 5.41 2.00 12. chemicals.31 13.46 0.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Reliance Industries ONGC Bharti Airtel NTPC DLF Ltd Reliance Comm.
October 2007 20 . To quote Dr Raghuram Rajan. No 3). the private sector’s potential impact on the agricultural supply chain – “from farm to fork” – could be one of the most significant developments of the decade. suggestive of a dynamic growth process which has a reasonable chance of proving sustainable. To explore this issue further. value-added agricultural production will also remain a pipe dream. it is necessary to consider the growth process in greater historical depth and detail. Dr Rajan is currently the Eric J Gleacher Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. when put alongside the government’s push towards raising the growth rate in the farm sector. we conclude that important structural shifts underpin India’s growth acceleration. thus. However. to jobs. Currently. 15 See “From Paternalistic To Enabling” by Dr Raghuram G Rajan (Finance & Development.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for One sector in which opportunities abound is agriculture. Improved infrastructure will allow greater access to markets and. This is undertaken in the next chapter. not only for the economy as a whole but also for its direct impact on poverty alleviation (see Chapter 4: Foreign trade and investment).”15 Bottom line Based on the evidence above. in any judgment of medium-term prospects it would be unwise to rely on an interpretation of just these most recent few years. we judge that India’s growth acceleration is not a flash in the pan. Sept 2006. former Director of Research at the IMF: “Because poor infrastructure increases costs … low-margin labour-intensive industries may continue to be uncompetitive in India unless infrastructure improves. Hence. Rather. and is an essential ingredient for job growth. an estimated 30% of food products rots en route to market. Vol 43. Similarly.
process. (1966). N. India’s labour productivity growth – of 3. even if that can be done reasonably satisfactorily. represents only an average performance by Asian comparison: and India’s labour productivity has evolved broadly as a cross-country Verdoorn-type relationship would suggest (Figure 20). As Kaldor. quantifying ex post the contributions which inputs have made to output. ranging from measurement to the fundamental assumption that output can be represented by an input-constrained production function. an understanding of the progressive. But problems with the data available for the most advanced economies. or “account for”. “growth accounting” is akin to taking a snapshot through the rear-view mirror when what is really needed is a movie taken through the windscreen. If that diagnosis is correct. for example.” 16 It is instructive that the fast-growing Asian economies have exhibited the full interplay of these (dynamic) sources of growth revealing a strong relationship. boosting investments still further. or the conditions under which. when the economy opens up to foreign trade and investment. across countries. October 2007 21 . Long-term growth performance has traditionally been analysed through the so-called “growth accounting” framework – a method which seeks to relate. the conditions for take-off will not have built up overnight: they will have been consolidating for a number of years. In this context. as witnessed in China. when matters are going well. it does not explain why inputs grew as they did and were able to produce the output that they did. between the rate of growth of output per worker and the rate of growth of output. thereby promoting economies of scale in production and boosting productivity.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CHAPTER 3: ACCOUNTING FOR INDIA’S GROWTH Introduction In the previous chapter we interpreted the evidence of the past several years as at least suggestive of India’s economy having entered a potentially self-sustaining. and between public and private investment. have caused this approach to be seen as difficult. Examples of how the dynamic process can come into play include: • • • when GDP per capita reaches a threshold. let alone for emerging ones.” “This … is the basic reason for the [positive] empirical relationship between the growth of productivity and the growth of production which has recently come to be known as the ‘Verdoorn Law’. and when improvement in economic fundamentals instils greater investor confidence. 16 Kaldor. emphasised repeatedly. What particularly needs to be understood are the dynamic processes whereby. growth begets growth in a dynamic interaction between rising investment and consumption expenditures. boosting demand for durable goods such as cars. and theoretical problems.8% per year on average over the 19802005 period – while impressive by India’s own historical standards. Hence. India’s most recent growth may prove sustainable. tells only part of the story: while growth accounting quantifies what has happened on the input side of the story. both capital and labour. growth in an economy is the product of: “…an interplay of static and dynamic factors [in] causing returns to increase with an increase in the scale of industrial activities. economic growth in terms of the growth of factor inputs. “Growth accounting” studies first became fashionable in the 1970s and 1980s. longer-term rise in India’s trend growth since the 1980s should illuminate the extent to which. Moreover. or take-off. In other words. were considerable.
this chapter proceeds to examine the role of economic reforms. This problem is particularly acute in the case of India where the policy reforms initiated in the mid-1980s. GDP growth averaged even higher at 9. The growth of output Calculations undertaken on a “peak-to-peak basis”. India’s fastest-ever growth over a four-year period. show that India’s GDP growth has accelerated continually. Over the past two years. In order to catch up.7 8. Similarly.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for However.1% over the same period. We judge that this is achievable in the next stages of growth acceleration as India’s growth increases and the other economies mature. particularly since the 1980s.0 7. The “Verdoorn” relationship in Asia: average growth in GDP and labour productivity over 1980-2005 9 China Figure 21. Historical review of India’s average annual real GDP growth rate Period 1 2 Interval FY51-FY57 FY57-FY65 FY65-FY71 FY71-FY79 FY79-FY91 FY91-FY00 FY00-FY07 FY51-FY07 FY04-FY07 Peak-topeak 4.8 6.4 Labour productivity growth.4% to 7.8 7. so as to minimise distortions caused by short periods of unusually rapid (or slow) within-cycle growth.1 4. over the four years from FY04 to FY07.9 5. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers.6% per year. and taken further after the balance of payments crisis in 1991. This suggests not only that India still has some way to go to catch up with other economies.9% per year on average over the period FY65 to FY71 to 6.7 3. however. GDP growth has averaged 8.8 4. October 2007 22 .8 4. for example.2%.8% over the period FY00 to FY07 (Figure 21). most serious is the failure of “growth accounting” to capture the role of economic reforms and prudent policies in assisting (or hindering) the growth of inputs. have been fundamental to India’s accelerated growth performance. Figure 20. (A chronology of the broadly “pro-business” 1980 reforms and the broadly “pro-market” reforms of the 1990s is presented in Box 4. India’s growth rate would have to increase above that of other Asian economies. but also that it is still in only the early stages of growth acceleration.5 4. employment and capital formation in conventional “growth accounting” analysis. 17 Such a characterisation has been suggested by.1 3. Most recently.4 3. this reflects how slowly India was growing before the acceleration began.) 17 Accordingly. timevarying estimates of trend growth calculated using a Hodrick-Prescott filter show GDP growth as having accelerated from 3.0 4.4 3.9 3. from 3. Rodrik and Subramanian (2004). % 8 10 Source: World Bank and Lehman Brothers. and how they have fostered a dynamic interaction between rising consumption and rising (private) investment. India’s growth has not been particularly spectacular in cross-country comparison. In large part. Notwithstanding this accelerating growth performance.8 6. % 7 5 3 A ustralia Ko rea Thailand India Ho ng Ko ng Vietnam Singapo re 3 4 5 6 7 Whole period Recent period M alaysia Indo nesia 1 -1 2 P hilippines 4 6 GDP grow th. after first examining the (limited) information which can be conveyed by the basic macroeconomic data for output.6 Hodrick Prescott 4.
they were half hearted. Panagariya (2004) judges that. thereby providing more room for other imports. Key areas during this period were: • Deregulation of industry: (1) With the New Industrial Policy 1991. while the 1980 reforms were substantial. the need for industrial licences was trimmed to only five industries.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 4: Summary chronology of India’s reforms Despite the common belief that India’s reforms were initiated after the balance of payments crisis of 1991. (8) The asset limit for firms which came under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTPA) was raised from INR200m to INR1bn in 1986. (6) Profits from exports were made tax deductible. ports etc. (3) Replenishment (REP) licenses were extended to exporters in 1985 to relax export constraints.3% of GDP. with 26% foreign investment allowed. to de-license generation and freely permit captive generation. ■ 23 • • • • October 2007 . (16) Fixed rate repos in government securities were introduced for liquidity management along with the Liquidity Adjustment Facility. (6) Peak import tariffs were lowered from 355% in 1991 to 10% in the FY08 budget. (8) Capital account convertibility was introduced gradually. to eliminate the revenue deficit by FY09. (12) Price and distribution controls on cement and aluminium were abolished. and the revenue deficit by 0. (18) The statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) was cut from a peak of 38. Exchange rate. (7) The rupee was made convertible on the current account in 1994. highways. and lending rates of commercial banks were deregulated. Reforms during the 1980s: The real thrust to the reforms of the 1980s picked up in 1985 in the following key areas: • Import de-licensing. Liberalisation of trade in services: (9) The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) bill was passed in 1999 and the insurance sector was opened up to the private sector. Banks are currently required to comply with the Basel II norms by 31 March 2009. were gradually removed. (15) Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) were permitted to invest in government securities. except for consumer goods which were exempted in 2001. (17) Stock Index Futures were introduced in FY01 and the Clearing Corporation of India established to provide an integrated clearing and settlement system. (10) Private banks were allowed and 74% FDI was permitted under an automatic route in private banks. (1) Imports of capital goods and intermediate inputs were liberalised by expanding the list of items under the open general license (OGL). whereas the reforms initiated after 1990 were both systemic and deep. thereby enhancing product market competition. Export incentives. (2) The share of canalised imports (monopoly rights of the government for the import of certain items) was reduced significantly. Industrial controls relaxed. (20) Under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM) Act 2003. (7) 25 industries were de-licensed in 1985. Financial liberalisation: (13) Income recognition and asset classification under Basel norms were introduced in 1992. Administered prices de-controlled. (11) Incentives that encouraged small-scale industries (SSI) to remain small. (12) The Electricity Act 2003 was passed. and to bring the fiscal deficit down to 3% by FY09. • • • • Reforms since the 1990s: The government changed its approach to quantitative restrictions in the 1990s.5%. the government is required to reduce the fiscal deficit by 0. aiding external liberalisation. and interest rates on government securities were made more market-determined. and to provide a source of imports for goods sold in the domestic market. (13) Rupee depreciation corrected the overvaluation of the currency. (5) Foreign exchange for exporters was liberalised. (9) Broad banding permitted firms in some industries to switch production between similar product lines. Interest Rate Swaps (IRS). (3) A policy of automatic approval for FDI up to 51% was initiated for 34 industries. Fiscal consolidation: (19) The RBI and the government agreed in 1997 to end automatic monetisation of fiscal deficits. based on the recommendations of the Tarapore Committee. (11) 100% FDI under automatic approval in infrastructure was allowed for construction and maintenance of roads. (5) The rupee was devalued by 22% in 1991. from having a “positive list” to a “negative list”. (10) A modified value-added (MODVAT) tax was introduced to replace multi-point excise duties. airports. (2) Public sector monopoly was restricted to just eight sectors and the remainder were opened to the private sector. (4) Interest rates on export credit were reduced. with greater liberalisation for companies and financial institutions. foreign banks were permitted to open several branches each year. every year. such as excise tax concessions.5% to 25% in 1998. External sector liberalisation: (4) Import licensing on intermediate and capital goods was removed in July 1991. and Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs) as over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives. the initial phase of reforms can be traced back to the 1980s. (14) The National Stock Exchange was established in 1994.
Output per worker in India Output per Output Labour worker Annual percentage rate of change 5. between FY85 and FY06.2 6. to a lesser extent. World Bank and Lehman Brothers. the quality of India’s organised labour has increased modestly. is provided by Sundaram. Meanwhile.2 5.7% annually between FY00 and FY05.FY06 420 320 220 FY74 Source: CEIC. which were undertaken in other years. compared with an average rate of 2. NSSO and Lehman Brothers.FY92 FY92 . India’s workforce – adjusted for quality m 520 Period Workforce Quality-adjusted w orkforce Whole period Sub period I Sub period II Recent period FY81 . total non-agriculture employment grew 4.8 3.8% during the preceding six years. total employment over the most recent period for which data are available grew faster. B. K.8 2. and Virmani (2006) October 2007 24 . Bhalla and Das (2006) [no reference cited by Bosworth et al. S. Our best judgement is that total employment in India grew at 2. They concluded that the WPRs [worker-population ratios] are not sufficiently comparable with those of the quinquennial surveys.0 1. A. reflecting rising employment in services and.” Our figures are close to. Collins. we estimate that “quality adjusted” labour input grew around 0.3 2. S.FY06 FY03 . This seriously limits the usefulness for present purposes of India’s employment data.M. pp 13-14. FY82 FY90 FY98 FY06 Source: CEIC. We estimate that over the most recent period. in manufacturing. labour productivity grew by 5. Collins.. Figure 22.19 We estimate that.3% per year on average between FY81 and FY92 to 4. NSSO. Adjusting the data to produce a “quality-adjusted” labour force (Figure 23).] reach a contrary conclusion. (2005).7 3.3 4.4 Figure 23.1% per year on average over the period FY73 to FY06. and Virmani (2006) summarises the situation thus: “… reliable estimates of the total workforce are limited to the years covered by six quinquennial household surveys that were conducted over the period of FY73 to FY00.0%) in the second sub-period.D.1 2. It grew slightly faster than this (2. They also go on to note that “A recent evaluation of the potential usefulness of the smaller NSO surveys. Annual estimates for the aggregate economy can only be obtained by interpolations of the results from those surveys”18. 18 19 Bosworth.1% (See Box 5: Adjusting the labour force data for quality).4 8. and Tendulkar. The growth of output per worker Taking the employment estimates together with estimates for GDP growth suggests that output per worker in India accelerated progressively. thanks to improved schooling and increasing returns to higher education. and Virmani.9 5.3%) between FY73 and FY85. (2006). FY03 to FY06.FY06 FY81 . from 3. Collins. encouragingly. For example.4% (Figure 22). One important study by Bosworth.2pp faster each year than the unadjusted labour force growth of 2.2% between FY92 and FY06. though not in all cases identical to. those calculated by Bosworth. and slightly slower (2. This largely reflects the stagnating employment growth in agriculture and the slack pace of employment growth in the manufacturing sector.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The growth of employment Employment in India is measured only very imperfectly: the most serious problems are summarised in Appendix 2.
thereby. a strictly limited set of tasks which are performed repeatedly. The analysis of human capital was set on its modern course principally by Becker. India’s female literacy rate is just 54.4 10.4%. These calculations suggest the “quality-adjusted” labour force grew about 0.4).2pp faster on average than the (2.3% and 11. E. 22 23 Smith made these points in the first three chapters of The Wealth of Nations.0 9.6. A similar study by level of education by Duraisamy (2002) has found the private returns per year of schooling in India in FY94 for the primary. middle. This line of empirical analysis was pioneered by Schultz. a stream of post-1960s research analysing expenditure on education as investment across a wide range of countries and educational institutions has found rates of return similar to those from investment in physical assets.23 ■ Figure 24. T.0 11.2%. the adult literacy rate in India is just 61%. Our calculation of the quality-adjusted labour force is based on the assumption of a 10% internal rate of return on education with average years of schooling taken from Barro and Lee (2000). (1964).’s Table 3. writ large. Similarly. The same phenomenon.4 8.8 10.1%) growth in the workforce over the period 1972-2004. Cross-country comparison of education profile School life expectancy (years) Year Philippines Thailand China India Indonesia 2004 12 13 11 10 12 Adult literacy rate (% of people 15+) 2004 93 93 91 61 90 Youth literacy rate (% aged 1524) 2004 95 98 99 76 99 Average years of schooling ( over 15 yrs) 2000 8 7 6 5 5 % Primary Middle Secondary Higher secondary College Duraisamy (2002) Tilak (1987) Pandit (1976) Goel (1975) Blaug et al (1969) Nallagounden (1967) 7. and becomes highly efficient in. secondary and higher secondary levels.9 10. Interestingly.3 10.7 6.F. and Virmani. and developed extensively by Mincer.8 17. which puts the contribution from quality at around ¼% per year. can be seen in the specialisation of tasks in modern production processes where each individual worker concentrates on.8 9. as exemplified by his famous example of pin-making. For example. Worse still. Private rate of return to an extra year of education in India Figure 25. secondary. which is around 0.4 5.4 18. although the standard of the best of India’s education is high relative to the best in other countries.6 = 0. (See Appendix 3 for details. although the overall returns to college education do not appear to be as high as to lower secondary school education.2% faster than the unadjusted labour force did. 17.9%. and hence implies an “education adjustment” of (0. This may reflect the fact that.2 6. including through the division of production into many different processes. we have adjusted India’s employment data for estimated improvements in the “quality” of labour. the returns to an additional year of women’s education are apparently appreciably higher than those of men’s at the middle.3 2. the average level of education is low by comparison.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 5: Adjusting the labour force data for “quality” The quality-adjusted labour force grew 0.0 7.0 17. This figure had in turn been obtained by multiplying the quality adjustment by labour’s share of GDP. compared with 91% in China. October 2007 25 .6%.1 Source: See references at the back of the report.5 18. India’s “average years of schooling” statistic is among the lowest in the group of countries shown in Figure 25. higher secondary and college levels of education to be 7.1 13.21 To the extent to which an individual’s earnings in turn equate broadly to that individual’s productivity – a possibly heroic assumption but an unavoidable one as few data are available on personal productivity – it may be reasonable to infer the extent to which expenditure on education may have raised the productivity of the labour force22. J.3%. Kingdom (1998) estimates the private return to a year’s schooling to be around 10. 20 21 Source: World Bank and Lehman Brothers.Our results are a little lower than those obtained by Bosworth. 9. J.0 6. For India. As in other countries.7 23. 7. (1976). earnings. (1961) and Denison.) On the basis of the data for average years of schooling and returns to education. (2006) – this is deduced from Bosworth et al. (1962).4 8. Private rates of return to education at the secondary and tertiary levels are markedly higher in India than in most other countries at a similar development stage. (1974) and Kendrick.2 - 11.25/0. 20 Smith argued that labour productivity is augmented by specialisation.9 7.W. payoffs to higher education in India appear to be rising over time relative to the payoffs to lower levels of schooling.3 negative 5.1 16.7% respectively (Figure 24). Regarding the productivity-increasing effects of education. It has been recognised at least since Adam Smith in the 18th century that two principal factors – the division of labour and education – do much to produce higher productivity and. G. Collins.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
The growth of the capital stock India’s data on the resources devoted to capital formation are poor and subject to large revisions. According to Bosworth et al (2006): “The FY94 benchmark revisions increased total investment of all industries by a relatively modest 9 percent. Somewhat surprisingly, the changes associated with the shift to the FY00 base are much more substantial, despite the passage of just 5 years since the prior benchmark. Total industry fixed investment in FY00 has been increased by 33 percent, with revisions for agriculture, industry and services of 57, 17, and 46 percent respectively.” Taking the basic data at face value, gross investment has grown by an average of 6.9% per year since 1960 and at 8.9% per year since 1990. However, these investment figures are likely to under-represent the growth of the resulting productive capacity of the capital stock, probably considerably so. Perhaps the single most important reason for this is a failure to capture the phenomenon of economies of scale, whereby a given increase in all inputs taken together produces a proportionately greater rise in productive capacity. From a qualitative perspective, economies of scale are particularly important in countries which are growing fast from a low base (by global standards). Opening up the economy allows firms to benefit from their comparative cost advantage and increase plant size. Furthermore, greater access to technology reduces the cost of capital, enhancing the productivity of investment – and, thereby, profits – encouraging capital accumulation. Thus, a dynamic interaction develops between rising capital and labour productivity as higher capital productivity boosts the efficiency with which labour works with capital. The results of growth-accounting studies on India The “growth accounting” method fails to capture these vital dynamic features of “takeoff”: the typical finding is that much of the growth of output cannot be meaningfully accounted for by the weighted growth of inputs as measured. In the original application of this method, by Solow (1957) in his “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”, growth of the factors of production, labour and capital, accounted for just 12½% of US growth: the remainder of US output growth, some 87%, was attributed, rather emptily, to “technical change” – also dubbed “the ‘residual”, or “total factor productivity”. So it is with India. If the “growth accounting” method is taken at face value then, by our calculations, labour and capital, as measured, contributed just 23.7% and 27.1%, respectively, to total growth over the FY81 to FY06 period – i.e. the increase in factor inputs as measured accounted for only half of the growth in India’s output (see Appendix 7 for details). Put the other way round, our calculations using this method suggest that the “residual” factor, or the growth of so-called “total factor productivity” (TFP) accounted for 2.9 percentage points per year, out of growth averaging 5.9%. These results are similar to those of other growth-accounting studies, which have found that TFP contributed a minimum of 34% (Bosworth et al) and a maximum of 48% (Dholakia) to total output growth (Figure 26).24
24
Bosworth, Collins, and Virmani (2006) find, for the period 1980-2004, that total factor contributed 2.0% points to the average GDP growth of 5.8%, a 34% share (2.0/5.8 = 0.34%).
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Figure 26. Sources of economic growth
Contribution to growth, % points Labour 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.8 3.9 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.2 1.4 1.3 Capital 1.6 1.3 1.7 2.2 1.3 TFP 2.9 2.6 3.2 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.6 37.9 32.8 37.0 Proportionate contribution to growth, % Labour 23.5 24.4 22.9 23.1 29.7 60.0 20.6 24.1 24.1 Capital 26.6 25.8 27.1 26.7 21.7 TFP 49.9 49.8 50.0 50.3 47.9 40.0 35.8 41.4 34.5 29.6
Period Lehman Brothers Whole period Sub period I Sub period II Recent period Other studies Dholakia (2001) Acharya et al (2003) Bosworth & Collins (2003) Virmani (2004) Bosworth et al (2006) Bosworth & Collins (2007)
Source: Lehman Brothers.
Output growth
FY81 - FY06 FY81 - FY92 FY92 - FY06 FY03 - FY06 FY86-FY01 FY92-FY00 1980-1999 FY81-FY04 FY81-FY05 1978-2004
5.9 5.2 6.4 8.3 6.0 6.5 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.4
The limited usefulness of growth accounting Despite the advantage of producing numbers which purport to apportion growth among main contributory factors, the growth accounting method is fraught with limitations. First, as discussed above, a large part of acceleration in output, over time and across countries, is attributed to essentially unexplained TFP. While this may highlight the quantitative importance of TFP, as defined, it does not explain what drives it. This is crucial when assessing growth in developing countries and, in India’s case, in judging whether – or under what conditions – its recent rapid growth will be sustainable in the long term. A second set of limitations relates to the assumption commonly made about the way inputs combine, i.e. about the production function (see Appendix 5). While the empirical evidence is overwhelming that economies of scale are widespread and large (see Appendix 4), growth accounting – largely for reasons of analytic convenience – typically assumes that economies are characterised by constant returns to scale. 25 (See Appendix 6 for more on this.)
Economies of scale
Economies of scale refer to the cost savings which a firm can achieve when rising production volume reduces its average unit cost, i.e. doubling inputs more than doubles output as factor inputs are used more efficiently. Economies of scope, on the other hand, refers to the cost savings which a firm can achieve by widening its product range such that its existing infrastructure or distribution network can be shared among products, reducing average unit costs. Perhaps the most intuitive form of economies of scale is the physical size of production. The basis of many physical economies of scale lies in the laws of geometry and of physics. A geometrical example, which applies to many items of capital equipment, involves the so-called “power rule”: where a piece of equipment is volumetric, e.g., a sphere, and the relationship between the area (A) of material used to construct it and the volume (V) which it encloses is expressed as: A = fV 2/3 To the extent that cost is (approximately) proportional to the area of material used, cost varies as volume to the 2/3 power: a 10% increase in capacity requires only a 6.5% increase in expenditure on the material used in its construction. A similar phenomenon,
25
In their exhaustive survey of theories of economic growth, Hahn, F.H. and Matthews, R.C.O. (1964) observed that “…the reason for the neglect is no doubt the difficulty of fitting increasing returns into the prevailing framework of perfect competition and marginal productivity factor pricing.”
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Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
albeit with different parameters, applies to many other volumetric shapes, such as tubes and cylinders. Economies of scale are also to be found in some areas of agriculture, such as fencing: the cost is a linear function of the length of the fence, whereas the area enclosed increases with the square of the length of the fence. The geometric origins of physical economies of scale are frequently modified significantly by the laws of physics. For example, a container cannot be scaled up without limit: the laws of physics governing the structural strength of a hollow body, such as a sphere, imply that, if scaled up too far, it would collapse under its own weight unless its walls were thickened, which would raise the cost of its construction. Hence, economies of scale in this case would ultimately be limited to less than implied by the 2/3 “power rule”, although in many cases the volume would nevertheless increase less than in proportion with the amount, and hence cost, of the material used in its construction. Geometric economies of scale are to be found in a wide range of capital items important to India’s economy – ranging from blast furnaces to engines to ships – and they stand to be quantitatively important not only in the manufacturing sector, but also in a much wider range of economic activities, from food processing to transport to brewing. However, there are many other ways of achieving economies of scale, including purchasing (bulk buying of materials through long-term contracts); managerial (increasing the specialisation of managers); financial (access to greater financing at lower cost) and marketing (spreading the cost of advertising over a wider range of output). In the 19th century United States, for example, the combination of the newly developed railway and the telegraph increased substantially the size of the market available to many industries, for which access had hitherto been circumscribed by technological limits, making it difficult to exploit small local markets efficiently. Thus, industries as diverse as cigarettes, light machinery, electrical equipment, metal manufacturing, oil refining, rubber, glass, aluminium and steel all grew fast in the latter half of the century, giving rise to considerable economies of scale in the process.26 An example in India is Tata Steel, a fully integrated steel firm with strong backward and forward linkages. With the acquisition of NatSteel, Millennium Steel and – most recently – Corus, it has catapulted itself to the world’s fifth largest producer from a rank of 56 before these deals. In addition to increased physical returns to scale, Tata Steel also benefits from bigger economic returns to scale arising from greater access to low-cost raw material, a larger customer base, global distribution networks and a full array of end-to-end steel products. (See Box 6: Economies of scale: a case study of the Tata group). Accordingly, while constant-price perpetual-inventory capital stock series of the sort widely compiled by statisticians (in India as in most other economies) may measure reasonably accurately the (constant price) value of resources devoted to capital formation, they cannot be taken as even reasonably indicative of the rate of growth of the capacity afforded by that capital stock.27
26 27
Based on Chandler, A.D. (1990), as cited by Lipsey, R.G. (2000). In addition, there are serious theoretical reasons why such a measure of the capital stock cannot be used in a production function – and hence “growth accounting” – analysis.
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castings and forgings. Tata Steel initially focused on the domestic market but then exported its brands to Nepal. reducing average unit costs. reducing marketing costs and giving it large economies of scope.■ October 2007 29 . The company has integrated operations right from iron ore mines (upstream linkage) to finished highvalue-added steel products (downstream linkage). on the other hand. utility (UV) and passenger vehicle segments. Tata Steel. Sri Lanka and the Middle East before following the acquisition route. According to World Steel Dynamics. The firm acquired Millennium Steel (Thailand) in 2005. the company has become a one-stop steel shop with large economies of scale. Tata Motors was founded in 1945. Bringing economies into play through upstream and downstream linkages Tata Motors uses a common platform for manufacturing its car brands Indica and Indigo. The company has high levels of indigenisation. Today. while the joint venture with HV Axles and HV Transmissions manufactures axles and gearboxes for its medium and heavy commercial vehicles. refers to the cost savings which a firm can achieve by widening its product range in such a way that its existing infrastructure or distribution network can be shared among products. and the acquisition of NatSteel Singapore gave it access to NatSteel’s assets in seven countries. Its upstream and downstream integration plans include the development of a deep-sea port in Orissa. with revenues of US$5. its joint venture with Cummins USA supplies Tata with Cummins engines. spacious and fuel efficient car market. Tata Steel is the least-cost producer of steel globally – as it has both upstream and downstream linkages. This has helped it to establish itself in both the personal and commercial car segment. it is the largest private-sector steel player in India. Today. In India. even for the export markets. The firm has tied up with Andhra Bank to leverage its wider branch networks and to finance sales in the rural and semi-urban markets. Increasing domestic volumes Volume is critical to scale economies. Economies of scale refer to the cost savings which a firm can achieve when rising volume of production reduces its average unit cost. thereby increasing scale economies and efficiency. It has also created a large dealer network of around 140 outlets. a powerful example of a group which has taken advantage of economies of scale and scope is the Tata group and. Achieving economies of scale is one of the key drivers of consolidation. The company has also managed to negotiate for superior quality components at competitive prices. Economies of scope. Tata Motors and Tata Steel. Furthermore. as well as low-cost inputs. which helps it to save on import duties.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 6: Economies of scale: A case study of the Tata group Global inroads via strategic tie-ups and the creation of upstream and downstream linkages are key to scale and scope economies. strategic tie-ups and cost reduction techniques. giving it scale economies. With the acquisition of Corus. giving it large economies of scope.5bn in FY06. Jharkhand and Orissa. which gives it greater access to export markets because it can utilise the South American Fiat plants to manufacture and sell cars. it is India’s largest fully integrated automaker. Making global inroads through strategic tie-ups Tata Motors has followed the joint venture and acquisition route to increase its scale globally. This helps the firm to shift between product lines. Both companies have achieved economies of scale through a combination of consolidation. The company has pitched itself at the low-cost. Tata Steel was established in 1907. which it distributes from its 115 distribution centres. body panels. and in-house has developed engines. Tata Motors has garnered volume through reduced manufacturing costs. has increased volumes by expanding greenfield capacity in the mine-rich states of Chattisgarh. It tied up with Rover Plc of the UK to help it market Indica. making long and flat products. Tata Steel has access to Corus’s customers and distribution network across geographies. Tata Motors has used its strategic tie-ups to complement business and build supply chain. gearboxes. at 95%. Tata Motors also has a strategic tie-up with Fiat in a joint venture. within it. on the other hand. For instance. The company operates in commercial (CV).
000 in purchasing power parity terms) at which demand for consumer durables and services – such as mobile phone – takes off (Figure 27). Buoyant activity in India is boosting the government’s coffers and lowering the general government fiscal deficit to a decade low (see Chapter 4: Macro management). This has two effects: first. and investment. Rising investment. that nearly 60% of its workforce is still in the countryside and that half of its population is under 25 years old. it reduces the crowding-out of private investment that can come when higher deficits push up interest rates. This is very different from the situation in the mid-1990s. Demand has accelerated because personal annual income is reaching the critical threshold of around US$1. leaving firms saddled with excess capacity. A second virtuous spiral relates to fiscal policy. during the recent acceleration.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Virtuous dynamics Probably the most critical of all the limitations of the static growth accounting framework is that it fails to capture key dynamic interactions that evolve during an economy’s growth acceleration. These virtuous dynamics are playing a fundamental role in India’s take-off. This is boosting consumption through wealth effects. This combination is attracting substantial capital inflows into the country. By contrast. has been accelerating as a result of the opening of the economy. Capacity utilisation rate across sectors Overall Auto ancillaries Cars Cement Crude oil Food & beverage 2000-2004 2005-2006 120 80 Pharma Shipping Steel Textiles 40 0 Mar-97 40 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03 Mar-05 Mar-07 60 80 % 100 120 Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. second. imbues firms with the confidence to increase investment (Figure 28). low external debt. capital account liberalisation and relatively sound economic fundamentals. giving rise to a virtuous spiral of growth leading to capital inflow and in turn to more growth. including high foreign exchange reserves. A third dynamic interaction involves India’s high growth. Both factors have augmented the virtuous cycle of private investment growing with government expenditure. NCAER and Lehman Brothers. October 2007 30 . when firms made large investments to boost capacity. Domestic demand did not accelerate significantly and export growth remained lacklustre. and. Source: CRIS INFAC.000. 12m rolling sum 160 Figure 28. Indian demand growth – both domestic consumption and exports – has risen in line with that of supply. it helps channel a greater share of government revenues into infrastructure spending. thereby boosting the productivity of private investments. One virtuous spiral has involved a synchronous rise in supply and demand. The rise in demand pushes capacity to its maximum and.000 (or US$4. huge potential remains to be unlocked. This is particularly the case for India. Supply. Rising mobile phone subscribers Millions. meanwhile. helping to finance investment and buoy asset markets. crucially. And given that India’s GDP per capita has risen to about US$1. small current account deficit and healthy financial and corporate sectors. Figure 27. raises the incomes of workers who can then buy the additional goods which the economy has the capacity to produce. in turn. anticipating a post-liberalisation driven domestic demand which failed to materialise.
We also look at the unfinished reforms in the critical areas of financial sector development. Accordingly.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Bottom line Whether or not this “unlocking” occurs. foreign trade and investment liberalisation. and market competition. however. October 2007 31 . the chapter also considers the political challenge which implementation of these policies may imply. a consideration of the contribution of which forms the subject of the next chapter. macro management. Success in implementing reforms requires that politics do not get in the way. will depend on further supply-side reform. hard and soft infrastructure building.
US$bn France UK Figure 29. Scarpetta and Hemmings.000 2. Levine.000 417 46 5. CEIC.Private Total financial assets 802 88 Asia ex-Japan US$bn % GDP 5. channelling savings to the most productive investments.000 HK Canada Germany China 326 305 21 36 34 2 3. thereby increasing the productivity of capital. But in recent decades a consensus has been emerging from more sophisticated empirical studies at the cross-country.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CHAPTER 4: INDIA’S RECENT GROWTH ACCELERATION – THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF REFORMS Introduction This chapter discusses India’s policies. development of the financial sector could add 1.000 Equity mkt.545 170 14. highlighting the key areas which India must focus on to stay on its new.976 118 3.000 3. 1912).307 1. A positive relationship between financial development and growth has long been recognised in the economic literature (Schumpeter. 1999. ADB. Source: World Bank.0-1. capitalisation. reforms and politics.000 Nominal GDP. Tsuru. Rajan and Zingales. 1998. 2001. A solid and well-functioning financial sector is a powerful engine of economic growth. and Favara.983 1. However. while early empirical work established that financial development and economic growth occurred in tandem. October 2007 32 . higher growth trajectory with the potential to raise it further. CEIC. Such studies demonstrate that financial development can spur economic growth through various channels including by: • Increasing the efficiency whereby savings are mobilised – through increased consumer access to finance – and allocated to the most productive investments.000 Source: Bank for International Settlements. Bassanini. The size of the financial sector in 2006 India US$bn % GDP Equity market capitalisation Private loans outstanding Domestic bonds outstanding .000 India Taiwan Brazil S. industry and firm levels that financial development is an important contributor to economic growth (Levine and Zervos. 2000. Figure 30.324 66 39 26 1.687 113 2. World Bank. US$bn 4. Khan and Senhadji.5 percentage points to long-term GDP growth. Korea Turkey Italy 0 1. 1998. IMF. Equity market capitalisation in 2006 4.970 297 0 1. World Federation of Exchanges members. and Lehman Brothers. 1952).Public . We focus on five main areas: • • • • • Developing the financial sector Macro management Foreign trade and investment Economies of scale and competition Growth and governance – the political challenge DEVELOPING THE FINANCIAL SECTOR On our estimates. World Federation of Exchanges members. and Lehman Brothers. 2003). 2000. there was no strong evidence of a causal relationship (Robinson.
most notably perhaps the virtual absence of a corporate bond market. Until recently. the capital account is now largely convertible. 28 To compensate for the lack of finance in rural areas there have been some innovative microfinance approaches. i. which have thereby been “crowding out” the availability of funds lendable to the private sector. Further broadening and deepening of the financial sector offers enormous potential for India to develop into a main financial hub in Asia. it is at the cutting edge of software technology and English is widely spoken in the major cities. with trades settled in just two working days.e. banks tend to have short-term liabilities – with the result that buying long-term government bonds exposes them to interest rate risk when. India’s National Stock Exchange is now the world’s third largest. India’s equity market capitalisation was 88% of GDP in 2006. To build on this platform. liberalising capital inflows and strengthening the regulatory bodies – and the economy is reaping the benefits. which is a very low ratio by international standards (Figure 31). Nevertheless. India’s main stock exchanges boast world-class electronic trading and settlement systems. after NASDAQ and NYSE. banks typically specialise in credit risk. the pension and insurance systems have yet to be developed. not charity). Banks are currently obliged to maintain a minimum Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) of 25%.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for • • • • • Reducing the cost of raising debt and equity capital. Not Charity”). strip out India’s vibrant equity market and large government bond market and the financial sector looks much smaller. Large gaps remain. India already has many of the preconditions: domestic savings are rising. Facilitating the trading. which in fact is one of the oldest in the world – the Bombay Stock exchange was founded in 1875. The biggest success by far has been its equity market. banks have held government securities well in excess of the SLR requirement. The banks have to finance the government’s large budget deficits. diversifying and pooling of financial risk. especially important in the presence of large and potentially volatile capital flows.3tr in 1994 to US$1. which is high relative to other countries at a similar stage of economic development (Figure 30). Reducing the risk of financial crises. After all. helping to explain why private loans outstanding comprise about 45% of GDP. in most other countries.6tr in 2006 (Figure 29). We estimate that the total size of India’s financial sector increased from US$0. remain largely excluded from access to formal finance (see Box 7: Microfinance – a serious business. notably SMEs and rural households. thereby reducing uncertainty. The gaps India has made substantial reforms to its financial sector since 1991 – including deregulating interest rates. 25% of total bank deposits must be invested in government debt and other approved securities.28 Moreover. in terms of the number of transactions per year.. Substantial segments of India’s economy. and Enhancing the efficiency of monetary policy by increasing the number of channels – and the speed – whereby changes in interest rates affect the economy. and helping consumers to smooth their consumption over their lifetime. we see the following three core reforms as top priorities: Government crowding out banks. However. hedging. Encouraging new business start-ups and innovation. the reach of microfinance institutions has been modest and is an unlikely substitute for an efficient formal financial sector (see Box 7: Microfinance – “A Serious Business. October 2007 33 .
such as microcredit. One way or the other microfinance in India looks set to continue to grow and. rather than bigger “enterprise credit” to help lenders start income-generating businesses capable of lifting them out of poverty. “…banks loan money through multi-finance institutions. growth of the sector also begs questions over regulation (for which there is currently no responsible agency). Nevertheless. to quote from Ms Yee’s 15 November 2006 article (from which this box borrows its title): “Large banks are increasingly viewing microfinance as serious business rather than altruistic works and are providing loan capital to groups such as SKS. clear targeting of clients and ensuring that banks linked to SHGs price loans at cost-covering levels. he believes. The Financial Times. The World Bank (see Basu and Srivastava. microsavings or microinsurance to poor people. Around 70% of India’s population still lacks a bank account and returns on equity (ROE) in the microfinance industry are around 23% (despite interest rates which significantly undercut those charged by traditional money lenders).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 7: Microfinance – “A Serious Business. more training for local partners and diversification of services (e. Reflecting the concentration of micro-financiers in the south of the country – in particular Andhra Pradesh. 10 November 2006).g. to the point where – according to Dr Vikram Akula. CEO of Hyderabad-based SKS Microfinance and winner of several awards for his work in this field – the total market for microfinance in India now stands at around US$2bn. Dr Akula underlines that the rapid expansion of the microfinance sector is a reflection of the fact that: “People are dying for an opportunity. In the current decade India’s microfinance industry has taken off. ■ October 2007 34 . the international NGO CARE and the Ford Foundation called for greater transparency. Above all. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu – independent experts estimate that microfinance services are still only available to around 20% of India’s 75m households living around the poverty line.000. It remains to be seen whether this will take the form of an industry-generated code of conduct or whether the government will bring in formal regulation. are willing to pay for – two services in particular: private education for their children and healthcare. SKS alone has disbursed more than US$92m since its launch in 1998 and has a 98% on-time repayment rate from a total client base which is now around 700. A report commissioned last year by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). According to Amy Yee in one of a series of articles on microfinance published in The Financial Times last year. they are eligible for a bank loan of up to four times that amount.” Ms Yee adds that there are now about 800 such institutions with an estimated loan portfolio of US$347m. increasingly. scope for further growth of the sector is huge. “…groups of about a dozen women in a village pool their savings. After several months of managing and disbursing their money. 2005) suggests that for the SHG bank linkage to be scaled-up further requires “promotion of high quality SHGs that are sustainable. In the “self-help group (SHG)” model which has grown almost tenfold in the past five years and which now applies to over 31m families.” Although the industry appears to have worked well to date. into pensions and insurance). comparable to the economy’s overall growth story. development consultant Dr Prabhu Ghate. And now venture capital firms are taking equity stakes in microfinance groups to take them to the next level. they are “hungry” for – and.” In the second model. It is hardly surprising therefore that. Microfinance is the practice of providing financial services. the extent to which it can provide the diverse range of services which Indians will increasingly seek as they emerge from poverty remains to be seen. pronounced himself “reasonably confident that [microfinance] will… make a dent on financial inclusion in the next 10 years”. Not Charity” Microfinance in India is attracting the interest of major financial institutions but has yet to diversify beyond simple loans.. they don’t want hand-outs – they don’t mind paying interest. although the author of last year’s report. to attract business-based investment from major financial institutions.” In a third article Ms Yee notes the two “core models” of microfinance to be found in India. they just want to get on with running businesses”. based in nearly half of India’s states (see “Farmers’ Small Loans Cultivate Knowledge”. Despite the boost of the past decade or so. usually non-governmental organisations with a track record for rural development work. if they have the means. Furthermore. many loans still amount to “subsistence credit” (the average loan size is just US$90).
3%. Caprio and Levine.100 Australia Taiwan Turkey S. US$bn 4. CEIC. given that equity and debt markets play different roles. Public sector banks tend to be less motivated by profit maximisation than are their private counterparts. Banks are reluctant to fill this vacuum. it being the case that Indian companies issue debt securities of much longer maturities than the average bank deposit: instead Indian banks are turning their attention to retail lending. Malaysia. Without a well developed bond market. and Lehman Brothers. Private loans outstanding in 2006 4. with debt outstanding equal to just 2-3% of GDP (Figure 32). accounting for 75% of the assets. A diverse domestic pool of institutional investors has yet to emerge. US$bn 4. World Bank.200 Canada Italy France 600 S. being prone to political influence and moral hazard problems. Singapore and the United States Figure 31. be gradually phased out or at least reduced substantially.000 Nominal GDP. and there are tight controls on portfolio allocation. Without a developed corporate bond market India’s financial sector risks becoming unbalanced.000 Source: IMF. The margin between lending and deposit rates for India’s state-owned banks is 6.200 3.000 2. US$bn UK Figure 32. and Barth.300 Nominal GDP.000 3. CEIC. The corporate bond market can provide a stable source of finance when investors perceive risk to be high and the equity markets are volatile. Source: Bank for International Settlements. Dominance of public sector banks. and Lehman Brothers. To sustain India’s nascent boom in business investment. time consuming. there is strong international evidence that such dominance retards financial development and growth (Hauner. ADB. By international standards ─ and also in relation to its stage of financial development ─ India’s private bond market is immature. Public offerings are costly. exposing themselves both to refinancing and to exchange rate risks. companies have to roll over short-term debt and increase their borrowings overseas. because of the assetliability mismatch which it creates on their balance sheets.200 Italy France Germany 3.400 Private loans outstanding. Yet. World Bank. compared with an average of 3.400 0 0 India 1. and involve many disclosure requirements. To promote bank lending the SLR should. which will be easier if the government continues to make good progress in reducing its budget deficit.300 China Germany 900 2. Korea Australia UK Canada Brazil China 1. Underdeveloped corporate bond market. There is virtually no market for corporate bonds below investment grade. 2006. long the traditional source of long-term finance for Indian companies.1% in Korea. loan growth has been strong as banks have drawn down their excess holdings of government securities to the point where they are now close to the minimum SLR requirement. expect high growth and want a share in the expected growth potential. a deep and liquid corporate bond market is urgently needed to fill the gap left by the declining role of development financial institutions. Private domestic bonds outstanding in 2006 Private bonds outstanding. Firms issue debt more readily when investors demand a relatively safe instrument with a strong commitment to pay out. however. Korea 300 Taiwan Turkey India 0 0 1. in our judgement. US$bn 1. A firm issues equity when investors have an appetite for risk. The public sector still dominates India’s banking industry. October 2007 35 .100 2. India’s corporate sector needs a healthy debt-equity mix. 2000).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for In recent years.
fiscal discipline. they tend to grow much faster than nominal GDP. the momentum could become selfsustaining. promoting mutual funds and further relaxing restrictions on foreign institutional investors. a large number of public sector banks need to be privatised. To develop the corporate bond market. October 2007 36 . To increase competition and strengthen the banking sector. Implementation. strong regulatory and supervisory bodies. The government-appointed Patil Committee has submitted clear recommendations on how to develop the corporate bond market. • Huge potential If India’s financial sector is developed further. India already has many of the necessary preconditions for developing a corporate bond market including: large private companies. credit default swaps and debt securitisation. 2006). fiscal consolidation is making headway – the general government deficit-to-GDP ratio is at its lowest in a decade – which is increasing government savings.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for (Farrell and others. Capital is what Indian banks need to meet the stricter Basel II norms in FY09. is complicated because many of the reforms are interdependent and therefore require careful sequencing. respectively. Moreover. all of which help attract even greater investment. We see little reason why the success of India’s equity market cannot be replicated in its corporate bond market. Domestically. priority must attach to attracting institutional investors which requires developing the insurance and pension systems. market-determined interest rates. the economy needs an efficient financial sector. For example: • • For banks to focus less on financing public debt and more on their lending to the private sector. a benchmark government yield curve. This is partly because. which have more than quadrupled since 2001 to US$236bn in mid September 2007. such as derivative products. experienced credit rating agencies. Only ten of the 27 publicly owned banks were fully computerised by March 2006. India’s capital account has already been significantly liberalised – more so than many other countries at a similar stage of economic development. which spurs economies of scale and product innovation to manage risk. 2007). while the central bankappointed Tarapore Committee has unveiled an equally clear road map for fuller capital account convertibility (see Boxes 8 and 9). and. with robust economic growth. the government must maintain a prudent fiscal policy. if the recommendations made by the Patil and Tarapore committees are implemented. the macro preconditions seem ripe for a “big bang” in India’s financial sector development. In this context. they tend to attract greater investment. The proposals aim at enhancing liquidity in the corporate bond market and encouraging greater two-way movement of capital. once financial sectors take off. sound monetary policy and a not-too-large current account deficit. as financial sectors develop. The average age of employees in Indian public sector banks is 45 years plus compared to about 25 for the overall population (Mohan. however. and a sound regulatory framework. and To liberalise the capital account further. International experience has been that. The way forward There is a broad agreement in India on what needs to be done to develop the financial sector further. India is attracting substantial foreign investment. judging from its foreign exchange reserves. reducing the government’s stake to less than 51% in public sector banks will go a long way to reducing the capital deficiency and preparing for the competitive pressures likely to build from the entry of foreign banks in 2009. commodity market exchanges. This leads to new markets.
Limits for investment abroad should be raised from the existing 300% of net worth to 400% in FY10-FY11 (note: the RBI raised this limit to 400% of net worth on 25 September 2007. a net non-performing asset ratio of 5% or less (currently 1. by having a monitoring band of +/-5% around the neutral (not defined) real effective exchange rate.000 in FY10-FY11. New participatory notes should be banned and existing P-notes should be phased out. the current overall limit for overseas investments is US$4bn. this should be changed to a limit of 15% of fresh issuance per year in FY08-FY09 and 25% in FY10-FY11. Residents (individuals): The current limit of US$100. avoiding a prolonged overvalued exchange rate. Recommendations Residents (companies): The current limit of US$22bn for external commercial borrowings (ECB) should be gradually raised (ECBs of over seven year maturity should have no ceiling from FY08-FY09). Its recommendations were unveiled in July 2006 in the form of a roadmap over a five-year period. (note: limit was raised to US$200. there is near-zero convertibility…as regards residents. infrastructure and retail trade (for details. with an aggregate ceiling for NRI investments of 10%. ahead of schedule. strengthening the banks and legal system. for non-resident Indians (NRIs) there is approximately an equal amount of convertibility. NRIs can invest in individual companies on the stock market up to 5% of the paid-up value of the company or the value of the convertible debenture. or US$50m). Non-residents (financial institutions): Portfolio investment is permitted to entities registered as foreign institutional investors (FIIs).4%).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 8: Recommendations on capital account convertibility The second Tarapore Committee (TC) was formed in March 2006 (the first presented its recommendations in May 1997) to explore fuller capital account convertibility.) Non-residents (companies): FDI is permitted in most sectors but with limits in some such as finance. FIIs are currently subject to a ceiling of US$3. there is a reasonable amount of convertibility. (note: the limit for mutual funds was raised to US$5bn in September 2007 and the individual limit set by the SEBI was raised to US$300m). Non-residents other than Indians should also be allowed to invest in the stock market through mutual funds and portfolio management schemes. subject to a ceiling of 10% for each FII. For investment in debt instruments.000 on 25 September 2007.) The limit per corporate for automatic approval (currently US$500m per year or US$750m. the capital restrictions are clearly more stringent than for non-residents.1%). The limit should be raised to US$5bn in FY10-FY11. up until FY11. broadcasting. and avoiding high levels of debt. the Finance Ministry on 7 August 2007. Non-residents (individuals): NRIs are currently permitted rupee and foreign currency special bank deposit facilities with tax benefits. see Appendix 9). Residents (financial institutions): The current limit for bank borrowing from overseas banks is 50% of unimpaired Tier 1 capital. Raising funds in India by issuing rupee-denominated bonds should be broadened to corporates and financial institutions. having well developed capital markets.2bn for government debt. other than NRIs. If ECB is denominated in rupees (and payable in foreign currency) it should be excluded from the limits. FIIs are currently subject to a ceiling of US$1. For non-resident individuals. especially of short-term maturity. but should be raised to 75% in FY08-FY09 and 100% in FY10-FY11. this should be changed to a limit of 6% of total gross issuance per year in FY07. subject to an overall ceiling which can gradually be raised. but small relaxation has been undertaken in the recent period. but one accompanied by severe procedural and regulatory impediments. well ahead of schedule). Non-residents other than Indians should also have access to these deposit facilities but with no tax advantages. inflation within 3-5% (currently 3. Until recently. A summary follows: Current status: The 2006 TC described the situation as follows: “…for foreign corporates and foreign institutions. and individual limits should be removed. Regulations and procedures for FDI should be streamlined and liberalised. FX reserves sufficient to cover six months of imports (currently 13 months). restricted that ECB of over US$20m will be permitted only for foreign currency expenditure. a current account deficit no higher than 3% of GDP (currently -1. (note: subsequent to this recommendation. Companies should be allowed to invest in the Indian equity market through mutual funds and portfolio management schemes.■ October 2007 37 . or US$10m. but only after the RBI’s approval. with individual ceilings decided by SEBI (usually 10% of net asset value. 8% in FY08-FY09 and 10% in FY10-FY11.5bn for corporate debt.5%). Currently. Furthermore resident corporates face a relatively more liberal regime than resident individuals. with the funds channelled through bank accounts in India.” Preconditions and sequencing: The TC-recommended preconditions for capital account liberalisation include: a central fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP or less (currently 3. if average maturity is more than ten years) should be raised to US$1bn in FY10-FY11.1%).000 per person per year for overseas financial transfers should be raised to US$200. For mutual funds. resident individuals faced a virtual ban on capital outflow. while ECBs under US$20m can be used for rupee expenditure.
SEBI should issue guidelines providing wide dissemination of information to help create an efficient market. Retail investors should be encouraged to participate in the market through stock exchanges and mutual funds. particularly for infrastructure bonds. Enhancing the issuer base Stamp duty on partly secured and unsecured debentures should be made uniform across all states and should be linked to the tenure of the securities. Banks should be allowed to issue bonds of maturities of over five years for asset-liability management purposes ─ and not only for the infrastructure sector as at present. It should be made mandatory for the issuer to have the privately placed bonds listed within seven days of the date of allotment.25%). The investment ceiling on foreign institutional investors should be raised. and to facilitate clearing and settlement and price discovery (note: subsequent to this recommendation. including credit ratings. provident and gratuity funds and insurance companies. similar to the norms applicable to public issues. the interest rate derivatives market is confined to the over-the-counter market. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) should encourage the growth and development of professional trustee companies. A centralised database needs to be created for all bonds issued by companies. A press release should be made public whenever there is a default by a corporate. Debenture trustees should ensure that information on credit rating downgrades is made available to all investors. A trading reporting system needs to be developed to capture all information related to trading corporate bonds as accurately and as close to execution as possible.500) to enable better access for smaller investors. to make recommendations on how to develop the corporate bond market. disclosure requirements should be substantially abridged so that incremental disclosures are needed only when they approach the market for a fresh issue. under the chairmanship of Dr R. either to the public or through private placement. The government could underwrite some of the tranches to enhance the credit rating. foreign institutional investors. For unlisted companies issuing bonds to institutional investors. The minimum market lot criteria of INR1m (about US$25. including compliance reports. the government set up a high level committee. debenture trustees and stock exchanges.■ 38 • • • October 2007 . • Creating a more efficient secondary market • • Efficient market-making needs to be encouraged. should be made public and put on the websites of the companies.H. currently proposed at 0. The time and cost of public issuance and the disclosure and listing requirements for private placements should be reduced and simplified. with only a handful of participants). pension. Patil. with an overall cap (note: subsequent to this recommendation the state finance secretaries have agreed to a common stamp duty. • • • • • • • • • Creating a more efficient primary market For listed companies. which have long been pending (note: currently.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 9: Recommendations on developing the corporate bond market In July 2005.000) for trading in corporate bonds at the stock exchanges should be reduced to INR100. the disclosure requirements should be stringent. Steps should be taken to introduce the revised and approved exchange-traded interest rate derivative products. corporate debt transactions have started to be reported on the stock exchanges) Banks and other institutions should be given the freedom to set up inter-dealer electronic broking platforms to facilitate over-the-counter deals. The tax-deduction-at-source rules for corporate bonds should be similar to those applicable to government securities. All information.000 (about US$2. for example by allowing repos in corporate bonds. The committee submitted its key recommendations to the government in December 2005: Enhancing the investor base • • • • Restrictions should be relaxed on the scope of investments in rated corporate bonds by banks.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The area which remains largely untapped – and hence offers the most potential. given that 80% of India’s 1. with half its population still under 25 (and 40% under the age of 18). in our view).1bn population has no insurance coverage and that 88% of the workforce does not contribute to pension schemes. This could potentially lift India’s gross domestic saving ratio from an estimated 34% in FY07 to over 40% by 2025. provided the young workforce is well trained and healthy (Figure 34). too.6tr (170% of GDP) in 2006. as we believe it could. 2004). World Bank. we regard this as a lower-bound.4tr. A similar relationship obtains in India. World Bank.525 R2 = 0. the economy would approximately double in size by 2012 to about US$2tr. (inverted) rhs % 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 35 China Japan Korea y = -0. Domestic savings against falling dependency ratios in China. by international standards India’s financial sector remains under-developed relative to the size of its economy (Figure 35). Empirically. Korea and Japan during 1960-2006 45 Gross savings (% of GDP) Figure 34. If India presses ahead with financial reforms – such as privatising the banks. And here. in our view – is private savings. particularly as they move into their most productive years and as the need to support their young dependents lessens (Bloom and Canning. there is strong evidence of a demographic dividend effect on savings. we estimate that the total size of the financial sector has grown from US$0. In turn – assuming (conservatively. a constant ratio of financial sector to GDP – India’s financial sector could grow to US$3. Developing India’s pension and insurance systems will be key to mobilising household savings. equity market capitalisation and domestic bonds outstanding. If India sustained its recent pace of economic growth. India’s dependency ratio is projected to fall from 60 now to 48 by 2025. India’s domestic savings and dependency ratio % GDP 45 40 Gross domestic saving. Source: United Nations. and Lehman Brothers. conservative estimate. CEIC. October 2007 39 . Economic theory on the “demographic dividend” associated with the transition from high to low fertility and mortality rates highlights the large pool of potentially employable labour of working age and the potential for high saving rates by these workers. While that is undoubtedly impressive.3tr (83% of GDP) in 1994 to US$1. CEIC. Lehman Brothers’ projections Combining India’s private loans outstanding. and Lehman Brothers. Moreover. lhs Dependency ratio*.4157x + 55. there is enormous potential. developing the corporate bond market and further liberalising the capital account – its financial asset-to-GDP ratio Figure 33. and. In Japan. Korea and China the decline in dependency ratios – the sum of people aged 0-14 and over 65 divided by those aged 15-64 – has correlated strongly with a rise in the (gross) saving-to-GDP ratio (Figure 33).658 35 30 25 20 15 10 1960 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 Dependency ratio (population aged under 15 and over 64 as a % share of the remaning population) * The dependency ratio is calculated as the population aged under 15 and ov er 64 as a % share of the remaining population Source: US Census Bureau.
with values ranging from 0. Mumbai needs to be developed into one of the world’s financial hubs. at US$20.■ Figure 35.000 600 Nominal GDP. or US$6.0086. while encouraging.5pp.0058 to 0. the coefficient on the financial asset-to-GDP variable is positively signed and statistically significant under the three different methods.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for should be able to rise to at least the “line of best fit” in Figure 35: and that would put the size of India’s financial sector by 2012 at 343% of GDP. it could raise its long-run GDP growth by 1. These results suggest. should be treated cautiously.5tr. However. and Lehman Brothers. if it can raise its financial asset-to-GDP ratio by 173 percentage points (343-170) to the line of best fit. ADB. We have undertaken this using panel data for the period 1995-2006 for the twenty countries depicted in Figure 34 (see Box 10: Estimating the impact of financial development on economic growth).000 HK S. World Bank.0-1. This will require India taking further steps to leverage its considerable comparative advantages. and “hard” infrastructure development and the ability to draw on India’s world-class ICT-industry on which the finance industry depends heavily to disseminate information speedily. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. IMF. US$bn 100 FY91 FY94 FY97 FY00 FY03 FY06 Source: Bank for International Settlements. The banking and insurance sectors have certainly been growing faster than the overall economy. CEIC. simply because the size of their financial sectors. Our results.000 0 0 200 150 India 1.29 It is no easy task to estimate the economic benefits which flow from India’s rapidly growing financial sector.000 Size of financial sector. broadly. that each one-percentage-point (pp) increase in the financial asset-toGDP stands to boosts long-run GDP growth by 0.200 1. this implies that.400 3. GDP growth is the most endogenous of economic variables and there is also likely some reverse causality from GDP growth to financial sector development. we believe India has enormous potential to lift its financial asset-to-GDP ratio above the line of best fit and get an even bigger GDP growth bang out of the financial development buck.800 2.9tr in today’s prices. India’s GDP: total and financial sector output FY90 = 100 450 400 Germany 8. That said. 29 Note: for this calculation we included the data points for Japan and the US. To achieve this.000 6. An alternative approach is to estimate empirically the relationship between GDP growth and financial development.000 Canada France Banking and insurance sector output Real GDP 350 300 250 Italy China 4.006-0. which are not included in Figure 35. Korea Brazil Turkey 2. For India. World Federation of Exchanges members. including: the scope to attract considerable talent from and/or deepen interaction with its diaspora in financial institutions worldwide. October 2007 40 . After all.1tr and US$49. but this is a very narrow measure of the financial sector and it gauges only the direct effects (Figure 36). English-language skills. The size of financial sectors in 2006 10. are off the chart. US$bn UK Figure 36.009pp.
25 t-statistic 8.e.31 3. The regression was estimated for 1995-2006 (making for 240 annual observations). Our results in Figure 37 are consistent with most of the empirical evidence. That said. 2000).0 4.0086 0. The studies are generally based on regression analysis for a large cross-section of countries. with a t-value which is statistically significant at the 5% probability level.7 t-statistic 8.0058 -0.g. Regression 2: country dummies Coefficient 5.50 t-statistic 9. Indeed.e.77 0.29 1. First.8 2. the large body of empirical evidence – including some studies which have taken a more microeconomic approach (e.69 0. We expanded on this in three ways.g. we added individual year dummies to isolate year-specific developments (e. X is a set of control variables. that faster economic growth leads to financial development. using panel data for the 20 countries highlighted in Figure 34.02 1. We ran a simple regression of real GDP growth against total financial assets (measured as the sum of loans outstanding. FD is an indicator of financial depth. political instability).0075 -0. which is counterintuitive. but also that financial development has no effect on growth.2 -6. The ordinary least squares regressions were run using White-consistent standard errors and covariance to correct for heteroskedasticity.0001 0.00002 0.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 10: Estimating the impact of financial development on economic growth A substantial body of empirical work has tested the relationship between financial development and economic growth (a good survey of the literature is provided in Khan and Senhadji. a common problem associated with panel data. 1996) – cannot be dismissed on the basis of this premise alone. Estimating the relationship between the ratio of financial assets to GDP and GDP growth Regression 1 Coefficient Constant Financial assets/GDP GDP per capita R-squared SE of regression Durbin-Watson statistic Source: Lehman Brothers.12 3. positive). which finds a strong and statistically significant relationship between financial development and economic growth. Second. Rajan and Zingales. While this argument carries some weight. it would amount to assuming not only that growth affects financial development.55 2.6 3. the coefficient on the financial asset-to-GDP variable is “correctly” signed (i..5 0.4 -2. the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack).g. ■ Figure 37. The basic equation we have investigated has the following form: Yi = α + βFDi + δXi + ei Where: Yi is the rate of real GDP growth of country I. In all three methods. e is the error term.34 0.0002 0.4 Regression 3: country and year dummies Coefficient 6. which is realistic.52 2. we added GDP per capita as an explanatory variable to “control” for the different stages of economic development of each country. Third. we added dummy variables for each country to isolate country-specific shocks (e.53 October 2007 41 .0 2. it can be argued that the relationship reflects reverse causality – i. government and corporate bonds and equity market capitalisation) as a share of GDP.
The traditional argument is that large budget deficits and high public debt crowd out private investment. 1996). has been steadily brought down from above 10% (Figure 38). households may tend to increase their precautionary saving rather than spend. High inflation also creates so-called “menu costs” whereby sellers have to spend more time and resources revising their prices. the volatility of growth and inflation has fallen (Figure 39). which generates uncertainty. Moreover. October 2007 42 . significant periods. obviating the need for monetary policy to tighten to the point of inducing recession and thereby damaging growth. and inflation expectations have ebbed. 2001). 1990). Lax fiscal policy crowds out private investment. The volatility of India’s growth and inflation Standard deviation 10 Rolling five-year standard deviation of annual grow th in the: GDP grow th GDP deflator 8 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 FY55 Real GDP GDP deflator Wholesale price index FY68 FY81 FY94 FY07 6 4 2 0 FY63 FY74 FY85 FY96 FY07 Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. Inflation bursts have been tamed. 1998). Worsening fiscal finances can also raise the risk premium perceived by foreign investors and can lead to sovereign credit rating downgrades. Inflation. India’s macro policy performance has improved. ceteris paribus (Bassanini and Scarpetta.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for MACRO MANAGEMENT Macro-economic policies have improved. thereby hindering investment (Ball and Cecchetti. and it can reduce the credibility of monetary policy. Figure 38. Prudent macro policies and sound institutions are key ingredients to sustaining strong economic growth. raising long-run inflation expectations. and it is typically correlated with higher variability in inflation. If firms expect economic crises to be frequent. meanwhile. Some argue that large governments are also negative for growth. It can increase distortions created by non-indexed features of the tax system (Feldstein. India’s macro policies From a long-run perspective. There have been no GDP declines – which have been big in the past – since the late 1970s. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. as government departments tend to be less driven by competition and the profit motive and so can be less efficient in allocating resources (Folster and Henrekson. A study of OECD countries estimated that a reduction by 1 percentage point (pp) in the standard deviation in inflation could lead to an increase in long-run output per capita by 2pp. Similarly. GDP growth has risen and become more stable. they will hesitate to invest in order to expand capacity for fear of being saddled with unused capacity for frequent. The literature has tended to focus on the following relationships: Lax monetary policy leads to high inflation. Prudent macro policies and a sound regulatory and institutional framework can help minimise boom-bust cycles. Since the 1991 balance of payments crisis. which is negative for growth. either by causing long-term interest rates to rise or by obliging banks to finance the high government spending at the expense of lending to private companies. Macroeconomic stabilisation. but a new challenge is the management of huge capital inflows. India’s long-run GDP growth and inflation % y-o-y 20 15 Figure 39.
3% of GDP every year to no more than 3% of GDP by FY09.75% and also hiked the cash reserve ratio from 5.30 The RBI is on track to meet its goal of containing inflation around 5. for two reasons. First. In FY04. a consequence of many years of weak agricultural output. Consolidation has also been advanced at the state level. “the onion plays an explosive role in Indian politics…. Second. Since FY81 the consolidated (centre and state governments) budget deficit has averaged 8. widening to as high at 9. It symbolises an overall feeling of inflation…. normally. The RBI raised the repurchase rate by a total of 175bp to 7. In addition.2% in mid-September thanks to a judicious monetary policy response from the RBI. coupled with the precondition that states enact their own FRBM. The central government’s budget deficit narrowed to 3.0-4. as follows: “The routine nature of consumption of onions means that a price rise quickly transmits onto the consumer’s consciousness. wholesale price inflation rose from 3.” Ms Gentleman goes on to quote C. including: the rationalisation of excise duties. narrowing to an estimated 6. as Amelia Gentleman wrote in the International Herald Tribune of 15 February 2007. aims to condition policy and perceptions for inflation in the range of 4. the RBI coordinated its monetary policy with the government. As for the price of onions.1% in FY07.0% in FY08 and. The government – mindful of the impact of rising food prices on India’s poor and. the cheapest vegetable available.6% in March 2007. October 2007 43 . suggesting that the 3% goal for FY09 is within reach – at least in principle considering that the March 2009 target date coincides with the end of the current electoral cycle and the pressures that can bring to bear on even the most fiscally responsible administration. India’s fiscal consolidation over the past four years has been the most significant in the past quarter of a century (Figure 40). and was one of the key reasons for the increasing budget deficit). Once the vocal urban middle classes are affected. which were implemented in 1997.9% y-o-y in April 2006 to a peak of 6. State finances have received a significant boost from the revenue buoyancy of the new state-level value-added tax. and that its budget deficit should be reduced by 0. the basic element with which all dishes begin and. From 20 states which initially 30 The Indian government’s banning of wheat exports was in part a reaction to domestic inflation as well as to shifts in the global wheat market triggered by the sudden upsurge in production of corn-based biofuels in the US and Europe in particular as a policy-driven response to global warming. in particular. various fundamental federal tax reforms have been implemented. professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking. Recognising this fact. the Indian government enacted the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act. but such supply shocks. in the medium term. Monetary policy is not well equipped to deal with inflation fuelled in this way.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for More recently. in April 2008 the Sixth Pay Commission will submit its recommended increase for the base salary of government workers (the Fifth Pay Commission recommended substantial pay increases to government workers.5% of GDP in FY07.0% to 7. can raise consumers’ inflation expectations (especially given that food makes up a hefty 27% of the consumption basket in India) thereby affecting wages and prices more generally. the related political significance of the price of the ubiquitous and emblematic onion – introduced several measures to tackle food shortages.0% of GDP. These included such measures as reducing import duties on a range of items and banning exports of wheat and pulses. it becomes an issue politicians cannot ignore”.5%. a move towards a median central value-added tax (VAT) rate. Chandrashekhar. The RBI deserves credit for successfully taming inflation without choking growth.0% to help absorb excess liquidity. a significant part of the rise in inflation was due to surging food prices. and the creation of a tax information network to prevent tax evasion. India has had a poor track record on fiscal policy. it was unclear how much of the higher economic growth was cyclical rather than structural (although with hindsight it seems to have been predominantly the latter). which created a medium-term fiscal planning framework for central government. But more recently it has steadily improved. the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes.9% in FY02. The Act stipulates that the central government’s revenue deficit should be reduced by 0.P.5% of GDP each year to eliminate it by FY09. but it has since abated to 3. Historically. High-cost state debt has been reduced under the Debt Waiver and Relief Facility. That said. if long lasting.
1% of GDP in FY07.1% of net advances in FY07. October 2007 44 . Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. rose from a low of 3. on the assumption that the positive growth-interest rate differential and prudent fiscal policy both continue. India’s consolidated fiscal deficit % GDP 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 FY81 FY86 FY91 FY96 FY01 FY06 Figure 41. and it tends to put downward pressure on long-term interest rates. a sufficiently flexible exchange rate to avoid large external imbalances.4% of GDP in FY05 to 75. with FX reserves soaring to some US$236bn (Figure 41). Lower government borrowing could also be expected to reduce the need to maintain such a high statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). On top of low inflation and improving fiscal finances. India’s foreign exchange reserves US$bn 250 200 150 100 50 0 Sep-89 Sep-92 Sep-95 Sep-98 Sep-01 Sep-04 Sep-07 Source: Government of India. it remains small. India’s public debt declined from 82. it is important to recognise that India’s public debt dynamics have changed substantially in its favour since economic take-off.3% in FY07 and. encouraged by the ability of the tax to generate funds to meet development needs. VAT has ceased to be a political issue and its economics have played an important role in improving the centre-state financial relation. this seems to be happening: total public infrastructure. and a deregulated and open marketplace to foster competitioninduced efficiency gains. the debt ratio could decline to about 60% or less by 2011-12 (see Box 11: Estimating India’s public debt dynamics). Admittedly. India’s current account has swung into deficit but. but also a sound institutional and regulatory environment. lowering the government’s debt servicing costs and liberating fiscal space for more resources to flow towards productive expenditure. Indeed. Inspection of key vulnerability indicators suggests that India’s economic fundamentals have strengthened. While there could be some fiscal slippage in the near term because of the political cycle. Continued medium-term progress on fiscal consolidation stands to have many positive effects on the economy. with the GDP growth-interest rate differential swinging sharply into positive territory.0% of GDP in FY07.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for adopted VAT in April 2005.9% of GDP in FY05 to 5. at close to 1. It requires not only prudent macro policies. and there has been a major improvement in other external vulnerability indicators (see Box 12: Lehman’s Damocles model of external sector vulnerability). It should reduce the crowding out effect of private-sector investment. For example. thereby increasing the availability of funds lendable to the private sector. today a further ten (including union territories) have followed suit. healthy corporate and financial sectors. both physical and “soft”. India’s economic fundamentals Avoiding boom-bust cycles in developing economies is not easy. RBI and Lehman Brothers. India’s corporate sector has a light debt burden and its banking sector has a low net NPL ratio of 1. India’s ratio of FX reserves to short-term external debt Figure 40.
an oil price overshoot and geopolitical factors. Against this background it is not surprising that Moody’s raised its sovereign credit rating for India to investment grade in May 2006. With the rupee still a managed float and the capital account de facto open. the RBI’s strategy of raising interest rates to tackle liquidity risks attracting even stronger capital inflows. This holds that. Like most other Asian countries. persistent net capital inflows. Improving economic fundamentals and credit rating upgrades have further bolstered investor confidence in India’s economy. Strong capital inflows can be a mixed blessing: they facilitate economic growth and development. but they can also complicate the implementation of monetary policy. while S&P lifted its rating to one notch above investment grade in January 2007. at any given time. India also faces other external risks which are outside its control such as a global growth slowdown. while resisting rupee appreciation can compromise the autonomy of monetary policy and raise the risk of excess liquidity fuelling asset price bubbles. October 2007 45 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for has risen from less than one in FY91 to about 16 in FY07. However. they have also brought a new challenge to Indian policymakers: managing strong. This poses a policy dilemma for the RBI because letting the rupee appreciate risks crimping export competitiveness. a country can have a combination of only two of three conditions: a fixed exchange rate. Needless to say. India faces the “impossible trinity”. an open capital account and an independent monetary policy.
4% of GDP in FY07) averages zero over the projection period. P is the general government’s primary balance. debt dynamics tend to have selffulfilling effects. For example. under the first two scenarios India’s public debt-to-GDP ratio in FY12 would decline to 55% and 62% respectively. October 2007 46 .4% in FY05 to 75.■ Figure 42. The third assumes. largely because of the favourable public debt dynamics as the government is still running a primary budget deficit. calculated by dividing the government’s interest payments by the debt stock in t-1.. creating a good opportunity to bring down its public debt-to-GDP ratio.0% of GDP Projections Nominal GDP grow th 80 10 8 6 FY99 FY01 FY03 FY05 FY07 60 50 FY98 FY00 FY02 FY04 FY06 FY08 FY10 FY12 Source: RBI. the public debt-to-GDP ratio will rise (fall) if the interest rate is higher (lower) than the GDP growth rate.6% of GDP.e. The change in the public debt-to-GDP ratio from one year to the next is given by the following identity: Dt Dt − 1 Pt Dt − 1 − = + ( Rt − Gt ) Yt Yt − 1 Yt Yt − 1 where: D is gross public debt of the general government (central plus state governments). Source: RBI. with the GDP growth-interest rate differential swinging sharply into positive territory (Figure 42). India’s nominal GDP growth and interest rate % 16 Interest rate paid on public debt 14 12 70 Figure 43. CEIC. especially monetary policy (to keep inflation in check). Moreover. Even under the pessimistic third scenario. On the assumption that the existing GDP growth-interest rate differential remains constant.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 11: Estimating India’s public debt dynamics India now has very favourable debt dynamics. the average over the past five years. the debt ratio would remain stable at 77% because of the favourable public debt dynamics (Figure 43). i. and Lehman Brothers. it can also lower the perceived risk premium which investors demand on holding debt and thereby lead to sovereign credit rating upgrades. The second assumes that the primary deficit is 1. pessimistically. and Lehman Brothers. which is a function of the difference between the interest rate on the debt and nominal GDP growth. R is the interest rate on public debt. India’s public debt dynamics have changed importantly in its favour since economic take-off. If the primary balance is zero.3% in FY07. Both help further support GDP growth and lower interest rates. making it easier to reduce a primary deficit. Projections of India’s public debt-to-GDP ratio % GDP 90 Scenario 1: primary balance equals zero Scenario 2: primary deficit of 1. we have projected India’s public debt through to FY12 under three different scenarios for the primary budget balance. The first makes the rather optimistic assumption given the election cycle that the primary budget balance (-0. From the identity.6% of GDP Scenario 3: primary deficit of 4. the highest since FY91. the fiscal balance excluding debt servicing costs. and (2) a debt-dynamic part. CEIC. which would be the first time it has not been in deficit in over two decades. Y is nominal GDP. G is the nominal GDP growth rate. albeit smaller than in the past. Our projections suggest that. India’s public debt-to-GDP ratio has declined from 82. How long India’s favourable debt dynamics last will depend on progress on economic reforms (to sustain high growth) and prudent policies. as the name implies. which measures the fiscal balance excluding interest costs on the existing stock of debt. Further. that the primary deficit widens sharply to 5% of GDP. a lower public debt-to-GDP ratio reduces the government’s cost of servicing debt. the increase in the public debt-to-GDP ratio can be broken down into two parts: (1) the primary balance.
By contrast. our Damocles model indicates that Iceland and Romania have a one-in-three chance of experiencing financial difficulties (Figure 45). % Above 6 Below 50% Above 1 Above -3% Above -3% Below 50% Below 100% Below 5% Below 5% 1.5 4. % GDP Private credit as % of GDP WPI inflation. The “safe” thresholds are our own subjective estimates. the stock market index. so Damocles should be supplemented with other information. external debt as % of GDP. ■ Figure 44.6 46.4 64. little external debt and large capital inflows that are easily financing the country’s small current account deficit (Figure 44).1 -6. % y-o-y Non-performing loan ratio. These include: foreign reserves/imports.0 -1. domestic private credit as % of GDP. are key policy challenges for India.5 41. whereas a reading above 65 implies a one-in-three chance. current account as % of GDP.9 18. We judge that managing liquidity. A reading above 100 implies a 50-50 chance of an external financial crisis erupting over the next 12 months. and the real trade-weighted exchange rate.3 5.5 79. financial crises have a nasty habit of morphing into new forms.1 4.1 78.6 16. Vulnerability indicators of India’s economy Indicators “Safe” threshold FY91 FY05 FY06 FY07 Foreign reserves/imports External debt as % of GDP Foreign reserves / short term external debt Current account as % of GDP Consolidated fiscal balance.1 -9.2 28.9 6.5 82. while avoiding a too-rapid appreciation of the rupee in the face of very strong capital inflows. including political risk. Figure 45. Individual Damocles scores for June 2007 Scores 100 75 50 25 0 89 67 35 35 26 24 17 16 16 16 15 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 1-in-2 chance of an external financial crisis 1-in-3 chance of an external financial crisis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Lehman Brothers. % GDP Consolidated public debt. foreign reserves/shortterm external debt.6 33. short-term external debt as % of exports.0 24. Source: CEIC. Damocles is Lehman Brothers’ proprietary early-warning system for assessing the risks of external financial crises in emerging market economies.9 30.3 n. October 2007 Ic el a R nd om an i Tu a So rk ut ey h So Ko re ut a C ze h A fr i ch ca R ep u H on bli c g K on g Ph Indi a i li pp in e M al s ay H sia un ga ry Br az i Po l la n R d us s Th i a ai la n In do d ne si a C hi na Ta iw an M ex ic Si ng o ap Ar ore ge nt in a Is ra el C hi C ol le om bi a Pe ru 47 .3 12.3 -3.2 -0. the real short-term market interest rate.8 16. It uses ten indicators which are widely recognised as possible predictors of external financial crises (see: Damocles: Room for optimism.3 16. India’s low Damocles score of 9 as of June 2007 reflects low external vulnerability because of a surge in FX reserves to a record high of US$236bn.7 0. Each indicator is allocated a signalling threshold and we use the noise-tosignal ratio method to weight each indicator to arrive at a composite index.2 10. 24 August 2007).7 -1. broad money/foreign reserves.9 12.1 -7.a. 14.4 -7.4 n. low external debt and large capital inflows mean that India has low vulnerability to a crisis.4 3.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 12: Lehman Brothers’ Damocles model of external sector vulnerability High level of FX reserves. RBI and Lehman Brothers.a. However.2 15.
Most of the licensing restrictions on imports of raw materials. India argues. which are among its most advanced areas of economic reform. Theory The economic literature. air transport. Using probit estimation. 32 32 33 34 Notable papers supporting this view include Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995). thereby boosting productivity growth. recent studies have found that the link between economic openness and growth has become stronger over time. intermediate and capital goods have now been eliminated. finance and telecommunications – while FDI is not permitted at all in a small number of sectors: retail trading bar single-brand products. a recent study of countries that have experienced economic take-off found that de jure trade openness policies play a prominent role in determining whether or not a take-off occurs. India has pressed ahead with a plethora of regional and bilateral free trade negotiations. A contrary view can be found in Rodriquez and Rodrick (2000). barring some exceptions. Today. 100% FDI is permitted in most sectors. Imports provide access to resource endowments not readily available domestically. and that economic openness helps stimulate labour shifts out of agriculture. Williamson and Clemens (2002) and IMF (2006). We judge that it could double again in the next decade if the business climate improves. but some are still capped – notably. That list was expanded to 111 sectors in 1997. The peak import tariff rate on non-agricultural goods has fallen from 300% in FY92 to 10% in FY08 and the government has pledged to reduce the tariff to ASEAN levels (currently around 8. Practice . the authors find that a one standard deviation increase in de jure trade openness is associated with a 55% increase in the probability of take-off. a key issue is the reduction of farm support in developed countries which. Frankel and Romer (1999). which could add 1. Vamvakidis (2002). would aid its vulnerable and underdeveloped agricultural sector.Trade and FDI liberalisation in India India has a good story to tell on trade and inward investment liberalisation. distribution and marketing. especially in developing economies. Access to foreign markets allows the exploitation of economies of scale as firms are able to expand production. See. Scarpetta and Hemmings (2001). Sachs and Wanrer (1995). for example. betting and gambling. and Bassanini. nuclear power and agriculture (see Appendix 9: India’s Foreign Direct Investment Policy). See Aizenman and Spiegel (2007). Foreign competition enhances efficiency and productivity. India’s regulatory regime for foreign direct investment (FDI) has been substantially liberalised since 1991 and today is no longer particularly restrictive by international standards.5%) by 2009. For details see Box 26: The economy and international relations.34 Similarly. technologies and international best practice. October 2007 48 .33 The economic gains can accrue through several channels: • • • • • Trade increases the efficiency with which resources are deployed across countries through exploitation of comparative advantages. for the Doha round of trade talks to make progress. suggests that increased openness to trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive and pronounced impact on a country’s economic growth. The Indian government has stressed that. In 1991. 32 In particular.5 percentage points to GDP growth. FDI diffuses new skills. while the Doha round of global trade negotiations (in which India is a major player) has stalled.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT India has doubled its trade-to-GDP ratio over the past seven years to almost 50%. Trade liberalisation in India began in the early 1980s and gained momentum following the 1991 balance of payments crisis. and Appendix 8: Status of India’s bilateral and multilateral trade policies.31 Furthermore. Also. FDI policy was amended to allow automatic approval of up to 51% ownership in 34 sectors.
and.7bn in FY06 to a record US$19. In 2006. The boom. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has invested in Sudan and Russia to secure supplies of gas. As highlighted by the IMF in its February 2007 Article IV consultation on India. oil and gas. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. the RBI also allowed proprietary or unregistered partnership firms to set up joint ventures or wholly owned subsidiaries abroad. Access to production facilities. Now. Hindalco acquired two copper mines in Australia in 2003 and recently purchased Novelis for US$6bn. which is unusual for an economy still at an early stage of development.5bn in 2005 to almost US$10bn in 2006. From an earlier cap of US$100m. measures of Indian economic openness are taking off. 1991-2005 Thailand. from US$2. Tata Power’s acquisition of PT Kaltim Prima Coal and PT Arutmin Indonesia in 2007 for US$1. which took the acquisition route both to enlarge and diversify their customer base and to move up the value chain. technology.1bn has given it the access to the largest exporting therma coal mines in the world. Outward FDI from India has grown strongly.6bn. making it a low-cost aluminium producer with a global footprint. Furthermore. Surging capital inflows have given the Indian government greater confidence in easing restrictions on outward FDI. followed by Russia (natural resources). The initial boom in outward FDI started with software companies. Furthermore. and aluminium: for example. a similar rise is being seen in manufacturing. Much of India’s outward investment is in the US and Europe (for market access and technology). Access to natural resources is spurring overseas acquisitions in sectors such as steel. easy funding and fewer restrictions have propelled outward FDI from India. last year. 1991-2006 China. India’s take-off is still in its early stages (Figures 46 and 47). The drivers. 1980-2006 Figure 47.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for No longer a closed economy As a result of trade and inward investment liberalisation. Foreign direct investment in India and China US$bn 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 t=0 t=5 t=10 t=15 t=20 t=25 India. Tata Steel took over Corus for US$13.4bn in FY07. A rising ambition to be globally competitive has unleashed a boom in overseas acquisitions by Indian companies. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. October 2007 49 . Indian corporates have found it easier to “go global” because their business models are very similar to western ones in terms of both framework and governance. India’s total trade (exports plus imports) as a share of GDP has doubled over the past seven years to almost 50% in FY07. Indian companies are now allowed to invest up to 400% of their net worth. India has signed a number of bilateral investment treaties and double taxation agreements which have facilitated investment in partner countries. Box 13: India goes global Access to foreign markets and technology. 1978-2006 Source: World Bank. The take-off in trade (exports plus imports) for some low-income Asian countries % GDP 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 t=0 t=5 t=10 t=15 t=20 t=25 India. while FDI inflows have more than doubled from US$7. 1978-2006 Vietnam. Meanwhile. foreign markets and international brand names were key factors behind Tata Motors’ acquisition of Daewoo Motors (see Box 6: Economies of scale and scope: a case study of the Tata group). Mauritius and the British Virgin Islands (for tax advantages). 1991-2006 China.■ Figure 46. and they have managers who have been trained overseas and/or who speak English. relative to companies in most other developing economies. judging by the global integration experiences of other Asian economies. Pharmaceutical firms such as Ranbaxy are investing abroad to access technology and knowledge by setting up their own R&D facilities in countries such as China and the United States.
and our projection is that they could swell to US$170bn in ten years’ time. while Cisco launched a US$100m commitment. the current government has accelerated the programme of setting up special economic zones (see Box 14: Sizing up India’s SEZs). Tapping these areas could transform India into a global manufacturing hub and tourist destination and help employ the tens of millions of young people who will enter the workforce in the coming decade. Given that India’s economy is still in the early stages of economic take-off and that its capital account has already been liberalised substantially. We expect the RBI to manage the pace of currency appreciation through FX intervention. most large US-based firms like The Carlyle Group. call centres and business process outsourcing – and has made inroads into some capital-intensive industries. it has failed to capitalise fully on its global comparative advantages in labour-intensive sectors of manufacturing. The favourable environment is not just for FDI. October 2007 50 . India has the potential to become a critical part of Asia’s elaborate production network (Figure 49). Englishspeaking labour.7bn commitment to R&D and venture-capital investments. business process outsourcing and some capital-intensive manufacturing. Venture capital investment has also been large in the technology and real estate sector. there has also been a surge in outward investment by Indian corporates to gain access to foreign technologies and markets (see Box 13: India goes global). India is a world-class exporter of information and communication technology services – such as software development. impressive information-communication technology capabilities. The Blackstone Group and General Atlantic have done PE deals in India. Untapped comparative advantages While India has had success in exporting software services.6bn in 2006 and US$2. notably auto parts and petrochemicals (Figure 48). private equity (PE) investment in India rose to US$3. strong enforcement of intellectual property rights. In an effort to seize this opportunity. including portfolio and external commercial borrowings totalled US$30bn in 2006.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for India has many comparative advantages in international trade and FDI. agribusiness and tourism. could surge to US$50bn in 10 years. we judge that capital inflows will remain strong. including: a large domestic market. India’s other net capital inflows. and most likely intensify. which nearly doubled to US$7.8bn in 2006. and a vibrant equity market. young. causing India’s FX reserves – which totalled US$236bn in mid-September 2007 – to quadruple to about US$900bn by 2017. Already.8bn in the first eight months of 2007 compared with a total of US$2.2bn in 2005. Microsoft launched a US$1. but also for other forms of investment. India’s net FDI inflows. With strengthening FDI inflows. The strength and liquidity of India’s stock market helps as it facilitates an eventual stake sale. So despite a small current account deficit. Today. we expect India’s large capital account surplus to place significant pressure on the rupee to appreciate. For instance. a potentially massive pool of relatively low-cost. More unusual for an economy still in the early stages of development. According to Dealogic.
more favourable SEZ policy which was inscribed into law in February 2006. The costs and risks. giving time for the government to review its policy. provide investment of INR3tr (US$75bn) and will create 4m new jobs. most of the formally approved SEZs are small – the average land size is 1. fitted with basic infrastructure and sold on to build hotels and shopping centres. India’s new SEZ policy offers several incentives to zone developers and potential business occupiers alike. SEZs could fuel real estate speculation where land is acquired cheaply. help develop new niche industries. 50% exemption for the following five years and for the five years thereafter a 50% exemption on re-invested profits. In this way. Exemption from the minimum alternate tax. designate that at least 50% of the land acquired for SEZs be used for manufacturing. the success of SEZs could be a catalyst for breaking down the barriers to business nationwide. would probably have occurred anyway. formal approvals – given to those projects that have already secured land – had been granted to 386 SEZs. and particularly the concern over “land grabbing”. They also underpinned a wave of social protests which turned violent in January 2007 in West Bengal. There has been considerable opposition to the developments of SEZs in India for three main reasons. The first private sector IT-ITeS SEZ at Coimbatore is likely to create 30. the majority of which are woman. Duty-free imports/domestic procurement of goods for development. while a further 176 had been approved in principle as meeting the criteria but had still to secure land. in part because India is a democracy. with the unwanted consequence that their designation as “SEZs” – and the associated very generous tax breaks – constitutes an unnecessary loss of revenue for the government. acquiring land for SEZs has been challenging. most of the projects on SEZs are Indian business initiatives which.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 14: Sizing up India’s SEZs While not a first-best solution. primarily because of concern – including among India’s political classes – that poor rural households could be displaced without fair compensation for their loss of livelihood and property rights. only eight existed by 2004. Apache SEZ being set up in Andhra Pradesh plans to employ 20. notably: • • • • • 100% income tax exemption on export income for SEZ units for the first five years.069 workers.000 jobs in three years. partial relaxation of labour laws. As a result. While not a substitute for economy-wide reform. The benefits. As a result of this review. In some states. A largely unknown fact is that Asia’s first special economic zone (SEZ) was set up in India in 1965. the success of SEZs could be a catalyst for removing the barriers to business nationwide. and forbid state governments from using their powers of eminent domain to acquire land compulsorily for private developers. This has been coupled with worries that. while Brandix Apparels. it is argued. As of 19 September 2007. the government’s projection is that the SEZs formally approved thus far will. INC President Sonia Gandhi has publicly spoken out against the use of agricultural land for SEZs in order to prevent the large-scale uprooting of farmers. boost research and development. However. Second. new approvals were frozen in January 2007. As of August 2007. And third. and create clusters where economies of scale provide positive externalities. which is when physical development can begin on site.000 workers. First.800 and 2. This pedestrian development led the current government to introduce a new. the government unveiled a raft of new criteria for setting up SEZs before lifting its self-imposed freeze on new approvals in April 2007.3sq km – suggesting that the projected economic benefits from clustering and infrastructure development may prove optimistic. draw surplus labour off the land into more productive employment. is setting up an SEZ to provide employment to 60. we are optimistic that the development of SEZs could build pockets of excellence in infrastructure and industry – perhaps especially in Indian states which remain relatively underdeveloped economically at present – to help India capitalise on its global comparative advantages in labour-intensive industries. Proponents of SEZs argue that they will promote exports and foreign direct investment.000 over the same period. The final stage in the process is notification. 149 SEZs had been notified. There are positive stories: Nokia and Flextronics electronics hardware SEZ in Sriperumbudur are already employing 3. For these reasons.■ October 2007 51 . encourage private infrastructure development. require developers to give a job to at least one member of every family displaced by an SEZ. operation and maintenance of SEZ units. Single window clearance for central and state-level approvals for development in the SEZ. Overall. rather than productive investments of the type that the government is hoping to stimulate. the central sales tax and the service tax. The new rules limit the maximum size of the SEZs to 50sq km. the expansion of SEZs was very slow. a Sri Lankan FDI project. once operational. It remains an open debate in India whether the economic and social benefits of SEZs outweigh the costs.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
Consider three examples where India appears to have large comparative advantages which have yet to be utilised fully. First, textiles. India is resource rich in cotton and its textile industry spans the entire supply chain; yet its clothing and textile exports comprise only 5% of the world total, compared with 59% for China. This is largely because in India the sector is dominated by small-scale producers who use obsolete technologies, and who are handicapped relative to competitors in other countries by infrastructure and regulatory hurdles (see also Box 24: A legacy of anti-materialism). As a result, China enjoys an estimated 13% cost advantage over India in shipping garments to the United States (Ananthakrishnan, 2005). Modernisation and associated up-scaling of the industry, coupled with improvements to the support infrastructure has the potential both to help India become a global manufacturing hub and create jobs for less skilled workers who are at present excluded from the formal sector. Also, starting to work in India’s favour are the rising costs in China’s textile industry because of appreciation of the renminbi and the reduction in value-added tax rebates on textile exports. Second, food. India is the world’s largest producer of milk and the second largest producer of food, yet its food and live animal exports make up just 1.6% of the world total. Underpinning this is the fragmented nature of the agricultural sector, with over 100m small farms, coupled with widespread dependence on outdated technologies, both in production and in the rural-to-retail supply chain which is subject to streams of red tape and ad hoc fees, and which lacks the requisite infrastructure to handle the transport and storage of perishables. The infrastructure is so deficient that, of India’s total output of fruit and vegetables, only 2% are processed and some 30% rot before reaching market. Downstream, India’s retail sector, long protected against foreign ownership, is dominated by over 12m “mom and pop” outlets with an average size of less than 50 square meters. This has further impeded the development of an efficient agribusiness. Only 3% of India’s total retail sales is based in “organised retail” and less than 10% of the total food market is branded. Recognising that almost half of India’s land mass is arable (versus 13% worldwide), that it has over 7,517km of coastline and that it is home to 17% of the world’s population, it is clear that India’s food industry offers enormous potential. Last year, the partial opening up of the retail sector led to India’s Reliance Industries announcing a goal “to bring the world to Indian farmers”, with plans to build a nationwide retail network of 1,000 hypermarkets and 2,000 supermarkets within four years, plus a distribution system to ensure an “integrated farm-to-fork supply chain”. Some foreign retailers, including Wal-Mart of the US, have entered the Indian market but for cash-and-carry, or wholesale, services only; they are still prohibited from operating front-end stores. Indeed, FDI in India’s retail sector is not allowed except for single-brand products.
Figure 48. India’s major exports
FY02 US$bn 7.2 5.9 1.3 33.4 1.9 4.1 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.5 10.2 7.3 1.0 2.1 1.2 43.8 FY03 US$bn 8.7 6.7 2.0 40.2 1.8 7.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.3 0.7 11.6 9.0 1.4 2.6 1.2 52.7 FY04 US$bn 9.9 7.5 2.4 48.5 2.2 9.4 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.0 12.8 10.6 1.2 3.6 1.9 63.8 FY05 US$bn 13.6 8.5 5.1 60.7 2.4 12.4 3.9 3.4 3.7 2.8 1.8 1.6 13.6 13.8 0.4 7.0 2.3 83.5 FY06 US$bn 16.4 10.2 6.2 71.8 2.6 14.5 3.5 4.2 4.8 4.6 2.2 2.3 16.0 15.5 0.4 11.5 3.0 103.1 FY07 US$bn 19.5 12.5 7.0 82.8 2.9 16.7 5.2 5.0 6.5 4.9 2.7 4.7 17.0 15.6 0.4 18.6 5.4 126.3 FY07 % total 15.5 9.9 5.6 65.6 2.3 13.2 4.1 4.0 5.1 3.9 2.2 3.7 13.5 12.3 0.3 14.7 4.3 100.0
Figure 49. India’s major export destinations
FY02 US$bn 10.1 0.9 1.8 1.2 2.2 1.7 8.5 0.6 1.0 5.8 2.5 9.8 1.0 1.5 2.1 1.0 4.3 43.8 FY03 US$bn 11.8 1.1 2.1 1.4 2.5 1.8 10.9 0.7 1.3 7.5 3.3 13.1 2.0 1.9 2.8 1.2 2.8 52.7 FY04 US$bn 14.4 1.3 2.5 1.7 3.0 2.3 11.5 0.8 1.1 10.2 5.1 15.9 3.0 1.7 4.3 1.7 3.3 63.8 FY05 US$bn 18.1 1.7 2.8 2.3 3.7 3.0 13.8 0.9 2.2 14.2 7.3 22.5 5.6 2.1 4.6 1.6 4.3 83.5 FY06 US$bn 23.1 2.1 3.6 2.5 5.1 3.5 17.4 1.0 3.0 16.7 8.6 27.6 6.8 2.5 5.5 1.7 5.2 103.1 FY07 US$bn 25.8 2.1 4.0 3.7 5.5 5.6 18.9 1.2 4.3 23.0 12.0 33.4 8.3 2.8 6.5 1.6 7.7 126.3 FY07 % total 20.4 1.7 3.2 2.9 4.4 4.4 14.9 0.9 3.4 18.2 9.5 26.4 6.6 2.2 5.1 1.3 6.1 100.0
Primary products - Agriculture products - Ores & minerals Manufactured goods - Leather & leather goods - Chemicals & allied products - Iron and steel - Manufacture of metals - Machinery & instruments - Transport equipment - Electronic goods - Other engineering goods - Textile & textile products - Gems & jewellery - Others Petroleum products Others Total goods exports
EU - France - Germany - Italy - UK Africa US Canada Latin America West Asia & North Africa - UAE East Asia - China - Japan South Asia - Bangladesh Other Total goods exports
Source: CEIC. Ministry of Commerce and Lehman Brothers.
Source: CEIC, Ministry of Commerce and Lehman Brothers.
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Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
CRISIL Research (2007), the Indian affiliate of Standard and Poor’s, estimates that liberalising organised food retailing could boost India’s GDP growth by 1.5 percentage points. The modernisation of the retail sector may pose some threat to the livelihoods of small shopkeepers, and it has triggered a political backlash in some states, such as Uttar Pradesh, where Reliance Retail was forced in August 2007 to shut ten of its new fresh supermarket stores and lay off 1,000 staff. However, modernising the retail sector has the potential to be a major catalyst for reform of the agricultural sector and, therefore, more inclusive growth nationwide. This could be a significant stepping-stone towards India becoming a food factory for Asia, a region which accounts for more than half of the world’s population – and one where incomes are rising rapidly, leading to increased caloric intake and expanding dietary preferences. Organised retail can help set up supply chains, give better prices to farmers for their produce and facilitate development of the agro-processing industries, while the presence of foreign retailers is likely to help generate the much-needed export-market linkage for Indian suppliers. Third, tourism. Business travel and foreign tourist interest in India is growing strongly, but from a low base. As a share of GDP, the size of India’s tourist and travel industry is estimated at only 2%, the second lowest among a selection of Asian countries and well below the world average of 3.6% (Figure 50). And yet, India has 27 properties on the World Heritage List, the second highest in Asia after China (34); and, with so many great tourist attractions, the World Travel and Tourism Council has identified India as one of the world’s foremost tourist growth centres in the coming decade. Furthermore, the potential of this rich history and cultural heritage can only be enhanced by the availability of low-cost labour to help take advantage of new niches such as medical and adventure tourism and by the benefit to India’s broad reputation in leisure and entertainment which the success of Bollywood has brought. All that being said, to substantially increase the number of visitors to India, tourism infrastructure needs to be upgraded including international airport facilities, intra-India transport to tourist destinations and tourist hotels consistent with international standards and competitive in cost terms. For example, a hotel room in Bangalore now costs about US$299 a night, as much as anywhere in the world. As these three examples illustrate, having substantially liberalised its trade and FDI regimes, India has yet to capitalise fully on its global comparative advantages in labourintensive exports, and therefore has yet to reap the economies of scale from exporting textiles, agribusiness and tourism to the rest of the world. The so-called Three-sector Hypothesis developed by Clark and Fourastié in the 1930s
Figure 50. Size of travel and tourism industries 2006 Figure 51. The share of industrial output in GDP at various stages of economic development, 1965-2004
Share of industrial output in GDP (%)
% GDP 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
HK Sr iL an ka Ja pa Ph n i li p pin es Ma l ay sia Th ail an d Ind ia Pa k is tan Ind on esi a Ch i na Si n ga po re Vi e tna m Ko rea
6.7
55 50
China
Russia South Africa Korea Japan
3.7 3.7 3.8 2.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.1
4.1
4.4
45 40 35 30 25 20 1 5 0 5
1.5
Canada Brazil Thailand India
1 0 1 5 20 25 30 35 40
Mexico
Oceania W. Europe
United States
Real GDP per capita (thousands of PPP-adjusted U.S. dollars)
Source: World Travel and Tourism Council and Lehman Brothers. Source: IMF’s World Economic Outlook, Sept 2006 and Lehman Brothers.
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Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
shows that economic development typically follows a pattern where production first shifts from primary to secondary industries and then, as economies mature, to tertiary industries. The resource shift out of low-productivity agriculture to higher-productivity manufacturing and services should boost the overall productivity of the economy. From this vantage point, India’s experience is quite unusual for a developing economy: its services sector has been developing faster than its manufacturing sector such that tertiary output makes up 55% of GDP versus 27% for secondary and 18% for primary. India’s manufacturing share is low for such a large, low-cost economy in an era of rapid globalisation, and it is particularly low in comparison to its Asian peers (Figure 51). India’s low share of labour-intensive manufacturing output and failure to scale up its labour-intensive industries are largely because of the constraints to business, including weak infrastructure, bureaucracy and labour market rigidities. Breaking down these barriers would pave the way for many more Indian companies to grow into world leaders. For example, Hsieh and Klenow (2007) find that improving resource misallocation across plants within an industry could give productivity gains of 40-50% in India’s manufacturing sector. The window is more open than ever for India to seize this opportunity, and the economic payoff should be substantial. Based on panel data across 35 countries, we have found a statistically significant positive relationship between GDP growth and the trade-to-GDP ratio. Moreover, the impact of the trade-to-GDP ratio becomes more powerful for a subset of countries with fast developing economies, with the rule of thumb that a 10 percentage point rise in trade/GDP can lift GDP growth by 0.3 percentage points (Box 15: Estimating the impact on GDP growth from rising economic openness). India’s trade-to-GDP ratio doubled over the past seven years to almost 50%. Furthermore, we judge that it has the potential to double again in the next decade if the business climate continues to improve in ways we discuss in the next section. India has much to gain in attracting FDI and lifting its trade-to-GDP ratio to 100%. Our empirical results suggest that this could raise the country’s GDP growth rate by 1.5 percentage points.35 This may seem ambitious; but we see no reason why India’s tradeto-GDP ratio cannot follow the trajectory of China’s which surged from 48% in 2002 to 73% in 2006, especially considering the following three factors: (1) this is an era of rapid globalisation; (2) over half the world’s population is in Asia and personal incomes are rising rapidly; and (3) with intensifying competition in Asia, multinationals will be seeking new lower-cost processing and assembly centres to outsource production – a key element which has helped sustain the region’s export-led development growth model, famously described as the “flying geese” pattern.36
35
This figure is obtained as follows: we estimated the rule of thumb that a 10 percentage point rise in the trade/GDP ratio can lift GDP growth by 0.3 percentage points (see Box 15: Estimating the impact on GDP growth from rising economic openness). Therefore, if India’s trade/GDP ratio doubles over the next decade, from 50% to 100%, it can raise India’s GDP growth rate by 1.5 percentage points [(100-50)x0.03]. 36 The ‘flying geese’ pattern initially applied to Japan in the 1930s. In the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, companies in Japan (the “head goose”) would outsource the assembly of motor vehicles and consumer electronics to the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore (“flying geese”). In the late 1980s and 1990s, faced with rising business costs, companies in Japan and the NIEs, started outsourcing the more labour-intensive divisions of production to the lower-cost South-east Asian countries, notably Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. The latest development this decade is China becoming the key outsourcing centre. Expectations are that Vietnam and India are future possible candidates.
October 2007
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In the first regression.0295 -0. IMF. Turkey. Hong Kong. the coefficient on Trade/GDP has the “correct” positive sign and is statistically significant at the 1% probability level. Indonesia. The results suggest that. Spain. Russia.0145) is small – a 10 percentage point (pp) rise in the tradeto-GDP ratio lifts GDP growth by 0.3pp. Germany. A scatter plot of GDP growth versus trade/GDP for our streamlined sample of developing economies is shown in Figure 53. UK. The results are shown in Figure 52.3% points. Openness is measured as exports plus imports of goods and services as a share of GDP.0145 -0.15pp. Mexico. and White-consistent standard errors were used to correct for heteroskedasticity. Peru.■ Figure 52. Malaysia. we estimate that a 10pp rise in the trade-to-GDP ratio can lift GDP growth by 0. Hungary. Romania. Theory suggests that greater economic openness should have a larger impact on GDP growth for countries that are in the early stages of economic development because they can exploit economies of scale and the competitive advantage of cheaper labour.0 5. October 2007 55 .54 t-statistic 5. Poland. China.63 0. Pakistan. Vietnam and Venezuela. a 10pp rise in trade/GDP can lift GDP growth by a non-trivial 0. India. Average GDP growth and trade/GDP ratios over 1970-2006 for a sample of developing economies Real GDP grow th 15 12 9 6 3 0 -3 0 50 100 150 Trade/GDP 200 250 300 A rgentina Russia China Ko rea Taiwan Vietnam Thailand M alaysia HK Singapo re India Chile SA Hungary Ro mania Czech republic Source: World Bank. Chile.2 Coefficient 4. Australia. Taiwan.07 t-statistic 6. To explore the relationship between increased foreign trade and economic growth we estimated the following equation: Yi = α + β Opennessi + δGDPpercapi + ei where: Yi is the rate of real GDP growth of country i. GDPpercap is nominal GDP per capita in US$ to control for the different stages of economic development of each country. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. South Africa.4 4.8 -4.0001 0.87 0. Czech Republic.50 2.0009 0. consistent with our priors.23 1. Italy.24 1. this is likely an underestimate since we have not considered the positive effects from FDI or the indirect effects of increased foreign competition enhancing efficiency and productivity. The equation was estimated using OLS regression. the coefficient on trade/GDP remains statistically significant at the 1% probability level and has doubled in size.97 1. Estimating the relationship between the ratio of trade to GDP and GDP growth Regression 1 Regression 2 Constant Trade/GDP GDP per capita R-squared SE of regression Durbin-Watson statistic Source: Lehman Brothers.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 15: Estimating the impact on GDP growth from rising economic openness For developing economies. Coefficient 3. To test this.5 -2. Japan. The countries were fairly evenly split between developing and developed economies and included: Argentina. Thailand. a common problem with panel data. US.1 Figure 53. but its size (0. The average value for each of the three variables was calculated over 1970-2006 for 35 countries. France. Canada. Moreover. for developing economies. Philippines. e is the error term. Brazil. Korea. New Zealand. we deleted data for countries whose GDP per capita for any given year was above the average GDP per capita of our sample. Singapore. In the second regression.
Indian businesses are having to “make do” by coming up with their own innovative solutions. sports goods and toys. Turkey France Japan * From a list of 14 factors. now. such as installing their own power generators. for example) rather than having one large. The figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings. India’s business environment is still well below international best practice. * CEOs of the world's 1. respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in India and to rank them from 1 to 5. Malaysia 2005 China India US UK Poland Russia Brazil Australia Germany HK Hungary Czech Rep. where the higher the figure the more problematic the factor.com/main. much at stake as to whether the government can successfully further ease the shackles on business. globally competitive Indian manufacturing companies are starting to emerge. Indian manufacturers often set up a number of small enterprises (in garments.1. Such remedies are clearly not sustainable indefinitely. the more attractive the destination. thereby reaping the productivity gains from economies of scale. There is. The lower the score. and generally unleashing entrepreneurial zeal. therefore. and labour market constraints all contribute significantly to the large economic disparities across and within India’s states. diffusing new management know-how and technologies. Despite some recent success stories. failing to realise economies of scale because of the above constraints. However. and militate against the government’s drive to more inclusive growth. turning to contract labour and creating their own job training programmes. Source: A.000 per Indian firm. Kochhar et al (2006) estimate that the average value-added production is only US$300.000 largest firms are surveyed on the most attractive destinations for future FDI. burdensome bureaucracy and a rigid labour market among the major constraints (Figure 54).taf?p=5.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND COMPETITION Deficient infrastructure. First.T. Main constraints on doing business in India* Inadequate supply of inf rastructure Inef ficient government bureaucracy Restrictive labour regulations Corruption Tax regulations Tax rates Policy instability Access to f inancing Poor w ork ethic in national labour Foreign currency regulations Inadequately educated w orkf orce Inf lation Crime and thef t Government instability/coups 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 55.atkearney. India’s recent economic growth acceleration has been spearheaded by private companies. FDI confidence index. bureaucracy. Failing to do so will make it difficult to sustain the recent growth acceleration.3. with deficient infrastructure. The cumulative effects from market-opening reforms are raising competition. less than one tenth the average of a sample of other (mostly developing) economies. large. Infosys Technologies is investing US$300m in its own training centre in the southern city of Mysore.. top 15 countries* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2000 US UK China Brazil Poland Germany Mexico Italy Spain Australia India France Canada Thailand Korea 2001 US China Brazil UK Mexico Germany India Italy Spain France Poland Canada Singapore Thailand Australia 2002 China US UK Germany France Italy Spain Canada Mexico Australia Poland Japan Brazil Czech Rep. it was India’s software and business process outsourcing companies which quickly seized the opportunities presented by globalisation and the dotcom boom. For example. A survey of the world’s largest firms shows that India has risen to become the second most attractive destination for foreign direct investment. reflecting a long-term commitment consistent with an increasingly favourable business climate (Figure 55). Source: World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report. therefore. Kearney. whereas doing so would offer enormous potential for Indian business to become more competitive and to capitalise on its global comparative advantages. India 2003 China US Mexico Poland Germany India UK Russia Brazil Spain Gfrance Italy Czech Rep. Figure 54. Canada Japan 2004 China US India UK Germany France Australia Hong Kong Italy Japan Russia Poland Spain Czech Rep. FY07. The average size of Indian manufacturing companies is substantially below that in other countries. Indian companies and foreign companies alike seem optimistic. many Indian companies fail to grow and are. efficient enterprise.89 October 2007 56 .
ports. outages are so common that large companies increasingly rely on their own electricity generators and captive power plants. Just as important as sound physical infrastructure and a flexible labour market. While fiscal policy is improving. Rakesh Mohan. has also contributed to improvement in productivity. with enhanced access of Indian business to technology. increased competition. Also in India’s favour is a potentially massive domestic market. 37 38 See (Mohan. see section on ‘The limited usefulness of growth accounting’ in chapter 3). October 2007 57 . On the domestic front. The government will shortly unveil its 11th Five-Year Economic Plan. In its Annual Policy Statement for the Year FY08. the RBI warned that “infrastructure bottlenecks are emerging as the single most important constraint on the Indian economy”. wood and animal dung. low quality and inadequate physical infrastructure are currently the major constraints on doing business in India.e. four times higher than in China (Purfield. As a result. but as detailed below. the pace of infrastructure development has recently picked up in some areas. are policies which foster competition so as to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently. spanning FY07 to FY12. Power outages cost Indian firms an estimated 8% in lost output per year. the government will need to rely heavily on publicprivate partnerships to finance infrastructure development (see Box 16: Financing India’s infrastructure deficit). i. only 44% of rural households have access to electricity. Indeed. and this generally requires a growing market which permits output to be produced on a larger and larger scale (for more details. Power. notably roads.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for However. would help foster economies of scale and competition – two essential elements for sustaining high economic growth. Wipro and Geometric Software as it saves on the cost of frequent power cuts. which raised this estimate to US$492bn. if resolved. along with improved regulation and supervision. railways. The Planning Commission of the Indian Government published a consultation paper on ‘Projections of Investment in Infrastructure during the Eleventh Plan’ on 24 September 2007. India’s power supply and railways remain a major constraint. Power capacity addition fell a disappointing 53% short of the target of the 9th Economic Plan (FY97-FY02) and 55% short in the 10th Plan (FY03-FY07). and it has estimated about US$492bn needs to be spent over that period on improving the roads. Today. globalisation and the information-technology revolution are providing a fertile ground for businesses in developing countries to exploit economies of scale by utilising their comparative advantage of lower costs and. The Deputy Governor of the RBI. 38 This is an enormous policy initiative which would raise infrastructure spending from its current 5% of GDP to 9% in FY12. draws a clear link between this favourable development and policy: “…micro structural reforms undertaken over the years have enabled continuing productivity gains. over the four years to FY05 real GDP has grown 16% more than power generation. greater attention to research and development and other productivity enhancing activities. which results in significant reliance on traditional energy sources. Subsequently. the Deepak Parekh Committee Report on infrastructure had estimated that US$475bn is required th for infrastructure during the 11 (FY08-FY12) Economic Plan . in the case of India. Encouragingly. power and water systems (Figure 56). This is a particularly common trend among many IT firms such as Infosys. Widening and deepening of the financial sector. many of the potential fruits of economies of scale remain to be exploited. Creaking infrastructure According to surveys. abundant labour. particularly in the manufacturing sector.”37 In the following sections we highlight the main constraints to doing business in India which. which are estimated to be the root cause of around 1m premature deaths each year as a result of smoke inhalation. 2006b). 2007) In May 2007. however.
a joint venture between SBI and Société Générale of France which manages around US$5bn. which is the domain of the state governments. The Model Concession Agreement (MCAs) for PPPs in national highway projects is already in operation. Also. 3i. in which the RBI will be the sole investor. accessing specialised expertise. has announced plans to raise US$5bn to invest in infrastructure and has highlighted India as an area of focus. The State Bank of India (SBI) Mutual Fund. However. Coal. The IIFCL is funded through long-term debt-raising from the open market and can provide financial assistance through direct lending to eligible projects. a Public-Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) has been set up to review PPP proposals in a time-bound manner. a private equity firm based in the UK. Citigroup and private equity group Blackstone recently agreed to float a fund worth US$5bn with India's Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC) and IIFCL. which can span decades. In order to reassure potential private sector partners. Nearly half of the power generated in India is “lost” due to poor maintenance and operations. As a result of the government’s initiatives. or through refinance to banks for loans with a period of five years or more. GE plans to create an infrastructure fund of US$300-500m.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 16: Financing India’s infrastructure deficit The success of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) is crucial for the development of India’s infrastructure. and similar MCAs are being designed for other infrastructure projects. The Indian government estimates that investment of around US$492bn will be needed by FY12 to upgrade the country's creaking roads. which will issue long-term foreign currency bonds. the government is creating a standardised framework for PPPs. PPPs involve long-term detailed contracts between the government and private firms. especially in the field of fast breeder reactors. They offer significant advantages in terms of attracting private capital. which normally takes the form of a capital grant at the stage of the project construction not exceeding 20% of the total project cost. The efficient use of energy has become all the more urgent given the emerging challenge of climate change and adopting the clean development mechanism (see Box 17: Climate change and India and Box 18: India and the clean development mechanism). However. opened a dedicated infrastructure fund for subscription in May 2007. doubling that amount over time. especially hydro-electricity. spelling out the rights and obligations of both parties. to help streamline the appraisal process. will remain the dominant source of energy. ICICI Bank announced plans to set up a US$2bn infrastructure fund. However. October 2007 58 . There is also increasing recognition of the need for India to exploit more of its potential in renewables. which is abundant domestically. each with a capacity of MW4. The government has also accepted the Deepak Parekh Committee’s recommendation to use US$5bn of the RBI’s FX reserves for India’s infrastructure development. which will be used to provide a credit guarantee to Indian companies borrowing abroad to finance infrastructure-related capital imports. The proposal is to set up a monoline credit insurance company abroad. the PPP must be implemented by an entity with at least 51% private equity. To meet this target the government expects the private sector to contribute a share of about 30% by actively pursuing more innovative solutions including PPPs. Additionally. ports and airports. even though ministers concede that this is unlikely to supply more than 3% of India’s electricity requirements. in order to be eligible. sharing risk and lowering the cost of the provision of services to users. and provision of viability gap funding. rampant electricity theft and corruption. with a matrix of risk allocation obligations and returns. Further to encourage PPPs. For example. As of 6 August 2007. These funds will be invested in highly rated collateral securities. as well as considerable emphasis on nuclear energy. the government has set up a provision of viability gap funding. for private investors there can be significant uncertainty about whether the rewards of investing in infrastructure projects. a growing number of foreign and domestic private investors are raising private equity to invest in infrastructure development companies and projects in India. in January 2006 the government set up a special purpose vehicle called the India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) to help meet the long-term financing requirements of potential investors. 37 PPP proposals had been received from different central ministries for clearance by PPPAC. of which 28 had been approved.■ The Ministry of Power has launched an initiative for the development of coal-based Ultra-Mega Power Projects. In September 2007. a special purpose vehicle.000 or more. using its FX reserves. the greatest weakness lies not in generation but on the distribution side. notwithstanding increasing exploitation of offshore natural gas and (controversial) proposals to build gas pipelines from both Iran and Myanmar. will compensate them for the risk of partnering with state governments which frequently face election-related pressures during a period when (unrelated) anti-incumbency voting is becoming increasingly common.
Sectors Growth Total length Golden Quadrilateral NS & EW Corridors Upgrading and extra lanes Port connectivity Other Total 5. India has an extensive road network of 3.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme.000 is needed over the 11th plan (FY08-FY12).0 Source: Government Planning Commission and Lehman Brothers. India has the world’s second largest network under a single management. which carries 70% of the country’s freight and 85% of the passenger traffic.5 20. The government has formulated a model concession agreement to facilitate the speedy award of contracts and has also announced several incentives. Chennai and Kolkata.4 76. Work is now under way on developing highways for the North-South (from Srinagar to Kanyakumari) and East-West (Silchar to Porbandar) corridors.2 53. near Mumbai. initiated in 2001. However. Figure 56. and that India needs US$150bn worth of investment in electricity over the next five years to meet this target. Source: National Highway Authority of India and Lehman Brothers.1 15. The National Highway Development Project Number of kilometers.5 31. many more projects are needed to resolve the bottlenecks.1 62. Poor roads. 2003). and that India needs US$62bn worth of investment in railways over the next five years.3m km. upgrading existing highways with additional lanes. 2007 Balance awaiting contract award 821+ 8360 6 20 9207 % y-o-y 113 140 190 207 65 212 1266 295 137 135 146 Completed 5601 1418 126 159 322 7626 Being implemented 245 4903 2014 215 620 7997 Note: Projections are in rupees at FY07 prices and converted into US$ at INR/US$ of 41. A new dedicated 1.846 7.1 48. Of the three transport modes. and improving port connectivity (Figure 57). (ii) Roads. while the average speed of an Indian container-carrying train is a mere 25kph. but its railways are saturated with freight and passenger traffic and urgently need more capacity.469km freight line is under construction from Jawaharlal Nehru Port.1 2.300 10. to Dadri.846km of highway where average speeds on the better stretches are close to 100kph. 10. the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country.1 65. The Golden Quadrilateral phase is almost complete.500 380 962 24988 status as at August 31.6 18. October 2007 59 . railways and ports result in long delays and higher transportation costs for Indian business – it takes 24 days for Indian exports to reach the United States.5 5. The Government Planning Commission estimates that over the 11th Plan. the biggest concern is railways.0 492 Figure 57.0 8.1 201 150.3 2. The Government Planning Commission estimates that additional power generation capacity of MW70. Projections of infrastructure investment Anticipated Projected investment investment in 10th Plan in 11th Plan (FY02-FY07) (FY07-FY12) US$bn Electricity Roads & bridges Telecom Railways Irrigation Water & sanitation Ports Airports Storage Gas Total 70. Transportation. Mumbai. such as tax exemptions and duty free import of road building equipment. This connects the four major cities of Delhi. the average losses (including uncollected bills) for all states taken together remain around 40%. The total number of rail route kilometres has barely increased since FY01. near Delhi. was expected to reduce aggregate technical and commercial losses of state power utilities to 15% by 2007: in fact.5 5. and totals 5. as the government has recognised through the launch in January 2007 of public-private partnerships (PPPs) with 14 companies.6 1. compared with only 15 days from China and 12 from Hong Kong (Winters and Mehta.3 32. the second largest in the world.3 2. to encourage private sector participation.7 22. The government is making progress in implementing the National Highways Development Project. (i) Railways.300km of new railway lines are needed. aiming to increase containerised rail transport from around 21m tonnes per year currently to over 100mt by 2012.
heat waves. Sea level rise One quarter of the Indian population lives on. vector-borne diseases.e. and have major implications for water management and irrigated crop production44.5 times the national average). In other regions. in the judgement of the IPCC42. et al. are expected to have impacts on a range of sectors. This could be reduced to about 30% of its current contribution over the next fifty years. malaria will move to higher latitudes and altitudes. According to an Indian government report to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change45. its authorities are starting to shift their stance.0ºC by the end of the 21st century. 40 41 39 October 2007 60 . notably agriculture and forestry. Climate change effects on the level of the sea can impact low-lying areas in two ways: directly through the increase in average sea level. As a result of these temperature increases. health impacts related to extreme weather events. and the other of prioritises environmental issues (B2 scenario). which would lead to constant water shortages. with 10% more area offering climatic opportunities for the malaria vector to breed throughout the year during the 2080s. A study by the United Kingdom Department for Environment. The impact on India may be especially significant. and heavy precipitation events will become more frequent40. (2006). One of these gives priority to economic growth (A2 scenario). Such warming will have climatological consequences: the IPCC judges it very likely (i. Technical Summary. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007).8ºC and 4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). and through increased frequency and intensity of coastal surges and storms. to predict exactly what these impacts will be.1 million people to displace. Regional Climate Projections.10% for all India. and the judgement of climatologists is that they now give good general indications. which is about 1. for its livelihood. ch.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 17: Climate change and India Increasingly aware that India stands to be one of the countries most affected by climate change. N. Summary for Policy Makers. Temperature increases India’s increase in temperature is. the standard deviation of the seasonal mean monsoon rains has been close to +/. and depends upon. and health effects due to food insecurity. because its large population depends particularly heavily on climatesensitive sectors. and global average surface air warming will likely be between 1. Most major river basins across the country are likely to become considerably dryer. Principal implications include the following.e. However. et al. 5. water resource management. Human health The DEFRA report suggests that there will be an increase in temperature-related illnesses. According to the Indian government’s report. warming of the climate system is “unequivocal”. 43 DEFRA (2004). Climate change in India According to the recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)39. and damage to coastal infrastructure.e. Coastal zones are densely populated (455 inhabitants per km2. the Indian economy and its societal infrastructures are rather finely tuned to the remarkable stability of the monsoon41. including agriculture. A. compared with 2000. climate models are getting ever better. Rainfalls and water resources It is considered very likely (i. given the present state of knowledge. See Challinor. in particular. is projected to experience higher precipitation than the regions of Krishna and Ganga. melt-water from the Himalayan glaciers and snowfields currently supplies up to 85% of the dry season flow of the great rivers of the Northern Indian plain. and urban planning. and variability in extremes. not least because global temperatures are set to enter uncharted territory. The Godavari basin. with a greater than 90% probability) that hot extremes. Furthermore. Any small change in monsoon rainfall could therefore have a large impact on the economy. 42 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Moreover. with a greater than 90% probability) that the frequency of intense precipitation events will increase in India (see Figure 58). a 1 meter sea level rise would force around 7. a marked rise in precipitation intensity. increased flooding in low-lying areas. with a more than 66% probability) to be greater than the global mean increase. Sea level rise would also imply land losses. likely (i. heat waves stand to be of longer duration. 45 Government of India (2004). (2006). 44 Stern. It is impossible. the coast for its livelihood. Over the past 100 years. Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)43 projects temperature increases in India of as much as 3 to 4ºC towards the end of the century under two different socio-economic scenarios (see Figure 58).
Y = Income # (output weights) and ^ (pop weights) Source: DEFRA (2004). as it is ranking now among global top emitters. Mean annual cycles of all-India rainfall and temperature.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Should India take part in climate change policies? A natural. India’s authorities have taken the first steps towards developing a national plan to tackle the effects of climate change. J. because developed countries grew rich through a fossil-fuel – and carbon emitting – economic model of growth. Boyer. Our judgement is that. question is whether or not India should participate in climate change policies. and frequently posed. on several grounds: • • • • First.. (1999).46 For their part. because they have not contributed to past carbon emissions as much as developed countries have. Source: Nordhaus. which stipulates that “…the Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind. This new national plan. ethical considerations aside. India is already the world’s 5th biggest emitter of greenhouse gases. and that it would be inequitable to prevent today’s developing countries from following a similar path.5ºC and 6ºC global warming % of GDP 16 12 8 4 0 HY OPEC -4 EU Other HY US Russia Japan India China 2. but more emphasis is likely to be placed on: energy efficiency. on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities. because of its developing-country status. ■ Figure 58. And last. a greater use of renewables. and subsidising clean technologies and forestation. this equity issue has been raised formally. in particular. W. Estimated costs of 2. developed countries argue that India should also take part in climate change policies. For the moment. Second. 46 Energy Information Administration (2004). in the Article 3 of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. if only because this movement stands to offer great commercial opportunities to companies that produce the goods and services that stand to be in high demand. However. India. because they cannot pay for adapting to climate change and abating future emissions. improving air quality. October 2007 Low income Global# Global^ Africa 61 . seems to be one of the most affected regions by a global mean temperature increase (see Figure 59).” On the other hand. well aware that India stands to be heavily affected by climate change.5 deg w arming 6 deg w arming 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Baseline (1961-1990) B2 scenario (2071-2100) Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A2 scenario (2071-2100) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 Eastern Europe Middle Y Lower-middle Y *HY = High Income. Indeed.D. baseline and simulated T e mpe ra ture (ºC ) R a infa lls (m m/ day) Figure 59. India has no binding commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. because they stand to be more affected by climate change. India – and other developing countries – argue that they should not take part in climate change policies. which is set to be announced this month. This question is particularly debated on the international scene of climate change policy negotiations. India’s authorities would be well advised to send a clear signal to the Indian people that India wishes to join in the growing world movement to curb greenhouse gas emissions. the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effect thereof. And indeed. Third. will almost certainly not include any commitment to cut carbon emissions. International Energy Annual 2004. Accordingly. and because its part in global emissions will increase.
as well as take a strong lead in addressing climate change internationally. as part of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). they have contributed to China attracting the highest volume of potential CDM credits (CERs) so far. In addition to more familiar investment risks. there is significant potential to “bundle” smaller-scale projects with the benefit that the larger the project the less of a hurdle to development are transaction costs and consultancy fees. projects must continue to satisfy important CDM criteria. The clean development mechanism (CDM). permanent. By introducing a more rigorous policy structure for the CDM. enforcing the Chinese project developer’s contractual commitments. The CDM allows Annex 1 countries to invest in emissions-reducing projects in developing countries. India would therefore stand to reap significant rewards for project developers. Thus. Realising these benefits requires an appropriate regulatory and policy framework and a willingness to cooperate with the developed countries – key elements which we hope to see strengthened in the ongoing review of Indian climate change policy being conducted by Prime Minister Singh in the run-up to the December 2007 Bali climate change summit. The Chinese government has high involvement on the sellers’ side. such as India. ■ October 2007 62 . emissions must be additional.g. India has attracted the largest number of projects of any participant and is second only to China in terms of credit volumes. India has tended to attract smaller-scale projects which generate smaller amounts of credits. CDM projects can also provide funding for sustainable development goals. for which the seller assumes all the risks. i. The sheer scope for development in Indian rural areas in particular and the size of the national market are a spur to technological innovation in these areas. CDM credits can be used for compliance in the EU ETS from 2008. Directed appropriately. and. measurable and verifiable to ensure the credibility and marketability of emissions reduction credits. So far. Public and private sector decision-makers in India appreciated early on that the CDM was a significant opportunity for encouraging technology transfer from developed countries. e. However. investors will look mainly to already-issued Indian CERs. The volume of CERs issued so far is small and the transaction costs involved in purchasing them are likely to put off any significant investor interest. The CDM is subject to strict regulatory guidelines and is set to play a major role in the rapidly growing carbon markets. Such development creates an opportunity to choose cleaner technologies to meet this demand which would not be possible without CDM finance (which includes funds to upgrade existing qualifying infrastructure). They can then use these reductions (certified emissions reductions or CERs) to meet their own emissions targets. Through it. companies and local communities. To date. India and other developing countries can and already do play a prominent role in tackling climate change. Together. These measures increase buyer confidence in what will be long-term investments to gain future emissions reductions. Without such guarantees. the CDM can also bring its own uncertainties: Will the technology work? How many credits will be produced? What will the demand be in five years time? China has helped to decrease such risks by the following means: • • All projects must have an Annex 1 donor who endorses the project and ensures that credits reach a credit registry in the developed world. India has great potential to reduce emissions thanks to continuing industrialisation and infrastructure development.e.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 18: India and the clean development mechanism Shifts in policy can help India gain significant rewards from deeper participation in global carbon markets. which came into force with the Kyoto Protocol in 2005. is a tool to help developed countries which have ratified Kyoto (known as “Annex 1” countries) achieve their emissions-reduction targets.
in many parts of rural India. in particular. the same sort of concerns apply as those already highlighted over land acquisition for SEZs: that poor rural households could be displaced without fair compensation for their loss of livelihood and property rights. Edward Luce cites the example of Uttar Pradesh. increasing the overall size of the market to more than 100m passengers annually.47 Luce continues: “…many of them do not bother to turn up for work because they cannot be sacked. In response.V.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for At the state level. summed up the predicament of India’s airports thus: “You have the peculiar problem where the infrastructure on the ground is not fully in place. but the infrastructure in the air is there in terms of flights. pp107-8. India’s civil aviation sector is one of the fastest growing in the world. Kamath. and any attempt to offer voluntary redundancy to public sector workers prompts an outcry about abuse of workers rights…. See In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India by Edward Luce (2006) pp88-9. maintenance is severely deficient – arguably in part because of India’s rigid labour laws.”48 (iii) Aviation. For existing highways. as have 35 non-metropolitan airports. the World Bank estimates that 82% of the homes in Chhattisgarh are not connected by road. K. “among the highest ratios in the world”. on 5 September 2007 Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mayawati announced an ambitious programme to build an eight-lane 1. and for it to be built entirely by the private sector with the state acting as facilitator in land acquisition. 47 48 See The Future of India by Bimal Jalan (2005). Furthermore. It has awarded contracts to two private sector consortia to redevelop Delhi and Mumbai airports during that period. the government is planning to invest US$9bn by 2010. The employees of Uttar Pradesh’s highways department are paid more than three times the market’s going rate. speculative. uses. a consultancy. Domestic air passenger traffic increased by 39% in FY07. where the highways department employs one worker for every two kilometres of road. while total passenger traffic (including that of international routes) rose by 31%. but have a further 480 on order for delivery by 2012. predicts that domestic traffic will grow 25-30% per year until 2010. Capacity constraints at the major airports in Delhi and Mumbai are already causing restrictions to be imposed on the number of flights which domestic airlines can operate during peak hours. Kolkata. which is often described as India’s first highway. For instance. in co-operation with the private sector.” The Centre for Asia-Pacific Aviation. so. A major fleet acquisition is also under way: Indian carriers currently have a total fleet size of just 310 aircraft. the proposed highway is being compared by its proponents to the Grand Trunk Road built along the right bank by Sher Shah Suri 500 years ago. This is highlighted by the statistic that India has just 1% of the world’s vehicles but 10% of global road fatalities. that there could be a large-scale uprooting of farmers. investing in road infrastructure remains a top priority. India’s most populous state. Fewer than half of the roads are paved. October 2007 63 . and international traffic by 15%. Running along the left bank of the Ganges. While there has therefore been some progress recently. CEO of ICICI Bank. with motor vehicle ownership now taking off. For new roads. and that land acquired at least purportedly for new roads could be diverted for other. The aim is to start the project in January 2008 and complete it within three to five years. Further progress on developing roads and highways will depend on how rapidly a range of constraints can be resolved. India’s largest private lender. major challenges remain including improving the quality of existing roads. But even if the road gangs did regularly report for duty. several new private sector airlines have been granted licenses. The airports of Chennai.000km expressway linking Noida (near New Delhi) and Ballia at the underdeveloped eastern edge of Uttar Pradesh. the [state] government…would still be unable to equip them with enough tools and material for the job…because it spends most of its road budget on salaries. Bangalore and Hyderabad have been earmarked to be modernised along similar lines.
more than three times the current count of 100. Rajasthan. The bulk of the growth needs to come from the rural areas. the government plans to build three new ports as part of a large industrial zone which would span five states (Uttar Pradesh. The total number of phone subscribers has increased from 55m in March 2003 to 241m in August 2007 – a teledensity of 21. where tele-density remains low. thanks largely to government deregulation. compared with 10 hours for Hong Kong. Over the 11th Plan the Government Planning Commission projects that India will need additional capacity of MT 485m in major ports. The Government Planning Commission reckons that developing India’s ports will require additional investment of US$18bn over the next five years. Telecommunications.2% – with the Government Planning Commission projecting 600m by FY12 (of which 90% are likely to be wireless connections). mainly through public-private partnerships. have now dipped to among the lowest. In an attempt to mitigate this situation.517 km of coastline. with an average turnaround time of 3.000. poor connectivity to ports is a major problem. especially in a country where only 38% of the population lives within 100km of the coast or sea-navigable waterways. Telecom tariffs. India has 12 major and 185 minor ports along its 7. October 2007 64 . The government plans to add 76 berths at India’s major ports over the coming five years. Gujarat and Maharashtra) along the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor. which were among the highest in the world less than four years ago.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for (iv) Ports. The telecom sector has been India’s biggest success story in infrastructure reform. The success of soaring demand can be judged from that fact that Nokia built a huge factory near Chennai in just five months in 2006. Haryana. and MT 345m in minor ports.000 mobile phone towers by 2010.5 days. They are heavily congested. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India estimates that India will require about 330. As noted above.
Not surprisingly. ranking the country as the 137th worst in the world. For all that. To capture this point. but still leaving it in the bottom quartile (Figure 60). October 2007 65 . the country experiences a huge backlog in cases. having achieved an average speed of 11km/h and spending 32 hours waiting at toll-booths and checkpoints between states as well as within states. Ease of doing business in India* 2007 rank 2006 rank Change in rank 120 132 12 111 93 -18 134 133 -1 85 83 -2 112 108 -4 36 62 26 33 32 -1 165 158 -7 79 142 63 177 177 0 137 135 -2 Figure 61. Moreover – and likely not unrelated – the recovery rate for closing a business is just 12 cents in the dollar. As regards setting up. and there has been a significant improvement in the ease of trading across borders.420 days to complete. According to the World Bank survey. ranking 177th with only Timor-Leste having a worse record. which encourages entrepreneurs to pay “rents” to the inspectors for speedier processing. the easier it is to do business in the respective country. The lower the ranking. For ease of comparison. the time taken having dropped from 89 days in 2003 to 33 in 2007. and enforcing contracts takes an average 1. Even though the rule of law is well established in India. India is one of the worst in the world when it comes to enforcing contracts. we extracted the key developing economies. On the other hand. with 46 different steps – scarcely any improvement from four years ago. Figure 60. of the 178 countries surveyed by the World Bank we have extracted the results for the world’s large developing economies and set them out in Figure 61. having a poorer record. India is now close to the median ranking. especially in many of the states. and about 60 days for water and sewage. slightly better than a ranking of 132 in the 2006 survey. Companies in India spend significant amounts of time and money dealing with permits. India ranked 120. However. clearances and inspections. with its world ranking of 134 making it the fifth worst of the major developing economies. 49 See Economist (2006). Source: World Bank's Ease of Doing Business database and Lehman Brothers. Currently. closing a business in India takes an average of ten years. India fares relatively well in protecting investors and in the ease of getting credit. But “license raj” and a more pervasive “inspector raj” still survive. with only the Philippines of the other major developing economies. it takes an estimated 40 days for a business in Mumbai to apply for a permanent power connection. in nearly all other indicators India ranks in the bottom half. Business ease in India vs elsewhere in 2007* Enforcing contracts Hungary 12 Russia 19 China 20 Thailand 26 Turkey 34 Argentina 47 Malaysia 63 Poland 68 Mexico 83 South Africa 85 Brazil 106 Philippines 113 Indonesia 141 India 177 Dealing with licenses Thailand 12 Mexico 21 South Africa 45 Philippines 77 Hungary 87 Indonesia 99 Malaysia 105 Brazil 107 Turkey 128 India 134 Poland 156 Argentina 165 China 175 Russia 177 Starting a business Thailand 36 Turkey 43 Russia 50 South Africa 53 Hungary 67 Malaysia 74 Mexico 75 India 111 Argentina 114 Brazil 122 Poland 129 China 135 Philippines 144 Indonesia 168 Closing a business Mexico 23 Thailand 44 Hungary 53 Malaysia 54 China 57 Argentina 65 South Africa 68 Russia 80 Poland 88 Turkey 112 Brazil 131 Indonesia 136 India 137 Philippines 147 Doing business Starting a business Dealing with licenses Employing workers Registering property Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Closing a business * The ranking is of 178 countries surveyed by the World Bank. To build a warehouse in the city of Mumbai takes over 200 days and involves 20 different procedures. Furthermore. Source: World Bank's Ease of Doing Business database and Lehman Brothers. * Of 178 countries surveyed by the World Bank.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Reels of red tape There has been some progress made with deregulation at the centre. 28-29m legal cases are pending in India’s courts. India also fares poorly dealing with licences. in the World Bank’s 2007 survey of 178 countries on the “ease of doing business”. the World Bank survey reveals that it is easier to start a business in India than it is to close one. where the lower the ranking the easier it is to do business in the respective country. the Economist vividly depicts the journey of a lorry from Kolkata to Mumbai: 49 it only arrives in Mumbai in the morning of the eighth day.
7%. Cutting the corporate tax rate and shifting the burden of indirect taxation from manufacturing to consumption would enhance India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. excise taxes are fully exempt up to a certain level of sales. In the Indian constitution. This is one of the primary reasons for lack of scale economies in the textiles sector among others. duties and charges per year.and capital-intensive sectors. It is this law which underpins India’s very high score of 70 on the World Bank’s “difficulty of firing” index (which assumes full compliance with the relevant laws). a paradoxical situation for a poor country with surplus unskilled labour specialising in skill. but also because it constrains their ability to grow and achieve economies of scale. the paperwork taking an average of 271 hours to process. This is a major concern. eliminating most exemptions. The corporate tax rate (including surcharges) is relatively high at 33. The taxes include: corporate income tax. A medium-size company in Mumbai must make a total of 60 different payments in taxes. For example. property tax. together with accelerating tax administration reform. vehicle tax. interest tax. Employers whose business is seasonal. are reluctant to add extra staff during peak seasons because they cannot be laid off during lulls. But India’s competitiveness remains compromised by the complexities and distortions in its tax system. the highest among large developing economies (Figure 63). In practice. However. for example textiles. Recently there have been reforms – including broadening the corporate income tax base. but become fully payable (including on the exempt amount) once sales exceed the exemption limit. 50 See Government of India’s Planning Commission (2006). social securities payments. and stamp duty. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act road map recommends: lowering the personal and corporate tax rates. this explains why India’s taxation system is littered with exemptions. dividend tax. and introducing a national goods and services tax. October 2007 66 . given that they are less well equipped to deal with the complex requirements. Laggard labour reforms India’s labour laws protect a minority of workers in the organised sector at the expense of the majority. not only because SMEs are the breeding ground for technology innovations. employees’ state insurance contribution.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The adverse impact of such regulations on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is particularly burdensome. Taxing taxes The World Bank’s “ease of doing business” survey also shows the administrative burden India’s tax system places on business. This lack of flexibility can hurt business. p. there are 45 Central Acts and 16 associated rules which deal directly with labour.77. tax holidays. The tax system also introduces distortions which discourage businesses from growing. the law which has the greatest impact on business is Chapter 5B of the 1947 Industrial Disputes Act which bars manufacturing companies with more than 100 employees from firing workers without receiving permission from the state government. fuel tax. insurance contract tax. the impact of these laws has recently diminished. valueadded (state) tax. Arguably. Adding in all the other taxes and charges. at least in principle (Figure 62). Maharashtra sales tax. introducing a state-level value-added tax and eliminating the tax on inter-state trade central sales tax (CST). as well as its export competitiveness. the overall burden on the average Indian company amounts to 71% of profits. poorly targeted subsidies and widespread tax evasion.50 This represents yet another constraint on firms achieving economies of scale. as enforcement has slackened in some states.
pushing jobs into the less productive informal sector. the clause requiring an employer to seek state permission before dismissing workers also says that if the state does not revert within 60 days permission is assumed to have been granted. or formal. Details of doing business in India in 2007 2003 Enforcing contracts Procedures (number) Time (days) Dealing with licenses Procedures (number) Time (days) Starting a business Procedures (number) Time (days) Closing a business Time (years) Paying taxes Payment (number) Time (hours) Total tax rate (% profit) 46 1440 2004 46 1420 2005 46 1420 20 224 11 89 10 11 89 10 11 71 10 59 264 72 2006 46 1420 20 224 11 35 10 59 264 72 2007 46 1420 20 224 13 33 10 60 271 71 Figure 63. Furthermore. that share is declining. Source: World Bank's Ease of Doing Business database and Lehman Brothers. and companies can often find loopholes. Job markets in India vs elsewhere in 2007* Difficulty of firing index Brazil 0 Thailand 0 Hungary 10 Argentina 20 Malaysia 30 Philippines 30 South Africa 30 Turkey 30 China 40 Poland 40 Russia 40 Indonesia 60 India 70 Mexico 70 Rigidity of employment index Malaysia 10 Thailand 18 China 24 Hungary 30 India 30 Philippines 35 Poland 37 Argentina 41 South Africa 42 Turkey 42 Indonesia 44 Russia 44 Brazil 46 Mexico 48 Firing costs weeks of wages Poland 13 Russia 17 South Africa 24 Hungary 35 Brazil 37 Mexico 52 Thailand 54 India 56 Malaysia 75 China 91 Philippines 91 Turkey 95 Indonesia 108 Argentina 139 * Of 178 countries surveyed by the World Bank. as well as being subject to official inspections related to the labour laws. we extracted the key developing economies. In practice.” Furthermore. the easier it is to do business in the respective country. either because they have electricity and employ more than ten workers or because they employ more than 20 workers. Another provision of the labour laws discourages factories from having shifts longer than eight hours (otherwise compulsory overtime rates must be paid) even if it is in the interest of workers to work longer hours for fewer days. because of long commutes. accordingly. this is often the case.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for However. the labour laws are part of the reason for the polarisation of India’s labour market. the existing combination of greater competition and unchanged labour regulation is probably not sustainable. must file tax returns and other official documentation. The organised. the Chief Economist of OECD warns. Source: World Bank's Ease of Doing Business database and Lehman Brothers. As Jean-Philippe Cotis. The reason: companies with ten or more workers must be registered under the Factories Act and. Many firms are now moving towards contract labour to get around this issue (although this is permitted only in “non-core” areas). Figure 62. for example by restructuring or making strategic changes to their business model. “In India. Even though there is not full enforcement. Indeed. for large companies with over 100 workers strict employment protection can limit their ability to innovate. sector in India comprises businesses which are required to register officially as companies. Additional perverse impacts of the labour laws include discouraging companies from growing their workforces to achieve the enhanced efficiencies associated with economies of scale and encouraging capital-intensive manufacturing. “voluntary retirement” or “voluntary exit” agreements are becoming more common between employers and employees – a prime example of the ability of the private sector to work around the structural and systemic challenges it faces. Furthermore. for example. A telling statistic is that India’s formal sector comprised 27m workers in FY05 amounting to just 7% of the total workforce. The lower the ranking. despite India’s abundant cheap labour. it is putting pressure on many large employers to expand output through capital investment and reduce employment wherever possible. October 2007 67 .
Djankov and others. Several empirical studies. whether policies which promote economies of scale and competition make an economic difference. employment opportunities and potential economic growth (OECD. 2006).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The evidence There is powerful international evidence that economic reforms and policies which foster competition and economies of scale can significantly boost productivity. 2002. 1997. October 2007 68 . suggest that they do (Box 19: The state of India’s states). on a sub-national scale. there has been wide variation in economic reforms which allows analysts to explore. thanks to the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by individual states. Across India. Gwartney and Lawson. including our own.
The “line of best fit” to this scatter has an R-squared of 0. States which have amended land laws to encourage redistribution of land to labourers and the amalgamation of farms into viable units experienced higher investment. statistically significant at the 1% probability level. with 40% of the population. Bihar. States with weaker institutions and poorer infrastructure experienced lower GDP growth. with only about a quarter of India’s population. Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (Visaria and Visaria. Although India as a whole has improved its performance considerably over the past two decades. A scatter plot of these two variables shows a strong negative relationship (Figure 65). one major concern – not least for the authorities in India – is that unless these states begin to share in the benefits of growth. To add to this list. CEIC and Lehman Brothers. consistent with the view that excessive bureaucracy and state-owned enterprises are detrimental to growth. rising transmission and distributional losses in the electricity sector adversely affect a state’s growth performance – Purfield (2006a). i. ■ Figure 64. Examination of the varying economic reforms and policies across India’s states.1. particularly in electricity.and infrastructure-intensive sectors – Kochhar and others (2006). for the period FY00 to FY05 we examined the relationship between state economic performance (measured as the growth in net state real domestic product per capita) and the size of government (measured as the share of state government spending in state GDP). and economic difficulties (see “Populism versus progress” in the next section).e. States with better infrastructure apparently grow faster: in particular. FY00 to FY05 Average government spending/GDP over FY00 to FY05 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 1 2 3 4 5 Average grow th in real GDP per capita over FY00 to FY05 6 Uttar P radesh B ihar P unjab Rajasthan A ssam Gujarat Tamil Nadu West B engal Orissa Kerala M adhya P radesh State population. which have significant autonomy in this respect. US$ 400 500 600 700 Karnataka Haryana A ndhra M aharashtra P radesh Source: RBI. through reduced bureaucracy or privatisation – could boost the annual growth in net state real domestic product per capita by fully 1pp. and the coefficient on the size of government variable is -0. produce only one-quarter of total output. political. disparity across the states is large and growing. 2003). By contrast. the richest five states. as well as increases in urban poverty – Besley (2004). employment and productivity in the formal manufacturing sector. Given that India’s poorest states are also among the most populous. labour migrates and capital is mobilised to the better performing states. These concerns gain yet greater traction when it is recognised that about 60% of the forecast 620m increase in the Indian population between now and 2051 is expected to occur in four of its poorer states. leading to social. The incentive to reform is likely to intensify among India’s states as competition increases. suggests that they can make an important difference to economic performance: • • • • States with more rigid labour laws experienced slower growth of output. State nominal net domestic product per capita and population size as at FY05 Haryana Maharashtra Gujarat Punjab Kerala Andhra Karnataka Tamil Nadu West Bengal Assam Rajasthan Madhya Orissa Uttar Bihar 0 100 200 300 Figure 65. Growth in state net domestic product per capita vs size of state governments. produce over 40% of total output (Figure 64). productivity and output growth – Banerjee and Iyer (2005).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 19: The state of India’s states Empirical studies show that economic reform matters in explaining the growing economic disparities across states. m Net state domestic product per capita. Source: CEIC and Lehman Brothers. Uttar Pradesh. The five poorest states. an increasing proportion of the population will be left in poverty and be subject to rising income inequality. October 2007 69 .41%. Taking these results at face value suggests that a 10pp reduction in the share of state government spending in state GDP – for example.
52 The difficulties with democracy The maintenance of democracy since independence is frequently cited as one of India’s greatest achievements of recent years – and rightly so. this difficulty is compounded by the additional challenge of coalition government – especially when that coalition is drawn from a wide range of the political spectrum.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for GROWTH AND GOVERNANCE: THE POLITICAL CHALLENGE “…The government needs to do all it can to encourage private enterprise. tax evasion was reduced although corruption remained endemic. as well as “winners”. In practice. Mrs Gandhi then used the extraordinary powers she assumed to rule largely by presidential decree and without recourse to parliament. it has made the functioning of democratic government more difficult”. she was heavily defeated effectively ending the INC’s dominance of India’s central government – see also footnote 56 . But the implementation of those policy measures should not be taken for granted. thanks mainly to the banning of strike action and the repression of unions.. is hard. 53 The one period when Indian democracy seemed genuinely threatened was from 1975 to 1977 after the then prime minister Indira Gandhi was found guilty of electoral fraud. They will respond to an environment which is conducive to this talent. we have set out the economics underpinning our view that not only is 9% sustainable but also that India’s potential growth could be boosted further to 10% or so given the “right” policy measures. in the face of popular resistance and vested interest. 54 Dilemmas Of Democratic Development In India by Professor Sudipta Kaviraj p119 (1996). we therefore need to consider the political challenges which India’s policymakers face. 2006) pages 190-1.. These economic gains may have contributed to Mrs Gandhi’s decision to call an election in 1977 when. she was ordered by the high court of Allahabad to be removed from her parliamentary seat and banned from running for elected office for six years. Indians are born entrepreneurs.” Pavan K Varma (2004)51 In the preceding pages. Agricultural and industrial productivity increased. but realism requires us to distinguish between the desirable and the feasible. Public demonstrations supporting her removal caused Mrs Gandhi to advise the then president – a longtime political ally – to declare a state of emergency. be it at the national (Box 20: The structure of central government). in a surprise result. at least in the short term. rather it is inextricably intertwined with India’s politics. For India. See also Box 20. Public policy needs to close the perennial debate on equity versus growth. Delhi is currently the only city in India which enjoys governance independent of that of the city’s host state. State intervention in favour of the poor is needed in India. A growth rate of 8 per cent or more is feasible provided the process of economic reform is sustained and business is left to entrepreneurs. with the spread of a real sense of political equality. Alongside the economics. Reform. Since the poor are far too many. 52 51 October 2007 70 .54 The consequence of this is that successive Indian governments are finding themselves confronted with a challenge which is all too familiar to democracies worldwide: significant structural reforms inevitably involve “losers”.. the administration was streamlined.. the pie needs to grow faster. Emergency rule lasted 19 months during which India made significant economic progress. Being Indian by Pavan K Varma (Arrow Books. as the distinguished Indian political scientist Professor Sudipta Kaviraj observed more than a decade ago: “…democratic government functioned smoothly in the early years after 1947 precisely because it was not taking place in a democratic society: as democratic society has slowly emerged. state (Box 22: The centre and the states) or city level.53 However. The only economic model that can work in India is a percolation of benefits consequent to an increase in the size of the pie.
airports. In a surprise outcome. and the south of the country. thereby winning from the incumbent BJP – with 138 seats and 22. The role of head of state is filled by a president. over twice the size of the electorate for the European Parliament. can be extrapolated from one of the targets proposed by India’s Planning Commission in its approach paper to the 11th Five-Year Plan published early in 2007. such as in Uttar Pradesh in May 2007 are conducted in a number of phases. who presides over a Council of Ministers chosen from elected members of parliament. whether or not the corporate debt market can develop hinges to a large extent on pension reform. was sworn in on 25 July 2007 despite being opposed by the main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Already contentious. Elected members sit for a six-year term with one-third retiring every two years. who is elected indirectly for a five-year term by members of the central and state assemblies. which is the second largest globally) – general elections (and.” The government is hoping that around 30% of the US$492bn estimated investment this would require will come from the private sector. See also Box 22 below for an explanation of the relationship between central government and the state authorities. indeed. which also exhibits some important differences between principle and practice. Representation in parliament remains frozen on the basis of the 1971 census. Mrs Patil. the INC was only able to do so under the banner of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with the support of 11 other parties which won seats in the house. And. historically by consensus among the main parties. and. Parliament is bicameral. currently Dr Manmohan Singh of the Indian National Congress (INC). To support a GDP growth target of 9% per annum over FY08-FY12. with (a relic from the past) two representatives of Anglo-Indians appointed by the president. Given the size of the electorate – currently around 670m (i. currently Pratibha Patil. However. But they do expect a level playing field. which is effectively blocked in parliament by the communists on whom the current INC-led minority government depends for its survival. the INC emerged as the largest single party with 145 seats (26. The upper house – the Rajya Sabha – has 245 members. with 12 appointed by the president.0% now. Indian [companies] no longer expect protection. The lower house – the Lok Sabha – comprises 545 members. The current – 14th – Lok Sabha was elected between 20 April and 10 May 2004. if the recommendation of the National Population Council to extend the freeze until 2026 is confirmed this could become a source of major tension between the north. India’s first woman president. railways. The executive is headed by a prime minister. even then. October 2007 71 . 543 of whom are elected from single-seat constituencies under a first-past-the-post system. 79 seats are reserved for the scheduled castes and 40 for the scheduled tribes. communication and above all power supply are not comparable to those prevalent in our competitor countries. The BJP and its allies won a total of 185 seats. the Commission proposes that infrastructure expenditure should rise to 9% of GDP per annum from just 5. It notes: “Our roads. large state elections. 233 of whom are elected by weighted votes of the elected members of parliament and the legislative assemblies of states and union territories. This gap must be filled in the next 5-10 years if our enterprises are to compete effectively.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 20: The structure of central government India’s robust constitutional federal democracy revolves primarily around its elected parliament. it is not yet clear whether business can raise the sort of sums involved given India’s still fledgling corporate debt market.16% of the vote – the right to form the next government. ports.53% of the vote). The maximum term is five years (with the next general election due no later than May 2009). But despite recent impressive profits.e. The Republic of India is a constitutional federal democracy made up of 29 states (including the city of Delhi) and six federally governed union territories. ■ One of the practical implications of this. only as a minority government controlling a total of 217 seats and supported “from outside” by the Left Front (which won 60 seats). which will almost certainly affect India’s ability to grow. usually over a period of about one month (see Box 23: The Uttar Pradesh election and its national implications). where population growth is significantly higher.
the RTI is far-reaching in its impact. in 2004 the Indian social commentator and former diplomat Pavan K Varma wrote that India had: “…one of the world’s largest corpuses of high-minded laws. more recently. Combined with a number of recent high-profile cases – perhaps most notably the conviction for murder in November 2006 of the then cabinet minister Shibu Soren. among others. A potentially important legislative reform is the Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI). the distinguished editor and publisher T. In addition to the help it offers to ordinary citizens. a Supreme Court panel comprising Justices A. as is underlined by the filing of over 40. by their public functionaries” (note: the highly criticised 2002 Freedom of Information Act never came into effective force). According to a 2005 survey by the Centre for Media Studies (an independent not-for-profit development research and facilitation organisation) about US$580m changes hands in bribes related to legal cases in every 12-month period. Such comments – in particular.com article on this phenomenon. And in a paper published the following year Dr Pranab Bardhan commented: “To this day [the rule of law] is a rather alien concept in much of Indian political culture… The law as actually enforced is often not above elected politicians”. For example. more recent criticism arguably offers a more encouraging perspective. nevertheless. Ninan cited a number of examples of where the courts could intervene to the public good. commenting on a land dispute which had been stuck in the Indian legal system since 1957.N. Mathur and Markandey Katju said: “People in India are simply disgusted with this state of affairs and are fast losing faith in the judiciary because of the inordinate delay in the disposal of cases”. but also to use the law to make politicians and bureaucrats do their job where otherwise the executive has failed to deliver. the current government has tried to improve the situation. everything that is done in a public way. arguably.K. there is already evidence that its existence alone is acting as a stay on corruption on contracts for major public works. a major economic cost associated with the slowness with which the wheels of justice can turn in India (hardly a new problem in India – it stretches back to the pre-colonial period and British rule did little if anything to alleviate the situation). In addition to the efforts of the Supreme Court. the promotion of mediation for civil suits – help to expedite some cases. now serving a life sentence – there is a growing sense that India’s higher courts at least are a force for good. highlighted further by parliamentary attempts to amend the law in 2006 which were abandoned in the face of a public outcry. And in September 2007. and one of the poorest records of implementation”. However. the courts’ increasing propensity to “overstep” their “proper” constitutional role through the passing of executive orders. has cited as a potential barrier to investment including in critical sectors such as infrastructure. But the backlog still amounted to about 26m in 2006 when an estimated US$75bn (roughly 10% of Indian GDP) was tied up in legal disputes – an issue which the then US Treasury Secretary John Snow (speaking in 2005). In a December 2006 FT. a number of parliamentarians did the legal system something of a service by highlighting. many of them presided over by ministers from rural constituencies who do not understand the urgency of having a properly functioning metropolis.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 21: Economic growth and the law The Supreme Court is pressing for the practice of law in India to match the country’s impressive legal framework. But the legal system as a whole has left itself open to criticism over the years. till the courts stepped in. In December 2006. ■ October 2007 72 . the pointed warning of the Supreme Court panel – underscore the fact that at least some of India’s judges are prepared not only to speak out in their efforts to get India’s courts up to speed with the demands of a modernising economy. Despite extensive parliamentary amendment to the original draft of the bill. Do they now have to do the same thing in Mumbai?” As in most developing economies. There is. through public criticism.000 applications under it in its first year of existence – and. including the following: “An infrastructure project in Mumbai needs clearance from no fewer than 13 state government departments. How then can despairing Mumbai-ites find solutions to their many problems? Delhi didn’t. This is the first national law to come into force addressing disclosure of government information since 1923 and a significant step towards enshrining in law a 1975 Supreme Court ruling that “the people… have a right to know every public act. compounding the overloading of the legal system is the problem of corruption in some parts of it. Some innovative measures – especially the prioritisation of so-called “public interest litigations” (PILs) and. One of India’s many strengths is its impressive legal framework.
it has become even more assertive since the communists secured landslide victories in state elections in West Bengal and Kerala in the first half of 2006. With the notable exception of Delhi. if anything. There is nothing particularly remarkable about this. the period since 1977 has seen the emergence of numerous caste. notably foreign investment. in particular through taxing income. their prosperity holds the key to its future development. thus reform tends to tail off towards the latter part of the election cycle. In 2005. In principle. especially those relating to deregulation of the labour market and privatisations. as central government’s control of industry.and regionally-based parties which grew out of the opposition movement to then prime minister Indira Gandhi’s state of emergency (see footnote 56). Indeed. For the duration of this parliament it is now likely to block any reform that requires new legislation (this highlights the contrast between the communists at the national level. production and international trade. As a Financial Times leader published on 9 October 2006 argued: “Central government should bolster [conditions which favour ‘commercial enterprise’] by decentralising more decision-making and by giving more power to the larger cities to run their affairs. we would expect any reform-minded democratically elected government to be concentrating on measures that can be brought in without potentially contentious legislation having to be passed in parliament. central government can exercise considerable power over the state authorities through its significantly greater ability to raise revenue.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for This is. Box 22: The centre and the states The trend of recent years had been for power to shift from Delhi to the states – but not to the city authorities. the states cannot borrow without central government permission. The most successful states in this regard have tended to be those in the south and west of the country. At this stage in the cycle. not an isolated example.” ■ October 2007 73 . However. with the centre having precedence over residual issues. a dispute which some experts judge may even precipitate an early general election (see Box 26: The economy and international relations). Although the Front has subsequently been accommodating on some issues. it has continued to oppose many reforms put forward by the government. central government has become increasingly reliant on regional allies and has found it harder to resist state demands to manage their own finances. And. at the time of going to print the communists were continuing to threaten to withdraw their support for the government were it to press ahead with ratification of a benchmark agreement with the United States on civil nuclear technology. As the source of most of India’s wealth generation. and those at the state level whose administrations are pushing through reform). who enjoy leverage without responsibility. competitive pressures have grown among the states which have sought to attract and retain business investment. any loosening of the reins by central government has tended to devolve power to the state authorities rather than the major cities. The Indian constitution defines the division of most powers between the centre and the states. After INC’s surprise victory in the 2004 general election. The general pattern in democracies worldwide is that governments find it easier to push through reforms – and other potentially controversial legislation – earlier in their term of office. Furthermore. finance and foreign trade has gradually been relaxed over the past decade in particular. which enjoys significant governmental autonomy. the Left Front (which is dominated by the communists) decided not to join the INC-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) but to support it from “the outside”. unfortunately. Furthermore. As these parties have become increasingly successful in state and national elections. it boycotted coordination meetings with the UPA for four months until the government abandoned a reform package.
there appears to be a propensity of Indians to vote on a caste and/or vested interest basis. October 2007 74 . including erosion of state powers under the constitution. This pattern changed in the aftermath of the 1975-77 state of emergency. One of the underlying causes of Mrs Gandhi’s original decision to call a state of emergency had been accusations of authoritarianism. But the increasingly fissiparous nature of Indian politics since 1977 had by this time created a new – and still prevailing paradigm whereby. 55 Thus. since 1992. Neither is conducive to rapid reform. The modern BJP is one of the parties which emerged from the wreckage of Janata. the days when the INC could reasonably expect to command a majority in parliament – as was the case more or less continuously from 1950 to 1990 – appear to be gone forever. The main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from 1997 to 2002 became the first party other than the INC to head a democratically elected Indian government for a full five-year term. which must be held no later than May 2009. as communist-governed West Bengal is demonstrating. However. Realistically. Congress managed to win back power in 1991. when INC prime minister Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by the Janata Party as her party lost all but 200 seats relative to the previous (1971) election. whichever of India’s two main parties emerges as the larger after the next election. irrespective of the political hue of the administration. we expect the pace of reform to continue to be measured at the national level irrespective of the outcome of the next general election.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for A window in 2009? Optimistically. 55 For three decades after independence. none of the three truly national parties in India (i. at the state level of politics a predilection for anti-incumbency “revolving door” politics where no party holds power for more than one term before it is ejected by the electorate (see. for example. history repeated itself in 1989 when Congress – now under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi – was narrowly defeated by the Janata Dal coalition. Janata itself was a somewhat disparate coalition which fractured during its three years in office and disintegrated completely after the 1980 general election when INC was returned to power. Increasingly. We acknowledge though that at the sub-national level some parts of the country will continue to move forward more quickly than others – sometimes. To a significant extent. Neither it nor the INC looks likely to be able to secure much more than 25% of the total vote in future general elections. There is also an emergence at the national and. the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the INC) has been able to command a parliamentary majority and India has been ruled by successive coalition governments. it will be obliged to cut – probably complex – deals with myriad smaller parties in order to be able to form a stable government. the BJP. Indian general elections were dominated by the INC party which also won most state elections in the 1950s and 1960s. Box 23: The Uttar Pradesh election – its national implications). more especially. we look for a new window for economic reform after the next general election.e. another successor to Janata which enjoyed the outside support of the BJP while it was in office. therefore.
through it.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 23: The Uttar Pradesh election – its national implications A surprise2007 state election result in Uttar Pradesh may be a pointer for future national voting patterns. 57 This challenge broadly manifests itself at two levels. but the party secured its lowest return in UP since 1991 with just 50 seats. Despite its surprise result. among different sections of the population. Although neither went into the UP election with great expectations. But growth obviously is not sufficient in a country… where a significant proportion lives in poverty: the growth must be inclusive growth. the May 2007 state election in Uttar Pradesh (UP). can translate this into national success. should offer some useful pointers for both the next general election and Indian national politics more generally. ultimately benefit the poor. it could serve further to entrench coalition politics at the centre as different parties dominating different states are obliged to accommodate one another in Delhi. the BJP and INC. throws up jobs for those who are not employed. The realisation of that objective – and.stm. The INC saw its seats reduced to 21 despite a high-profile campaign. currently “afflicts about 25% of India’s population”.e. The surprise was the winning of an outright majority (206 out of 403 seats) by the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). The job could have been done better: over 200m people are still very poor. making the new administration in UP the first since 1991 that has not needed a coalition.■ The quest for inclusive growth Speaking on the BBC World Service in February 2007. albeit with limited objectives.bbc. Significantly. Palaniappan Chidambaram. poverty levels fell most dramatically – by 10 per cent – in the decade since the economy was liberalised in the 1990s. and (b) BSP’s defeat of the two biggest national parties.” October 2007 75 . it remains to be seen whether BSP. both will be well aware that the UP result does not look positive for their prospects in the next general election. citing his “most challenging” task as ensuring “that the economy grows at no less than 8% a year”. 2004 – page 180): “More people in India have been rescued from absolute poverty in the past fifty years than the entire population of Europe. a move which could prove to be a boost for UP.co.” To that end. which certainly has political aspirations beyond UP and which is a member of the ruling UPA. and not state-sponsored policies seeking to redistribute growth. UP would qualify as the world’s sixth most populous country) and often viewed as a microcosm of India as a whole. estimated that it would take until 2040 to wipe out the “abject poverty” which. India’s finance minister. if this pattern were to be repeated elsewhere in India with largely state-based parties winning outright majorities. further confirming the established pattern of “revolving door” politics (it is worth noting that BSP leader Mayawati has herself been chief minister in UP on three previous occasions so it remains to be seen whether she has indeed definitively broken this mould). the alleviation of “abject poverty” by 2040 – may seem relatively straightforward. i. As Pavan K Varma notes in his book Being Indian (Arrow Books. however. India’s most populous state (with an estimated 175m people. The magnitude of the poverty alleviation task still facing India should not cause us to lose sight of significant achievements in this respect since independence and especially since the economic reform programme of 1991. It would certainly be so if India were able 56 57 For the full text of the interview see. Therefore growth is imperative. India’s 11th five-year plan (2007 to 2012) – still to be finalised – has the declared objective of “faster and more inclusive growth”. underlined the relationship between growth and poverty alleviation as follows: “Growth gives incomes to people who are employed. Underpinning this success was the decision by BSP – a left-leaning party with strong roots in UP and which has chiefly represented Dalits – to form tactical alliances with both Muslims and upper-caste Hindus (including fielding almost 90 Brahmin candidates).uk/1/hi/business/6330691.56 Mr Chidambaram. Indeed. However. within individual states. he acknowledged. in particular rural versus urban. The BJP had won both Punjab and Uttaranchal in February. Not surprising were (a) the ejection from government of the incumbent Samajwadi Party-led coalition. So the task of the government… is to ensure not only growth but that this growth is inclusive growth. i. and. further proof that in India only an expansion of the economic pie. among states where a clear divide has opened up between the north and west of the country and the more reformist and consequently wealthy south and east.
Similarly. India’s human development index. the systemic and cyclical challenges which the Indian government faces in pursuing structural reform and the need nevertheless to aid the economy’s longer-term prospects with poverty alleviation very much to the fore. by 2001 that had risen to sixty-five years. 2006 – page 336) elaborated as follows: “Whichever indicator you choose. especially education and healthcare. the focus on agriculture is critical if the government’s medium-term target of raising growth to 10% p. which is compiled by the United Nations Development Programme.5bn).” [Note: in fact the March 2007 Indian National Sample Survey puts the poverty level in 2004/5 at 21. See “From Paternalistic To Enabling” by Dr Raghuram G Rajan (Finance & Development. is arguably consistent with both the principles noted above. more or less consistent with the one per cent “rule”. India’s poverty rate is declining at about 1 per cent a year: in 1991 it was 35 per cent.e.58 The FY08 budget. went for 0. in his book In Spite Of The Gods: The Strange Rise Of Modern India (Little Brown.] The corollary of this focus on social spending is that measures such as labour and product market reforms.2m in the cities. a focus on spreading opportunity rather than mandating outcomes – will be a better way to achieve both growth and social justice”. 29 May 2006). For example. and. a society which improves socio-economically by around 1% per year. See also “India – Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India’s Success”. and the number of people living below the poverty line in 2004/5 at 238.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for lift itself from what T. But even more important. Vol 43.254 in 1970 to 0. health care.e. Or life expectancy: in 1991 the average Indian would live until around the age of fifty-eight. may be the shift in political philosophy implied by Mr Chidambaram’s budget. if sustained. If these measures are implemented properly – and especially when put alongside the proposed increase in infrastructure expenditure encapsulated in the 11th five-year plan – they almost certainly have the potential to lift India’s growth prospects.9% to INR153bn (US$3. by 2000 it was 26%. No 3).e. i. Or take India’s literacy rate: in 1991 it was 52%. It has probably continued to decline at roughly the same rate since then. consistent with Mr Chidambaram’s quest for “faster and more inclusive growth”. It concentrated on social spending. into a 2% society (as China has). and on rural infrastructure.2% to INR324bn (US$7. Ninan. has described as the “one per cent society”.N. i. and. by 2001 it was 65%. a minimum safety net – indeed. Sept 2006.a. India is improving at a rate of roughly 1 per cent a year. Roughly the same congruence emerges from its international rankings.e. October 2007 76 . While additional education and health spending may bring only longer-term benefits (see Box 25: A healthy India… for a wealthy India). yes. i. unveiled on 28 February this year. The government set a target of raising annual growth in the farm sector from an average of 2. Rajan. Edward Luce. whether it is economic or social.5m – 170. Dr Raghuram G.602 in 2005. health spending rose by 21.60 58 59 60 The former South Asia Bureau Chief of The Financial Times.3bn). the end of the new five-year plan) by increasing significantly the budgets for a number of flagship rural development programmes. as well as credit to the sector.8% of the population. The 2008 budget and. as follows: “…a focus on creating an enabling environment that provides access for all to education. This was consistent with a key aim for India summed up in a 2006 paper by the then economic counsellor and research department director at the IMF. which translates into an annual improvement of about 1 per cent. finance.3% in FY02-06 to 4% by FY12 (i.3m in rural areas (where poverty fell more quickly during the survey period) and 68. privatisation and the removal of caps on foreign direct investment in banking and insurance were notable for their absence from the budget – no surprise given the political realities with which the government has to grapple. that for 2009 will likely be even more heavily overshadowed by electoral considerations. if it falls before the next election. Development Policy Review Report No 34580-IN (World Bank.59 As such: • • • The budget raised the total expenditure on education by 34. by FY12 is to be met.
Mahatma Gandhi believed that the village should be the main building block of Indian society in perpetuity. if not pathetic… What is the village but a sink of localism. highlights the continued influence of the anti-materialistic philosophy of Mohandas K Gandhi (1869-1948). a den of ignorance. Gandhi’s legacy can be seen in India’s continued tariff bias against synthetic fabrics in favour of cotton (when the bulk of export demand is for the former). former bureau chief of The Financial Times in South Asia. By “communalism”. as Bhimrao Ambedkar (1891-1956).” Since 1991 especially. from Britain in the eighteenth century to China in the twenty-first. sparking a debate that continues to this day. and in regulations that provide disincentives for textile companies to grow beyond ‘cottage industry’ size. Mr Luce illustrates how Gandhianism continues to impact on India’s economy through the following example: “[W]ithout an appreciation of Gandhi’s impact on economic thinking. the chief architect of India’s constitution and himself a Dalit and fierce critic of the Mahatma’s promotion of village life. many of the economic policies which were rooted in the Gandhi philosophy have been altered. textile production has played a critical role in the industrialisation of most societies. bedevils policy-making in India as it impacts increasingly on voting patterns. As any student of development knows. Edward Luce. In his 2006 book In Spite Of The Gods: The Strange Rise Of Modern India. the spiritual and strategic leader of India’s drive to independence. Dr Ambedkar meant an allegiance to one’s own ethnic group which. Nevertheless. which penalises commercial success and protects failure. on political and policy thinking. narrow mindedness and communalism”.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 24: A legacy of anti-materialism Gandhian philosophy remains an important factor in economic policy. as noted in the main text. But many persist. remarked: “The love of the intellectual Indian for the village community is of course infinite. it is hard to explain why India has so badly disabled the ability of its textile sector to grow to a size more fitting with its potential. albeit sustained not so much on Gandhian grounds as in vested interest. ■ October 2007 77 .
■ • • • • • • October 2007 78 . a figure which is matched by anemia among pregnant women. Develop multi-specialty group practices with incentives aligned with those of hospitals and payers.6 physicians per 1. either in partnership with a foreign company or by an all Indian business house. India is lagging relative to the UN Millenium Development Goal (MDG) target at the half-way stage in the 15-year programme launched in 2000. Sivakumar.” So. Develop and implement national accreditation of – and performance incentives for – hospitals. according to the Economist Intelligence Unit.000 population. Obtain proposals from private insurance and the government on ways to provide medical coverage to the population at large and execute the strategy.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 25: “A healthy India… for a wealthy India” Reaping the “demographic dividend” depends as much on the health of the labour force as on better education. guidelines and protocols as well as electronic prescribing in in-patient and out-patient settings. with the notable exception of the high-profile issues of HIV/AIDS and TB. less than onefifth of the average for Asia and Australasia. Maini.com” news site on 25 August 2003. Writing on “rediff. Encourage business schools to develop executive training programmes in healthcare. According to the FY06 National Family Health Survey. Writing on the “rediff. But Dr Maini goes on to underline the need for a “…coherent and sustainable plan that addresses the healthcare needs of the masses…” and suggests ten reforms consistent with that aim: • • • • Develop and implement national standards for examination and proper remuneration for healthcare professionals. and India has just 0. including the setting up of electronic health records. there is clear evidence of progress on some fronts. concluded an article on the Indian healthcare system as follows: “A healthy India is certainly a precondition for a wealthy India”.com” on 23 July 2007 about a recent trip to India. India spent just US$41 per head on healthcare in 2006.e. Develop public/private partnerships which design newer ways to deliver healthcare. Dr Baltej S. i. those which do not comply would not get paid by insurance companies. compared to 30% for Sub-Saharan Africa – and almost 80% are anemic. president of the Fallon Clinic Foundation based in Massachusetts. Arguably underpinning many of the country’s health challenges is malnutrition. imaging and diagnostic centres on the one hand and referring physicians on the other need to be removed and a level of clarity needs to be introduced. alleviating their severity if they occur. it is arguable that the issue of healthcare in India has received insufficient attention in analyses of the country’s prospects. Yet. as Nobel Prizewinning economist Robert Fogel has argued: “It may well be that a very large increase in expenditures on ante-natal care and pediatric care in infancy and early childhood is the most effective way to improve health over the entire life cycle. hospitals. ostensibly to meet the demands of an expanding middle class population that can now afford the best of healthcare. 46% of children aged three or less are malnourished and underweight – a high percentage. Overall. Not a day goes by that a new healthcare venture is not announced. As Indian officials conceded earlier this year. noted “…the frenzy with which hospitals are being built. the chief executive of ITC Limited’s agri-business and one of India’s leading rural development experts. for. Utilise and apply medical information systems which encourage the use of evidence-based medicine. just over one-third of the average for Asia/Australasia and more or less the same ratio as prevailed 20 years ago. Perverse incentives between specialists. and increasing longevity". Update the curriculum in schools which train healthcare professionals. by delaying the onset of chronic diseases. Appoint a government commission which makes recommendations for the healthcare system and monitors its performance. Even putting to one side infant mortality (and the WHO estimates that over half of deaths among the under-fives are malnutrition-related) this is a critical issue. S.
In Spite Of The Gods: The Strange Rise Of Modern India by Edward Luce (Little Brown. thus providing a strong incentive for the local authorities to fill the jobs. 1998) page 78. was extended from 200 to 330 districts and allocated INR120bn. the scheme guarantees in law 100 days’ employment in every financial year to adult members of every rural household willing to do manual work in return for the statutory minimum wage. a daily unemployment allowance will be paid to the applicant. As the distinguished economics professor. the constraint is not the money but the government’s ability to correctly identify the needy beneficiaries”. If employment under the scheme is not provided within 15 days of receipt of the application. it is reasonable to conclude that the boost to the farming sector was. the programme spreads across the whole country. Such investments would stimulate greater economic activity that would be much more likely to create lasting employment for the rural poor. the central government stands to meet the wages cost in full plus three-quarters of the material cost and a proportion of the administrative overhead with the balance falling to the state administration. Nor does it invest in genuine rural infrastructure. Two-thirds of the labour force in farming translates more or less into twothirds of the electorate – a weight of voting which no government in India can ignore and expect future electoral success. to move away from this paradigm. The government aims to have the NREGS cover all districts of the country soon. Dr Pranab Bardhan. 2006) page 202. Under the relevant act. that over 200m Indians living in abject poverty cannot simply be abandoned until policy measures aimed at improving their lot in the medium term have an impact. which is ultimately intended to cover the whole country.N. When the scheme was first floated in 2004.63 The NREGS was launched in February 2006 by the current government with the strong support of the Left Front and is probably India’s most ambitious attempt to date to alleviate poverty through direct state intervention. Yet it promises no investment in upgrading the skills of the people it is designed to help. Its supporters argue. it was not a clean break. wrote in a 1998 paper: “Democracy has a way of putting ideas in the heads of the lower classes and the proliferating demands for spoils threaten to catch up with the operators of the machine. That said. Mr Luce goes on to suggest that NREGS “…is significant because it distinguishes India’s approach to poverty very clearly from that of neighbouring China. by extending the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). albeit in a constrained way. as expected. political. they cite the difficulty of avoiding “leakage” from the scheme as a significant proportion of the funding may fail to reach its intended beneficiaries. not long-gestation attempts at structural transformation of the constraints in the lives of most people. Under the 2007 budget NREGS. T. such as all-weather roads. more one of popular mobilisation. The article goes on to ask: “…can a proper social safety net be financed if the government were to shut down programmes and subsidies that don’t reach the poor? A basic programme may cost no more than 2 per cent or 3 per cent of GDP: but as in the case of other programmes. This usually means short-run populist measures or patronage distribution are at a political premium. See Democracy and Distributive Politics In India by Pranab Bardhan (April 2005).”64 Additionally. which has preferred to create jobs indirectly by stimulating high (public and private) investment in the economy”.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Populism versus progress? At the same time.”61 A subsequent article by Professor Pranab highlights the almost inevitable need for any budget to be bedded in real politik: “By and large India is less of a legislative and deliberative democracy. proper electricity supply or new agricultural technologies. In a 2 January 2007 article entitled “Unreformed Politics” and published on the Financial Times website.65 61 62 63 64 65 The Political Economy Of Development In India by Pranab Bardhan (Oxford University Press. it will eventually cost India up to 2% of its GDP and between 10-20% of its annual budget. in part. and which her son had wanted to shed because only 15 per cent of the money reached the intended beneficiaries”. with considerable justification. October 2007 79 . Ninan wrote that Congress “has revived its faith in the ‘hand-out’ politics that Indira Gandhi perfected.”62 The overall thrust of the FY08 budget did attempt. it was criticised by many Indian and international economists who claimed that: “If. New Delhi.
At present. compared with an average age of 37 in China and the US. while China is projected to account for ten. In an environment where the population of most other major economies is aging.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for For now. India will have eight of the world’s thirty fastest-growing large cities between 2005 and 2020. 45 in Western Europe and 48 in Japan66. if India’s GDP per capita continues to grow at a double-digit rate.000 Source: United Nations and Lehman Brothers.200 UN Projections Figure 67.e. % of total 100 Korea 80 Russia Mexico Hungary 60 S. and if the government succeeds in addressing infrastructure. Projections of the working age (15-64) populations in India and China Millions 1. Africa 40 20 0 Indonesia China Thailand India Vietnam Brazil HK Singapore UK France Japan US 900 Spain Italy China 600 India 300 1975 0 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 10. According to the United Nations. to a total of 854m. Demographics and urbanisation – make-or-break opportunities The importance of making this interplay between government programmes and private sector investment work is underlined by India’s demographics.000 30. US$ 50. This is in contrast to China: there the growth of the working age population is decelerating to the point where it is projected to start falling outright some time between 2015 and 2020 (Figures 66). One of the strongest relationships in economic development is that urbanisation rises with GDP per capita in a “hockey stick” fashion as cities provide large economies of agglomeration for individual activity (Figure 67).to medium-term when over half India’s population will remain below the age of 25. 66 Reddy (2007). the average Indian will be only 29 years old. Indeed. Often portrayed simply as a “dividend”. Thus. the reality is considerably more complex. bureaucracy and labour market constraints in a manner which facilitates the requisite level of job creation by the private sector. October 2007 80 . the availability of a rapidly expanding pool of young workers could and should be a major advantage for India’s economy. According to the IMF (2007b).000 20. its urbanisation rate could rise to over 40% over the next decade. citing projections made by the United Nations. Urbanisation rate and GDP per capita in 2005 120 Urban population.000 Nominal GDP per capita.000 40. In 2020. 15-64 year-olds) is projected to surge by 150m over the decade from 2005 to 2015. India’s working age population (i. Figure 66. most critically in the short. the full benefits are only likely to be realised if the new generation of workers is healthy and educated. relative to GDP per capita an unusually low 30% of India’s population lives in the cities. the jury should remain out over the impact of NREGS per se. At least it is now coupled with programmes designed to root out through economic growth what Mahatma Gandhi memorably described as “the worst form of violence” – poverty. Source: World Bank and Lehman Brothers. However. the stakes for the government are yet higher as population growth fuels a process of urbanisation over the next decade which has previously been held back (see Box 24: A legacy of anti-materialism) and is therefore really only just beginning.
which is currently home to around 600. Collins and Virmani (2007) estimated that whereas workers moving from the countryside to the cities enhanced productivity by 0. stands to make similar gains. these governance structures place ultimate decision-making about urban planning and development primarily in the hands of the state authorities. The clustering of people and firms in cities can boost productivity and promote economies of scale in many ways: search and travel costs are reduced. The latter may at least in part be attributable to local governance structures which are rooted in the colonial era. According to Dr Rakesh Mohan. the urbanisation rate rose from 18% in 1978 to 28% in 1993 and then shot up to 44% by 2006. and. It has been estimated that the reallocation of under-utilised Chinese agricultural labour to the cities added 1-2pp annually to average labour productivity over the past two decades (Bosworth and Collins.” 67 The Maharashtra state government announced plans in June 2007 to engage private sector property developers in the redevelopment of the Dharavi district of Mumbai. Nevertheless. 67 “Local Government In India Still Carries Characteristics Of Its Colonial Heritage” by Mayraj Fahim (City Mayors Government. India. it could double again over the next decade. but they are important also as a test case for the ability of India’s local governance structures and systems to address the challenges of urbanisation in the face of inevitable resistance. and by rigidities that have inhibited urban infrastructure investment”. 2003). a local government expert: “Over the past couple of decades. where labour productivity in industry and services is estimated to be four to five times higher than that in agriculture. the majority of the electorate still resides) – see also Box 21: Economic growth and the law and Box 22: The centre and the states. Deputy Governor of the RBI. 2007. specialisation is easier. In India 57% of the workforce is in the agricultural sector which nevertheless produces just 18% of national output. and competition is greater. speaking on “Managing Metros” at a seminar in January 2006: “This has been caused by both faulty national economic policies that have discouraged urban employment growth. judging from China’s experience. With the exception of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. In a recent study on India. The unemployment rate for agricultural labour households is estimated at over 15% and many of those who do have jobs appear to be under-employed. new skills. There.000 slum-dwellers. with over half the population of some metropolitan areas living in slums. And yet. These plans are important for the modernisation of Mumbai and its ambitions to become a global financial hub (see Chapter 4: Developing the financial sector). particularly industrial employment. According to Mayraj Fayim. India’s major cities are already facing considerable strain. and Heytens and Zebregs. China provides a powerful example of the potential gains from urbanisation. which have tended to be preoccupied with the challenges of non-metropolitan areas (where.6pp over 1983-93 this had risen to 1. it remains a system in transition that has room for further evolution to match its prevalent ground conditions. after all. India has seen the implementation and framing of efforts to modernise local government and has also revealed in the course of these efforts a commitment to local government that was hitherto a weak link in the Indian system. Bosworth. 14 January 2006).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Migration from the countryside to the cities can be a powerful source of productivity growth for economies in which a large share of the labour force is initially under-utilised in agriculture. technology and innovations can be dispersed faster.2pp by FY04. October 2007 81 .
August 2006). The state parliament failed again in July to repeal the law although.000 persons per sq km.com. See “Can Life Begin At 60 For India” by Amartya Sen (Financial Times. at peak times. There has been a sluggish response to the urgency of remedying the astonishingly underemphasised social infrastructure – for example. the government is insisting that Maharashtra repeal its Urban Land Ceiling Act which restricts urban land holdings and which.68 But. making it the world’s second biggest city after Tokyo. pp45-6. skilled in-demand job-hoppers are increasing companies’ attrition rates to more than 20% a year.000. It is set to grow to nearly 25m by 2015 according to UN projections.000 professionals by 2010. employers elsewhere look – with almost similar desperation – for appropriate people to fill tens of thousands of vacancies. before handing over its US$9bn. roads. of the 3m students graduating from Indian universities each year. just as pressing as the challenges posed by the demand for physical infrastructure in urban and rural areas alike are those related to matching up supply and demand in the labour market. The total population of its wider metropolitan region of 438 sq km is already estimated at 18m. with over 3m commuters a day from the suburbs largely dependent on overloaded rail services where. supervision and collaboration for public services. The [300. this causes blockages. 13 August 2007). This could seriously stymie India’s economic growth. have at least four representatives in Maharashtra’s state assembly. together with rent controls. over seven times that of London and 15 times that of Greater Los Angeles. News 68 69 70 71 72 Mumbai is India’s most populous city – conservatively estimated at 14m people. water.”72 According to industry body ASSOCHAM (Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India). Commenting on the study. is widely judged to have been a significant block on residential development in particular for many years. of which the authorities are hoping the private sector will find all but US$9bn already earmarked by central government. Large areas of what economists call ‘public goods’ have continued to be under-emphasised. Dr Amartya Sen commented: “…India also had…the problem of government under-activity in fields in which it could achieve a great deal.700 passengers carry up to 5.e.”69 Writing in the Financial Times on 13 August 2007 to mark the 60th anniversary of India’s independence.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The same is true – indeed. Approximately 85% of the population (a number equivalent to the total population of Norway) is estimated to use public transport every working day. October 2007 82 . the need to build many more schools. See “Maximum City Blues”. At the top end of the market. Our education system is not producing enough people with the skill-sets our economy needs. 1 September 2007.000 squatters living around the “semi-retired” second runway] of Mumbai airport. for example. See Globalisation Of Engineering Services – The Next Growth Frontier For India (Nasscom/Booz Allen Hamilton. only 10-15% of general college graduates and just 25% of engineering graduates are considered suitable for employment in the offshore IT industry. See “Engaging India: Demographic Dividend Or Disaster?” by Jo Johnson (FT. To this can be added the neglect of physical infrastructure (power. which required both governmental and private initiatives. rail). i. 71 The projected consequence of this was a shortfall of 500. This legislative impasse underlines a fact that The Economist highlighted in its 1 September 2007 edition as perhaps the biggest single problem confronting urban planners: “To redevelop Mumbai and its hinterland involves moving people.”70 Matching labour supply and demand As Dr Sen suggests. This is not restricted to the software industry. more promisingly. trains designed for a maximum of 1. Population density is around 34. Nasscom president Kiran Karnik was reported as saying: “While some young men… desperately look for work. legislative moves are now afoot to scrap rent controls. 15 November 2006). a study published in 2006 by India’s National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom) suggested that. even more so ─ of even more ambitious and more important proposals for Mumbai’s medium-term economic well-being centring on infrastructure upgrading: the Maharashtra government is projecting expenditure of US$60bn on infrastructure over the next decade. And since in India third-world conditions are dignified…with first-world rights. The Economist. over half of whom live in slums. hospitals and rural medical centres – and developing a functioning system of accountability.
especially if “feedstock” of the requisite quantity and quality is not coming through the schools system. an engineering firm. Unicef estimates that India’s literacy rates jumped from 52% in 1991 to 65% in 2001. they recognise that. Significant though the mismatch in higher education clearly is. government approval of tuition and fees. Here. and. it pales by comparison with that between the education system and the organised sector farther down the labour market. for that matter. Furthermore. Indians are more than likely to respond positively. while training can be rolled out relatively quickly to upgrade basic skills. there are around 44m child labourers in India. As the Anglo-Indian writer and actor Sanjeev Bhaskar noted of his visit to Mother Teresa’s Loreto Convent in Kolkata earlier this year: “As I spend the morning playing with the kids and going through their English spelling homework with them. independent estimates point to 20% of Indian children between the ages of 6 and 14 not being in school. as the FY08 budget testifies. the main burden of redressing the present shortcomings in rural areas in particular must rest with government – including public sector initiatives for non-graduates to supplement what individual firms are increasingly doing by way of apprenticeships.com. October 2007 83 . Unicef’s report 2007 State of the World’s Children cites significant discrimination against girls and women in education. it’s impossible not to… marvel at how education here is treated with such reverence and respect. where sound primary education is available. Despite notable improvements in basic education and literacy rates since independence. To their credit. government ministers and senior officials are well aware of the threat this poses to India’s medium. On the other hand. is bringing in civil engineers from the Philippines to meet the demand. the sort of reform of the education system that is required to inculcate those skills in the first place and meet the school-leaver demands of both the private sector and the higher education system cannot be achieved overnight. even India’s elite institutes of management (IIMs) and of technology (IITs) continue to struggle under government-imposed restrictions which significantly constrain their ability to meet demand. In India. Furthermore. in consequence. but the impact of those efforts will always be limited where basic numeracy and literacy are in short supply. tight budgets. Private institutions are exempt from these restrictions but can only make up so much of the shortfall. The International Labour Organisation estimates that. children are desperately proud to wear a school uniform 73 74 For example. 13 December 2006). reporting 190m illiterate females in India (despite improvements over the past 15 years or so) and a drop-out rate from primary education of around 70% among girls. Unfortunately.to longer-term growth. There is no single explanation for low enrolment. while the private sector can be expected to pick up some of the slack in secondary education at least. the FY08 budget must look at least to begin to break what amounts to a vicious circle.74 The overall impact of this is a shortage of the very skills which would facilitate entry into the organised sector of the economy. “numeracy” in this context). although there was some scepticism among experts as to what constitutes “literacy” (and. see “Engaging India: Investing In Education” by Amy Yee (FT. Furthermore. with absolute numbers of illiterates dropping for the first time in history and enrolments in government-run primary schools increasing from 19m in 1951 to 114m by 2001. one significant factor is the fact that working often seems a better alternative to school because of major deficiencies in the provision of primary education for the masses. However.73 The private sector can do – and is doing – a certain amount in terms of post-school training. a bar on setting up overseas’ campuses. For a more detailed resume. widespread truancy and high drop-out rates from basic education. These include: salary caps for professors which are not competitive with private sector pay for comparable skills. corrective measures brought in now will only really bring their full benefit to bear towards the latter part of the next decade. An employee at a call centre can make twice as much as a university lecturer.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for reports suggest that Hindustan Construction. which is a key element in driving up economic growth and sustaining it at double-digit levels. most recently. a legal requirement that 27% of places are “reserved for members of other backward classes”. Indeed.
Sept 2006. following the roll-out of the WTO’s Agreement on Textiles and Clothing in 2005. The Economist reports that the Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI) forecast in 2006 that. half of them from wealthy families who pay fees. the Indian textile industry stood by 2010 to generate US$40bn in annual exports and to provide 12m additional jobs (i. arguing that – in contrast to the 100 days of paid employment guaranteed by NREGS – many textile firms would be able to offer 150 days of employment if they were able to let surplus staff go. That said. on top of the 35m or so which are currently largely bedded in the “unorganised” sector). The joy of this system is that the poor get an education. the recent intensification of Naxalite violence offers a salutary warning to the Indian authorities both in Delhi and. Pavan K Varma suggests that: “…Indians have one quality which has stood them in good stead: resilience. The Principal. This is perhaps especially so in the case of India. in a letter to India’s finance minister.76 One way or the other. However. without reform of India’s labour laws an estimated 10m trade union members (of whom less than 15% are active) will continue to block employment for significantly larger numbers of poor people by ensuring that demand for new hires. and the older. West Bengal) are today sufficiently well-organised and widespread that 76 out of 299 districts across nine states in eastern and central India are “badly affected”.” Thus. reading and writing skills… The genius of the scheme is that regular pupils from the school (and not the teachers) teach the street children on a one-on-one basis. according to an official report (see Figures 68 and 69 for a comparison across India’s states). 75 76 77 See India with Sanjeev Bhaskar by Sanjeev Bhaskar (BBC Publications. gradually enabling them to join in with regular classes. the politics of this are far from straightforward: Raghuram Rajan may well be correct in suggesting that: “…achieving true labour market flexibility. As the failure of successive governments to grasp this particular nettle readily testifies. a remarkable Irish sister named Cyril Mooney. understandably wary of adults. 5-6 month) contracts. more growth-friendly environment for all workers – and not just the minority who are currently in the organised sector – will require systemic change”.e. their anxieties are assuaged by being helped by one of their peers…. The Economist. CITI warned that this target would likely not be achieved if the industry remained unable to hire workers on shortterm (i. a level of violence which outstripped that in Kashmir for the first time The neo-Maoist Naxalites (named after a peasant uprising nearly 40 years ago in Naxalbari. in the absence of an ability to fire. It means that for many of the street children. in parts of some states they do run a de facto “parallel” administration. See “Can India Fly? – Now For The Hard Part”. While the school produces highly educated women who will go on to play a huge role in the new Indian dream of prosperity and international recognition.”75 Assuming that the government has some success in addressing these challenges to employability. 2007) p91. founded the programme in 1985 and today the school has 1400 children. there remains one major impediment which needs to be addressed if more jobs are to be found in the lower-skilled reaches of the organised sector: labour market reform. understanding that these emblems may be the route to a more satisfying life. remains way below potential. 1 June 2006. wealthier kids learn about taking responsibility for the poor…” See “From Paternalistic To Enabling” by Dr Raghuram G Rajan (Finance & Development. Vol 43. Nearly 300 people were killed by Naxalites in the first four months of 2006.e. October 2007 84 . simply extrapolating from established measures of income inequality such as the Gini coefficient may tend to overestimate the likelihood of significant civil unrest should India fall short in its objective of more inclusive economic growth. No foreigner can ever understand the extent to which an Indian is mentally prepared to accept the unacceptable. while creating a fairer. The quality is the product of centuries of experience handling adversity. more especially. Of the convent itself Mr Bhaskar writes: “Here the people of [Kolkata] have taken the future into their own hands. The book accompanies a BBC TV series celebrating the 60th anniversary of Indian independence. No 3). it also attempts to alter the very social fabric of the city that surrounds it. while arguably a special case.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for and revere their books like holy artefacts. While they almost certainly pose no existential threat to the state either now or in the long run. in those states where the threat is most rife. For example. and the other half from underprivileged homes who do not… [On] the top floor of the building a special space is devoted to the Rainbow Project.77 Will the “Gini” stay in the bottle? One should always be cautious applying to emerging economies socio-economic models based primarily on industrialised western economies. the city’s children are brought into the school and taught basic maths. Here.
is that their actions are a significant disincentive to domestic and. putting it second only to Iraq. Figure 68. 1 September 2007.30 % 0.35 0. more especially. it is “uncertain… what the bombers might be hoping to achieve: an end to the peace process between India and Pakistan. especially given the failure of any organisation to claim responsibility. As noted in The Economist following the Hyderabad attacks. Consistent with this.300 lives to acts of terrorism.25 0. Source: Jha et al (2006) and Lehman Brothers. the immediate restoration of law and order and a short. or perhaps to commit just enough murder against an old enemy to keep their networks alive. Headcount poverty rates across Indian states in 2004 Punjab Haryana Kerala West Bengal Rajasthan Gujarat Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar Orissa 0 10 20 % 30 40 50 Source: Jha et al (2006) and Lehman Brothers. and that Islamic terrorism likely also poses a significant threat – even though in neither case (nor with the February 2007 bomb which killed 68 on a train in Haryana) has any group either claimed responsibility or been shown conclusively by the Indian authorities to be responsible. foreign investors who might otherwise bring much needed economic and employment growth to some of the poorest parts of India. especially in the mining and iron and steel industries. Most of these deaths were in the north and north-east and are attributable to nationalist and Maoist/Naxalite insurgencies. thereby prolonging the very conditions on which Naxalism likely feeds. The Economist. the 11 July 2006 attacks in Mumbai. and the 25 August 2007 blasts in Hyderabad. IISS Strategic Comments. See “Mad and Hyderabad”.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The extent to which the Naxalites are indeed motivated by what they see as socioeconomic injustice is not clear (although that undoubtedly plays a part).40 Figure 69. p46. However. according to the US government. which killed 209 people and injured over 700. Volume 12. were salutary reminders that the major urban centres of India are not immune from terrorist attacks.”79 (see Box 26: The economy and international relations). which killed 43 and injured scores.78 Overall. 78 79 For more background on Naxalism see “Countering Naxalite Violence In India. i. in both 2005 and 2006 India lost around 1.to medium-term boost to economic development. Either way the violence is worrying for India. Issue 7 (August 2006).e. however. the government has explicitly recognised that Naxalism is more than just a law-and-order issue by advocating a two-pronged approach in the affected areas. October 2007 85 . Gini co-efficient across Indian states (%) in 2004 B ihar Haryana M adhya P radesh Rajasthan P unjab Gujarat Orissa Uttar P radesh Karnataka West B engal M aharashtra A ndhra P radesh Kerala Tamil Nadu 0. What is clear.
including those in the major conurbations to which Naxalism has not (yet) spread. But even in a society notable for individual and collective resilience. a materialistic/atheistic school of thought which is broadly classified alongside Buddhism and Jainism but which died out around the 14th century CE. for all the political challenges it presents. Thus. there will be compromises. it is by no means certain that that will remain the case. the even larger challenge for the authorities is that even the vast majority of poor Indians who are not attracted by the extremes of Naxalism. October 2007 86 . Mallanaga Vatsyayana was a philosopher in the Carvaka tradition. Inevitably. 80 See Being India by Pavan K Varma (Arrow Books. 2004) page 61. To date. India could lift its potential economic growth rate to 10% or so over the next decade. provided politics do not stymie the ability of the private sector to continue to drive high growth levels. and is most famous – in the West at least – for his authorship of the Kama Sutra. But. which lasted from 250 to 550 CE. We explain our reasoning in the final chapter.e. the principal political challenge confronting central and local government alike is presently – and will remain for the foreseeable future – facilitating and ensuring inclusive economic growth. even if/when that involves taking policy steps which risk short-term electoral unpopularity. such dissatisfaction has been reflected largely at the ballot box. He is thought to have lived during the early part of the Gupta period. and also discuss the implications for India’s financial markets.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for It’s the economy… However. India’s political classes would do well to heed the advice of the ancient Indian philosopher Mallanaga Vatsyayana who argued that artha (i. sound economics) should always be the first priority as “the livelihood of men is dependent on it alone”. will become increasingly unsettled at widening income disparities which are readily apparent nationwide in an era of mass media and mass communications.80 In India as elsewhere. therefore.
if necessary) dutyfree access to the Indian market for the “least developed” SAARC members was another welcome step albeit one which will yield little benefit without a significant reduction in non-tariff barriers. the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen wrote: “Intellectual links between India and China. Abdul Kalam’s 25 April 2007 speech when he became the first Indian president to address the European parliament and when he proposed the setting up of an “India-EU renewable energy development programme for taking up advanced R&D in all forms of renewable energy”. The highest profile to date has been the India/US civil nuclear agreement (which followed the 2005 US-India Defence Framework).P. Explicit recognition of the importance of this deal lies in the EU’s moves to resume its own nuclear cooperation with India – a focal point of A. the quest for economic growth is set increasingly to test that positioning both regionally and globally. . and bilateral trade agreements are currently in the pipeline with at least ten potential partners ranging from ASEAN via the EU to the US and Canada. India gains some benefit from its neighbours’ misfortunes in the form of higher foreign investment and enhanced trade volumes. and democratic rule was suspended in January in Bangladesh. with India very much at the hub. that is still very much the case. linked as they are with contemporary political and social concerns. stretching over much of the first millennium and beyond.. full-scale civil war has resumed in Sri Lanka. Nepal remains unstable. were important in the history of the two countries…. India overtook China as the top destination for Japanese aid in 2004 and Japan was the fourth largest source of foreign direct investment in India in 2006. In “The Argumentative Indian” (2005). would have little direct impact substantively. Recent bilateral meetings among the leaders of China. Sino-Indian relations was highlighted by Chinese president Hu Jintao’s visit to India in November 2006 – although we see then premier Zhu Rongji’s January 2002 visit as in many ways more important.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Box 26: The economy and international relations India has long prided itself on being a “status quo” power with a “hands-off” foreign policy. Furthermore. deepening connectivity between China. indirect benefits – to bilateral relations more than justifies the continuing high-level commitment to it by both parties.” While talk of a “new silk route” may be premature. they acknowledge that its symbolic significance – and. but is only likely further to invigorate economic ties over time. India is active behind the scenes in Nepal and is working with the military-backed government in Bangladesh to deepen commercial ties and to combat terrorism. Pakistan itself is politically fragile. Most notably. access to energy sources – a high priority for India – in Iran (via Pakistan).7bn in FY07. The improvement in the. India’s traditional “non-interference” notwithstanding.. despite the latter’s August 2007 visit to India. ■ October 2007 87 . Although. To date.and beyond However. as an aspiring global power. irrespective of the outcome of the Doha Development Round. The region… That “India lives in a dangerous neighbourhood” (an oft-repeated observation which is often attributed originally to Henry Kissinger) has been axiomatic for at least the majority of the post-independence/partition years. Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh’s April 2007 offer of (non-reciprocated. The commitment earlier this year by prime ministers Singh and Shinzo Abe to a “strategic and global partnership” has yet to fill out substantively. regional trade benefits which would otherwise accrue remain unexploited. still delicate. Despite “de-hyphenation” from Pakistan. which remains a possibility at the time of going to print. economic imperatives and an associated need for regional stability are now starting to shape policy. However. India and Japan point to a range of economic and strategic considerations underpinning a new – if still tentative – triangular balance in Asia (granted the considerable influence the US continues to wield regionally).J. singularly failed to meet its objectives of increasing economic and trade integration in the region – according to the World Bank intra-regional trade amounts to less than 2% of South Asian GDP. [A] broader understanding of the reach of these relations… is important for a fuller appreciation…[of] the continuing relevance of these connections. Bangladesh and (via Bangladesh) Myanmar continues to be problematic. marking a shift in economic relations which has already driven bilateral trade up from US$3. Bilateral negotiations launched four years ago with Pakistan (including the landmark nuclear pact signed in February 2007) grind on despite repeated terrorist efforts to derail the talks (notably the bomb attack on the Mumbai rail system in July 2006 which threatened major disruption to the city’s critical infrastructure). the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) has. much of this effort has been trade-related.0bn in FY02 to US$25. therefore. to date. While Indian officials privately concede that its non-ratification. as the region’s most stable country. But there are signs that some of these relations could be set to move to new political and economic levels. India is now firmly established at the top table of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). India has devoted more attention to relations beyond its immediate neighbourhood. India and Japan coupled with India’s strong historical ties and strengthening contemporary economic links with the Middle East certainly make the emergence of such a real possibility.
and hence which cannot be isolated from its past using conventional. In accounting for India’s growth acceleration we. find that stronger labour productivity growth has been a key driver. led by the business sector. However.0 – 8.0 – 9. October 2007 Rising incomes. to lift its long-run potential growth rate higher still to 10%. In particular: • We have taken note of the growth accounting framework. Past studies estimating India’s growth potential Name of study Method used Estimation period Potential Donde and Saggar (1999) Dhal (1999) Goldman Sachs (2003) Rodrik & Subramanian (2004) Deutsche Bank (2005) IMF (2005) Virmani (2006) 11th five year plan draft (2006) Goldman Sachs (2007) Ranjan et al (2007) Oura (2007) Univariate approach Production function & Warranted growth Growth accounting Growth accounting Regression Hodrick-Prescott Filter Growth accounting Simulation models Growth accounting Hodrick-Prescott Filter & Warranted growth Growth accounting na na na 1960 – 2002 na 1970 – 2003 na na 1971 – 2005 1981 – 2006 na 6. in our judgement. Also encouraging is that India’s economy appears to be taking on many of the characteristics exhibited by other large emerging Asian economies during the early stages of economic take-off.7 6. before assessing whether the current momentum is likely to be maintained if not increased. Figure 70. attainable.5 9. We have therefore coupled growth accounting with an examination of the policies and reforms which have driven India’s growth acceleration hitherto.0 8. But our two-pronged approach strongly suggests that even the upper end of this range likely underestimates the reality.0 – 10. they do not explain why: on their own. their take-offs involved the sort of dynamic interactions – or virtuous circles – which have not occurred in India until recently. or even improved upon. while these methods are useful to quantify what has happened to an economy.5 – 6.0 – 6.0 5. These virtuous circles work as follows: 1. growth accounting analysis.3 8. over the next decade.7 5. as well as of statistical techniques which extract the trend component from growth.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS In the preceding chapters we have examined the drivers behind the surge in India’s rate of growth over the past two decades or so – particularly since the start of the 21st century – and the factors which will determine whether that growth can be sustained. Essentially.0 7. comparative-static. in principle at least. like others. Thus it is that India has the scope. • Previous growth accounting studies have suggested that India’s long-run potential economic growth rate has generally risen over time.0 8.0 5.0 Source: See references at the back of the report. they are not very useful for forecasting the future. with most recent estimates ranging between 7% and 9% (Figure 70). such that growth of 10% is. Notwithstanding the strongly positive impact on growth which structural reforms to date continue to impart and the remarkable ability of Indian business to work around the various structural and systemic challenges which it faces. an increasingly open economy and stable macroeconomic conditions stimulate demand – domestic consumption and exports –and imbue the 88 . our optimism is contingent upon India continuing along the path of structural reform. A key reason for our optimism is that India’s economy is showing evidence of structural changes.0 6.
It also supports our view that.81 The relationship is more strongly positive in the case of India’s economic take-off since FY94 (Figure 71). 1. ILO and Lehman Brothers. so that its strong demographic and urbanisation trends work to maximum advantage. 3. Labour productivity and investment rate-II 2.0-1. With prudent fiscal policy. WDI. Figure 71. for further private sector capital formation. We see encouraging evidence of all three circles in India’s growth dynamic. Fiscal consolidation: With favourable public debt dynamics. Sustained. Financial sector development: We estimate that further reforms.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for private sector and foreigners with the confidence to engage in investment on a large and growing scale. most notably developing the corporate bond market. After isolating the episodes of economic take-off for the Asian countries over 1955-2006. 81 The data are annual and the take-off periods are defined as when real GDP per capita grows by more than 3% for at least five years (see Box 1: Economic take-off – definitions and drivers). Figure 72.I 50 Asia 2006-07 India Investment (% of GDP) 50 Asia (GDP<10%) Asia (GDP>10%) 2006-07 India Investment (% of GDP) 40 40 30 30 20 1993-94 10 0 4 8 Labour productivity (%) 12 20 1993-94 10 0 4 8 Labour productivity (%) 12 Source: CEIC. there can be dynamic interactions resulting in powerful increasing returns to scale which are often underestimated when forecasting potential growth. ESRI. NSSO.5 percentage points to India’s long-term GDP growth. NSSO. could add 1. WDI. when economies develop rapidly. The relationship is also more strongly positive for those countries which have experienced particularly rapid economic take-offs of 10% growth or more (Figure 72). October 2007 89 . We see the following ten yardsticks as central to assessing whether policy is heading in a direction consistent with a further lift in India’s potential growth rate to 10% or so. ILO and Lehman Brothers. we find a moderately positive relationship exists between the investment-to-GDP ratio and the growth in labour productivity. obviating the need for macroeconomic policy to slow the economy in order to damp inflation. thereby reducing the public sector’s claim on resources and freeing them up. Source: CEIC. IFS. benefiting from economies of scale and putting downward pressure on prices. This supports our judgement that India still has much to gain from creating an increasingly enabling environment for business. The importance of virtuous economic spirals in driving structural growth accelerations is highlighted by the success of the East Asian economies. in an environment of downward pressure on interest rates. Rapidly growing investment augments the economy’s productive capacity. we project that India’s public debt-to-GDP ratio could decline from 75% to about 60% by FY12. rapid economic growth improves the public sector’s financial position. continued progress in reducing the budget deficit can have large payoffs in boosting public savings. Labour productivity and investment rate. IFS. 2. ESRI.
including China. In particular. especially among nongraduates and in rural areas. 9. continued structural reforms and prudent macro policies will be critical. 5. In realising that goal. 8. reinforced by a recognition of the potentially serious consequences in terms of inclusive growth – given the strong trends of demography and urbanisation – if the shackles on business are not eased. It has the potential to raise its economic growth rate to 10% or so over the next decade. Improving physical infrastructure and reducing bureaucracy: Because of these constraints to business. International evidence shows that this tends to stymie product market competition since publicly owned companies are generally less incentivised towards profit maximisation than their private sector counterparts and are more prone to political influence and moral hazard problems. Public ownership of companies remains excessive in India. with the added challenge of generating “clean” power to sustain high growth levels while addressing climate change concerns from which India stands to be significantly and adversely affected (see also 10 below). India should continue to take a lead in multilateral trade liberalisation against the threat of rising protectionism in the developed world. By relaxing these shackles on business we judge that India’s exports-to-GDP ratio of about 50% could double in the next decade. India has failed to capitalise fully on its global comparative advantages in labour-intensive industries. In sum. The urgency is magnified by the need to ensure that India’s strong demographic trend is a dividend and not a dilemma: with half the population under 25 years old. India has much to gain by setting a positive lead consistent with sustainable growth in the post-Kyoto process. Managing urbanisation: State authorities in particular can facilitate addressing the challenges of urbanisation by following the examples of New Delhi and. Labour market deregulation: India’s labour laws need to be more flexible in order for firms to increase employment and grow to exploit economies of scale. These indicators sit at the top of a raft of issues that will need to be addressed by central and local authorities in India if inclusive growth targets are to be met even though they present major political challenges given the headwinds from vested interests and democratic coalition-dominated politics. October 2007 90 . the working age population is set to swell by 150m over the next decade. Mumbai in allowing the private sector into urban redevelopment. A key reform would be reducing the dominance of public-sector banks. India’s economy is nearing an important inflection point. FDI liberalisation: Relaxing restrictions in the banking. 4. They are key to employing the younger generation. But there will be a new window for rejuvenating reforms after the next general election. the provision of electricity ranks high. India therefore has “everything to play for”.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for 3. more recently. More widely. Electricity supply: Among a range of “hard” infrastructure challenges.5 percentage points to GDP growth. Revitalising privatisation. 10. which stands to benefit the region as a whole economically. adding 1. opening up the retail sector to foreigners could help India become a food factory for the world. Developing a stronger safety net could be an important catalyst for labour reforms. insurance and retail sectors could provide major opportunities for development in finance and agriculture. 7. 6. Education and health reform: These two policy areas go to the heart of the inclusive growth agenda by developing social services consistent with boosting participation in the organised sector of the economy. International relations: India is increasingly active in promoting closer ties with its neighbours. Similarly.
Europe 44-207-102-2959 iscott@lehman. Total market capitalisation stands at US$1. Mexico (41%). MARKET STRUCTURE If. As of end 2006. PLEASE SEE ANALYST CERTIFICATIONS AND IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES INCLUDING FOREIGN AFFILIATE DISCLOSURES ON PAGE 171 OF THIS REPORT. 82 83 84 BSE. with Russia the exception (98%) (Figure 74).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for THE OUTLOOK FOR THE INDIAN STOCK MARKET SUMMARY Supriya Menon LBIE. equity markets have a vital role to play in the dynamic interaction of savings and productive investments. at 89%83.com Prabhat Awasthi LBSPL. India 91-22-4037-4180 Given the prospects for a sustained high rate of nominal and real economic growth described elsewhere in this publication. This research report has been prepared in whole or in part by research analysts employed by foreign affiliates of Lehman Brothers Inc. Lehman Brothers. stands above most other large emerging markets such as China (43%). As a result. Lehman Brothers does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. Source: World Federation of Exchanges.com Index (31 Dec 1999=100) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Datastream.1bn. the Indian market. The BSE Sensex total return daily since 2000 pawasthi@lehman. BSE. as befits a country with a strong “equity culture”. on a par with the South Korean and Italian markets. the Indian stock market should perform very well over the medium to long term. India is to “take-off” to a higher growth trajectory. BSE. continued growth in GDP and earnings should mean that investors can still achieve solid returns (Figure 73). while qualified in their home jurisdictions. Investors should consider this section of the report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. our modeling derives expected returns of between 12% and 20% over the next five years. and are reaching levels where the short-term potential for the market might seem lower than it has been over recent years. Although multiples have risen recently. Figure 73. October 2007 91 . Before going into details of our approach to valuation. investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report.com Ian Scott LBIE.82 As a proportion of GDP though. as we judge to be the case. who. Poland (44%) and Turkey (55%)84. we first discuss the structure of the market. are not registered / qualified with the NYSE or NASD. Europe 44-207-102-4557 supmenon@lehman. India’s equity market infrastructure is quite developed relative to its stage in economic development. Brazil (68%).
October 2007 92 . 4796 2280 842 1689 1173 2416 3256 760 1025 350 There are two major exchanges in India. of listed companies (end-2006) India (BSE) US (NYSE group) China (Shanghai SE) Korea Exchange Hong Kong Exchanges Japan (Tokyo SE) UK (London SE) Germany (Deutsche Borse) Malaysia (Bursa Malaysia) Brazil (Sao Paolo SE) Source: World Federation of Exchanges. The Bombay Stock Exchange was founded in 1875 and obtained “permanent recognition” in 1956. Number of companies listed by exchange No. They have roughly the same market capitalisation. 85 End-2006. Market cap/GDP ratio for selected national equity markets Stock market cap/GDP (end-2006) Hong Kong Singapore Taiwan Malaysia Australia Russia Korea India (BSE) India (NSE) 904% 291% 167% 158% 145% 98% 94% 92% 84% Brazil Italy Turkey Poland China Mexico Source: World Federation of Exchanges. more than are listed on either the NYSE (2280) or the London Stock Exchange (3256).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 74. in 1995. The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) lists nearly 4800 companies. with several companies listed on both exchanges (Figure 76). 68% 55% 55% 44% 43% 41% One clear demonstration of the developed equity culture is the sheer number of listed companies in India.85 Figure 75. The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was established much later. Source: World Federation of Exchanges.
Net issuance (issuance adjusted for buybacks) was equivalent to 2. down from 3. NSE. 42.071 85% 493.4 1. of companies listed As of 6 September 2007. index derivatives trading adds another US$4bn a day.091 1.7 2. NSE. with US$48bn of new issues over the past three years. the majority in single stock futures.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 76.133 89% 350. billion 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Apr-02 Dec-02 Aug-03 Apr-04 Dec-04 Aug-05 Apr-06 Dec-06 Aug-07 Source: Bloomberg.588 1. Bloomberg. Datastream. At the single stock level. Around US$2.9 494.697. US$6. Derivative trading is concentrated on the NSE (Figure 77). unless otherwise mentioned Using current INRUS$ exchange rate of 40. as shown in Figure 78. more than twice as high as the BSE.7bn trades in the cash market on the NSE each day. World Federation of Exchanges.4% a year ago and a peak rate of 8% in the mid1990s. NSE.86 Figure 77. 86 30-day averages. Futures and options daily turnover on the NSE Rs. The primary market is also active.5% of market capitalisation in August.3bn per day is traded. Source: Bloomberg. October 2007 93 .9 1283 45.7 Source: BSE. Stock market statistics NSE BSE Market capitalisation (INRbn) Market capitalisation (US$bn) Market cap % GDP (2006) Volume (million-30 day average) Value (US$m-30 day average) Derivatives trading volume (options and futures-INRbn-30d avg) Derivatives trading volume (options and futures-US$bn) No.222 4853 The turnover by volume is higher on the NSE than the BSE.9 11.
2007. Consumer Cyclicals. Datastream. FUNDAMENTALS The first fundamental question to address when analysing equities in a fast-growing economy like India’s is whether the accelerated pace of growth has filtered through to corporate profits. the 113% expansion in India’s nominal GDP over the past six years has been associated with a 168% expansion in stock market earnings. Financials. As we indicate in Figure 80. the Indian market is well diversified. Lehman Brothers.87 On the face of it at least. various. October 2007 94 . constitute only 14% of market capitalisation in India. strong economic growth has been reflected in a very high growth rate for corporate profits. and FTSE indices for World and Emerging Markets Source: BSE. Bloomberg. 87 BSE 30 companies. Lehman Brothers. Financials and Technology (Figure 79). Energy. Five sectors have weights of more than 10%: Capital Goods. Breakdown of sectors by market cap for India. EM and World India World EM BASIC INDUSTRIES CAPITAL GOODS CONSUMER CYCLICALS CONSUMER STABLES ENERGY FINANCIALS & INSURANCE HEALTH CARE MEDIA TECHNOLOGY TELECOMS UTILITIES 8% 10% 13% 5% 16% 14% 4% 2% 12% 9% 7% 8% 9% 12% 8% 9% 24% 8% 3% 9% 6% 5% 13% 6% 9% 5% 21% 24% 1% 1% 6% 10% 5% As of September 6. FTSE. Figure 79. compared with 24% for both the Developed Market index and Emerging Markets.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 78. on the other hand. Using BSE 500 for India. Compared with both Emerging and Developed Market universes. Net issuance 12M Trail as % Mcap 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Source: SDC.
Seasonally Adjusted Last data point for GDP series is calculated based on the GDP growth estimate from Lehman Economics Source: BSE.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 80. With these attractive returns available. returns have declined slightly in the past year or so. OECD. Lehman Brothers. Return on equity: India and Emerging Markets % 30 25 20 15 10 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 India 2004 2005 2006 2007 Emerging Markets Source: FTSE. have seen their capex-to-sales ratio expand steadily (Figure 82). in contrast to other Emerging Markets. October 2007 95 . Figure 81. BSE 100 earnings and Indian GDP Index (Q3 1999=100) 300 250 200 150 100 50 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 BSE 30 Earnings 2006 Nominal GDP. Extel. but they remain well above the level achieved five years ago and also above the returns achieved elsewhere in Emerging Markets. Datastream. Worldscope. Lehman Brothers. Factset. As shown in Figure 81. The next question related to this rapid expansion in earnings is whether it has been achieved with an efficient use of capital. it is not surprising that Indian companies have been increasing their investment spending and thus.
Non-financial companies have a net debt-to-equity ratio of 28% compared with Emerging Markets as a whole at 38%. Lehman Brothers. Exshare.000 2.000 1. Further evidence that this expanded capex budget has been financed out of retained earnings. rather than by debt. Figure 83.000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: Lehman Brothers.000 3. Factset. Indian balance sheets are not heavily geared. FTSE.000 7. Worldscope. is given by the data in Figure 84.000 6.000 4. Capex to sales ratio % 12 10 8 6 4 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 India 2004 2005 2006 2007 Emerging Markets Source: FTSE.000 0 -1. This increased spending on capex has contributed to a decline in the free cash flow of the (non-financial) market as a whole (Figure 83). Worldscope. Indian listed non-financial companies’ free cash flow Index (July 2000=100) 8.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 82. October 2007 96 .000 5.
70 0.50 0. which is used to predict corporate bankruptcy.40 0.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 84.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 India Source: Lehman Brothers.30 0. India’s score has not only improved rapidly but is also the highest in non-Japan Asia. 2. FTSE. Debt-to-equity ratio Ratio 0. Exshare. India’s Altman z-score 6 5 4 3 2 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Worldscope. and 2. This number. Bloated receivables and/or inventories in the top half of the balance sheet bring down the overall score. Sales/Total assets: This ratio is also comprehensive in that it looks at the relationship between the asset base and sales.33 for Asia ex-Japan.79 in the US. 2004 2005 2006 Emerging Markets Indian companies’ sound balance sheet management is reflected in the Indian market’s low Altman z-score. much of this progress in creditworthiness has been appreciated by the market. Worldscope.95 compares to 3. IBES.20 0. October 2007 97 . As Figure 85 illustrates. Components of the Altman z-score: EBIT/Total assets: This ratio is used to look at the relationship between assets and pretax earnings and how these earnings are being created.10 0. Compustat. If the market perceives that the company’s 88 India’s Altman z-score of 5. Figure 85.35 in Japan. A large and cumbersome balance sheet can create lots of earnings. ties the strength of the balance sheet to sales and margins as well as the operational health of the company. This criterion speaks to the way in which the short-term portion of the balance sheet is optimised to create sales. A small balance sheet that creates large earnings is obviously a better option.88 However. Market value/Total liabilities: This is an interesting ratio in that it indicates the way in which the market perceives the balance sheet.60 0.
89 For more detail.9x). Thus a falling market value gives off a signal and produces a low Altman score. it will punish the company by selling down ownership in it. Working capital/Total assets: This criterion speaks to the way the company handles its cash and receivables relative to its payables. available on LehmanLive. 90 All multiples refer to the FTSE World indices 91 The FTSE World China index refers to H and B-shares only. October 2007 98 . however. It is an allin-one score of balance sheet management. In the first instance. this is a high multiple both in terms of India’s historical performance and relative to other global markets. by our analysis. high levels of profitability and strong balance sheets—are very strong. India’s payout ratio Ratio 0.40 0.7 times 12-month forward consensus earnings 90 (Figure 86). The fundamental underpinnings of the Indian market—earnings growth. Retained earnings/Total Assets: This measure looks at the accumulated profits of a company relative to the asset base. BSE.32 0.24 0.89 As internal funds have been increasingly allocated to investment spending of one sort or another. Chile (18.8x). Paul Schulte/Justin Lau.20 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 BSE 30 2004 BSE 100 2005 2006 Source: Lehman Brothers. please refer to “The Credit Side of Equities in Asia ex-Japan”. given the size of its asset base. Part 1.28 0.36 0. the next question to ask is: what is the market paying for these healthy fundamentals? VALUATION There are a number of ways of approaching the question of valuation for a market like India. Figure 86. we review some of the market’s current trade multiples. The only other countries among the emerging markets that currently trade at higher multiples are Argentina (30.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for leverage is getting too high. the pay-out ratio (defined as gross dividends paid relative to forward earnings) declined from around 35% in 2004 to 22% currently (Figure 86). The market was recently trading at 18.3x). and China91 (24.
Figure 88. Several Indian corporates are executing new businesses in step-down subsidiaries and P/E ratios do not reflect consolidated earnings in several cases.8 0.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 87. IBES. Viewed in the context of a risk premium (earnings yield less real bond yield) the Indian market also looks slightly expensive. FTSE. October 2007 99 . India’s P/E ratio relative to emerging markets P/E ratio Ratio 1. IBES.5 1.4 1. Factset. The current Indian market premium of 4.6 1. the 32% premium accorded to the Indian market is towards the upper end of the historical range (Figure 88).5x forward 12-month earnings. Factset.45% compares with an embedded risk premium in Emerging Markets as a whole of 4.1 1. A rough cut estimate shows that this could account for as much as 8-10% of the valuation of the overall market.9 0. Sometimes consolidation is not done because these subsidiaries are not yet operational and sometimes because core business and subsidiary businesses are totally different. Indian market 12-month forward consensus P/E multiple Ratio 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Using FTSE India index Source: Lehman Brothers.3 1.7 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Using FTSE indices for both EM and India Source: Lehman Brothers.0 0. With the global Emerging Market index currently trading at 13. FTSE.2 1.57% (Figure 89).
3 11. Factset. Indian and Emerging Market equity risk premiums (Static estimation*) % 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 2000 2001 2002 2003 India 2004 2005 2006 2007 Emerging Markets * The Equity Risk Premium is calculated as the difference between the earnings yield and the real bond yield Source: FTSE.4 1.4 2.6 1. A comparison of sectoral P/E ratios reveals the widest gaps in valuations in the telecoms.0 12. Lehman Brothers.9 0..4 15. Datstream.4 3.3 12.1 17.6 2.5 1.7 13. Relative to the Emerging Markets index.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 89. so the key is the future growth rate.5 18.4 14.6 10.9 17. FTSE.9 23. Factset. Relative to the Developed Markets “space”. i.7 15. FACTORING IN FUTURE POTENTIAL In factoring in the future growth potential of the Indian economy. dividend yield plus growth equals the bond yield plus a risk premium.0 11.6 21.1 17. IBES.2 1.3 0.3 1.4 1.5 0.4 14.1 14.8 0. Next.6 12. nine out of 11 sectors are more expensive in India and only two have lower P/E multiples. Thus. Extel.4 0. With such a fast growth market it is important to value the future growth prospects.0 2.1 Source: Lehman Brothers.8 3.0 32. Figure 90. at first blush the Indian market appears expensively priced both on an absolute basis and relative to other Emerging Markets.1 2. Clearly the bond yield and dividend yield are known.2 13.0 1. Yet these static comparisons do not take into account the higher growth projected for the Indian economy.6 15.9 0.5 15.7 16. consumer staples.e.1 19. Worldscope.2 2. there are nine sectors that currently trade on more expensive multiples in India.5 16. October 2007 100 .4 0.1 1.7 9.7 1.8 2.6 15.6 18. Comparison of sectoral valuations India EM World Forward PE India EM World Dividend Yield India Basic Industries Capital Goods Consumer Cyclicals Consumer Staples Energy Financials Health Media Technology Telecoms Utilities Sector-Neutral 13. Worldscope.2 2. IBES.5 9. we endeavor to benchmark Indian sectoral valuation with those in the rest of the Emerging Markets “space” and the multiples prevailing in the Developed Markets (Figure 90).6 4.8 15.7 1. as uncertain as they are.2 2. capital goods and technology sectors.0 21. we have appealed to the Gordon Growth model.1 3.8 19.8 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.4 17.0 1.1 15.9 1.7 19.8 1.
i. Again plugging this into our Gordon Growth Model gives a long-run risk premium of 8%. the projections derived elsewhere in this report of approximately 15% long-run nominal GDP growth.4%. the volatility of monthly price moves in the BSE index shows a declining pattern since 2000 (Figure 92).0% 15.75% Adding the risk premium to the risk free rate of 7.75% gives an expected total return of about 16%pa. Figure 91. We expect 12%-20% upside in the next 12 months Source: Lehman Brothers. as well as other studies on a global basis. This risk premium is above most estimates of the long-run achieved premium in markets such as the US and UK..2% (Figure 81). rounding to 8% 1% 15. this suggests a long-run real return of 11%.8% or 8. An alternative approach to estimating the long-run earnings growth potential of the Indian market is to make assumptions about the potential reinvestment rate for the listed sector.78 Bond Yield (10-yr govt bond yield) Gives Risk Premium of 7. then the long-run expected growth rate would also be 15%. If we assume that a long-run ROE of about 20% is achievable and also assume that the current payout ratio / reinvestment rate split stays at 21% / 79% (Figure 86). This is above the long-run average of 20.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for If we assume that in the long-run earnings grow in line with nominal GDP growth.6% 7.4%. October 2007 101 . But what of the risks associated with investing in Indian equities? In absolute terms. Currently Indian listed companies are enjoying a return on equity (ROE) of 22. So factoring in the long-run growth potential produces an expected total return of 16% (dividend yield + growth) and a generous risk premium of 8%. the same answer we derived using projected nominal GDP growth rates. Gordon growth model derived equity risk premium Using: DY * (earnings growth) = Bond yield * RP Dividend yield Nominal Economic Growth (proxy for earnings growth) RoE* (1-payout ratio) as proxy for earnings growth using RoE of 20% and Retention ratio of 0.e. Assuming long-run inflation of 5%. (real GDP growth of 10% and long-run inflation of 5%) suggest a risk premium over the long run of about 8% (Figure 91).
October 2007 102 .1 currently (Figure 94).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 92. Lehman Brothers. Volatility of monthly earnings growth in India and emerging markets % 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 2002 2003 2004 2005 BSE 100 BSE 30 2006 2007 Measured as the 30-month standard deviation of monthly earnings growth on the BSE 100 and BSE 30 indices Source: BSE. Datastream. Figure 93. The beta of monthly returns relative to global equities has picked up from 0. Volatility of monthly returns in India and Emerging Markets % 12 10 8 6 4 2 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 India 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Emerging Markets Measured as the 30-month standard deviation of monthly returns on the BSE 100 and FTSE Emerging indices Source: BSE. This follows from a marked paring back of earnings volatility for both the BSE 100 and BSE 30 (Figure 93). FTSE. the volatility of relative returns is key. Lehman Brothers. the market has become far more levered to both emerging and global markets. In beta terms.32 in July 1997 to 2. However. from a portfolio perspective.
5 0. Lehman Brothers.0 1. although current static multiples look high.0 0. Net FII inflows USD Millions 2.5 2. if growth is achieved then stocks are attractively priced even on a risk-adjusted basis. Beta of monthly returns of the Indian relative to global markets Ratio 3. as restrictions on investment have been relaxed and the market is more mature.5 1.0 2.000 1. Bloomberg. from a weekly average of US$28m in 1999 to nearly US$300m in 2007 (Figure 95). October 2007 103 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 94. FTSE.500 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Measured weekly Source: SEBI.500 1. We expect Indian equities to outperform developed and emerging market indices over a five-year horizon. CONCLUSION Thus.000 500 0 -500 -1.000 -1. Datastream. Figure 95. Lehman Brothers.0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Measured as the 30-month rolling regression of monthly returns of the BSE 100 relative to the FTSE World index Source: BSE. The sharp uptick in beta is unsurprising given the increased participation of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) in the domestic market. FII net inflows have increased tenfold.
falling PC prices and higher education standards. at the end of March 2007. driven by rapidly increasing disposable income. Structure The Indian wireless sector is fragmented.9% 16. We estimate a 9-10% real GDP growth rate. Meanwhile. demographics (large population of young people) and lack of alternate communication media in rural areas. driven mainly by wireless expansion. to drive a threefold increase in total telephone connections over the next five years. with 5-6 wireless operators in every province and no restrictions on new entrants.4bn (FY07) 25. According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). We expect this growth to be backed by about US$40bn of capital spending. Further monthly additions at 8m have already outpaced connections growth in China. Com Feb-07 Aug-07 Source: Bloomberg. 2. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation.bihani@lehman. mainly in rural areas.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for EQUITY ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS TELECOMMUNICATIONS Snapshot Sundeep Bihani LBSPL.4% to 2. Such robust growth should promote several new sectors in the handset/equipment manufacturing. combined with wireless spending rising from 1. India 852-2252-6181 sundeep.3% of GDP. in 2007-12. although strong IT/ITES growth and global connectivity requirements have driven robust growth in business access lines. also creating significant employment opportunities and rural productivity gains. India had 165m wireless and 41m wireline connections – a tele-density of 18%. We remain positive and expect stronger consumer broadband growth driven by increased urbanization. driven by the regulator’s desire for a pro-consumer October 2007 104 . household access lines have been stagnant as a result of low return on invested capital (ROICs). Lehman Brothers. mobile content areas and asset/infrastructure services. Price chart of key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 Aug-05 Feb-06 Bharti Aug-06 Rel. We expect sector revenue growth to remain robust. US$22. Growth and leverage to higher Indian growth The telecommunications sector has been one of the fastest-growing in India in 2002-07.56% 70-75% Figure 96.2% (FY07-12) Industry/GDP Current cap utilisation Source: Bloomberg.com Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies INR3749bn (US$95bn) 20-35% (FY07) Bharti Airtel Reliance Communications Size estimate 5 year historical CAGR Forecast CAGR INR919bn.
We believe that Indian wireless operators have been successful in building low-cost business models that are likely to be exported and replicated in other newly emerging markets as well as a few developed markets globally. It has a wireline market share exceeding 90% and is India’s fourth-largest wireless operator. which. and. all of which can drive up the cost of service and keep services out of the reach of the rural user.9 0.1 0. Key company profiles • • • Bharti Airtel: Bharti is the largest private-sector integrated operator by revenue. 37. directly affect sector revenue growth. Supply-side threats are more in the form of spectrum. we expect broadband growth to add another layer of revenues to already high wireless usage. with a population of roughly 700m.69 5% 38. Bharti Airtel has a cost per minute of US$0.38 55% Opportunity We expect Indian telecom operators to focus primarily on India over the next few years.24 37% 301. Given that telecom is a regulation-heavy sector. with more than 40m subscribers. the wireline sector remains mostly under government control.021 2.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for environment and rural penetration growth.023 9. We believe the key driver has been a strong competitive environment with tariffs being the lowest in the world. if implemented. Key parameters of some telecom majors 2006 Bharti China Mobile China Unicom Telkomsel YE subscribers (m) Cost per min (US$) Subs per employee (k) ROE Source: Company reports. Because of strong operator backing by cash rich conglomerates and international operators. where the top four operators garner 75-80% of all new wireless subscribers.011 3. should provide an excellent opportunity for these operators to leverage on India’s consumption boom. indirectly. 50% lower than operators in China and Indonesia. any government attempts at tariff controls or mandatory spending could cause a slowdown in capex investments. Risks We would place industry growth risks into three buckets: 1) regulatory. The government is now considering proposals to further stir-up competition. In urban markets.4 0. with private players focusing on the business and high-end consumer space. The company was listed in March 2006.88 22% 142. The third bucket is a mild wireless risk given low service tariffs. with India emerging as the second-largest telecommunications market by number of subscribers. Meanwhile. Comparisons with similar-sized operators reveal far lower cost per minute and higher asset productivity. October 2007 105 . 2) supply-side resource constraints and 3) consumer spending slowdown. even affect potential GDP gains. we expect industry revenues to grow at a 16% CAGR. Rural wireless penetration is still below 10% and. power and road infrastructure.011.2 0. leading to robust earnings growth. we do not foresee any consolidation. Figure 97. Market cap – INR 1786bn. could dampen the strong earnings growth of the larger operators in the medium term. rational pricing behaviour and superior execution has led to quasiconsolidation. In FY07-12. but can affect spending on broadband. a combination of first-mover advantage. However. Market cap – INR 1197bn BSNL: BSNL (unlisted) is the government-owned fixed-line incumbent. Reliance Communications: Reliance has 25m subscribers in India and owns FLAG Telecom.026 2. Competition We rate Indian wireless operators globally competitive on both opex management and capex efficiency.
the number of urban households earning more than INR 500. Lehman Brothers.6m) is the main driver of Grade A commercial office space demand. thereby driving the demand for mall space.gunwani@lehman. US$40bn NA 4% Not Applicable 5-year historical CAGR NA Industry/GDP* Current cap util Key listed companies Source: Bloomberg. Key stocks according to market capitalization.000 (about US$12. Unitech Size estimate* Forecast CAGR INR1620bn.1m square feet in 2006. • • • Structure The real estate industry has historically been fragmented and opaque. a property consultancy. The demand side has robust and sustainable macro drivers across all segments: • Residential: Accounting for more than 70% of the sector in terms of space. estimates that the absorption of office space in the top seven cities in India was 31. According to the National Council of Applied Economic Research estimates.6m in 2006-10.com Industry market cap Industry ROE US$ 50bn ~50% DLF. Commercial: Rapid growth in IT/ITES services (manpower in the sector has doubled in the past three years to 1. Growth and leverage to higher India growth The real estate sector is developing rapidly in India.5% in 2005 to 8% in 2010. the penetration of organized retail into the overall market will increase from 3. Hospitality: According to CRISIL. (* Much of the industry is unorganized.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for REAL ESTATE Snapshot Manish Gunwani LBSPL. but this is changing: October 2007 106 . Retail: According to CRIS INFAC. Price chart of key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 250 200 150 100 50 0 Sep-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Feb-07 Mar-07 May-07 DLF Jun-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Unitech Source: Bloomberg. the number of 5-star rooms is expected to grow by 60% in the next four years with foreign tourist arrivals growing at 10% CAGR. residential segment growth is driven by urbanization and the migration of households up the income curve.000) should more than double to 7. so these are our rough estimates) Figure 98. Jones Lang LaSalle. India 91-22-4037-4182 manish.
• October 2007 107 . • • • Risks • Macroeconomic risks: Since the sector forms a large part of the savings and capital formation of the country. interest rates. strict laws like the Urban Land Ceiling Act (which defines ceiling of land holdings in urban areas) have been repealed or modified. Market cap – INR 515bn. About 25% of its land bank is in Kolkata and another 20% in Chennai.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for • Penetration of mortgage finance: Mortgage disbursals grew by 38% in FY2001-06 and have become an integral part of the buying process. affordability has been affected and.500 acres with a saleable area of approximately 600m sq. Chennai. About 22% of its land bank is concentrated in tier-3 cities such as Varanasi and Agra.500 acres. transaction volumes have dropped considerably. which necessitates rigorous systems and processes. Change in legislation: In many states. Although it is a pan-Indian player with a presence in 32 cities and towns. Unitech is a pan-Indian player with a presence in cities such as Kolkata. and so on. This could hinder growth of mortgage finance and dampen demand. Noida. at 10. because of the steep rise in property prices in the past three years and increase in interest rates. the debt market in India is underdeveloped. It currently possesses a land bank of about 10. Underdeveloped financial markets: Mortgage loans require lenders with long-term liabilities. Slowdown in IT/ITES: A slowdown in the US-centric IT services industry could severely affect the industry. ft. However. Market cap – INR 1303bn Unitech: Unitech is the second-largest player in the Indian real estate market. it is leveraged highly on GDP growth. This has helped reduce the unaccounted “cash component” of transactions. but with a saleable area of about 500m sqft. consequently. Entry of foreign capital: Regulations governing foreign capital in the sector have been relaxed. At present. Agra. It has sold approximately 224m sq. Its land bank is approximately the same as DLF’s. Greater Noida. ft. preventing pension funds and insurance companies from being active in the mortgage space. motivating developers to become transparent and improve corporate governance. mainly plots. the company has been able to create a strong brand. With six decades of experience. Gurgaon. • • Key company profiles • DLF: DLF is the largest Indian real estate developer. Consumer preferences: Consumers are now willing to pay premium prices for better amenities and a good brand. Varanasi. especially the commercial segment. about 51% of its land bank is in the National Capital Region (NCR) and another 25% in Kolkata. of developed area so far. most of the bigger developers are scaling up geographically. In response.
1% Forecast CAGR 5 year NA Steel Authority of India Ltd Industry/GDP [2007] Current cap util 4.3% Tata Steel JSW Steel Size estimate INR1209bn (FY07). Figure 99. Lehman Brothers.4bn 26. US$ 27.2% Not Available Source: Bloomberg. the steel industry is well placed to reap the benefits of India’s growth. Sector revenue has grown at a CAGR of 16% in the past five years. Competition The Indian steel industry is quite fragmented. All the major players have announced large capacity expansion plans for the next 10 years to meet the increased demand. With the outlook for steel prices remaining firm. respectively. All the new capacities being announced have been assured of captive iron ore mines.9bn 5-year historical CAGR 16. Opportunities According to National Steel Policy-1995. With large increases in raw material prices (iron ore and coal) in the international market over the past three years. With prices determined by global markets. October 2007 108 . the latter follow global price trends. the steel sector is poised to grow at a healthy pace. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 350 JSW Steel 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Apr-05 SAIL Tata Steel Aug-05 Dec-05 Apr-06 Aug-06 Dec-06 Apr-07 Aug-07 Source: Bloomberg.5% to 110m tons in FY2020. Indian players look well placed to benefit from their fully integrated structure (in terms of access to cheap iron ore and in some cases coal). with 5-6 primary players and a large number of secondary producers.awasthi@lehman.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for STEEL Snapshot Prabhat Awasthi LBSPL. competition in the local market is not of material impact in determining prices. consumption of finished steel is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation.com Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies INR 1706. India 91-22-4037-4180 prabhat. Construction accounts for close to 60% and Autos 28% of total steel consumption in India. Given that we expect Infrastructure and Autos to grow at a CAGR of 20% and 15%. Booming economy and high Infrastructure spending should fuel growth The Indian steel sector is growing strongly as a result of the booming economy and heavy infrastructure spending.
8m tpa. high-quality coal. India depends on imports for low-ash. Market cap – INR 518bn JSW Steel (JSTL): JSW steel is one of the best performing steel companies in India with large capacity expansion plans in the pipeline.000cr to expand capacity by more than 25m tpa in the next 10 years. Any negative surprise on that front could slow the expansion plans of the industry. It has announced plans to expand capacity in India by more than 20m tpa. It has a capacity of 6. It has announced capital expenditure of INR 80. Key company profiles • Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL): SAIL is the largest steel manufacturer in India with a capacity of 13m tpa. Other potential risks to the sector are high-coking coal prices. With the acquisition of Corus it has become the sixth largest steel producer globally with a capacity of 25m tpa. TATA steel is one of the lowest-cost producers of steel globally. Market cap – INR 855bn Tata Steel (TATA): TATA steel is the largest private player in the steel sector in India. Market cap – INR 140bn • • October 2007 109 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Risks Any downturn in economic growth would likely have a direct negative impact on Indian steel industry. It has announced plans to increase hot metal capacity to 25m tpa with an investment of more than INR 400bn by 2012. It has close to 30% of market share.
October 2007 110 . Size estimate US$39. SCS.122bn US$ 103bn 27. Bright growth prospects across verticals The demand environment remains strong for Tier-1 companies in both offshore mature verticals. including Healthcare and Technology. HCLT. there are MNCs like IBM and Accenture setting up large scale centres in India and trying to match the price structure of Indian companies. WPRO. Transportation & Services (TMTS). including Banking.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for IT SERVICES Snapshot Harmendra Gandhi LBSPL.com Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies INR 4. Opportunities Off-shoring demand for IT services and BPO looks set to grow at 25-30% as estimated by Nasscom.36% 76% Figure 100. TCS. INR1600bn 5-year historical CAGR 32% Forecast CAGR 23% Industry/GDP Current utilization Source: Bloomberg. However. Price chart of key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 Infosys Aug-05 Feb-06 Aug-06 HCL Tech Feb-07 Wipro Aug-07 TCS Satyam Comp Source: Bloomberg. Infrastructure Management Services (IMS) and Package Implementation (PI) will continue to be the growth drivers for IT services off-shoring to India in next three years. McKinsey and other independent organizations. 4. Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) and Telecoms. with better margins and ROE than most companies based in other parts of the world. Services like Testing.2% INFO. Media. Competition The IT industry is globally competitive. and newer verticals. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. Demand for off-shoring of IT services and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is expected to grow by 20-25% in the next couple of years. India 91-22-4037-4181 hagandhi@lehman.7bn. Lehman Brothers.
Market cap –INR 671bn TCS: TCS has positioned itself as a low-cost service provider and has been able to maintain good margins. which involves the implementation and support of Enterprise Resource planning (ERP) systems. Moreover. Approximately 30% of revenues from software services come from R&D services. It has also managed to attract and retain a large number of employees in a highly competitive hiring environment. Its attrition numbers (after adjusting for its non-standard reporting method) are better than the Tier-1 average numbers. Market cap – INR 199bn Satyam Computer: 42% of the company’s revenues come from Consulting and Enterprise Business Solutions (CEBS). Infrastructure Management services (13% of revenues). companies may face pressure on volume growth and pricing if the US slowdown is led by a slowing of BFS. and the rest from other businesses like consumer care). Tax is another factor that could hurt the sector as Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) benefits are to end in FY09. the macro-environment is not very conducive: rupee appreciation continues to erode revenue and margin. Market cap – INR 296bn • • • • October 2007 111 .000 people in one year. 15% from Asia Pacific IT services and products. The company has a strong presence in large Fortune 1000 customers and a significant training infrastructure with a capacity to train 20. Market cap – INR 1034bn HCL Tech: The company has a diversified presence in BPO (14% of revenues). Additionally. with the remaining revenues coming from software services. Market cap – INR 1083bn Wipro: Wipro was one of the pioneers of IT outsourcing in India and has a well diversified revenue base (70% from global IT services.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Risks The industry is facing supply-side challenges as demand for engineers continues to rise and average quality intake falls. Key company profiles • Infosys: Infosys leads the IT services sector in India with strong margins (31% EBIDTA margin in FY07) and growth rates (revenue CAGR of 42% in the past three years).
mainly on increasing government expenditure on infrastructure. We expect cement demand growth to remain strong in the next three years. Growth and leverage to higher India growth Demand for cement has grown at a healthy CAGR of more than 10% during the past three years on the back of strong demand from end-users. Major demand drivers for cement are as follows: • • • • Housing Infrastructure Commercial construction Industrial segments. Assuming GDP grows at 9% CAGR for the next five years and the investment to GDP ratio rises to 38% by FY12. growth in cement demand has had a correlation of 68% with the sum of growth in gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and government expenditure. INR520bn 24% 5-year historical CAGR 8. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. Lehman Brothers. Feb-07 Aug-07 Ambuja Cement Ultratech Cements Source: Bloomberg. we expect demand to grow at a CAGR of 10% in the period. Historically. Figure 101. October 2007 112 . The Housing sector accounts for approximately 65% of cement demand.com Industry market cap US$ 21bn Industry ROE Size estimate US$13bn. Demand drops during the July-September monsoon season and picks up after the rains stop.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CEMENT Snapshot Satish Kumar LBSPL.6% Current cap utilisation 95% (FY07) Source: Bloomberg. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 ACC Aug-05 Feb-06 Aug-06 Grasim Ind. with the rest equally shared among other sectors. increased corporate capital expenditure and large-scale development of commercial real estate.6% (volumes) 5 year historical CAGR 32% (revenue) Key listed companies ACC Grasim industries Ambuja cement Ultratech cement Forecast CAGR 5 year 10% (volumes) Industry/GDP 0. India 91-22-4037 4183 satishku@lehman.
For example. Besides cement. It has an installed capacity of 17m tonnes per annum. It has total installed capacity of 20m tonnes per annum and plans to take it up to 27m tonnes by 2009 end. but overcapacity may be on the horizon. sponge iron and textiles. The past two years have been very positive for the industry. However. ACC Limited is the largest cement maker in the country. Both companies are now controlled by Holcim. Market cap – INR 206bn Ambuja cement: Ambuja cement is the second-largest cement maker in the country. However. the industry is susceptible to cyclical downturns. Key company profiles • ACC ltd. Over the long term. which it plans to increase to 24m tonnes by end FY09. Its current capacity is 17. a structural threat could emerge if Indian GDP growth were to drop. if GDP CAGR for the next five years is 7%. followed by Ambuja Cement. which it plans to increase to 21m tonnes by end FY09. Risks As mentioned earlier. AV Birla Group controls the next two largest companies: Grasim Industries and Ultratech Cement. competitive intensity has calmed. Market cap – INR 121bn • • • October 2007 113 . like Holcim and Lafarge.5m tonnes per annum. which it has said it plans to take up to 23m tonnes by 2009. Holcim international has a 41% stake in the company.: ACC is the largest and oldest cement manufacturer in India. Market cap – INR 217bn Grasim Industries: Grasim is the flagship company of AV Birla group. as demand has picked up since FY05. The top 10 companies in the country account for about 75% of total installed capacity. there has been consolidation recently. It has an installed capacity of 15m tonnes per annum. then we would expect cement demand to grow at 8%.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Competition The cement industry is very competitive and there have been frequent price wars. with a panIndian presence. Holcim international has a 35% stake in the company. mainly because of lower demand. In the past. cement demand should continue to grow at a healthy pace in India and this is reflected in the acquisition of capacities by large multinational players. the company is also a world leader in Viscose staple fiber (VSF). However. the Indian cement industry was highly fragmented. in India. The company is also engaged in the business of chemical. The AV Birla group acquired it from L&T in 2004. which would mean serious overcapacity in the industry and consequently a very benign price outlook. Opportunities Cement is a cyclical industry. the Swiss cement major. Market cap – INR 291bn Ultratech cement: Ultratech cement is also an AV Birla group company.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
ENGINEERING GOODS Snapshot
Satish Kumar LBSPL, India 91-22-4037-4183 satishku@lehman.com
Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies
US$ 58bn 27% BHEL ABB India Siemens India Suzlon energy
Size estimate
US$15bn, INR600bn
5-year historical CAGR 29.7% Forecast CAGR 5 year 20% Industry/GDP
2%
Current cap utilisation N.A.
Source: Bloomberg, Lehman Brothers.
Figure 102. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100)
1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Aug-04
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Aug-05 BHEL
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Aug-07
SIEMENSE
Source: Bloomberg. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation.
Growth and leverage to higher India growth India’s engineering goods companies are highly leveraged to growth in the economy. The growth of this sector is driven by industrial capex and investment in infrastructure. In the past five years the investment-to-GDP ratio has risen to 33% from 24% and this is reflected in the growth rates of these companies. Another fillip for this sector has come from the increased investment in infrastructure, especially power and roads. Infrastructure investment is expected to continue to increase in India. If the investmentto-GDP ratio remains strong, we can expect the sector to sustain its high growth rate. Competition These companies cater to requirements of industrial and infrastructure sectors. There are companies making electrical equipment, construction equipment, mining equipment, automation products and a host of other products. Although the electrical equipment space is fairly competitive, there is not as much competition in mining equipment. In addition, there are many global players in this sector. Companies like GE, Toshiba, Hitachi and various Chinese companies compete with the Indian companies. Competition is particularly intense in low-tech goods, such as low-voltage electrical equipment. Opportunities Opportunities in this sector abound because of the strong industrial capex cycle and continued investment in infrastructure. Industry is stretched for capacities, and margins are also strong. Companies with access to high technology can benefit more as the end users are moving towards higher technology. We also see opportunities emerging in the
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alternative energy space. There is much emphasis on the development of alternate energy resources and there could therefore be opportunities across the value chain. Risks From a sector point of view, the biggest threat for the industry is a decline in industrial capex or a slowdown in the investment in infrastructure for any reason. Key company profiles • BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.): The largest power generation equipment maker in the country. About 65% of total installed power plants run on BHEL-made equipment. The company is a public sector undertaking. Market cap – INR 910bn Siemens India: The Indian subsidiary of German giant Siemens AG. The company is present in power equipment, medical devices, software services, automation products and transportation systems. Market cap – INR 214bn ABB India: ABB India is a subsidiary of Swiss multinational ABB group. The company is a market leader in power transmission and distribution equipments. Besides the company also makes automation systems and products for industrial consumers. Market cap – INR 256bn Suzlon Energy ltd.: Suzlon is one of the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturing companies. It is a market leader in India with more than 50% market share. The company also makes wind turbine gearboxes. Market cap – INR 380bn
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PHARMACEUTICALS Snapshot
Saion Mukherjee LBSPL, India 91-22-8037-4184 saion.mukherjee@lehman.com
Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies
INR 1467 bn, US$ 37 bn Size estimate 20%
5-year historical revenues CAGR Industry/GDP
US$12bn, INR516bn 15% 15% 1.6%
Cipla, Dr Reddy, Ranbaxy Forecast CAGR Sun Pharma
Source: Capitaline, Lehman Brothers.
Figure 103. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100)
400
300
200
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0 Aug-04
Feb-05 Cipla
Aug-05
Feb-06
Aug-06 Ranbaxy
Feb-07 Sun Pharma
Aug-07
Dr Reddy
Source: Bloomberg. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation.
Indian pharmaceutical market India is the fourth-largest pharmaceutical market in volume terms (around 8% of global pharma volume) and 15th largest in value terms. The Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers estimates the market at US$7.5bn. India is a very fragmented market with more than 20,000 registered units. It is mainly a retail-based branded generic market with 80% of dispensing via pharmacy outlets. Typical of an emerging economy, acute therapy dominates, with 75% of the market. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has had a CAGR of 9.5% in the past five years, but in the past two years growth has accelerated to 14%. New product introduction has been, and continues to be, a major contributor to growth. Interestingly, the contribution from new product introduction to growth has not diminished since the introduction of pharmaceutical product patents in January 2005. The product patent regime limits the opportunity to reverse engineer and introduce new molecules. This has forced companies to focus on launching novel formulations and combinations. We expect the contribution of new product introduction to growth to decrease over time. We expect industry growth to become more penetration-driven. India’s Pharmaceutical industry looks set to mirror overall economic growth. We expect the industry to grow at 12% over the next three years. Innovation (particularly NDDS, combinations and new formulations), geographic reach and alignment of the product portfolio towards the high-growth chronic segment look set to be key growth drivers. Key participants in the domestic Indian pharmaceuticals market include Ranbaxy, Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline, Nicholas Piramal, and Sun Pharmaceutical. Indian Pharma—Addressing the global generic opportunity According to the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Indian pharmaceutical companies export drugs worth US$4.5bn. Key export markets are the US, Western Europe and CEE countries, including Russia. India has the most manufacturing facilities approved by the USFDA outside the United States. Indian companies make the largest number of
October 2007 116
Divis. SUNP ranks number one in prescriptions in may areas. Worldwide. The ORG IMS data put CIPLA’s retail market share just below 5%. 45% was on NCE research and specialty projects. CIPLA follows a partnership-based business model. Exports currently contribute 82% of base business revenues (FY07 ex AG and exclusivity upsides). DRRD has recently launched the first generic version of monoclonal antibody Rutuximab in India. India is fast evolving as an outsourcing destination given the abundance of product development. including India. Dr Reddy’s. Dishman and Jubilant Organosys. Since the product patent regime was launched in 2005. Combined. Cipla. CIPLA is the largest anti-asthma player in the country with more than 70% market share in the inhaler market. Africa and the US are key export geographies. DRRD is the largest third-party API supplier in India. Ranbaxy spends roughly US$100m annually on R&D of which US$25m is spent on innovation research. The company is also making investment in biologics. Indian companies that have invested heavily in infrastructure and developing relationships with the innovators include Nicholas Piramal. Anti-AIDS drugs are another forte for CIPLA. The other key market for SUNP is the United States. Rather. Indian Pharma—Addressing the outsourcing opportunity Some companies are focusing on research and manufacturing outsourcing. Sun Pharma’s domestic sales have consistently grown above the industry average. Russia and Germany. Ranbaxy has one of the largest R&D infrastructures in the country. it supplies bulk and finished dosages to its partners. contributes 43% of total company revenues. Company profiles • Ranbaxy: Ranbaxy is the largest manufacturer of generic drugs in India with sales of US$1. it has two New Chemical Entities (NCEs) in clinical development. The company has ground operations in 49 countries. India’s appeal as an outsourcing hub has strengthened. with sales in excess of US$250m. As in India. According to market research firm CMARC. Key exporters include: Ranbaxy. It is also aggressively pursuing opportunities in Contract Research and Manufacturing Services (CRAMS) by using its R&D and manufacturing skills and infrastructure. It does not maintain its own front end. The company has been active in M&A and much of its recent growth has been acquisition-driven. Market cap – INR 142bn 117 • • • October 2007 . SUNP has recently hived-off and listed its innovation R&D entity. SUNP has delivered consistent growth in the US via product launches and increasing distribution reach. DRRD has five NCEs in clinical development.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for regulatory filings to the USFDA. Of this. In terms of prescription drugs. The branded generic business in emerging markets. contributing 28% of sales. CIPLA continues to invest heavily on inhaler facilities. manufacturing and medical skills available in the country. Lupin and Wockhardt. SPARC. Sun Pharmaceutical. who then market the products. Ranbaxy files approximately 650-700 generic applications annually worldwide. DRRD’s key markets are the US. It has now emerged as the largest generic ARV producer in the world. India. it currently markets two biologics.3bn (CY06). DRRD has spent US$54m on R&D in FY07. Market cap – INR 109bn Sun Pharmaceuticals: Sun Pharma is sixth largest company in the domestic market and has a strong focus on the chronic therapeutic segment. The United States is the largest geography. the largest presence among Indian companies. In its export market. Ranbaxy is the 11th largest generic company in the United States. CIPLA is the third-largest inhaler manufacturer. the US and India account for 85% of revenues. The branded generic emerging markets (including India) contribute 26% of base business revenues. Market cap – INR 162bn Dr Reddy’s: DRRD is India’s second largest generic company in terms of sales. On the innovation front. Exports accounts for 50% of CIPLA’s turnover. Market cap – INR 191bn CIPLA: CIPLA is among the top three pharmaceutical companies in the domestic market. with more than 1000 scientists.
Lehman Brothers. The average size of the industry in 2006 was INR3100bn (US$ 70bn). US$70bn. Indian construction industry Construction is the second-largest economic activity in India.mukherjee@lehman. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. The complexity and size of contracts should increase as infrastructure spending rises.200 800 400 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 L&T Aug-05 HCC Feb-06 Aug-06 Feb-07 Nagarjuna Cons Aug-07 IVRCL Infra Source: Bloomberg. more experienced companies.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Saion Mukherjee LBSPL. US$ 44 bn Size estimate 14% Larsen and Toubro. forcing the primary playing field to shrink to just a few larger. Figure 104. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 1. The government has implemented policies which have generated more than 8% growth on average for the past three years. Developers investing equity capital in construction projects such as GMR. Hindustan Construction Source: Bloomberg. and spans across several subsectors of the economy. India 91-22-8037 4184 Saion. 9-10% annual growth rate over the next five years seems achievable. leading to consolidation in the industry over time. INR3000bn 5-year historical revenues CAGR 21% Forecast revenues CAGR (3 year) 30% 8.600 1. Companies engaged in direct construction in specific segments such as HCC. Small construction firms. October 2007 118 .com Snapshot Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies INR 1769 bn. Sector organization Currently the sector consists of the following elements: • • • • Large corporate entities diversified into various sub segments of construction industry such as L&T. We expect smaller companies to find it difficult to move up the value chain because of the lack of maturity and entry barriers in the sector.5% Nagarjuna Construction Industry/GDP IVRCL Infrastructure. Based on these policies.
6 5. the investment in infrastructure would rise gradually from 4. any sharp increase in interest rates could adversely affect investment plans and. India would need about US$492bn invested (at 2006/07 prices) in various infrastructure sectors during the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12).4 76. investment in infrastructure would have to be substantially augmented.4 Source: Government Planning Commission’s consultation paper.1 15. Raw material costs: Any increase in commodity prices would affect the margins of construction companies.3 2. Risks • User Financing: Infrastructure in coming years may have to be progressively financed by user charges as the government does not have resources to fund the entire expenditure Execution: The increasing size of projects could force companies to scale up.3 1.5 65.5 150. October 2007 119 .5 31.5 32. private participation has a key role in the investments in infrastructure.1 200. Figure 105. 24 September 2007.5 5. Regulatory environment: The government can change the sector policies. According to the Government Planning Commission.1 53. Hence.0 8. The Build-Operate-Transfer BOT opportunity that we expect over the next five years is around US$ 130bn. Most of the projects were awarded only in the past three years. the growth opportunity for construction companies.1 48. testing their operational and human resources capabilities.7 20.2 18.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Infrastructure opportunity To sustain the GDP growth rate at 9% per annum in the medium term. In the past decade.3 2. • • • • Private participation in infrastructure Given the significant investment required in social infrastructure like health and education.1 22. potentially adversely affecting the growth and industry dynamic.0 492. the central government has limited resources for investment in infrastructure. the Centre and state governments have awarded projects worth US$27bn through the public private partnership (PPP) route. Furthermore.6 2.7% of GDP in 2005/06 to 9% by 2011/12.1 62. hence. Proposed infrastructure spending 11th Plan US$bn US$bn Electricity Roads and bridges Railways Ports Airports Telecom Irrigation Water supply & Urban Transport Storage Gas Total 70. Interest rate risk: As the projects in this sector are highly leveraged.
and their strong balance sheets. HCC has historically focused on high-end construction work. Market cap – INR 55bn • • • October 2007 120 . The company is further reducing risk in its order book by venturing into exports. metals and other process industries. But infrastructure spending is moving towards a PPP model. with debt-equity ratios at all-time lows. Company profiles • Larsen & Toubro: L&T is the largest engineering and construction company in India. The contribution of the roads sector to IVRC’s order book has increased from 9% in FY05 to about 30% by fiscal 2007. Oil & Gas and Autos. Market cap – INR 53bn IVRCL: IVRC has a predominant position in effluent treatment. notably Metals. sanitation and irrigation-related projects. This growth would be driven by Indian companies’ capacity utilization. including oil & gas. 6% from electrical division tapping transmission and distribution. water supply. The capex activity will likely remain robust across sectors.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Industrial capital expenditure We project domestic industrial capex to more than double in FY07-09 versus the previous three-year period. NJCC has a diversified order book. Market cap – INR 805bn Hindustan Construction Company: Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) is one of the oldest construction companies in India. In the huge infrastructure spending planned across sectors L&T would qualify for most of the projects given its financial strength and technical expertise. HCC has until now preferred to watch BOT from the sidelines and focused only on cash contracts and maintaining higher margins. with a contribution of 45% from roads. which has led to margins that are higher than the industry average. HCC is looking at partnering with financial investors for such projects. Market cap – INR 35bn Nagarjuna Construction: Nagarjuna Construction (NJCC) is the second-largest construction company in India after Larsen & Toubro. which is at a 15-year peak. with a proven track record. 9% from the hydropower and irrigation division. petrochemicals. with presence across many sectors. 25% from buildings. IVRC is aggressively pursuing opportunities in roads and transmission and distribution (T&D).
2) two-wheelers.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for AUTO AND AUTOPARTS Snapshot Prabhat Awasthi LBSPL.5 of every 1. Commercial vehicle sales depend on industrial production. which is related directly to GDP growth.4m two-wheelers were sold in India in fiscal 2007. Some 8. Although near-term interest rate hikes have had an adverse impact on medium and heavy commercial vehicles (MHCV) sales.9bn 5-year historical CAGR 16% Forecast CAGR 5 year 15% Industry/GDP [2006] Current cap util 3. Growth and leverage to higher India growth The main categories in India’s auto industry are: 1) cars and utility vehicles (UVs).awasthi@lehman.6% Not Available Source: Capitaline. 2) more players are set to launch more fuel efficient smaller cars.com Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies US$40bn 22% Tata Motors Maruti Suzuki Limited Mahindra and Mahindra Bajaj Auto Size estimate INR1147bn (FY06). With the strong expansion in industrial production. only 8. we think two-wheelers could experience lower growth than in the past because: 1) penetration levels have improved considerably. We expect this rate to be sustained or even improved upon as GDP has been growing at a progressively faster rate over the past five years. October 2007 121 . India 91-22-4037-4180 prabhat. 3) commercial vehicles. Car sales in India have been growing at a 5-year CAGR of 17. Given this low penetration. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 Aug-05 Bajaj Auto Feb-06 M&M Aug-06 MUL Feb-07 TTMT Aug-07 Source: Bloomberg. commercial vehicles move in a much more volatile cycle as Figure 107 shows. Lehman Brothers. With the swing in industrial production. and 5) auto ancillaries. with a 5-year CAGR of 27. we expect that the growth rates will pick up and remain strong. 4) tractors. we believe that domestic car sales in India could grow at a steady rate of 13% over the next seven years. On our estimates. Two-wheeler volume sales have been growing steadily at a CAGR 13% for the past 15 years. and 3) public transport infrastructure will likely improve. US$ 27. Sales of cars and two-wheelers depend on overall growth in incomes. Figure 106.8%. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. In the next five years. growth rates have been strong.000 people own a car in India. along with solid industrial growth generally.5%.
interest rates and the availability of credit have a huge impact on auto sales as 90% of CVs.2%. FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05E FY06 FY07 Car 2 Wheeler Tractor sales have been relatively slow. It also manufactures cars and has a nearly 15% market share in this area. Moreover. with more than 60% market share in commercial vehicles. including Suzuki.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 107. Competition The top three Auto OEMs in India (in terms of market share) in each of the segments commercial vehicles. Auto ancillaries leverage on overall growth in auto sales. with a market share of more than 50%. Renault. complicating matters further for outside entrants. More than 80% of the 1. New entrants. It plans to launch (in 2008) the cheapest car in the world with a price tag of US$2. Hyundai. Market cap – INR 252 bn • October 2007 122 . This industry is very fragmented. especially those from outside the country. despite the entry of new players. Risks Any downturn in economic growth would hurt India’s auto industry. Many players. Key company profiles • Tata Motors (TTMT): TTMT is the market leader in commercial vehicles. two-wheelers and cars command more than 80% market share. in line with growth in India’s agriculture industry. Many of these players will struggle to scale up and we thus see the potential for M&A activity in this space. with a 5-year CAGR of 4. We expect tractor sales to remain slow given already high penetration and low growth rate in the agricultural sector. find it very difficult to make headway in India. Opportunities India has developed considerable expertise in manufacturing small cars. Nissan and Toyota have plans to develop India into small-car manufacturing hubs. The reason for this is that their products are mostly unsuitable for Indian conditions and do not match Indian consumers’ needs. Two-wheel and commercial vehicle players are increasingly looking at exporting their products to similar markets worldwide. Market cap – INR 267 bn Maruti Suzuki Limited (MUL): MUL is the market leader in cars. which we expect to remain strong in India. Moreover. India is composed of a number of smaller markets with different local languages and cultures. MUL has maintained a strong hold on the Indian market over the past few years. Volume sales growth rates for various Auto segments (%) 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 MHCVs Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. Indians have been catching up on the technology curve and have the expertise to compete on this basis.2m cars sold in India are small. 80% of cars and 60% of two-wheeler sales are acquired with financing.500.
UVs and LCVs (Light commercial vehicles). Market cap – INR 173 bn Bajaj Auto (BJA): BJA is the second largest player in the two wheeler space. It also plans to develop MHCVs (Medium and heavy commercial vehicles) and is also heavily focused on the Auto ancillary business. with acquisitions in India and abroad. It has strong in-house R&D capability and has been able to obtain patents for its products. Market cap – INR 235 bn • October 2007 123 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for • Mahindra and Mahindra (MM): MM is a conglomerate. The parent manufactures three-wheelers. It is also involved in the Life and General Insurance business and plans to de-merge its various businesses into separate units. tractors. It has entered into a JV with Renault to make cars.
too. We recognize that the current nascent stage of the domestic bond market will likely be an impediment. especially in mortgages.vadlamani@lehman. We expect financial disintermediation in terms of corporates directly tapping the bond markets – either Indian or foreign – to be a significant trend.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for FINANCIAL SERVICES Snapshot Srikanth Vadlamani LBSPL. including insurance.com Industry market cap INR5. This could motivate regulators to be proactive in developing these markets.865bn US$ 145 bn Size estimate INR19.231bn (Outstanding advances US$ 475bn of the banking system) 5 year historical CAGR 24% Forecast CAGR – 5yr Industry ROE Key listed companies 16% ICICI Bank. Ancillary financial services. With continued demand for housing. State Bank of India 23% Industry/GDP Current cap util 6. we expect the structured finance market to develop. October 2007 124 . Concomitantly. but we expect this to change in the medium term. however. we expect this segment to be a major driver of growth for the sector. Notwithstanding the current sluggishness. Another low-hanging fruit is the wealth management opportunities being driven by the burgeoning middle class. Figure 108. We believe that growth in retail finance. In the wholesale/corporate segment. bringing fee-income opportunities for the sector. in the medium term will depend on a functioning structured finance/bond market. We foresee growth in terms of product range as well as new customers. In our view. we expect retail banking to offer the biggest growth opportunity. Price chart for key stocks in the industry (indexed to 100) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 Aug-05 ICICI Bank Feb-06 HDFC Aug-06 State Bank Feb-07 Aug-07 Source: Bloomberg. India 91-22-4037-4191 srikanth. we believe that the Indian market will increasingly mimic more advanced markets. we expect a secular increase in mortgage financing. As players refine their delivery systems. The growth opportunity Strong economic growth is set to open significant opportunities for financial services. Lehman Brothers. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. asset management and stock broking will likely be growth drivers. HDFC. the big opportunity lies in increasing the penetration of financial services.1% NA Source: Bloomberg. Major players are already successfully running programmes tailored to target hitherto ignored low-income segments.
taking only small steps. The group has a strong presence in insurance and asset management as well. although we believe that non-banks with proven models and strong managements will also thrive. The group is now building a strong presence in insurance and asset management. This segment is relatively nascent in India and has not witnessed a full economic cycle. Given the regulatory regime in India. Key company profiles • ICICI Bank. including insurance. The ICICI group is the market leader in all the key growth segments: retail finance. we would not expect such a wave of consolidation to lower the competitive intensity in the sector. We expect this to remain the case. a key risk could be bad loans coming in at a rate greater than what has been priced into the product. as the sector was once dominated by a large number of state-owned banks. This is primarily a legacy issue. asset management. We expect the stateowned banks to continue to lose market share.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for A more liberalized approach in allowing foreign money into the debt markets would clearly be a material positive in providing liquidity to these markets. Hence. One defining trigger of the industry structure could be the opening of the sector to foreign players. The HDFC group has a presence in all the major segments of the financial spectrum. insurance. However. the degree of concentration is low. expected after 2009. Industry structure and its possible evolution The industry is currently dominated by banks. we expect the regulators to be cautious in this area. and asset management is being driven largely by the uptick in the equity markets. Growth in some of the emerging segments. Market cap – INR 1027bn • • October 2007 125 . Hence. However. This could trigger a wave of consolidation. and a strong brand. any prolonged weakness in the equity markets is a key risk for growth in these segments. we would expect to see a large number of strong well-managed participants in the market for the long term. structured finance. with by far the largest branch network. albeit with a much lower market share. Risks Retail credit is seeing very strong growth and we expect this trend to continue. Market cap – INR 685bn State Bank of India: Currently the largest banking group in the country. However. Among banks. we would expect acquisitions to be their preferred entry route. The company is poised to continue to be a major player in the Indian financial services sector. The parent HDFC is a major player in the mortgage market. while HDFC Bank has a presence in both retail and wholesale banking. On the contrary. because of the sheer scale of its franchise. Market cap – INR 1143bn HDFC group. A key trend we foresee in the state-owned space is the folding up of the smaller state-owned banks into the top-5 groups. we believe that there is enough strength in their franchise to allow them to survive.
Lehman Brothers. even for a large and mature category like shampoos. Industry on an upward trend The consumer goods industry in India is on an upturn. led by rising disposable income and the changing lifestyle of the urban consumer.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CONSUMER GOODS Manish Jain LBSPL. (Note – average GDP growth in 2002-2004 was 6% while in 2004-2007 was 8.2% Source: Capitaline.6%. The upturn has accelerated the top-line growth of almost all consumer goods players. * Because a significant part of the industry is unorganized. Lehman Brothers. penetration is just 38%. Figure 109. Nestle Dabur Size estimate* Forecast CAGR Industry/GDP* Current cap util INR750bn.jain@lehman. October 2007 126 .9% 9. US$18bn NA 2% NA 5-year historical CAGR NA Key listed companies Source: Bloomberg. Accelerating growth momentum at HLL and ITC Company Sales FY02-04 CAGR Sales FY04-07 CAGR HLL (CY06) ITC (FY07) -2. Figure 110. For example. these are our estimates for branded consumer goods products.com Snapshot Industry market cap Industry ROE US$ 45bn ~32% Hindustan Unilever ITC Limited. Price chart for key stocks in the industry 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 13-Sep-06 13-Dec-06 Dabur 13-Mar-07 ITC 13-Jun-07 Nestle India 13-Sep-07 Hindustan Unilever Source: Bloomberg. Lehman Brothers. India 91-22-4037-4186 manish. CY06=FY07) Low penetration should favour long-term growth.6% 5.5% 18. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation.
Babool.6 37.1 48. Close-up and Lakme – are household names across the country. milk and wheat.6 38.5 5.6 31. HUL’s brands – including Lifebuoy. are becoming a challenge for most players in the industry.6 91. Furthermore. the penetration of organized retail into the overall market will increase from 3. any slowdown in farm incomes would put pressure on industry growth. of Switzerland and has been present in the Indian markets since 1912. Pricing power seems to be returning in the consumer goods industry after a tough period in 2002-2006. Market cap – INR 128bn Dabur: Dabur is one of India’s leading consumer goods players in the health care. Surf. However. Lehman Brothers.9 Modern retail trade looks set to be a big factor in shaping the sector. Risks • Macroeconomic risks: Growth of the consumer goods industry has traditionally been closely linked to growth in the economy. Clinic. Some of the key brands include Hajmola. Nestle Slim Milk and Nestle Fresh 'n' Natural Dahi.8 88. According to research agency CRIS INFAC. part of the Unilever group. Vatika and Real. 2. Pepsodent. The company is a leader in the foods space and its key brands include Maggi. Market cap – INR 714bn Nestle: Nestle India is a subsidiary of Nestlé S. Rin.9 52. Kit Kat. Lux.A.5 97. including fabric care.4 0. personal hygiene. like the 5-7% increase in soap prices by Godrej. Sunsilk. Milkmaid and Nescafe.1 15. Meswak.0 6. have all been easily absorbed. Fair & Lovely. it is rapidly expanding its presence even in its nascent businesses of packaged foods & confectionery. Market cap –INR 91bn • • • October 2007 127 . Promise.5 74.9 2. the impact of organized retail on the margins of consumer goods companies will depend on the size of the producer and the brand strength of the product involved. with a large portion of demand coming from rural markets.5% in 2005 to 8% in 2010. While ITC is a market leader in its traditional businesses of cigarettes. Pricing power is returning.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 111. HUL currently leads in most of the bigger categories. Rising raw material prices: Escalating costs of inputs such as vegetable oils. Pond’s. shampoos and skin care. Some of the recent prominent price hikes. The company was the first entrant in the Indian organized consumer goods space. personal care and food products. Market cap – INR 484bn ITC Limited: ITC Limited is one of India’s foremost private sector companies. is one of the largest players in the Indian consumer goods space. Consumer goods – penetration by category Category All India Urban Rural Deodorants Toothpaste Shampoos Instant Coffee Toilet Soaps Source: Industry data. branded apparel and greeting cards. • Key company profiles • HUL: HUL. In recent years it has also introduced products of daily consumption such as Nestle Milk.
All metals have seen healthy growth in volumes in the past few years.awasthi@lehman. zinc. Telecom and power together are more than 55% of total copper demand. Key stocks are defined according to market capitalisation. Copper consumption in India grew at a CAGR of 8% to 437.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for NON-FERROUS METALS Prabhat Awasthi LBSPL. We expect demand for zinc to remain firm on the back of a booming economy. Economy set to fuel metal growth This sector includes aluminium. India consumed c. transport and construction are the three largest consumers of aluminium and account for nearly 71% of total consumption.5% Forecast CAGR 5-year NA Industry/GDP [2006] 3. With Telecom sector coverage increasing rapidly and rising investment in the power sector.300 tons in FY07 from 298.com Snapshot Industry market cap Industry ROE Key listed companies INR1225bn 22. for galvanized products. copper and lead producers. Revenues for the sector have grown at a CAGR of 29% in FY2002-07.2% Hindustan Aluminum National Aluminum Size estimate INR501bn (FY07). Metals have been one of the major beneficiaries of the burgeoning economy and heavy infrastructure development. Zinc consumption in India has risen from 347. India 91-22-4037-4180 prabhat.2bn 5 year historical CAGR 26. Figure 112. Electrical. Lehman Brothers. approximately 70% of total demand.6% Not Available Sterlite Industries India Ltd Current cap util Source: Bloomberg. The demand for the sector is expected to grow rapidly on the back of high growth in all the three major consuming sectors. Price for key stocks in the industry 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug-04 Feb-05 Aug-05 Hindalco Feb-06 Nalco Aug-06 Feb-07 Aug-07 Sterlite Industries Source: Bloomberg. Lehman Brothers. The steel sector is the largest consumer of zinc.9%.000 tons in FY04 to 460. US$ 12.1m tons of Aluminium in FY06 with demand growing at a CAGR of 11. we can expect a rapid growth in copper demand. October 2007 128 .8% in FY2002-06.000 tons in FY07 – a CAGR of 9.000 tons in FY02.
Market cap –INR 530 bn • • October 2007 129 . With the economy expected to grow at a healthy rate and a construction boom taking place. metal demand should also grow rapidly. Companies have announced capital expenditure of US$11bn for the next five years. At the same time. Market cap – INR 211 bn National Aluminium Company (NALC): NALCO is the largest public sector unit. With healthy bauxite and zinc reserves. It has announced expenditure of more than INR 300bn by 2012 to expand its capacity. Sterlite has an option to buy the government’s remaining stake in both companies. domestic/demand supply does affect prices in the short term. It is also one of the largest producers of copper in India. In addition. Market cap – INR 194 bn Sterlite Industries India Ltd (STLT): Sterlite has a presence in copper as well as in aluminium and zinc. But since prices are generally linked to London Metal Exchange prices. with a capacity of 450. any delays to power projects could affect smaller players without captive plants.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Competition India’s non-ferrous sector does not have many players. Opportunities India still has very low per capita consumption of metals relative to developed countries or even China. industry structure has little effect on it. It is working on capacity expansion plans with an investment of INR 40 bn in the next two years. Key company profiles • Hindalco (HNDL): HINDALCO is the largest fully integrated aluminium producer in India. Both these companies were acquired in the government’s disinvestment programme. Risks Any downturn in global economic growth would have a negative impact on the Indian non-ferrous sector.000 tpa of aluminium. It owns a 51% stake in BALCO and a 65% stake in Hindustan Zinc. we think Indian players are in a good position to take advantage of integration.
the late 20th and early 21st centuries will be recalled for the exceptional pace of mainstreaming India. CFA 1-212-526-6686 jmalvey@lehman. During the coming decade of the “Teens”. often serves as a spur to greater product development such as new debt structures and securitisation. Indian debt is about to become a staple of international debt portfolios. And by the decade of the “Twenties”.com Joseph DiCenso. a thorough analysis of global economic and capital market prospects is impossible without a full consideration of India’s dynamic role. as manifest by their inclusion in widely used international debt indices. a deeper investor base. On the verge of meeting all investment guideline requirements. many investment mandates explicitly prohibit and/or limit the ownership of non-benchmark index issues. Fx ratings by Moody’s/S&P/Fitch respectively in August 2007) will channel Indian government. Both the accumulation and optimal deployment of capital will be aided by India’s swift progression towards an advanced capital market architecture. October 2007 130 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE INDIAN DEBT MARKET INTRODUCTION Jack Malvey. as evidenced by the outsized performance of the emerging market (EM) debt class. an essential fuel for sustained economic development. and securitised debt into widely used global debt index benchmarks like the Lehman Global Aggregate Index (with more than US$2. But India’s prodigious 21st century growth will demand stout capital accumulation. A century after a similar wave of globalisation. And given its rapidly growing position in the world economy. the embrace of geographic portfolio diversification has become a favourite tactic. the combination of full rupee currency convertibility and existing investment-grade rating status (Baa2/BBB-/BBB-. Thanks to an ongoing revolution in asset management philosophy in the pursuit of higher absolute total return and increased negative correlations among asset class holdings. Capital will be supplied by hearty domestic savings and by accessing the vast international financial markets.39% total return for this first decade of the 21st century (January 2000 to 31 August 2007). CFA 1-212-526-2288 jdicenso@lehman. Given India’s coming prominence in the world debt markets. The strategic outlook for India’s economy is very bright indeed.0 trillion run against it as of mid-2007) and facilitate the widespread use of Indian debt in international portfolios. Before the end of the upcoming decade of the “Teens”. and it can lead to a lower cost of debt capital. corporate. international debt investors need to begin to prepare now to eventually include India in their portfolios. China and other populous developing nations into the world capital markets. a process already well underway. India will rank between the fifth and the tenth largest bond market in the world.com Few global debt portfolios regularly employ Indian debt as of 2007. The full internationalisation of local currency debt markets. there has been an institutional investor stampede to new investment vehicles. Although the ownership of out-of-index securities can provide outperformance opportunities for institutional investors with fewer portfolio constraints. This will soon change. A monumental milestone looms for the world capital markets and for India. Reinforcing the promise of vigorous Indian long-term economic growth. Even with difficult global credit market conditions in July and August 2007. India is set to become a mainstay of the international debt portfolio choice set. if not sooner. if not sooner. the Lehman EM debt index has cumulatively outperformed all other members of the world debt asset class during this decade with an annualised 11. the timing of India’s full entry onto the world capital market stage could hardly be more propitious. In particular. a faster rate of disintermediation and a more efficient allocation of capital ─ all demonstrable contributors to economic growth.
aspx?Id=8478#ann3 See footnote 92. Reserve Bank of India at the First Indian-French Financial Forum in Mumbai on May 16. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is under pressure to allow rupee futures trading following the listing of a non-deliverable futures (NDF) contract in Dubai (which is settled in US dollars).in/scripts/FAQView.63%). households remain highly constrained in their ability to diversify globally. and. Although the market has been 92 93 94 See RBI website FAQ:. Hungary (8.11%). South Africa (10. See IRD1 <Currency> on Bloomberg. 2007.93 Restrictions on currency hedging also constrain the full mainstreaming of Indian debt into the international portfolios of global debt managers. swaps and forwards.org. Chile (5.in/scripts/BS_ViewBulletin. Still. BUILDING THE INDIAN DEBT CAPITAL MARKET ARCHITECTURE: 94 A STRATEGIC PROCESS WELL UNDERWAY Money markets: A functioning repo framework The Indian Government bond market is the third largest in Asia (after Japan and South Korea). The Primary Dealership system was initiated in 1995.). but turnover is low because of rupee capital account restrictions. Indian Finance Minister Chidambaram suggested that the rupee would soon be fully convertible and underscored the de facto convertibility already in place on the capital account. Over time.37%). And there is a need to broaden the investor base. For example. India maintains capital controls. October 2007 131 . As in developed debt markets.64%). Although local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. but the capital account also suffers from myriad quantitative restrictions.rbi.rbi. Czech (6. there have been no currency conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange since 1994 (though trade barriers still exist). the degree of monetisation of deficits has fallen significantly.30% total return during 2005: Mexico (15. So-called foreign institutional investors (FII) enjoy convertibility to bring money in and out of the country and buy securities.73%).52%). Automatic monetisation through the issue of ad hoc T-bills was ended. The Wholesale Debt Market segment has been set up at the National Stock Exchange to promote transparency. lowering longterm inflation expectations and increasing appetite for longer-dated paper. Deputy Governor.aspx?Id=34 Address by Dr.92 At a May 2007 India-Europe Investment Forum. Some of the key reforms introduced since 1992 include: • • • • The auction system for the sale of government securities was introduced in 1992. Rakesh Mohan. Each new country handily beat the overall Global Agg benchmark’s 3. the maturity profile of government debt has extended. the investor base remains narrow and state-run banks dominate the market. and Slovenia (7. on 1 January 2005 Lehman added eight new countries to its Global Aggregate Index. Poland (9. Indian companies can currently hedge using over-the-counter currency options. Slovakia (6. The low duration of liabilities of banks limits their ability increasingly to absorb longer-dated paper.97%). On the current account.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for There is also ample evidence of a “virtuous index effect” in debt markets akin to the equity price boost afforded to new company members of widely followed equity indices. ON THE ROAD TO FULL GLOBAL DEBT CAPITAL MARKET INTEGRATION A prerequisite: Full FX convertibility As part of a managed floating currency regime.
The upgrading of payment system technologies has also enabled market participants to improve their asset liability management. Indian authorities remain cautious about non-local institutional participation in the Indian debt market. Focus has shifted towards the widening of the investor base. Improvement in overall macroeconomic and monetary management resulted in lower inflation. • • • • October 2007 132 . The RBI strengthened the technological infrastructure for trading and settlement. Statutory prescription for banks’ investments in government and other approved securities has been scaled down from the peak level in February 1992 to the statutory minimum level of 25% by April 1997. thereby promoting a longer-maturity yield curve. encouraging migration towards the collateralised segments and developing derivative instruments for hedging market risks. • • • • These developments fostered lower volatility in call rates and narrower bid-ask spreads in the call money market. and. The institutionalisation of the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) as a central counterparty has been undertaken. and. lower inflation expectations. the RBI gained more operational freedom. and price stability. such as collateralised borrowing and lending obligations (CBLO).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for opened somewhat to international investors. Indian government bond market reforms in the 1990s and the “oughts” The 1990s witnessed a number of encouraging developments: • • An auction system for issuance of government securities was introduced. Key details • Issuance norms and maturity profiles of other money market instruments such as commercial paper (CP) and certificate of deposits (CDs) has been modified to encourage wider participation . Further evidence of financial market deepening included new instruments. This has produced a critical mass in key maturities and has facilitated the emergence of market benchmarks. allowing reforms in longer-term debt markets. Ad hoc Treasury Bills have been abolished and regular auctions of Treasury Bills introduced. The RBI pursued a strategy of passive consolidation of debt by raising progressively a higher share of market borrowings through re-issuances. now up to 30 years (Figure 113). The RBI switched emphasis to setting prudent limits on borrowing and lending in the call money market. Without unconstrained recourse by the Government to the Reserve Bank through automatic monetisation of deficits and conversion of non-marketable securities to marketable securities.
permitting non-banks to participate in the repo market.. the repo rate climbed to 7. Automated screen-based trading in government securities has been introduced through a Negotiated Dealing System (NDS). Guidelines for trading in when issued “WI” market were issued by the RBI in May 2006. Yield curve movement – SGL (Subsidiary General Ledger) transactions % 14 12 10 8 6 4 1 5 9 13 Years to maturity Source: RBI. Over the same seven-month period. Short positions have been permitted beyond intra-day for a period of five trading days. effective 31 January 2007. the Indian yield curve rallied significantly in July 2007. PERFORMANCE. Indian government returns outpaced US Treasuries (2.75% as of early August 2007. Japanese governments October 2007 133 .69%). • • • • • • • • A MID-2007 SNAPSHOT OF THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT BOND MARKET: STYLISED FACTS. slower second-half growth and falling inflation permitted a cessation of interest rate hikes. Indian government debt returns were only 0. A Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) is being phased in. euro governments (-0.e.85% and raised the year-to-date total return for its government bond market to 3. in response to the upward reset of global credit risk premia. subject to certain limits. and. However. AND GLOBAL COMPARISONS After six rate hikes by the RBI since the beginning of 2006. This brought India’s 10-year rates down to 30bp to 7. NDS-OM and T+1 settlement norms have been introduced.55% in the first half of 2007. In addition.32%). along with other global government yield curves. Mar-97 Mar-04 Mar-00 Mar-06 Mar-03 Sep-07 17 21 25 29 More recent reforms in the “oughts” include: • Intra-day short selling in government securities has been permitted among eligible participants – i. Reuters and Lehman Brothers. Trading in government securities on stock exchanges for promoting retailing in such securities has been introduced. As a result. A risk-free payments and settlement system in government securities through the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) has been set up.28% through 31 July.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 113. FIIs are now allowed to invest in government securities. even if only temporarily. scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) and primary dealers (PDs) – in February 2006.
47 8.64 0.65 3.94 1.19%) and Chinese governments (-2. Indian Treasuries represent a sizeable local market.99 7.98 trillion market value resides in short and intermediate paper.76 3.45 3.98 2.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for (0.00 1.210 1.29 4.39 4.121 1.15 0.02 years) compared to US Treasuries (4.071 1.900 3.864 1.46 4.86 8.101 961 2.75 4.905 1.68 -1.64. • Two-thirds of our Indian Government Index’s INR8. Lehman Indian government bond index: July 31.88 years).076 1.95 4.51 4.05 7. Without any prepayment-sensitive or callable securities in the Indian Government Index.138 1. just behind Korea. in line with the Global Treasury average of 0. with the largest concentrations in the 7-10 year sector (28%) and 10-20 year maturities (21%).526 1.55%) in local currency terms according to the Lehman Global Family of Indices.52 4.55 8.20 3.371 1.65 6. then India would rank as the seventh largest with a US$218.31 4. • • • Figure 114.40 4. If eligible for inclusion in the Global Aggregate.70.83 4.82 4.171 66% 34% 13% 13% 11% 28% 21% 13% 6.624 5.85 years for the Lehman Global Treasury Index) and very close to other major debt markets – eurozone (6.51 1. index Market value (billion INR)) % market value Duration Convexity Average coupon YTD Past 3 months Past 6 months 8. In US dollar terms.46 9.05 years).06 10.06 8.67 4.89 3. This is a relatively long-duration index (6.257 8.3bn market value.503 3. Indian Treasuries exhibit positive convexity: 0. Still.48 4.38 4.81 9.84 4.46 9.53 0.77 4.11 1. but it is only slightly longer than the worldwide average (5. 2007 Total return (%) in INR Amount outstanding (billion INR) India Govt.29 0.28 4.36 4.026 2.93 8.05 0. India would account for less than 1% of the US$24 trillion world bond market as measured by the Lehman Global Family of Indices.56 8.976 5.28 0.02 4.16 4.06 years) and Japan (6. (Note: The Lehman Chinese Treasury Index is slightly larger with a US$256bn market value and the overall Chinese bond market is approximately US$567bn).64 3.80 Intermediate Long 1-3 Yr 3-5 Yr 5-7 Yr 7-10 Yr 10-20 Yr 20+ Yr Source: Lehman Brothers Fixed-Income Research.30 1. October 2007 134 .48 0.
India would break 1% of the world bond market as measured by the Lehman Multiverse Index by 1 January 2010 (1.113 7.403 588 567 333 222 166 130 110 101 85 71 60 44 39 36 32 30 21 8 2 0 100% 39% 30% 15% 5% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% • India will not soon represent a major share of the world bond market.K. Looking longer-term. As such.639 3.1% 10. the Indian bond market grew at an annualised pace of 9. Africa Malaysia Hungary Singapore Norway Czech New Zealand Slovakia Chile Hong Kong Asia-Pacific (US$bn) India as % of Asia-Pacific ex-China China (US$bn) India % of China China as % of Asia-Pacific Source: Lehman Brothers Fixed-Income Research.6% 567 39.02% per annum rate from 1999 to 2006 per BIS data. Africa Malaysia Hungary Singapore Norway Czech New Zealand Slovakia Chile Hong Kong 25692 10. the new Lehman Indian Government Bond Index is not inclusive of all Indian issuers. Canada China Korea India Sweden Australia Denmark Taiwan Poland Mexico S. Eurozone Japan U. Canada China Korea India Sweden Australia Denmark Taiwan Poland Mexico S. the Indian bond market would swell from about US$331bn in 2010 to nearly US$4. either in local rupee markets or globally. Eurozone Japan U.S. 2007 Global Aggregate Index (all investment-grade) Ranking Currency bloc Market value % Market (US$bn) value Ranking Multiverse Index (all quality tiers) Currency bloc Market value % market (US$bn) value Global Aggregate Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 U. From October 2006 to 31 July 2007.S.0% by 2025.891 1.6% 100% 38% 30% 16% 6% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Multiverse Index U. equivalent to the current size of the Japanese government bond market. In dollar terms.86% of the global fixed income choice set as measured by the Lehman Multiverse Index.21% bottom-up growth forecast for the world debt market.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 115. At this pace and incorporating a conservative 8. Pro forma Lehman Global Aggregate and Multiverse Indices with India and China: July 31. the Indian debt market grew at an 18.07% exactly) and reach approximately 4. the BIS data set for international and domestic debt issuance/amount outstanding 135 • October 2007 .0 trillion by 2025.48% and now constitutes 0. Launched on 1 October 2006.778 4. 24713 9272 7516 3891 1388 588 567 333 222 166 130 110 101 85 71 60 44 39 36 32 30 21 8 2 0 4.K.
3bn outstanding over this same 2-year span. - - October 2007 136 . Based on its current size. government paper accounts for the vast majority. As shown in Figures 116-117. Local Indian debt outstanding has tripled so far this decade from just over US$102bn in 1999 to US$326bn at the end of 2006. In concert with India’s rapid economic growth. Of that tally. this looks set to change in the early 21st century. most of the growth in Indian debt occurred in local markets.5%). In 2004. the Lehman Indian Government Bond Index captures only US$218bn or 72%. the local Indian debt market had only US$1. We have included a compendium of tables tracing the historical growth rate of Indian debt as reported by the BIS.. Corporate debt doubled to US$5. India would represent only a small portion of Asia’s local government bond markets (15%) and corporate bond markets (2.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for offers a more-detailed alternative for comparing this burgeoning market to its peers.5bn at year-end 2006.e. Indian corporate and financial institution debt is nascent but growing rapidly. i. Note that in accordance with Lehman Index rules such as minimum issue size (INR10 billion) and time remaining-to-maturity (at least one year).4bn in financial institution paper compared with US$15. US$305bn.
8 5.5 3.6 11.7 341.6 50.5 13.5 0.5 54.3 22.6 168.827.248.8 4.266.7 0.7 63.6 2.2 75.7 83.5 33.9 577.3 12.8 100.8 72.0 3.2 2.842.7 197.3 1.5 1.422.799.675.2 25.8 5.942.3 2.1 690.5 38.0 3.2 55.212.054.1 29.794.2 526.4 28.3 693.7 486.8 3.7 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 .5 3.2 0.9 2.6 5.3 3.2 1.2 317.2 11.171.9 143.7 245.7 162.099.2 0.9 1.6 1.6 52.3 55.9 439.1 68.2 15.0 321.7 85.1 10.5 15.4 596.9 19.4 200.608.8 51.682.2 2.0 2.8 7.0 7.7 1.8 3.7 14.7 3.6 6.6 7.6 3.345.270.4 140.8 43.9 2.567.9 1.6 25.229.3 20.4 55.314.6 9.7 76.940.6 1.8 2.3 3.0 1.4 1.7 224.0 49.932.8 12.677.3 20.1 14.1 0.336.4 13.1 2.5 18.8 28.9 78.2 33.0 57.3 0.3 595.9 466.5 45.896.2 1.8 17.335.4 80.4 1.03 2.629.1 4.8 39.7 4.2 1.5 4.694.0 1.1 2.6 377.946.0 24.6 268.809.0 1.7 1. Domestic Indian debt in a global context: 1989-2006 (US$bn) All issuers Global Asia India Government Global Asia India Financial institutions Global Asia India Corporate Global Asia India Source: BIS.4 6.7 46.2 3.299.549.9 2.2 28.0 2.5 1.1 649.869.2 177.235.2 50.7 949.6 243.9 1.2 73.142.3 49.846.746.143.002.036.9 521.9 162.358.008.471.8 394.3 269.1 22.0 12.644.096.1 No debt as reported by BIS Figure 117.280.5 1.557.0 2.2 6.782.761.8 5.6 435.0 9.372.0 639.9 98.314.7 19.0 1.2 18.9 1.9 272.574.9 1.254.1 0.4 1.3 249.1 55.100.7 537.6 66.751.0 903.9 2.422.6 2.421.8 410.9 92.9 155.4 128.1 1.1 15.490.150.1 20.3 26.9 8.3 3.0 2.164.051.5 508.3 67.7 Financial institutions 1.1 1.411.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for 16 October 2007 137 Figure 116.7 1.0 62.9 38.4 49.8 140.0 0.1 6.7 1.1 50.3 7.5 7.2 464.1 2.8 1.215.887.6 1.9 3.5 14.6 717.3 4.2 164.630.714.7 1.498.656.594.7 291.4 518.304.853.1 0.7 674.5 1.5 153.182.245.2 14.0 130.5 7.5 26.4 304.7 320.1 5.107.359.8 56.8 52.1 1.0 2.6 30.1 70.0 0.028.2 59.4 22.2 10.6 3.4 2. Global Asia India Source: BIS 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 March 2007 1.625.4 45.1 1.2 406.2 13.0 315.9 2.140.0 923.544.7 66.7 248.3 2.8 65.6 1.6 8.6 1.0 2.5 1.5 26.0 387.8 672.4 0.055.1 575.3 5.9 678.4 2.7 2.5 548.8 166.7 77.674.2 712.8 16.7 71.3 2.3 128.515.3 8.8 3.5 6.8 776.353.5 1.7 8.7 14.1 7.3 135.9 48.4 16.780.2 197.0 207.474.6 20.0 4.8 108.2 7.7 75.587.610.4 3.5 4.544.0 21.7 142.1 1.1 11.3 72.4 106.0 203.839.9 168.6 66.2 11.1 962.1 43.0 2.9 279.1 781.6 11.0 302.5 13.172.8 12.349.5 243.7 11.4 213.3 3.9 10.530.0 275.3 775.4 35.9 131.9 4.885.6 2.8 1.0 3.4 42.5 11.6 325.7 176.6 12.448.259.7 10.258.121.5 59.3 6.1 111.4 81.4 13.5 150.681.2 10.437.5 782.7 108.9 1.178.9 129.7 169.915.2 1.072.5 13.04 2.3 11.3 26.9 21.1 8.3 47.7 4.9 12.1 298.9 14.9 1.2 15.6 3.0 13.1 1.5 357.5 1.1 4.3 0.2 2. 1.936.4 107.522.0 164.6 548.2 4.023.900.3 272.101.4 62.124.3 525.4 177.6 67.384.2 130.7 552.2 796.921.9 17.285.529.3 82.221.6 66.070.0 308.7 1.2 1.705.5 24.4 34.7 29.3 23.6 20.0 102.6 0.411.554.468.0 5.6 1.3 377.781.410.3 1.4 22.3 641.626.940. International Indian debt in a global context: 1987-March 2007 (US$bn) All issuers Global Asia India Global Asia India Corporates Global Asia India Govt.6 60.7 2.1 4.9 51.1 113.144.1 9.6 982.3 2.9 154.201.329.206.8 1.0 2.474.6 1.9 18.2 5.7 735.1 7.8 1.9 5.4 18.2 44.8 30.8 4.2 161.1 1.2 12.723.120.7 1.
consumer. risk control and innovation. More important. and investor uncertainties. receivables. India will make even more rapid progress in modernising its capital market over the next two decades. the full derivitisation of all asset class components of the Indian market from governments through especially corporates (mainly via Credit Default Swaps (CDS)) will facilitate liquidity in the underlying cash markets as well as aiding hedging. the outstanding size of the Indian securitised debt market is destined eventually to surpass the combined size of the treasury and corporate bond markets. the aggregate supply of credit to the Indian economy will be enhanced. especially with non-Indian institutional investors increasing their participation in the Indian debt markets. October 2007 138 . a prerequisite for membership in international debt benchmarks like the Lehman Global Aggregate Index. increased international investor appetite for Indian debt securities should help contain long Indian interest rates and benefit India’s economic growth engine. real estate loans (both consumer and commercial). smoother markets through time should help dampen business. this supporting derivative architecture should help moderate periods of economic and capital market systemic turbulence. the resulting diminution of strategic risk premia also can help boost the Indian economy. This will drive up the velocity of corporate origination. most likely to a long-term growth rate above government supply. In our opinion. finer and more precise distribution of risks. The eventual elimination of the current dwindling currency controls. yield and total return objectives of both institutional and retail investors located in India and around the world. This process stands to be marked by the following major milestones: Unrestricted currency convertibility: Given their understandable need for ready liquidity. the broad application of securitisation techniques to consumer credit (credit cards. A second-order effect will be the bundling of these various conventional and securitised debt products into Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs) to meet the diverse cash flow. and corporate credit (bank loans. Just as Asian central bank purchases of nonlocal government securities have helped constrain US and European interest rates since 2003. inventory and project financings) is set to spawn a tidal swell of securitised origination. Full derivitisation of the Indian debt markets: Moving beyond its impressive inauguration in the government bond market. most international debt funds operate only in those currency regimes which allow the ability easily to buy and sell public securities. India has managed to compress about a half century of US and European debt capital market development into less than two decades. Disintermediation of corporate borrowings from banking system to both local and international debt investors: As the Indian banking system graduates from a loan originator/holder to a more fee-based business model like its European and US large bank counterparts. In turn. this vast liquefaction of both real and balance sheet assets through securitisation will help sustain and even accelerate the pace of Indian economic growth.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for THE FUTURE Thanks to its impressive modernisation efforts since the early 1990s. will galvanise international investor demand for Indian debt securities. corporate issuers will turn to the public debt markets to finance their expanding businesses. auto loans). Overall. an appropriate bankruptcy code). Broad application of securitisation: Emulating the innovations of the past two decades in more developed capital markets and assuming the implementation of the requisite institutional legal and regulatory framework (eg. thereby further aiding Indian economic growth. In parallel. As in the US and Europe. By authoring a broader.
if not for the entire 21st century. Indian economic maturation.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for CONCLUSION In tandem with its bustling economy. the Indian debt markets are destined to be numbered as among the fastest growing in the world over the first quarter of the 21st century. coupled with greater global economic integration. it is gratifying to watch India rise to its rightful role in the world economy and capital markets. Indian debt unquestionably will become a regular staple of international debt portfolios. And far more rewarding than just studying the expansion of the international debt choice set. Global asset managers should already be preparing for their inaugural allocation to the dynamic Indian debt market. render this burgeoning component of the world fixed income choice set a compelling arena for asset managers looking to add portfolio alpha through international diversification. October 2007 139 .
To measure the fair value of the Indian rupee. Non-tradables include electricity. and urbanization. The average tradable and non-tradable sector productivity in 2004 to 2006 was 6. For India. but strong productivity in the tradable sector relative to the non-tradable sector may prolong the upward wage pressures in the tradable sector. The Balassa-Samuelson framework focuses on real exchange rate appreciation from higher productivity growth in the tradable goods sector relative to non-traded goods in developing economies. and (2) rising cross-country broad productivity differentials. should support a long-term appreciation trend of the Indian rupee. “Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems. our measures show that productivity growth in the tradable sector97 has risen faster than the non-tradable sector for three consecutive years to 2006. Japan productivity surges during take-off Index 120 100 80 Japan REER (2000=100). trade. NBER working paper series no. transport. Balassa. Figure 118. consequently. other services. respectively.rhs % y-o-y 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2006 Figure 119. We smooth out the volatility with a 5-year moving average. rhs Take-off from around 1960 % 12 8 4 60 40 20 1964 0 -4 2006 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Source: Lehman Brothers. 95 Source: Lehman Brothers. This could sustain upside inflation risks and filter through to real INR appreciation. This will result in rising inflation for the overall economy. lhs Labour productivity.3% and 4. productivity. construction. through rising productivity. “The Purchasing Power Parity Doctrine: A Reappraisal. CPI inflation will rise faster in the non-tradable sector. lhs INR REER.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for MEASURING THE LONG-TERM TREND AND VALUE OF THE INR INTRODUCTION Craig Chan +65 6433 6106 craig. Wages have risen rapidly in both sectors. unit labour costs and.” Review of Economics and Statistics 23 (1964). Higher productivity leads to REER appreciation as highlighted through: (1) the BalassaSamuelson effect 96 . India’s strengthening productivity should support INR appreciation % 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 1971 India-Asia productivity differential.com Francis Breedon +44 20 7260 2144 fbreedo2@lehman. we compare India with other economies that experienced similar investment-and productivity-driven booms during their “take-offs”. hotels. and real oil price using Johansen (1988) and Stock-Watson (1993) procedures.chan@lehman. Changing the components of the model allows us to analyse INR valuation in different scenarios. BIS.com India’s moving into a new era of solid economic growth. We have taken agriculture. Samuelson. To gauge the path and fair value of the rupee. Paul.com Jim McCormick +44 20 7103 1283 jmmccorm@lehman. 8824. Because productivity growth is higher in the tradable sector than the non-tradable sector. economic and financial reforms. Bela.” Journal of Political Economy 72 (1964). causing the REER to appreciate. Productivity booms and their REER impact The correlation of productivity with real exchange rates is not “spurious” 95 . BIS. communications as tradables. The positive sectoral productivity gap led by the tradable sector leads to higher wages and pressures wages in the non-tradable sector higher to keep salaries competitive. manufacturing.5%. we use the Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rate (FEER) approach. This technique will determine the INR Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) level that is consistent with macroeconomic balance. 96 97 Cointegrating relationships between the real exchange rate. October 2007 140 .
which was an inherent reason for their take-offs in the first place. Whether we take the Balassa-Samuelson or the broad cross-country productivity approach.” Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (Autumn 2001). in our view. 8824.2% average in the ten years to 2006). Andrew. with fixed capital investment rising from 19. The reason is that faster productivity can increase aggregate demand. REER and take-offs in Asia Empirical studies show that countries have witnessed strengthening REERs during their productivity booms.Korea.9% y-o-y in that decade (1. “Capital Flows and Exchange Rates. 100 India’s productivity less the average productivity of China. But even Japan’s capital account convertibility Figure 120. The theory adds that demand for domestic goods due to wealth effects overwhelms the downward pressure exerted by higher productivity upon the terms of trade. Productivity and the euro-dollar exchange rate puzzle.479. CEIC. Japan’s economy began to take off at around the start of the 1960s with labour productivity averaging 8. The boom in productivity was led by the surge in domestic investment. During this period in which Japan’s economy “took off”. But most of this is likely to have been from the collapse of Bretton Woods in 1971. real GDP per capita saw a three-fold rise to US$20. lhs Labour productivity. Ron Alquist and Menzie D.4% in 1955 to a peak of 36.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Another approach is to look at India’s broad cross-country productivity growth differentials and its impact on the INR REER. driven largely by nominal FX appreciation (Figure 119).8% in 2006 from -3. HK. The Japanese Yen REER strengthened by a further 22% from 1971 to 1973. Critics of the Balassa-Samuelson approach claim that exchange rate appreciation is only partially explained by nontradable and tradable sector price differentials. and cross-country productivity has more significant implications for the real exchange rate98. Japan. S. with consumption and investment picking up due to expectations of higher future income and profits 99 . 99 98 October 2007 141 . Productivity. The broad productivity differential between India and Asia100 widened to 2.4% in 1973. From 1960 to 1973. Singapore and Taiwan. bears the closest resemblance to the current boom in India given Japan’s capital account liberalisation. rhs Basic balance Trend basic balance 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 Source: World Bank. which led to broad US dollar weakness.Chin. Bailey. and so the real exchange rate appreciates. Japan. the Japanese Yen real effective exchange rate strengthened by 18% from 1964 to 1971 (BIS data only available from 1964). the strength of India’s broad productivity led by the tradable sector supports a long-term INR appreciation path. India’s basic balance and trend basic balance using the Hodrick-Prescott Filter % of GDP 8 6 4 2 0 (2) (4) Jun-96 India REER (FY94=100). Source: Lehman Brothers. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper series no. India’s productivity growth strengthening Index 220 190 160 0 130 -4 100 70 1964 -8 -12 2006 % 12 8 4 Figure 121. 101 Hypothesis that at least 1 co-integrating vector between the REER and productivity differentials can be rejected using the Johansen (1988) trace test. and Simon Wells. Stephen Millard.6% in 2002 (Figure 118) and the Johansen cointegration 101 test shows no spurious correlation of the two variables.
Figure 122. Lehman Brothers estimates. The INR REER is still only 7.’ The East Asian Miracle. RBI. Those include the sharp rise in India’s investment-to-GDP ratio. INR FEER under FDI boom scenarios Index INR FEER . Singapore and China all saw solid productivity and GDP per capita growth during their boom periods 102 . Japan 1960.’ October 2007 142 . RBI. Hong Kong 1961.0% in FY04). economic growth and public policy. The strength of India’s productivity growth and rising differential with Asia (including Japan) and against the US are likely to provide more support to our long-term INR REER appreciation view. Singapore’s REER weakened on relatively low inflation. the opening up of the economy (trade-to-GDP) and surging productivity growth (see Chapter 2: India rising).5 in early 2000).FDI: 3yr 50% 7yr 20% grow th INR FEER . but was volatile. is at the highest since 1988 and is supported by the increase in gross domestic investment as a share of GDP to around 35% in FY07 (28. but appreciated on a nominal basis. but capital accounts were mostly closed. The TWD strengthened on both a REER and NEER basis during its takeoff period. Source: Lehman Brothers. at 7. Ample sources of funds and healthy balance sheets are underpinning a boom in investment.FDI: 5yr 50% 5yr 20% grow th 125 115 115 105 105 95 INR REER w eak relative to the FEER 85 Jun-96 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 95 85 Jun-96 Jun-00 Jun-04 Jun-08 Jun-12 Jun-16 Source: Lehman Brothers. Other measures of the underlying strength of productivity include our incremental capital output ratio – ratio of the investment rate to GDP growth – which has fallen to under 4. Sources of economic growth).3% stronger (1H 2007) than the previous ten-year average (Figure 120).9% per year of the average 5. These support our view that INR still has much to gain from the uptrend in investment and productivity growth with strong demographic and urbanisation trends in its favour. Other parts of Asia including Taiwan. World Bank 1993.0% in 2006.9% growth (see Chapter 3: Accounting for India’s growth: Figure 26. India’s high productivity growth and investment boom looks set to continue. INR FEER shows INR undervalued Index 125 INR REER (2000=100) INR FEER baseline Figure 123. But were it not for the heavy FX intervention after China stepped up trade (WTO in late 2001) and capital account liberalisation. Taiwan 1961. the acceleration in GDP per capita. Total factor productivity from FY81 to FY06 also accounted for 2. suggesting there is ample space for the INR to appreciate further.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for only began to move towards more significant liberalisation from 1960 to the 1970s and was still relatively closed compared with India now. India’s productivity boom should lead to real INR appreciation India’s growth acceleration is taking on key characteristics shown by other economies in Asia (especially Japan) during the early stages of their take-offs. 102 103 China 1978.0 in FY07 (more than 4. Labour productivity. Chinese authorities drove the CNY weaker throughout most of its boom period to support exports 103 . Singapore 1965. China’s REER would have likely followed a similar path to Japan’s.
11 for income and price elasticity to imports respectively. a surge in oil prices. Globalisation and the international flow of capital are much larger than a few decades ago. Using Lehman Brothers baseline economic assumptions over the next ten years. IMF.33 and 0. 105 IMF. 104 October 2007 143 . 2003.4%. This could imply greater volatility for the INR as India moves towards a market-determined exchange rate. A cautious approach to freeing up capital movements is likely to be the key. this approach supports the case for further INR REER appreciation. INR FEER projections based on our assumptions The flexibility of the FEER approach is that it allows us to implement scenario analysis on INR valuation through changes in the underlying components of the model.1% (Figure 123). Modelling the fair value of the INR through our FEER estimates With the productivity-driven long-term INR appreciation trend intact in our view. According to this calculation. Lehman Brothers. 2007 noted that capital controls in the long run are costly because they adversely affect investor confidence and capital market development. March 23. which have led to a slowdown in net FDI105. We judge the gap between the actual and equilibrium current account balance as a trend 107 of the gap between the structural current account and long-term capital flows (FDI. IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation with Thailand. This assumption widens the undervaluation gap of the current INR REER to 17. we can calculate the exchange rate level that closes the gap between the structural and equilibrium current account.7% (Figure 122). because having to back-track on capital account liberalisation or creating FX policy uncertainty would have negative implications. Although this is a static model in that the INR REER is unchanged through the forecast period.47 and 1. December 12. 108 Source Lehman Brothers. IIM (Lucknow): 1. Reducing the vulnerability of the INR as its capital account is liberalised will also depend on whether India is able to meet most of its preconditions as recommended by the second Tarapore Committee report (see Box 8: Recommendations on fuller capital account convertibility). But there are also major differences in the global financial market backdrop when comparing India’s situation with the periods of take-off in the more developed parts of Asia. Our first scenario is FDI rising by an annual 50% y-o-y over the next three years and 20% in the remaining seven years. avian flu and politics. especially with India moving into a productivity. 107 Using a Hodrick-Prescott Filter. given the scale of global capital flows. The approach taken is most closely related to Borowski and Couharde (2003). but relatively conservative scenarios on FDI growth to gauge the impact on the INR FEER – conservative. Kenneth Rogoff. portfolio flows. Global Foreign Exchange.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Vigilance on capital account liberalisation needed There are risks to the long-term INR appreciation trend from unpredictable shocks such as US credit market stress. we take two optimistic. Using income and price elasticities108 for imports and exports of goods and services (G&S) to India’s and the world output gap. 2. India’s exchange rate (INR REER) in 1Q 2007 was undervalued by 12.498 for income and price elasticity to exports respectively. because net FDI accelerated by 116% in the past two years to 1Q07. In our second scenario. and reserve accumulation) called the Basic Balance (Figure 121). 2006 . we gauge the fair value of the INR REER through the FEER model106. the INR REER undervaluation widens further to 28. The structural current account balance is then simply the actual current account adjusted for the state of the economic cycle. Shang-Jin Wei and M. IMF data show that net private capital flows from 22 industrial countries to 33 developing countries accounted for close to 6% of GDP by the end of the 1990s from close to zero in the early 1970s 104 . 106 See Introducing The Macro-Balance Currency Valuation Model. March 17.and investment-driven boom. This undervaluation dropped from a peak of 23.” Eswar Prasad. The FEER is a macro balance approach that calculates the level of the INR REER that would align the actual (structural) current account with the equilibrium current account.7% in 4Q 2003 as a result of the fall in exports of goods and services relative to GDP. “Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence. where we assume an annual 50% y-o-y FDI growth over the next five years and 20% in the remaining five years. This is evidenced from Thailand’s capital account controls in December 2006. Ayhan Kose. Francis Breedon.
China Bombay Stock Exchange Bahujan Samaj Party Clearing Corporation of India Limited Chief Executive Officer Chief Finance Officer (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (Marxist) Ten million Cash Reserve Requirement ratio Central Sales Tax Comprehensive (Nuclear) Test Ban Treaty Commercial vehicle External Commercial Borrowings Emerging market European Union Foreign direct investment Foreign institutional investor Forward rate agreements Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act Free Trade Agreement Gross domestic product High performing Asian economies International Atomic Energy Authority International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (ie The World Bank) Incremental capital output ratio 144 . India. Russia.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 1: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS ABM ADB APEC ARF ASEAN ASSOCHAM BIS BJP BOP BRICs BSE BSP CCIL CEO CFO CFSP CPI CPI(M) Crore CRR CST CTBT CV ECB EM EU FDI FII FRAs FRBMA FTA GDP HPAEs IAEA IBRD ICOR October 2007 Anti-Ballistic Missile (Treaty) Asian Development Bank Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation ASEAN Regional Forum Association of Southeast Asian Nations Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India Bank for International Settlements Bharatiya Janata Party Balance of payments Brazil.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for IDFC IIFCL IIMs IITs IMF INC IPR IRDA ITIC Lakh LAF MCA MD MFN MRTPA MSS MTCR Nasscom NATO NCP NGO NPL NPT NREGS NRI NSE NYSE OECD OGL PE PPP PPPAC R&D RBI ROE SAARC SBI SEBI October 2007 Infrastructure Development Finance Company India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited Indian Institutes of Management Indian Institutes of Technology International Monetary Fund Indian National Congress (party) Intellectual property rights Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority International Trust and Investment Corporation One hundred thousand Liquidity Adjustment Facility Model Concession Agreement Missile Defence (formerly National Missile Defence or NMD) Most Favoured Nation Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act Market Stabilisation Scheme Missile Technology Control Regime National Association of Software and Services Companies North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Non-Government Organisation Non-performing loan (Nuclear) Non-Proliferation Treaty National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Non-resident Indian National Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Open general licence Private equity Public-private partnership Public-Private Partnership Appraisal Committee Research and development Reserve Bank of India Return on equity South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation State Bank of India Securities and Exchange Board of India 145 .
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for SEZ SIMI SMEs SLR SOE SSI TFP UN UNDP UNGA UNSC UP UPA UV VAT WTO y-o-y Special Economic Zone Students’ Islamic Movement of India Small and medium-sized enterprises Statutory liquidity ratio State-Owned Enterprise Small-scale industry Total factor productivity United Nations United Nations Development Programme UN General Assembly UN Security Council Uttar Pradesh United Progressive Alliance Utility vehicle Value-added tax World Trade Organisation Year-on-year October 2007 146 .
In contrast. (2006). Hence. such as rates of return on capital. who pay particular attention to the issue of data reliability 109 . substantial adjustments often have to be made to the base data. assumptions about depreciation stand to become important for growth accounting calculations too. 9-16. such as buildings and roads. for technological if not physical reasons. in India’s case. October 2007 147 . The annual estimates between these surveys are perforce based on interpolations or extrapolations of these survey data. they will not introduce errors into the rate of growth calculations on which growth accounting calculations depend. when the rate of depreciation changes. The interpolation issue is also important in connection with dating the fluctuations in economic activity: the perennial Indian debates about the precise timing of the consequences of economic reform do not have a sufficiently sound basis in the data. for example. estimates of India’s labour force are typically generated by combining the survey-based estimates of the WPR for four component groups (rural men. “…the censuses of 1971. A. To the extent that the rate of depreciation is constant. it is as likely to be the result of the way that the data were compiled as it is to reflect a genuine underlying relationship running from inputs to output. For example. 15 (1981) and 12 (1991) percent to the reported figures. such as information technology equipment. the net capital stock will grow more slowly than will the gross. the quinquennial surveys appear to yield consistent estimates of WPRs. Collins. the only reliable estimates of output and employment are those made at the times of the quinquennial surveys of households and small enterprises. Visaria (2002) discusses these problems and suggests the need for corrections on the order of 26 (1971).Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 2: ISSUES WITH INDIA’S MACROECONOMIC DATA Data are seldom as good as the economist would like but. However. 1981. obtained from interpolating the census data. whereas other components of the capital stock. and 1991 are believed to have produced solid estimates of the overall population. S. as emphasised by Bosworth. was fully 9%. Thus. Some capital. but they grossly underestimated the workerpopulation ratio (WPR) and thus the size of the total workforce. Another serious practical problem concerns the treatment of depreciation in the estimation of the capital stock. while incorrect assumptions about depreciation will thereby introduce errors into calculations that involve the comparisons of levels. because more than 40% of India’s output is produced in the non-organised sector. last for decades or more. has a comparatively short life. and Virmani (2006). As a result. by econometric methods: to the extent that any relationship between output and inputs is found. Hence if. and Virmani. data problems are severe. urban men and urban women) with estimates of the corresponding populations. as seems likely. (2004). rural women.” Interpolation is one of the principal reasons why production functions can rarely be estimated directly. series for gross capital stock and for net capital stock will grow at the same rate. the change of base to FY00 increased the figure for total industry 109 See Bosworth. who in turn draw upon Sivasubramonian. Moreover. Collins. Collins. the assumptions made about depreciation become quantitatively important: to the extent that the depreciation of the capital stock accelerates. as noted by Bosworth. especially pp. For example. estimates of India’s capital stock seem to be uncertain: for example. Whether for this or for some other reason. reliable estimates of the total workforce are limited to the years covered by the six quinquennial household surveys that were conducted over the period of FY73 to 1999. short-lived capital formation is becoming proportionately more important. Revisions can therefore be substantial: the (upward) revision to 1993-94 GDP. and Virmani (2006). but to underestimate the total population.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for investment in FY00 by 3%. and Mourougane (1993). 12. S. p. The twin problems of aggregating the outputs of myriad firms and the self-employed in order to produce a single measure of aggregate output. For an interesting and informed discussion of this use for the data in question.. see Bosworth. In addition to such issues that are likely to be particularly important in India and in other emerging economies. (2006). for addressing a number of policy issues. there are other. and of aggregating numbers of workers of many different sorts and abilities in order to produce an index of labour input. 110 111 For further detail. these aggregate data are often adequate. such as inferring the degree of inflation pressure in an economy from the gap between measures of output and potential111. But despite their imperfections. more general. Generally they are noted by economic practitioners and thereafter ignored. which in turn had a major effect on estimates of the growth of the capital stock since FY94110.M. issues. Elmeskov. A. and Virmani. see Cotis. October 2007 148 . B. at least in the advanced industrial economies. Collins. are well known.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 3: THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION Education helps to increase the productivity of. secondary and technical diploma. people with higher education constitute only a small proportion of the total labour force. and thereby the return to. To estimate the impact of imperfect mobility between the rural and urban areas and the difference in institutional factors. β1 . measurement error. and rural vs urban Duraisamy. However. Duraisamy also estimates the return in rural and urban areas separately. higher secondary and college education are higher in the urban labour markets than those in the rural areas. the wage gain to women’s education is more than twice that of men’s. It is usually estimated as the rate of return on “years spent in education”. and detailed analysis of these returns by gender. secondary and higher secondary levels. Establishing a relationship between education and earnings is also difficult. and familyspecific characteristics. We briefly review the key results below. in most developing countries. particularly for women. Notwithstanding these challenges. and εi is the individual-specific error. (2002) estimates the private returns per year of schooling in India in 199394 by gender and location (Figure 125). He finds that while the returns per year of schooling are higher in the rural than in the urban areas for primary. Inter-state comparison Inter-state returns to education have recently been estimated by Asaoka (2006). He estimates that the return to an additional year of women’s education is higher than that of men at the middle. for example. Another limitation is that. the returns for middle. a number of studies have estimated the private return to education using the Mincerian earnings model. A number of studies have estimated the private and social return to education in India. estimating the return on education is far from easy.6% in India. estimates that the private return to education was 10. because it is necessary to deal with issues such as the effect of omitted variables. He also finds that the private rates of return to university completion for men in urban areas in 16 states in 1993 were positively and significantly correlated with the state’s GDP per capita. X 1i is a vector of observed characteristics of individual i. and at the secondary education level. At the secondary education level. October 2007 149 . who finds the highest primary rates of return among lower-income states. such as India. P. In such a specification. Kingdom (1998). Most studies corroborate the increasing returns to education. while the return on tertiary education is highest among the high-income states (Figure 124). the coefficient on schooling. The specification of the model is as follows: LnYi = β 0 + β1 S i + β 2 X 1i + β 3 X 2i + ε i Where Ln Yi is the log of earnings of individual i. state and crosscountry has been estimated by various authors. X 2i is a vector of observed characteristics of the family. labour. however. location. S i measures years of completed schooling. measures the rate of return to each additional year of schooling (or to a particular level of schooling). By gender.
0 10.2 9.5 19. 4.7% and 16.6 Note: For Indonesia.9 7. State-wise rate of return to education in India.9 13. 2001.2 23. are much higher than China’s at 13.9 1.4 7.0% respectively.5 8.7 9 11.9 6. In fact.4 4.8 15.8 11.3 6. Source: Duraisamy. 1997.5 17.9 4.1 5. Private rate of return to education in India by gender and location (%) Primary Middle Secondary Higher secondary College/University Technical diploma/Certificate All Men Wom en Rural Urban 7. October 2007 150 .8 2.country comparison A cross-country comparison of the private rate of return to education suggests that India has one of the highest rates of return on secondary and tertiary education (Figure 126).6 6.5 9.2 5.8 Secondary 6 16 10 10 14 13 17.6 12.7 14. Figure 125.8 10.7 Tertiary 8 15 19 12 15 15 16.5 9.4 7 19. 1998 Indonesia.9 8.3 33.1 6. in most countries the returns have increased over time.0 9.1 18.3 4.4 Figure 126. Private rates of return to secondary and tertiary education in India at 17.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for Figure 124.3 9.6 10. 1989 Korea.4 4. Hossain. P. Source: Allen.4 17.7 21.9 9. Summary of private rate of return to education Country Egypt. 1993 India.6% respectively.4 16 8. 1993 Primary Secondary Tertiary Gujarat Tamil Nadu Karnataka Kerala Punjab Andhra Pradesh Haryana West Bengal Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Bihar Orissa Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Assam Source: Asaoka (2006) and Lehman Brothers. 1993 Prim ary 5 22 18 10 18 7. while for India secondary is the return on secondary school and tertiary is the return on college/university.7 5.3 Cross.3 8 16 10.1 8.5 4. 2004.4 15. 1989 China.8 15. CRESUR.5 12.4 19.6 5.0 12.9 12 15 3.1 19.3 13.1 4. the return is the social rate of return.8 9. Duraiswamy (2002) and Lehman Brothers.1 19.3 11. 1986 Philippines. (2002) and Lehman Brothers.1 12 8.1 11. 1988 Argentina.1 6.2 20.6 3.8 22.8 10.7 11.0% and 15.9 5.5 15.7 13.
• Geometrical relations. and probably most. Other physical laws can be important too.G. exhibit decreasing returns to scale: if all the dimensions of a bridge are altered by a factor λ. unless the walls were thickened. the heat loss from a blast furnace is proportional to its surface area. and from the interaction between indivisibilities and the scale of output. A container cannot be scaled up without limit: the laws of physics governing the structural strength of a hollow body imply. • Physical laws. (2000). albeit with different parameters. the geometric property that a ship’s carrying capacity is approximately proportional to the cube of the surface area of its hull combines with the laws of physics governing the structural strength of a hollow body such that the cost of building a ship varies approximately linearly with the surface area of its hull. technology. By contrast. such as tubes and cylinders: hence geometric economies of scale are to be found in a wide range of products. A similar phenomenon. for example a sphere.S. For example. the application of more and more units of fertiliser to a given area of land. for a sphere for example. the economies of scale would ultimately be limited to less than implied by the 2/3 “power rule”. R. The cost of the fencing is a linear function of the length of the fence: but the area enclosed increases with the square of the length of the fence. which is often cited as a classic example of diminishing returns. economic processes are characterised by increasing returns to scale – a doubling of all inputs more than doubles capacity – and are quantitatively important112 in contributing to growth. But even in agriculture. giving rise to the exploitation of economies of scale in shipping. that if scaled up too far it would collapse under its own weight. geometric laws and physical laws may interact. particularly in economies that grow quickly from a small-scale base.5% increase in expenditure. the maximum speed that a ship can be driven through water is proportional to the square root of the length of the hull on the water line. some activities exhibit increasing returns to scale. suppose that land needs to be fenced in order to become productive. whereas the volume of metal that can be smelted is proportional to the cube of its surface area. October 2007 151 . a source of increasing returns between fuel used and output. Similarly with blast furnaces: according to the physics of heat. the relationship between the area (A) of material used to construct it and the volume (V) that it encloses is: A = fV 2/3 To the extent that cost is (approximately) proportional to the area of material used. Thus in the case of a sphere. the so-called “power rule” often applies: where the equipment is volumetric. so that a 10% increase in capacity require only a 6. Moreover. such as bridges. some structures. For example. although in many cases the volume would nevertheless increase less than in proportion with the amount of material used in its construction. including from the laws of geometry and of physics. from blast furnaces to engines to ships. (1967). its structural strength is 112 This appendix draws particularly on Manne. it follows that cost varies as volume to the 2/3 power. In the case of a ship. Economies of scale are even to be found in some areas of agriculture. In the (engineering) construction of many items of capital equipment. applies to many other volumetric shapes. for example. A. and on Lipsey. in such instances as. The extent to which geometric economies of scale can be reaped may be limited by the laws of physics. for example.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 4: PHYSICAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE Many. Economies of scale originate in a number of different ways.
material could permit a sphere to be scaled up beyond the size at which it would normally collapse: in that case. higher-strength. October 2007 152 . the diseconomies of scale in structures such as bridges could be reduced by using new. the extent of the economy of scale would also be dictated by the (extra) cost of the new material relative to the older one. The effects of the combination of the laws of geometry and physics taken together can on occasions be offset by technology. and its weight. Similarly. (and thereby the cost of the materials used in its construction) by (approximately) λ3. materials. • Technology. the discovery or invention of a new. stronger.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for altered by (approximately) 1/λ. For example.
The variety of competitive and technological conditions found in modern economies suggests that one cannot approximate the basic requirements of sensible aggregation except. and many service activities. and hence it cannot be assumed that the weights required to be applied to labour and to capital in order to calculate their individual contributions to output can be inferred from the data on the share of GDP going to wages (and thereby to profits) as recorded in the national accounts.S. striking as it does at the heart of the approach. i. or “Harrod neutral”. Information technology is one obvious case in point: computer technology affects productivity not by being invented. This assumption is “required” because. J.M. a relationship that is intended to describe the technological relationships at the aggregate level. that a doubling of all inputs results in a doubling of output. As Felipe and Fisher point out. perhaps. once wages and profits had been paid. A second problem with the production function approach is that the commonly used Cobb-Douglas function assumes that technical progress is equivalent to an increase in the supply and/or efficiency of labour – the assumption of “disembodied”. A. are paid their marginal products.”114 These problems have been known for a long time. If. is the so-called “aggregation problem”. The problem is that the macro production function is a fictitious entity. In practice it is most unlikely that all. there is an extensive body of literature. 1. “As far back as 1963 … in his seminal survey on production and cost. for example. Some economists consider the problem so severe as to render such capital stock series economically meaningless. over firms in the same industry or for narrow sections of the economy…” 113 114 Manne. which is empirically false: almost all physical plant. technical progress. the function that is used in growth accounting calculations assumes that production takes place under conditions of constant returns to scale. In a seminal article whose very title seems designed to strike unease in the minds of practitioners of growth accounting – Aggregation in Production Functions: What Applied Economists Should Know – Felipe and Fisher (2001) represent the problem as being so severe as to be terminal: “The pillar of these neoclassical growth models is the aggregate production function. [Professor Sir Alan] Walters had concluded: After surveying the problems of aggregation one may easily doubt whether there is much point in employing such a concept as an aggregate production function. or even most. October 2007 153 . F. however.e. returns to scale are greater than unity. Felipe. (1967). because the sum of wages and profits would exceed the value of the output they (collectively) produce. the last worker to be hired produces more output than the average. Perhaps the most serious problem. it cannot be assumed that the factors of production. workers (and capital) therefore cannot be paid their marginal products. exhibit powerful increasing returns to scale113. labour and capital. without it. some output would be “left over”. if the production function were to exhibit diminishing returns then. Conversely. p.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 5: PROBLEMS WITH THE THEORY OF THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION Perhaps the most severe problem in production function analysis is that of aggregating investment data to produce a series for the capital stock. The problem here lies with the root assumption of constant returns to scale. and Fisher. technical change takes this form: a considerable amount of technical progress enters the economy only through being embodied in gross investment. To begin with. which points out that aggregating micro production functions into a macro production function is extremely problematic. (2001). developed since the 1940s. but by being brought into use. At the theoretical level it is built by adding micro production functions. However.
” See US Department of Defense transcript December 08 2006. and the third on the grounds that it is “a variant of the instrumentalist position and also clashes with the results of the aggregation work”116. perhaps. have economists persisted with growth accounting analyses. is “As you know. Perhaps understandably. Rumsfeld. The full quotation of this observation by former US Secretary of Defense. practice has been to note the objections. may appear like what. Certainly that is the view of Burmeister (1980). on the potential importance of each of a range of factors that contribute to economic growth.mil/transcripts/2004/tment. each might be to a given country in a given period. The economist who succeeds in finding a suitable replacement will be a prime candidate for a future Nobel prize. that it is perhaps pointlessly complicated to conduct a growth accounting exercise on the assumption that a number of implausible assumptions hold true. see Felipe and Fisher (2001). Instrumentalism: To the extent that aggregate production functions appear to give empirically reasonable results. Why. All of this suggests. this catalogue of criticisms of the growth accounting method.”117 It is.r20041208-secdef1761. quantitatively. therefore.26-29. in our judgement. Donald H. you go to war with the Army you have.defenselink.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The response To some extent. Not surprisingly.html 116 For a detailed discussion – and ultimate rejection – of each of these arguments. from a range of countries. in the light of the literature on aggregation. with the benefit of hindsight. more sensible in many cases simply to work directly with adducing evidence (sometimes macroeconomic but more often microeconomic. but then press on regardless: just as “you go to war with the Army you have”115. and thereafter to focus on how important. who concludes that: “Perhaps for the purpose of answering many macroeconomic questions … we should disregard the concept of a production function at the macroeconomic level. is termed “piling on”. 427-428. it “loses its power”. 2. there is no other choice. and then to seek to quantify the importance of dropping each of them. critics such as Felipe and Fisher dismiss all three arguments. the first on the grounds that instrumentalism is “indefensible on methodological grounds”. especially pp. 3. They’re not the Army you might want or wish to have at a later time. so has been the practice when studying the sources and caucuses of economic growth. in ice-hockey parlance. both developed and emerging). For empirical applications (such as growth accounting and econometric estimation). why should they not be used? Production functions are parables: some rationalisation can be provided for the neoclassical production function parable. the second because. and the production function theory that lies behind it. but the assumptions are extremely restrictive. 115 October 2007 154 . 117 Burmeister (1980) pp. despite the evident problems with the theory that purportedly underpins them? There are perhaps three principal reasons: 1.
the values of α. Solow assumed a comparatively simple. a doubling of that factor alone results in a less-than-doubling of output. as is generally to be expected. β. the stock of capital.α ect (2) In principle. usually the manufacturing sector or some part of it. i. and the stock of capital. most studies of the determinants of economic growth instead employ the “growth accounting” method. production function is dubious in an economy that is undergoing profound structural change in the way that India has and is. Moreover.e. employment. (1967). constant returns to scale. and the capital stock. If the exponents sum exactly to unity. i. by a time trend term (ect): Q = A Eα K1. the capital data often pose considerable problems: a plausible relationship involving the capital variable is often impossible to find. In practice. a doubling of all inputs results in a doubling of output – the production function exhibits constant returns to scale. the very concept of an aggregate. α + β = 1. Given these difficulties in fitting an aggregate production function.. October 2007 155 . Then there is the matter of representing technical progress. a doubling of inputs results in output more than doubling – increasing returns to scale. with the result that a plausible relationship can often be found between GDP and employment. we were not surprised that it did not prove possible to estimate a meaningful production function for the Indian economy as a whole: most successfully fitted production functions have been achieved using data for sub-sectors of economies. And if the exponents sum to greater than unity. To the extent that this can be presumed fairly constant. equation (1) can be modified to incorporate it. which side-steps the need to find statistical evidence of a relationship between inputs and output. estimating production functions for entire economies more often than not proves problematic. i. E. in his seminal paper Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.C. and the pace of technical progress. K. A value for the sum of the exponents of less than unity implies decreasing returns to the factors of production taken together.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 6: LIMITATIONS OF THE “GROWTH ACCOUNTING” METHOD The basic framework within which this issue is typically addressed was pioneered in the 1950s by Professor Solow (1957). in a constant returns to scale production function. and c can be estimated by estimating a regression equation using data for (real) GDP. Cobb-Douglas production function118 which relates the level of output. Solow took as his point of departure the fundamental assumption that an economy can be represented by a function that relates the level of output to the level of the employed labour force. And reverse causality is often at work. This problem may arise for a variety of reasons. While output and employment data tend to be measured relatively accurately. however.e.G. thus: Q = A Eα Kβ (1) The interpretation of the exponents α and β is as follows. A value of less than unity for either implies a decreasing marginal productivity of the associated factor.e. whole-economy. Q. a doubling of both factors results in a less than doubling of output. the capital stock term reflecting the fact that investment tends to be strong when output is growing strongly. and Lipsey R. see Archibald G. to the level of the (employed) labour force. Hence. as assumed by Solow. 118 For an exposition of Cobb-Douglas production function theory. Most data series for capital measure the stock of capital rather than the flow of capital services that the stock provides. rather than the other way around.
. because it means that the value of α. and that labour and capital are paid their marginal products – two big assumptions – the value of α equals labour’s share of national product.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The growth accounting method starts from a production function such as (2) above. is by assumption ruled out of the growth accounting process. Solow’s basic conclusion was that.e. some 83½%. 119 And such too is the basic result of such a calculation for India – see Appendix 7 below. This is a convenient. i. D. together. and hence of β = (1-α). see Denison (1991). see Jorgensen. R. and Griliches. particularly important in India’s development process. reexpressed in growth rate terms. “the residual”. that applied the growth accounting method to the British economy. was attributed to “technical change” – also known variously as “the residual factor”. especially as structural change. and Odling-Smee. pair of assumptions. Such problems apply equally to growth accounting estimates for India. (1982). For an exposition of the growth accounting method. is that concluding that some sort of unspecified deus ex machina – the “residual” – was responsible for the bulk of GDP growth is not particularly helpful. thus: q = αe + (1-λ)k + c (3) where lower case letters denote average annual rates of growth. The first such growth accounting calculation was performed by Robert Solow himself. J. Z. rather than by econometric estimation. Weighting the factors of production by their respective shares in national income. can be obtained by calculation from the national accounts. is Matthews. and for an interesting discussion of some of the principal issues involved. The fundamental difficulty with such an approach. which has been. or “total factor productivity growth”. if dubious. (1972).. employment and the capital stock. On the (powerful) assumption that the production function exhibits constant return to scale. Feinstein. Such a result is broadly typical of a wide range of studies for other developed economies using the same basic method. that a doubling of both inputs – labour and capital – results in a doubling of output. 119 Another classic work. using annual US data for the years 1909 to 1949 for GDP and the two factors of production. and remains. the (growth of) the two factors of production accounted for just 12½% of US GDP growth during the 40-year period: the remainder of US output growth. C. it offers few clues about what might be the principal determinants of growth in the future. By not making any presumption about what was responsible for the greater part of economic growth. October 2007 156 . as Solow himself frequently stated.
there has developed a considerable so-called “growth accounting” literature – although not to date particularly extensively for India – which seeks to identify at least the larger components of the “residual”. However. and Denison. F. very nearly half of total growth. employment (e) by 2. Collins. and growth of total factor productivity – the so-called growth “residual” – for 49%. In the post liberalisation phase (1985 -2000).7 and 0. and total factor productivity growth 2.2%)*k + c + 1. Growth of total factor productivity contributed only 0. in which he sought to quantify the principal sources of differences between post-war growth rates of the US and a range of European countries. S. and Virmani (2006). B. Dholakia. Collins. 124 Kanamori. A broadly similar calculation is reported by Bosworth.95% achieved. The growth accounting method was pioneered by Edward Denison. 121 120 October 2007 157 .4 percentage points on average to India’s output growth.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 7: GROWTH ACCOUNTING RESULTS FOR THE INDIAN ECONOMY Over the 25-year period from FY81to FY06120 as a whole.6% + 2. on the basis of their adjusted data state that: “… over the relatively long periods 1960-80 versus 1980-2004 [reflecting] the widespread view that the performance of the Indian economy changed significantly around 1980…nearly all of the output growth during the [pre1980] period is associated with increases in factor inputs.66% per annum. the main sources of growth of Indian economy were the growth of labour input which accounted for 44% and capital input which accounted for 32% of the overall GDP growth rate of 3.3 x 5.0% per year. Applying a Solow-type calculation by taking the coefficients on employment and capital shares to be 0. the capital stock 27%. employment can be considered to have contributed 1. particularly in his monumental 1979 book Why Growth Rates Differ 123 . and the capital stock (k) by 5. E.4% + (0.79 percentage points or less than 22% of the overall growth rate during the pre-1985 period.” Unfortunately. South Korea125. H.9% = = (0.17.3 respectively – the results are not particularly sensitive to the precise values used – yields the following: 5.” [i. TFP. p.9% per year.85 percentage points accounting for 48% of the overall GDP growth rate of 5. 126 Dholakia (1974).9 percentage points. reports that: “During the pre-liberalisation period (1960-85). (1979).6 percentage points. in his study of the Indian economy for the period 1960-2001. E. 125 Kim and Park (1985). such results are not by themselves particularly illuminating.4% as given by Bosworth et al (2006) during 1999-2004. (2006). the total TFP growth in the economy as a whole has turned out to be as high as 2.e. (1972). (1976).2% per year.9% Thus. real GDP as measured in India’s national accounts grew at an average of 5.. It is not helpful to be told that a major part of growth is unexplained. and India126. and Virmani. And similar investigations have subsequently been undertaken for many economies. sometimes with great ingenuity – Denison was the master – to quantify each of a number of influences on aggregate productivity growth suggested We have extended the labour force data by a year to 2005-06 by assuming an annual labour force growth of 2. 123 Denison. Employment growth is thus reckoned to have accounted for 24% of the overall growth of output.. the ‘residual’]122 Similarly. These studies generally seek. the post1980 acceleration is concentrated in improvements in the efficiency of factor use. capital 1. including Japan124. and Virmani (2006)121. A. who. W. E.0%)*e 1. Table 3 122 Bosworth. and Chung.M. Collins.7 x 2. (1967) and Denison. Accordingly.F. Bosworth.
4 1.2 0.9 5.6 Physical Capital 1.0 6.2 5.1 0.2 -0.2 0.0 Employment 2. An example of results from this sort of calculation is given in Figure 127 below.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.4 2.0 2.4 5. Total Economy.1 0. and ad hoc modifications to the production function to allow for the possibility of increasing returns to scale.2 2.3 1.1 -0.2 1.9 2.3 0.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for by economic theory or offered by microeconomic evidence.0 1. Figure 127.4 Output per worker 2. Perhaps the most severe problem in production function analysis Sources of Economic Growth. 1960-2005 Annual percentage rate of change Period 1960-04 1960-80 1980-04 1960-73 1973-83 1983-93 1993-99 1999-04 Output 4. October 2007 158 .4 0.2 Contribution of: Land -0.9 0.0 -0. Such influences include: the (generally improving) quality of factor inputs.2 1.1 -0.0 0.2 -0.3 0.6 1.0 7.8 2.6 1.7 2.4 0.3 3.4 Total factor Productivity 1.8 2.1 Education 0.2 2.8 3.2 0. improved resource allocation (commonly labour moving from low productivity activities (usually agriculture) to high productivity sectors (usually manufacturing)).8 3.0 Source: Bosworth et al (2006) and Lehman Brothers.0 2.9 2.2 0.7 3.4 1.3 4.
India-Mauritius Preferential Trade Agreement.MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA). Negotiation process for a Preferential Trade Agreement has commenced.India and Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement. The first round of negotiations on the India-GCC FTA was held in Riyadh on 21-22 March 2006. October . While India has already completed the tariff elimination programme in March 2003. 2004 January . 2003 March . The tariff liberalisation programme under the Agreement was implemented on 1 July 2006. The Trade Negotiating Committee is negotiating free trade in goods.India-Chile Framework Agreement on Economic Cooperation. Bhutan. The Early Harvest Scheme involves phased reduction/elimination of all duty on products other than those on India’s negative list by April 2009. with the aim of a free trade area on goods with effect from July 2006. India-Israel Preferential Trade Agreement. and the benefits that may derive from. October 2007 159 .Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA). India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) FTA. Sri Lanka is scheduled to reach zero duty by 2008. February . India-China Joint Force. Economic Survey 2006-07. Signed by Bangladesh. the possible China-India Regional Trading Arrangement.Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between ASEAN and India. January . In negotiation India-Korea Joint Task Force. June . In operation since March 2000.Framework Agreement on Bay of Bengal initiative for Multi-sectoral Technical & Economic Coop. in return for concessions on eight items for exports to Afghanistan. October . The Early Harvest Scheme covering 82 items for exchange of concessions between India and Thailand has been in effect since 1 September 2004. India.India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISLFTA). Myanmar. Argentina. Singapore has already eliminated all duty on products from India. services and investment. The framework agreement aims to provide a mechanism to negotiate and conclude a comprehensive FTA. Currently under negotiation and likely to be finalised shortly. A Joint Task Force between India and China has been set up to study in detail the feasibility of. India and Korea constituted a Joint Task Force for negotiating FTAs in goods.India and Thailand Framework Agreement for establishing Free Trade Area.India-Afghanistan Preferential Trade Agreement. Four rounds of negotiations have been held so far.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 8: STATUS OF INDIA’S BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE POLICIES 1998 December . Successful negotiations resulted in a PTA being signed on 8 March 2006. Nepal. Uruguay and Paraguay) will be operational after ratification by the legislatures of MERCOSUR countries. The PTA between India and MERCOSUR (Brazil. India-South Africa Customs Union. 2005 January . India has granted concessions on 38 products. Sri Lanka and Thailand. mainly fresh and dry fruits.■ Source: Ministry of Finance. (BIMSTEC).
Cap applies to public sector units. Automatic route up to 49%. Various minimum capitalization norms for fund-based NBFCs 2004/05 budget proposed raising it to 49 percent. For basic and cellular. Subject to guidelines issued by the Department of Atomic Energy. Approval via FIPB. HUB. For existing projects. For carrying parcels. atomic energy. 74 100 Broadcasting 100 49 26 20 Courier services 100 Establishment & operation of satellites 74 100 Print Media Airports Domestic airlines Housing and real estate Petroleum (refining) Petroleum (other than refining) Coal and lignite Mining Atomic minerals Power Defense and strategic industries Coffee & rubber Alcohol & brewing. and trading for exports. resorts. packages and other items which do not come within the ambit of the Indian Post Office Act 1898. Subject to licensing and security requirements. silver. radio-paging and end-to-end bandwidth. Automatic route up to 49%. restrictions apply. transmission. 74 100 26 74 Subject to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) guidelines. however. periodicals. Greenfield projects. Up-linking a news & current affairs TV channel. gold. and global mobile personal communications by satellite. Beyond 49% needs approval from the FIPB. Generation (except atomic energy). and approval in case of change in land use. voice mail. Subject to license. Government of India. Residential & commercial premises. Automatic route not available. Automatic route up to 49%. distribution and power trading. city and regional level infrastructure. Publishing of newspapers and periodicals on news and current affairs. Beyond 49% needs approval from the FIPB. unified access services. setting up infrastructure for marketing in petroleum and natural gas sector. lottery business. and journals. Automatic route available. October 2007 160 . V-sat. Manufacture of telecom equipment. providing dark fiber. For most activities in this sector. Automatic route not available. Single brand product retailing. No FDI allowed in the distribution of letters. Publishing of scientific and technical magazines. Automatic route available. Exploration and mining of diamonds and precious stones. divestiture of 26% in five years. horticulture. FIPB approval required for investments of more than 74%. cigarettes Trading 100 26 100 49 100 26 100 100 100 100 74 100 26 100 100 100 51 Floriculture. Cap applies to private Indian companies. For tea plantations. investment/financing. FIPB approval for trading of items sourced from small scale sector. Ministry of Commerce and Industry. cable network. Subject to no direct or indirect equity participation by foreign airlines. Direct-to-home & FM radio. The cap is applicable only to private sector banks that are identified by RBI for restructuring. this is not yet operational. including approval from government. animal husbandry. Foreign equity participation up to 49% and investment by expatriate Indians up to 100%. Automatic route available. aquaculture 100 Source: Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion. Beyond 49% needs approval from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) For ISPs with gateways.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 9: INDIA’S FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT POLICY AS ON 3 OCTOBER 2007 Sector % Cap Controls Retail trading (except single brand product). subject to licensing and security requirements and a lock in period for transfer of equity. national/international long distance. For ISPs without gateways. recreational facilities. Subject to divestiture of 26% of their equity in favour of Indian public in 5 years. Up-linking a non-news & current affairs TV channel Setting up hardware facilities such as up-linking. Includes market study and formulation. and gambling & betting Private sector banking Non-banking financial companies Insurance Telecommunications 0 Sectors prohibited for FDI. and minerals. e-mail. Automatic route available for wholesale/cash & carry trading. Subject to licensing and security requirements. educational institutions.
Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for
APPENDIX 10: KEY STATISTICS: INDIA
FY04 Gross Domestic Product FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
Nominal, US$bn Nominal GDP per capita, US$ Real GDP growth rate, % y-o-y GDP by industry, % total - Agriculture - Industry - Services Gross domestic investment % GDP Gross domestic savings % GDP
Balance of Payments
604 560 8.4 22.1 25.7 52.2 28.0 29.7
695 635 7.4 20.2 26.1 53.7 31.5 31.1
805 723 9.0 19.7 26.2 54.1 33.8 32.4
912 807 9.4 18.5 26.6 54.9 35.3 34.2
1187 1033 8.8 17.5 26.9 55.6 36.5 35.0
1478 1266 9.2 16.7 27.1 56.2 37.0 34.9
1761 1486 9.7 15.9 27.4 56.7 38.0 35.6
2066 1716 10.0 15.1 27.9 57.0 38.5 35.7
2415 1975 10.0 14.4 28.7 56.9 39.0 36.0
Exports, US$bn Top 3 export markets, % total: US UAE China Imports, US$bn Merchandise trade balance, US$bn - % of GDP Current Account, US$bn - % of GDP FDI inflows, US$bn FDI outflows, US$bn External debt, US$bn - % of GDP Foreign exchange reserves, US$bn
Financial Market Indicators
66.3 18.2 8.0 4.6 80.0 -13.7 -2.3 14.1 2.3 4.3 -1.9 111.6 17.8 113.0
85.2 17.3 9.2 6.4 118.9 -33.7 -4.8 -2.5 -0.4 6.0 -2.3 123.2 17.3 141.5
105.2 16.8 8.3 6.4 157.0 -51.8 -6.4 -9.2 -1.1 7.7 -2.9 126.4 15.8 151.6
127.1 15.2 9.6 6.3 192.0 -64.9 -7.1 -9.6 -1.1 19.4 -11.0 155.0 16.4 199.2
148.1 236.2 -88.1 -7.4 -16.8 -1.4 26.1 -13.5 232.1
174.7 297.6 -122.8 -8.3 -33.5 -2.3 27.9 -14.4 262.0
218.4 371.9 -153.6 -8.7 -44.3 -2.5 34.4 -15.3 295.4
273.0 464.9 -191.9 -9.3 -58.0 -2.8 42.9 -18.5 344.3
341.2 581.2 -239.9 -9.9 -75.7 -3.1 52.4 -22.7 397.8
Exchange rate, per US$ Interest rate, %: 10 year bond yield Repo rate, % Cash reserve ratio, % Stock market, BSE Sensex
Monetary indicators
43.4 5.15 6.00 4.50 5591
43.8 6.69 6.00 5.00 6493
44.6 7.53 6.50 5.00 11280
43.6 7.94 7.50 6.00 13072
38.0 7.75 7.75 7.50 -
35.6 7.50 7.75 8.50 -
35.0 7.25 7.00 8.50 -
34.0 6.50 6.50 8.50 -
33.0 6.00 6.00 8.50 -
WPI inflation, % y-o-y M3 money supply growth, % y-o-y Non-food credit, % y-o-y
Fiscal indicators
5.5 13.1 17.2
6.5 14.2 27.7
4.4 16.1 33.7
5.4 19.6 31.2
4.4 20.0 25.3
5.3 19.6 26.8
4.5 19.0 25.0
4.0 18.0 22.0
3.5 18.0 20.0
General govt fiscal balance, % GDP General govt public debt, % GDP
8.5 81.5
7.5 82.4
7.4 78.7
6.1 75.3
5.7 72.5
6.0 71.0
5.4 67.4
5.2 65.0
5.2 63.0
Source: RBI, CEIC, Economic Survey and Lehman Brothers. Note: All financial market indicators are fiscal year-end numbers.
October 2007
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APPENDIX 11: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN INDIA. Jawaharlal Nehru becomes first Indian prime minister. 1947-48 Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition. 1948 Mahatma Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist. The government issues the First Industrial Policy Resolution, reserving certain industries for the public sector. The Reserve Bank of India is nationalised and becomes the central bank. 1948 War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir. 1950 The Republic of India is declared with the promulgation of the constitution. Dr Rajendra Prasad is elected the first president. 1951 A draft of the First Five-Year Plan is published. It is primarily a public expenditure plan. 1951-52 Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. 1956 The Second Five-Year Plan is presented to parliament and approved. It shifts emphasis to government-led industrialisation. 1957 Stringent import and foreign exchange controls are imposed in response to the growing fiscal and balance-of-payments deficits arising from the implementation of the Second Five-Year Plan. The Congress party retains power in the third general election. 1961 The Third Five-Year Plan continues the investment patterns of the second plan, focusing on government-led industrialisation. 1962 The Congress Party retains power in the third general election. India loses brief border war with China. 1964 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru dies. Lal Bahadur Shastri is chosen as the next prime minister. 1965 Second war with Pakistan over Kashmir. 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri dies in Tashkent. Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, becomes prime minister. Poor harvests trigger a food shortage and a BOP crisis. India devalues the rupee by 36% and receives food and monetary aid under an IMF-World Bank programme. 1967 Indira Gandhi remains prime minister after the Congress party retains power in the fourth general election. 1969 Parliament passes the Bank Nationalisation Bill nationalising all domestically owned commercial banks. The Fourth Five-Year Plan, placing greater priority on the agricultural sector than earlier plans, is adopted. 1970 The Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, regulating the activities of business houses, comes into effect. 1971 Indira Gandhi continues as prime minister after the Congress Party wins the fifth general election. Third war with Pakistan over creation of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. 1971 Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union. 1972 The government nationalises all insurance companies. 1973 The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, controlling foreign investment in India, comes into effect. 1974 India explodes first nuclear device in underground test.
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1975 Indira Gandhi declares state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. 1975-1977 Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. 1977 The state of emergency is lifted, and parliament dissolved. The Janata Party coalition wins the sixth general election, and Moraji Desai is appointed prime minister. The targets laid out in the Fifth Five-Year Plan are abrogated by the new government, which resorts to an annual planning mechanism. 1979 Moraji Desai resigns. Charan Singh leads a new coalition as prime minister but soon loses support, and parliament is dissolved. 1980 Indira Gandhi returns to power in the seventh general election, heading Congress Party splinter group, Congress (Indira). Facing a significant BOP problem, India negotiates a loan from the IMF under its Extended Fund Facility. The Sixth FiveYear Plan sets out a target annual growth rate of about 5%, which is achieved over the next five years. 1984 Troops storm the Golden Temple – the Sikhs’ holiest shrine – to flush out Sikh militants pressing for self-rule. Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh bodyguards. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, is chosen as prime minister after the Congress Party wins the ensuing elections. 1984 In December, a gas leak at the Union Carbide pesticides plant in Bhopal kills thousands. Many more subsequently die or are left disabled. 1985 The Rajiv Gandhi government initiates modest liberalisation measures as regards industrial licensing and import and export regulation. The Seventh Five-Year Plan sets a target annual growth rate of about 5%, which is achieved over the next five years at the cost of increasing fiscal imbalance. 1989 Falling public support leads to Congress defeat in the ninth general election. A coalition of non-Congress parties comes to power, and V.P. Singh is appointed prime minister. 1990 V.P. Singh resigns as prime minister after the BJP withdraws support. Chandra Shekhar leads a minority government supported from the outside by the Congress party. Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence in Kashmir. 1991 The minority government loses support, and new elections are ordered. Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated during the election campaign by a suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers. The Congress Party wins the tenth general election. The new prime minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao, appoints Manmohan Singh as finance minister. India faces a severe macroeconomic and BOP crisis, and the government responds with stabilisation measures and structural reforms. 1992 The Eighth-Five-Year Plan, placing greater emphasis on private initiative in industrial development than any previous plan, is adopted. Hindu extremists demolish mosque in Ayodhya, triggering widespread Hindu-Muslim violence. 1993 Financial sector reforms, based on the recommendations of the Narasimham Committee, are initiated. 1996 Congress suffers the worst ever electoral defeat as Hindu nationalist BJP emerges as the largest single party in the eleventh general election. The National Front coalition forms the government supported by the Congress Party. H.D. Deve Gowda is chosen as prime minister. 1997 H.D. Deve Gowda resigns as prime minister and is replaced by I.K. Gujral. I.K. Gujral resigns, and fresh elections are ordered after the government falls. The Ninth Five-Year Plan, prioritising agricultural and rural development, is adopted. 1998 The BJP secures a plurality in the twelfth general election, and heads a coalition government with A.B. Vajpayee as prime minister. India carries out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation. 1999 February Prime Minister Vajpayee makes a historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign the bilateral Lahore peace declaration. 1999 May Tension in Kashmir leads to a brief war with Pakistan-backed forces in the icy heights around Kargil in Indianheld Kashmir.
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The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign. 2001 December India imposes sanctions against Pakistan to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. More than 800. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny of its nuclear programme. 2005 July More than 1. 2004 May Surprise victory for the Congress Party in the general elections. while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war. 2001 December Suicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi. propelling India into the club of countries able to fire big satellites deep into space. 2002 July Retired scientist and architect of India’s missile programme. Abdul Kalam. Actual war seems imminent. consumer good imports. A. and domestic telephony. War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies.the Agni . The five gunmen die in the assault.000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and the Maharashtra region. is elected president. killing several police. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister. A. 2004 November India begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir. 2006 March The US and India sign a nuclear deal during a visit by US President George W. 2002 June The UK and the US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan. mainly Muslims. October 2007 164 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for The BJP-led coalition government falls. the National Democratic Alliance – headed by the BJP – wins a majority in parliament. Germany and Japan. 2001 July Prime Minister Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. 2001 July Mr Vajpayee’s BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf.J. and in the ensuing elections. 2004 September India. 2004 January A groundbreaking meeting is held between the government and moderate Kashmir separatists. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir. 2003 December India and Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights. operate between Srinagar in Indian-administered Kashmir and Muzaffarabad in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.off its eastern coast. 2002 February Worst inter-religious bloodshed in a decade breaks out after Muslims set fire to a train carrying Hindus returning from pilgrimage to Ayodhya. 2002 January India successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile . 2002 May Pakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles. and bans the groups in January. aimed at lifting around 60m families out of poverty. applies for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. along with Brazil.B. Vajpayee is chosen as prime minister. 2001 April A high-powered rocket is launched. Bush. 2005 April Bus services. 2006 February India’s largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched. 2000 Liberalisation measures are initiated in the areas of insurance. 2003 November India matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire. the first in 60 years. 2000 May India marks the birth of its bnth citizen. 2001 September The US lifts the sanctions it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. die in revenge killings by Hindu mobs. US President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties.P. which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions.
October 2007 165 .Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for APPENDIX 12: MAP OF INDIA Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab Pakistan Haryana New Delhi Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar Nepal China (Tibet) Uttaranchal Arunachal Pradesh Sikkim Bhutan Assam Meghalaya Manipur Bangladesh Tripura Jharkhan West Bengal Kolkata Chattisgarh Orissa Myanmar Mizoram Nagaland Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Diu Daman Maharashtra Mumbai Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Goa Karnataka Andaman and Nicobar Islands Bangalore Chennai Dadar and Nagar Haveli Lakshadweep Tamil Nadu Kerala Sri Lanka Major Cities Union Territories Source: Lehman Brothers.
B. ‘Are there Differential Returns to Schooling by Gender? The Case of Indonesian Labour Markets’.” Working Paper 7911. Takeoffs. Stanford University School of Education. (2001). 215-245.G. I. American Economic Review. Cambridge. (2004). OECD Economic Studies. A. Baily. (2005) “History. Entry and Productivity: Some Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Sector. Panel Data Evidence from OECD Countries’. 95. 2325. 1993.C. and Inequality’. no. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. (2005). IMF Working Paper. India Policy Forum 2005-2006. no. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. (1967). (2003). M. vol. ‘The Driving Forces of Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries’. J. no. and Lipsey. S. Asadullah. Basu. McGraw Hill. July 2007.. University of Chicago Press. X. and Patnaik. (1990). S.. S. New Delhi National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council. P. ‘Can east Asia Weather a US Slowdown?’. Gangopadhyay. (1984). An Introduction to a Mathematical Treatment of Economics. A.L. N. J. Scarpetta. S. M. L. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. (2000). Besley. pp. (2006). Bhaumik.. J. and Das. S. U. and Levine R. Behrman. No. G.Lehman Brothers | India: Everything to play for REFERENCES Acharya. (2006).B. ‘Pre. and Srivastava. ‘Can labour regulation Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India’. 453-468. vol. P. S. 3646. G. IZA DP No. 119. P. (1995). P. I. J.D. ‘The Impact on India of Trade Liberalization in the Textiles and Clothing Sector’. ‘Economic Growth: The Role of Policies and Institutions. (1964). Updates and Implications. J. ‘Economic Growth’. and Wolfe. and Krishnan. ‘The National Strategy for Manufacturing’. 97-117. 66. 2086. Behrman. S. School of Education.B. Ananthakrishnan.R. October 2007 166 . Education Economics. (2006). Bhalla. Policy Research Working Paper No. and Spiegel. Barth. Archibald. (2001). R. The Sources of Economic growth in OECD Countries: a Review Article. NBER Working Paper 13084. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Ball. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Investing in Education in India: Inferences from and Analysis of the Rates of Return to Education Across Indian States. and Cecchetti. 296-303. Barro. “Scaling Up Micro-finance for India’s Rural Poor. Wages. S. no. Bhavan. Bassanini. and Lee. ‘Inflation. India: Economic Growth.1950-2000. no. G. G. Barro. (1995). (2007). 33. and Scarpetta. M. H. Krishna. Allen.and Post-reform India: a Revised Look at Employment. ERD Working Paper Series No. Stanford University. Dissertation. and Iyler. Institute for International Economics. unpublished Ph. Uncertainty at Short and Long Horizons’. T. (2006). ‘The Socioeconomic Impact of Schooling in a Developing Country’. pp. Asaoka. T. ‘Returns to Education in Bangladesh’. and Deolalikar. (2005). 1190-1213. J. A. Banerjee. pp. 1. pp.. K. R. OECD Working Paper. 57.N.. Asia Development Bank (2007). ‘Banking Systems Around the Globe: Do Regulation and Ownership Affect Performance and Stability?’. and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India”.L. WP/05/214. (2001). Institutions.4. Caprio. MA: National Bureau of Economic Research (September). A. R. R and Sala-i-Martin. Ahluwalia. The Review of Economics and Statistics. and Hemmings. (2001). Aizenman. S. II. 283. pp. (2003). 14. Effects of a country’s economic and social context on the rates of return to education: A global metaanalysis. Vol. Becker. “International Data on Educational Attainment. Bassanini. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. (2006). 95. Reforms.R. and Jain-Chandra.
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Prima::codecs - How to write a codec for Prima image subsystem
How to write a codec for Prima image subsystem
There are many graphical formats in the world, and yet more libraries, that depend on them. Writing a codec that supports particular library is a tedious task, especially if one wants many formats. Usually you never want to get into internal parts, the functionality comes first, and who needs all those funky options that format provides? We want to load a file and to show it. Everything else comes later - if ever. So, in a way to not scare you off, we start it simple.
Define a callback function like:
static Bool load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { }
Just that function is not enough for whole mechanism to work, but bindings will come later. Let us imagine we work with an imaginary library libduff, that we want to load files of .duf format. [ To discern imaginary code from real, imaginary will be prepended with _ - like, _libduff_loadfile ]. So, we call _libduff_loadfile(), that loads black-and-white, 1-bits/pixel images, where 1 is white and 0 is black.
static Bool load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { _LIBDUFF * _l = _libduff_load_file( fi-> fileName); if ( !_l) return false; // - create storage for our file CImage( fi-> object)-> create_empty( fi-> object, _l-> width, _l-> height, imBW); // Prima wants images aligned to 4-bytes boundary, // happily libduff has same considerations memcpy( PImage( fi-> object)-> data, _l-> bits, PImage( fi-> object)-> dataSize); _libduff_close_file( _l); return true; }
Prima keeps an open handle of the file; so we can use it if libduff trusts handles vs names:
{ _LIBDUFF * _l = _libduff_load_file_from_handle( fi-> f); ... // In both cases, you don't need to close the handle - // however you might, it is ok: _libduff_close_file( _l); fclose( fi-> f); // You just assign it to null to indicate that you've closed it fi-> f = null; ... }
Together with load() you have to implement minimal open_load() and close_load().
Simplest open_load() returns non-null pointer - it is enough to report 'o.k'
static void * open_load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { return (void*)1; }
Its result will be available in
PImgLoadFileInstance-> instance, just in case. If it was dynamically allocated, free it in close_load(). Dummy close_load() is doing simply nothing:
static void close_load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { }
PImage-> data
As mentioned above, Prima insists on keeping its image data in 32-bit aligned scanlines. If libduff allows reading from file by scanlines, we can use this possibility as well:
PImage i = ( PImage) fi-> object; // note - since this notation is more convenient than // PImage( fi-> object)-> , instead i-> will be used Byte * dest = i-> data + ( _l-> height - 1) * i-> lineSize; while ( _l-> height--) { _libduff_read_next_scanline( _l, dest); dest -= i-> lineSize; }
Note that image is filled in reverse - Prima images are built like classical XY-coordinate grid, where Y ascends upwards.
Here ends the simple part. You can skip down to "Registering with image subsystem" part, if you want it fast.
Our libduff can be black-and-white in two ways - where 0 is black and 1 is white and vice versa. While 0B/1W is perfectly corresponding to imbpp1 | imGrayScale and no palette operations are needed ( Image cares automatically about these), 0W/1B is although black-and-white grayscale but should be treated like general imbpp1 type.
if ( l-> _reversed_BW) { i-> palette[0].r = i-> palette[0].g = i-> palette[0].b = 0xff; i-> palette[1].r = i-> palette[1].g = i-> palette[1].b = 0; }
NB. Image creates palette with size calculated by exponent of 2, since it can't know beforehand of the actual palette size. If color palette for, say, 4-bit image contains 15 of 16 possible for 4-bit image colors, code like
i-> palSize = 15;
does the trick.
As mentioned before, Prima defines image scanline size to be aligned to 32 bits, and the formula for lineSize calculation is
lineSize = (( width * bits_per_pixel + 31) / 32) * 4;
Prima defines number of converting routines between different data formats. Some of them can be applied to scanlines, and some to whole image ( due sampling algorithms ). These are defined in img_conv.h, and probably ones that you'll need would be
bc_format1_format2, which work on scanlines and probably ibc_repad, which combines some
bc_XX_XX with byte repadding.
For those who are especially lucky, some libraries do not check between machine byte format and file byte format. Prima unfortunately doesn't provide easy method for determining this situation, but you have to convert your data in appropriate way to keep picture worthy of its name. Note the BYTEORDER symbol that is defined ( usually ) in sys/types.h
If a high-level code just needs image information rather than all its bits, codec can provide it in a smart way. Old code will work, but will eat memory and time. A flag
PImgLoadFileInstance-> noImageData is indicating if image data is needed. On that condition, codec needs to report only dimensions of the image - but the type must be set anyway. Here comes full code:
static Bool load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { _LIBDUFF * _l = _libduff_load_file( fi-> fileName); HV * profile = fi-> frameProperties; PImage i = ( PImage) fi-> frameProperties; if ( !_l) return false; CImage( fi-> object)-> create_empty( fi-> object, 1, 1, _l-> _reversed_BW ? imbpp1 : imBW); // copy palette, if any if ( _l-> _reversed_BW) { i-> palette[0].r = i-> palette[0].g = i-> palette[0].b = 0xff; i-> palette[1].r = i-> palette[1].g = i-> palette[1].b = 0; } if ( fi-> noImageData) { // report dimensions pset_i( width, _l-> width); pset_i( height, _l-> height); return true; } // - create storage for our file CImage( fi-> object)-> create_empty( fi-> object, _l-> width, _l-> height, _l-> _reversed_BW ? imbpp1 : imBW); // Prima wants images aligned to 4-bytes boundary, // happily libduff has same considerations memcpy( PImage( fi-> object)-> data, _l-> bits, PImage( fi-> object)-> dataSize); _libduff_close_file( _l); return true; }
The newly introduced macro
pset_i is a convenience operator, assigning integer (i) as a value to a hash key, given as a first parameter - it becomes string literal upon the expansion. Hash used for storage is a lexical of type
HV*. Code
HV * profile = fi-> frameProperties; pset_i( width, _l-> width);
is a prettier way for
hv_store( fi-> frameProperties, "width", strlen( "width"), newSViv( _l-> width), 0);
hv_store(), HV's and SV's along with other funny symbols are described in perlguts.pod in Perl installation.
Image attributes are dimensions, type, palette and data. However, it is only Prima point of view - different formats can supply number of extra information, often irrelevant but sometimes useful. From perl code, Image has a hash reference 'extras' on object, where comes all this stuff. Codec can report also such data, storing it in
PImgLoadFileInstance-> frameProperties. Data should be stored in native perl format, so if you're not familiar with perlguts, you better read it, especially if you want return arrays and hashes. But just in simple, you can return:
AV * av = newAV(); for ( i = 0;i < 4;i++) av_push( av, newSViv( i)); pset_sv_noinc( myarray, newRV_noinc(( SV *) av);
is a C equivalent to
->{extras}-> {myarray} = [0,1,2,3];
High level code can specify if the extra information should be loaded. This behavior is determined by flag
PImgLoadFileInstance-> loadExtras. Codec may skip this flag, the extra information will not be returned, even if
PImgLoadFileInstance-> frameProperties was changed. However, it is advisable to check for the flag, just for an efficiency. All keys, possibly assigned to frameProperties should be enumerated for high-level code. These strings should be represented into
char ** PImgCodecInfo-> loadOutput array.
static char * loadOutput[] = { "hotSpotX", "hotSpotY", nil }; static ImgCodecInfo codec_info = { ... loadOutput }; static void * init( PImgCodecInfo * info, void * param) { *info = &codec_info; ... }
The code above is taken from codec_X11.c, where X11 bitmap can provide location of hot spot, two integers, X and Y. The type of the data is not specified.
If high-level code wants an Icon instead of an Image, Prima takes care for producing and-mask automatically. However, if codec knows explicitly about transparency mask stored in a file, it might change object in the way it fits better. Mask is stored on Icon in a
-> mask field.
a) Let us imagine, that 4-bit image always carries a transparent color index, in 0-15 range. In this case, following code will create desirable mask:
if ( kind_of( fi-> object, CIcon) && ( _l-> transparent >= 0) && ( _l-> transparent < PIcon( fi-> object)-> palSize)) { PRGBColor p = PIcon( fi-> object)-> palette; p += _l-> transparent; PIcon( fi-> object)-> maskColor = ARGB( p->r, p-> g, p-> b); PIcon( fi-> object)-> autoMasking = amMaskColor; }
Of course,
pset_i( transparentColorIndex, _l-> transparent);
would be also helpful.
b) if explicit bit mask is given, code will be like:
if ( kind_of( fi-> object, CIcon) && ( _l-> maskData >= 0)) { memcpy( PIcon( fi-> object)-> mask, _l-> maskData, _l-> maskSize); PIcon( fi-> object)-> autoMasking = amNone; }
Note that mask is also subject to LSB/MSB and 32-bit alignment issues. Treat it as a regular imbpp1 data format.
c) A format supports transparency information, but image does not contain any. In this case no action is required on the codec's part; the high-level code specifies if the transparency mask is created ( iconUnmask field ).
open_load() and close_load() are used as brackets for load requests, and although they come to full power in multiframe load requests, it is very probable that correctly written codec should use them. Codec that assigns
false to
PImgCodecInfo-> canLoadMultiple claims that it cannot load those images that have index different from zero. It may report total amount of frames, but still be incapable of loading them. There is also a load sequence, called null-load, when no load() calls are made, just open_load() and close_load(). These requests are made in case codec can provide some file information without loading frames at all. It can be any information, of whatever kind. It have to be stored into the hash
PImgLoadFileInstance-> fileProperties, to be filled once on open_load(). The only exception is
PImgLoadFileInstance-> frameCount, which can be filled on open_load(). Actually, frameCount could be filled on any load stage, except close_load(), to make sense in frame positioning. Even single frame codec is advised to fill this field, at least to tell whether file is empty ( frameCount == 0) or not ( frameCount == 1). More about frameCount comes into chapters dedicated to multiframe requests. For strictly single-frame codecs it is therefore advised to care for open_load() and close_load().
So far codec is expected to respond for noImageData hint only, and it is possible to allow a high-level code to alter codec load behavior, passing specific parameters.
PImgLoadFileInstance-> profile is a hash, that contains these parameters. The data that should be applied to all frames and/or image file are set there when open_load() is called. These data, plus frame-specific keys passed to every load() call. However, Prima passes only those hash keys, which are returned by load_defaults() function. This functions returns newly created ( by calling newHV()) hash, with accepted keys and their default ( and always valid ) value pairs. Example below defines speed_vs_memory integer value, that should be 0, 1 or 2.
static HV * load_defaults( PImgCodec c) { HV * profile = newHV(); pset_i( speed_vs_memory, 1); return profile; } ... static Bool load( PImgCodec instance, PImgLoadFileInstance fi) { ... HV * profile = fi-> profile; if ( pexist( speed_vs_memory)) { int speed_vs_memory = pget_i( speed_vs_memory); if ( speed_vs_memory < 0 || speed_vs_memory > 2) { strcpy( fi-> errbuf, "speed_vs_memory should be 0, 1 or 2"); return false; } _libduff_set_load_optimization( speed_vs_memory); } }
The latter code chunk can be applied to open_load() as well.
Image subsystem defines no severity gradation for codec errors. If error occurs during load, codec returns false value, which is
null on open_load() and
false on load. It is advisable to explain the error, otherwise the user gets just "Loading error" string. To do so, error message is to be copied to
PImgLoadFileInstance-> errbuf, which is
char[256]. On an extreme severe error codec may call croak(), which jumps to the closest G_EVAL block. If there is no G_EVAL blocks then program aborts. This condition could also happen if codec calls some Prima code that issues croak(). This condition is untrappable, - at least without calling perl functions. Understanding that that behavior is not acceptable, it is still under design.
In order to indicate that a codec is ready to read multiframe images, it must set
PImgCodecInfo-> canLoadMultiple flag to true. This only means, that codec should respond to the
PImgLoadFileInstance-> frame field, which is integer that can be in range from
0 to
PImgLoadFileInstance-> frameCount - 1. It is advised that codec should change the frameCount from its original value
-1 to actual one, to help Prima filter range requests before they go down to the codec. The only real problem that may happen to the codec which it strongly unwilling to initialize frameCount, is as follows. If a loadAll request was made ( corresponding boolean
PImgLoadFileInstance-> loadAll flag is set for codec's information) and frameCount is not initialized, then Prima starts loading all frames, incrementing frame index until it receives an error. Assuming the first error it gets is an EOF, it reports no error, so there's no way for a high-level code to tell whether there was an loading error or an end-of-file condition. Codec may initialize frameCount at any time during open_load() or load(), even together with false return value.
Approach for handling saving requests is very similar to a load ones. For the same reason and with same restrictions functions save_defaults() open_save(), save() and close_save() are defined. Below shown a typical saving code and highlighted differences from load. As an example we'll take existing codec_X11.c, which defines extra hot spot coordinates, x and y.
static HV * save_defaults( PImgCodec c) { HV * profile = newHV(); pset_i( hotSpotX, 0); pset_i( hotSpotY, 0); return profile; } static void * open_save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi) { return (void*)1; } static Bool save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi) { PImage i = ( PImage) fi-> object; Byte * l; ... fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_width %d\n", name, i-> w); fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_height %d\n", name, i-> h); if ( pexist( hotSpotX)) fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_x_hot %d\n", name, (int)pget_i( hotSpotX)); if ( pexist( hotSpotY)) fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_y_hot %d\n", name, (int)pget_i( hotSpotY)); fprintf( fi-> f, "static char %s_bits[] = {\n ", name); ... // printing of data bytes is omitted } static void close_save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi) { }
Save request takes into account defined supported types, that are defined in
PImgCodecInfo-> saveTypes. Prima converts image to be saved into one of these formats, before actual save() call takes place. Another boolean flag,
PImgSaveFileInstance-> append is summoned to govern appending to or rewriting a file, but this functionality is under design. Its current value is a hint, if true, for a codec not to rewrite but rather append the frames to an existing file. Due to increased complexity of the code, that should respond to the append hint, this behavior is not required.
Codec may set two of PImgCodecInfo flags, canSave and canSaveMultiple. Save requests will never be called if canSave is false, and append requests along with multiframe save requests would be never invoked for a codec with canSaveMultiple set to false. Scenario for a multiframe save request is the same as for a load one. All the issues concerning palette, data converting and saving extra information are actual, however there's no corresponding flag like loadExtras - codec is expected to save all information what it can extract from
PImgSaveFileInstance-> objectExtras hash.
Finally, the code have to be registered. It is not as illustrative but this part better not to be oversimplified. A codec's callback functions are set into ImgCodecVMT structure. Those function slots that are unused should not be defined as dummies - those are already defined and gathered under struct CNullImgCodecVMT. That's why all functions in the illustration code were defined as static. A codec have to provide some information that Prima uses to decide what codec should load this particular file. If no explicit directions given, Prima asks those codecs whose file extensions match to file's. init() should return pointer to the filled struct, that describes codec's capabilities:
// extensions to file - might be several, of course, thanks to dos... static char * myext[] = { "duf", "duff", nil }; // we can work only with 1-bit/pixel static int mybpp[] = { imbpp1 | imGrayScale, // 1st item is a default type imbpp1, 0 }; // Zero means end-of-list. No type has zero value. // main structure static ImgCodecInfo codec_info = { "DUFF", // codec name "Numb & Number, Inc.", // vendor _LIBDUFF_VERS_MAJ, _LIBDUFF_VERS_MIN, // version myext, // extension "DUmb Format", // file type "DUFF", // file short type nil, // features "", // module true, // canLoad false, // canLoadMultiple false, // canSave false, // canSaveMultiple mybpp, // save types nil, // load output }; static void * init( PImgCodecInfo * info, void * param) { *info = &codec_info; return (void*)1; // just non-null, to indicate success }
The result of init() is stored into
PImgCodec-> instance, and info into
PImgCodec-> info. If dynamic memory was allocated for these structs, it can be freed on done() invocation. Finally, the function that is invoked from Prima, is the only that required to be exported, is responsible for registering a codec:
void apc_img_codec_duff( void ) { struct ImgCodecVMT vmt; memcpy( &vmt, &CNullImgCodecVMT, sizeof( CNullImgCodecVMT)); vmt. init = init; vmt. open_load = open_load; vmt. load = load; vmt. close_load = close_load; apc_img_register( &vmt, nil); }
This procedure can register as many codecs as it wants to, but currently Prima is designed so that one codec_XX.c file should be connected to one library only.
The name of the procedure is apc_img_codec_ plus library name, that is required for a compilation with Prima. File with the codec should be called codec_duff.c ( is our case) and put into img directory in Prima source tree. Following these rules, Prima will be assembled with libduff.a ( or duff.lib, or whatever, the actual library name is system dependent) - if the library is present.
Dmitry Karasik, <dmitry@karasik.eu.org>.
Prima, Prima::Image, Prima::internals, Prima::image-load | http://search.cpan.org/~karasik/Prima/pod/Prima/codecs.pod | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | refinedweb | 2,948 | 62.17 |
Python anonymous or lambda function :
Anonymous or lambda functions are functions without a name. In python, we can create an anonymous function using a construct called “lambda” unlike “def” keyword we use to create other functions.
Difference between normal function and lambda function :
def function1(x) : return x ** x function2 = lambda x : x ** x print function1(2) print function2(2)
In the above example, both print statement will give the same result “4” . The difference between both is that the lambda function does not have any return statement. In this example , we are using only one argument but lambda function can have multiple arguments.
In the above example function2 is a lambda function, “x” is its argument and “x ** x” is the return statement.
Lambda function as a return statement :
We can also create a lambda function as return statement of other functions like :
def function1(x): return lambda y : x * y print function1(2)(3)
The above example will print 6.
Lambda function with filter() :
filter() takes one list and a function as argument . Using the function, it filters out the elements from the list and returns a new list.
mylist = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] print filter(lambda x : x % 2 == 0 , mylist)
In this example, filter will pick elements from list “mylist” one by one and it will check if it is divisible by 2 or not. If divisible , it will add it to an another list. This list will be returned at last. So, the output will be : [2, 4, 6, 8]
lambda function with map() :
map() function also takes one function and one list as argument. Similar to filter, it will return one new list. The elements of the list will be the return value for each item of the function.
mylist = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] print map(lambda x : x % 2 == 0 , mylist)
The output will be :
[False, True, False, True, False, True, False, True, False]
lambda function with reduce() :
reduce() takes two arguments as like the above two . But the function passes as argument should also have two arguments not one. It will calculate the result for the first two , then again it will calculate result and the third value and so on. Let’s take a look :
mylist = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] print reduce(lambda x,y : x + y , mylist)
This example will print the sum of all the elements of the list “mylist” i.e. 45. | https://www.codevscolor.com/python-anonymous-lambda-function | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 419 | 66.67 |
Bert Van Kets wrote: > An alternative is > > > > This copies the complete root node to the output incl. attributes and > children. Hardly: too much syntax errors. Furthermore, the purpose of the generic copy-through template, canonically expressed as (this version also copies all PI and comments), is to allow other templates to "hook in". Xsl:copy-of copies a whole subtree verbatim. If you have
stuff bold Bold Link Stuffthen result of xsl:copy-of contains the even if there is a template matching . With the copy-through template, the template matching is applied. >> within document2html.xsl copies xhtml elements that are not explicitly >> handled in the document-v11.dtd. I've tried this and it works, e.g., >> for forms. Sorry for my probably naive question: how would you >> validate docs which contain such elements? It depends on how strict the validation should be. If every HTML element is declared as <!ELEMENT foo ANY> with proper attribut lists in addition to the specific elements, also declared as ANY, the validator will at least complain about unknown elements and attributes but of course not about problems in the structure. A schema language, properly aplied, perhaps in connection with namespaces, may perform a more detailed validation. The interesting question is: is it worth the trouble? A push style XSLT should be able to cope even with gross structure problems, and a browser will display basicaly all text. J.Pietschmann | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/forrest-dev/200206.mbox/raw/%3C3CFEA42E.6090506@yahoo.de%3E/ | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 237 | 65.62 |
How to integrate SAP Conversational AI web chat client with an MDK app using a custom control
Digital assistants play a crucial role in the UX of every application. They are everywhere! Is not that all applications should have one, just make sure they add its value to the whole. Their massive adoption is a clear sign of their importance in terms of UX. We are quite far from achieving a KITT, like in Knight Rider, but people are adopting them more and more.
KITT: “Michael are you sure you want to do that?”
Personally, I use Alexa at home quite a lot, Google assistant sometimes, and the voice assistant in my car too, although rarely.
I’m sure you already know SAP Conversational AI, SAP’s offering to develop your own chatbots. It offers many standard channels to choose from, like the webchat, the SAP web client, Amazon Alexa, Facebook Messenger and Telegram, among others. A lot of options that can suite your needs. You can even, of course, implement one of your own. In this blog post I want to show you how you can integrate the web chat client into an MDK app. It’s clear that this functionality wont work offline, as an MDK app can, but is understandable and useful despite of that. Many popular assistants have that limitation too.
In this blog post I’m not going to go over the process of creating a chatbot and the basics of MDK. I intend this to be a short reading with the specific goal to integrate the two parts.
If you want to understand these topics better before you go on, you can go through these resources:
SAP Conversational AI Blogs
SAP Mobile Services, Mobile Development Kit
Specially this tutorial is key as I was based on it to write this post.
Prerequisites
- You need a chatbot with the web chat channel implemented
- A BTP (trial) account with mobile services and an MDK app created
- The MDK SDK correctly installed
Overview
The idea is to create a custom control for the MDK app, using the metadata approach. This control will implement an embedded browser that will display a webpage with the web chat client in it. I have only did it for Android, using the WebView control, but it’s similarly achievable in iOS with the WKWebView. Hopefully I can soon update the post and include these devices too.
So, first of all, you need to build a web page and place the script that will include the web chat client. For example, this is the way I did it, just because I was reusing something I did previously. You can let go your imagination and make it the way you like it.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <style> body { background-image: url(./assets/Athenas.jpeg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; } </style> </head> <body background- <!-- // Pericles --> <script src="" channelId="<channelId>" token="<token>" id="<id>"> </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> </body> </html>
And it looks like this:
Simple webpage
Now you need to make your webpage accessible from the MDK app and I found 2 ways to do it. One alternative is to host it publicly and access it with the url. Or else you can include it and ship it as a resource in your app. For this, I couldn’t make it work using the metadata. Apparently, there is a folder in the metadata definitions to store resources, but not html files. If I’m wrong, I appreciate you let me know so I can fix it in here. But there is other way by building your own MDK client and placing your web page inside. So we are going to do that.
Steps to implement the metadata
- Open the Business Application Studio, create the Dev Space and a new project using the MDK template.
- Upload the image that will represent your custom control. In my case I’m using this one.
- Now register the extension control
- Select template New and Register Metadata Extension Control
- For the schema use this json
{ "type": "object", "BindType": "", "properties": { "url": { "type": "string", "BindType": "" } } }
- Now edit the Main.page to place your new custom control. Drag and drop it in the available area
Set the Height to something like 580In the extension properties you can set the location of your webpage in the network
url:..
- Fill the code in Extensions/chatClientModule/controls/chatClientExtension.ts
import * as app from 'tns-core-modules/application'; import { IControl } from 'mdk-core/controls/IControl'; import { BaseObservable } from 'mdk-core/observables/BaseObservable'; export class chatClientClass extends IControl { private _observable: BaseObservable; private _webView: any; private _url: string; public initialize(props: any): any { super.initialize(props); if (this.definition().data.ExtensionProperties.url) { this._url = this.definition().data.ExtensionProperties.url; } else { this._url = ""; } if (app.android) { this._webView = new android.webkit.WebView(this.androidContext()); this._webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true); this._webView.getSettings().setAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs(true); this._webView.getSettings().setAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs(true); this._webView.getSettings().setAllowFileAccess(true); this._webView.getSettings().setAllowContentAccess(true); this._webView.loadUrl(this._url);; } } private onActivityPaused(args) { console.log("onActivityPaused()"); if (!this._webView || this != args.activity) return; this._webView.onPause(); } private onActivityResumed(args) { console.log("onActivityResumed()"); if (!this._webView || this != args.activity) return; this._webView.onResume(); } private onActivitySaveInstanceState(args) { console.log("onActivitySaveInstanceState()"); if (!this._webView || this != args.activity) return; this._webView.onSaveInstanceState(args.bundle); } private onActivityDestroyed(args) { console.log("onActivityDestroyed()"); if (!this._webView || this != args.activity) return; this._webView.onDestroy(); } public view() { if (app.android) { return this. or mdk-core, you can ignore them. There is currently no reference of such libraries in the MDK editor.
The way it’s implemented, the web view is going to take the url from the extension properties if it’s set. If not it will use the one bundled with the client.
- Finally, deploy it to your app in mobile services.
Steps to build the MDK client
- I assume you already have your SDK installed, so look for the project template and paste your web page files in the respective resources folder.
- Set the respective values in the branding settings and build the client. If everything worked fine you will see your nice web page display in the phone.
Conclusion
I thought it was a nice trick and I hope you enjoy trying it on your own. So easily, you can extend the reach of the web chat client making it available to MDK apps.
Your feedback is highly appreciated!
Very nice one! Did you try it with the new SAP Conversational AI Web Client as well? As the new Web Client is meant to replace the WebChat in the future, I would be curious to see if it works as well.
Sure does 🙂
Excellent Blog Leo!! Congrats
Excellent Leo! I really like the use case
Very nice. Bonus points for the Knight Rider reference. I for one can't wait for the day when we have a real work companion like KITT. | https://blogs.sap.com/2021/04/23/how-to-integrate-sap-conversational-ai-web-chat-client-with-an-mdk-app-using-a-custom-control/ | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 1,156 | 57.37 |
A python library to communicate with the DeepTrade API
Project description
DeepTrade Python Library
The DeepTrade Python library provides convenient access to the DeepTrade API from applications written in the Python language. It includes a pre-defined set of classes for API resources that initialize themselves dynamically from API responses.
Documentation
See the Python API docs.
Installation
You don't need this source code unless you want to modify the package. If you just want to use the package, just run:
pip install --upgrade deeptrade
Install from source with:
python setup.py install
Requirements
- Python 2.7+ or Python 3.4+ (PyPy supported)
Usage
The library needs to be configured with your account's secret key which is
available in your [DeepTrade Dashboard][api-keys]. Set
deeptrade.api_key to its
value:
import deeptrade deeptrade.api_key = "123abc_..." # get sentiment by date deeptrade.Sentiment().by_date(date='2018-02-23',dataframe=True)
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/deeptrade/ | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 172 | 58.48 |
simple CLI framework
Project description
Wisepy2
Since we found that the capabilities/features doesn’t attract people into using wisepy, thus we go to an extreme, making the simplest command line tool for Python, but also capable of covering the regular use cases.
Two examples are given in the root directory of this project.
from wisepy2 import * import sys @wise def add(left: int, right: int): """ add up two numbers. """ print(left + right) return 0 if __name__ == '__main__': add(sys.argv[1:])
Usage
Wisepy2 converts a function into a command, where following components of python functions correspond to the command components. Here’re the mapping rules:
- variadic args: a positional argument that accepts variable number of arguments, like nargs="*" in argparse.
- annotations: an annotation will be transformed to the help doc of an argument. If it’s a type, the argument is automatically converted to the type you expect.
- default argument: default value will be equivalent to specifying default in argparse.
- keyword argument: keyword only or postional_or_keyword arguments with default values can be passed by --arg value.
- arguments that’re annotated bool and have True or False default arguments: these arguments can changed as the opposite of its default value by giving --arg.
Project details
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/wisepy2/1.1.1/ | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | refinedweb | 232 | 54.22 |
Hello fellow investors,
If you are a robinhood user, you may have noticed that the platform does not support trailing stop loss orders. Using the power of google and the quantopian forums, I was able to write a simple code that would sell when a stock falls 3.5% from the highest price since I bought it. Can anyone review my code and give me suggestions on how to make it better? My ultimate goal is to make it so that the algorithm makes a trailing stop loss to whatever stock I have bought. Thank you in advance
def initialize(context): context.stock = symbol("NAK") set_benchmark(context.stock) context.stop_price = 1.34 context.stop_pct = 0.965 def handle_data(context, data): set_trailing_stop(context, data) if data.current(context.stock, 'price') < context.stop_price: order_target(context.stock, 0) context.stop_price = 0 record(price=data.current(context.stock, 'price'), stop=context.stop_price) def set_trailing_stop(context, data): if context.portfolio.positions[context.stock].amount: price = data.current(context.stock, 'price') context.stop_price = max(context.stop_price, context.stop_pct * price) | https://www.quantopian.com/posts/robinhood-trailing-stop-loss-1 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 173 | 53.98 |
Python Developing Notes
This post will try not to repeat Code Complete and PEP-8 and talk about Python specifically.
Common sense:
- Do NOT overwrite system’s python, unless you know what you’re doing: Gentoo user or have full backup.
- virtualenv per project, do not
sudo pip install, it’s like
using namespace std;+
import <bits/stdc++.h>.
export PYTHONBYTECODEBASE=0because
.pycare imported prior to your new
.pyfiles with bugs fixed.
- Time complexity of common operations.
awesome-*projects are mostly bullshit : if you know what library/framework to choose, you don’t need them; if you don’t, you can’t distinguish good from bad ones(I’m not taking awesome-python personally) until you start using and reading others code.
Convenience:
pyflakes+
pep8+
pylint(and more) to check your code, a pre-commit hook could be overkill, but integrating them with CI should be trivial.
- Meta programming: jsondatabase shows good use of
__get__(though can’t really appreciate this silver bullet method)
- Pythonic code review introduces pythonic/convenient syntax like
namedtuple, and more importantly, what to focus when reviewing code.
Traps/gotchas:
- This post is a good summary.
- Gotchas are caused by too much expectations(why this does not work?!), try to have minimal expectations and write codes that you can understand and you’re sure they will work.
Debug:
loggingmodule is your friend, read official document and some best practices: proper logging level,
__name__as logger name …
- Simple script can be debugged using
ipdbor
pudb.
- line_profiler is by far the most intuitive profiling tool I’ve used.
- This article introduced segfaults handler, monitoring and more debugging tools. | https://ahxxm.com/153.moew/ | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | refinedweb | 269 | 54.93 |
[solved] Doubts using QStringLiteral and QStringBuilder
- luisborlido
Hi!
I've been reading the Qt documentation on "QString": to see how to correctly use it and I am a little bit confused.
In the documentation there is a macro called "QStringLiteral":, For what I understood, we should use it, depending of the cases, to prevent memory allocation, copy and conversion of const char*. Also that we should only use it when does not exist an overload to use "QLatin1String":. But in the example for this case it is used QString::operator==, but the available overloads are:
@bool operator==(const QByteArray & other) const
bool operator==(const char * other) const@
So instead of
@if (attribute.name() == QLatin1String("http-contents-length")) //...@
should not be written
@if (attribute.name() == "http-contents-length") //... ?@
Also, what of the following best describes an optimized initialization of a QString?
@QString first = "ångström";
QString second = QLatin1String("ångström");
QString third = QStringLiteral("ångström");@
There is also another topic where I have some doubts: "More Efficient String Construction":.
In this topic one refers that can be used QStringBuilder and gives the following example:
@QString foo;
QString type = "long";
foo->setText(QLatin1String("vector<") + type + QLatin1String(">::iterator"));
if (foo.startsWith("(" + type + ") 0x"))
...@
But one does not shows the alternate version using the QStringBuilder. Is this the best (optimized) way to use it?
@
#include <QStringBuilder>
...
QString foo;
QString type = "long";
foo->setText("vector<" % type % ">::iterator");
if (foo.startsWith("(" % type % ") 0x"))
...@
And finally, is this correct?
@QString testString = tempString % " minutes";
if (executeThisCondition)
testString = testString & " or seconds";@
Or should we use QString::operator+= and QString::append?
Thanks for your time and patiente ;-)
- sierdzio Moderators
This post is much better suited for Interest mailing list, where the developers who wrote QString are present.
I'll give you some answers, but treat them with caution, as I am far from being an expert on this.
I think in your first example, the comparison with const char is fine
I think the best is a fourth option, where you don't create any temporary value: @ QString third("ångström"); @
QStringBuilder is used automatically by QString in Qt 5.x and Qt 4.8+. AFAIK, you do not need to use any special syntax for it to work
If you want other developers to understand your code, use operator+= or ::append()
- luisborlido?
- sierdzio Moderators
[quote author="luisborlido" date="1413201000"?[/quote]
OK, no problem.
I've marked the thread as solved for you. Have fun :-) | https://forum.qt.io/topic/46589/solved-doubts-using-qstringliteral-and-qstringbuilder | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 401 | 55.84 |
Access Control Lists
TODO
- Explain exact configuration with content_acl and user_acl/user_profile_acl, etc.
Note: This page describes changes that have been done in the 2.0-storage development branch. This covers an unreleased version of MoinMoin! This page is not yet finished.
Note: We are talking about 'items' instead of 'pages' here because this concept has been redone in 2.0-storage. 'Pages' and 'Attachments' are now both 'Items'.
Access Control Lists (ACLs) can be used to give specific users or groups the right to do specific actions. They can be used to:
- hide items from the public.
- publish only some items to the public.
- give only somebody or a group write access to one or more items.
- give only certain users the privilege to create items.
- control who may change the admin rules for an item.
To use ACLs, you need either access to the wiki config (to set ACLs that are global within a backend) or the admin right on the specific item where you want to set (or change) ACLs.
Contents
Contents
- Access Control Lists
- TODO
- Contents
- Basics
- Configuration
- Syntax
- Available rights
- Processing logic on a single item
- Inheriting from defaults
- Hierarchical ACL processing
- Groups
- Usage cases
Basics
The ACL rights available are:
- read - who may read an item.
- write - who may edit an item.
- create - who may create an item.
- admin - who may change the "acl" metadata for an item.
- destroy - special privilege that is given only to very trusted people, if anybody. It allows total erasure of an item (or a revision) and its history.
The current UI is tentative and will be redone properly.
Using ACLs in moin is as easy as including a control line in the metadata-textbox of the item, while every other user will be able to read but not edit it (unless you've done some special setup in the site configuration).
Configuration
There are different kinds of acl configuration options that can be tweaked on a per-backend level. These options are bound to their backend and need to be set for each individual backend, if required. Please refer to Storage2009/HelpOnStorageConfiguration for further reference on how to manually set up storage.
So you know now what it does, but what does it mean?
"before" means forcing stuff (this is because of first match algorithm) Use this for your sitewide page admins or page editors.
"default" means what is done if no ACLs are used on the item. It is equivalent to writing exactly these ACLs into an item's metadata. These are also the rights that are merged if Default is written among the ACLs for the item.
"after" means not forgetting stuff accidentally (like maybe giving read rights to all)
It helps if you think of them as before, during, and after processing of item based ACLs.
That u"" notation used for the configuration strings means unicode and must be there - see HelpOnConfiguration for details.
Syntax
The syntax for acl lines default (see #Default).
right may be one of the following privileges: read, write, create, destroy, admin. Only words in acl_rights_valid are accepted, others are ignored. It is allowed to specify no rights, which means that no rights are given.
Do not put whitespace between the name and the rights - All: write,read is not a valid ACL string.
Available rights
These are the available rights you can use in an ACL entry.
- read
- Given users will be able to read content of this item.
- write
- Given users will be able to write (edit/modify) the content of this item.
- create
- Given users will be able to create new items.
- admin
- Given users will have admin rights for this item. It means users will be able to change ACL settings, including granting "admin" to others and revoking "admin" from others.
- destroy
- Given users will be able to completely erase an items revisions or even the item itself from storage (i.e., including history).
There is no separate rename right: renaming a page requires that a given user has the read and write rights on the item to be renamed and may create and write to the target name (i.e., the new name) of the renaming operation.
There is no separate revert right: A revert operation will be successful if you can both, read and write the item in question.
There is no separate delete right: You may delete an item if you are allowed to rename it to the trash namespace (i.e., you can read and write the item you want to delete and you can create and write in the trash namespace).
Processing logic on a single item
When some user tries (except SomeUser, if part of that group) may also admin.
Inheriting from defaults
Sometimes it might be useful to give rights to someone without affecting the default rights too much. For example, let's suppose you have the following entries in your configuration:
default = u"TrustedGroup:read,write,create All:read" before = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,create +TrustedGroup:admin"
Now, you have some item where you want to give the "write" permission for SomeUser, but also want to keep the default behavior for All and TrustedGroup. You can easily do that using the Default entry:
acl: SomeUser:read,write Default
This will insert the entries from default in the exact place where the Default word is placed. In other words, the entry above, with the given configuration, is equivalent to the following entry:
acl: SomeUser:read,write TrustedGroup:read,write,create All:read
Lets look at the first example in this section:
before = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,create item ACLs (if there are any) or with default ACLs (if there are no item ACLs) and finally with the "after" ACLs.
While they represent the same thing, inheriting from the defaults has the advantage of automatically following any further change introduced in the defaults.
Hierarchical ACL processing
If you have enabled hierarchic (see above), then the items are understood as a hierarchy and permissions set on higher-level items may influence the user's permissions on lower-level items.
In a nutshell, if the current item has no acls at all (i.e., not even the empty ''), then the parent item's ACLs are checked, and then its parent's, and so on until there are no parent items or an ACL is found.
All normal ACL rules are followed, as described above, but if there are no ACLs on the current item, its ancestors are successively traversed (from child to parent) until an ACL is found. Consider the following examples for an item named A/B/C/D, that contrasts how processing occurs with and without the feature enabled (assuming there's no ACLs on D, C and B):
Note that before, default, and after are not applied once per item in the hierarchy, but rather once overall during the processing of item A/B/C/D. As for the default rights, they still work as before, but instead of being included when the current item contains no ACL, it is only used if none of the items in the hierarchy contain any ACL.
Please note that after creating some group page(s), you maybe want to use those groups in some ACLs in your wiki configuration or on your pages (or nothing will happen - moin does not use something like pre-defined groups).
Usage cases:
before = u'WikiEditorName:read,write,admin,create +AdminGroup:admin BadGuy:'
The default default option should be ok for you:
default = u'Known:read,write,create All:read,write,create':
default = u'All:read' before = u'WebMaster,OtherWebMaster:read,write,admin,create':
default = u'Known:admin,read,write,create All:read,write,create' before = u'WikiAdmin,BigBoss:read,write,admin,create'
So everyone can read, write and change ACL rights, WikiAdmin and BigBoss are enforced to be able to do anything, known users get admin rights by default (so they get it as long as no other ACL is in force for a page).
Consequences:
- on a new item, the item creator can put any ACLs he wants
- on existing items, not having ACLs yet, any known user can set up any ACLs he wants
all people (except WikiAdmin and BigBoss) can be locked out by anybody ("known") else on items without ACLs
Wiki as a public company website
If you want to use a wiki as the company website, and don't want every user being able to change the company website content, you may want to use something like this:
default = u"TrustedGroup:admin,read,write,create All:read" before = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,create +TrustedGroup:admin"
This means that:
- by default known and anonymous users are only allowed to read items
on a new item, users in TrustedGroup can put any ACLs they want
on existing items,. | http://www.moinmo.in/Storage2009/HelpOnAccessControlLists | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 1,477 | 58.11 |
On Thu, 2005-02-03 at 17:19 +1100, Rodd Clarkson wrote:
...
Now when I try to run yum i get:
[rodd trevally packages]$ sudo yum update
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/bin/yum", line 6, in ?
import yummain
File "/usr/share/yum-cli/yummain.py", line 23, in ?
import yum
File "__init__.py", line 21, in ?
ImportError: No module named rpm
[rodd trevally packages]$
I recognize this. I ran into it a little while back when trying to upgrade a box that had too little disk space to do it all at once. Turns out that somewhere in the RPM/yum stack there's an SELinux dependency that shows up at runtime. I don't really know what's going on, but at least for me it went away after updating libselinux. (Of course, since both yum and up2date use the rpm Python bindings and a simple "import rpm" in yum is what dies, well, they're both hosed at the moment so you'll have to download and 'rpm -Uvh' that package manually.)
Turns out we're not the only ones to hit this, it's in bugzilla:
Good luck, Per | https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-test-list/2005-February/msg00073.html | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | refinedweb | 195 | 81.93 |
The shortest and easiest way to understand a js Array operation
- 2020-03-30 00:46:28
- OfStack
The method of Array
1 array.join (): returns all the elements as a string, if the element is not of a primitive type, call toString first.
It corresponds to a string. The split ();
Arr = [1, 2, true, three, four, five];
(arr. Join (' - ') = = '1-2 - true - 3-4-5.
2 array.reverse (): arrays in reverse order
Arr = [1, 2, true, three, four, five];
Arr. Reverse (); / / arr = = [5, 3, true, 2, 1];
3 array.sort (): sort, you can pass a sort function as an argument
Arr. Sort (function (a, b) {
Return a - b;
});
4 Array. Concat (): concatenation function,
Splicing a new element at the end returns the spliced array, but does not change the original array. The argument can be an element, multiple elements, an array,
If it's one element, or more than one element, you just add those elements to the end, and if it's an array, you take the elements out of the array and splice them to the end.
A = [1, 2, 3];
A.c oncat (4, 5) / / return [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A.c oncat ([4, 5)) / / return [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A.c oncat ([4, 5], [6, 7]); / / return,2,3,4,5,6,7 [1]
A.c oncat ([4, 5, 6]]) / / return [1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]] / / attention
Slice (startPos, endPos): takes the substring function (the original Array remains unchanged)
Starting from startPos to the end of endPos but not including the elements on the endPos
If there is no endPos, the tail is taken
If pos is negative, count backwards
A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
A.s lice (0, 3) / / return [1, 2, 3]
A.s lice (3) / / return (4, 5)
A/s (1,-1)//return [2,3,4]// start with the first one and go to the reciprocal, but not the reciprocal
A.s lice (1, 2); //return [2,3]//
Array. Splice (startPos, length, [added1, added2...] ) random access function
You can delete a random element, you can add some elements,
If there are only two arguments, the total length of the elements from startPos is removed from the array
If there are more than two arguments, the total length of the elements from startPos is removed from the array, and the next element is added from the place where it was dropped
If the element to be added is an array, use the array as an element (as opposed to concat)
A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
A.s plice (1, 2) / / return [2, 3]. A = =].enlighened
,2,6,7,8 a.s plice (1) / / return [2, 3]. A = =,6,7,8,4,5 [1]
A.s plice (1, 2, June). / / return [2, 3]; A = = [1, June, 4, 5)
7 Array. Push () and Array. Pop ();
Push is adding,pop is removing and returning the last element
8 Array. The unshift () and Array. The shift ()
Unshift is adding, and shift is removing and returning the first element
combined
These methods change the array:reverse, sort, splice, push, pop, unshift, shift
These methods do not change the original array:join, concat, splice | https://ofstack.com/javascript/1398/the-shortest-and-easiest-way-to-understand-a-js-array-operation.html | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 530 | 72.46 |
Post.
Did I mention that a trustworthy backup solution includes automated testing of your ability to recover from any and all backup you’ve been taking? That might be more important than you think.
This article is going to be quite long. Prepare yourself a cup of your favorite beaverage.
The Setup
Most of the customers I visit have already laid out a backup strategy and implemented it. Most of them did implement it with custom in-house scripts. They hire high-skilled engineers who have been doing system administration for more than a decade, and who are more than able to throw a shell script at the problem.
Shell scripting must in hindsight be one of the most difficult things to do right, given how many times it turns around doing something else entirely than what the program author though it would. If you want another one of my quite bulk advices, stop doing any shell scripting today: a shell is a nice interactive tool, if you are doing non-interactive scripting, that’s actually called system programming and you deserve a better tool than that.
In our very case, the customer did realize that a production setup had been approved and was running live before any backup solution was in place. Think about it for a minute. If you don’t have tested backups in place, it’s not production ready.
Well, the incident was taken seriously, and the usual backup scripts deployed as soon as possible. Of course, the shell scripts depended in non-obvious ways on some parameters (environment variables, database connections, database setup with special configuration tables and rows). And being a shell script, not much verification that the setup was complete had been implemented, you see.
The Horror Story
And guess what the first thing that backup script is doing? Of course, making sure enough place is available on the file system to handle the next backup. That’s usually done by applying a retention policy and first removing backups that are too old given said policy. And this script too did exactly that.
The problem is that, as some of you already guessed (yes, I see those smiles
trying to hide brains thinking as fast as possible to decide if the same
thing could happen to you too), well, the script configuration had not been
done before entering production. So the script ran without setup, and
without much checking, began making bytes available. By removing any file
more than 5 days old. Right. In.
$PGDATA.
But recently modified are still there, right?
Exactly, not all the files of the database system had been removed. Surely something can be done to recover data from a very small number of important tables? Let’s now switch to the present tense and see about it.
Remember, there’s no
backups. The
archive_command is set though, so that’s a
first track to consider. After that, what we can do is try to start
PostgreSQL on a copy of the remaining
$PGDATA and massage it until it allows
us to
COPY the data out.
The desperate PITR
The
WAL Archive is starting at the file
000000010000000000000009, which
makes it unusable without a corresponding
base backup, which we don’t have.
Well, unless maybe if we tweak the system. We need to first edit the system
identifier, then reset the system to only begin replaying at the file we do
have. With some luck…
Time to try our luck here:
$ export PGDATA=/some/place $ initdb $ hexedit $PGDATA/global/pg_control $ pg_controldata $ xlogdump /archives/000000010000000000000009 $ pg_resetxlog -f -l 1,9,19 -x 2126 -o 16667 $PGDATA $ cat > $PGDATA/recovery.conf <<EOF restore_command = 'gunzip -c /archives/%f.gz > "%p"' EOF $ pg_ctl start
Using the transaction data we get from reading the first archive log file we
have with
xlogdump then using
pg_resetxlog and thus accepting to maybe lose
some more data, we still can’t start the system in
archive recovery mode,
because the
system identifier is not the same in the WAL files and in the
system’s
pg_controldata output.
So we tweak our fresh cluster to match, by changing the first 8 bytes of the control file, paying attention to the byte order here. As I already had a Common Lisp REPL open on my laptop, the easier for me to switch from decimal representation of the database system identifier was so:
(format nil "~,,' ,2:x" 5923145491842547187) "52 33 3D 71 52 3B 3D F3"
Paying attention to the byte order means that you need to edit the control
file’s first 8 bytes in reverse:
F3 3D 3B 52 71 3D 33 52. But in our case,
no massaging seems to allow PostgreSQL to read from the archives we have.
On to massaging what is remaining in the old cluster then.
The Promotion
I’m usually not doing promotion in such a prominent way, but I clearly solved the situation thanks to my colleagues from the 24/7 support at 2ndQuadrant, with a special mention to Andres Freund for inspiration and tricks:
Oh, did I mention about proper backups and how you need to have been successfully testing them before you can call a service in production or have any hope about your recovery abilities? I wasn’t sure I did…
Playing fast and loose with PostgreSQL
The damaged cluster is not starting, for lack of important meta-data kind-of
files. First thing missing is
pg_filenode.map in the
global directory. Using
xlogdump it should be possible to recover just this file if it’s been
changed in the WAL archives we have, but that’s not the case.
pg_filenode.map
As this file is only used for shared relations and some bootstraping
situation (you can’t read current
pg_class file node from
pg_class, as the
file mapping is the information you need to know which file to read), and
knowing that the version on disk was older than 5 days on a cluster recently
put into production, we can allow ourselves trying something: copy the
pg_filenode.map from another fresh cluster.
My understanding is that this file only changes when doing heavy maintenance
on system tables, like
CLUSTER or
VACUUM FULL, which apparently didn’t get
done here.
By the way, here’s one of those tricks I learnt in this exercise. You can read the second and fourth columns as filenames in the same directory:
od -j 8 -N $((512-8-8)) -td4 < $PGDATA/global/pg_filenode.map
So copying default
pg_filenode.map allowed us to pass that error and get to
the next.
pg_clog
Next is the lack of some
pg_clog files. That’s a little tricky because those
binary files contain the
commit log information and are used to quickly
decide if recent transactions are still in flight, or committed already, or
have been rolled back. We can easily trick the system and declare that all
transaction older than 5 days (remember the bug in the
cleanup script was
about that, right?) have in fact been
committed. A commit in the
CLOG is a
01 value, and in a single byte we can stuff as many as 4 transactions'
status.
Here’s how to create those file from scratch, once you’ve noticed that
01010101 is in fact the ascii code for the letter
U.
(code-char #b01010101) #\U
So to create a series of clog file where all transactions have been committed, so that we can see the data, we can use the following command line:
for c in 0000 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 000A 000B 000C do dd if=/dev/zero bs=256k count=1 | tr '\0' 'U' > $c done
pg_database
The next step we are confronted to is that PostgreSQL has lost its baking
files for the
pg_database relation and has no idea what are those
directories in
$PGDATA/base supposed to be all about. We only have the
numbers!
That said, the customer still had an history of the commands used to install the database server, so knew in which order the databases where created. So we had an OID to name mapping. How to apply it?
Well
pg_database is a shared catalog and the underlying file apparently
isn’t that easy to hack around, so the easiest solution is to actually hack
the
CREATE DATABASE command and have it accepts a
WITH OIDS option (
OIDS is
already a PostgreSQL keyword,
OID is not, and we’re not going to introduce
new keywords just for that particular patch).
Equiped with that
hacked version of PostgreSQL it’s then possible to use
the new command and create the databases we need with the
OIDS we know.
Those
OIDS are then to be found on-disk in the file where
pg_database is
internally stored, and we can ask the system where that file is:
select oid, relname, pg_relation_filenode(oid) from pg_class where relname = 'pg_database'; oid | relname | pg_relation_filenode ------+-------------+---------------------- 1262 | pg_database | 12319 (1 row)
Then without surprise we can see:
$ strings $PGDATA/global/12319 postgres template0 template1
Once that file is copied over to the (running, as it happened) damaged cluster, it’s then possible to actually open a connection to a database. And that’s pretty impressive. But suddenly it didn’t work anymore…
Sytem Indexes
This problem was fun to diagnose. The first
psql call would be fine, but the
second one would always complain with an error you might have never seen in
the field. I sure didn’t before.
FATAL: database "dbname" does not exists DETAIL: Database OID 17838 now seems to belong to "otherdbname"
Part of PostgreSQL startup is building up some caches, and for that it’s using indexes. And we might have made a mistake, or the index is corrupted, but apparently there’s a mismatch somewhere.
But your now all-time favourite development team knew that would happen to you and is very careful that any feature included in the software is able to bootstrap itself without using any indexes. Or that in bad situations the system knows how to resist the lack of those indexes by turning the feature off, which is the case for Event Triggers for example, as you can see in the commit cd3413ec3683918c9cb9cfb39ae5b2c32f231e8b.
So yes, it is indeed possible to start PostgreSQL and have that marvellous production ready system avoid any system indexes, for dealing with cases where you have reasons to think those are corrupted… or plain missing.
$ pg_ctl start -o "-P" $ cat > $PGDATA/postgresql.conf <<EOF enable_indexscan = off enable_bitmapscan = off enable_indexonlyscan = off EOF $ pg_ctl reload
While at it, we edit the
postgresq.conf and adjust some index usage related
settings, as you can see, because this problem will certain happen outside
of the system indexes.
If you’re not using (only) PostgreSQL as your database system of choice, now is the time to check that you can actually start those other systems when their internal indexes are corrupted or missing, by the way. I think that tells a lot about the readiness of the system for production usage, and the attitude of the developpers towards what happens in
So we now have a running PostgreSQL service, servicing the data that still is available. Well, not quite, We have a PostgreSQL service that accepts to start and allows connections to a specific database.
pg_proc, pg_operator, pg_cast, pg_aggregate, pg_amop and others
The first query I did try on the new database was against
pg_class to get
details about the available tables. The
psql command line tool is doing a
large number of queries in order to serve the
\d output, the
\dt one is
usable in our case.
To know what queries are sent to the server by
psql commands use the
\set ECHO_HIDDEN toggle.
About any query is now complaining that the target database is missing
files. To understand which file it is, I used the following query in a fresh
cluster. The following example is about an error message where
base/16384/12062 is missing:
select oid, relname, pg_relation_filenode(oid) from pg_class where pg_relation_filenode(oid) = 12062; oid | relname | pg_relation_filenode ------+---------+---------------------- 1255 | pg_proc | 12062 (1 row)
In our specific case, no extensions were used. Check that before taking action here, or at least make sure that the tables you want to try and recover data from are not using extensions, that would make things so much more complex.
Here we can just use default settings for most of the system catalogs: we are using the same set of functions, operators, casts, aggregates etc as any other 9.2 system, so we can directly use files created by initdb and copy them over where the error message leads.
pg_namespace
Some error messages are about things we should definitely not ignore. The
content of the
pg_namespace relation was lost on about all our databases,
and the application here were using non default schema.
To recover from that situation, we need to better understand how this relation is actually stored:
# select oid, * from pg_namespace; oid | nspname | nspowner | nspacl -------+--------------------+----------+---------------------- 99 | pg_toast | 10 | 11222 | pg_temp_1 | 10 | 11223 | pg_toast_temp_1 | 10 | 11 | pg_catalog | 10 | {dim=UC/dim,=U/dim} 2200 | public | 10 | {dim=UC/dim,=UC/dim} 11755 | information_schema | 10 | {dim=UC/dim,=U/dim} (6 rows) # copy pg_namespace to stdout with oids; 99 pg_toast 10 \N 11222 pg_temp_1 10 \N 11223 pg_toast_temp_1 10 \N 11 pg_catalog 10 {dim=UC/dim,=U/dim} 2200 public 10 {dim=UC/dim,=UC/dim} 11755 information_schema 10 {dim=UC/dim,=U/dim}
So it’s pretty easy here, actually, when you make the right connections:
let’s import a default
pg_namespace file then append to it thanks to
COPY IN, being quite careful about using
tabs (well, unless you use the
delimiter
option of course):
# copy pg_namespace from stdin with oids; Enter data to be copied followed by a newline. End with a backslash and a period on a line by itself. >> 16443 my_namespace 10 \N >> \.
And now there’s a new
schema in there with the
OID we want. Wait, how do we
figure out the OID we need?
# select c.oid, relname, relnamespace, nspname from pg_class c left join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace where relname = 'bar'; oid | relname | relnamespace | nspname -------+---------+--------------+--------- 16446 | bar | 16443 | (1 row)
So in the result of that query we have no
nspname, but we happen to know
that the table
bar is supposed to be in the schema
my_namespace.
And believe it or not, that method actually allows you to create a schema in
a database in a running cluster. We directly are editing the catalog files
and editing even the
OID of the rows we are injecting.
The reason we couldn’t do that with
pg_database, if you’re wondering about
that, is that
pg_database is a shared catalog and part of the bootstrapping,
so that it was impossible to start PostgreSQL until we fix it, and the only
implementation of
COPY we have requires a running PostgreSQL instance.
pg_attributes and pg_attrdef
So now we are able to actually refer to the right relation in a SQL command, we should be able to dump its content right? Well, it so happens that in some case it’s ok and in some cases it’s not.
We are very lucky in that exercise in that
pg_attribute is not missing. We
might have been able to rebuild it thanks to some
pg_upgrade implementation
detail by forcing the
OID of the next table to be created and then issuing
the right command, as given by
pg_dump. By the way, did I mention about
backups? and automated recovery tests?
In some cases though, we are missing the
pg_attrdef relation, wholesale.
That relation is used for default expressions attached to columns, as we can
see in the following example, taken on a working database server:
# \d a Table "public.a" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+---------+------------------------------------------------ id | integer | not null default nextval('a_id_seq'::regclass) f1 | text | Indexes: "a_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) # select adrelid, adnum, adsrc from pg_attrdef where adrelid = 'public.a'::regclass; adrelid | adnum | adsrc ---------+-------+------------------------------- 16411 | 1 | nextval('a_id_seq'::regclass) (1 row) # select attnum, atthasdef from pg_attribute where attrelid = 'public.a'::regclass and atthasdef; attnum | atthasdef --------+----------- 1 | t (1 row)
We need to remember that the goal here is to salvage some data out of an installation where lots is missing, it’s not at all about being able to ever use that system again. Given that, what we can do here is just ignore the default expression of the columns, by directly updating the catalogs:
# update pg_attribute set atthasdef = false where attrelid = 'my_namespace.bar';
COPY the data out! now!
At this point we are now able to actually run the
COPY command to store the
interesting data into a plain file, that is going to be usable on another
system for analysis.
Not every relation from the get go, mind you, sometime some default catalogs are still missing, but in that instance of the data recovery we were able to replace all the missing pieces of the puzzle by just copying the underlying files as we did in the previous section.
Conclusion
Really, PostgreSQL once again surprises me by its flexibility and resilience. After having tried quite hard to kill it dead, it was still possible to actually rebuild the cluster into shape piecemeal and get the interesting data back.
I should mention, maybe, that with a proper production setup including a Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery solution such as pgbarman, walmgr, OmniPITR or PITRtools; the recovery would have been really simple.
Using an already made solution is often better because they don’t just include
It’s even one of those rare cases where using PostgreSQL replication would have been a solution: the removing of the files did happen without PostgreSQL involved, it didn’t know that was happening and wouldn’t have replicated that to the standby. | https://tapoueh.org/blog/2013/09/postgresql-data-recovery/ | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 2,979 | 55.88 |
#include <iostream> #include <cmath> #include <stdint.h> using namespace std; void round_nplaces(double &value, const uint32_t &to) { uint32_t places = 1, whole = *(&value); for(uint32_t i = 0; i < to; i++) places *= 10; value -= whole; //leave decimals value *= places; //0.1234 -> 123.4 value = round(value);//123.4 -> 123 value /= places; //123 -> .123 value += whole; //bring the whole value back } int main() { double x[5] = { 5.3456, 3.12345, 999.892903, 0.456, 0.5678901 }; for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << x[i] << " rounded to 3rd decimal is "; round_nplaces(x[i], 3); //change it to whatever you want cout << x[i] << endl; } cout << endl << "Press Return."; cin.get(); return(0); }
Are you able to help answer this sponsored question?
Questions asked by members who have earned a lot of community kudos are featured in order to give back and encourage quality replies. | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/code/217332/round-double-to-n-decimal-places | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 142 | 73.07 |
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David Bolen <db3l@...> writes:
> Thomas Heller [mailto:theller@...] writes:
>
>> Can you please upload the example as zip-file somewhere the the bug
>> tracker? Either Python (for modulefinder) or py2exe. I promise to look
>> into it.
>
> Crud - while packaging for the bug report I found a bug in my
> simplified version (misnamed module), so that my message as written
> probably doesn't fail for anyone else. It still fails consistently
> when using twisted, but I spent an hour or two trying to work my way
> through the twisted base to again attempt a simpler example to no
> effect yet. (twisted's imports remind me of Adventure's "a maze of
> twisty little passages, all alike"). I'm guessing it's related to
> recursive imports somewhere along the line, since a lot of that
> happens in the Twisted core due to inter-dependencies between
> sub-packages.
>
> I don't suppose you have a copy of twisted (either 1.3.0 or 2.x seem
> the same) on any system do you? If so, then replacing the "from a.c
> import resource" with "from twisted.web import resource" in a's
> __init__ should show the problem. If not, I'll keep digging to see
> if I can create a simplified use case of some sort.
David,
I have tried to build the a.c package as you described, and installed
twisted 1.3.0 for Python 2.4.1. Still, the main.exe file builds fine.
Here are the last lines of the py2exe output:
The following modules appear to be missing
['Crypto.Cipher', 'FCNTL', 'OpenSSL', 'jarray', 'java.io.IOException',
'java.io.InterruptedIOException', 'java.net', 'resource']
The missing 'resource' module may be related to the error that YOU get,
but basically it is correct. It refers to these lines in
twisted\internet\process.py file, near line 409:
try:
import resource
maxfds = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[1] + 1
# OS-X reports 9223372036854775808. That's a lot of fds to close
if maxfds > 1024:
maxfds = 1024
> Also, for what it's worth, py2app under OS X doesn't exhibit the same
> problem. I know it uses a modified version of modulefinder
> (modulegraph) so it would seem like some of those modifications
> resolved whatever is happening under the covers here. Not sure if
> you've ever considered trying modulegraph in a subsequent release of
> py2exe or not?
The resource module that is imported here is the top-level stdlib
resource module, which is only available in Unix (and OSX, I assume).
So it may be that Unix and OSX doen't have this problem because the
builtin resource module is found, or it may be that py2app's modulegraph
works better than modulefinder.
Still, I would really like you to post a reproducible testcase for
Windows, because I HAVE seen cases where to many careless imports fail
in the py2exe'd app. I'm willing to install even other packages, if it
is required ;-)
Thomas
I'm working on a tool to make many different builds with
py2exe(including and excluding different things).
I have been able to make a function to build using py2exe(I change
sys.argv then do the setup(... and then set the sys.argv to what it
was originally)
I was wondering if there was an easy way to tell if it py2exe was
successful or not. I have already looked at what setup() returns and I
could not find anything useful in the result. I would prefer not to
have to check the existence of files.
--=20
-Echo | http://sourceforge.net/p/py2exe/mailman/py2exe-users/?viewmonth=200508&viewday=4 | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 601 | 74.79 |
I have a site where I am successfully tracking some events, and successfully collecting eCommerce tracking data. However, when I try to log an event together with an eCommerce transaction, the event is lost. The code is: <script type="text/javascr
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I am working on a site with a sidebar. When you press the button the sidebar comes in from the left and pushes the main body away. The sidebar has a width of 280px and a max width of 80% (for mobile devices). At the moment my javascript looks like th
I have potentially multiple $rootScope.$broadcast events affecting one view element. I would like to have a hierarchical function to decide which event takes precedence for effecting the view. My question is, how can I listen to all events $broadcast
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Please read this part first: Turns out my problem was that someone used onclick="some javascript", which all my event stoppers didn't catch. I didn't find any information on this topic, should this be a community wiki post? I have content which has d
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I have this class in C# that implements interface IPhoto: class BorderPhoto : Form, IPhoto { IPhoto pho; Color color; public BorderPhoto(IPhoto p, Color c) { pho = p; color = c; this.Paint += new PaintEventHandler(Drawer); } public void Drawer(object
With one of my forms I get the error "An invalid form control with name='collectors' is not focusable." and I do understand why, because it's hidden by some JS-lib, and I already know the workarounds for that "problem" propagated. My question is anot | http://www.dskims.com/tag/events/ | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | refinedweb | 678 | 64.41 |
Well,
I am creating a program to access PDA. So I have looked at their documentation and then downloaded their SDK
- Eclipse
- Libs
- Palm Emu/Simu/....
- Cygwin - they use it...
So, after copy thew DLL from CYGWIN to Win/System then I can execute simple code, like hello world and scanf.
but I cannot execute their (palm) functions
there is this error :
undefined reference to `CmGetSystemHotSyncExecPath(char*, int*)@8'
better, it is defined in condmgr.h but it does not find the source of this function. WHERE IS THIS?
i tried to change the order of the includes, I tried to set a lot of lib, directories and dll in the propriety of the project, but did not work.
So, I am just trying to call a function from condmgr.h and it does not work. Does anybody know how I can find this function? Better, how can I tell my program using Eclipse that this function is in "condmgr.dll", for example?
----------------------------
Code:#include <Windows.h> #include "condmgr.h" #include <stdio.h> using namespace std; int main () { int err; int* piSize; TCHAR* path; printf("Hello world"); err = 3; err = CmGetSystemHotSyncExecPath(path, piSize); if ( err == 0 ) { printf("\nI found the system"); } else { printf("\nUps, I did not find the system, but, at least, I compile!"); } scanf("\n%d", &err); } | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/76437-eclipse-palm-undefined-reference-cygwin.html | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | refinedweb | 219 | 75.61 |
Member
41 Points
Nov 23, 2010 11:13 AM|curtisdehaven|LINK
Hello All,
I'm trying to get my first IHttpHandler to work. It runs fine under Visual Studio 2008, but when I put it in an application on Server 2008, i get http 404 errors. I have a default.aspx page and it works fine. When I navigate to "my.sample" it get a 404. Any thoughts?
Here's the http handler declared in the web.config...
<add verb="*" path="*.sample" type="Test"/>
Here's Test.cs in the app_code folder...
using System.Web; public class Test : IHttpHandler { public Test() { } public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context) { HttpRequest Request = context.Request; HttpResponse Response = context.Response; Response.Write("<html>"); Response.Write("<body>"); Response.Write("<h1>Hello from a synchronous custom HTTP handler.</h1>"); Response.Write("</body>"); Response.Write("</html>"); } public bool IsReusable { get { return false; } } }
All-Star
32871 Points
Nov 24, 2010 03:10 AM|qwe123kids|LINK
Hi,
u have Register in IIS with Your Extension Chk the above link for More infio
Member
41 Points
Nov 25, 2010 04:17 PM|curtisdehaven|LINK
Thanks for the reply, Avinash.
>> u have Register in IIS with Your Extension
But isnt that what the <httphandler> "add" tag in my web.config does? As I mentioned up front, I have that and it looks like...
<add verb="*" path="*.sample" type="Test"/>
2 replies
Last post Nov 25, 2010 04:17 PM by curtisdehaven | https://forums.asp.net/t/1626286.aspx?First+time+IHttpHandler+ | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | refinedweb | 238 | 68.67 |
Blog about WPF, Silverlight, Expression Blend, Xbox (XNA) and everything else cool & UI.
Martin
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Sweet! I've become more comfortable about where to use your visionary techniques in my applications going forward. This is very good stuff
I'm also interested in something you said you want to get more into, namely expanding / collapsing lists. While it may not be your final piece, I think it's probably the next progression.
Again, thanks for the code, and at some point, it may be a good idea to get this on CodePlex.
Hey samcov, thanks again for looking at the samples!
Expanding / collapsing lists is VERY high on the list. I think I will deal with reusable drag and drop first, then do the list stuff.
I actually set up a codeplex project last week, so at some point in the very near future, I will put all the code on there so folk can look at it any time, and check out some of my other samples!
I will post here once its up and running.
Thanks for reading!
Hi Martin,
This sample is great and thanks for taking this initiative to publish the sample similar to the CUI demonstration.
I quickly tried to convert this sample into WPF and am getting some flickering during the animation for drag and drop. Any idea on this.
regds,
Prabakar
Koen Zwikstra with Silverlight Spy, John Papa on UserControl from Popup Control, Shawn Wildermuth on
Hi martin,
thanks for this amazing usefull article !
that's clean stuff and I learned a lot, thanks ;)
regards,
Dargos
Prabhakar,
Not sure why you are seeing flickering - quite possible to do with the way we do animation.
If possible, could you send me your wpf sample to take a look?
martin.grayson@microsoft.com.
Thanks!
Hi.
this is a very useful sample. I try to convert to WPF but I have some problems, the first error is that can't create the DragDockPanel.
debuging It seems that the error is in the AnimatedContentControl.cs
I change the XamlReader.Load line for the next lines:
// Load the XAML
StringReader stringReader = new StringReader(animatedElementXaml);
XmlReader xmlReader = XmlReader.Create(stringReader);
// Create a canvas from the XAML
Canvas animatedElement = XamlReader.Load(xmlReader) as Canvas;
unfortunately is not working. what I missing??
Hey, to fix this, where you construct the animatedElementXAML, the first line, currently this...
animatedElementXaml += "<Canvas xmlns='' xmlns:";
Needs to be replaced with this...
animatedElementXaml += "<Canvas xmlns='' xmlns:";
This is beacuse of the different XAML namespaces with WPF and Silverlight.
HTH,
Hi
I was woundering if you could help me with an expression blend problem. When I edit a button' control part's like in your creating a glass button lesson, I would like to be able to have the content presenter's Forecolor change from white to black when the mouse is over, and to white again when the mouse leaves.
Thanks for your help.
Hi again.
It seems that work with the change of the xmlns, now I having problem with the animations. first show only one panel, then when I do a resize shows correctly (the 6 panels)
also anyone know how to migrate the animations of the maximize/minimize button that only works on silverlight?
Hi Gabriel,
For the first issue, I think you need to call UpdateLayout from the hosts loaded event (this is down to the order of eventing in WPF).
And yes, the toggle button wont port just yet. You will need to redo the template in blend using triggers.
I am thinking about producing a WPF version as there have been many request, I cant promise a date, but hopefully by the end of october.
Thanks,
Jim, wrong post, but hey!
You should be able to do this in the triggers panel. Add a mouse over = true trigger that sets the content presenters forground to a color, then back again when the property becomes false.
Very cool controls. I downloaded the sample but it when I try to open it in Visual Studio 2008 I get an error message saying the DragDockPanelSample.csproj cannot be opened. The project type is not supported by this installation. Anyone else see this?
Sam
Hello
I fix the problem with the Toggle button. if anyone is intereseted, I use the next library this library enable the use of VSM in WPF. Note. you need to add the support to the three states of the Togle Button (Checked, Unchecked, Indeterminate) just take a look of the code. you can mail me at mxsmax@msn.com
in other hands, I had the same problem the flick when you try to do the drag & drop effect. is like the panel move but the grid doesn't the move. anyone had have the same problem?
Hey scromer,
To modify, compile and run the source code, you need Visual Studio 2008 + .NET 3.5 with the Siverlight 2 Beta 2 tools and developer runtimes. You can get access to all the bits from here... :
HTH, Martin
Hey gabriel,
Someone sent me a video of the flickring issue. I think this is down to the differences in WPF and Silverlight mouse move events. A workaround for WPF would be to use the WPF thumb control as the grip bar, and then hook up the Thumb controls DragDelta event, and pass the HoriztonalChange and VerticalChange up in the drag event args.
I have tried this, but think that should do the trick.
I've tried this sample on the SL2Beta2 and it works perfect. And when I updated to the RCO, on the initial load, it just stacks them together. But when I resize, then it displays properly. I created just XAMLs without controls in them, it displays them properly when the page loads. But as soon as I start adding controls, the page are stack when it loads the first time.
reyn_l
Hey reyn_L,
This is a known bug in the drag dock panel host. It is because in Beta 2 the Loaded event fired before the SizeChanged. In RC0, its the other way around.
To fix in the meantime, you need to just add a...
this.UpdatePanelLayout();
...to the end of the loaded event handler.
This will be fixed in the version of the control that appears in at the end of October release.
Hello Martin,
Thanks very much for the prompt response and help on this issue.
Sincerely,
reyn_L
Was wondering if there's a way for it to only do columns. Instead of 4 boxes being 2x2. you want them like this:
[BOX EXPANDED]
[BOX]
Then if you maximize the 3rd box, it would squeeze the other ones shut and open itself up.
Could probably be done in the C#, but I'd like to add a property to DragDockPanelHost or something. Better approach.
Hi all,
I have knocked up a quick version of this in WPF. I will make sure it is in Blacklight () for the release at the end the this month, with tidy code and nice templates etc...
... However, if you wanted it now, you can get the source code from here...
Cheers,
Hello Martin, and thank you very much for the wpf version, is impressive :)
i would like to suggest a feature, that is the abillity to have all panels minimized, for example, imagine ou want to have all panels with minimize height of 100, and minimize width of 50, and minimize on the left, to act like tabs, but when you minimize the one is opens it should not go to the normal stat, but keep minimized like the others.
and another question i would like to ask, is how is it possible to determinate the rows and columns of the panel host?
Thank very much once again..
Rui Marinho
Hi Rui,
Nice suggestion. I have thought about adding a minimise button to each panel, so you can minimise them one by one. This would probably achieve the scenario you have described above. I will keep the idea open!
If you get round to having a go yourself, let me know!
The host actually does store the number of columns and rows, in private variables. You could add public get's to these no problem!
Maritin,
That was quite excellent showcasing about WPF capabilities.
i have a query for you
i have gone through the code of your application, but i could not see that the panels can be arranged in vertical position(i mean one above the other)
can we do that or can't we ? if so how....
Hi Naidu, there is now a property on the Drag Dock host that allows you to pick where the panels go... Minimized position i think.
If you get the latest release from Codeplex (came out 2 days ago) then you will see the property in there.
hi guys,
do you know how to show a page.xaml in a panel?
The Page.xaml should be a user control, and so, can be placed inside a drag dock panel.
This is assuming that the Page.xaml isnt the root page that you load in App.xaml.cs...?
Hello,
I have been working with the new Blacklight version of this control and found a bug. If you remove the maximized panel, the host gets mixed up. To resolve I added a line in the RemovePanel method that checks if it the correct control, and if so, nulls the maximizedPanel member. Seems to resolve the issue.
Thanks.
Hi Noam,
Thanks for reporting the bug, and giving us a fix. Will get this in for the release on the 5th December!
I am using your blacklight dragdockpanel to develop a dashboard with an extremely high level of customization. Before I put too much effort and time into customizing your control to suite my excact requirements I was wondering whether you have seen any implementations of the "minimize" button, as well as the dynamic run-time addition of panels into you control? Any implementation/code along those lines would obviously be very usefull to me.
Another idea I have is combining your control with gridsplitters. Somehow struggling to get started with this though, not sure how to approach the problem... any possible pointers from you maybe?
Any help would obviously be greatly appreciated. Thank you, smit.jurie@gmail.com
(Afterthought: forget about the minimize button... Seems fairly straightforward to implement.
Those gridsplitter though...)
Hmmmm. grid splitters wouldnt work well in the control as it is today.
You would need to embark upon creating a new control, or inherit the existing host and add a bunch more code.
As for dynamic adding of panels, that has been supported since V2. Look at the showcase sample page code.
Hi,
We're looking at creating an application modeled after the MS Patient Journey demo app. Also, we're probably going to use Prism as well.
Can you show how your panels can be hooked up to Prism??
Hi Jeff,
I havent done any work with Prism yet, so couldnt provide an example, however, the panels are just content controls, and you can place what ever content you like inside.
So, if you built a UserControl is prism capabilities, you could just drop that inside a panel!
Simple!
Thanks for sharing this excellent work!
I tried to extend the DradDockPanel class to override some minimized/maximized actions. However, there would be a runtime failure when I used my class inside the DragDockPanelHost.
On debugging the problem is caused in
private void DragDockPanelHost_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) {
....
for (int i = 0; i < this.Children.Count; i++)
{
if (this.Children[i].GetType() == typeof(DragDockPanel))
{
...
}
This type checking seems to fail. I replaced it with
if (this.Children[i] is DragDockPanel)
and now I can use the derived class. Please let me know if this is okay or I missed something?
Thanks
Great work. Awesome example of what can be done with Silverlight. But if, like me, you need a little more handholding in order to grasp the delicasies of custom control building, then you probably want to have a look at Jesse Liberty's 3 part video tutorial on skinnable custom controls (links below) FIRST before you even attempt looking at the sourcecode or try to make sense of the blog posting. Trust me.
BTW one more video in Jesse Liberty's on skinnable custom controls series:
Hi GuruC,
Your change is valid, and I will put it into the next release.
hey martin..
in a dragdock panel i want that each panel should be minimized initially..by minimize i mean only the header should be visible not the content... pointers to this will be appreciated
and Is it possible with minimum change of code... | http://blogs.msdn.com/mgrayson/archive/2008/08/29/silverlight-2-samples-dragging-docking-expanding-panels-part-3.aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 2,139 | 73.58 |
Thanks to some
noSuchMethod()Dart magic, I have a basic currying function. Well, since it is no such method, I have a basic currying class. I hope to improve that class's capabilities and interface tonight.
There is no way (that I know) to get arbitrary function parameters in Dart. I could use optional positioned parameters:
curry([a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9]) { // curry here... }In reality, there is never going to be a need to curry a function with more than 10 parameters, so that would be a reasonable approach. But c'mon. That just looks silly.
With my class based approach, I have to create a
Curryinstance, but once I have that, I can curry any function I like, regardless of how many parameters is has:
var curried = new Curry().send(add, 1, 2); curried(3) // 6The first line creates a curried version of the venerable add-three-numbers-together function that is called with three parameters:
add(1, 2, 3). Currying means converting a function with multiple parameters into a chain of single argument functions. This what the
Curryinstance above does. When the
add()function and two parameters are sent to the currier, a function that takes a single argument is returned.
The
Curryclass that I came up with last night looks like:
class Curry { noSuchMethod(args) { if (args.memberName != #send) return super.noSuchMethod(args); return _curry(args.positionalArguments); } _curry(args) { var fn = args[0], bound = args.sublist(1); return (_) { var _args = [_]..addAll(bound); return Function.apply(fn, _args); }; } }As mentioned, the
noSuchMethod()method is special in Dart. If defined, it will be passed an
Invocationobject that contains meta information about a method that was called, but not explicitly defined. It is a nice meta-programming facility built into Dart.
In the above, if the method name is not
send(checked using Dart's Symbol notation), then I return the superclass's
noSuchMethod(), which will throw an error. If the method was
send(), then I pass the
args
Invocationobject to the
_curry()method to do some currying.
The first thing that I would like to do tonight is convert that into a singleton object. Sure, it is a superficial change, but there is never a reason to have multiple instances of a
Curryclass. Singletons are easy in Dart. I create a named, private constructor as the only way to create an instance. Then a factory constructor ensures that the same instance, created once, will always be used:
class Curry { static final Curry currier = new Curry._internal(); static get make => currier; factory Curry() { return currier; } Curry._internal(); // ... }I have also defined a
makealias for the singleton instance of
Curry. This will allow me to invoke the currier as
Curry.make. I am also declaring it without a type, which will be important in a bit.
Even with all of this, my usage has not improved dramatically:
var curried = Curry.make.send(add, 1, 2); curried(3); // 6What I would really like is to drop the send entirely:
var curried = Curry.make(add, 1, 2); curried(3); // 6But that won't work, right? There is no way to treat an object (
makeis an object of type
Curry) as a function. Or is there? In Dart, there is. To do just that, the class needs to define a
call()method. Or in this case, handle a
call()inside of
noSuchMethod():
class Curry { static final Curry currier = new Curry._internal(); static get make => currier; factory Curry() { return currier; } Curry._internal(); noSuchMethod(args) { if (args.memberName == #send || args.memberName == #call) { return _curry(args.positionalArguments); } return super.noSuchMethod(args); } _curry(args) { /* ... */ } }And that actually works. I had expected the need to actually define a
call()method, but it turns out to be unnecessary. Without an explicitly defined
call()Dart invokes
noSuchMethod()with the same
Invocationobject that it does when
send()was called on the instance. Only since the object is being called, this works:
var curried = Curry.make(add, 1, 2); curried(3); // 6It is entirely possible that I am getting away with something here, but the best part of all of this is that
dartanalyzerdoes not complain when it performs static type analysis. It does not complain because I did not declare a type on
make. But hey, the code works.
For what it is worth, if I try to use the
currierstatic instance variable, which is declared with a type, then
dartanalyzerdoes complain. It warns that there is no
call()method defined in the
Curryclass:
[warning] 'currier' is not a method (/home/chris/repos/csdart/Book/code/functional_programming/first_order.dart, line 102, col 27)If I declare an empty
call():
class Curry { // ... call(){} // ... }Then
dartanalyercomplains about the arity:
[warning] 0 positional arguments expected, but 3 found (/home/chris/repos/csdart/Book/code/functional_programming/first_order.dart, line 103, col 34)So, in the end, the non-typed static alias seems a perfectly valid workaround since (a) I love static type analysis and (b) don't want to be warned when I am playing fast and loose with it.
There is still one more improvement that I would like to make to my currying function before moving on to other topics. If my 3 argument function is curried with only a single argument, then invoking the curry should return a partially applied function. I am reasonably sure that I can make that work, but I will wait until tomorrow to verify.
Day #935 | https://japhr.blogspot.com/2013/11/warning-possible-call-abuse-in-dart.html | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 906 | 57.57 |
[ C Programming Techniques: integer type optimization ]
I am currently working on a voltage controller running on a ATMEGA328P, ATMEL AVR 8 bits microcontroller. The controller logic is implemented in the main() routine and relies on a periodical timer whose frequency is fixed at application setup. Among other things, the timer ISR handler increments some per tick counters which are then used by the main routine to implement the voltage controller timing logic.
By looking at the code, one noticed that I use the uint8_t type for counters instead of unsigned int. He enumerated some potential issues involved in the context of this project, and I explained him the reasons and implications. I thought it may be a short but interesting topic to blog on.
There are actually more than one counter, and some additionnal related logic. But in this post, we can assume the ISR handler looks like this:
#include < stdint.h > #include < avr/io.h > /* current version: */ static volatile uint8_t counter = 0; /* initial version: static volatile unsigned int counter = 0; */ ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) { /* ... */ if (counter != TIMER_MS_TO_TICKS(100)) { ++counter; } /* ... */ }
Due to the timing logic and constraints (very interesting, but would take more time to explain ... maybe for another post), I came to the point I had to optimize the ISR code a bit, and looked for places to reduce the cycle count. This is the reason of using uint8_t instead of unsigned int: the AVR-GCC compiler integer type width is 16 bits by default for the target platform. As ATMEGA328P are 8 bits microcontrollers, one can assume that 8 bits arithmetics lead to a faster code. Lets compare the generated assembly code for the 2 versions:
/* uint8_t version */ #include < stdint.h > #include < avr/interrupt.h > static volatile uint8_t counter = 0; ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) { /* ... */ /* avr-gcc -mmcu=atmega328p -O2 */ lds r24,counter cpi r24,lo8(100) brne .L1 lds r24,counter subi r24,lo8(-(1)) sts counter,r24 .L1: /* ... */ } /* unsigned int version */ #include < avr/interrupt.h > static volatile unsigned int counter = 0; ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect) { /* ... */ /* avr-gcc -mmcu=atmega328p -O2 */ lds r24,counter lds r25,counter+1 cpi r24,100 cpc r25,__zero_reg__ brne .L4 lds r24,counter lds r25,counter+1 adiw r24,1 sts counter+1,r25 sts counter,r24 .L4: /* ... */ }
As expected, one can see that the instruction count is reduced. Plus, the ATMEL 8 bit AVR instruction set manual () specifies that the adiw instruction requires 2 clock cycles to complete. Thus, the cycle count of the unsigned int version is twice the uint8_t one.
While it is not the important point, note that the variable volatility adds extra loads and stores that could be removed by using a non volatile local variable, and commit it at the end of the operation.
While changing a variable type changes a single line of code, it has several important implications.
First, it reduces the counter capacity. In this case, I had to make sure that the timing related logic still works when maximum values move from 0xffff to 0xff. Such points are easily missed, so it must be considered carefully. This situation is even worth when you come back on the code to add features long time after is has been written. Here, commenting helps a lot.
A second, less obvious implication, is that the optimization does not work on architectures where the arithmetic word size is not 8 bits. It would still work and compile, but 8 bits arithmetics may have the inverse effects, ie. add extract operations. To solve this issue, one can define a type whose width defaults to the actual architecture word size, as seen from the instruction set point of view:
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega328P__) typedef uint8_t uint_word_t; #else typedef unsigned int uint_word_t; #endif
EDIT: As pointed to here, the solution is to use the uint_fast8_t type. Thanks to the author of this post.
I am always interested in techniques to reduce cycle count in C codes, especially in ISR handlers. If you have any, please share.
Previous post by Fabien Le Mentec:
Interfacing LINUX with microcontrollers
Next post by Fabien Le Mentec:
Introducing the VPCIe framework
Add a Comment | https://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/176.php | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 682 | 64 |
#include <rte_bbdev_op.h>
Turbo encode code block parameters
Definition at line 493 of file rte_bbdev_op.h.
The K size of the input CB, in bits [40:6144], as specified in 3GPP TS 36.212. This size is inclusive of CRC24A, regardless whether it was pre-calculated by the application or not.
Definition at line 499 of file rte_bbdev_op.h.
The E length of the CB rate matched output, in bits, as in 3GPP TS 36.212.
Definition at line 503 of file rte_bbdev_op.h.
The Ncb soft buffer size of the CB rate matched output [K:3*Kpi], in bits, as specified in 3GPP TS 36.212.
Definition at line 507 of file rte_bbdev_op.h. | https://doc.dpdk.org/api-19.11/structrte__bbdev__op__enc__turbo__cb__params.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 115 | 66.84 |
I have an eclipse application from which i trigger an Swing widget.On click of a button on the SWT composite a window pops out which contains the Swing Table.
Now i want a button on this Swing page to show up an eclipse workbench window.
Any idea on how I could get across this problem?
Thanks!
Adity.
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
Adity, as I said before, it has been awhile for me. My understanding of a Perspective in Eclipse is that it is a collection of views, whereas a view is basically one window container. Given this information, the following might also be helpful to you:
PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getActiveWorkbenchWindow().getActivePage().showView(String viewID)
Hi,
Yes I can do this when I am calling it through an action button that SWT uses..but when i am using an AWT action button it gives an error.. SWTException error
lst = new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
IWorkbench workbench = PlatformUI.getWorkbench();
IWorkbenchWindow window = workbench.getActiveWorkbenchWindow();
try
{
workbench.showPerspective("stab.diagram.perspectives.StabInputPerspective",window );
}
catch (WorkbenchException ex)
{
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
The above code throws an error :
Exception in thread "AWT-EventQueue-0" org.eclipse.swt.SWTException: Invalid thread access
Thanks!.
You get that error because you can't update SWT widgets from anywhere except the SWT Thread. In order to fix this, see these methods:
asyncExec
syncExec
Go to this link, search for "The syncExec() or asyncExec() Methods Do Not Create Threads" and then read everything from there down. They have a code example as well.
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
Ok,
I just thought I would be a little more specific about the problem i am tackling here.
So I need to display a file stored(diagram file) in my local hard disk on the eclipse editor utility through a click of a JButton in JFrame.
So it does require some kind of triggering from an AWT widget to SWT.
Adity
ViewPart yourView = (ViewPart)PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getActiveWorkbenchWindow().getActivePage().findView("viewID");
You might have read through the API and gotten confused because the findView() method is defined as returning an IViewPart. IViewPart is an interface, not a class. ViewPart is a class that implements the IViewPart interface. ViewPart defines the view that you see on your screen, so casting to a ViewPart, like I did above, will be safe. Once you do what I did above to get a handle on your Eclipse RCP view, you can then modify the Composite (which is an SWT widget). I don't remember how to get the Composite with an "out of the box" method, but you can simply define your own getter method in the class. After you modify the Composite to put your diagram on the screen, you're going to want to do the following:
// .. add stuff to the Composite up here yourComposite.layout(true);
Calling the layout() method causes the Composite to re-display all of its contents. So basically you're telling it you made changes. As for calling SWT from AWT, as far as I know it makes no difference where you call these methods from. As long as you are in an Eclipse RCP built application, you can call all the methods that I have shown you. And as long as you can call all of the methods that I have shown you, you are good to go. Do you get errors when you try to call PlatformUI.getWorkbench()?
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
PlatformUI.getWorkbench() works and i tried doing just the following to see if it works and it gives a null pointer exception.
What do I initialize it to ?
ViewPart yourView = (ViewPart)PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getActiveWorkbenchWindow().getActivePage().findView("viewID");
You have to give it the correct viewID where I put "viewID". It is the number associated with your view. If you give it an invalid ID (such as my example) it won't be able to find your view, and thus, will return null, ultimately leading to a NullPointerException. You already defined the View ID when you filled out the form in RCP for your view. But anyway, you can also list all of your view ID numbers like this:
IViewReference[] refs = PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getActiveWorkbenchWindow().getActivePage().getViewReferences(); for (IViewReference ref: refs) System.out.println(ref.getID());
As for not knowing your view ID, remember this screen from when you originally created your view? It contains your view ID field. (Note: this image is taken from Vogella's Eclipse RCP tutorials)
Hmm, that is interesting. I don't even have Eclipse RCP on my computer right now but I'll download it and make a project real quick and get back to you. Like I said, all of this has been from memory but it has been a while. So give me ten minutes and I'll reply back. .
That's fine. Eclipse RCP says Galileo on it when it runs anyway. It is just a question of having more functionality than "normal Eclipse". As long as you can call PlatformUI.getWorkbench() without problems, you should have the required libraries.
edit:
Another thing I just remembered: if you haven't properly set up the view (so that it actually shows up when your application launches) then calling findView() is not going to work and that might be why it is returning null. You should try running that other piece of code I gave you (the one that prints out all of the view IDs) and show me what it says. My bet is that your view ID is not one of the ones there...
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
Sorry, I was a lot more rusty with commands than I thought I was. Nevertheless the code I gave you before works. I used this class and it works fine for me. (Excuse the goofiness/bad programming practice with making the Composite a static member... )) { ViewPart yourView = (ViewPart)PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getActiveWorkbenchWindow().getActivePage().findView("TestPluginProj.myview"); Label label = new Label(ViewPart1.parent,SWT.NONE); label.setText(yourView.getPartName()); ViewPart1.parent.layout(true); } }); parent.layout(true); } @Override public void setFocus() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } }
Anyway, the above works for me and modifies the View so that it says "Kyle's View" which is the name of it.
Ok I checked and it does give out that view ID .So this is what I think could be a problem. The class which i am using to call the view does not extend ViewParts and hence does not have the CreatePartControl method. Hence the initialization doesn't take place.
because when I tried the piece of code that shows me all the view ids even that was throwing a null pointer exception.
PlatformUI.getWorkbench().getHelpSystem().setHelp(viewer.getControl(),"StoryEditor.diagram.viewer"); //this probably initializes it or soemthing
If you want to show something on an Eclipse Workbench Window like you said a bunch of posts ago, then that something will have to be shown in a View, which in turn, will have to extend ViewPart.
Oh, and if you use the showView method by just replacing that code I showed you earlier by changing findView to showView, then it will make the view appear. Isn't that what you wanted to do this whole time?
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
I find it hard to believe that none of my suggestions thus far have helped, but additionally, you can check out this article on Swing/SWT Interactions. However, if as you said you want to "show the Swing table in the Eclipse window" you're still going to need to use the suggestions I gave you about how to find the view and how to show the view.
No it has been helpful.I am doing soemthing wrong soemwhere.
So,suppose i have this class viewPart1 like the one you have written.
How do i call it from a swing class?
bt = new JButton(); bt.setText("Story plot"); bt.setToolTipText("View Story Plot"); bt.setRequestFocusEnabled(false); lst = new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { Composite parent =null; ViewPart1 view = new ViewPart1(); view.createPartControl(parent); } }
The above code gives me an error saying illegal argument cannot be null;
Even if I create a separate class like the one you have written and call the createPartControl(parent) method from outside the function what should the argument "parent" be?
You should never call createPartControl. Eclipse handles calling that method for you. If you want to make modifications to the View, like I have already suggested, make a getter method in your ViewPart class.
public Composite getComposite(){ return parent; //where parent is what I have in my prev. ex. }
Then you can add your Swing components to the Composite as is detailed in the article I just linked you to. You can then call the layout(true) method as I told you earlier, causing your changes to be visible. If you give me a few minutes, I will give you a full example if this doesn't make sense.
Edited by BestJewSinceJC: n/a
Ok, here is a quick example for you. As you can see, I created a new SwingComponent (which adds a Swing JButton into the SWT Composite) from within the ViewPart class. But you can call new SwingComponent from anywhere and it will work the same. Again, keep in mind the things I've told you earlier in the thread though: if the View isn't currently showing, you will have to call showView in order to see anything.) { new SwingComponent(); } }); parent.layout(true); } public static Composite getComposite(){ return parent; } @Override public void setFocus() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } }
package testpluginproj; import java.awt.Frame; import javax.swing.JButton; import org.eclipse.swt.SWT; import org.eclipse.swt.awt.SWT_AWT; import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Composite; public class SwingComponent { public SwingComponent(){ Composite parent = ViewPart1.getComposite(); Composite composite = new Composite(parent, SWT.EMBEDDED | SWT.NO_BACKGROUND); Frame frame = SWT_AWT.new_Frame(composite); frame.add(new JButton("STUFF")); frame.validate(); parent.layout(true); } }
No problem, glad you got it working! Mark the thread as solved ... | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/265888/awt-swt | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 1,668 | 65.62 |
Handed out Sunday, January 20, 2013
Due Monday, January 28, 2013, 9:00 PM
Administrative note: You are not programming in pairs for this assignment.
The source code for this lab is available from the repository that you cloned in the previous lab. To fetch that source, use Git to commit your lab 1 source, fetch the latest version of the course repository, and then create a local branch called labsh based on our labsh branch, origin/labsh:
tig% cd ~/cs439/labs tig% git commit -am 'my solution to lab1' Created commit 254dac5: my solution to lab1 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) tig% git pull Already up-to-date. tig% git checkout -b labsh origin/labsh Branch labsh set up to track remote branch refs/remotes/origin/labsh. Switched to a new branch "labsh" tig% make tidy Removing ... tig%
The git checkout -b command shown above actually does two things: it first creates a local branch labsh that is based on the origin/labsh branch provided by the course staff, and second, it changes the contents of your lab directory to reflect the files stored on the labsh branch. Git allows switching between existing branches using git checkout branch-name, though you should commit any outstanding changes on one branch before switching to a different one.
The make tidy command shown above cleans up any files or directories left over in your lab repository from the previous lab that aren't needed or used in the new lab you just checked out. You should run make tidy after switching between the branches of independent labs in the future to ensure that your workspace is clean. This will also ensure that make turnin will not complain about untracked files when you attempt to turn in your completed lab solutions.
For labsh you need to answer all of the numbered questions (questions that are not numbered are optional). Place the write-up in a file called answers.txt (plain text) in the top level of your labs directory before handing in your work. Please include a header that contains your name, UTCS username, and lab number and make sure the file is named correctly. If you do not, your answer may not be graded.
A shell is an interactive command-line interpreter that runs programs on behalf of the user. A shell repeatedly prints a prompt, waits for a command line from the user,:
bash> jobscauses the shell to execute the built-in jobs command.
Typing the command line:
bash> /bin/ls -l -druns the ls program in the foreground. The shell and the OS cooperate to ensure that when this program begins executing its main routine, whose signature is int main(int argc, char *argv[]), the arguments have the following values:
Alternatively, typing the command line
bash> . (We are not studying signals in detail in this class, but your text CS:APP2e [Bryant and O'Hallaron] discusses them thoroughly, in section 8.5.)
Unix shells also provide various built-in commands that support job control. These commands include:
Before you get started on the following exercises, read sections 8.3 and 8.4 of CS:APP2e [Bryant and O'Hallaron] thoroughly. Keep the following points in mind as you code:
You should find the following files in your lab directory:
One vital function that programs must be able to perform is input and output to files, on-disk or otherwise (such as special files, like the terminal). The operating system provides system calls to allow programs to perform I/O. In a Unix-like system such as Linux, these calls are:
Exercise 1. Here's an example program to demonstrate using these syscalls to do file I/O:
#include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int fd; if ( (fd = open("hi.txt", O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_CREAT, 0600)) < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open hi.txt. Error: %s\n", strerror(errno)); return -1; } write(fd, "hello, world\n", 13); close(fd); return 0; }Copy this program to the file hi.c in your labs directory, then compile it with gcc hi.c -Wall -o hi. Here, the compiler (gcc) takes the source code of the program (in hi.c) and produces an executable (in hi). Now run the executable and check its output:
tig% ./hi tig% cat hi.txt hello, worldWhen you type ./hi, the shell asks the kernel to create a process from the executable we just produced from gcc and run it. When that process finishes, the kernel notifies the shell (because the shell is waiting on the process), and the shell then prompts for another command. The command cat hi.txt prints the file hi.txt to the terminal, which, note, is the file name that we specified in the arguments to open. Feel free to remove hi.c and continue with the lab.
When a syscall fails, the operating system returns a negative value and sets a global variable, errno (from errno.h), to hold an error code. You can find a description of some of these error codes and what they mean here. To get a human-readable error message string from an errno error code, call strerror(errno). Note that strerror() returns a char *; it does not print out an error message. By convention, in a Unix-like system, error messages should be reported to "standard error", which means "whatever is being abstracted by file descriptor 2". The standard C I/O library (stdio.h) further abstracts file descriptor 2 as a FILE *, aliased to stderr. If that last sentence was confusing, what you need to know is (1) that fprintf(stderr, "...") will print to standard error, and (2) that good C programming style on Unix is to report errors on standard error.
You should always check the return values of any syscall you make and handle any errors appropriately. This is important to keep in mind for the upcoming exercise, as we will grade you on your style and adherence to these conventions and standards.
One special file you will be dealing with in the following exercise is /dev/urandom. /dev/urandom is not an actual file on disk, but rather a construction of the kernel itself to provide programs with a way of generating random numbers. You can open and close /dev/urandom like a normal file, but when you read from /dev/urandom, you will get a random sequence of bytes.
Exercise 2. Read the descriptions of the generate_ascii() and fibonacci_ascii() functions in ascii.c, then implement these functions using the system calls that we have outlined. You must check the errors from any system call you make in the style above, i.e. you must check the return value of the syscall and, on error, print a message to standard error with fprintf() containing the output of strerror(errno).
As an example of what we expect from generate_ascii() and fibonacci_ascii(), here is the output of a sample run to produce a 10x20 character picture:
tig% ./ascii 10 20 pic.txt fibpic.txt tig% cat pic.txt z{~`H8ZZf#oB1ff#[+ra .WyU>i~AIU|N]|PP5vP7 .}gtBU3yk-rlEo)_R@nl Z10xk`C'h^$om>VP_{.8 g@^nT5e-huwR"jX</I"Y OExq b}pE3-VEc&>4NS} LXSB3yHwnbj;0p!fJ{A4 l#g==VBLyk[ftRD^ w>j MBeYTFHz2a$8f4!*QrP^ :3:BCiJF;L!8u#SN[z=U tig% cat fibpic.txt z{{~`8ff.|o5A
The fork() system call creates a child process that is nearly identical to the parent. The exec() family (see man 3 exec) replaces much (but not all!) of the state of the currently running process with new state, based on a new program.
Exercise 3. Update fib.c so that if invoked on the command line with some integer argument n, where n is less than or equal to 13, it recursively computes the nth Fibonacci number. (The numbers are counted from 0.)
Example executions:
tig% ./fib 3 2 tig% ..
Run make and test your fib program on some inputs to make sure you have implemented it correctly.
Now that you have some experience with fork(), your job in this next exercise is to create a simple shell, which will implement some of the functionality of a real Unix shell. To do this, you will use the fork() and exec() syscalls.
We have provided psh.c, which provides a framework for your shell, and util.h/util.c, which provide some helper functions. Read these files.
This shell.
You may find the following hints useful as you implement the psh program:
Exercise 4. Update the file psh.c by implementing the functions eval(), which the main() function calls to process one line of input, and builtin_cmd(), which your eval() function should call to parse and process the built-in quit command.
Now you should be able to run the programs you wrote inside your shell. For example:
$ ./psh psh> ./fib 13 233 psh> quitAnswer the following questions in answers.txt in your labs directory. Be sure to run git add answers.txt so that your answers are turned in with the rest of your solution.
Questions:
This completes the lab. Make sure you have answered all questions in answers.txt and committed your solutions, then run make turnin.
Thanks to Alison Norman for much of this lab.
Last updated: Sun Jan 20 22:02:27 -0600 2013 [validate xhtml] | http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mwalfish/classes/s13-cs439/labs/labsh.html | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | refinedweb | 1,575 | 73.88 |
Repair Order Errors: "Recurring Charges Are Allowed Only for Order Lines Part of a Container Model" When Booking RMA Line
(Doc ID 730550.1)
Last updated on AUGUST 24, 2021
Applies to:Oracle Depot Repair - Version 12.0.5 and later
Information in this document applies to any platform.
CSDREPLN.fmb
Symptoms
Booking a return (RMA) line on the Depot Repair form Logistics tab gives error:
Recurring Charges are allowed only for order lines part of a Container Model.
Steps To Reproduce
1. Connect using a suitable Depot Repair responsibility.
2. Navigate to the Repair Order screen.
3. Create a new Repair Order and save it.
4. Book the Return (RMA) line.
Receive the error.
Changes
Cause
In this Document | https://support.oracle.com/knowledge/Oracle%20E-Business%20Suite/730550_1.html | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 120 | 60.82 |
Let's start with the core principle of GWT development:
The rest of this section introduces development mode (previously called "hosted mode") and production mode (previously called "web mode") and explains how and when to use each.
You will spend most of your development time running your application in development mode, which means that you are interacting with your GWT application without it having been translated into JavaScript. Anytime you edit, run, and debug applications from a Java integrated development environment (IDE), you are working in development mode. When an application is running in development mode, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is actually executing the application code as compiled Java bytecode, using GWT plumbing to connect to a browser window. This means that the debugging facilities of your IDE are available to debug both your client-side GWT code and any server-side Java code as well. By remaining in this traditional "code-test-debug" cycle, development mode is by far the most productive way to develop your application quickly.
A typical development mode session can be seen below:
To launch a development mode session, from the command line run ant devmode, assuming you have an Ant build.xml file generated by webAppCreator.
Tip: If you are using Eclipse, you can instead run the <app>.launch configuration file created by webAppCreator using the Run or Debug menus.
If you didn't use webAppCreator, you can manually run the main class in com.google.gwt.dev.DevMode found in gwt-dev.jar.
Important: If you are not using a generated launch config, be aware that GWT development mode looks for modules (and therefore client-side source) using the JVM's classpath. Make sure to add your source directories first in your classpath.
Note: this section describes using development mode without the Google Plugin for Eclipse.
The GWT Development Mode window opens up initially with two tabs. The first provides an interface to launching your GWT module(s) and logs that aren't specific to a particular module.
The second tab displays log messages from the embedded web server. By default, development mode runs an internal Jetty instance to serve your web application. This embedded Jetty instance serves directly out of your project's war directory.
You can disable this internal server by passing the -noserver option to development mode and instead run your own external server. See FAQ "How do I use my own server in development mode instead of GWT's built-in server?"
As of GWT 2.0, development mode uses a regular browser instead of an embedded browser. You can use any supported browser, including ones on other machines, as long as it has the GWT Developer Plugin installed. If you use a browser that does not have the plugin installed, you will get a message with an offer to download the plugin.
Browsers are typically opened automatically via the -startupUrl command line option (though GWT will try to find plausible startup URLs if you do not supply any). To launch an application, choose the URL you want to use, and choose Launch Default Browser. GWT uses a number of heuristics to determine which browser to use, but depending on your setup it may not launch the one you want. In that case, you can choose Copy to Clipboard and the URL you need to launch will be copied to the system clipboard (and will also be shown in the log window). You can then paste this URL into any browser with the plugin installed, or you can type in the URL to a browser on a different machine (in which case you will have to change the host names in the URL as necessary).
When a module is loaded in a browser, you will see a new tab which contains the logs for one URL in a particular browser. If there are multiple modules on one page, there will be a drop-down box to select which module's logs are shown. When you refresh a page, there is a session drop-down box which lets you select which session's logs to show.
You do not need to restart development mode after modifying your source code. Instead, with Development Mode still running, edit client code or resources, save your changes, then refresh the page in your browser. On refresh, your code is recompiled with the changes and the new version is loaded into the browser. Refreshing the browser is much faster than closing and restarting Development Mode.
You might notice that sometimes your changes take effect even if you do not refresh the browser. This behavior is a result of the way development mode interacts with the compiled code, but it is not always reliable. Specifically, it only happens when you make minor changes to existing functions and the IDE is able to replace the running code. To ensure your changes are included, make it a habit to always refresh the browser after making changes.
Similarly, the Restart Server button in the Jetty tab allows you to restart the embedded Jetty server without having to close and restart Development Mode. This is useful when you have made configuration or code changes to your server-side code. All server-side classes will be reloaded from scratch with fresh code for your war/WEB-INF/classes and war/WEB-INF/lib folders. If you are getting an IncompatibleRemoteServiceException in development mode while using RPC, try restarting the server and refreshing the client.
Debugging messages are displayed within the Development Mode log window. Some of these messages are from GWT. However, you can generate your own debug messages by using calls to GWT.log().
For example, modifying the standard project to emit a debug message inside the ClickHandler results in a debug message displaying on the log window whenever the user clicks the button.
import com.google.gwt.core.client.GWT; ... button.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() { public void onClick(ClickEvent event) { GWT.log("User Pressed a button.", null); // Added debugging message if (label.getText().equals("")) label.setText("Hello World!"); else label.setText(""); } });
Calls to GWT.log() are intended just for use while debugging your application. They are optimized out in production mode. For example, consider the following change to the onClick() method intended to intentionally trigger an exception:
public void onClick(Widget sender) { GWT.log("User pressed a button.", null); Object nullObject = null; nullObject.toString(); // Should cause NullPointerException
When the application encounters an exception, a message is printed on the module's log window. The exception is highlighted with a red icon. In this example, when you click on the button in the browser window, a NullPointerException is triggered and the back trace for the exception displays in the status area below the log area. Clicking on the exception message or icon displays the full text of the exception in the message area below.
The log window can display more verbose debugging if you invoke it by specifying the -logLevel command-line argument. Specifying the level of SPAM turns on many messages inside of the GWT engine. These messages are displayed in a hierarchical tree which can be manipulated by clicking on individual lines or by using the Expand All and Collapse All icons in the toolbar.
When using an IDE such as Eclipse, JBuilder, or IntelliJ, it is easy to use the IDE's built-in Java debugger to debug your module. Simply set a breakpoint somewhere inside your code, (such as the onModuleLoad() entry point) where you want the debugger to stop and let you inspect the state of your program. For an example of debugging in development mode using the Eclipse IDE, see the Getting Started tutorial, Debugging a GWT Application.
Let's look behind the scenes when you launch your GWT application in development mode. To run development mode, you start a Java VM using the main class com.google.com.gwt.dev.DevMode. If you look inside a generated ant build.xml, you'll find something like this:
<target name="devmode" depends="javac" description="Run development mode"> <java failonerror="true" fork="true" classname="com.google.gwt.dev.DevMode"> <classpath> <pathelement location="src"/> <path refid="project.class.path"/> </classpath> <jvmarg value="-Xmx256M"/> <arg value="-startupUrl"/> <arg value="Hello.html"/> <!-- Additional arguments like -style PRETTY or -logLevel DEBUG --> <arg value="com.google.gwt.sample.hello.Hello"/> </java> </target>
This is similar to running the following command on the command line:
java -Xmx256M -cp "src;war/WEB-INF/classes;\gwt-2.0.0\gwt-user.jar;\gwt-2.0.0\gwt-dev.jar" com.google.gwt.dev.DevMode -startupUrl Hello.html com.google.gwt.sample.hello.Hello
The -startupUrl parameter tells Development Mode which URL(s) to make available for launching. If the value excludes the domain, the domain is assumed to be localhost. The port is assumed to be the port running the embedded server. In the example above, this address is (with an additional parameter giving the location of the development mode code server).
The final parameter (the one at the end with no flag preceding it) is the module or set of modules we care about. This value is required in order to correctly initialize the war directory with bootstrap scripts for any GWT modules you may wish to run.
Typically, if your code runs as intended in development mode and compiles to JavaScript without error, production mode behavior will be equivalent. Occasional different problems can cause subtle bugs to appear in production mode that don't appear in development mode. Fortunately those cases are rare.
A full list of known language-related "gotchas" is available in the GWT documentation.
GWT provides the -noserver option to the development mode shell script for this sort of thing.
The -noserver option instructs development mode to not start the embedded Jetty instance. In its place, you would run the J2EE container of your choice and simply use that in place of the embedded Jetty instance.
If you do not need to use, or prefer not to use, the Jetty instance embedded in GWT's development mode to serve up your servlets for debugging, you can use the -noserver flag to prevent Jetty from starting, while still taking advantage of development mode for debugging your GWT client code.
If you need the -noserver option, it is likely because your server-side code that handles your XMLHTTPRequest data requests requires something more, or just something different than Jetty. Here are some example cases where you might need to use -noserver:
When using the -noserver flag, your external server is used by the GWT Development Mode browser to serve up both your dynamic content, and all static content (such as the GWT application's host page, other HTML files, images, CSS, and so on.) This allows you to structure your project files in whatever way is most convenient to your application and infrastructure.
Though your own external server handles all static content and dynamic resources, all browser application logic continues to be handled in Java, internal to development mode. This means that you can continue to debug your client-side code in Java as usual, but all server-side requests will be served by your web or application server of choice. (If you are using an IDE such as Eclipse configured to integrate with GWT's development mode for debugging, then using -noserver will prevent you from automatically debugging your server code in the same debugger instance you use to debug development mode. However, if the server software you use supports it, you can of course use an external debugging tools.)
Here is a step-by-step description of how to use -noserver:
Be careful not to omit copying the files in Step #4: This is an action you'll only have to do once, but is a necessary step. However, one important point to note is that you may need to replace the .gwt.rpc file if your application uses GWT RPC and if the types that your application serializes across the wire implement the java.io.Serializable interface. If these types are changed, or new serializable types are added to your RPC calls, the GWT compiler will generate a new .gwt.rpc file. You will need to replace the old file deployed on your web server with the newly generated file. However, if your web server targets the GWT compiler's war output directory as the war directory for your application, you will not need to re-compile for these changes, and development mode will take care of generating and correctly placing the *.gwt.rpc file.
There are many options you can pass to the development mode process to control how you want to start up the development mode browser. These options can differ slightly from version to version, but will generally include the options shown in the command-line help text below:
$ java -cp gwt-dev.jar com.google.gwt.dev.DevMode Missing required argument 'module[s]' Google Web Toolkit 2.5.1] [-deploy -workDir The compiler's working directory for internal use (must be writeable; defaults to a system temp dir) and module[s] Specifies the name(s) of the module(s) to host
Any time you want to look up the development mode options available for your version of GWT, you can simply invoke the DevMode class from command-line as shown above and it will list out the options available along with their descriptions. (Run the command from the directory containing
gwt-dev.jar or add the path ahead of that file:
-cp path/gwt-dev.jar.)
Early adopters may wish to try out an alternative to Development Mode. See Introducing Super Dev Mode
After you have your application working well in development mode, you will want to try out your application in your target web browsers; that is, you want to run it in production mode.
Running your application in production mode allows you to test your application as it is deployed. If you have a servlet component specified in your web.xml file, your GWT RPC calls will also be served to the browser. You can also take a different browser or a browser running on another machine and point it at the same URL (substitute the hostname or IP address of your workstation for localhost in the URL.)
Running in production mode is a good way to test:
Development mode uses a special engine to run your app as a mix of both Java bytecode and native JavaScript. If your code makes many calls back and forth between Java and and JavaScript, your code may seem slower in development mode than it will actually be in production mode. This can be particularly true of UI code. On the other hand, intense algorithmic pure Java code will tend to run faster in development mode, since the JVM outperforms most JavaScript engines.
If your application displays lots of data or has a large number of widgets, you will want to confirm that performance will be acceptable when the application is finally deployed.
The heart of GWT is a compiler that converts Java source into JavaScript, transforming your working Java application into an equivalent JavaScript application.
The GWT compiler supports the vast majority of the Java language. The GWT runtime library emulates a relevant subset of the Java runtime library. If a JRE class or method is not supported, the compiler will emit an error.
You can run the compiler with the name of the module you want to compile in one of the following manners:
Once compilation completes sucessfully, directories will be created containing the JavaScript implementation of your project. The compiler will create one directory for each module it compiles.
C:\gwt-2.0.0\samples\Hello>ant Buildfile: build.xml libs: javac: gwtc: [java] Compiling module com.google.gwt.sample.hello.Hello [java] Compiling 5 permutations [java] Permutation compile succeeded [java] Linking into war [java] Link succeeded [java] Compilation succeeded -- 20.313s build: BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 22 seconds
After running the GWT compiler your war directory should look something like this:
C:\gwt-2.0.0\samples\Hello>\bin\find war war war\hello war\hello\18EEC2DA45CB5F0C2050E2539AE61FCE.cache.html war\hello\813B962DC4C22396EA14405DDEF020EE.cache.html war\hello\86DA1DCEF4F40731BE71E7978CD4776A.cache.html war\hello\A37FC20FF4D8F11605B2C4C53AF20B6F.cache.html war\hello\E3C1ABB32E39A126A9194DB727F7742A.cache.html war\hello\14A43CD7E24B0A0136C2B8B20D6DF3C0.cache.png war\hello\548CDF11D6FE9011F3447CA200D7FB7F.cache.png war\hello\9DA92932034707C17CFF15F95086D53F.cache.png war\hello\A7CD51F9E5A7DED5F85AD1D82BA67A8A.cache.png war\hello\B8517E9C2E38AA39AB7C0051564224D3.cache.png war\hello\clear.cache.gif war\hello\hello.nocache.js war\hello\hosted.html war\Hello.html
In the above example, war/hello/hello.nocache.js is the script you would include in a host HTML page to load the Hello application. In this case, the host HTML page is located at war/Hello.html and loads the GWT startup script through the relative URL hello/hello.nocache.js.
You may have noticed in the compilation target in the build.xml file generated by the webAppCreator uses the war output directory as both an input and output source. This doesn't have to be the case, and you can easily configure the war directory as the output directory only, while using other directories as source directory paths by adding build targets to copy static resources from the source to the final output directory. See this war directory FAQ for more details.
The other thing you may have noticed is that there are a number of other files generated along with the GWT compiler output. Of these there are a few that are key to deploying your application.
After running the GWT compiler, you'll find the output in the WAR, or Web Archive, folder with the following structure:
If you've worked with GWT prior to the 1.6 release, the files in the
war/hello directory are familiar to you. The only difference is where these files are now generated, and the fact that the host HTML page and CSS files are not in the same directory as the rest of the
.cache.html/png files. The path where these files are generated is controlled by the GWT module XML file. These are the key applications files to deploy you GWT application on your web server.
The host HTML page is the first page your clients should visit when they browse to your application and is also where the rest of your application files are loaded from. To load your application, the host HTML page must contain a
<script> tag referencing your GWT application bootstrap file (described below). You would typically include a
<link> tag referencing your application CSS file as well, unless you inject the stylesheet directly by adding the
<stylesheet> tag to your module XML file.
<html> <head> <meta http- <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="Hello.css"> <title></title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" language='javascript' src='hello/hello.nocache.js'></script> <!-- Along with page title and table headers defined --> </body> </html>
You may have noticed that one of the generated files is named after your module, followed by a
.nocache.js suffix. This is the GWT bootstrap file. Similar to the output subdirectory
war/<app_name>, the name of this file is also controlled by the
rename-to attribute in your module XML file. This file is responsible for choosing the correct version of your application to load for your client based on their browser and locale, or any other custom selection rule (see Deferred Binding). The various versions of your application compliant to each browser / locale are the
<md5>.cache.html application files (discussed below).
The host HTML page references this file so that clients visiting your page first download the bootstrap, and the bootstrap script in turn figures out which browser environment it is running in and determines the appropriate version of your application to load. See the documentation on the bootstrap process for more details.
The
<md5>.cache.html files generated in the
war/<app_name> directory, along with the bootstrap script, are the most important part of the generated fileset. They represent one version of your application tailored to a specific browser (or locale). These are the application files that the bootstrap script selects after it determines which browser it's running on.
Another generated application file that isn't strictly necessary to deploy your GWT application, but required if you're using GWT RPC and the support for the Serializable interface for types transferred through RPC, is the
<md5>.gwt.rpc file. The serialization policy file must be accessible by your RPC RemoteServiceServlet via the ServletContext.getResource() call.
All public resources, such as image files, stylesheets or XML files, can be placed anywhere under the war directory or any subdirectory therein during development. As long as references to these resources in your GWT application code hold when deployed, you can expect your application to work properly in production. In GWT 1.6 and later, the
<public> tag is still respected, so you can place public resources in a public directory, as defined in your module XML file, and these resources will be copied into the
war/<app_name> folder. However, the best practice would be to place public resources in the war directory and work with them from that location. This complies with the standard Servlet 2.5 API specification, and makes it easier to deploy your application if you're planning to deploy on a servlet container.
If you're using ClientBundle in
your application, the generated bundles are placed in the
war/<app_name> directory after compilation.
Among other optimization and performance improvement techniques, GWT also offers the concept of "Perfect Caching", which you can take advantage of if you deploy your application correctly.
You may have noticed that the bootstrap script filename contains a
.nocache.js suffix, whereas the rest of the GWT application files contain a
.cache.html suffix. These are meant as indicators that you can use to configure your web server to implement perfect caching. The bootstrap script is named after a well-known application name (
<app_name>.nocache.js), while the GWT application files all contain md5 sums in their names. Those md5 sums are computed from your GWT codebase at the time of compilation. The bootstrap script contains a lookup table that selects the right
<md5>.cache.html file when your client first visits your site and loads up your GWT application. The bootstrap process is explained in greater detail here.
The fact that the application filenames will always change if your codebase changes means that your clients can safely cache these resources and don't need to refetch the GWT application files each time they visit your site. The resource that should never be completely cached (an If-Modified-Since fetch is sufficient and saves bandwidth) is the bootstrap script, since it contains the logic necessary to lookup the correct application file. If you were to configure these rules on an Apache HTTP server, you might get something like this in your
.htaccess config file, using both mod_expires and mod_headers:
<Files *.nocache.*> ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "now" Header merge Cache-Control "public, max-age=0, must-revalidate" </Files> <Files *.cache.*> ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "now plus 1 year" </Files>
There are many options you can pass to the GWT compiler process to control how you want to compile your GWT application and where you want the output to be generated. These options can differ slightly from version to version, but will generally include the options shown in the command-line help text below:
java -cp gwt-dev.jar com.google.gwt.dev.Compiler Missing required argument 'module[s]' Google Web Toolkit 2.5.1 Compiler [-logLevel level] [-workDir dir] [-gen dir] [-style style] [-ea] [-XdisableClassMetadata] [-XdisableCastChecking] [-validateOnly] [-draftCompile] [-optimize level] [-compileReport] [-strict] [-XenableClosureCompiler] [-XfragmentMerge numFragments] [-XfragmentCount numFragments] [-localWorkers count] [-war dir] [-deploy dir] [-extra dir] module[s] where -logLevel The level of logging detail: ERROR, WARN, INFO, TRACE, DEBUG, SPAM, or ALL -workDir The compiler's working directory for internal use (must be writeable; defaults to a system temp dir) -gen Debugging: causes normally-transient generated types to be saved in the specified directory -style Script output style: OBF[USCATED], PRETTY, or DETAILED (defaults to OBF) -optimize Sets the optimization level used by the compiler. 0=none 9=maximum. -compileReport Create a compile report that tells the Story of Your Compile -strict Only succeed if no input files have errors -XenableClosureCompiler EXPERIMENTAL: Enables Closure Compiler optimizations -XfragmentMerge DEPRECATED (use -XfragmentCount instead): Enables Fragment merging code splitter. -XfragmentCount EXPERIMENTAL: Limits of number of fragments using a code splitter that merges split points. -localWorkers The number of local workers to use when compiling permutations and module[s] Specifies the name(s) of the module(s) to compile
Any time you want to look up GWT compiler options available for your version of GWT, you can simply invoke the Compiler class from command-line as shown above and it will list out the options available along with their descriptions. (Run the command from the directory containing
gwt-dev.jar or add the path ahead of that file:
-cp path/gwt-dev.jar.) | http://www.gquery.org/doc/latest/DevGuideCompilingAndDebugging.html | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 4,186 | 51.68 |
I’ve started investigating a relative newcomer to the JavaScript library, but one that is making a lot of noise. That library is React. But when I combined this with ASP.NET, I found the build processes confusing. There just isn’t a good recipe out there that allows you to write React/JSX components in ECMAScript 6 and get anything like the debugging you want. You lose the source map and any association with the actual source – not too good for the debugging environment. So how do you handle this?
Let’s rewind a bit.
What is React again? It’s a component technology. It occupies the same space as Polymer in that respect, although with vastly differing implementation details. It handles web-based components. It’s got various advantages and disadvantages over other component technologies, but it does the same thing at the end of the day.
I’m not going to go over yet another React tutorial. Really, there are plenty of them even if you don’t know much web dev, including tutorials on React and ES6.
Why am I learning them? Isn’t Polymer enough? Well, no. Firstly, React and Flux are a framework combination that I wanted to learn. I want to learn it mostly because it isn’t MVC and I wanted to see what a non-MVC framework looked like. Flux is the framework piece and React provides the views. Then there are things like React Native – a method of making mobile applications (only iOS at the moment) out of React elements. It turns out to be extremely useful.
As a module system, I like to use jspm. It’s optimized for ES6. So that was my first stop. Can I use jspm + ES6 + JSX + React all in the same application. Let’s make a basic Hello World React app using an ASP.NET based server in Visual Studio.
Step 1: Set up the Server
There really isn’t anything complicated about the server this time. I’m just adding Microsoft.AspNet.StaticFiles to the project.json:
{ "webroot": "wwwroot", "version": "1.0.0-beta5", "dependencies": { "Microsoft.AspNet.Server.IIS": "1.0.0-beta5", "Microsoft.AspNet.Server.WebListener": "1.0.0-beta5", "Microsoft.AspNet.StaticFiles": "1.0.0-beta5" },
This isn’t the whole file, but I only changed one line. The Startup.cs file is similarly easy:
using Microsoft.AspNet.Builder; using Microsoft.Framework.DependencyInjection; namespace WebApplication1 { public class Startup { public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { } public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app) { app.UseStaticFiles(); } } }
This gets us a web server that serves up the stuff inside wwwroot.
Step 2: Install Libraries
Next is jspm. Run jspm init like I have shown before. Then run:
jspm install react npm:react-dom jsx
This will install the ReactJS library and the JSX transformer for us. I’m using v0.14.0-beta1 of the ReactJS library. They’ve just made a change where some of the rendering code is separated out into a react-dom library. That library hasn’t made it into the JSPM registry yet, so I have to specify where it is.
Step 3: Write Code
First off, here is my wwwroot/index.html file:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Hello World with React</title> </head> <body> <div id="root"></div> <script src="jspm_packages/system.js"></script> <script src="config.js"></script> <script>System.import("app.js!jsx");</script> </body> </html>
Note the !jsx at the end of the System.import statement. That tells SystemJS to run the file through the JSX transformer first. Now, let’s write wwwroot/app.js:
import React from "react"; import ReactDOM from "react-dom"; class HelloWorld extends React.Component { render() { return (<h1>Hello World</h1>); } } ReactDOM.render(<HelloWorld/>, document.getElementById("root"));
Don’t try this on any version of React prior to v0.14.0-beta1. As I mentioned, there are two libraries now – react for creating react components and react-dom for rendering them. You need both.
Step 4: Debug Code
This is a debuggers dream. I can see the code and the DOM side-by-side in the browser:
Yep – that’s the original code. The JSX code has been transformed into JavaScript, but the ES6 code is right there. That means I can alter it “in-situ”, set break points, and generally work with it. If an exception occurs, it points at the original source code.
I wouldn’t want to ship this code. When you look at it, this small HelloWorld project loads 2.8MB and over 230 requests with a delay of 4.4 seconds (on localhost!) – just to get one React component rendered. I’d definitely be using Webpack or Browserify on a production site. But this is great for debugging.
Step 5: Code Control – Separate Components
Let’s say I wanted to give HelloWorld its own file. Code organization is important. It’s realatively simple with SystemJS. Just place the following code in wwwroot/components/HelloWorld.js:
import React from "react"; export default class HelloWorld extends React.Component { render() { return (<h1>Hello World</h1>); } }
This is a copy of the original code, made into an ES6 module. Now I can alter the app.js file accordingly:
import React from "react"; import ReactDOM from "react-dom"; import HelloWorld from "./components/HelloWorld.js!jsx"; ReactDOM.render(<HelloWorld/>, document.getElementById("root"));
Final Notes
The Visual Studio editor is not doing me any favors here. I get errors all over the place. However, I can use this same technique in Visual Studio Code (which handles this syntax better), Atom and other places. This, however, is a great step towards debugging React code in a browser. | https://shellmonger.com/2015/08/13/asp-net-es2015-react-and-jspm/ | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 945 | 61.12 |
where you got the wheels? (A UK supplier would be nice!)
Hello, the algorythams used so far give a balance for a fixed vertical but im interested in a way of constantly updating this. ie, not using vertical as the reference but using velocity =0 as a goal, im no mathematition but i can see angle is not fixed as any side load will offset this, and any robot that will be usefull needs to allow for new uncentered loads...);}
By my understanding, in order to control the velocity (and make it zero according to you) you need a way to measure it or approximate it. The accelerometer/gyro setup gives you angular acceleration and angular velocity which is created because of the rotation of the chassis of the robot around the wheels axis. If I understand it correctly, you cannot get any velocity information out of that.One sensor that is used for approximating the velocity of a robot is the wheel encoders (mentioned a while back in this thread), where you get revolutions/time which is velocity.
Hi.Great guide to balancing robots. Its nice of you to share detailed "how to" info. i especially like your zeroing out imu.that said, i also have critisizm. Your explanation of the PID regulator is thurough, but faulty. The theory is right, but in your implementation, its all messed up. you forgot a critical part of the regulator.Let me explain:P = E, where E is the error, and Kp is the propotional gain.I = I + E*dt, where dt is time between your samples(looptime).D = (E - last_E)/dt, which gives you the change with respect to time.BUT, earlier, you define your looptime as 10ms, so, if your looptime is always 10ms, the above is not nessesary. another BUT, is that if youre looptime exeeds 10ms, the above will work better.I dont intend to be a knowitall, i'm just trying to help.Btw, i also used tom pycke's guide to kalman. there i also have a trick that might help. I used serial to log accangle, gyrorate and dt, and then wrote the filter in matlab. there i could tune the filter using the samples(imported as an array of data to matlab). worked great. super fast tuning. you probably dont need to know, but if others use different sensors with different noise, its a really great way to test and tune.again, thanks for sharing. lots of great info in your tutorial.
P = E, where E is the error, and Kp is the propotional gain.I = I + E*dt, where dt is time between your samples(looptime).D = (E - last_E)/dt, which gives you the change with respect to time.
void loop() { ................................// *********************** loop timing control ************************** lastLoopUsefulTime = millis()-loopStartTime; if(lastLoopUsefulTime<STD_LOOP_TIME) delay(STD_LOOP_TIME-lastLoopUsefulTime); lastLoopTime = millis() - loopStartTime; loopStartTime = millis();}
Yes, applying encoders is definitely the easiest and most accurate solution. If beautifulsmall succeeds with this I'm absolutely interested in it! The reason I want to make a estimator is mostly to use some of the theory we have learned at school in practice. I just think it's very fascinating when these things actually works Having both an estimator for motorspeed and encoders would be really cool, to be able to compare the result! Well, that project will have to wait until next step
int getGyroRate() { return int(sensorValue[GYR_Y] * 0.781440781); // in quid/sec:(1024/360)/1024 * 2.56/0.0091)}
int updatePid(int targetPosition, int currentPosition) { int error = targetPosition - currentPosition; pTerm = Kp * error; integrated_error += error; iTerm = Ki * constrain(integrated_error, -GUARD_GAIN, GUARD_GAIN); dTerm = Kd * (error - last_error); last_error = error; int x = -constrain(K*(pTerm + iTerm + dTerm), -255, 255); x /= 2; x += 128; return x;}
int compare (const void * a, const void * b){ return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b );}void calibrateSensors() { int allVals[50]; long v; for(int n=0; n<3; ++n) { v = 0; for(int i=0; i<50; ++i) { allVals[i] = readSensor(n); } qsort(allVals, 50, sizeof(int), compare); for(int i=5; i<45; ++i) { v+= allVals[i]; } sensorZero[n] = v/40; } sensorZero[ACC_Z] -= 137;}void updateSensors() { int allVals[5]; long v; for(int n=0; n<3; ++n) { v = 0; for(int i=0; i<5; ++i) { allVals[i] = readSensor(n); } qsort(allVals, 5, sizeof(int), compare); for(int i=1; i<4; ++i) { v+= allVals[i]; } sensorValue[n] = v/3 - sensorZero[n]; }}
I don't know much about I2C, could it be just to slow for this task? Surely the EMG30s are up to it?
However, if I let the robot go from vertical I can see it's almost beyond the point of no return before the motors kick into life.If I stop it falling too far on each side by hand I can see that the motors are doing the right thing, just not quick enough.
void MotorDriver::setMotor(signed int setting) { if(setting > 0) setting += 4;//Increase for bigger offset on the + side else if(setting < 0) setting -= 4;//Increase for bigger offset on the - side if(setting > 100) setting = 100; else if (setting < -100) setting = -100; setting = setting * 1.27; analogWrite(5, -setting + 127); analogWrite(6, setting + 127); analogWrite(9, setting + 127); analogWrite(10,-setting + 127); } | http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=8871.msg74096 | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 872 | 53.71 |
Hello python community, this is my first post to you (written in html) and so I would like to know what you think of my code so far. However, onto the serious part(ish):
Does this look like a 'type' error?
By this I mean int, str, list etc.
I may be a little off since I've done 5 courses these past 3 weeks (still stuck in js sytax really)
Thanks in advance...
def censor(text,censorword):
text = text.split()
fntxt = ""
for word in text:
if word == censorword:
fntxt += "*" * len(word)
fntxt += " "
print fntxt
else:
fntxt += word
fntxt += " "
print fntxt
print fntxt
return fntxt
censor("Hello, how are you today? No, how are you?", "how")
This returns:
Hello,
Hello, ***
Hello, *** are
Hello, *** are you
Hello, *** are you today?
Hello, *** are you today? No,
Hello, *** are you today? No, ***
Hello, *** are you today? No, *** are
Hello, *** are you today? No, *** are you?
Hello, *** are you today? No, *** are you?
I would really appreciate it if you guys could help here.
(validation error message = "Oops, try again. Your function fails on censor("hey hey hey","hey"). It returns "*** *** *** " when it should return "*** *** ***". "
Thanks again. | https://discuss.codecademy.com/t/10-censor/12555 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 193 | 78.55 |
CSCI-15 Assignment #2, String processing. (60 points) Due 9/23/13
You MAY NOT use C++ string objects for anything in this program.
Write a C++ program that reads lines of text from a file using the ifstream getline() method, tokenizes the lines into words ("tokens") using strtok(), and keeps statistics on the data in the file. Your input and output file names will be supplied to your program on the command line, which you will access using argc and argv[].
You need to count the total number of words, the number of unique words, the count of each individual word, and the number of lines. Also, remember and print the longest and shortest words in the file. If there is a tie for longest or shortest word, you may resolve the tie in any consistent manner (e.g., use either the first one or the last one found, but use the same method for both longest and shortest). You may assume the lines comprise words (contiguous lower-case letters [a-z]) separated by spaces, terminated with a period. You may ignore the possibility of other punctuation marks, including possessives or contractions, like in "Jim's house". Lines before the last one in the file will have a newline ('\n') after the period. In your data files, omit the '\n' on the last line. You may assume that the lines will be no longer than 100 characters, the individual words will be no longer than 15 letters and there will be no more than 100 unique words in the file.
Read the lines from the input file, and echo-print them to the output file. After reaching end-of-file on the input file (or reading a line of length zero, which you should treat as the end of the input data), print the words with their occurrence counts, one word/count pair per line, and the collected statistics to the output file. You will also need to create other test files of your own. Also, your program must work correctly with an EMPTY input file – which has NO statistics.
Test file looks like this (exactly 4 lines, with NO NEWLINE on the last line):
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party.
all i want for christmas is my two front teeth.
the quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.
Copy and paste this into a small file for one of your tests.
Hints:
Use a 2-dimensional array of char, 100 rows by 16 columns (why not 15?), to hold the unique words, and a 1-dimensional array of ints with 100 elements to hold the associated counts. For each word, scan through the occupied lines in the array for a match (use strcmp()), and if you find a match, increment the associated count, otherwise (you got past the last word), add the word to the table and set its count to 1.
The separate longest word and the shortest word need to be saved off in their own C-strings. (Why can't you just keep a pointer to them in the tokenized data?)
Remember – put NO NEWLINE at the end of the last line, or your test for end-of-file might not work correctly. (This may cause the program to read a zero-length line before seeing end-of-file.)
This is not a long program – no more than about 2 pages of code.
Here is my code:
#include<fstream> #include<string> #include<cstring> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { ifstream inputFile; ofstream outputFile; string line; char *token;. token = strtok(NULL, "."); // Removes period. // Get the name of the file from the user. cout << "Enter the name of the file: "; cin >> inFile; // Open the input file. inputFile.open(inFile); // If successfully opened, process the data. if(inputFile) { while(!inputFile.eof()) { lineCount++; // Increment each line. // If there is a match, increment the associated count. if(strcmp(words, token) == 0) { counter[100]++; totalCount++; // Increment the total number of words; token = strtok(NULL, " "); // Removes the whitespace. // If there is a tie for longest word, get the first or last word found. if(strcmp(words, longest) == 0) { longest[16] = ""; } // If there is a tie for shortest word, get the first or last word found. else if(strcmp(words,; outputFile << "Longest words: " << longest[16] << endl; outputFile << "Shortest words: " << shortest[16] << endl; // Close the output file. outputFile.close(); return 0; }
Error: Cannot convert char[][16] to const char for argument 1 to int strcmp(const char, const char)
This is occurring on lines 42, 48, and 53. How can I get rid of this error? | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/463153/how-can-i-get-rid-of-this-error-in-my-program | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 785 | 70.53 |
by Rui Pereira
This tutorial is a quick and practical introduction to Object Oriented Programming in openFrameworks and a how-to guide to build and use your own classes. By the end of this chapter you should understand how to create your own objects and have a lot of balls bouncing on your screen!
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the use of objects and their interactions. A recurring analogy is to see a "class" as a cookie cutter that can create many cookies, the "objects". Some terms and definitions used within OOP are listed below:
A class defines the characteristics of a thing - the object - and its behaviours; it defines not only its properties and attributes but also what it can do.
An object is an instance of a class.
The methods are the objects abilities.
Classes and objects are the fundamental part of Object Oriented programming. Because cooking, like coding, is fun and we tend to experiment in the kitchen let's continue with the classic metaphor of a cookie cutter as a class, defining its interactions, capabilities and affordances, and cookies as the objects. Every class has two files: a header file, also known as a declarations file with the termination '.h' and an implementation file, terminating in '.cpp'. A very easy way of knowing what these two files do is to think of the header file (.h) as a recipe, a list of the main ingredients of your cookie. The implementation file (.cpp) is what we're going to do with them, how you mix and work them to be the perfect cookie! So let's see how it works:
First of all let's create the two class files: If you're using Xcode as your IDE (it stands for: Integrated Development Environment), select the src folder and left Click (or CTRL + click), on the pop-up menu select 'New File' and you'll be taken to a new window menu, choose the appropriate platform you're developing for (OS X or iOS) and select C++ class and finally choose a name (we used 'Ball'). You'll automatically see the two files in your 'src' folder: 'Ball.h' and 'Ball.cpp'. If you are using Code::Blocks create a new project from empty one given inside the "examples" directory (or check out the ProjectGenerator). Copy the folder "empty" and rename it to "OOP". Change into this new directory, copy the "emptyExample" and rename it to "ball1". Inside the "ball1" directory rename "emptyExample.workspace" to "ball1.workspace" and "emptyExample.cbp" to "ball1.cbp". Now you have a dedicated directory and a dedicated project to play around with. Open "ball1.cbp" with Code::Blocks , right-click on the "emptyExample" workspace, select "Properties" (last entry in the list) and change the title of the project. The "src" directory in your project contains all the files you need to edit in this chapter. Add two new files inside the 'src' directory by either using 'File'->'New'->'Empty File' or pressing Tab+Ctrl+N. One file should be named 'Ball.h' and the other 'Ball.cpp'. Now let's edit your class header (.h) file. Feel free to delete all its contents and let's start from scratch: Declare a class in the header file (.h). In this case, the file name should be Ball.h. Follow the code below and type into your own Ball.h file, please note the comments I've included to guide you along.
#ifndef _BALL // if this class hasn't been defined, the program can define it #define _BALL // by using this if statement you prevent the class to be called more than once which would confuse the compiler #include "ofMain.h" // we need to include this to have a reference to the openFrameworks framework class Ball { public: // place public functions or variables declarations here // methods, equivalent to specific functions of your class objects void setup(); // setup method, use this to setup your object's initial state void update(); // update method, used to refresh your objects properties void draw(); // draw method, this where you'll do the object's drawing // variables float x; // position float y; float speedY; // speed and direction float speedX; int dim; // size ofColor color; // color using ofColor type Ball(); // constructor - used to initialize an object, if no properties are passed the program sets them to the default value private: // place private functions or variables declarations here }; // don't forget the semicolon! #endif
We have declared the Ball class header file (the list of ingredients) and now lets get to the cooking part to see what these ingredients can do! Please notice the '#include' tag. This is a way to tell the compiler (wikipedia) about any files to include in the implementation file. When the program is compiled these '#include' tags will be replaced by the original file they're referring to. The 'if statement' (#ifndef) is a way to prevent the repetition of header files which could easily occur. This is called an include guard. Using this pattern helps the compiler to only include the file once and avoid repetition. Don't worry about this now, we'll talk about it later on!
We will now create a class for a ball object. This ball will have color, speed and direction properties: it will move across the screen and bounce against the wall. Some of these properties we will create with randomized attributes but we'll be careful to create the right logic for its motion behaviours.
Here's how you can write the class Ball.cpp file, the implementation file:
#include "Ball.h" Ball::Ball(){ } void Ball::setup(){ x = ofRandom(0, ofGetWidth()); // give some random positioning y = ofRandom(0, ofGetHeight()); speedX = ofRandom(-1, 1); // and random speed and direction speedY = ofRandom(-1, 1); dim = 20; color.set(ofRandom(255),ofRandom(255),ofRandom(255)); // one way of defining digital color is by addressing its 3 components individually (Red, Green, Blue) in a value from 0-255, in this example we're setting each to a random value }, this is such a simple program that we could have written it inside our ofApp(.h and .cpp) files and that would make sense if we didn't want to reuse this code elsewhere. One of the advantages of Object Oriented Programming is reuse. Imagine we want to create thousands of these balls. The code could easily get messy without OOP. By creating our own class we can later re-create as many objects as we need from it and just call the appropriate methods when needed keeping our code clean and efficient. In a more pragmatic example think of creating a class for each of your user-interface (UI) elements (button, slider, etc) and how easy it would be to then deploy them in your program but also to include and reuse them in future programs.
Now that we've created a class let's make the real object! In your ofApp.h (header file) we'll have to declare a new object but first we need to include (or give the instructions to do so) your Ball class in our program. To do this we need to write:
#include "Ball.h"
on the top of your ofApp.h file. Then we can finally declare an instance of the class in our program. Add the following line inside the
ofApp class, just above the final "};".
Ball myBall;
Now let's get that ball bouncing on screen! Go to your project ofApp.cpp (implementation) file. Now that we've created the object, we just need to set it up and then update its values and draw it by calling its methods.
In the
setup() function of ofApp.cpp add the following code:
myBall.setup(); // calling the object's setup method
In the
update() function add:
myBall.update(); // calling the object's update method
and in the
draw() function lets add:
myBall.draw(); // call the draw method to draw the object
Compile and run! At this point you should be seeing a bouncing ball on the screen! Great!
By now, you're probably asking yourself why you went to so much trouble to create a bouncing ball. You could have done this (and probably have) without using classes. In fact one of the advantages of using classes is to be able to create multiple individual objects with the same characteristics. So, let's do that now! Go back to your ofApp.h file and create a couple of new objects:
Ball myBall1; Ball myBall2; Ball myBall3;
In the implementation file (ofApp.cpp), call the corresponding methods for each of the objects in the ofApp's
setup() function:
myBall1.setup(); myBall2.setup(); myBall3.setup();
in the ofApp's
update() function:
myBall1.update(); myBall2.update(); myBall3.update();
and also in the
draw() function:
myBall1.draw(); myBall2.draw(); myBall3.draw();
We've just created 3 objects but you can have already see how tedious it would be to create 10, 100 or maybe 1000's of them. Hard-coding them one by one would be a long and painful process that could be easily solved by automating the object creation and function calls. Just by using a couple for loops we'll make this process simpler and cleaner. Instead of declaring a list of objects one by one, we'll create an array of objects of type
Ball. We'll also introduce another new element: a constant. Constants are set after any #includes as #define CONSTANT_NAME value. This is a way of setting a value that won't ever change in the program. In the ofApp class header file, where you define the balls objects, you also define the constant that we'll use for the number of objects:
#define NBALLS 10
We'll now use the constant NBALLS value to define the size of our array of objects:
Ball myBall[NBALLS];
An array is an indexed list of items of the same type. The index is used to access a particular item in the list. This index usually starts with 0, so the first
Ball (object) is found at myBall[0]. Only a handful of programming languages start the index of an array with 1. If you try to access an invalid index (either larger than the size of the array or a negative one), you get an error. Check the 'C++ basics' chapter for more information on arrays. In our implementation file we create an array of objects and call their methods through 'for' loops.
In the
setup() function remove:
myBall1.setup(); myBall2.setup(); myBall3.setup();
and add
for(int i=0; i<NBALLS; i++){ myBall[i].setup(); }
instead.
In the
update() function remove
myBall1.update(); myBall2.update(); myBall3.update();
and write
for(int i=0; i<NBALLS; i++){ myBall[i].update(); }
In the
draw() function replace
myBall1.draw(); myBall2.draw(); myBall3.draw();
with
for(int i=0; i<NBALLS; i++){ myBall[i].draw(); }
By using the for loop, the
setup(), the
update() and the
draw() method is called for each
Ball object in the
myBall-array and no object has to be touched manually.
As we've seen, each of the objects has a set of properties defined by its variables (position, speed, direction and dimension). Another advantage of object oriented programming is that the objects created can have different values for each of their properties. For us to have better control of each object, we can have a method that allows us to define these characteristics and lets us access them. Because we want to do this right after creating the object, let's do this in the method called
setup(). We will modify it to pass in some of the objects properties, let's say its position and dimension. First let's do this in the Ball definitions file (*.h):
void setup(float _x, float _y, int _dim);
We'll need to update the Ball implementation (*.cpp) file to reflect these changes.
void Ball::setup(float _x, float _y, int _dim){ x = _x; y = _y; dim = _dim; speedX = ofRandom(-1, 1); speedY = ofRandom(-1, 1); }
Your Ball.cpp file should look like this by now:
#include "Ball.h" Ball::Ball(){ }; void Ball::setup(float _x, float _y, int _dim){ x = _x; y = _y; dim = _dim; speedX = ofRandom(-1, 1); speedY = ofRandom(-1, 1); color.set(ofRandom(255), ofRandom(255), ofRandom(255)); } in the ofApp.cpp file we will need to run this newly implemented method right when we start our application so it will reflect the different settings on each object as they are created. So, in the
ofApp::setup()
for(int i=0; i<NBALLS; i++){ int size = (i+1) * 10; // defining the size of each ball based on its place in the array int randomX = ofRandom( 0, ofGetWidth() ); //generate a random value bigger than 0 and smaller than our application screen width int randomY = ofRandom( 0, ofGetHeight() ); //generate a random value bigger than 0 and smaller than our application screen height myBall[i].setup(randomX, randomY, size); }
As you see it is now possible to directly control the objects properties on its creation. Now we'll just need to use the for loop from above to go through the balls to update and draw them in the respective functions.
myBall[i].update(); myBall[i].draw();
While many times you'll already have a pre-defined number of objects you'll need to create and using arrays is the right choice, there are other ways to create multiple objects that offer other advantages: welcome vectors! Vectors are really great as they'll allow to create collections of objects without a predefined number of elements. They're quite dynamic and allow you to add objects on the fly (e.g. while your program is running) but also to remove them when you need longer need the objects. Think of them as elastic arrays. So, let's use them! Note: You'll be hearing about two different types of vectors throughout this book. Please don't confuse stl::vectors (the elastic arrays type we're talking about) with mathematical vectors (e.g. forces).
To learn more about stl::vector check the "C++ basics" chapter or the short online tutorial on the openFrameworks website.
Back to our beloved ofApp.h file, let's define a vector of
Ball objects by typing:
vector <Ball> myBall;
In this expression we're creating a type (vector) of type (Ball pointers) and naming it myBall. Now, let's head to our ofApp.cpp and start cooking! Ignore the
setup(),
update() and
draw() methods in the ofApp for now, let's jump to
ofApp::mouseDragged(...) method. This method constantly listens to the mouse drag action and if it has changed it reveals its values (position and button state) to us.
void ofApp::mouseDragged(int x, int y, int button){ }
In this method we're listening to the dragging activity of your mouse, and we'll use this to create interaction! So let's just create some code to create
Balls and add them to our program when we drag the mouse. The dragging activity of your mouse or trackpad is an ubiquitous, simple but also very gestural source of data and we'll use this simplicity to create interaction! Let's add some code to create
Balls and add them to our program when we drag the mouse.
void ofApp::mouseDragged(int x, int y, int button){ Ball tempBall; // create the ball object tempBall.setup(x,y, ofRandom(10,40)); // setup its initial state myBall.push_back(tempBall); // add it to the vector }
A few new things in our code: we begin by declaring a temporary object, think of it as a placeholder for the real object - that will be inside the vector! - we them define its initial properties by assigning the
x and
y mouse drag coordinates to its setup variables. Afterwards, we use this temporary object as a placeholder to add
Ball objects to our vector.
Back to our update and draw methods. We can add the needed 'for loops' to iterate over the objects in the vector to update and draw them like we would do with arrays. This time though we didn't declare a variable that stores the maximum number of objects but instead, the vector object provides us with a handy method we can call to know their size (
size()). See code below for
update()
for (int i = 0; i<myBall.size(); i++) { myBall[i].update(); }
and for
draw():
for (int i = 0 ; i<myBall.size(); i++) { myBall[i].draw(); }
Now the 'for' loop iterates over all objects in the vector without us needing to specify the exact number of items beforehand. It gets adjusted on the fly thanks to
size().
If you ran the previous code you'll see that in a very short time you'll not only create a huge amount of balls but at some point your system might become sluggish because there are just way too many objects on screen. As we just mentioned vectors are very special as we can add and remove elements dynamically. That's their magic: vectors are elastic! So, let's also implement a way to delete them before we have way too many Balls.
On the
ofApp::MousePressed(...) call we will loop though our vector and check the distance between the coordinates of the mouse with a particular
Ball position. If this distance is smaller than the
Ball radius then we know that we're clicking inside it and we can delete it. Because we're using the
vector.erase(...) method we need to use an iterator (
myBall.begin()). Iterators are pointing to some element in a larger contained group and have the ability to iterate through the elements of that range. See them as paths or links. In this very case they are a shortcut that references the first element of the vector as a starting point to access the vector element we really want to erase (
i), thus
myBall.begin()+i.
for (int i =0; i < myBall.size(); i++) { float distance = ofDist(x,y, myBall[i].x, myBall[i].y); // a method oF gives us to check the distance between two coordinates if (distance < myBall[i].dim) { myBall.erase(myBall.begin()+i); // we need to use an iterator/ reference to the vector position we want to delete } }
But because there's always a time you might just want to destroy them all, vectors also have a very handy method to help you:
clear(). Feel free to experiment and try using it yourself!
myBall.clear();
You're now discovering the power of OOP: making a class and creating as many objects from that in an instant, adding and deleting by your application needs. Now, for a second let's go back to our cooking metaphor (yummy!) and imagine that your cookies, even though sharing the same cookie cutter and dough, are using some different sprinkles on each to add some desired variation to our cookie jar selection! This is also the power of OOP and inheritance. It allows us to use a base class and add some specific behaviours, overwriting some of the behaviours of a class, creating a subset of instances / objects with slightly different behaviours. The great thing about this is it's reusability. We're using the parent class as a starting point, using all its capabilities but we overwrite one of its methods to give it more flexibility. Going back to the initial version of our
Ball class we'll build some child classes based on its main characteristics (motion behaviours and shape) but we'll distinguish each inherited sub-class by using a different color in its drawing method.
Your Ball header file should look like this:
#ifndef _BALL // if this class hasn't been defined, the program can define it #define _BALL // by using this if statement you prevent the class to be called more than once which would confuse the compiler #include "ofMain.h" class Ball { public: // place public functions or variables declarations here void setup(); void update(); void draw(); // variables float x; float y; float speedY; float speedX; int dim; ofColor color; Ball(); private: }; #endif
Let's make some slight changes on the implementation file. Lets change the minimum and maximum values of the random size to larger values and set the position to the center of the screen. Make the source code look like this:
#include "Ball.h" Ball::Ball(){ } void Ball::setup(){ x = ofGetWidth()*.5; y = ofGetHeight()*.5; dim = ofRandom(200,250); speedX = ofRandom(-1, 1); speedY = ofRandom(-1, 1); color.set(ofRandom(255), ofRandom(255), ofRandom(255)); }
We can leave the
update() and
draw() functions as they were, but
mouseDragged(...) inside ofApp.cpp needs to be adjusted to the new
setup() function by removing the three arguments:
void ofApp::mouseDragged(int x, int y, int button){ Ball tempBall; // create the ball object tempBall.setup(); // setup its initial state myBall.push_back(tempBall); // add it to the vector }
Now, let's start making child versions of this parent class. Create a new class set of files and name them
BallBlue. Feel free to copy the code below. It's '.h' should look like this:
#pragma once // another and more modern way to prevent the compiler from including this file more than once #include "ofMain.h" #include "Ball.h" // we need to include the parent class, the compiler will include the mother/base class so we have access to all the methods inherited class BallBlue : public Ball { // we set the class to inherit from 'Ball' public: virtual void draw(); // this is the only method we actually want to be different from the parent class };
In the '.cpp' file we'll need to then specify what we want the new
draw() method to behave differently from the one in the parent class.
#include "BallBlue.h" void BallBlue::draw(){ ofSetColor(ofColor::blue); // this is a shortcut for full blue color ;) ofDrawCircle(x, y, dim); }
Now create two new classes on your own:
BallRed and
BallGreen based on the
Ball class like
BallBlue. Back to your 'ofApp.h'. Include the newly made classes and create one instance of each and in your 'ofApp.cpp' file. Initialize them and call their
update() and
draw() methods. A quick trick! Right before you call the
draw() method, make this call:
ofEnableBlendMode(OF_BLENDMODE_ADD);
This will make your application drawing methods have an additive blending mode. For more on this check the "Graphics" chapter.
Hope you enjoyed this short tutorial! Have fun! | http://openframeworks.cc/ofBook/chapters/OOPs!.html | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 3,754 | 62.78 |
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Testing iOS App Upgrades
This week we wander back to the fun world of iOS to talk about testing app upgrades. One common requirement for many testers goes beyond the functionality of an app in a frozen state. Hopefully, your team is shipping new versions of your app to customers on a frequent basis. This means your customers are upgrading to the latest version, not installing it from scratch. There might all kinds of existing user data that needs to be migrated for the app to work correctly, and simply running functional tests of the new version would not be sufficient to catch these cases.
Luckily, the latest version of the Appium 1.8 beta now supports commands that make it easy to reinstall and relaunch your app from within a single Appium session. This opens up the possibility of testing an in-place upgrade.
To demonstrate this, I'd like to introduce The App, a cross-platform React Native demo app that I will be building out to support the various examples we'll encounter here in Appium Pro. If the name sounds vaguely familiar, it might be because I'm infringing on my friend Dave Haeffner's trademark use of the definite article! (Dave is the author of Elemental Selenium, and hosts a demo web app called The Internet). Luckily for me, Dave has been gracious in donating the name idea to Appium Pro, so we can proceed without worry.
I recently published v1.0.0 of The App, and it contains just one feature: a little text field which saves what you write into it and echoes it back to you. It just so happens that this data is saved internally using the key
@TheApp:savedEcho.
Now, in our toy app (i.e., me). Let's pretend that instead of writing this migration code, I forgot, and went ahead and changed the key. I then released v1.0.1. This version contains the bug of the missing text due to the forgotten migration code, even though as a standalone version of the app it works fine. Let's keep pretending, and say that after much facepalming I wrote the migration code and released it as v1.0.2. Now the intrepid testers who are rightly suspicious of me top of it, and then launches the new app.
What do the
args look like? In each case they should be a
HashMap that is used to generate simple JSON structures. The
terminateApp and
launchApp commands both have one key,
bundleId (which is of course the bundle ID of your app).
installApp takes an
app key, which is the path or URL to the new version of your app.
For our example, to create a passing test we'll need two apps: v1.0.0 and v1.0.2:
private String APP_V1_0_0 = "";
private String APP_V1_0_2 = "";
I'm happily using GitHub asset download URLs to feed into Appium here. Assuming we've started the test with
APP_V1_0_0 as our
app capability, the trio of app upgrade commands then looks like:
HashMap<String, String> bundleArgs = new HashMap<>();
bundleArgs.put("bundleId", BUNDLE_ID);
driver.executeScript("mobile: terminateApp", bundleArgs);
HashMap<String, String> installArgs = new HashMap<>();
installArgs.put("app", APP_V1_0_2);
driver.executeScript("mobile: installApp", installArgs);
// can just reuse args for terminateApp
driver.executeScript("mobile: launchApp", bundleArgs); (note that I included the option of running the test with the version of the app that has the bug, which would produce a failing test):
import io.appium.java_client.MobileBy;
import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.HashMap;006_iOS_Upgrade {
private String BUNDLE_ID = "io.cloudgrey.the-app";
private String APP_V1_0_0 = "";
private String APP_V1_0_1 = "";
private String APP_V1_0_2 = ""; testSavedTextAfterUpgrade () throws IOException {
DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformName", "iOS");
capabilities.setCapability("deviceName", "iPhone 7");
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "11.2");
capabilities.setCapability("app", APP_V1_0_0);
// change this to APP_V1_0_1 to experience a failing scenario
String appUpgradeVersion = APP_V1_0_2;
// Open the app.
IOSDriver driver = new IOSDriver<>);
HashMap<String, String> bundleArgs = new HashMap<>();
bundleArgs.put("bundleId", BUNDLE_ID);
driver.executeScript("mobile: terminateApp", bundleArgs);
HashMap<String, String> installArgs = new HashMap<>();
installArgs.put("app", appUpgradeVersion);
driver.executeScript("mobile: installApp", installArgs);
driver.executeScript("mobile: launchApp", bundleArgs);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(echoBox)).click();
savedText = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(savedMsg)).getText();
Assert.assertEquals(savedText, TEST_MESSAGE);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
You can also find the code inside a working repository on GitHub. That's it for testing app upgrades on iOS! Stay tuned for a future edition where we discuss how to achieve the same results with Android. | https://appiumpro.com/editions/6 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 754 | 50.53 |
SVG2/Specification authoring guide
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The master directory
- 3 Chapter format
- 3.1 Processing instructions
- 3.2 Final XML structure
- 3.3 CSS classes
- 4 Making a change
Introduction
The SVG 2 specification is stored in the svg2 Mercurial repository. This repository is split into three directories:
The 'master' directory contains the master files for the specification. These files contain a lot of special processing instructions to generate and modify their contents, making them unsuitable for consumption by end users. The actual specification documents are created by running the file publish.py (found in the 'tools' directory) which produces/updates the contents of the 'publish' directory. Everything in the 'publish' directory is created by publish.py, so never modify this directory by hand.
The master directory
The master directory contains one XHTML file per chapter. It also contains a couple of special files.
publish.xml
publish.xml is a file that contains instructions to the build system on how the specification is structured and how it is to be built.
Its format is as follows, taking the existing SVG 1.1 Second Edition publish.xml as an example:
<publish-conf <!-- The full title of the specification. --> <title>Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 (Second Edition)</title> <!-- A shorter version of the specification title, used in places like the links in the header/footer of each chapter to page to preceding/following chapters, and in the <title> of each chapter. --> <short-title>SVG 1.1 (Second Edition)</short-title> <!-- The W3C TR document maturity level. One of: ED, WG-NOTE, WD, FPWD, LCWD, FPLCWD, CR, PR, PER, REC, RSCND --> <maturity>ED</maturity> <!-- (Optional) Control for where the output of the build process goes. If omitted, the default is <output use- which means that the published version of the spec will be placed in a directory [specification-root]/publish/. --> <output use- <!-- (Optional) Overrides the document publication date in the output. This is normally not needed. In particular, it is not needed when doing a build of the specification for a TR publication (i.e., when <maturity> is set to anything other than "ED"), since the publication date will be automatically extracted from the URL specified in the <this> element, below. When <maturity> is set to "ED", the date used is the current date. --> <publication-date>2010-06-22</publication-date> <!-- Links for current/previous versions of the specification on w3.org. --> <versions> <!-- Link to the current Editor's Draft. --> <cvs href=""/> <!-- Link to the next/upcoming TR publication. This one would normally have a placeholder URL, like you can see here. When it comes to publish the specification on the TR page, you would update the URL here and then rebuild. This URL is used for the "This version" link in the specification header. --> <this href=""/> <!-- (Optional) Link to the directly previous TR publication. This URL is used for the "Previous version" link in the specification header. --> <previous href=""/> <!-- The "latest TR version of the specification" link. --> <latest href=""/> <!-- (Optional) The "latest Recommendation of the specification" link. --> <latestrec href=""/> </versions> <!-- (Optional) The name of the definitions file for this specification. This typically would be called "definitions.xml". --> <definitions href="definitions.xml"/> <!-- (Optional) The name of the IDL-in-XML files for this specification. (The IDLX is currently generated from the IDL in a separate step before the publish.xsl, which processes this publish.xml files, runs.) --> <interfaces idl="svg.idlx"/> <!-- (Optional) The name of a file to write a separate page Expanded Table of Contents to. --> <toc href="expanded-toc.html"/> <!-- (Optional) The name of a file to write an element index to. --> <elementindex href="eltindex.html"/> <!-- (Optional) The name of a file to write an attribute index to. --> <attributeindex href="attindex.html"/> <!-- (Optional) The name of a file to write a property index to. --> <propertyindex href="propidx.html"/> <!-- The following elements specify all of separate pages/chapters of the specification, with the ".html" omitted. The order of the <page>, <chapter> and <appendix>es is significant. --> <!-- The "main page" of the specification. If this is only a one page specification, then this is the only element needed. --> <index name="index"/> <!-- (Optional) A <page> element is used for a non-chapter, non-appendix separate HTML file of the specification. It will appear in the Table of Contents, and can be navigated to from the header/footer links, but is not classified as chapter or appendix for numbering. --> <page name="expanded-toc"/> <!-- (Optional) A <chapter> element is used for a numbered chapter in the specification. --> <chapter name="intro"/> <chapter name="concepts"/> ... <chapter name="backward"/> <chapter name="extend"/> <!-- (Optional) An <appendix> element is used for a numbered (with letters!) appendix in the specification. --> <appendix name="svgdtd"/> <appendix name="svgdom"/> ... <appendix name="refs"/> <appendix name="eltindex"/> <appendix name="attindex"/> <appendix name="propidx"/> <appendix name="feature"/> <appendix name="mimereg"/> <appendix name="changes"/> </publish-conf>)
Chapter format
The markup used in the specification is XHTML plus some other-namespaced elements that cause some magic to happen. (Magic also happens with some plain XHTML content, too.) This section describes how to write content to get the most out of the build system.
Chapter and appendix files are structured like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional+edit//EN" "xhtml1-transitional+edit.dtd"> <html xmlns="" xmlns: <head> <title>Chapter Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="style/svg-style.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="style/svg-style-extra.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="style/svg-style-print.css"/> </head> <body> <h1>Chapter Title</h1> <p>Some body text.</p> <h2 id="SectionID">A section in the chapter.</h2> <p>More text.</p> <h2 id="AnotherSectionID">Another section.</h2> ... </body> </html>
The edit prefix is for the foreign elements that do some special processing. (The actualy namespace URI is a legacy from the SVG 1.2 Tiny build system, from where these processing elements are derived.)
Avoid including a chapter-specific <style> element in the file, since it will be omitted when the single page version of the specification is generated.
Note that separate sections are not wrapped in a <div> or any other block level element. Heading elements and actual content all appears as children of the <body>. To avoid unnecessary waste of horiztonal space, direct child elements of <body> should be placed in column 1.
The table of contents in a chapter is generated automatically below the <h1> without any need to include a special processing element. <cursor> element or the 'cursor'
Final XML structure
CSS classes
Making a change
For SVG 1.1 Second Edition, to republish your changes, do the following:
- Run cvs up in the publish/ directory, to make sure you don't have out of date files in there before they are overritten (else CVS will complain at you).
- Run make in the master/ directory.
- In SVG/profiles/1.1F2/, run cvs commit master publish to commit your changes including the republished version of the specification.
The procedure will be a little different for SVG 2, as described below. | https://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/WG/wiki/SVG2/Specification_authoring_guide | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 1,191 | 51.04 |
Overview
In the previous post we covered the ftplib module in Python, which you can read more about here. In this post we will cover the pysftp module. SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is used for securely exchanging files over the Internet.
What is it?
pysftp is an easy to use sftp module that utilizes paramiko and pycrypto. It provides a simple interface to sftp. Some of the features are: Gracefully handles both RSA and DSS private key files automatically Supports encrypted private key files. Logging can now be enabled/disabled
Why should I use it?
When you want to securely exchange files over the Internet.
How do I install it?
pysftp is listed on PyPi and can be installed using pip.
# Search for pysftp pip search pysftp pysftp # - A friendly face on SFTP #Install pysftp pip install pysftp
How do I use it?
Using pysftp is easy and we will show some examples on how you can use it
List a remote directory
To connect to our FTP server, we first have to import the pysftp module and specify (if applicable) server, username and password credentials. After running this program, you should see all the files and directories of the current directory of your FTP server.
import pysftp srv = pys(host="your_FTP_server", username="your_username", password="your_password") # Get the directory and file listing data = srv.listdir() # Closes the connection srv.close() # Prints out the directories and files, line by line for i in data: print i
Connection parameters
Arguments that are not given are guessed from the environment.
Parameter Description host The Hostname of the remote machine. username Your username at the remote machine.(None) private_key Your private key file.(None) password Your password at the remote machine.(None) port The SSH port of the remote machine.(22) private_key_pass password to use if your private_key is encrypted(None) log log connection/handshake details (False)
Download / Upload a remote file
As in the previous example we first import the pysftp module and specify (if applicable) server, username and password credentials. We also import the sys module, since we want the user to specify the file to download / upload.
import pysftp import sys # Defines the name of the file for download / upload remote_file = sys.argv[1] srv = pys(host="your_FTP_server", username="your_username", password="your_password") # Download the file from the remote server srv.get(remote_file) # To upload the file, simple replace get with put. srv.put(remote_file) # Closes the connection srv.close()
What's the next step?
Play around with the script, change things and see what happens. Try add error handling to it. What happens if no argument is passed? Add some interaction to the program by prompting for input.: | https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/modules-in-python/python-secure-ftp-module | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 448 | 58.48 |
Closed Bug 752231 Opened 10 years ago Closed 10 years ago
import
Node deactivates content of script elements in svg documents
Categories
(Core :: DOM: Core & HTML, defect)
Tracking
()
People
(Reporter: laaglu, Unassigned)
References
Details
Attachments
(1 file)
User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; rv:12.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/12.0 Build ID: 20120420145725 Steps to reproduce: I am writing a program which lets the user pick SVG files with the file API and them to the current page. To do that, I use DOMParser.parseFromString, then Document.importNode. The attach sample reproduces my use case with a circle and a click handler. Actual results: If the SVG file contains <script> elements, these scripts fail to work in the imported SVG elements. Under Firebug, I get 'click is not defined' Expected results: The <script> elements should continue to work. I also tested with Chromium and Opera and they seem no to have this problem.
OS: Linux → All
It's not importNode that does this. It's inserting a <script> element into a document, which is done by parseFromString in your case. Henri, what's the right behavior here per spec?
(In reply to Boris Zbarsky (:bz) from comment #1) > Henri, what's the right behavior here per spec? The right behavior is that parseFromString marks scripts unexecutable. The spec even has a note that recounts the consequences of the normative text: "script elements get marked unexecutable and the contents of noscript get parsed as markup." The right behavior for cloning is to clone the "already started" flag: Firefox is working as designed and per spec. Resolving INVALID in the sense that the allegation of actual behavior is true but the actual behavior is not a defect. I guess bugs need to be filed on WebKit and Opera if they revive scripts in this case.
Status: UNCONFIRMED → RESOLVED
Closed: 10 years ago
Resolution: --- → INVALID
For what it's worth, it looks like Opera and WebKit fail this for HTML <script> too. And for innerHTML as well, not just for DOMParser. I filed Filing a bug on Opera is too painful; I'm not going to worry about it.
I copied your bug report in the Opera bug tracking system. I am not an Opera developer or partner, so I used their "wizard", which generated a bug ID (DSK-363698) in an automated email reply. Hopefully someone will look at it but since the bug tracking system is not public, I as an Opera outsider cannot follow the progress. Thanks anyway for the thorough and prompt answer (as usual)
I poked jgraham about the Opera bug, and he said he could get it fixed.
I tested IE9/10 and it fails the test too. I have not filed the bug with MS though, I do not have the required Windows Live ID (whatever that is)
I downloaded the latest Windows8 preview and did more tests (my first tests were done on IE9 and an early IE10 platform preview). Good news: it turns out MS has fixed the problem and IE10 now executes Boris's testcase correctly. | https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=752231 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 516 | 70.94 |
Details
- Type: Bug
- Status: Closed
- Priority: Not Evaluated
- Resolution: Done
- Affects Version/s: Qt Creator 4.8.0
- Fix Version/s: Qt Creator 4.8.1, Qt Creator 4.9.0-beta1
- Component/s: C/C++/Obj-C++ Support, Editors
- Labels:
- Environment:Visual Studio 2010
Qt 4.8.7
Boost 1.52
visual studio 2015
- Platform/s:
- Commits:951aee8f3a79b0ae66255c9bd1712970ca857299 (qt-creator/qt-creator/4.8)
Description
Using the clang code model I get false positives depending on the #include order
#include <QCoreApplication> // exclude this include and CLANG Code Model is happy... // BOOST version 1.52 #include <boost/math/complex/asin.hpp> #include <QDir> #include <QTextStream> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); QDir myDir("Aha"); QTextStream myTestStream; return a.exec(); }
When including asin.hpp of BOOST 1.52 I get:
QDir and QTextStream are "unknown" even though they are included. Needless to say, that with "F1" I do not get any help on QDir or QTextStream in the Help sidepanel.
"F2" does not get me to the declarations.
But when excluding the include of asin.hpp QDir and QTextStream are recognized by the code model:
And now the "funny" part:
If I move the includes for QDir and QStream in front of the active include of asin.hpp the code model recognizes QDir and QStream, too!
So somehow the asin.hpp disturbes the clang code model?
Attachments
Issue Links
- relates to
QTCREATORBUG-21900 ClangCodeModel does not properly parse includes after the missing one
-
- Closed | https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTCREATORBUG-21685 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 247 | 61.43 |
StatsD for .NET: DogStatsD
More love for your Microsoft stack from Datadog!
Alongside our Microsoft Event Viewer, IIS, and SQL Server integrations, you are now able to monitor custom metrics in your .NET applications with our new DogStatsD C# client.
DogStatsD is a metrics aggregation server that is bundled with the Datadog Agent. The DogStatsD C# client is a C# library that sends custom metrics to the Agent’s DogStatsD server from within .NET web applications and other C# projects. These metrics will then be sent to Datadog, where they can be graphed and analyzed in realtime. DogStatsD is based on the StatsD protocol. Check out Olivier’s blog post for more information about StatsD, and our DogStatsD guide for more information about DogStatsD.
Getting Started
In order to start using the DogStatsD C# client in Microsoft Visual Studio 2012, you’ll need the following:
- A Datadog account so that you can graph and analyze your custom metrics
- The NuGet package manager to easily fetch and install the client
- A running Windows Datadog Agent that will receive the metrics sent by the client
Once you’ve got these prerequisites, open the project you want to monitor in Visual Studio. Then, click on the Tools menu, hover over Library Package Manager, and select Package Manager Console.
Application_Start()method in
Global.asax.cs:
We’re now configured and ready to capture some custom metrics!
I’ve just deployed some new authentication logic and I want to make sure that it hasn’t significantly lengthened the time required to sign in. Here’s the controller method associated with the action:
Let’s wrap the authentication and redirect in a timer. First we have to include the library at the top of the file:
using StatsdClient;
Surround the code we want to time with a timer:
And that’s it! We’ll now start to see this metric appear in Datadog:
| https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/statsd-for-net-dogstatsd/ | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 317 | 61.87 |
I have a database for which I want to restrict access to 3 named individuals. I thought I could do the following:
When I try to do step 3, I get the following error:
Msg 15353, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
An entity of type database cannot be owned by a role, a group, an approle, or by principals mapped to certificates or asymmetric keys.
I have tried to do this via the IDE, the sp_changedbowner sproc, and the ALTER AUTHORIZATION command, and I get the same error each time.
sp_changedbowner
ALTER AUTHORIZATION
After searching MSDN and Google, I find that this restriction is by design. Great, that's useful. Can anyone tell me:
Other info that might be pertinent:
For why isn't this allowed, read on SQL Server: Windows Groups, default schemas, and other properties. To sum up the article, if one would allow a DEFAULT_SCHEMA to a group, what should be the default schema of a login that belongs to two separate groups, each with its own default? These is a difference between primary identites and secondary ones, and for good reason.
If you want to control the permissions on the 'dbo' schema then just create a login for the local group, then a user in the database for this group and finally grant CONTROL on schema::dbo to this user. This will allow the 3 individuals (and any other user in the local group) full control over anything in the dbo schema. They will be able to alter, select and update any object in the dbo.schema, but they won't be able to create new object (unless explicitly granted). If you want them to have full control over anything in the database, not just the existing objects in dbo schema, then just add the local group user to the 'db_owner' role.
If you want to use schemas as a namespace and save your developers from explicitly using a two part name, then ... just don't. Using a two part name qualifier can do no harm and only adds benefits.
As for #2, we solve this by creating custom Database Roles for a specific database.
For example I have 3 domain users who are Developers. I want them to have special access to the database. We create a domain group and put them in it. Then create the associated account in SQL. For that database (Security > Roles > Database Roles) we create a new roll and add that login to the roll.
The roll can give privledges for specific items within the database, can add in permissions from other roles (such as db_owner) and more. It's quite flexible.
I've often heard people complain about doing it this way. Mostly because if they have "hundreds" of database objects it takes too much time, but it is quite flexible to quickly add everything or individual objects. Besides it's poor administration not to be particular on the access you're granting.
The restriction has to do with not being able to define a default schema for a particular login if it is part of multiple groups.
Suppose they did allow it.
If domaingroup DOMAIN\xx has been added to both
a local group SERVER\xx1 -> in sqlsecurity mapped to serverlogin 'xx1' in turn mapped to db-login 'xx1' with default schema 'xx1'
and local group SERVER\xx2 -> ... with default schema 'xx2'
Suppose a user of DOMAIN\xx logs in and issues statement
CREATE table yy
Would the table be created in schema xx1 or in schema xx2?
Answer=UNDEFINED
therefore no default schema for groups.
however the user can still issue
CREATE table xx1.yy
and
CREATE table xx2.yy
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tagged
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active
1 year ago | http://serverfault.com/questions/92071/how-can-i-map-a-windows-group-login-to-the-dbo-schema-in-a-database/92276 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | refinedweb | 640 | 70.33 |
Process Programming in Drools
About this Blog
Drools is the most famous open-source rules engine. And It supports jbpm as a business process engine. In Drools both the engines are combined into KnowledgeBase and they are able to trigger each other during the runtime. In this blog we will see how to run it in with a small example.
Prerequisite
Before starting you need to have JDK/JRE, eclispe, Drools plugin and Drools runtime.
Create a New Project
In eclipse create a new Drools project. And copy the following code into your main method.
public static final void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // load up the knowledge base KnowledgeBase kbase = readKnowledgeBase(); StatefulKnowledgeSession ksession = kbase.newStatefulKnowledgeSession(); } private static KnowledgeBase readKnowledgeBase() throws Exception { KnowledgeBuilder kbuilder = KnowledgeBuilderFactory.newKnowledgeBuilder(); return kbuilder.newKnowledgeBase(); }
Now you have the basic structure of an engine. In our approval example we hope to have the following use cases:
- If price <= 100, approval process 1 will be triggered.
- If price > 100, approval process 2 and 3 will be triggered in sequence.
The Rule Part
Before defining the DRL file we need to have a data model as following:
public class Approval { public int processId; public int price; public void setProcessId(int id) { this.processId = id; } public int getProcessId() { return this.processId; } public void setPrice(int price) { this.price = price; } public int getPrice() { return this.price; } }
Then we can create a rule file approval.drl in the resources folder:
package com.sap.ngom import com.sap.ngom.dataModel.Approval; rule "approval1" no-loop true when approval : Approval( price <= 100) then System.out.println("Process 1 is triggered."); approval.setProcessId(1); update(approval); end rule "approval2" no-loop true when approval : Approval( price > 100) then System.out.println("Process 2 is triggered."); approval.setProcessId(2); update(approval); end
In this rule file we defined two rules which indicate our two use cases respectively. An Approval instance will be inserted in to the ksession. Let’s take rule “approval2” as an example, if the price variable in the Approval instance is larger than 100, then we will print a message to the console and set the selected processId to 2. Then we need to update the Approval instance to confirm the change.
In our main class we can add the rule file into KnowledgeBase.
public static final void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // load up the knowledge base KnowledgeBase kbase = readKnowledgeBase(); StatefulKnowledgeSession ksession = kbase.newStatefulKnowledgeSession(); Approval approval = new Approval(); approval.setPrice(150); ksession.insert(approval); ksession.fireAllRules(); } private static KnowledgeBase readKnowledgeBase() throws Exception { KnowledgeBuilder kbuilder = KnowledgeBuilderFactory.newKnowledgeBuilder(); kbuilder.add(ResourceFactory.newClassPathResource("rule/approval.drl"), ResourceType.DRL); return kbuilder.newKnowledgeBase(); }
Then we run the code and you can see when the price is set to 150, process 2 will be triggered.
The Process Part
For the process part, we want to run process 2 and 3 in sequence when the 2nd process is triggered. We can create a new .bpmn file in our resource folder. And the structure is as following:
In this diagram we have Start Event, End Event as the process entrance and exit. We have three Script Task blocks as the three processes. We have diverge and converge Gateways to deal with the choosing of the processed.
For the three processes we need to define three classes, which only print a message to the console:
public class Process1 { public void runProcess() { System.out.println("Now in process 1."); } }
Then in the bpmn file we let each Script Task block invoke the corresponding runProcess() method.
- Click on the “Process_1” block.
- Modify the action of in the Property perspective.
- Copy following code into the text editor:
import com.sap.ngom.process.Process1;
Process1 process = new Process1();
process.runProcess();
- Click OK to save the action.
- Do the similar changes in the other 2 process blocks.
The Gateway is used to make a decision between two choices. In our case we need a flag variable called processId to indicate which process is chosen. Click on the blank part of the diagram and add processId to the variables.
Click on the diverge Gateway and set the Type to XOR, which indicates that only one process will be ran. Then we can edit the Constraints. PAY ATTENTION that the Type should be code, otherwise the code cannot be executed properly.
Set the Type of the converge Gateway also to XOR.
Make changes in your main class to run the process.
public static final void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // load up the knowledge base KnowledgeBase kbase = readKnowledgeBase(); StatefulKnowledgeSession ksession = kbase.newStatefulKnowledgeSession(); Approval approval = new Approval(); approval.setDiscount(0.1f); approval.setPrice(150); ksession.insert(approval); ksession.fireAllRules(); Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<String, Object>(); params.put("processId", approval.processId); ksession.startProcess("com.sample.bpmn.hello", params); } private static KnowledgeBase readKnowledgeBase() throws Exception { KnowledgeBuilder kbuilder = KnowledgeBuilderFactory.newKnowledgeBuilder(); kbuilder.add(ResourceFactory.newClassPathResource("process/approval.bpmn"), ResourceType.BPMN2); kbuilder.add(ResourceFactory.newClassPathResource("rule/approval.drl"), ResourceType.DRL); return kbuilder.newKnowledgeBase(); }
In the code we can see firstly we use the rule engine to determine which process will be triggered and then set the process Id into the process engine. The process Id is used to indicate which process will be ran.
We set price to 150 ant run the program, we could get the following result:
Trouble Shooting
- If you got an error that class bpmn could not be found, you should add jbpm-bpmn2 as dependency.
- If you got an error that cannot cast BPMN2ProcessProviderImpl to BPMN2ProcessProvider, that seems to be a mismatch of the code versions. We should change the runtime of Drools. In eclipse go to Windows -> Preference -> Drools -> Installed Drools Runtimes. Click the Add button and create a new Drools runtime. Use the new runtime instead of the old one, then the issue should be solved.
Appreciate if you can shed some light on how to integrate drools with Web Intelligence / Design Studio or Lumira. | https://blogs.sap.com/2016/05/17/process-programming-in-drools/ | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 981 | 58.79 |
The jca directory of the Kodo distribution includes kodo-service.xml. This file should be edited to reflect your configuration, most notably connection and license key values. Enter a JNDI name for Kodo to bind to (the default is kodo). Stop JBoss. Copy kodo.rar and kodo-service.xml to the deploy directory of your JBoss server installation (e.g. jboss-3.0.6/server/default/deploy ). Then copy the jdo-1.0.2.jar file to the lib directory of the JBoss server installation (e.g., jboss-3.0.6/server/lib/), so that the common JDO APIs are available globally in the JBoss installation. In addition, you should also place the appropriate JDBC driver jar in the lib directory of your JBoss installation (i.e. jboss-3.0.6/lib ).
To verify your installation, watch the console output for exceptions. In addition, you can check to see if Kodo was bound to JNDI. Open up your jmx-console () and select the JNDIView service. If Kodo was installed correctly, you should see kodo.jdbc.ee.JDBCConnectionFactory bound at the JNDI name you specified. You have now installed Kodo JCA.
Installing in JBoss 3.2 is very similar to JBoss 3.0. Instead of editing and deploying kodo-service.xml, configuration is controlled by kodo-ds.xml, also in the jca directory. Again, configuration involves supplying a JNDI name to bind Kodo, and setting up configuration values. These values are simple XML elements with the configuration property name as element name. kodo-ds.xml and kodo.rar should be deployed to the deploy directory of JBoss. The installation is otherwise the same as JBoss 3.0.
Installation of Kodo into WebLogic requires 3 steps. First ensure that the appropriate JDBC driver is in the system classpath. In WebLogic 6.1.x, this should be in the startWebLogic.sh/cmd in your domain directory ($WL_HOME/config/mydomain). In WebLogic 7, this file is the startWLS.sh/cmd file in the $WL_HOME/server/bin directory. Make sure to also add the JDO base jar (jdo-1.0.2.jar ) to the classpath so that your JDO classes can be loaded. While this jar can be placed inside an ear file, putting it in the system classpath will reduce class resolution conflicts.
The kodo.rar file should then either be copied to the applications directory of your domain, or uploaded through the web admin interface. To upload using the web admin console, select mydomain/Deployments/Connectors in the left navigation bar and then select "Install a new Connector Component." Browse to kodo.rar and upload it to the server.
You should see kodo listed now in the Connectors folder in the navigation pane. Select it and select Edit Connector Descriptor. Under RA, expand Config Properties in the left pane and enter the appropriate values for each property. Be sure to select Apply for every property. In addition, you should provide a JNDI name for Kodo by selecting Weblogic RA from the navigation panel, entering an appropriate JNDI name, and selecting Apply. When you are done configuring Kodo, select the root (kodo.rar) of the navigation pane. Select Persistto save your configuration properties and propgate them to the active domain configuration.
You should see WebLogic attempt to deploy Kodo in the system console. When it is done, return to the main admin web console. Ensure that Kodo is deployed to your server by selecting Targets and adding your server to the chosen area. Kodo should now be deployed to your application server.
To verify the installation, you can view the JNDI tree for your server. Select the server from the admin navigation panel, right click on it, and select View JNDI Tree from the context menu. You should now see Kodo at the JNDI name you provided. You have now installed Kodo JCA.
First, ensure that your JDBC driver is in your system classpath. In addition, you will be adding jdo-1.0.2.jar to the system classpath. You can accomplish this by editing startWebLogic.sh/.cmd.
The next step is to deploy kodo.rar from the jca directory of your Kodo installation. Create a directory named kodo.rar in the applications directory of your domain. Un-jar kodo.rar into this new directory (without copying kodo.rar itself). Then extract kodo-jdo-runtime.jar in place and remove the file:
applications> mkdir kodo.rar applications> cd kodo.rar kodo.rar> jar -xvf /path/to/kodo.rar kodo.rar> jar -xvf kodo-jdo-runtime.jar kodo.rar> rm kodo-jdo-runtime.jar
Now you should configure Kodo JCA by editing META-INF/ra.xml substituing config-property-value stanzas with your own values. You can comment out properties (config-property stanzas) which you are not using or leaving at default settings. Edit META-INF/weblogic-ra.xml to configure the JNDI location to which you want Kodo to be bound.
Now you can start WebLogic and use the console to deploy Kodo JCA. Browse to your WebLogic admin port () and browse to the Connectors (Deployments -> Connector Modules) section and select Deploy a new Connector. Browse to and select kodo.rar and select Target Modules to ensure that Kodo is accessible to the proper servers.
If you have installed Kodo correctly, at this point, one should be able to see Kodo bound to the JNDI location which you specified earlier.
Websphere installation is easiest through the web admin interface. Open the admin console either by the Start menu item (in Windows), or by manually navigating to the admin port and URL appropriate to your installation. Select Resources / Resource Adapters from the left navigation panel. Select Install Rar on the list page. On the following screen upload kodo.rar to the server. On the New page, enter a name for the new Kodo installation such as Kodo JCA and select Ok.
You should now be back to the Resource Adapters list page. Select the name of the Kodo installation you provided. Click on the link marked J2C Connection Factories. This is where you can configure a particular instance of Kodo's JCA implementation. Select New and you will be brought to a configuration page. Be sure to fill in property values for Name and JNDI Name. Select Apply .
After the page refreshes, select the Custom Properties link at the bottom of the page. On the Custom Properties page, you can enter in your connection and other configuration properties as necessary.
When you are done providing configuration values, you will want to save your changes back to the system configuration. Select the Save link on the page or the Save link in the menu bar. You have now installed Kodo JCA.
Installation in SunONE / JES application server requires first providing JDO the proper permissions. This is accomplished by editing the config/server.policy for the server you are dealing with. Edit the file to include the following line into a grant { } stanza.
permission javax.jdo.spi.JDOPermission "*";
Now restart SunONE / JES.
SunONE / JES requires a SunONE / JES-specific deployment file in addition to the generic ra.xml. Edit the sun sun-ra.xml in the META-INF virtual directory in the archive:
mkdir META-INF copy sun-ra.xml META-INF jar -uvf kodo.rar META-INF/sun-ra.xml
Browse to the web admin console of SunONE / JES in your browser. Select your server under App Server Instances and expand to Applications/Connector Modules. Select Deploy and upload your new kodo.rar file. Enter an application name, and click the Select button. Apply your changes by selecting the link in the top right.
If you have installed Kodo correctly, you should see kodo listed in the Connector Module. You have now installed Kodo JCA.
JRun requires a JRun-specific deployment file in addition to the generic ra.xml. Edit the jrun jrun-ra.xml in the META-INF virtual directory in the archive:
mkdir META-INF copy jrun-ra.xml META-INF jar -uvf kodo.rar META-INF/jrun-ra.xml
Browse to the web admin console of JRun in your browser. Select your server in the servers tree andd expand to J2EE Components. Under Resource Adapters, select Add and upload your new kodo.rar file. The Kodo resource adapter will now be deployed to the JNDI name that you specified in the jrun-ra.xml file.
Due to classloader issues, as well as configuration of the RAR itself, some basic expertise in jar and unjarring is required to install Kodo into BES. Otherwise, we recommend deploying Kodo, then switching to single classpath for the entire system through the Admin tool (which prevents hot deploy) to ease classpath conflict issues. First extract kodo.rar to a temporary directory:
mkdir tmp cd tmp jar -xvf ../kodo.rar
From there, remove/move some jars that will cause class conflict issues with either your application or BES. Move jdo-1.0.2.jar to the system classpath (e.g. var/servers/your_server/partitions/lib/system).
You must configure the RAR by editing the ra-borland.xml file included in the jca directory of your Kodo installation. Move this file into the META-INF directory of the expanded RAR file. Refer to the DTD and Borland's documentation on advanced features of the deployment descriptor, including deployment and security options.
With this completed, you can re-jar the expanded contents into a new .rar file to be deployed using iastool or the console interface. Before deploying, first enable Visiconnect on the partition using the console or the command-line utilities. This will activate JCA support in the application server. Then restart BES so that Visiconnect can activate and so that jdo-1.0.2.jar is added to the runtime classpath. When deploying, stubs and verification do not need to be processed on the file and may simplify the deployment process.
tmp> jar -cvf kodo-bes.rar *
After a restart, Kodo should now be deployed to BES. You should be able to find Kodo at the JNDI location of serial://kodo in your application as well as be visible in the JNDI viewer in the console. You have now installed Kodo JCA.
For application servers that do not support JCA as a means of deploying resource adapters, Kodo can be deployed manually by writing some code to configure and bind an instance of the PersistenceManagerFactory into JNDI. The mechanism by which you do this is up to you and will be dependant on functionality that is specific to your application server. The most common way is to create a startup class according to your application server's documentation that will create a factory and then bind it in JNDI. For example, in WebLogic you could write a startup class as follows:
Example 4.1. Binding a PersistenceManagerFactory into JNDI via a WebLogic Startup Class
import java.util.*; import javax.naming.*; import weblogic.common.T3ServicesDef; import weblogic.common.T3StartupDef; import weblogic.jndi.WLContext; /** * This startup class creates and binds an instance of a * Kodo JDBCPersistenceManagerFactory into JNDI. */ public class StartKodo implements T3StartupDef { private static final String PMF_JNDI_NAME = "my.jndi.name"; private static final String PMF_PROPERTY = "javax.jdo.PersistenceManagerFactoryClass"; private static final String PMF_CLASS_NAME = "kodo.jdbc.runtime.JDBCPersistenceManagerFactory"; private T3ServicesDef services; public void setServices (T3ServicesDef services) { this.services = services; } public String startup (String name, Hashtable args) throws Exception { String jndi = (String) args.get ("jndiname"); if (jndi == null || jndi.length () == 0) jndi = PMF_JNDI_NAME; Properties props = new Properties (); props.setProperty (PMF_PROPERTY, PMF_CLASS_NAME); // you could set additional properties here; otherwise, the defaults // from kodo.properties will be used (if the file exists) PersistenceManagerFactory factory = JDOHelper. getPersistenceManagerFactory (props); Hashtable icprops = new Hashtable (); icprops.put (WLContext.REPLICATE_BINDINGS, "false"); InitialContext ic = new InitialContext (icprops); ic.bind (jndi, factory); // return a message for logging return "Bound PersistenceManagerFactory to " + jndi; } }
Applications that utilize Kodo JDO can then obtain a handle to the PersistenceManagerFactory as follows: | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13189_01/kodo/docs335/j2ee_tutorial_jca_installation.html | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 1,976 | 51.85 |
SwiftySweetnessSwiftySweetness
SwiftySweetness is a list of extensions that provides extra functionality and syntactic sugar.
Version 2 ChangesVersion 2 Changes
As of version 2.0.0 all UIKit and AppKit extensions have been removed. They have been moved to HotCocoa. This was done as this framework is meant to be a pure swift framework that should work cross platform without need for the Objective-C runtime.
ExamplesExamples
Int & DoubleInt & Double
Power operator
**:
let power = 2 ** 4 // 16
Or assign the result to one of the variable arguments:
var num = 3 num **= 3 // 27
isNegative Bool property indicating whether or not the given number is negative:
if num.isNegative { ... }
OptionalsOptionals
hasValue property to quickly check if the optional is
nil or not:
var myOptional: Int? = nil myOptional.hasValue // false
StringsStrings
Use subscripts to get character at a given index:
let str = "Hello world!" str[2] // 'l'
Or pass a range to get a substring:
str[2..<7] // "llo w" str[2...7] // "llo wo"
trimmed returns a trimmed version of the string without leading or trailing whitespaces and newlines.
let str = " \n\nMy String\n\n \n" str.trimmed // "My String"
splitCamelCase() splits a camel cased string.
let str = "thisIsACamelCasedString" str.splitCamelCase() // "this Is A Camel Cased String"
initials() returns the first letter of each word in the string.
let str = "Hello World" str.initials() // "HW"
Encodable & DecodableEncodable & Decodable
Swift 4 makes encoding and decoding JSON easy with the
Encodable and
Decodable protocols:
let json = JSONEncoder().encode(myStruct) let decodedStruct = JSONDecoder().decode(MyStruct.self, from: json)
But
SwiftySweetness makes this even easier:
let json = myStruct.encode(to: .json) let decodedStruct = MyStruct.decode(from: json, ofType: .json)
PropertyRepresentablePropertyRepresentable
The
PropertyRepresentable allows any conforming type to generate an array containing all its properties.
struct Person: PropertyRepresentable { var name: String var age: Int } let person = Person(name: "John Doe", age: "20") person.properties() // [(label: "name", value: "John Doe"), (label: "age", value: 20)] person.propertyLabels() // ["name", "age"] person.propertyValues() // ["John Doe", 20] person.propertiesDictionary() // ["name": "John Doe", "age": 20]
PipesPipes
SwiftySweetness offers multiple pipe operators. Piping is supported for all unary, binary, and ternary functions.
|> is the standard pipe operator. It will pipe the input on the left to the function on the right.
func add(_ x: Int, _ y: Int) -> Int { return x + y } let num = 4 num |> (add, -10) |> abs // 6
The
|>? operator takes an optional and either pipes it to the given function if it has a value or returns nil if the value is nil. Note that the value returned is an optional.
let optional1: Int? = 4 optional1 |>? (add, 6) // 10 NOTE: This is of type Int? let optional2: Int? = nil optional2 |>? (add, 6) // nil
The
|>! operator force-unwraps an optional and then pipes it to the given function. This should only be used when you are certain the value is not nil!
let optional1: Int? = 4 optional1 |>! (add, 6) // 10 NOTE: This is of type Int since the value was unwrapped let optional2: Int? = nil optional2 |>! (add, 6) // fatal error: unexpectedly found nil while unwrapping an Optional value
And much more!And much more!
Use it in a project to see what's available.
InstallationInstallation
RequirementsRequirements
- iOS 8.0+
- macOS 10.9+
- tvOS 9.0+
- watchOS 2.0+
- Linux
- Swift 4
CocoaPodsCocoaPods
SwiftySweetness is available through CocoaPods. To install it, simply add the following line to your Podfile:
pod 'SwiftySweetness', '~> 1.4'
Swift Package ManagerSwift Package Manager
SwiftySweetness is available through the Swift Package Manager
To install it, add the following to your
Package.swift.
import PackageDescription let package = Package( name: "MyProject", dependencies: [ .package(url: "", from: "1.4.0") ] )
ContributingContributing
Open an issue or submit a pull request. | http://cocoapods.org/pods/SwiftySweetness | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 608 | 60.82 |
Hie there
what does it stand for abbreviation
structured query language
Structured Query Language (SQL), pronounced "sequel", is a language that provides an interface to relational database systems.
Just an additional note about the pronunciation of "MySQL":
From
How do I pronounce MySQL?
MySQL is pronounced "My Ess Que Ell" ("My S Q L"). But we're friendly people, so we don't get angry if people say "Mysequel".
;-)
People have their own way of doing/saying things... I always say, My-ESS-QUE-ELL (MySQL), but some other people I know insist on MySEQUEL (MySQL).
SEQUEL was predecessor of SQL. The Structured English QUEry Language, developed for System R by Boyce at IBM La Jolla Ca. in the early 1970. IBM changed SEQUEL to SQL due to legal reasons (British company of same name didn’t allow IBM to use this brand). Today IBM-guys pronounce SQL still SEE-QUEL. Rest of world usually pronounce it ESS-QUE-ELL. I personally prefer ESS-QUE-ELL. Well, MY-SEE-QUEL sounds somehow kind of factitious to me.
Well, MY-SEE-QUEL sounds somehow kind of factitious to me.
not as bad as postgresql (post-gres-q-l), commonly shortened to postgres
hello everyone im taking database course this year and it's my first time to take it so i need help how to draw a ERD for following busniess case AND ...
//How to change cin and cout to printf and scanf???
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
char square[10] = {'o','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'};
int checkwin();
void board();
int main()
{
int player = 1,i,choice; ...
I read several forums questions related to SQL database corruption. As we all know, backup is the best way to repair SQL database. What a user will do when backup ... | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/databases/threads/124907/sql | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 301 | 75.4 |
Programmers have always found it difficult to read a big file (5-10 GB) line by line in Java. But there are various ways that can help read a larger file line by line without using much of the memory on the computer.
Using the Buffer Reader and readline() method one can read the data faster even on the computer having less amount of memory.
In the example of Java Read line by line below, a BufferedReader object is created that reads from the file line by line until the readLine() method returns null.
The returning of null by readLine() method of BufferedReader indicates the end of the file.
Let?s say you want to read a file with name ?Read file line by line in Java.txt? that includes a text. Now first thing a program has to do is to find the file. For this we use FileInputStream class.
FileInputStream class extends the java.io.InputStream. It reads a file in bytes.
BufferedReader class extends java.io.Reader. It reads characters, arrays, and lines from an input stream. Its constructor takes input stream as input. It is important to specify the size of the buffer or it will use the default size which is very large.
We have used the readLine() method of BufferedReader class that is used to read a complete line and return string line.
The other methods that can be used are:
read() method of BufferedReader class that reads a character from the input stream.
read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) method of BufferedReader class reads characters and allots then in the part of an array.
DataInputStream Class extends java.io.FilterInputStream. It reads primitive data types from an underlying input stream.
Whenever a read request is made by Reader, a similar read request is made of the character or byte stream. Hence most of the times, a BufferedReader is wrapped around a Reader like FileReader or InputStreamReader.
The Reader buffers the input from a specific file. If they are not buffered every time a read() method or readline() method is invocated, they can convert the bytes read from the file into characters and then return it. This can be of ineffective.
To release the file descriptor at the end, close the stream like shown in example ?inputStream.close()?. The output of read file line by line in Java is printed on console.
Example of Read file line by line using BufferReader:
package ReadFile; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.DataInputStream; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class ReadFileLineByLine { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream("c://readFileLineByLineInJava.txt"); DataInputStream inputStream = new DataInputStream(stream); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream)); String string; while ((string = br.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(string); } inputStream.close(); } }
Read file line by line in Java using Scanner Class:
Besides the Buffer reader, using Scanner class of Java API is another way to read a file line by line in Java. It used hasNextLine() method and nextLine() method to read the contents of a file line by line.
The benefit of using Scanner class is that it has more utilities like nextInt(), nextLong(). Hence, the need to convert a string to integer is no longer required as it can directly reads the number from the file.
Example of Read file line by line using Scanner Class: Read file line by line in Java program
Post your Comment | http://www.roseindia.net/java/javafile/how-to-read-file-line-by-line-in-java-program.shtml | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 581 | 66.03 |
A Runnable is an abstraction for an executable command.
It’s an interface that defined in the
java.lang package:
package java.lang;
public interface Runnable{}
Usage.
Runnable Interface Grandchildren
Well we mean indirect subclasses. Runnable has alot of them so we list only afew commonly used:
Let’s now see some examples:
Java Runnable Example
Let’s see an example of Java Runnable with Threads.
- First specify your application’s package:
package info.tutorialsloop;
- Create the class:
public class Main{}
- Let’s make our class implement Runnable interface:
public class Main implements Runnable {}
- This will force us override the run() method.So we do so:
@Override public void run() { }
- Let’s create two fields at the class level.One to represent the distance our Spaceship has travelled while another a boolean to be flagged to false or true depending on whether we’ve arrived or not:
private static int spaceship_distance=0; private boolean arrived=false;
- Then go back to the) { }
- Then add the following code in the main method:. | https://camposha.info/java-threading-runnable-interface/ | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 170 | 64.1 |
I recently started a new project using webpack and babel and react. In the process I was able to eliminate css completely from my workflow. Here’s how it used to look:
or something like that. The problem with this approach is that all the css rules are global so you have to make sure not to step on anyone else’s toes. Projects like CSS Modules address this problem. Of course you can always namespace your modules with a root CSS class, but when you do have specific rules that are shared (invalid inputs for example), things start getting messy.
If you’re already using babel and react then there’s a similar solution you can use without installing anything else. The idea is to use react inline style. Using that we get rid of the everything being global and colliding with everything else problem So that’s half the battle.
What about inheriting styles from other elements? Well instead of having a cascade happen, we can be explicit and declare exactly how we want to inherit other styles by using the spread operator. Here’s the final version of what the code would look like:
A great thing about this is that looking at the class and the spreads on it, you can easily see which rules will override other rules based on the spread position, for example
o1:{a:1}, o2={b:2}, o3={a:3}, final={ ...o1, ...o2, ...o3 } then final will equal
{a:3, b:2}
This would make deep inheritance somewhat of a pain, but how often is deep inheritance actually needed? I suspect not that often | http://kolodny.github.io/blog/ | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 273 | 69.62 |
Audio Decoder in DALI¶
This tutorial presents, how to set up a simple pipeline, that loads and decodes audio data using DALI. We will use a simple example from Speech Commands Data Set. While this dataset consists of samples in .wav format, the following procedure can be used for most of the well-known digital audio coding formats as well.
Step-by-Step Guide¶
Let’s start by importing DALI and a handful of utils.
[1]:
from nvidia.dali import pipeline_def import nvidia.dali.fn as fn import nvidia.dali.types as types import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np batch_size = 1 audio_files = "../data/audio"
used
batch_size is
1, to keep things simple.
Next, let’s implement the pipeline. Firstly, we need to load data from disk (or any other source). readers.file is able to load data, as well as it’s labels. For more information, refer to the documentation. Furthermore, similarly to image data, you can use other reader operators that are specific for a given dataset or a dataset format (see readers.caffe). After loading the input data, the pipeline decodes the audio data. As stated above, the decoders.audio operator is able to decode most of the well-known audio formats.
Note: Please remember that you shall pass proper data type (argument
dtype) to the operator. Supported data types can be found in the documentation. If you have 24-bit audio data and you set
dtype=INT16, it will result in loosing some information from the samples. The default
dtype for this operator is
INT16
[2]:
@pipeline_def def audio_decoder_pipe(): encoded, _ = fn.readers.file(file_root=audio_files) audio, sr = fn.decoders.audio(encoded, dtype=types.INT16) return audio, sr
Now let’s just build and run the pipeline.
[3]:
pipe = audio_decoder_pipe(batch_size=batch_size, num_threads=1, device_id=0) pipe.build() cpu_output = pipe.run()
Outputs from decoders.audio consist of a tensor with the decoded data, as well as some metadata (e.g. sampling rate). To access them just check another output. On top of that,
decoders.audio returns data in interleaved format, so we need to reshape the output tensor, to properly display it. Here’s how to do that:
[4]:
audio_data = cpu_output[0].at(0) sampling_rate = cpu_output[1].at(0) print("Sampling rate:", sampling_rate, "[Hz]") print("Audio data:", audio_data) audio_data = audio_data.flatten() print("Audio data flattened:", audio_data) plt.plot(audio_data) plt.show()
Sampling rate: 16000.0 [Hz] Audio data: [[ -5] [ -95] [-156] ... [ 116] [ 102] [ 82]] Audio data flattened: [ -5 -95 -156 ... 116 102 82]
Verification¶
Let’s verify, that the decoders.Audio actually works. The presented method can also come in handy for debugging DALI pipeline, in case something doesn’t go as planned.
We will use external tool to decode used data and compare the results against data decoded by DALI.
Important!¶
Following snippet installs the external dependency (
simpleaudio). In case you already have it, or don’t want to install it, you might want to stop here and not run this one.
[ ]:
import sys !{sys.executable} -m pip install simpleaudio
Below is the side-by-side comparision of decoded data. If you have the
simpleaudio module installed, you can run the snippet and see it for yourself.
[5]:
import simpleaudio as sa wav = sa.WaveObject.from_wave_file("../data/audio/wav/three.wav") three_audio = np.frombuffer(wav.audio_data, dtype=np.int16) print("src: simpleaudio") print("shape: ", three_audio.shape) print("data: ", three_audio) print("\n") print("src: DALI") print("shape: ", audio_data.shape) print("data: ", audio_data) print("\nAre the arrays equal?", "YES" if np.all(audio_data == three_audio) else "NO") fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,2) ax[0].plot(three_audio) ax[1].plot(audio_data) plt.show()
src: simpleaudio shape: (16000,) data: [ -5 -95 -156 ... 116 102 82] src: DALI shape: (16000,) data: [ -5 -95 -156 ... 116 102 82] Are the arrays equal? YES
| https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/dali/master-user-guide/docs/examples/audio_processing/audio_decoder.html | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 634 | 53.37 |
The prime factors of 13195 are 5, 7, 13 and 29.
What is the largest prime factor of the number 600851475143 ?
To solve this, I needed to understand the process of prime factorisation (surprisingly, it is something which I was never taught at school/uni).
What we need to do, is to take the number 13195, then try and divide it by the smallest prime number; 2.
If it doesn’t divide equally, we try it with the next prime number; 3, and so on, until it divides evenly with no remainder.
So 13195 divides into 5 evenly, and we get a result of 2639.
We can retain that number 5, but since we’re only interested in the largest prime factor, we reset our divisor count to 2 and start the process again, trying to divide 2639 until we find a number that it divides evenly by, which happens to be 7.
- 13195 / 5 = 2639
- 2639 / 7 = 377
- 377 / 13 = 29
On the last stage of prime factorisation, we’re trying to find a number that fits into 29 evenly, but there isn’t one, so we’re left with the prime number of 29.
We’re left with the prime factors of 5, 7, 13 and 29.
I found that the MathsIsFun.com had a good article on prime factorisation, with several examples and explanations.
Here is my solution using Java
/** * The prime factors of 13195 are 5, 7, 13 and 29. * <p/> * What is the largest prime factor of the number 600851475143 ? */ public class Problem3 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(solve(600851475143l)); } public static int solve(long number) { int i; // start dividing by 2, as that is the smallest prime number, keep going until we're trying to divide the number by itself, // this indicates we've finished. for (i = 2; i <= number; i++) { //We're only interested in "i" if it divides evenly by the number if (number % i == 0) { // divide number by i and re-assign, so we can start counting up from 2 again number /= i; // the for loop will increment i, however if number is divisible by i with no remainder, we want to try again. // for example, if we divide number 2000 by 2, we want to decrement i so we can try to divide the resulting 1000 by 2 again i--; } } return i; } }
Don’t forget the “L” on the end of the number, we need to use a long as its too large to fit in an int.
The answer is 6857 | http://www.jameselsey.co.uk/blogs/techblog/tag/math/ | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 426 | 65.46 |
Hello,
I'm looking for a way to launch a .sublime-project file in Sublime Text 2, so that it loads up all of the project files etc. As opposed to opening it to edit it.
I've tried:
import subprocess
subprocess.Popen('open', '-a', 'Sublime Text 2', '/path/to/file.sublime-project'])
Though that doesn't work.
I've also tried:
import os
os.system("open /path/to/file.sublime-project");
Though that doesn't work either!
Any ideas would be greatly appreciated!
Thanks,
Chris
This may help. As far as I can tell it's only available for Mac OS, for whatever reason but I think "open" is a Mac OS thing so that shouldn't be a problem.
subl --project <project>
Thanks for the suggestion, though that doesn't work.
I setup a symlink to subl, and then ran:
import subprocess
subprocess.call('subl --project /path/to/file.sublime-project'])
Though I get an error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/subprocess.py", line 470, in call
return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait() 2] No such file or directory
I've tried changing the path to the file, I put it on my desktop and then used:
subprocess.call('subl --project ~/Desktop/file.sublime-project'])
Though the error is still the same.
I also was hoping for a multi-platform way to do this.
I found out about a module called desktop.
This allows you to open a file with its native application:
import desktop
desktop.open('/path/to/file')
Thanks for your help!
[quote="christoph2k"]Thanks for the suggestion, though that doesn't work....]I've tried changing the path to the file, I put it on my desktop and then used:
Chris[/quote]
Just FYI. That doesn't work because you're passing the wrong argument to subprocess.call. It should be as follows. Note that each component in the command is a string by itself. The first entry in the list is the command. In your code you're trying to execute a command called 'subl --pro...' not 'subl'
subprocess.call('subl', '--project', '~/Desktop/file.sublime-project']) | https://forum.sublimetext.com/t/launching-sublime-project-file-in-python/6527/2 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | refinedweb | 369 | 70.39 |
I'm writing a log collection / analysis application in Python and I need to write a "rules engine" to match and act on log messages.
It needs to feature:
(message ~ "program\\[\d+\\]: message" and severity >= high) or (severity >= critical)
class RegexRule(Rule):
def __init__(self, regex):
self.regex = regex
def match(self, message):
return self.regex.match(message.contents)
class SeverityRule(Rule):
def __init__(self, operator, severity):
self.operator = operator
def match(self, message):
if operator == ">=":
return message.severity >= severity
# more conditions here...
class BooleanAndRule(Rule):
def __init__(self, rule1, rule2):
self.rule1 = rule1
self.rule2 = rule2
def match(self, message):
return self.rule1.match(message) and self.rule2.match(message)
Do not invent yet another rules language.
Either use Python or use some other existing, already debugged and working language like BPEL.
Just write your rules in Python, import them and execute them. Life is simpler, far easier to debug, and you've actually solved the actual log-reading problem without creating another problem.
Imagine this scenario. Your program breaks. It's now either the rule parsing, the rule execution, or the rule itself. You must debug all three. If you wrote the rule in Python, it would be the rule, and that would be that.
"I think it would be difficult to filter the Python down to the point where the user couldn't inadvertently do some crazy stuff with the rules that was not intended."
This is largely the "I want to write a compiler" argument.
1) You're the primary user. You'll write, debug and maintain the rules. Are there really armies of crazy programmers who will be doing crazy things? Really? If there is any potential crazy user, talk to them. Teach Them. Don't fight against them by inventing a new language (which you will then have to maintain and debug forever.)
2) It's just log processing. There's no real cost to the craziness. No one is going to subvert the world economic system with faulty log handling. Don't make a small task with a few dozen lines of Python onto a 1000 line interpreter to interpret a few dozen lines of some rule language. Just write the few dozen lines of Python.
Just write it in Python as quickly and clearly as you can and move on to the next project. | https://codedump.io/share/4Teeq2TXBiU3/1/implementing-a-quotrules-enginequot-in-python | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 392 | 68.67 |
Before!
Search Criteria
Package Details: grub-customizer 5.0.6-5
Dependencies (7)
- grub-common (grub-f2fs, grub-git, grub-libzfs, grub-linux-default, grub-silent, grub)
- gtkmm3
- hicolor-icon-theme (hicolor-icon-theme-git)
- libarchive (libarchive-git)
- openssl (libressl, libressl-git, openssl-chacha20, openssl-git, openssl-no-aesni, openssl-purify, openssl-tls1.3-git, openssl-via-padlock, openssl-zlib)
- cmake (cmake-git) (make)
- hwinfo (optional)
Required by (2)
- grub-themes-solarized-dark-materialized (optional)
- grub-themes-stylishdark (optional)
Sources (2)
Pinned Comments
dvzrv commented on 2017-03-26 10:58
Before trying to build and install grub-customizer please make sure to fulfill the AUR requirements by reading, understanding and applying:
Latest Comments
dvzrv commented on 2017-06-03 14:04
alfredo.ardito commented on 2017-06-03 12:45
Got this error when building:
Scanning dependencies of target grub-customizer
[ 12%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/main/client.cpp.o
In file included from /tmp/yaourt-tmp-aurbuilder/aur-grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/Factory.hpp:24:0,
from /tmp/yaourt-tmp-aurbuilder/aur-grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/client.cpp:23:
/tmp/yaourt-tmp-aurbuilder/aur-grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/ListCfg.hpp: In member function ‘void Model_ListCfg::generateScriptSourceMap()’:
/tmp/yaourt-tmp-aurbuilder/aur-grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/ListCfg.hpp:1137:15: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault
public: void generateScriptSourceMap()
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Please submit a full bug report,
with preprocessed source if appropriate.
See <> for instructions.
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/build.make:63: CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/main/client.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:68: CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:130: all] Error 2
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in package().
Aborting...
==> ERROR: Makepkg was unable to build grub-customizer.
==> Restart building grub-customizer ? [y/N]
==> ----------------------------------------
Sachiko commented on 2017-03-27 17:00
@dvzrv: Odd, could've sworn my SigLevel was Optional and all I had added was DatabaseNever because the wget option shows that it tries to download the db.sig files. I don't remember changing it to Required. o_O Anyways, installed fine now.
dvzrv commented on 2017-03-27 08:14
@Sachiko: Please read `man 5 pacman.conf` (especially about the option "LocalFileSigLevel" and the section "Package And Database Signature Checking").
Packages built by yourself are always local.
Sachiko commented on 2017-03-27 04:10
Sadly for me, I keep getting this error upon trying to install the built package. It builds fine. Just can't install it.
Says it's missing the required signature. And yes, my GPG keys are all current as well.
PhotonX commented on 2017-03-26 11:29
@dvzrv: I don't know what was wrong, I tested it now and it works. Sorry! :)
dvzrv commented on 2017-03-26 10:58
Before!
dvzrv commented on 2017-03-26 10:54
@aznan: Thanks for the hint!
pkg-config should be installed already though, because it is in base-devel.
Please read:
grub-customizer builds just fine.
dvzrv commented on 2017-03-26 10:52
@PhotonX: In which desktop environment do you start grub-customizer?
You need some kind of polkit integration to be prompted for your user password before the application launches. gksu is actually not needed (but can be used).
I'm using lxpolkit under qtile/awesome for it, as those window managers don't offer a polkit integration themselves.
This way lxpolkit polls for my password once I want to start grub-customizer.
aznan commented on 2017-03-18 10:31
I'v solved gtkmm.h problem by using this command
pkg-config --cflags --libs gtkmm-3.0
but make sure you have installed pkg-config first:
sudo pacman -S pkg-config
hope it can help.
PhotonX commented on 2017-02-14 13:51
Sorry for not replying, the building problem disappeared at some point. However, there is another little annoyance: Starting it fails with
$ grub-customizer
Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
(grub-customizer:10976): Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display:
But when starting with gksu, everything works fine. In both cases there is a password query dialogue, but starting only works if calling gksu manually.
PhotonX commented on 2016-11-08 16:35
I have the same problem with gtkmm.h. It is present:
$ locate gtkmm.h
/usr/include/gtkmm-3.0/gtkmm.h
but isn't found during compilation (same error as reported by fusion809). What can be done here?
Sachiko commented on 2016-10-13 06:16
@dvzrv: as per @fusion809's issue, gtkmm3 is indeed installed in the correct area, however, that file fails to show up even after a reboot. A complete system reinstall does not fix the problem either.
And based on his output of his command he is building it via makepkg -sri which should pull in the required dependencies, so it isn't a question of if the package is installed. I'm scratching my head as well on this one for sure as grub-customizer was my easy way of setting grub up.
EDIT: Seems my complaint was short lived. The mirrors I was using apparently weren't in sync so they didn't have the latest GTK3 yet. Switched mirrors, updated system, and everything works.
dvzrv commented on 2016-10-03 22:16
@fusion809: In case you're still tracking that issue.
gtkmm3 3.20.1 installs gtkmm.h into this place: /usr/include/gtkmm-3.0/gtkmm.h
This supposedly is the same for 3.22 (according to the file list:).
Is that file really not there?
This is pretty awkward and should not happen, as it's a system-wide include. Have you rebooted?
dvzrv commented on 2016-09-29 14:47
@fusion809: Well, I guess that's something to report upstream, not here. Also, the current stable gtkmm3 version is 3.20.1 in the repos.
Thanks for the heads up nonetheless!
fusion809 commented on 2016-09-29 14:02
This package's build fails with gtkmm-3.22.0 (in gnome-unstable), giving this output:
==> Making package: grub-customizer 5.0.6-1 (Thu Sep 29 23:56:01 AEST 2016)
==> Checking runtime dependencies...
==> Checking buildtime dependencies...
==> Retrieving sources...
-> Found grub-customizer_5.0.6.tar.gz
-> Found grub.cfg
==> Validating source files with md5sums...
grub-customizer_5.0.6.tar.gz ... Passed
grub.cfg ... Passed
==> Removing existing $srcdir/ directory...
==> Extracting sources...
-> Extracting grub-customizer_5.0.6.tar.gz with bsdtar
==> Entering fakeroot environment...
==> Starting package()...
==> Starting make...
-- The C compiler identification is GNU 6.2.1
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 6.2.1
-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/lib/hardening-wrapper/bin/cc
-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/lib/hardening-wrapper/bin/cc -- works
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting C compile features
-- Detecting C compile features - done
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/lib/hardening-wrapper/bin/c++
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/lib/hardening-wrapper/bin/c++ -- works
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Found PkgConfig: /usr/bin/pkg-config (found version "0.29.1")
-- Checking for module 'gtkmm-3.0'
-- Package 'gdk-3.0' requires 'gio-unix-2.0 >= 2.49.4' but version of gio-unix-2.0 is 2.48.2
-- Checking for module 'gthread-2.0'
-- Found gthread-2.0, version 2.48.2
-- Checking for module 'openssl'
-- Found openssl, version 1.0.2j
-- Checking for module 'libarchive'
-- Found libarchive, version 3.2.1
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6
Scanning dependencies of target grub-customizer
[ 12%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/main/client.cpp.o
In file included from /home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/ListCfg.hpp:50:0,
from /home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/Factory.hpp:24,
from /home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/client.cpp:23:
/home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/SettingsManagerData.hpp: In static member function ‘static std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char> > Model_SettingsManagerData::parsePf2(const string&)’:
/home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/SettingsManagerData.hpp:58:28: warning: ignoring return value of ‘char* fgets(char*, int, FILE*)’, declared with attribute warn_unused_result [-Wunused-result]
fgets(sizeBuf, 5, file);
^
/home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/SettingsManagerData.hpp:63:38: warning: ignoring return value of ‘char* fgets(char*, int, FILE*)’, declared with attribute warn_unused_result [-Wunused-result]
fgets(contentBuf, size + 1, file);
^
[ 25%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/Bootstrap/GtkView.cpp.o
In file included from /home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/Bootstrap/GtkView.cpp:18:0:
/home/fusion809/AUR/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.6/src/Bootstrap/../View/Gtk/About.hpp:23:19: fatal error: gtkmm.h: No such file or directory
#include <gtkmm.h>
^
compilation terminated.
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/build.make:87: CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/Bootstrap/GtkView.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:68: CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:128: all] Error 2
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in package().
Aborting...
dvzrv commented on 2016-05-11 23:03
Just updated to 5.0.6
It seems to work fine so far.
@Auphora: I'm not sure what your error relates to and you might want to report this upstream, not here. Also:
- it seems some picture is not where it's supposed to be
- something in the way you built this package seems very off. There should be no relation to some makepkg dir in tmp when running the application... how exactly did you build this package? I suggest this way:
Auphora commented on 2016-03-28 12:15
@dvzrv Works good. Not sure what I've done wrong, but when I change my grub theme, click on one of the previews of that theme and change it afterwards I get this error message:
"exeptiopn '9Exception'
with message 'themefile boot_menu_e.png not found!'
in /tmp/makepkg/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-5.0.4/src/main/../Bootstrap/../Model/Theme.hpp:152"
I just installed it via makepkg. When changing the build path of makepkg the error message also changes to that path
dvzrv commented on 2016-03-28 11:22
Just updated to the 5.0 branch.
Please bake this and see if it works for you as intended.
So far I didn't have any problems.
dvzrv commented on 2016-03-22 16:04
@mister_karim: Not sure in what way you've installed your package, but you shouldn't be running anything from /tmp/yaourt after installing a package.
If your report is related to installing grub-customizer, use makepkg () instead of (possibly) broken AUR helper applications, which you might not understand entirely.
If your report is related to running the application, please report it upstream.
In any case, please refer to the wiki before posting here and make sure you actually did things the way they were intended.
I just built, installed and ran grub-customizer successfully.
mister_karim commented on 2016-03-22 00:40
Hi,
after running grub-customizer a got this error
---------------------------------------------------------
...
exception '28InvalidStringFormatException'
with message 'unable to parse index from /etc/grub.d/6_grub-customizer_menu_color_helper'
....
---------------------------------------------------------
i tryed to reinstall it but i got the same error !
xx55tt commented on 2016-02-18 17:48
@Crandel: Rebuilding the package fixed it for me.
Crandel commented on 2016-01-23 06:25
“sudo grub-customizer” terminated by signal SIGSEGV (Address boundary error)
Suddenly I`ve got this error and it not opened
Soukyuu commented on 2015-12-20 13:16
Hmm, I just freshly checked out the package and compiled it. Upon start, I'm being greeted with
exception '15AssertException'
with message 'Assertion `script != __null' failed. Function: _rAppendRule'
in /tmp/makepkg/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-4.0.6/src/Controller/MainControllerImpl.cpp:391
Anyone else getting this?
dvzrv commented on 2015-11-06 23:11
@mikafouenski: thx for the fix. I added it to the PKGBUILD.
@all: If you added "-std=c++11" to your /etc/makepkg.conf, you should remove it now!
Binero commented on 2015-11-06 19:48
@gusgmb glib.h seems to be a part of core/glib2, maybe try installing that?
gusgmb commented on 2015-11-06 17:26
I got an error compiling
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/Model/DeviceMap.cpp.o
In file included from /.../Downloads/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-4.0.6/src/Model/DeviceMap.h:23:0,
from /.../Downloads/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-4.0.6/src/Model/DeviceMap.cpp:19:
.../Downloads/grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer-4.0.6/src/Model/../lib/regex.h:24:18: fatal error: glib.h: File or directory not found
I followed koesherbacon instructions,and also tried via 'yaourt -S grub-customizer' but no deal.
Any ideas?
Thanks!
koesherbacon commented on 2015-10-31 20:48
I'd like to confirm that mikafouenski's solution worked for me as well. In case you're also a little new to linux like I am, here's some instructions to put into Terminal in order to get it working:
1) sudo cp /etc/makepkg.conf /etc/makepkg.conf.bak
↳ Makes a backup of makepkg.conf just in case. Call it whatever you want...
2) sudo leafpad /etc/makepkg.conf
↳ ...Or whatever editor you prefer. gedit, nano, vi, etc.
3) In the .conf file, add ' -std=c++11' to the end of CXXFLAGS="..." inside the quotation mark.
4) Save and exit the editor
5) yaourt -G grub-customizer
6) cd grub-customizer && makepkg -i
7) cd ..
8) rm -rf grub-customizer
9) cd
10) sudo grub-customizer
This probably would also work with 'yaourt -S grub-customizer' as well, but I already did 'yaourt -G grub-customizer' so I didn't bother installing it the other way.
mikhail21393 commented on 2015-10-30 20:29
@mikafouenski Man you are a life saver! It works! I don't know how to thank you! If anyone has the same error on this build! Then try this! :-)
mikafouenski commented on 2015-10-12 21:07
Ok, I had search a lot. I got the issue of the building error, I tried different version but still not working.
-> The problem was c++ 11
I solve the problem by adding the -std=c++11 flag to my /etc/makepkg.conf in the CXXFLAGS.
Since build OK for all version of the package.
dvzrv commented on 2015-03-24 22:53
Currentyl I don't have any system, that uses GRUB. That's most likely not going to change in the future.
If someone would like to adopt this package, please let me know! I'm about to drop it (as I can not properly test its functionality any longer and I'm not up for setting up a VM just for that ;) ).
ferrvittorio commented on 2014-11-11 15:01
Hi,
trying to install with yaourt and having problem with this not met dependency:
cannot download 'grub-1:2.02.beta2-4-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz' from archlinux.openlabto.org : The requested URL returned error: 404 Not Found
Any hints?
ryanmjacobs commented on 2014-06-02 02:52
@david.runge Sorry, for the very, very late response. Yes, it compiles just fine now. Thank you.
poincare commented on 2014-06-01 19:39
FYI: builds for me no problem. It also pulled in cmake and nothing else. Seems to run fine; just tested it.
caseyjp1 commented on 2014-05-24 06:41
Just built it a few minutes ago on a clean base / base-devel system. It only had to pull in cmake, and the build process worked just fine. fyi.
dvzrv commented on 2014-04-21 18:20
Updated to 4.0.6
@imaweasal @ryanjacobs: Is this still an issue for you guys?
Sorry, I can't be of more help. I was able to build it just fine using makepkg (even on 3 different systems/setups). Maybe you can provide more information about the kind of system you're using or even file a bug report upstream.
ryanmjacobs commented on 2014-03-16 17:31
@david.runge: I'm having the exact same problems as @imaweasel, verbatim. I went through every step you told him, and got the same results. If you ever found a solution please reply.
dvzrv commented on 2014-01-26 10:04
@imaweasel: write to me on freenode. I'm not so very sure I can really help you with your problem though.
imaweasal commented on 2014-01-26 07:49
@david.runge:
╭─epers@wintermute ~
╰─➤ pkg-config --modversion gtkmm-3.0
3.10.0
dvzrv commented on 2014-01-24 09:07
@imaweasel: hm, that is very odd. Your makepkg is still complaining about gtkmm3 missing and is not doing subsequent tests. Are you sure things like pkg-config are installed? What does 'pkg-config --modversion gtkmm-3.0' say?
imaweasal commented on 2014-01-24 02:35
@david.runge:
Reinstalled glib2. base-devel, and gtkmm3 (again); makepkg fails as well:
imaweasal commented on 2014-01-24 02:35
Reinstalled glib2. base-devel, and gtkmm3 (again); makepkg fails as well:
dvzrv commented on 2014-01-22 07:46
@imaweasel: please download the tarball, extract, go into the directory and execute makepkg. Post that output. Don't use packer-color.
Your previous output also suggests that there might be a problem with your glib2 package. glib.h won't be found in the includes and on top none of the subsequent tests after gtkmm3 are being executed.
You might wanna reinstall that and base-devel.
imaweasal commented on 2014-01-22 05:19
@david.runge gtkmm3 is installed, I verified that just now and attempted the build again, and it fails with the same errors.
dvzrv commented on 2014-01-19 15:32
@imaweasel: line 25 "-- package 'gtkmm-3.0' not found" (aka, you don't have gtkmm3 installed).
Use some wrapper/extension like aura. It will be much easier for you to use!
imaweasal commented on 2014-01-18 23:53
Build fails, I'm using packer-color if that makes a difference.
Here's a log:
dvzrv commented on 2013-12-20 12:36
@smokex: that is correct! Didn't notice, as I have it installed. Uploaded a new version.
In that regard: Anyone interested in the gtkmm2 version of grub-customizer? Otherwise I'll only provide the gtkmm3 one.
smokex commented on 2013-12-20 07:02
gtkmm needs to be changed to gtkmm3.
adoldrol commented on 2013-12-17 15:39
I had this error today while updating grub-customizer.Sorry my bad English.
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/Model/DeviceMap.cpp.o] Error 1
CMakeFiles/Makefile2:63: recipe for target 'CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all' failed
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all] Error 2
Makefile:116: recipe for target 'all' failed
make: *** [all] Error 2
dvzrv commented on 2013-12-17 13:06
Version bump! Check if this works for you!
There are some major changes in functionality. I'm not yet sure about what to do with this planned addition to /etc/grub-customizer/grub.cfg yet (as there are no such grub related executables):
DEVICEMAP_FILE="/boot/grub2/device.map"
MKDEVICEMAP_CMD="grub2-mkdevicemap --device-map=/dev/stdout"
Any ideas are welcome
dvzrv commented on 2013-10-12 19:56
@ivdok: This package is not out of date. So please do not flag it.
I'm not sure yet, why the package is not building for you, but as it is for me (with latest updates), this is most likely a problem in your configuration. Make sure you have a) all dependencies installed and b) have read this:
On top: Are you building this for i686 with recent updates? Do you have base-devel installed?
ivdok commented on 2013-10-12 16:37
[ 68%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/lib/Exception.cpp.o
[ 70%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/lib/assert.cpp.o
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/lib/ArrayStructure.cpp.o
[ 72%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/lib/trim.cpp.o
Linking CXX executable grub-customizer
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.8.1/../../../libgiomm-2.4.so: undefined reference to `g_file_measure_disk_usage_async'
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.8.1/../../../libgiomm-2.4.so: undefined reference to `g_file_measure_disk_usage_finish'
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.8.1/../../../libgiomm-2.4.so: undefined reference to `g_file_measure_disk_usage'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [grub-customizer] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [all] Error 2
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in package().
Aborting...
==> ERROR: Makepkg was unable to build grub-customizer.
dvzrv commented on 2013-08-09 13:14
This is building with gtkmm 2.24.4
PKGBUILD updated, so please make sure you have that version installed now!
REPEAT: 2.24.3 will fail to build!
lobisquit commented on 2013-06-13 13:09
gtkmm version 2.24.2 can be found here:
lobisquit commented on 2013-06-13 13:08
the package can be found in
mikronimo commented on 2013-05-24 14:34
Ok solved; i searched (I always search in the wiki before ask) "downgrading package" but i did not reached the link you provided; thanks for your patience.
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-23 16:21
@mikronimo: It seems that I can not stress this enough: Please rtfm!
gtkmm is not required to be of version 2.24.3 for ANY package => downgrade & ignore.
@all: Please vote for the bug on the bugtracker mentioned below to have this fixed upstream.
mikronimo commented on 2013-05-23 10:05
Yes, downgrading to gtkmm 2.24.2 solved the problem, but the system upgrade became impossible due a missing dependency (gtkmm 2.24.3 of course), so the only way is to delete grub-customizer, and when is necessary to use it, I have to install gtkmm 2.24.2, grub-customizer; made any kind of work with it, disinstall again, to avoid problem upgrading the system; it is true that not every single day I have to use the program, but it is quite complicated... for the rest it is a very good program.
Anonymous comment on 2013-05-21 13:40
I'm sorry, i didn't found that in the wiki; btw, now grub-customizer works well.
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-21 04:18
PKGBUILD updated. Dropped gksu and updated gtkmm to <=2.24.2 for the time being.
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-21 02:00
@ncristian: please refer to the excellent wiki on how to do that. It seems most people always forget about it or are too lazy to search there...
There's a whole article about downgrading ()
You might even still have that version in your pacman cache btw.
Anonymous comment on 2013-05-20 20:13
Do you know where i can find that version of gtkmm? Sorry to bother you
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-20 17:10
So far none but downgrading gtkmm to 2.24.2-2. It seems this won't break any packages relying on it.
Anonymous comment on 2013-05-20 15:17
Any news? I get this error too.
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-19 06:42
Upstream bug report:
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-19 06:42
I can confirm that it fails. Have opened an upstream bug report. Will update the PKGBUILD soon.
alfplayer commented on 2013-05-18 16:40
Someone solved it downgrading to 2.24.2-2 ().
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-16 10:46
@Voidi: Sure you have base-devel installed? Seems to be a problem with your gtkmm... which sound strange. Have you tried reinstalling it?
Anonymous comment on 2013-05-15 19:08
Got errors during the Build:
advices?
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-11 01:00
@manu79 & @jeffcasavant: I recommend reading the Arch Wiki before installing anything from the AUR.... Especially this will solve all your problems:
dvzrv commented on 2013-05-11 00:59
@manu79 & @jeffcasavant: I recommend reading the Arch Wiki before installing anything from the AUR.... Especially this will solve all your problems:
jeffcasavant commented on 2013-05-10 18:56
I second that pkg-config should be added as a dependency.
Anonymous comment on 2013-04-22 12:28
I, i have a problem with installing grub-customizer via yaourt. Below:
Building and installing package
==> ERROR: Cannot find the fakeroot binary required for building as non-root user.
==> ERROR: Cannot find the strip binary required for object file stripping.
==> ERROR: Makepkg was unable to build grub-customizer.
==> Restart building grub-customizer ? [y/N]
==> ----------------------------------------
Anyadvice? what i have to do ? I am a newebe of Arch
dvzrv commented on 2013-03-02 17:54
Sorry it took some time to update. Had to reinstall :>
Enjoy!
dvzrv commented on 2012-11-18 10:59
No. Because you should read this first, before trying to install anything from AUR:
Anonymous comment on 2012-11-18 09:47
Hi. You sould add pkg-config like dependency to build. If not, crash. Thanks
dvzrv commented on 2012-10-02 02:37
@luolimao: thanks for the sed tip! Highly appreciated.
I don't know how long you have been using this package, but some versions ago there was no $pkgname-$pkgver. That's why it is "bad packaging". I have been waiting for things to settle upstream and would have eventually been switching to cd to that directory. Thanks for making things clear for everyone (hopefully) and thanks for the PKGBUILD update.
luolimao commented on 2012-09-27 19:49
Your PKGBUILD doesn't need to move all the files from the $pkgname-$pkgver folder. It's not bad packaging, because it avoids any conflicting packages' files accidentally overwriting the source that you're building. Also, the sed script doesn't need to be that repetitive, because it can execute multiple regexes with the '-e' switch. Posted a simpler PKGBUILD here:
dvzrv commented on 2012-09-08 15:53
Thanks in return and updated.
Be aware that this version is different in functionality than the one before!
xzy3186 commented on 2012-09-08 14:14
3.0 has been released, thanks :-)
Anonymous comment on 2012-06-29 17:11
Yeah I was sort of thinking that the problem might be at my end, especially since no on else has had problem. I'm going to have a look over the weekend. I more just wanted to check I'd not had a brain fart and missed anything silly!! Thanks. Oh I'm just using cower and makepkg.
dvzrv commented on 2012-06-29 08:53
@sausageandeggs: sorry for the late reply. have been on the road.
The lines are there, because two or three versions ago upstream changed the way of packing their source (now: subdir with pkgname-pkgver dir in it; before: everything in parent dir). I wasn't too sure if they'd change it back or anything. Therefore I tried fixing it with this.
Anyhow, it's strange that it breaks, because it builds fine here (tried several times). Are you using yaourt or unpacking, running makepkg? Are your directory permissions correct (make in /tmp), the mv error sounds like a permission problem.
btw: please look inside the package that you created and make sure everything is put to the right place now
Anonymous comment on 2012-06-25 23:39
I don't get why these lines are needed:
if [[ -d "${pkgname}-${pkgver}" ]]; then
msg "Fixing bad packaging..."
mv ${pkgname}-${pkgver}/* .
fi
It stops the build for me with:
==> Starting build()...
==> Fixing bad packaging...
mv: cannot move ‘grub-customizer-2.5.7/misc’ to ‘./misc’: Directory not empty
mv: cannot move ‘grub-customizer-2.5.7/src’ to ‘./src’: Directory not empty
mv: cannot move ‘grub-customizer-2.5.7/translation’ to ‘./translation’: Directory not empty
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in build().
Aborting...
But it builds and runs fine for me without them. Am I missing something?
dvzrv commented on 2012-05-12 17:15
Updated to 2.5.6 with a fix for the bad upstream packaging (subfolder in source).
@sausageandeggs: thanks for the tip! Highly appreciated :)
dvzrv commented on 2012-05-12 17:08
Updated to 2.5.6 with a fix for the bad upstream packaging (subfolder in source).
@sausageandeggs: thanks for the tip! Highly appreciated :)
Anonymous comment on 2012-05-12 14:39
If you change line 25 of the PKGBUILD to
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr .&& make
it installs to /usr and you can get rid of the 'converting pkg' section.
dvzrv commented on 2012-05-05 17:11
@Gen2ly: hm, I don't think it's a packaging problem though. I had similar issues when using proxified scripts (aka. menu entries renamed by grub-customizer). That stuff gets stored in /etc/grub.d/proxifiedScripts alongside your custom confs and grub-customizer puts new entries to /etc/grub.d/ based on them.
Do you have a /etc/grub.d/bin folder? That's where grub-customizer allegedly puts the proxy config.
What I have done: Renamed my grub menu entries to my liking in my custom config files in /etc/grub.d/.
I deleted the folders created by grub-customizer in /etc/grub.d.
I deleted all files not belonging to grub2 from /boot/grub/
I reinstalled grub2 to the MBR/partition (because the newer versions of grub2 require some subfolders in /boot/grub to be present that will only get there by reinstalling) -> look that up in the forums/wiki
Anyhow, after doing this the troubles went away. Not using proxified scripts at the moment though. For further questions on how to use the program please ask upstream:
Gently commented on 2012-05-04 14:36
Hmm, still problems. When I go to save, I get this:
"Proxy binary not found!
You will see all entries (uncustomized) when you
run grub. This accurs (in most cases), when
you didn't install grub gustomizer correctly."
dvzrv commented on 2012-04-11 22:36
updated.
@vladi: check if you have all makedepends and depends installed. If it doesn't work, try using yaourt for interfacing AUR instead of packer.
I've had no troubles building this with makepkg. If you have further troubles with the new version, pastebin your whole build output.
Anonymous comment on 2012-04-05 20:42
I got this
/tmp/packerbuild-1000/grub-customizer/grub-customizer/src/src/model/proxy.cpp: In member function ‘bool Proxy::deleteFile()’:
/tmp/packerbuild-1000/grub-customizer/grub-customizer/src/src/model/proxy.cpp:300:45: error: ‘unlink’ was not declared in this scope
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/src/model/proxy.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/grub-customizer.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [all] Error 2
Any ideea why?
dvzrv commented on 2012-02-07 23:36
adopted package, updated to 2.5.3
Anonymous comment on 2011-12-01 08:41
I'm no longer runing Arch atm, so I will Disown my packages. Editing 70 to 129 in the PKGBUILD should force the installer to pull the latest version from launchpad though. Good luck with it!
Anonymous comment on 2011-11-30 22:31
I've reinstalled for some reason, and now the package version is grub-customizer 129-1 (2.4.1). An update will be great. Thanks.
Yaro commented on 2011-04-04 06:54
fbsplash or alternate runlevel users BE CAREFUL. This thing will gut your kernel command line and replace it with what *it* thinks is the correct one without even giving you the option to not have it do that.
I'm hit with both, and will have to fix my computer tomorrow: fbsplash cannot work without a set console or the kernel command line telling it what theme to use (This tool won't keep those.) And I have my default runlevel at 6 and my BURG entries defining different runlevels themselves (So that when I'm done in single mode, my system will reboot and apply its changes in full instead of potentially hazardously plodding forward into whatever the defult run is.) Again, it doesn't save this.
Not to say this is a bad tool. It made changing some of the more difficult options in burg.cfg that aren't even documented. But I strongly recommend once you're done with this tool, by the Gods, VERIFY THE SANITY OF YOUR BOOT CONFIGURATION.
Anonymous comment on 2011-03-12 06:07
I had the same thing as fabioamd87 happen. The link in the Gnome main menu tries to run:
'su-to-root -X -c grub-customizer'
I just changed it in alacarte to:
'gksu grub-customizer'
now it works fine.
Anonymous comment on 2011-01-31 18:41
Hmm, what do you mean with that?
The application runs fine for me, can you run it by just launching from terminal?
Fabioamd87 commented on 2011-01-31 18:16
in gnome menu, the command: su-to-root -X -c
doesn't work.
Anonymous comment on 2011-01-15 14:07
updated.
Anonymous comment on 2011-01-14 19:53
'gtkmm' should be added to depends list
Anonymous comment on 2011-01-14 19:52
'gtkmm' should be added to depends list
Anonymous comment on 2011-01-09 07:09
/tmp/yaourt-tmp-nick/aur-grub-customizer/src/grub-customizer/src/grubconf_ui_gtk.h:3:19: фатальная ошибка: gtkmm.h: Нет такого файла или каталога
Компиляция прервана.
Anonymous comment on 2010-11-30 10:17
This second PKGBUILD should be better. Any suggestions, please.
arriagga commented on 2010-11-30 02:35
the binary should be on "/usr/bin" not "/usr/local/bin".
try to read the Packaging Standards on:.
that can help you a lot.
arriagga commented on 2010-11-30 02:34
the binary should be on "/usr/bin" not "/usr/local".
try to read the Packaging Standards on:.
that can help you a lot.
arriagga commented on 2010-11-30 02:34
the binary should be on "/usr/bin" not "/usr/local".
try to read the Packaging Standards on:.
that can help you a lot.
Anonymous comment on 2010-11-30 00:11
This is my first PKGBUILD. Used the burg-bzr PKGBUILD together with to create it. Works fine on my system, please leave some feedback.
@alfredo.ardito: Please see my pinned post. grub-customizer builds perfectly fine, if you don't use a (broken) AUR helper (just tested again with gcc>7). | https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/grub-customizer/?comments=all | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 5,860 | 59.6 |
#include <SphereROI.h>
This class find all the points/edges/triangles/tetrahedra located inside a given sphere.
rendering size for box and topological elements
Center(s) of the sphere(s)
Edge direction(if edgeAngle > 0)
Max angle between the direction of the selected edges and the specified direction.
If true, will compute edge list and index list inside the ROI.
If true, will compute quad list and index list inside the ROI.
If true, will compute tetrahedra list and index list inside the ROI.
If true, will compute triangle list and index list inside the ROI.
Indices of the edges contained in the ROI.
Edge Topology.
Edges contained in the ROI.
Indices of the points contained in the ROI.
Indices of the points not contained in the ROI.
Points contained in the ROI.
Indices of the quads contained in the ROI.
Quads Topology.
Quads contained in the ROI.
Tetrahedron Topology.
Tetrahedra contained in the ROI.
Indices of the tetrahedra contained in the ROI.
Indices of the triangles contained in the ROI.
Triangle Topology.
Triangles contained in the ROI.
Rest position coordinates of the degrees of freedom.
Normal direction of the triangles (if triAngle > 0)
Draw Edges.
Draw Points.
Draw Quads.
Draw shpere(s)
Draw Tetrahedra.
Draw Triangles.
Radius(i) of the sphere(s)
Max angle between the normal of the selected triangle and the specified normal direction.
Pre-construction check method called by ObjectFactory. Check that DataTypes matches the MechanicalState.
Construction method called by ObjectFactory.. | https://www.sofa-framework.org/api/master/sofa/html/classsofa_1_1component_1_1engine_1_1_sphere_r_o_i.html | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 245 | 61.53 |
05 October 2012 06:45 [Source: ICIS news]
By Helen Yan
?xml:namespace>
SINGAPORE
On 28 September, BD spot prices were assessed at $1,970-2,050/tonne (€1,517-1,579/tonne) CFR (cost and freight) NE (northeast)
Demand is currently weak, with a sales tender for 2,000 tonnes of BD for October shipment drawing limited response from buyers. No sale was concluded at the close of trades on 4 October, market sources said.
"I did not put in a bid. The timing of the tender is terrible, with the holidays in
The two countries are major players in the Asian BD spot market.
Demand has slowed with major buyer Korea Kumho Petrochemical Co (KKPC) out of the spot market.
A scheduled three-week shutdown of major synthetic rubber facilities in
Korea Kumho Petrochemical Co (KKPC) – the largest synthetic rubber producer in
In
BD traders with stocks-in-hand are looking for buyers, prompting the buyers to seek lower prices, according to market sources.
Downstream synthetic rubber makers, which are the largest consumers of BD, are seeking BD at around $1,900/tonne CFR (cost and freight) northeast (NE)
The price quotes from buyers represent a $70-100/tonne decline from the last assessed BD prices.
“There are many deep-sea cargoes heading | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/10/05/9601260/asia-bd-may-fall-on-excess-supply-major-buyer-to-shut-plants.html | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | refinedweb | 215 | 57.81 |
Today, we are announcing the next step for Splitgraph: the Splitgraph Data Delivery Network.
The Splitgraph DDN is a single SQL endpoint that lets you query over 40,000 public datasets hosted on or proxied by Splitgraph.
You can connect to it from most PostgreSQL clients and BI tools without having to install anything else. It supports all read-only SQL constructs, including filters and aggregations. It even lets you run joins across distinct datasets.
In this post, we will give you a quick introduction to the DDN as well as discuss how it works behind the scenes and our plan for its future.
Usage
Connecting
The endpoint is at
postgresql://data.splitgraph.com:5432/ddn. You will need a Splitgraph API key and secret to access it.
You don't need to install anything to use the endpoint. If you go to your Splitgraph account settings, you can generate a pair of credentials. You can then plug them into your SQL client.
If you're already using the
sgr client and had registered for Splitgraph before, you can check your
.sgconfig file for the API keys. You can also upgrade your client to version 0.2.0 with
sgr upgrade and run
sgr cloud sql to get a libpq-compatible connection string.
Installing Splitgraph locally will let you snapshot these datasets and use them in Splitfiles.
There are more setup methods available in our documentation. This includes connecting to Splitgraph with clients like DBeaver, BI tools like Metabase or Google Data Studio or even other databases through ODBC.
Workspaces
When you connect to Splitgraph, your SQL client will show you some schemas. These are data repositories featured on our explore page as well as datasets that you upload to Splitgraph.
We call this feature "workspaces". It works by implementing the ANSI information schema standard. We'll expand on workspaces more in the future. For example, we'll let you:
- bookmark repositories that you want to show up in your workspace
- allow you to have multiple workspaces and manage access to them
Running queries
You can run queries on Splitgraph images by referencing them as PostgreSQL schemata:
namespace/repository[:hash_or_tag]. By default, we query the
latest tag.
For example, if you want to query the
cityofchicago/covid19-daily-cases-deaths-and-hospitalizations-naz8-j4nc repository, proxied by Splitgraph to Socrata, you can run:
SELECT * FROM "cityofchicago/covid19-daily-cases-deaths-and-hospitalizations-naz8-j4nc".covid19_daily_cases_deaths_and_hospitalizations
We let you use SQL
SELECT and
EXPLAIN statements. You can use any SQL clauses, including group-bys, aggregations, filters and joins. Splitgraph pushes filters down to the origin data source.
This sample query that we used in our Metabase demo runs a JOIN between two datasets:
SELECT cambridge_cases.date AS date, chicago_cases.cases_total AS chicago_daily_cases, cambridge_cases.new_positive_cases AS cambridge_daily_cases FROM "cityofchicago/covid19-daily-cases-deaths-and-hospitalizations-naz8-j4nc".covid19_daily_cases_deaths_and_hospitalizations chicago_cases FULL OUTER JOIN "cambridgema-gov/covid19-case-count-by-date-axxk-jvk8".covid19_case_count_by_date cambridge_cases ON date_trunc('day', chicago_cases.lab_report_date) = cambridge_cases.date::timestamp ORDER BY date ASC;
This will join the data between two distinct Socrata data portals (Chicago, IL and Cambridge, MA).
We also support PostGIS, letting you query and visualize geospatial data. For example, you can query the London ward boundary data image as follows:
SELECT name, gss_code, -- Transform to to plot on the map ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(geom, 27700), 4326), -- Transform to for metric units (for area) ST_Area(ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(geom, 27700), 3035)) / 1000000 AS area_sqkm FROM "splitgraph/london_wards".city_merged_2018 ORDER BY gss_code ASC;
There are more sample queries on our Connect page.
Behind the scenes
The Splitgraph Data Delivery Network is the result of all the work we've put into the
sgr client and the Splitgraph Core code over the past two years.
It would also have not been possible without some other open source technologies.
We use PostgreSQL foreign data wrappers. They let us perform query execution and planning across federated data sources. We wrote about foreign data wrappers before: they're powerful and underused!
We manage connections using a fork of pgBouncer, a PostgreSQL connection pooler. Our fork lets us perform authentication outside of PostgreSQL. We can issue and revoke API keys without having to manipulate database roles. Several inbound Splitgraph users can run queries as a single PostgreSQL user.
We also use pgBouncer to transform queries on the fly. We rewrite clients' introspection queries and let them reference Splitgraph images as PostgreSQL schemata.
Each client essentially operates within its own isolated virtual database. The obvious implementation of this would be spinning up one database per client. But our query transformations let us do this at a much lower infrastructure cost. We also use this feature to inspect and drop unwanted queries on the fly.
Finally, we use our own
sgr client to orchestrate this. Splitgraph engines power the data delivery network. They manage foreign data wrapper instantiation and querying Splitgraph images via layered querying. In the future, we will use Splitgraph's storage format to snapshot remote datasets or cache frequent queries.
Future and roadmap
There are a lot of directions we would like to pursue with Splitgraph.
You will be able to use Splitgraph to replace some of your data lake or ETL pipelines and query the data at source. This is similar to the idea of "data virtualization". But, unlike other software in this space, Splitgraph uses an open PostgreSQL procotol. This makes it immediately compatible with most of your BI tools and dashboards. It won't lock you into a proprietary query language.
We will soon have the ability to add external repositories to public or on-premises Splitgraph data catalogs. You will be able to query any dataset indexed in this catalog over the single SQL endpoint or our REST API. You will be able to even use these datasets in Splitfiles. This will let you define reproducible transformations on your data, enrich it with public datasets and track lineage.
You will be able to use Splitgraph as an SQL firewall and a rewrite layer. You won't need to use views to set up access policies for your data warehouse. Data consumers won't need to manage credentials to disjoint data silos. Splitgraph can inspect proxied queries and enforce granular access policies on individual columns. It will even be able to do PII masking and access auditing.
The single SQL endpoint is well suited for a data marketplace. Data vendors currently ship data in CSV files or other ad-hoc formats. They have to maintain pages of instructions on ingesting this data. With Splitgraph, data consumers will be able to acquire and interact with data directly from their applications and clients.
Conclusion
Today, we launched the Splitgraph Data Delivery Network. It's a seamless experience of a single database with thousands of datasets at your fingertips, compatible with most existing clients and BI tools.
If you wish to try it out, you can get credentials to access it in less than a minute: just head on to the landing page.
We're also building towards a "Splitgraph Private Cloud" product that will let setup your own private Splitgraph cluster, managed by us and deployed to the cloud region of your choice. Contact us if you're interested! | https://www.splitgraph.com/blog/data-delivery-network-launch | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 1,205 | 57.47 |
So, I'm making a key code generator that creates a five character key code using a-z and 0-9 and )-!. That means there are 46 possible characters for each piece of keycode.
Here is my code so far:
Code :
import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.*; public class RandomKeyCode { public static String generate() { double c1, c2, c3, c4, c5; String cc1, cc2, cc3, cc4, cc5; String[] choice = new String[5]; String num; Random rand = new Random(); c1 = ((Math.random()*46)+1); find(c1); c2 = ((Math.random()*46)+1); find(c2); c3 = ((Math.random()*46)+1); find(c3); c4 = ((Math.random()*46)+1); find(c4); c5 = ((Math.random()*46)+1); find(c5); } public static void enter() { } public static String find(double c) { String out; switch; //question variable System.out.print("Do you want to generate your key code, or do you want to enter it?"); switch(q.toLowerCase()) { case("generate") : generate(); case("enter") : enter(); } } }
The errors I am concerned with are the converting errors. In the generate() part of the code, the
double c1, c2, c3, c4, c5;
shows that there are a couple of double numbers that correspond to the parts of the keycode. In the later part of the script, with the switch(c), it says it can't switch on a variable type double.
That's only one of my problems.
When I try to switch the double values to ints, the line
c1 = ((Math.random()*46)+1);
find(c1);
tells me that it can't convert from an int to a double to do math. Also, when I try to do it with floats, same thing happens. I also try to add .toInt() or .toString() to convert it to something, it says it can't convert with the primitive type double.
AGH!
Help please?
-Silent | http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/%20whats-wrong-my-code/18853-converting-printingthethread.html | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 304 | 75.91 |
import "github.com/juju/juju/service/common"
conf.go service.go shell.go
IsCmdNotFoundErr returns true if the provided error indicates that the command passed to exec.LookPath or exec.Command was not found.
Unquote returns the string embedded between matching quotation marks. If there aren't any matching quotation marks then the string is returned as-is.
type Conf struct { // Desc is the init service's description. Desc string // Transient indicates whether or not the service is a one-off. Transient bool // AfterStopped is the name, if any, of another service. This // service will not start until after the other stops. AfterStopped string // Env holds the environment variables that will be set when the // command runs. // Currently not used on Windows. Env map[string]string // Limit holds the ulimit values that will be set when the command // runs. Each value will be used as both the soft and hard limit. // Currently not used on Windows. // Valid values are integers or "infinity" Limit map[string]string // Timeout is how many seconds may pass before an exec call (e.g. // ExecStart) times out. Values less than or equal to 0 (the // default) are treated as though there is no timeout. Timeout int // ExecStart is the command (with arguments) that will be run. The // path to the executable must be absolute. // The command will be restarted if it exits with a non-zero exit code. ExecStart string // ExecStopPost is the command that will be run after the service stops. // The path to the executable must be absolute. ExecStopPost string // Logfile, if set, indicates where the service's output should be // written. Logfile string // ExtraScript allows to insert script before command execution. ExtraScript string // ServiceBinary is the actual binary without any arguments. ServiceBinary string // ServiceArgs is a string array of unquoted arguments ServiceArgs []string }
Conf is responsible for defining services. Its fields represent elements of a service configuration.
IsZero determines whether or not the conf is a zero value.
Validate checks the conf's values for correctness.
type Service struct { // Name is the name of the service. Name string // Conf holds the info used to build an init system conf. Conf Conf }
Service is the base type for application.Service implementations.
NoConf checks whether or not Conf has been set.
UpdateConfig implements service.Service.
Validate checks the service's values for correctness.
Package common imports 7 packages (graph) and is imported by 479 packages. Updated 2019-08-29. Refresh now. Tools for package owners. | https://godoc.org/github.com/juju/juju/service/common | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 411 | 60.92 |
Hi Guys.
So here is the thing. I have a win32 / opengl application. I've created a class* that opens a console with AllocConsole and ties the stdin, stderr and stdout of the application to it.
So this is awesome, 'cos I can go (from anywhere in the program)
#include <iostream> ... std::cout << "\nSomething broke!"
Anyways, the point is I now have a console window that I can potentially get custom commands out of, such as "quit" for example.
I'm dubious about hacking something together before I've thought aboutt his so that's why I'm here.
If, on every frame (opengl) I go..
bool Frame() { std::string _command; std::cin >> command; if( command == "quit") return false; else return gfx->frame(); // do rendering }
Then I'm never going to get to type "quit" because the program will always be recreating the string every seconds-per-frame.
So how do I solve that? I need some way of like holding a buffer of input characters and send/emptying it on a newline / null character? then have a vector of these ? How do I test it?
How I turn AllocConsole() and freopen("CONIN$", "r", stdin) into an interactive console? | https://www.gamedev.net/topic/638568-win32-opengl-get-commands-from-console/ | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 199 | 75 |
This code specification applies to my personal project , At the time of formulation , The code documents of some large manufacturers and open source organizations are used for reference .
In most of JavaScript In the project , Curly brackets with 「Egyptian」 Style writing , That is, the left curly bracket is on the same line as the corresponding keyword , Not a new line . There should be a space before the left bracket , As shown below ：
recommend ：
if (foo) { bar() } else { baz() }
Not recommended ：
if (foo) { bar() } else { baz() }
Use spaces in single line blocks .
recommend ：
function foo () { return true } if (foo) { bar = 0 }
Not recommended ：
function foo () {return true} if (foo) {bar = 0}
There are three common indents ：2 A space 、4 A space 、
Tab tabs .
This specification refers to outstanding open source projects in the market , Let's agree to use
Space To indent , And the indentation uses two spaces .
There cannot be a space between the key and the value of an object literal , There is a space between the colon and the value of the object literal .
recommend ：
const obj = { 'foo': 'haha' }
Not recommended ：
const obj = { 'foo' : 'haha' }
stay JavaScript in
new Operator is used to create an instance of a particular type of object , An object of this type is represented by a constructor .
Because the constructor is just a regular function , The only difference is the use of
new To call . So we agreed that the first letter of the constructor should be capitalized , To distinguish between constructors and ordinary functions .
recommend ：
const fooItem = new Foo()
Not recommended ：
const fooItem = new foo()
In a non empty file , The existence of trailing newlines is a common UNIX style , Its advantage is that it is convenient to concatenate and append files without interruption Shell A hint of . In daily projects , The advantage of keeping trailing newlines is , It can reduce code conflicts during version control .
recommend ：
function func () { // do something } // Here is a new line
Not recommended ：
function func () { // do something }
Blank lines are helpful for separating code logic , But too many blank lines will take up space on the screen , Affect readability . The agreed maximum number of continuous blank lines is 2.
recommend ：
const a = 1 const b = 2
Not recommended ：
const a = 1 const b = 2
JavaScript Allow in a declaration , Declare multiple variables . But we agreed that when declaring variables , A declaration can only have one variable .
recommend ：
const a const b const c
Not recommended ：
const a, b, c
Every statement should be followed by a semicolon , Even if it can be skipped .
JavaScript In all classes C Language is quite unique , It does not need a semicolon at the end of each statement . In many cases ,JavaScript The engine can determine where a semicolon should be and automatically add it . This feature is called automatic semicolon insertion （ASI）, Is considered to be JavaScript The more controversial features of .
Whether semicolons should be used in the industry , There are also many arguments , This specification Semicolons are recommended , This can avoid possible pitfalls .
There are two cases where you can avoid using a semicolon ：
Consistency is an important part of any style guide . Although where to place open brackets for blocks is purely personal preference , But it should be consistent throughout the project . Inconsistent styles will distract the reader from reading the code .
We agreed to add a space before the code block .
recommend ：
if (a) { b() } function a() {}
Not recommended ：
if (a){ b() } function a(){}
This specification stipulates that there is no space before the function bracket .
recommend ：
function func(x) { // ... }
Not recommended ：
function func (x) { // ... }
You need to add spaces before and after the operator .
recommend ：
const sum = 1 + 2
Not recommended ：
const sum = 1+2
If you are writing a few 「 auxiliary 」 Functions and some code that uses them , We have an agreement Write the calling code first , Write the function again .
This is because when reading the code , The first thing we want to know is 「 What it did 」. If the code goes first , So this information is shown at the beginning of the whole program . after , Maybe we don't need to read these functions , Especially when their names clearly show their functions .
recommend ：
// The code that calls the function let elem = createElement(); setHandler(elem); walkAround(); // --- Auxiliary function --- function createElement() { ... } function setHandler(elem) { ... } function walkAround() { ... }
One row must be exclusive .
// Followed by a space , Indent is consistent with the code annotated on the next line .
Avoid using
/*...*/ Such multiline comments . When there are multiple lines of comment content , Use multiple single line comments .
@innerTo mark .
recommend ：
/** * Number formatting * like 10000 => 10k * @param {number} num * @param {number} digits * @return {string} */ function numberFormatter(num, digits) { const si = [ { value: 1E18, symbol: 'E' }, { value: 1E15, symbol: 'P' }, { value: 1E12, symbol: 'T' }, { value: 1E9, symbol: 'G' }, { value: 1E6, symbol: 'M' }, { value: 1E3, symbol: 'k' } ] for (let i = 0; i < si.length; i++) { if (num >= si[i].value) { return (num / si[i].value).toFixed(digits).replace(/\.0+$|(\.[0-9]*[1-9])0+$/, '$1') + si[i].symbol } } return num.toString() }
recommend ：
/** * @desc Description of file, its uses and information * @dependencies about its dependencies. * @author Author Name * @date 2020-12-29 */
Articles are constantly updated , this paper GitHub Front end cultivation Booklet Included , welcome Star. If you have different opinions on the content of the article , Welcome to leave a message . | https://en.javamana.com/2022/175/202206240732128157.html | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 891 | 60.45 |
See also: IRC log
<trackbot> Date: 24 July 2012
<wseltzer> We'll start at 9:30 Pacific
<rbarnes> test test
<arun> Yep, finally in.
WebCrypto F2F Meeting Convented
<scribe> scribe: hhalpin
<scribe> scribenick: hhalpin
<rbarnes> link to agenda?
<rsleevi>
virginie_gallindo: agenda is on wiki
<rbarnes> thanks
virginie_gallindo: we want the draft API out by this summer
... we will also look at the use-cases, integrate them API
... probably not necessary to do editorial tools
... start discussion about tests
mike_jones: we at microsoft just did a survey to figure out what is implemented, we'd like to share it
sdurbha_: We want to discuss stored keys, which includes smartcards
vgb: we want to clarify the relationship between secondary and primary use-cases
virgine_gallindo: we have possiblity of looking at use-cases
... did you look with channy?
wtc: the editing pass I made was just to correct errors, the content is just a compilation of all the emails we have received.
<virginie_galindo>
wtc: they vary in completeness, from one paragraph to whole background doc
virgine_galindo: we should point to specific functions for each use-cases?
wtc: like symmetric, pre-provisioned keys
... there are a few use-cases that need to be incorporated, the smartcard use-cases from MITRE
... use-cases require client certs may or may not be on smart card
... jim davenport had action to incorporate these use-cases
<rbarnes> what was that web-based irc client someone mentioned?
<wseltzer> irc.w3.org
wtc: netflix is the most complete
... issues with credit card processing, hard to understand these use-cases
vgb: anders brought up the point that you sign document, then you add certs at end of signature
sdurbha_: if you are discovering a certificate that is existing, the server-side has no idea whats being used
vgb: we need to have all primitives for a particular scenario
wtc: I think proposed is the low-level API should cover most of the use-cases
arun: is action-item to flesh out use-cases document
sdurbha_: are we assuming SSL? API depends on use-cases
arun: I'll take action with wtc to flesh that out
MitchZ: I'd like to see if my use-case could be implemented with the API
sdurbha_: we need to be clear on assumption, including interaction with TLS
MitchZ: Its more like an OpenSSL or PCKS#11 library rather than sound security principles
arun: I almost think that any use-case that refers to SSL behavior be put in a secondary bucket
<wseltzer> hhalpin: important to get low-level API out sooner than later
<rbarnes> could someone say in one sentence what we mean by low- and high-level in this context?
<wseltzer> ... certificates put into secondary not because they're not important, but because they can be trickier to solve
<wseltzer> ... if someone has a good solution, welcome to say
<arun> arun: e.g. like the "Korea use case" in banking, which is put in the secondary bucket.
<wseltzer> ... We will want to address certificate-handling later.
<wseltzer> ... re: scheduling, we don't have to publish use case doc at same time as API
<wseltzer> ... informative track, versus rec track.
<wseltzer> ... keep working on the use cases; as people review the API, they should consider: can it serve my use case?
<wseltzer> ... every 3 months, heartbeat check
<wseltzer> MitchZ: we can do with the draft API what we currently do with client certs
mitchZ: We can do client certs with the low-level we think by just getting a handle on the private key
sdurbha_: are we giving a good picture? like the Java API with attached use-cases
arun: lets look at the key
rsleevi: in one way to dodge certs, there's no good binary representation that JS can handle
... it can easily be mired
... I was thinking KeyQueryList, we can get a list of Distinguished Names and a list of keys
... we are trying to get BCrypt kind low-level API associaton of keys to DNs, then we can easily layer certs on top on them
... then we can do that kind of operation
virgine_galindo: we have to be clear with our use-cases in mind
... before we go for public review
<arun> arun: I wonder if key retrieval semantics can be "hot rodded" for cert retrieval semantics.
virgine_galindo: the primary/secondary features
hhalpin: we're going to add secondary use-cases dynamically throughout the lifetime of the working draft
... so its OK if they are not addressed in the first working draft
arun: should we put out-of-scope in use-cases
hhalpin: lets mention out-of-scope and in-scope in the API documents intro
... so developers can see it.
<wseltzer> ACTION: Wan-Teh and Arun to add missing use-cases [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-13 - And Arun to add missing use-cases [on Wan-Teh Chang - due 2012-07-31].
wtc: we need to add the Technology Nexus use-case
... and some of Jim Davenport's cleint cert work
rsleevi: whats the behavior, state-machine, etc.
<virginie_galindo>
rsleevi: we are looking at use-cases to see if we can satisfy the operations
... I've sketched out the IDL for most of what's being discussed
... there's key association, a meaningful way to address a key in a way thats compatible across different applications and preserve privacy
... I've incorporated key generation
... are the keys truly generated, or can we re-use existing keys?
... do we want to use exisitng key associated with its elements
... a brief sketch of some of the algorithms
... algorithm support on different platforms is massively varied
... see Mike's survey on JOSE list
link?
rsleevi: tried to get CDSA (OSX level), PKCS#11, as well as Crypto API and Cryptograhy Next Generation (Vista and later)
... put those together in a kind of JS dictionary format
... number of algorithms to be addressed
<wseltzer> JOSE: tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-03#section-6.1.2
rsleevi: we tried to use native platform APIs whenever possible
... different browsers, different implementations
... we need implementation-independent data reps
... OpenSSL is largely modelled towards PCKS#11, so its harmonizing
... but I haven't looked in more detail at OpenSSL given they "give you enough rope to hang yourself with"
nadim: OpenSSL compatibility?
rsleevi: my concerns with SHOULD implement derivies from them
... often OpenSSL is exposed as PKCS#11
ddahl: the capabilities in different platforms
... action item to put together some sort of table to look at implementation
Mike_jones: I'll send this table out asap, we've already built this table
rbarnes: we should do this exercise once, as we should maximize compatibility
... we're going to have to do algorithm negotiation anwyays
rsleevi: I agree, but representation of non-wrapped keys
... symmetric keys
mike_jones: JOSE is not representing private keys
... to the extend this group wants to do that, so you'd extend the data-structures
rbarnes: we should at least agree on algorithm names with JOSE
rsleevi: I've only been lately following this work, but its a representation of messaging
... we're more at CNG level with the API
... Algorithm at low-level API there are more variety of parameters
... such as salt length
... with a messaging-based scheme, complete cipher suites are defined
... the low-level API might need to expose more parameters
... A256CBC is wrapped together in JOSE, but in PKCS#11 but we have idea of size and length parameters that can vary
... does exposing those parameters make sense?
<wseltzer> pointer to JOSE work from Mike Jones:
rsleevi: overlap with JOSE 1-to-1
rbarnes: we can go after suites and profiles
mike_jones: just to provide more data
... some of our open issues we make only algorithm suites available, can we get finer grain control
... for encryption, we require integrity check for algorithms that don't have integrity check
... then we get encryption alg + integrity alg + key derivation alg, that is closer to low-level as ryan describes it
... it may be the case that the WG directs us to aggregated identifiers that suites that make sense
virginie_galindo: what's the major things we should discuss?
<kaepora> Who came up with the idea of adding AES-GCM to the draft?
rsleevi: I think we should 1) naming - represent key/key handling 2) key discovery and 3) key generation/key derivation
everyone, you can just figure out who added what by doing this:
although you need to authorized as a member of the WG at this time
when we do FPWD we'll public the cvs log
agreement of editors
virginie_galindo: we can add editors
PROPOSAL: Adding Ryan as editor and (perhaps temporarily) removing jarred
RESOLUTION: Added Ryan as editor to Spec and (perhaps temporarily) removing jarred
<MitchZ> +q
<selfissued> selfissued is Mike Jones
sdurbha_: details we are expecting from the API
... how are we constrained by details that we cannot meaningful expose to through the API
... frankly, from my expectations, the browsers are going to be ubiquitous
... my hope is we get a particular browser for a particular platform, we want to run on all browsers on all different platforms
... we would prefer not to keep changing code for runtime
... a list of minimum expectations is crucial
rsleevi: two problems, how to represent an algorithm (input, outputs)
... ala AES how long counter is, least/most sig bits, what are parameters
... but we don't want a browser-by-browser basis
... then the code written for AES should work if all browsers support it
... but AES availability is also for configuration dependent
... which may be policy dependent, such as RSA mandatory strength for example in JSA - FIPS might disable key verificaiton for certain small key sizes
wtc: we are focussing on low-level, high-level stuff has been removed
arun: we should focus on lowest level primitives, let libraries wrap with better abstractions
<MitchZ> +1
ddahl: we should write off a high-level API
... that will ride on internals of this
... but I agree we should focus
<kaepora> Note: I am Nadim
vgb: higher-level API will take on significant extra-scope
lets publish lower-level first, then going to high-level
then go to a high level in a time dependent way
maybe dropping if we don't have time
mike_jones: we want to make sure we can built a higher-level version that works with JOSE on top of low-level API
vgb: JOSE has made those choices
<ddahl> arun: MDN will cover it;)
kaepora: I think I have a good solution, we could use really good documentation to show high-level API works
we could do that with a Primer document or Web Documenatation API
mike_jones: does W3C produce reference implementations?
not really
but we can point to things, produce test suites
MitchZ: I'd like to see Doc fill out with TBD, particularly on key exchange
rsleevi: I'd like to get the WebIDL working for even the TBD
MitchZ: we need to have a tech conversation about key exchange
vgb: do we need an initialized state, can we just specify the callbacks as part of creating the object, and got object in processing state
... that would simplify many things in state machine
... we could get rid of empty initializing
rsleevi: we are trying to discourage some patterns
... init state is trying to figure out if basic assumptions are correct before collecting data
... is that an argument for or against, the intent was to determine if we can use a ciphersuite
vgb: do we need both an empty and init state?
asad: could we just re-init an object?
vgb: that is a longer discussion re expensive nature of some objects
... is operation state expensive (key expansion?)
... key discovery is very expensive
... so we should re-use key objects
karen: we want to minimize the things to do in construction, that is why we want init
rsleevi: we shoudl remember that JS is single-threaded
... much of this API is decided to be async, anything that blocks is fatal
... same thread shared between a number of APIs
... we don't want to block thread at init
... not sure what we're backed by
... there are callbacks, the .init was trying to be consisnet inside object without a whole new object being exposed
... its a cryptooperation object, an interface that is returned to prevent
... if we had a "new" we'd still have a .init method
... we are trying to force a DOMObject being exposed to create a new API
... so instead of window.encrypt we'd use a new cryptoOperation
... we don't want to mix callbacks on object with DOM.
vgb: I tend to agree, but still processing
karen: crypto.encrypt returns the operator with an object with the .init
vgb: we have to be consistent to always,for example, return object and then do callback
rsleevi: I was trying to determine what best practices have been
... again, tring to minize verbose description
karen: encrypt is a verb, maybe we should do "getEncryptor"
ddahl: we don't want to confuse people
karen: getEncryptor would be better
rsleevi: or createEncryptor
<ddahl> virginie_galindo: just a scheduling note, lunch is here and ready:)
<scribe> ACTION: rsleevi to change naming scheme to use a "createX" approach rather than just "X" [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-14 - Change naming scheme to use a "createX" approach rather than just "X" [on Ryan Sleevi - due 2012-07-31].
vgb: I'm OK with keeping init
... so you create a new object, it does an init and puts it into initalizing state, callback to tell you are in processing state
rsleevi: correct
sdurbha: it seems response is always a callback, not an event
rsleevi: this is a single-threaded concern
... event-based callback is to allow single-threaded concern
... browsers do JS in event loop
... we want to make things single-threaded
... and thus async
... although WebWorker, if something is exposed to WebWorker
... WebWorkers do postMessage() multi-threaded
... although there is this notion of objets
... this is where clonability comes up
... where is interaction between this and main thread
... FileAPI offers a sync version
sdurbha: how can we tell the difference?
rsleevi: we can curry a function that represents a step for different objects with parameters that tells you which objects
... or temporary functions with first-argument pre-bound, so entire object is smuggled in as argument
... when JS is fired, the source is crypto-operation itself
... when it posts the oninit for the event
... what objects process data, which objects are completed
... this in step 10.3
arun: we should put those steps in
rsleevi: intent there is a state machine
arun: a primer is one way
<scribe> ACTION: ddahl to insert in "right place" a description of high-level example [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-15 - Insert in "right place" a description of high-level example [on David Dahl - due 2012-07-31].
so we have consensus on the init?
arun: more or less, lets think about it
sdurbha: specific parameters vs generic dictionary?
rsleevi: current draft removed that
... in order to keep it then we should just use a generic method
ckula: what's the case against an object that creates a key+algorithm
vgb: AES key, we could do almost anything with it.
... RSA key, you could sign with, you could encrypt with
... the key will not define algorithm completely, key is an algorithm family
... each of those is different
... we want a generic algortihm object, but JOSE algorithms are shorthands for those particular suites stanardized by JOSE
karen: for crypto operation states, we want to have an initialized state and an error state
rsleevi: error is handled by done state
... as in FileAPI
... an initalizing, initalized state?
karen: we only want to use it in intialized state
rsleevi: initalized->straight to processData
... there doesn't seem to be initialized state, except clonability or WebWorkers
... once the oninit has fired, the event source indicates the ojbect
karen: what if you receive callback and want to do something later
rsleevi: you know where you came from
karen: then you don't need enumeration if callback
rsleevi: do we need to expose readystate?
wtc: we need state as inconventi way to formally specify
s/invonventi/convenient
rsleevi: you've exposed this in the fileAPI?
... this is similar to FileReader
arun: I don't think most developers need to query the state
... we exposed it because there this's "readystate" in XHR
... but we don't need to access it
... its just internal flags
<wseltzer> arun: do we want a close/neuter
<wseltzer> rsleevi: we have complete. should that also close/neuter?
<wseltzer> virginie_galindo: do we reuse objects? how do we kill them?
<wseltzer> rsleevi: let's leave the object neutering as an open issue
<wseltzer> arun: key neutering / key object reference neutering
<wseltzer> ... may be a more useful discussion
<wseltzer> vgb: don't implicitly neuter keys
<wseltzer> [LUNCH break]
<wseltzer> rsleevi: distinguish between errors that can be cheaply checked, immediately throw invalid state transition or parameters; most will be async
<wseltzer> [Reconvene in 30 minutes; 1pm Pacific]
<wseltzer> scribenick: asad
<wseltzer> [back from lunch]
issues?
virginie_galindo: We will start with discussing key related issues
rsleevi: key IDs, are they unique between appliations or are they shared?
... How to discover what key objects support what operations?
We need to have some concept of Key ID, we know we have key material, but need to define ID
rsleevi: Family of key?
vgb: Functional aspect of key, that need to be exposed
MitchZ: Key may depend on the level of access the appliation has
... for example, app A can only encrypt and app B can only decrypt with the same key
... key can be hardware, or software, but the operation is restricted to specific functionality
rsleevi: This also matches breaking down operations into specific ones like, encrypt, decrypt, sign etc.
MitchZ: Policies tied to these operations can complicate things
rsleevi: It is related to access control, who has right to use what?
vgb: Are these kinid of constraints better handled in the application itself
@@ We should also consider encrypted keys in the API
<ddahl> rsleevi: another key property: expirationTime ?
<MitchZ> +q if we're talking about key wrapping now
karen: I want to follow up with key wrapping, there are several key wrapping algorithms, e.g. NIST ones
... these are needed for FIPS certificatons
rsleevi: key wrapping is an opertion that should be distinct from other opertions
karen: What is in scope and what is out of scope?
... for example for crypto operations, where is the key stored? browser local storage, OS storage
... if in OS storage, other applications running in computer can access key as well
... also where is the crypto performed? in the browser or in an external token such as a smart card
rsleevi: How will the browser have access to the secure token
vgb: What would the application do different if the choice of key location is available in the API
... what advantage can be achieved by the application if API suports choice of key location
karen: what is our trust model, who do we trust? do we trust the browser, if not then the complete web appliation model can colapse
... we should specify what is trusted and what is not trusted.
virginie_galindo: this trust related security statement should be in the editor's draft
richard: It will he helpful to have an explicit key discovery, storage API
rsleevi: key is more than just private bytes, it has other attributes as well, some of these can be specified by the application
virginie_galindo: instead of having an open discission, let us clacify the categories and then have discusion on them
vgb: three families of keys; functional, ancilary (trust related, what you choose to do with keys), scope related (global, short lived, etc.)
sdurbha_: I would like to play devil's advocate, key should be open blob, you can put anything you want to put in them.
richard: what is the policy model, if they are the same entity why separate them
vgb: There are many cases where you want a trusted meta data, e.g. query, show be all the keys with non-expired certificates
sdurbha_: two things, search on a set of attributes, and enforcement
vgb: API is not enforcing these policies, they are application specific.
... functional attributes are exposed to application
... ancilary, non functional attributes such as expiration date,certificate parameters
karen: if private key is in a smart card, then the crypto operation should also be done in the smart card
sdurbha_: why define these key attributes because then where do we stop, how many attrubutes?
rsleevi: should have a common ontoloty, so it is good to define a structural notation for attributes
vgb: The third key family is scope, and access control
... scoping is enforced by user agent, cannot be manipulated by application, and require human in the loop
... Storage and Operator are not visible at the API level - since you do the same thing, regardless of the storage location
sdurbha_: If I want to query if a key is in smart card, instead of HTML5 or local storage, how is that done
MitchZ: In case of Netflix we trust what comes back from the API
... for example open browser is more prone to attack than the PS3 scenario
<arun> q>
If your application knows where it is running, you can make assumptions about the trust
mike: we should keep devices that have javascript without a browser in the scope
arun: we must discuss how user consent is solicited - it is a hard topic
markw: We need to talk about the key identifier, so we don't forget
ddahl: No discussion of javascript crypto since there is no storage mechanism
hhalpin: In charter we were worried about storage (safe key storage), if we cannot do it safely, we should not attempt, but I think we can
... also worried about access control, and especially complex ones
... also we will not specify user interface components
... it can be a guideline, but nothing more than that
rsleevi: we should therefore have asynchronous entry point for access control
nadim: NodeJS implemented wrapper to OpenSSL
... is it a good idea to have some measure of entropy included in attributes
rsleevi: it will be hard to measure that, and no API that reliably privides that on any platform
vgb: It is a philosophical concept
sdurbha_: do we want to know what appliation created the key?
<hhalpin> however, if people want to specify any attribute in a defined way, they should be able to add it
vgb: provenance of keys can be indicated
karen: what about owner of the key?
... owner can be related to the identifier, certain domain
mikew: List of growing key attributes demonstrates the need for use cases, to decide what is really needed.
virginie_galindo: we are closing the key attributes topic, the white board has a comprehensive list of attributes
karen: function and usage of key is important, if it is for signature it should only be used for sign not for encryption
asad: any access control on who can set the key attributes
rsleevi: These can be handles once we define the API and attributes in key object
<hhalpin> +1 functional should be immutable
<hhalpin> other ones can be mutable
<hhalpin> (going to capture these in IRC)
<hhalpin> Key Attributes:
sdurbha_: Can attributes be changed after they are created?
<hhalpin> s: supplementary (to be enforced by application
<hhalpin> scope: to be enforced by UA, reuqires user agent but user interface is out of scope
<hhalpin> functional: enforced at creation by ua, immuatable
<hhalpin> 1. access control (scope)
<hhalpin> 2. timing (expiration) (supplementary)
<hhalpin> 3. storage (open issue)
sdurbha_: the temporary attribute of a key is an attribute or a function paramter?
<hhalpin> 4. usage (cipher, signnature, extractable) (functional)
<hhalpin> 5. public or private key or symmetric
<hhalpin> 6. type (algorithm family * size) (functional)
<hhalpin> 7. temporary/permant: scope
vgb: this is an attribute specified when the key is generated
<hhalpin> 8. algoithm (functionlal)
<hhalpin> 9. operator (who executes) (open issue)
virginie_galindo: what should the application be able to access in the list of attributes?
<hhalpin> 10. privoveance, possibly using associate with certificate (supplenetary)
<hhalpin> 11. identifier/naming (function)
vgb: scope should be quried by application, but the other functional attributes should be accessible by application
... like a TLS session key
virginie_galindo: Storage aspect of the key is an open issue for now, we need to decide later
... discuss discovery of key is important and
rsleevi: one proposal is window.crypto.key
<rbarnes> i heard window.crypto.keys
rsleevi: other proposal is that if you are granted access to keys you have access
karen: who grants this access?
rsleevi: based on the query or through events like smart card insertion event
vgb: I am a little worried about remove aspect of key reference
rsleeve: it was included for cases such as smart card removal, it has to be baked into init
vgb: this is like taking application state model and moving it into API state model, should be avoided
... for example application should set a callback to handle such cases, smart card removal
rsleevi: some operations need smart card access for each operation, such as each sign operation. In such cases it is useful to have a remove scenio if the smart card is removed
vgb: we are inventing this, there is no commonly implemented crypto API that does this
... we have this whole notion of key object and key life-cycle. How about having a key reference instead
rsleevi: this can be handle by the agent, e.g. only a reference can be created first and the actual object is created when the init() is called
rbarnes: when you say key object do you mean object with properties
<rbarnes> ^^^ do you mean an object that actually contains keymat
rsleevi: the actual action on the key material happens when the operation is performed, not at init
markw: finding out attributes about the keys becomes another opertion
hhalpin: they can be getter operations
markw: key and key object can have different life-cycles
karen: key idenfier and key object are different
MitchZ: we will have performance issues if we initialize everthing on page load
rsleevi: browser can store a bunch of key IDs and their origin mapping, so it will be lightweight
ddalh: do we need OnCryptoKeyReady ?
rsleevi: window.crypto.keys is easy to use, and the initial state can be zero
... this is same as keyquerylist with no criteria
... these are keys created by your application
rbarnes: If keys are application generated why are the API use then.
<hhalpin> quick question - where is the key discovery in the Editor's Draft? I can't find it...
MitchZ: even getting the names of keys can be an expensive operation
<ddahl> hhalpin: it was in an email
<rsleevi> hhalpin: Sorry, it was sent to the mail list, I didn't put it in the draft yet
<hhalpin> OK, so if we get consensus on this approach, we need to add this to the draft spec
vgb: For keyquery list, when this is called when do the callbacks stop?
<ddahl> vgb: i can see how the application can determine when to ignore the keyQueryList callbacks
wtc: can be find out if an origin based key is already existing or need to be generated
rsleevi: It needs to be balaced with privacy
wseltzer: what about private browsing? can keys be aware of this scenario
karen: if user grants access to the key in smart card, then the key should be included in the list of keys
rsleevi: API should be unified, but allow selection based on certian criteria
MitchZ: As an application you know what keys you want to use
karen: May not not, sometimes you may not
hhalpin: we have made progress on key discovery, we are now cycling on ways to do key discovery. should add it to the public draft
... I have not heard any objections to key discovery
wtc: who is specifying window.crypto.keys ?
It is in Domcrypt
<hhalpin> ACTION: rsleevi to add the key query mechanism to editors draft, checking in with ddahl's edit [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-16 - Add the key query mechanism to editors draft, checking in with ddahl's edit [on Ryan Sleevi - due 2012-07-31].
vgb: As refered in email, we should separate out parameters to operations from the parameters to algorithms
... similar but related note, should result always be a scalar
rsleevi: instead of defining a separeate object, it should be in the result, e.g. result.value etc.
wtc: should provide a way for an app to say it has consumed the onprocess data
<Zakim> arun, you wanted to talk about Key object format.
arun: How should discuss how the key look like in JavaScript, arraybuffer views, etc.
nadim: If Id and cypher text is separated it can be a problem, e.g since the keys cannot be transferred easily.
rbarnes: Base64 everyhing
<hhalpin> notes that the answer is to use JSON Web Keys
<hhalpin>
<hhalpin> (looking for most current IETF draft)
mike: observation about naming - key discovery appear to me like lookup operation
<hhalpin>
<hhalpin> latest IETF version
mike: some keys may not allow this lookup, but any allow the use of keys
... e.g. using a hardware and trusting it to do the right alogorithm and the right key
rsleevi: such a hardware is out of scope
virginie_galindo: Yes, it is true some smart card will not allow any infomation about the keys
<hhalpin> we can't dicatate if all things (i.e. some smartcards) respond to the key discovery/lookup procedure
sdurbha_: should support extensibility for key storage
<hhalpin> but those that can should be able to, but that may not be the set of all keys actually that can be used
rsleevi: browsers already do this, since they do not implement crypto themselves currently, they delegate to other crypto providers
<wseltzer> [BREAK: 20 minutes]
<kaepora> ddahl: In the topic of key import, we should put that as a secondary feature
<kaepora> ..CORRECTION: we should move it from secondary to primary
<kaepora> (I AM NOW SCRIBING)
<kaepora> rsleevi: We should be on the same page on where the keys come from, other issues
<arun> ScribeNick kaepora
<kaepora> virginie_galindo: Should we talk about mandating algorithms or keep that until next conference call?
<kaepora> hhalpin: We should do "musts" now and "shoulds" later
<kaepora> virginie_galindo: Key generation, identification, will be discussed today.
<kaepora> ...everything related to algorithms will be discussed tomorrow
<kaepora> kaepora: We should discuss random number generation tomorrow
<kaepora> Mike Jones: Some keys are going to live in certificates, while others will be bare keys. So we shouldn't design our API in such a way that assumes that all cerificate properties apply to keys
<kaepora> Ryan: I agree with Mike Jones
<kaepora> MitchZ: Is it fair to say that everything X509 specific is out of scope?
<kaepora> Mike Jones: Not necessarily out of scope. Example: in the current JOSE drafts, you can do key lookups using SHA-1 of certificates. Not beautiful, but it's practical.
<kaepora> Mike Jones: But that shouldn't be the only way to look up the key
<kaepora> MitchZ: If I wanted to, I could store that X509 as a blob of data in my local store. We could say this is all X509 specific and out of scope
<kaepora> rsleevi: I don't want to rule it out of scope, but I don't want to expose ASN.1 in one DOM tree
<kaepora> Mike Jones: I want the result to be usable and practical
<kaepora> rsleevi: Thanks
<kaepora> MitchZ: I agree with Mike Jones
<kaepora> arun: HTML5 spec specifies a keygen element. We can't decouple ourselves from it. We should do something with it (expand it?)
<kaepora> ..is it out of scope?
<kaepora> rsleevi: Yes, but <keygen> is not well-implemented. Even on the Google side we are unhappy with it (as well as Microsoft) because it uses MD5 etc.
<kaepora> ..it was only specified in HTML5 for historical reasons
<kaepora> ..Yes, the keygen element exists, but by any means if we can deprecate it, then we should.
<kaepora> hhalpin: I think we should note that our API is completely separable from <keygen> and we should explain why
<kaepora> hhalpin: The reason why we put certs in secondary features is because of X509
<kaepora> ...JOSE had similar issues with X509
<kaepora> hhalpin seems to be heading out of the discussion
<kaepora> arun: It seems that <keygen> is bad, we should focus on doing the better thing
<kaepora> rsleevi: Yes, I agree, it used MD5 at the core which was bad, and it was not flexible enough
<kaepora> arun: <keygen> can also be a cautionary tale for us
<kaepora> rsleevi: Yes, I agree
<kaepora> ddahl: A lot of poeple want to either fix <keygen> or get rid of it completely
<kaepora> rsleevi: <keygen> as an API does not generate keys with specific domain restriction requirements. That's actually useful because some CAs provide keygen as a way to generate key pairs.
<kaepora> ...but we have to be very careful with it still
<Zakim> arun, you wanted to talk about KeyGen element
<kaepora> virginie_galindo: When you talk about key generation, what is left to us and what do you want to describe in the scope of the API?
<kaepora> Mike Jones: Good question!
<kaepora> rsleevi: David put together a key generator object and I took some of the intitial parameters. We got this list of attributes now and it's useful to think if applications specify them on creation. Also, what attributes are useful to specify on creation, etc.
<kaepora> ddahl: Also expiration is an issue, and cross-domain is another issues. We should specify expiry date and on which domains I want to use that key
<kaepora> rsleevi: I want to create section 11 on the API draft
<rsleevi> Sorry, we /have/ a section 11 :) It's what we want to discuss
<kaepora> virginie_galindo: OK, so we need to discuss the key ID then
<kaepora> rsleevi: Thanks
<kaepora> virginie_galindo: Let's start with the key identifier, Marc?
<kaepora> ddahl: If you look at section 11, it's chicken and egg;
<kaepora> markw: You need identifiers for keys on each device
<kaepora> markw: If I send a key to the server-side, the server side needs to know which key was used to sign that message
<kaepora> rsleevi: The question is how to refer to keys in a unique way, then
<kaepora> markw: Exactly
<kaepora> rsleevi: Do you think it's possible to define a unique global namespace to define the key (to Mitch)
<kaepora> Sitarama: Applications are responsible for uniqueness within a single domain, not globally
<kaepora> rsleevi: We're saying that MitchZ's Netflix application will specify the key namespace
<kaepora> ..not globally
<kaepora> markw: With pre-provisioned keys, the identifier has to be created when the keyu is pre-provisioned
<kaepora> Vijay: Both the client and the server need to know the key identifier then, right?
<kaepora> ...why not let the application specify the pre-provisioned key
<kaepora> Vijay: the problem with pre-provisioned keys is that they're created outside the browser
<kaepora> Vijay: Would adding sidecar data satisfy Netflix key requirements?
<kaepora> MitchZ: Yes
<kaepora> markw: Identifiers are only required for server-side key operations
<kaepora> *server-side pre-provisioned key operations
<kaepora> MitchZ: I think unique identifiers are useful beyond pre-provisioned keys
<kaepora> Vijay: What if an application creates two keys for the same purpose by mistake?
<kaepora> karen: This is an application-specific problem, not our problem
<kaepora> arun: How do you get two keys by mistake?
<kaepora> MitchZ: Key renewal occurs frequently, mistakes may happen there
<kaepora> rsleevi: I feel that you can put whatever you want in a opaque client-side blob: there is a privacy concern there
<rsleevi> ACTION mitchz to review key generation and propose a way for user agents to expose unique IDs as first class
<trackbot> Sorry, couldn't find user - mitchz
<rsleevi> ACTION Mitch to review key generation and propose a way for user agents to expose unique IDs as first class
<trackbot> Created ACTION-17 - Review key generation and propose a way for user agents to expose unique IDs as first class [on Mitch Zollinger - due 2012-07-31].
<rsleevi> kaepora: In favor of proposal from Netflix and descriptions of the use case, but concerns regarding the exact referencing of Netflix and feels there should be a neutrality policy
<rsleevi> wseltzer: There is not a general problem with identifying the source of use cases, or of directly engaging the providers. It does become problematic if the API does start to sway towards a particular provider or implementor
<rsleevi> wseltzer: It's a valid response to say that the discussion about unique IDs may be tied to Netflix's needs
<rsleevi> virginie_galindo: Reasonable to describe some anonymized form, but the direct inclusion of Netflix's use case is perhaps fine, since they provided a complete use case
<ddahl> kaepora: The netflix use case is 100% about identifying a device properly so the proper type of stream can be sent to it - the stream is encrypted and all DRM is handled deep inside the graphics chipsets, etc
<kaepora> ddahl (NOT SCRIBING): So the Netflix use case is not DRM-protected content delivery?
<ddahl> kaepora: indeed
<kaepora> Um
<kaepora> I disagre
<rbarnes> kaepora: it's key agreement and client authentication
<kaepora>
<ddahl> kaepora: we discussed this at length in a meeting between moz, google and netflicx last year
<ddahl> kaepora: yep, it is a misnomer
<kaepora> How is "DRM" license exchanges a misnomer?
<kaepora> *"DRM license exchanges"
<ddahl> kaepora, if you are reading that in the use case those pieces should be renamed
<rbarnes> kaepora: neither "license" nor "DRM" appears in the use case doc
<rbarnes>
<kaepora> Yes, they were edited out
<kaepora>
<kaepora> But they were there
<kaepora> They were edited out only after I complained about it a few months back
<kaepora> The rest of the spec was kept intact
<ddahl> kaepora, there is no way that the content owners would ever allow a browser DOM API handle decoded data
<rbarnes> kaepora: "such as..."
<kaepora> OK
<kaepora> I am unconvinced
<ddahl> kaepora, that's OK, you might be convinced once you chat with Mitch and Mark:)
<kaepora> "authorization to play movies" means DRM
<kaepora> Sorry
<kaepora> It's just the case
<kaepora> It's the textbook definition of DRM
<ddahl> kaepora, no, it is much more akin to "what kind of blue ray player are you and who is your owner?" that is the only thing they will do with this API
<kaepora> ddahl: Cryptographically verifying the owner is also cryptographically verifying whether they are allowed to play content
<kaepora> Which means DRM
<rbarnes> kaepora: so you're not cool with authentication?
<ddahl> kaepora, we can agree to disagree then. this is the least of our worries really
<kaepora> rbarnes, of course I am, that's not what I'm saying
<ddahl> arun++
<kaepora> rbarnes, I am arguing that Netflix is promoting DRM in the Use Case document
<arun> kaepora, above ^ is the actual "DRM spec" as intended for HTML5. You'll note that there's a difference in use cases.
<ddahl> kaepora, i think this might be an issue if netflix was SELLING movies. They are not, they are renting movies. Data you agree you do not own.
<kaepora> Wow, that Encrypted Media Extensions spec is sad and modestly horrifying
<kaepora> Since when do we think it's a good idea to allow DRM content in browsers?
ISSUE-2?
<trackbot> ISSUE-2 -- How to address pre-provisioned keys and managing ACLs -- pending review
<trackbot>
<kaepora> arun, I understand
<kaepora> That Encrypted Media Extensions spec is morally bankrupt
<kaepora> How is it OK to facilitiate DRM on the web?
<ddahl> kaepora, I certainly don't intend on using any DRM-based systems, however, in the world of "rental entertainment streaming" i feel it is mostly benign. You are using DRM to watch rented video streams. If the video was sold to you, and you had no way to extract the data for a backup, that is a different situation entrely
<kaepora> WTF?
<arun> kaepora, many many ppl would agree with you :) however, that debate occurs elsewhere. Read this, for example:
<ddahl> kaepora, i reccommend we get a beer later
<rbarnes> kaepora: standards organizations do what the community wants to do. apparently there was community consensus around the Encrypted Media Extensions
<kaepora> ddahl, even if you intend that technology to be used for rented video, that doesn't mean it won't be used for everything else
<kaepora> rbarnes, I find that very hard to believe
<ddahl> kaepora, indeed. Like I said before there are way bigger issues to also ponder:)
<rsleevi> ACTION Ryan Sleevi to propose a method for key generation that fully specifies the intended algorithm usage (eg: RSA-PSS), not just the algorithm family (eg: RSA)
<trackbot> Created ACTION-18 - Sleevi to propose a method for key generation that fully specifies the intended algorithm usage (eg: RSA-PSS), not just the algorithm family (eg: RSA) [on Ryan Sleevi - due 2012-08-01].
<kaepora> ddahl, is Firefox going to implement Encrypted Media Extensions?
<arun> kaepora, yep. not in present form, but Mozilla generally will go in the direction of DRM in browsers.
<kaepora> arun, Not sure how Firefox promotes itself as a defender of user rights and freedoms then
<kaepora> arun, Isn't that its main marketing gig over Chrome?
<arun> kaepora, 'rights and freedom' is NOT narrowly defined. Read this, for example:
<karen> Mitch: want lighter key exchange method than SSL
<karen> ... currently, using DH
<karen> ... would like to see DH in scope
<karen> Ryan: agree
<ddahl> was anyone still on the phone?
<ddahl> the call to the conference bridge died
<ddahl> i can re-dial if need be
<karen> Mitch: another important thing is key protection. Want to be able to protect the shared secret and transform it to a key
<karen> Ryan: key derivation is similar in scope as key generation
<kaepora> Mike Jones: Defining concat();
<kaepora> rsleevi: I propose have a key derivation proposal for ECDH
<kaepora> MitchZ: I am OK with handling action item proposed by rsleevi
<hhalpin> \me just made minutes
<wseltzer> virginie_galindo: When will we get through actions, be ready for publication of first working draft?
<wseltzer> hhalpin: Schedule had us at FPWD in June. We can slip some, but shouldn't slip for months.
<wseltzer> ... better to push out something rough, with open issues, than not publish.
<wseltzer> rsleevi: before FPWD, want to define major issues, e.g. key derivation, state machine IDL,
<wseltzer> wtc: 3 weeks out
<wseltzer> hhalpin: take a break next week (IETF), then back to work?
<wseltzer> virginie_galindo: close today, hold the algorithm discussion until tomorrow?
<wseltzer> ... Tomorrow: next steps to FPWD, review use cases;
<wseltzer> ... left from today, random generation, algorithms MUST/SHOULD
<wseltzer> cjkula: key import?
<wseltzer> ddahl: originally secondary feature, move it to primary?
<wseltzer> asad: external tokens? in or out of scope?
<wseltzer> ... may be helpful to narrow list of key attributes
<wseltzer> virginie_galindo: re: algorithms, Mike's table, SHOULD/MUSI is still open because some poeple are asking for MUST
<wseltzer> virginie_galindo: Thank you! Reconvene tomorrow at 9 Pacific. | http://www.w3.org/2012/07/24-crypto-minutes.html | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 7,234 | 56.89 |
See also: IRC log
<richardschwerdtfeger> scribe: Rich
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: I chair PF and the Indie-Ui task force chair
<richardschwerdtfeger> rich: I work for IBM. I am the ARIA chair and have worked on previous standards on Access For All
<richardschwerdtfeger> Katie Harieto Shea - I work on 508 and accessibility
<richardschwerdtfeger> James Craig: I work for Apple and I work on ARIA and I am interested in features needed for ARIA that run outside ARiA 1.0 scope
<richardschwerdtfeger> david Macdonald: I work on HTML 5 and WCAG
<richardschwerdtfeger> Lachlan Hunt: I work for Opera. I work in the web apps working group
<richardschwerdtfeger> andy heath: I am a consultant and work on the access for all piece and related standards around getting personalization going. I work on ISO standard 24751 targeted at accessible e-learning.
<richardschwerdtfeger> Sangwhan Moon: Opera software. I work in the web events and now the new pointer event working group
<richardschwerdtfeger> Hyojin Park: I am a Phd student and I have projects in e-learning and web. I wanted to sit in and am looking to contribute. I am here as a first time observer
<richardschwerdtfeger> Jason Kiss: AC rep for the New Zealand govmnt. I am a member of the HTML working group and I am trying to get a better sense of how things work.
<richardschwerdtfeger> Gottfried Zimmerman: Media University Stutgart and member of GPII
<richardschwerdtfeger> thanks
<richardschwerdtfeger> call in info: 1617 761 6200 passcode 64343
<jcraig> 46343
<jcraig> (indie)
<Gottfried> We are now on the phone
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: you can join web events or indie ui working group you can join the task force
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: either one is sufficient
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: We will discuss the eventing model first and then the use cases later in the day
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: if we wait for telecom time we will take a very long time on use cases.
.
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: this is one of our 2 deliverables
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: This is the most appropriate user experience can be delivered in these situations. Then there is abstract events. This is a major opportunity for authoring.
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: When we are tired of use cases and want to take a break we will look at Mercurial
<janina>, call St_Clair_4
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: I work for Apple and I wrote one of the proposals that is used for this work. Some of the group contributions I was getting in from other members of the group did not make sense in the context of how standard event lifecycles work.. Because there people in the group with varying levels of technical experience I wanted to give this presentation. I also want to just have a level set.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: to get us all on the same page
<lisaseeman> I am hanging up on zakim. Let me know if there is anything else I can try
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: I want to give back ground on aria and how keyboard use only in authoring practices is a stop gap measure due to the scope of ARIA 1.0
<richardschwerdtfeger> channel is not open
<richardschwerdtfeger> need to get it
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: So let's go into background
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: ARIa has declarative markup in the DOM
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: overcome author, browser, and language limitations
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: retrofit markup for accessibility without gutting it - sprinkle some sugar on it and it works
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: very difficult something like a standard radio button is hard as many parts are native
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Declare semantics where host language cannot
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Native control output
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: output from web app to assistive technology
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: web app updates a value
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: browser notifies the screen reader
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: native control input
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: user attempts to change slider and the screen reader notifies the user
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: ARIA Control output
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: web app updates a value
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: browser updates the screen reader and the screen reader tells the user
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: browser doesn't know how to change the value of an ARIA slider
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: web application is never notified
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: this was out of scope for ARIA 1.0
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Standard Event Life Cycle
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the way voiceover works in MacOSX 10 you could use the standard slider but we also allow screen reader direct manipulation. There is an interact with slider and so on
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: There is no standard way to do this yet
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Standard Event lifecycle
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: example: submit button
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the click event starts at the leaf level node and cam bubble up the tree as long as an author does not choose to intercept and cancel the event. This is called bubbling.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in this case the img bubbles up to the submit button
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: example ARIA button
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: same thing happens. I bubbles up the the element with role-"button" and intercepts the event, does something with it and cancels the event. then that life cycle is over
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in non-interactive elements they keep passing on up the tree to the body and nothing has responded
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Let's talk about keyboard events
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: keyboard event aria button - same deal as long as the aria button has focus
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: with event delegation the aria button has keyboard focus but it does nothing with it and it bubbles up
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the event target here would be the aria button even though it bubbles up
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: when I talk about canceling I am talking about stopping propagation and preventing the default action.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in the case of a link the default action is to move the action to that link
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: if you are on a native button the space bar intercepts that. The space bar can then be propagated up if not stopped by the handler
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Indie UI event life cycles
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: span inside a span indise a slider inside a body tag
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the context of this particular node the screen reader knows the user is on a slider.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the screen reader can generate a value change request
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in a web application where nothing is know about this event the author did not opt in to do anything in this event.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: these are value change vs. value changed events as it is a request to make the change
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the idea is for backward compatibility we don't break anything that exists as the existing apps no nothing about these events
<richardschwerdtfeger> gottfried: What is the difference here when the AT generates the event?
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in the case of a native control where <input type="range"> there are cases where the AT can request to adjust the range
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Today, the app would process arrow keys.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the other way to do this would be to have direct manipulation of the value or basically setting the value of the slider
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: you might have a pointer to the slider and you might have a decrement or increment value.
<richardschwerdtfeger> gottfired: why can't they just all the api
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: for native controls yes but not aria controls where aria does not ovveride native functionality of the browser
<richardschwerdtfeger> gottrfried: we could override the value now property. The people in the DOM working group would say that breaks the web
<richardschwerdtfeger> rich: the author is not expecting that to happen
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: it is believed that would break the web
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: mutation events are being deprecated
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: they are deprecated for performance reasons.
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: there are on change events but authors are not expecting them
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the indie event behavior
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the point of regard is where we have keyboard focus but the screen reader can also have its own point of regard
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: it seems that we need to go up a level to abstraction - elements themselves
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: we could descend as well.
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: we could say that by inheriting an aria role the component could inherent functionality from the native control
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: I am wondering if at that level we could re-engineer it
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: ARiA has never changed the behavior of the user agent
.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: escaping from the dialog for example
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: for a while we were talking about a back end where all the elements slide together
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: I am not sure what you are talking about
<richardschwerdtfeger> John Li? Lee?: I am from Resarch in Motion
<richardschwerdtfeger> Josh O'Connor: NCBI
.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: if the web knew nothing about Indie Ui it would probably just let the event propagate on without being processed: backward compatibility
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: For those that do they can intercept the event and process the value change and updates the aria-valuenow atribute
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the screen reader would then announce the new value of the slider
<richardschwerdtfeger> ]
<richardschwerdtfeger> jason Kiss: in the previous slide, for older browsers, the event never occured
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: rendering engines try to be extremely efficient
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: where nothing is listening for it the browser does not even allow it to go to the DOM
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the screen reader would know that the user is focused on this
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Dismiss dialog example
<richardschwerdtfeger> body which contains an aria dialog, with contains a paragraph which contains an input element
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the user presses an escape key which sends a dismiss request which bubbles up to the dialog. It intercepts the event at the dialog, cancels the event and executes a response to the dialog dismissal
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: e.preventdefault() lets the UA/AT know the event was intercepted
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: libraries like jquery has special library framework eqivalents
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: is it reasonable that at all times the dismiss request should be sent?
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: yes, I think so. Escape always triggers the browser stop function
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we don't want these events to be blocking on the application level - we do want on the rendering level
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: how do we do that
.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: if this were to fly on a blocking engine … vendors are moving toward separate processed tabs
<richardschwerdtfeger> jason kiss: how does the prevent default notify the AT that the event was completed
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: example: intercept a valueChangeRequest event on a slider
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: here we are talking about a e.requestValue for what is passed.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we could have a value step for ARIA. 2.0 or 1.1
<richardschwerdtfeger> rich: we are going to have to create a tracker here for web apps review as the changes will effect the methods provided in events
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: my suggestion would be to make this as hugely abstract as possible
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: if this is something where ARIA is used with RDF where people create their own widgets we could create new mappings.
<richardschwerdtfeger> lisa: I would try to keep any property names abstract as possible
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: I agree and that is why we have requestValue vs. a slider request value.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: this is not specific to ARIA
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: accessibility is one of the primary considerations but it is not the only one
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: I am almost done
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: the bulk of our time will be on use cases
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: we are walking through to get requirements
<richardschwerdtfeger> janina: this is great. we are talking about a break at 10:45
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: Indie User Context. the reason that this is pushed out longer is that there is a lot more to discuss here and we have a greater grasp of the events model
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: one of the requests that has come in is that we need a way for web apps. to respond to user needs
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: there are other things that are used as preferences. We want to simplify the user and authoring experience
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we want to make getting at these users needs flexible.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we need to be able to get a user preference
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we need to be notified when a user preference changes
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we discussed a preference to view captions yesterday
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: The web application will always know that the suer needs captions
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: the user agent could be made aware of increases in the ambient noise and ask that the web app turn on captions
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: register a listener for a preference change event
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: e. preference key for case font size change performa a uI action
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: in certain cases we would want to prevent this but we don;t want to prevent progress
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: in the past we have had to adopt prefixed things from webkit because of its extensive use
<richardschwerdtfeger> Issue: Vendor specific preferences keys
<richardschwerdtfeger> ISSUE: Vendor specific preferences keys
<trackbot> Created ISSUE-4 - Vendor specific preferences keys ; please complete additional details at .
<richardschwerdtfeger> ISSUE: DOM event method specification will require coordination with web applications
<trackbot> Created ISSUE-5 - DOM event method specification will require coordination with web applications ; please complete additional details at .
<richardschwerdtfeger> Rich: Lachlan how would you like to address that
<richardschwerdtfeger> Lachlan: Don't know now. would want to discuss this with other groups
<richardschwerdtfeger> Rich: ok
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: apple has a preference on tab key navigation order
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: have you thought about how this impacts browser finger printing
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: certain elements have relatively how costs or low need for security. We don't want to burden the user all the time.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we need to implement some kind of security model
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: no solution yet but has been discussed
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: there are a variety of taxonomies.
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we would want to allow access to these other taxonomies
<richardschwerdtfeger> lachlan: so is that prefix like a name space?
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: this particular string is influenced by a namespace but we are not imposing XML namepsaces
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we could have a new top level window object with new methods. This is larger than the scope of accessibility. So, I am not sure this should be part of the navigator object
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: we could have a property that if the user does not care that I worry about a property ...
<richardschwerdtfeger> ISSUE: Potentially could have extensions to window level properties. Potentially need to coordinate with web application working group
<trackbot> Created ISSUE-6 - Potentially could have extensions to window level properties. Potentially need to coordinate with web application working group ; please complete additional details at .
<richardschwerdtfeger> andy: there is a whole other bag of stuff in preferences as to how one gets them in. They are not only device preferences but there are also media preferences
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: questions: privacy questions. What happens when a web app requires a protected key?
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: should eternal properties bey prefixed, namespaced, etc.?
<richardschwerdtfeger> jcraig: How do we resolve value differences across platforms? e.g. fontSize, returns a different value on different systems. Should we standardize a unit or use a relative size?
<richardschwerdtfeger>
<janina>
<richardschwerdtfeger>
<Ryladog> scribe:Ryladog
!.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 up down etc will be our directional uses, then a separate set for logical next and previous
S6 through S9 are for the directional use?
JS: Suggest eight directional uses cases of South, Southwest, North, Northeast etc
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-up,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-up-right,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-right,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-down-right,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-down,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-down-left,
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-left,
GZ: CSS 3 basic UI model elements
has a these above
... It may be too much work to cater to so many
<richardschwerdtfeger> nav-up-left
JC: Maybe the CSS styles uses
these, but that may be a problem for us
... Tabindex was all + integers, it overroad the default focus order of the DOM on interactive elements, Tabindex took focus out of the normal code order
... This may have a similar problem, using these elements above, as what happened with tabindex
GZ: It may be a problem
<janina>
<jcraig> ACTION: jcraig to add directional navigations event with 8-way directional order property (e.g. n, ne, e, se, …) [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-14 - Add directional navigations event with 8-way directional order property (e.g. n, ne, e, se, …) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
<jcraig>
RS: We are going to create events that are similar to SVG Tiny 1.2 for the names of the directional events for S6 through S9. And then two additonal,, next and previous
<jcraig> ACTION: jcraig to add logical previous/next event (not tied to directional focus event) (maybe focusNextRequest and focusPreviousRequest?) [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-15 - Add logical previous/next event (not tied to directional focus event) (maybe focusNextRequest and focusPreviousRequest?) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
<richardschwerdtfeger> SWAO
<richardschwerdtfeger> SWAP
LS: Suggest SWAP we thought was useful. The main use cases were for learning disabilities
Semantic Web Accessibility Platform
<Joshue108>
LS: Easily navigable semantic information
<Joshue108>
LS: Someone could build and RDF by a proxy server if not on top of the app
JC and AH: This may be most useful in the User Needs/Preferences module
RS: Could you look at the Use cases we have and see if that would work with the use cases we have
JS: Richs request is a good one, if you can look over the use cases
<Zakim> jcraig, you wanted to mention this could be covered by taxonomy-prefixed preference keys
RS: For example, a user case to simplify the content - that would help us because we do not have any like that
JC: Part of the User Context module might have a way to inject (maybe via proxy) what an application request value, font size, captions, color, etc. Taxonomy defines this preference for short term memory
KHS: Could we include Simpler Language as a User Need?
JC: It may not fit, may be best addressed through a Taxonomy
LS: Short term memory loss is a
very large challenge
... TV channel change, I put a sticker next to the on/off, simpler method, less choices
JS: Yes, this is a big issue,
RS: I think we need an event to this. We are seeing this in the education space
LS: You can map it to a use
case
... Like your online mail
Lachlan: From a developers perspective, there does seem to be a problem with having to code for each disability
AH: I would be happy to speak with you off-line later
<sangwhan> +1
<Lachy> to clarify my point, solutions to the problems and use cases need to really look at the issue from web developer perspectives and making things easier and with more incentive to use
<Zakim> jcraig, you wanted to say a "simplify" event is still too general; simplify interface? simplify language? this may be valid, but IMO as a preference, not as an event.
RS: For the general web - maybe not too much, but in the education space developers do want this. I would like you to put together a user case for this
<Joshue108> +q
<lisaseeman> +q
JC: My thoughts on having a 'simplify' event. If you feel this is a valid need to have an event. You should provide the properties for this simply event, to help define and clarify. This is an action for you to provide a concrete proposal.
RS: I really want Lisa to give us some use cases. There is a project at the Department of Education right now, that is working on this.
LH: Without specific guidance it is hard for web developers to do
This is not going to sell to developers if this is mostly an Accessibility Spec
<richardschwerdtfeger> +1
Joshue: I would like to see this spec be more general, which would be better adopted
<sangwhan> /me would appreciate it if accessibility related acronyms are spelled out at least once for the noobs (like me)
<sangwhan> s/ \/me would appreciate it if accessibility related acronyms are spelled out at least once for the noobs (like me)//
AH: I wish we had put it in AFA, and would like it to be in AFA 3. GPII want it. If it a preference, I do not think it is an event........
<jcraig> AFA = access for all
<jcraig> PNP = personal needs and prefs?
<jcraig> GPII? dunno.
<Zakim> jcraig, you wanted to respond to sangwhan's comment that spec is currently accessibility-focused
<janina> rm li
<janina> q li
Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII)
JC: I am guilty that this is
Accessibility focused. This spec grew from trying to fill the
wholes that prevent access
... There are types of things that can not be done today, but we do want to make it more main stream
<Joshue108> +1 to James
<Zakim> Gottfried, you wanted to say that we need to address preference properties in a registry-based approach
JC: I do not want to address ALL of the needs in a 1.0 version that covers much Access issues
GZ: I see there is alot more in terms of content negotiation, but this cannot be addressed by IndieUI. This will be better covered in GPII, some thongs that I will talk about tomorrow - mconcerning a global repoistory
<Lachy> This is what I was in the queue earlier to say: Device independence is an incentive for developers. They want to target touch keyboards,]
<Lachy> use.
AH: I am not suggesting we move away from Accessibility
<Joshue108> +1 to Lachy on 'can provide transparent accessibility benefits.'
<Zakim> jcraig, you wanted to briefly mention avoiding deep dives in either direction for 1.0: either accessibility or mainstream prefs
RS: AT IBM if you can tie accessibility to a main stream use, there will be greater uptake
<Joshue108> I think that the more the work that can be done to support a11y via the backdoor the better.
JC: For 1.0 I do not think we can cover all accessibility needs, but we want to focus on the most critical access needs that will be best adpted
LS: I would like to see a task force in the W3C concerning cognitive issues related to diability
MC: I would like to suggest a new Community Group
KHS: I agree, great idea
.
JS: eBook has a good solution for simplification
<janina> About to resume ...
<Lachy> ScribeNick: Lachy
<richardschwerdtfeger> test
RS: The next one, assuming we've moved all the directional stuff into the spec, is S10. A command to direct media players to pause and play.
<Ryladog> LH: In HTML5 has custom controls you would want to provide this a higher level command that says pause
LH: The interpretation of event is application-specific.
<Ryladog> GZ: Follow the event
<Ryladog> JS: Are you saying that HTML5 a;ready supports this?
<Ryladog> LH: It depends on the app - you can do it from a context menu
<scribe> ScribeNick: Ryladog
<richardschwerdtfeger> Proposed resolution: Define a requestPause that asks a web application to pause any or all any media (audio, video, streaming) on the page
<Lachy> --> PauseRequest
<Lachy> ScribeNick: Lachy
Lachy: Another use case for pausing is an application downloading data for its own use. e.g. to populate a database (IndexedDB), download a lot of application data in the background. The user might want to pause that download.
<richardschwerdtfeger> Proposed resolution: Define a PauseRequest event that asks a web application to pause any or all any media (audio, video, streaming) on the page
Ryladog: I think it's something you could use in many contexts.
RS: We could say to pause any live, ongoing action
james: One example: we have this idea of a primary action.
… VoiceOver iOS has a gesture with a default action for the application. It's contextual depending on what you're doing. Media playing, on a phone call, etc.
<jcraig> take photo in a photo application
<jcraig> specific gesture is unimportant
Gottfried: I think we should have both.
<jcraig> does play/pause or pause/resume need specific event, or is this a more general need that isn't specific for playing/pausing
james: We should have toggle events. The same action could trigger toggleable action. Pause/resume, etc.
<jcraig> such toggle events may be initiated at a specific DOM node, or at the body element if no point of regard can be determined.
<jcraig> From the current draft "Event fires on document.activeElement (or AT equivalent) if applicable, or otherwise document.body."
<jcraig>
<jcraig> so event delegation is recommended
<jcraig> lh: many apps do not have stop, just play/pause, is there a need for stop? does the user care?
<jcraig> gz: stop is a macro for pause, then move playback slider to beginning
<jcraig> lh: difference between pause/stop may be a legacy use for paused cassette or video tape , keep on screen versus stop entirely
<jcraig> gz: pause means halt/resume, but windows media player is a macro for pause and exit, because it exits, but remembers previous location when starting again.
<jcraig> lh: example of potential use. netflix playback asks if you want to resume or start at beginning.
<jcraig> gz: since "stop" means different things on different platforms, we would not want to spec that as and intentional event, because the user's "intent" is ambiguous depending on platform.
gz: Would that stop or pause event apply to animated gifs?
Ryladog: you could apply it to all kinds of elements.
james: That might be something that is a separate event.
… Esc key pauses gifs in Firefox
… In the context of VoiceOver iOS, we have a dismiss action, which sometimes means activate the back button, sometimes means close the current modal view, etc.
Ryladog: An escape action could be one of those intents.
gz: Escape is a means to an intent, dismiss is an intent.
james: The original proposal was calling it EscapeRequest. Dismiss seemed more general.
… I have some other functional keys on my keyboard that will trigger specific intentions.
… Play/pause, seek, volume up/down, etc.
… Stop is a macro for different functionality in different contexts
LH: HTMLMediaElement has pause()
and play(). No toggle().
... We might want to have a toggle intent though, which the app can interpret according to its internal state
james: The indication that these are media related keys on the keyboard indicates that these are separate from the general purpose pause and resume.
… Is suspend and resume worthy of being separate from pause/play?
… suspend/resume might make sense for a download or upload, which are separate from media playback. I wouldn't want them to hit a play/pause button on their screen and have it stop a download.
RS: So you want to have two separate events?
James: I don't think the media related events should be used for other purposes.
RS: Suspend/Resume could also apply to live regions. e.g. a twitter stream.
LH: e.g. live blogging examples, which are constantly updating with new posts. e.g. live blogging for an Apple event.
james: Mozilla OS has some APIs that interactive with native device controls. e.g. receiving a phone call.
gz: My point is we should avoid letting the web developer make all the choices because that will lead to inconsistent applications.
james: What do you mean by choices?
gz: The choice of how to respond to events.
james: We might have a UA that chooses not to convey some events to the web app, but I think we would want to leave it up to the web app.
… There may be some way that a user can define what kinds of actions they want to convey to web apps.
LH: Is there a way for the web app to declare what kind of events their interested in?
james: I would expect that the web apps would declare that by registerring for those events.
LH: We need some way for the web app to declare which kind of intents it's really interested, so that a device that make a better guess at what the user's intent is, and to send the appropriate event.
…"
<jcraig> s/defined/define/
james: We should also allow a web app to declare what kind of preferences they're interested in.
gz: Android applications, when installed, declare up front what access they're interested in. The user can grant or deny permission.
andy: Does it make any difference which group drives this work, re which preferences a web app is interested in?
james: The UA should only volunteer the information if it's been specifically requested by the web application, and the UA should request permission.
LH: Let's get back on topic.
Ryladog: We just covered use case S11. Stop playing.
<jcraig> ACTION: jcraig to add spec event for play/pause toggle event (and maybe media next/prev) [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-16 - Add spec event for play/pause toggle event (and maybe media next/prev) [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
<jcraig> ACTION: jcraig to add spec event for suspend/resume (non-media playback) for example, suspend upload or suspend live region chat log updates [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-17 - Add spec event for suspend/resume (non-media playback) for example, suspend upload or suspend live region chat log updates [on James Craig - due 2012-11-08].
RS: I'm adding a suspend/resume use case.
james: S13: Media caption toggle.
… I think we need two different events. I think we want to display or not display captions.
… The user preference change should fire an event.
… Some people are always going to turn on captions.
… We're going to want to explicitly turn them on or off.
gz: I think we should have both. You may have an AT that interprets gestures. It may be the same gesture for toggleable event.
… Gesture control is a main stream use case for our spec.
… Maybe it's not 3 different events. Maybe it's 1 event with a variable.
Andy: There are also audio descriptions and other media alternatives that the user may want to turn on or off
gz: there are cases where the device might want to automatically enable captions for the user, based on the user's environment.
james: Do we want to split User wants captions explicitly, or user probably needs captions due to environment?
janina: Break.
RRSAgent: make minutes
<Ryladog> test
<jcraig> LH: if we specify caption languages as a preference (e.g. "English, Spanish" etc) make sure the default value is undefined, so that any defined preference can be interpreted as an explicit user preference rather than the undefined default.
Debbie: In Multimodal Interaction, speech, e.g. there's a lot of user intent conveyed by speech rather than clicking or typing.
… It always seemed to me that speech was just another way to type.
… when someone says something like "I want the blue shirt", to translate that into a radio button that says blue next to it is stupid
… As I understand this WG, the way what the user wants to do from how they express it.
… I'd like to see if there's some benefit we can get from this abstraction.
james: It may be beneficial to do a short version of the intro from this morning.
… There are people within teh group with various levels of technical backgrounds, and varying levels of understanding of ARIA.
… This is a short into to ARIA and Indie UI
… Some of the background is about event models
… and how these new events would be slightly different from the current system.
… ARIA is declarative. So you can do things that overcome problems with authoring mistakes, browser implementations, etc.
… ARIA allows you to sprinkle on some sugar and you don't have to completely rewrite the app to be accessible.
… There are browser limitations with form control styling.
… ARIA lets to style other elements and specify a role to give it the right semantics.
… You can also declare semantics that are missing from the host language.
… The way that you do a native control such as a slider, a web app might update a value by updating an attribute. The browser will notify the screen reader.
… native control input works such that if a user wants to change the value of a slider, the AT can ask the browser to do that.
… The web app is notified via the change event.
… The same example with a custom aria slider, output works conceptually the same.
… For input, though, the user can try to change the value, but the browser doesn't know what to do.
… Click event behaviour. User clicks an image in a button, the event bubbles up to the button element, which performs the default action.
… registerred event handlers can also capture the event and perform a custom action.
s/registerred/registered/
… Keyboard events get sent to the element with focus.
… Indie UI events are similar to keyboard events in this regard
… IndieUI events are all FooRequest events. e.g. ValueChangeRequest. These are only requests, and do not perform any default action.
[that's not quite right]
… If the web app calls event.preventDefault(), then the UA and AT know that the web app handled the event.
… e.g. dismissing a dialog. Pressing the Esc key on a keyboard should generally dismiss the dialog.
… If an input control within the dialog (repesented by HTML <div role="dialog">), then the event will bubble up to the div, which can then handle it.
… DismissRequest
… preference change events.
… There's an API to query user preferences, and the event notifies when the user has changed the value.
… The keys may be defined in the spec, vendor specific or belong in an external taxonomy.
<jcraig>
<jcraig>
<jcraig>
Dan: What would be inappropriate use of these events?
… Once you make events available to programmers, they will find creative ways to use them.
… As a group concerned about multimodal interaction, you might have different input. You use events to pass information.
… These are now a new set of events that are there to fill gaps in the existing set of events, but do you forsee any problems in how they might be used.
james: I see potential for abuse in the user prefs section. Being able to inspect prefences that reveal disabilities, is ripe for abuse.
… As far as the events being abused, I don't know.
… In the example of the dismiss request, there is a point of regard. It may or may not have keyboard focus. In the case of a web app with multiple dialogs, many of which may be dismissed.
… In the case of a dismiss requested fired at a high level like the body, rather than a particular dialog, then we would expect the web app would ignore what it doesn't understand.
… Maybe there are two dialogs, and there is a point of regard in a form control within one dialog, then that dialog will receive the event.
… The types of events currently in the spec are: Undo, Redo, Delete, Dismiss, Expand, Collapse, Scroll
… DOMAttrChangeRequest may be dropped.
… ATFocusIn and ATFocusOut. These are not specific to keyboard focus.
… Screen readers have a point of regard independent of keyboard focus.
Debbie: Can we talk through an example of something, such as DismissRequest. Say there's a dialog on the screen, one way to dismiss it is by clicking a provided button, or by listening for an Esc key press.
james: The browser doesn't know how to dismiss a web app custom dialog, the web app does.
… Because there is no dialog element in HTML, everything we see as one is basically styled HTML.
Debbit: If you had speech enable, you could say "Dismiss that", then the dismiss request event could be dispatched based on that command.
james: yes
Debbie: That would be nice from a multimodal perspective.
james: Part of the event bubbling is such that you can differentiate different types of undo.
… Depending on what has focus or point of regard, the event could be interpreted differently by the web app.
Debbie: What if you wanted to select a radio button?
james: I think that is pretty well covered by the default action.
… It's equivalent to click or DOMActivate.
… Those work well across custom applications.
… The ones that don't work well are ones that have some kind of secondary action.
Debbie: For the example of the radio button, we use a Pizza ordering use case. There is a small, medium and large buttons, and by speech, you select the "Large" radio button.
james: I think we could consider
doing a value change request and select the ones with the right
value.
... Click is commonly used as a more general purpose event. It's fired by AT, by mouse, etc.
Helena: There's a pointing action without activation, like focussing.
james: That's changing the point of regard
Debbie: e.g. On a mouse over, you might, e.g., change the font size.
james: We have ATFocusIn/Out to show where the point of regard is.
LH: What is the use case for ATFocusIn/Out
james: There are cases where you may want receive a focus event on something that is out of view.
… and the only way that custom views can respond to that is with custom views, and that's problematic.
… A common accessibility error is that you move your mose over something and something happens. The ATFocusIn/Out handles this if they listen for it.
<janina> ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/me Lisa? Is it you?
Debbie: I think we should consolodate what our next steps might be.
… If we see any gaps with respect to multimodal interaction, that we should fill in.
james: There are a bunch of things we want to put in now after these disucssions
Debbie: Making the case for speech interaction in general, you can do things that aren't on the screen.
… The user might say they want to go to the home page of the site. But this seems out of scope.
james: When you said what apects do you think might be abused, if you have any aspects of this that might inform out decisions over privacy issues, etc.
… let us know
<lisaseeman> ping me when the brake is over
[discussion about Access for All, APIP, etc.]
james: With each of these different taxonomies, have any of them addressed the privacy concerns?
RS: The way they have been named is to not show the person's medical disability. They just express user needs, rather than disabilities. I need captions. Not I'm deaf.
Zakim: IPCaller is lisaseeman
<jcraig> ACTION: Andy to summarize important or common preferences/keys list from AfA/APIP/GPII, etc. and send to the IndieUI group for discussion and potential inclusion in the User Context deliverable. [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-18 - Summarize important or common preferences/keys list from AfA/APIP/GPII, etc. and send to the IndieUI group for discussion and potential inclusion in the User Context deliverable. [on Andy Heath - due 2012-11-08].
gz: The user must have control over what preferences are conveyed to the web app
andy: We must be careful about users exposing preferences that could let strangers determine personal details, such as their disability.
<jcraig> Actually use these:
<jcraig>
<jcraig> Judy, the URLs with hash values are specific commits that will never change. Refer to 'tip' for the latest.
RRSAgent: make minutes
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Put on your fedora and dark glasses, because you’re about to become a Cold War-era numbers station operator!
What is a numbers station, I hear you ask? A numbers station is a radio station in the shortwave frequency band that periodically reads out a sequence of numbers, popularly believed to be a secret code for intelligence officers listening for encrypted information. Numbers stations appeared during World War I and are likely to have become much more prevalent during the Cold War.
In the past, the numbers were often spoken in what sounded like a creepy voice, probably due to the poor radio transmission quality available at the time. You can listen to a few recent examples of numbers station transmissions on the Crypto Museum's website. Some numbers stations survive to this very day.
Since many people enjoy cracking secret codes, I thought it would be fun to show you how to create your own numbers station to bamboozle your friends with. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to build a Python Flask application that will encrypt a message of your choice into a string of numbers. You’ll then use the Twilio Voice API via the Python helper library to accept an incoming call and read out the coded message to the caller in as creepy a voice as you can manage.
Then, enlist some willing friends to act as secret agents who must use their ingenuity to crack the code and decrypt the message. Since the cipher we’ll be using is based on the telephone keypad, you can tell them that the solution to the code is literally in the palm of their hand!
Prerequisites
- Python 3.6+
- A Glitch account
- A Twilio account
- A verified, voice-capable Twilio phone number
A quick note about hosting and webhooks
Because you are going to be accepting incoming calls to your Twilio number, you’ll need to tell the Twilio platform where to find the code that will run in response to that incoming call. This bit of code is called a webhook. Webhooks are what the Twilio APIs (and many others) use to notify an application about events it has registered an interest in.
Flask is a powerful, lightweight and extremely flexible framework for building web apps. There is some complexity when using Flask to build Twilio applications when the applications respond to inbound voice calls or messaging: the URLs you register as webhooks must be available on the public internet. Serving the Flask app locally won’t work, because Twilio won’t be able to reach it to tell you about an inbound voice or messaging event.
There are a couple of ways around this. One is to use a tool such as ngrok, which creates a secure tunnel from the public internet to your locally-running app. This allows external APIs to make requests to your webhooks that are running on your machine. I love ngrok, but unless you use it often enough to warrant paying for an account, you might find the free tier a bit frustrating. This is because every time you restart ngrok, the URLs it provides to access those secure channels change.
Instead of using ngrok, we’re going to host our application on the public internet using Glitch, which allows you to do a number of cool things:
- Host your apps at a non-changing, publicly-available URL
- Integrate with GitHub
- Reuse (“remix”) apps created by other users
Glitch is not without its limitations at the free tier —your applications time out after they’re not used for a while—but it’s great for prototyping projects like the one we’re building here.
Create your project in Glitch
If you don’t already have a Glitch account, you can sign up for one here.
You’ll start by “remixing” a simple starter app that I’ve created. Visit and you’ll see a purple dialog box in the upper right-hand corner inviting you to “Remix to Edit” the project:
Click the Remix to Edit button and Glitch will make a copy of the project that you can edit and work on as your own. Glitch will assign your remixed project a unique, randomized name, which you can see in the top-left hand corner of the page (and change if you want). Click the project name to see some options for interacting with the new project:
The unique, randomized project name acts as a subdomain for the Glitch URL, which you can use to share your running project. More importantly for our purposes, this URL provides Twilio with a way to access your endpoints over the public internet. The full URL to your application is in the format of
https://<your-project-name>.glitch.me. So, in the example above, the URL is.
You can change the project name if you wish and that will also change the URL. But, be aware: if your project name is longer than 50 characters it will be truncated. This might cause problems later on.
Inspect your new Glitch project
Let’s see what we have here, by looking at the list of files in the file explorer on the left-hand side of the page.
README.md- The file you’re looking at right now, which tells you all about your project. You can edit this (like everything else) directly in Glitch. Click the Markdown button to toggle between markdown and HTML.
assets- A directory where you can store static site elements, such as images and CSS files.
.env- A file in which to store private or sensitive configuration data. This is especially useful for storing API keys and secrets without making them accessible to any connected clients, which would be a security issue. We’re only receiving calls in this app, not sending them, so we don’t need to authenticate against the Twilio API. However, we will use this
.envfile to configure the message we want to encrypt. Glitch has a nice visual editor for configuring the contents of your
.envfile, which we’ll look at in a bit.
glitch.json- This file is used by Glitch to install your application’s dependencies and to run the server. You can leave this file alone for the purposes of this tutorial.
requirements.txt- You’ll add your app’s module dependencies in here and Glitch will install them for you.
server.py- This is where you’ll write your Python code. At the moment, it creates a new Flask app with only a single home route (
/). When you visit
https://<your-project-name>.glitch.meyou will see the text “Hello World!” displayed in your browser. Glitch handily provides a preview of your app in the preview pane on the right-hand side of the page:
The important thing to note is that you can write your app code in this environment and Glitch will automatically relaunch it and display the results. You get instant feedback which makes developing your web app that much easier!
Let’s start putting together our project. First, you’ll need a way to store the message you want to encrypt and then you’ll need a way to encrypt it.
Store the unencrypted message
Click
.env in the file explorer and then delete the sample
SECRET and
MADE_WITH settings. Then click the Add a Variable button to create a new setting:
For “Variable name”, enter
ORIG_MESSAGE. For “Variable value”, enter a message, like "Sally is a double agent", or anything else that sounds suitably spy-ish. Note that you should not include quotes around the message, just the message itself. If there is already an
ORIG_MESSAGE variable shown, simply update the value to be your own message.
Now, let’s reference that environment variable in your code. You can read environment variables from
.env by using Python’s
os module’s
environ.get() method, passing in the name of the environment variable you want to retrieve the value of. In this case, it’s
ORIG_MESSAGE. Replace the code currently in the
server.py file with the following code:
import os from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) orig_message=os.environ.get('ORIG_MESSAGE') @app.route("/") def hello(): return orig_message if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()
All being well, your unencrypted message will appear in the browser preview.
Encrypt your message
Now that you have a way to store and retrieve your original message, you’ll need a way to encrypt it. In this tutorial, we’ll use what’s known as the multi-tap cipher. This uses the telephone input technique that consists of writing a letter by repeating the corresponding key on the mobile phone keypad:
So, for instance, the word “Twilio” would be represented by the following sequence of digits:
8 9 444 555 444 666
Spaces in the message are represented by zeroes. So, the message “Twilio rocks” is encoded as follows:
8 9 444 555 444 666 0 777 666 222 55 7777
We’re going to write the code to do this in a new file called
cipher.py. Create the new file by clicking the New File button in the file explorer. When the dropdown appears, type in the new file name as
cipher.py, then click the Add This File button as shown below:
Then, populate the new file with the following code:
keys = { '2': "abc", '3': "def", '4': "ghi", '5': "jkl", '6': "mno", '7': "pqrs", '8': "tuv", '9': "wxyz", '0': " " } def keypad_encode(text): orig_message = text.lower() keypad_strokes = [] for i in orig_message: strokes = _to_stroke(i) if strokes: keypad_strokes.append(strokes) return " ".join(keypad_strokes) def _to_stroke(char): for i in keys: if char in keys[i]: return i * (keys[i].find(char) + 1) # Discard any other chars return None
If you’re pasting code into the Glitch editor, you might see some indentation errors, because Glitch doesn’t like it when you mix tabs and spaces. Just delete any indentations in the affected code, redo them in the Glitch editor and you’ll be good to go.
This code represents the telephone keypad in a dictionary called
keys. It defines a function called
keypad_encode() that accepts the message that you want to encrypt. For each character in the message it calls another function called
_to_stroke().
The
to_stroke() function searches the
keys dictionary for the character supplied to it. When it finds the character, it maps it to the key number on the phone keypad that represents that character. It then returns that key number one or more times, depending on the position of the character within the list of characters the key represents.
So, for example, the letter "p" is represented by a single press of the "7" key and therefore the function returns
7. But the letter "s" requires the
7 key to be pressed four times, so the function returns
7777.
Test your encryption code
Let’s incorporate the encryption code into the
server.py file so we can see if it’s working as we expect.
In
server.py, make the following changes on the highlighted lines to import the code in
cipher.py, use that code to encrypt the plaintext message in the
.env file, and then display it:
import os from flask import Flask from cipher import keypad_encode app = Flask(__name__) orig_message=os.environ.get('ORIG_MESSAGE') coded = keypad_encode(orig_message) @app.route("/") def hello(): return orig_message + ": " + coded if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()
Click the Refresh button in the browser preview, and, if everything is working correctly, you should see your original message and the encrypted version:
Great! Your encryption function is working. Now you need to let people call your Twilio phone number so they have the numeric code read out to them.
Create your webhook
When Twilio receives a call at your Twilio phone number, it needs to know how to route that call to your application. For this, Twilio uses webhooks. A webhook is just a route within your Flask app that can accept a request from the Twilio platform. Let’s create one.
First, we need to import Twilio’s Python library. We can tell Glitch to do this by simply adding
twilio to the list of required modules in
requirements.txt:
Now we can import the modules that we need from the Twilio Python library into
server.py. In this case, we’re going to use
VoiceResponse and
Say from
twilio.twiml.voice_response:
import os from flask import Flask from cipher import keypad_encode from twilio.twiml.voice_response import VoiceResponse, Say
In
server.py, add a new
/voice route that accepts both
GET and
POST requests and which responds by using the
Say module to speak your encoded message. To do this, add the following code below your home route (the
@app.route(“/”) code block):
@app.route("/voice", methods=['GET', 'POST']) def voice(): response = VoiceResponse() say = Say(coded, voice='Polly.Amy',language='en-GB') response.append(say) return str(response) then click the Search button.
You’ll then see a list of available phone numbers and their capabilities. Find a number that suits your fancy and click the Buy button to add it to your account.
Configure your webhook
For Twilio to know where in your code to send a call to when one comes through, you need to configure your Twilio phone number to call your webhook URL whenever a new message comes in.
Log in to Twilio.com and go to the Console's Numbers page.
Click on your voice-enabled phone number:
Find the Voice & Fax section. Make sure the "Accept Incoming" selection is set to "Voice Calls." The default "Configure With" selection is what you’ll need:
Webhook, TwiML Bin, Function, Studio Flow, Proxy Service. (See screenshot below.)
In the A Call Comes In section, select "Webhook" and paste in the Glitch URL, appending your
/voice route at the end of it as shown here:
Click the Save button at the bottom of the page once you’ve made these changes.
Test your webhook
Call your Twilio number from a mobile device or landline, and you should hear a lot of numbers being read out to you. Hang up when you’ve heard enough!
Fine-tuning speech-to-text
Notice anything about the voice content?
First of all, it was fast. Way too fast to reasonably expect our friends to be able to scribble the numbers down accurately enough to decode the message. We need to slow it down.
Secondly, our text-to-speech reader turned that massive collection of digits into actual numbers, like “six-hundred eighty” instead of “six-eight-eight”. That’s not what we want.
Lastly, let’s not ignore the fact that it doesn’t sound in the least bit dissonant and creepy like a real numbers station. We have work to do!
If we were using the raw Twilio Voice HTTP API, we could do some pretty nifty stuff here by decorating the text with SSML tags. We could surround our numbers with
<say-as interpret-as=’digits’> to have them read out as words rather than numbers: “three, two, one” instead of “three hundred and twenty one”. And we could adjust the volume, speaking rate, and pitch using
<prosody>.
We can do those things with the Twilio Python helper library, too. While the library has methods that can modify text-to-speech using SSML, we can’t apply both
<say-as> and
<prosody> tags to the same piece of text. That would effectively involve indenting XML tags within the text that we want to read out, which the helper library does not support.
So, we can use the library either to read out the numbers as digits, or to change the speed and inflection of the reader’s voice, but not both.
Without using the Twilio Python library’s
prosody() method, it will be difficult to change the speech characteristics. So we’ll use
prosody() and work around the number/digits issue by converting the digits in our code to actual words and have Twilio read those instead.
First, add a global variable called
numbers_spoken beneath the
coded variable declaration at the top of
server.py:
orig_message=os.environ.get('ORIG_MESSAGE') coded = keypad_encode(orig_message) numbers_spoken=['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine']
Then, amend your
/voice route handler in
server.py by copy-pasting the following code block to replace the existing
/voice function. We’ll break down what this code is doing in a moment:
@app.route("/voice", methods=['GET', 'POST']) def voice(): coded_ns = coded.replace(" ", "") coded_arr = list(coded_ns) numbers = [] for x in coded_arr: numbers.append(numbers_spoken[int(x)]) response = VoiceResponse() say = Say('Attention', voice='Polly.Amy',language='en-GB') say.break_(strength='x-weak', time='100ms') for number in numbers: say.prosody(number, pitch='-10%', rate='30%', volume='-6dB') say.break_(strength='x-weak', time='500ms') response.append(say) return str(response)
Our
coded string is a series of “letters” (or rather their keypad representation) separated by a space. We remove all the spaces and turn it into a list:
coded_ns = coded.replace(" ", "") coded_arr = list(coded_ns)
Then, we loop through the
coded_arr list, turning the digit representation of each number to its spoken equivalent in two steps as shown in the code block below:
- Looking up the index value of that number in the
numbers_spokenlist
- Storing the result in another list called
numbers
numbers = [] for x in coded_arr: numbers.append(numbers_spoken[int(x)])
We can now “speak” that list of numbers. To do that, we create an instance of
VoiceResponse called
response and an instance of
Say to build the text-to-speech that we want to return in the response. When using
Say, you can choose between using
man,
woman,
alice or Amazon Polly voices.
In the
Say constructor, we pass in the text we want to begin the message with (“Attention”), the voice we want to say it with (“Polly.Amy”) and the language we want to say it in (“en-GB”, for British English).
response = VoiceResponse() say = Say('Attention', voice='Polly.Amy',language='en-GB')
After saying “Attention”, we add a 100ms pause, using the
say.break() method:
say.break_(strength='x-weak', time='100ms')
And then we loop through our list of numbers and use the
say.prosody() method on each to adjust the pitch, rate, and volume to make it sound a bit weird, like a real numbers station! We’ll add another short pause after each number to give our friends a chance to scribble the numbers down before attempting to decode the message:
for number in numbers: say.prosody(number, pitch='-10%', rate='30%', volume='-6dB') say.break_(strength='x-weak', time='500ms')
Finally, we add our instance of the
Say class to the response we send back to Twilio. The caller will then hear our message!
Add audio to your message
There’s one last thing we will do before we invite our friends to decode the message: play a short tone before we start synthesizing the spoken text.
I’ve got one you can use here. It’s just a sequence of beeps, but it will do the job. If you want to use your own, then you need to make your sound file available via a public URL. The easiest way to do this is to host it using a new, beta service from Twilio called Assets.
Play your sound file to the caller by using the
play() method of
VoiceResponse, as follows:
@app.route("/voice", methods=['GET', 'POST']) def voice(): coded_ns = coded.replace(" ", "") coded_arr = list(coded_ns) numbers = [] for x in coded_arr: numbers.append(numbers_spoken[int(x)]) response = VoiceResponse() response.play('')
Try it out
Give your friends your Twilio number and ask them to call it. If everything is configured correctly they will hear your creepy Cold War-era message. Remember: if you want to give them a clue, tell them that the solution is in the palm of their hand!
Congratulations!
Nice job working through this tutorial. You just learned how to:
- Use Glitch to host your web projects
- Create a web server using Flask
- Write a webhook that responds to an incoming call using Twilio Voice
- Customize speech-to-text
Next Steps
To extend this tutorial, you could:
- Change the voice. Pick a new Amazon Polly voice and play with the
prosody()settings until it sounds good! Check out the docs.
- Replace the keypad cipher with another encryption method. Al Sweigart has written a great book called Cracking Codes with Python—freely available online—which should give you some ideas.
- Randomize the message that you send. Maybe by calling another API? The Jokes API could be a fun one to try!
Or, check out some of the other tutorials on the Twilio blog for ideas on what to build next:
- Build an Encrypted Voicemail System with Python and Twilio Programmable Voice
- Automatically Send Birthday Wishes with Python Flask and WhatsApp
- Automating Ngrok in Python and Twilio Applications with Pyngrok
I can’t wait to see what you build!
Author Bio
Mark Lewin is a freelance technical writer specializing in API documentation and developer education. When he’s not poring over OpenAPI documents he can be found treading the boards with his local amateur dramatics group or getting lost in the Northants/Oxfordshire region of the English countryside. He can be reached via:
- Twitter: @devtechwriter
- Github: marklewin
- LinkedIn: devtechwriter
Emojis and slang have, not only different nuances, but vastly different interpretations between groups of people. In this tutorial, you will build a sentiment analyzer with Python and Twilio SMS using Urban Dictionary as a reference for the most recent slang.
Learn how to build an email activation flow to verify user account registration in your Django application.
Learn how to send verification codes to your users via WhatsApp using Twilio Verify. | https://www.twilio.com/blog/cold-war-numbers-station-twilio-voice-python-flask | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 3,636 | 71.44 |
Eclipse Community Forums - RDF feed Eclipse Community Forums OTDT 0.7.0 M2 - this is real <![CDATA[After our warm-up release 0.7.0 M1, I have uploaded the second milestone release to the Eclipse server. In contrast to the cautionary words accompanying M1, the new Milestone 2 brings the OTDT back to the maturity and quality it had before the big move to Eclipse.org. Milestone 2 passes a total of 49267 unit tests: - 42654 JDT regression tests - 6613 OT/J specific tests. Milestone 2 is based on Eclipse SDK 3.6.0 M7 and should also be compatible with other Eclipse Packages due today. More on downloading/installing: Migrating existing projects from OTDT 1.x to 0.7.x is supported by a set of special errors & quickfixes. Read more at: Here is the list of issues resolved in Milestone 2: [compiler] should warn when after callin ignores return value of its role method [hierarchy] Support quick hierarchy for role methods [compiler] hasRole(Object, Class) call in inner teams ends up in NoSuchMethodError [dom] Quickfix "Add Return Statement" inserts invalid code [rewrite] Inferred callouts to private static fields make OrganizeImports to import private fields Automatically migrate OT-projects to new namespace nested teams must be specified using their internal name with "$__OT__" Adding InnerTeam for aspectBinding with the PDE Extension Editor results in wrong code Happy downloading Stephan PS: Don't you think the OTDT could gather more than 20 votes on the new so it would make it into the top 10 list? :)]]> Stephan Herrmann 2010-05-07T12:21:56-00:00 Re: OTDT 0.7.0 M2 - this is real <![CDATA[When released OT/J command line compiler?]]> pinghe Mising name 2010-05-19T03:08:29-00:00 Re: OTDT 0.7.0 M2 - this is real <![CDATA[pinghe wrote on Tue, 18 May 2010 23:08 > When released OT/J command line compiler? Thanks for asking, I actually forgot the command line compiler when migrating the build process to Eclipse.org. For now I have uploaded a snapshot to 90940.jar I should mention that this version already contains the change from which changes the way precedences affect "after" callin bindings. hope this helps, next build should again include a matching command line compiler. best, Stephan]]> Stephan Herrmann 2010-05-19T13:50:55-00:00 Re: OTDT 0.7.0 M2 - this is real <![CDATA[thanks.]]> pinghe Mising name 2010-05-20T05:48:27-00:00 Re: OTDT 0.7.0 M2 - this is real <![CDATA[There is another problem. lombok Not working. Please refer to the following contents. ok/index.html]]> pinghe Mising name 2010-05-20T08:51:53-00:00 | https://www.eclipse.org/forums/feed.php?mode=m&th=180969&basic=1 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 448 | 67.04 |
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