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hpe08102010
High Point Enterprise
BON VOYAGE: Longtime Jamestown official to retire. 1B HELP WANTED: Bush Hill Festival seeks sponsors. 3A EXTREME MAKEOVER: Reconstruction of NASCAR schedule starts. 1D TUESDAY August 10, 2010 127th year No. 222 High Point, N.C. 50 Cents Daily $1.25 Sundays Final report released in deadly accident ENTERPRISE STAFF REPORT DOOR-TO-DOOR CAMPAIGN ---- WHO'S NEWS BACK TO SCHOOL HIGH POINT � The N.C. State Highway Patrol issued its final report Monday on a fatal accident involving a state trooper in May. Sandra Allmond's failure to yield the right of way to Trooper J.D. Goodnight's oncoming Dodge Charger on Business Interstate 85 was the "causative factor" in the crash that killed Allmond and 11-year-old Taylor Strange on May 23, the report stated. Goodnight was pursuing a suspected speeder on the highway just east of High Point with his blue emergency lights on when Allmond attempted to turn left onto River Road into the path of the trooper, whose car slammed into Allmond's Honda at an estimated 95 mph. "No physical evidence or witness testimony has been obtained that serves to explain why Mrs. Allmond did not yield at the green light governing I-85 Business to the oncoming patrol vehicle displaying flashing blue lights," the report stated. Goodnight had clocked a blue vehicle traveling 80 mph and accelerated to pursue it, the report stated. One witness has disputed this account, but the report includes statements from another witness who reported seeing a small blue vehicle that fit the description of the one Goodnight was pursuing. The vehicle apparently was never apprehended. The traffic signal lights were green as the trooper approached the intersection. Goodnight saw a maroon-colored vehicle in the northbound left turn lane and thought the car was yielding to the right of way of his vehicle, the report stated. The vehicles collided in the intersection, leaving Allmond, 55, of Thomasville, and Strange, of Jamestown, dead. Goodnight, who sustained minor injuries in the accident, has since returned to duty. The speed at which Goodnight was traveling also contributed to the severity of the crash, the report stated. Kevin James was appointed chairman of the accounting department in the School of Business and Economics at North Carolina A&T State University. He is coming to A&T from Middle Tennessee State University where he served as an associate professor and director of the master of science in accounting department. ---- INSIDE SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE LaToya Phifer (right), a teacher at Oak Hill Elementary School, gives instructions to Habiba Sora (from left), Rahima Gebre and Oak Hill fourth-grader Baritu Gebre, at Juanita Hills apartments Monday. Oak Hill set to start new year with a new focus BY DAVID NIVENS ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER BOND SET: Accused gunman makes court appearance. 1B ----Gladys Alford, 83 Jeffrey Beck, 43 Shorty Beck, 89 Mary Bell, 85 Bonnie Bodenhamer, 95 Billy Cox, 53 Mary Craven, 83 Beatrice Dorsey, 79 Terry Dula, 74 Margaret Harris, 95 Frances Kearns, 81 Catherine Leonard, 92 Gilmer Newsom, 57 Mary Rhodes, 87 Bob Stephens Rebecca Sutphin, 62 Obituaries, 3A, 2-3B OBITUARIES HIGH POINT � There's plenty of change afoot at Oak Hill Elementary School, and the school community is ready. School starts on a different day this year at the school, but many people SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE `We wanted to communicate our excitement to parents about being here and our open house.' Patrice Faison Oak Hill Elementary principal in the neighborhood already know that thanks to Principal Patrice Faison, who led a community outreach and involvement team last week that went door-to-door to alert parents that school starts Wednesday. The visits took teachers into Ashton Clemmon (second from right, back), assistant principal at Oak Hill Elementary, gives instructions to the team as they arrive at Juanita Hills apartments to talk to parents of children about the new school year at Oak Hill. some of the poorest areas of the city. "We wanted to communicate our excitement to parents about being here and our open house," said Faison, who became principal on June 1. "We have done all we could to get the word out." It worked. Parents and community residents packed the open house meeting room. "The visits also educated us about the community," said Faison, a former assistant principal at Ragsdale High School. The Guilford County Board of Education extended Oak Hill's school day by 45 minutes and academic year by 10 days to improve performance. The change is part of a three-year school reform plan financed by a $6 million federal grant. The school had started as early as July under a former year-round calendar, but attendance suffered. "We will need those 10 days for instruction," Faison said. The district's goal is to raise the Adequate Yearly Progress score to 50 percent by the 2012-13 school year, partly by offering a longer school day and year. "We want to make sure all students (test scores) grow at least one year," Faison said. "We need to do more." Overall, the grant money will provide additional funds to give more support for teachers, students and parents. It will cost $325,000 a year from grant funds to pay staff for 11 months. About half of the annual $2 million grant revenue will go to staff bonuses at $424,000 and supplies and materials at $600,000. "We will do the training so that all of us will be on the same page," Faison said. An estimated $215,000 in grant funds will go into a parent involvement program for supplies and contracted services. dnivens@hpe.com | 888-3626 ---- WEATHER Sunny, hot High 97, Low 75 3A, 2-3B OPINION 4A SPORTS 1-4D STATE 2-3A STOCKS 5D TV 6B WEATHER 6D WORLD 5A Thomasville mulls plan for park upgrades BY DARRICK IGNASIAK ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER THOMASVILLE � The Thomasville City Council on Monday night will consider endorsing a program that could make upgrades at several of the city's parks. At the City's Council's briefing Monday, City Manager Kelly Craver told members the city's parks and recreation committee has requested that the governing body endorse the Partners for Playgrounds project. The parks and recreation committee is requesting that the City Council support the partnership to pursue the goal of $350,000, with the city's portion of $50,000 toward the project. "This project, with the help of several of our community-minded partners, can not only solve a need in our parks, but do so in a most timely fashion," the committee said in a statement. "In short, the project would seek financial partners to install new and updated playground equipment in seven of our parks. Council support and approval of the project would include a city match of $50,000 along with the approval of possible naming rights to certain designated play areas within the park." Craver said some of the play- grounds in Thomasville are "extremely antiquated" and "woefully" in need of replacement. The committee said Doak Park, Carver Park, the Central Recreation Center, Myers Park/Kings Row Park, Memorial Park and Turner Street Park all have needs. "We have in this community a lot of older playground equipment," said Councilman Scott INFO Circulation Classified Newsroom Newsroom fax 888-3511 888-3555 888-3527 888-3644 PARK, 2A YOUR COMMUNITY. YOUR NEWSPAPER. CAROLINAS 2A TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE Man nabbed after allegedly breaking into home for drugs BY PAT KIMBROUGH ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER DAVIDSON COUNTY � A Davidson County man faces a burglary charge after allegedly breaking into an elderly man's home in search of drugs while it was occupied. Davidson County sheriff's deputies responded to a Farmer Denton Road residence in the southern part of the county Friday night in reference to a break-in that was in progress. The 87-year-old victim told deputies that someone had been banging on his door and when he started to open it, a possibly bald man wearing an orange shirt and tan shorts forced his way inside. The victim told officers that the intruder proceeded to go through the entire house and look in all the rooms before taking a seat at the kitchen table and asking for some drugs. The victim then called 911 and the man left the house, going across the street to another residence and asking for drugs before being told to leave. Deputies who responded to the call canvassed the neighborhood to look for witnesses and additional information. After gathering more evidence, deputies were able to identify a suspect who both victims confirmed as the alleged perpetrator, according to the sheriff's office. Terry Shane Hazelwood, 37, of Denton, was arrested without incident. Terry Shane Hazelwood, 37, of Fricks Lane, Denton, was arrested without incident and charged with first-degree bur- glary and damage to real property, deputies said. He was booked into the Davidson County Jail under a $75,000 bond and has an appearance in Davidson County District Court scheduled for Aug. 30. The sheriff's office was assisted in its investigation by the Denton Police Department. pkimbrough@hpe.com | 888-3531 PARK Chair City to consider plan for upgrades FROM PAGE 1 AP A copperhead snake owned by Jake Martin of Eastover shows its fangs as it bites down on a metal bar. The likelihood of getting bitten by a snake is higher in North Carolina than the rest of the nation, and the chances will likely keep growing. Styers, the City Council's liaison to the parks and recreation committee. "I think we have worked real hard to make sure they meet safety standards, but some of them probably barely meet safety standards. Some parks are in much better shape than others, but throughout the city there's certain communities that really don't have adequate playgrounds." The recreation committee has yet to secure partners for the project, according to Craver. "Right now the process is going to the outside foundations and other civic groups to see if we can raise the money through the community," he said. "We would like to go ahead and go forward and hopefully be able to raise the money and have these projects all at one time and have these happen in the spring." Styers said the partnership makes a lot of "economic sense." "I support it if the community supports it," he said. "I think the council would put our support of it contingent of raising those private funds." dignasiak@hpe.com | 888-3657 NC residents more likely to be bitten by snakes RALEIGH (AP) � Matt Jenkins thought he had run over a stick in the road until it struck out and bit his bare foot. The marathon runner was on a lonely road near Franklin, not far from the Tennessee state line, less than three days from completing a 760-mile barefoot run across North Carolina to raise money for the Western Youth Network. That journey's finish is now about two weeks off, as Jenkins recovers from what turned out to be a bite from a copperhead. "It felt like a yellowjacket sting on my foot at first," he said after being treated at a nearby hospital. "I didn't realize it was a snake bite until it started swelling up." Jenkins' encounter is increasingly familiar. One researcher estimates there are 19 snakebites per 100,000 people in North Carolina, compared with a national average Perdue declines to sign last bill left on desk RALEIGH (AP) � Gov. Beverly Perdue will let the final bill left on her desk from this year's General Assembly session become law without her signature because she's concerned it tries to weaken her constitutional budget authority, a spokeswoman said Monday. Perdue, in completing action on 109 bills, believes the university energy savings measure is a good idea, according to her spokeswoman, Chrissy Pearson. But the governor questions one sentence in the bill she argues usurps her power to manage the state budget. Instead of vetoing a bill that had overwhelming support in both the House and Senate, Perdue will ask legislative leaders in a letter this week to delete Perdue the contested language when they return to work in January, Pearson said. The governor had until midnight Monday to act on the bills. "She believes it limits the governor in the performance of her constitutional duties," Pearson said. "She expresses some hope in the long (2011) session that that will be corrected." The bill gives University of North Carolina campuses incentives to meet energy savings requirements. One researcher estimates there are 19 snakebites per 100,000 people in North Carolina. of four. Perhaps more alarming is where the bites are taking place. Development around cities like Raleigh and Charlotte has more people in areas that were once unpopulated woodlands, so encounters with vipers are on the rise. "Snakes have no desire to come across your path, but it happens more and more with more people and more suburbs," said Dr. Ben German, an emergency department physician at WakeMed Hospital in Raleigh who researches snakes. Although being on the business end of a snake's fangs is terrifying, it's not the instantly-fatal experience familiar from Hollywood films. Fewer than a dozen people die from snake bites every year, well below the number killed annually by lightning strikes. And bites from copperheads, the most frequently encountered venomous snake in North Carolina, are almost never fatal. Man shot to death in barber shop; arrest made RALEIGH (AP) � Police have arrested a suspect in the death of a man who was gunned down at a downtown barber shop in North Carolina's capital city. Police in Raleigh have charged 23-year-old Roger Onaje McKenzie with murder in the death of 29-year-old James Edward Hamer. Both men are from Raleigh. McKenzie was taken into custody without incident Monday afternoon at his home. He is being held without bond in the Wake County Jail. It wasn't immediately known whether he had an attorney. McKenzie is scheduled for a court appearance today. Multiple media outlets report a man ran into the barber shop, shot Hamer as he was in a barber's chair and ran out. One week ago, a downtown Raleigh clothing store owner was stabbed during a robbery. A suspect was arrested in that case too. LOTTERY --- THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Winning numbers selected Sunday in the N.C. Lottery: NIGHT Pick 3: 5-0-1; Pick 4: 6-7-4-0 Carolina Cash 5: 2-26-27-28-37 Winning numbers selected Sunday in Virginia Lottery: ACCURACY � BOTTOM LINE --- The High Point Enterprise strives for accuracy. Readers who think a factual error has been made are encouraged to call the newsroom at 888-3500. When a factual error has been found a correction will be published. SP00504746 Police nab woman alleged as clown bank robber BETHLEHEM, Pa. (AP) �. DAY Pick 3: 6-7-0 Pick 4: 4-4-2-8 Cash 5: 8-16-17-20-27 NIGHT Pick 3: 7-7-9 Pick 4: 3-2-6-7 Cash 5: 2-6-26-28-33 Winning numbers selected Sunday in the S.C. Lottery: NIGHT Pick 3: 4-3-9 Pick 4: 0-5-3-5 Winning numbers selected Sunday in Tennessee Lottery: NIGHT Cash 3: 0-8-6 Cash 4: 7-6-0-8 211 W. Lexington Avenue, Suite 104, High Point, NC Is your hearing current? 889.997783, OBITUARIES THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 3A Donors replace soldiers' supplies CHARLOTTE (AP) � Before he shipped out for a fourth tour of Afghanistan, Army Maj. Jeff Leopold spent hundreds of dollars on toothpaste, socks, sheets, shampoo, shower sandals, deodorant, lotions and T-shirts � anything he'd need for a year's deployment. With them, he packed everything into a Milvan, a giant militaryowned. On Monday, about 1,500 pounds of items are being flown to Bagram � the shipment paid for by Mercedes Benz of South Charlotte. FILE | HPE A sea of people fills Bonnie Place in Archdale for the Bush Hill Festival. The annual festival, which takes place Sept. 11-12, celebrates its 25th anniversary this year. Help Wanted Bush Hill Festival organizers seek sponsors for 25th anniversary BY DARRICK IGNASIAK ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER ARCHDALE � Organizers of the 25th annual Bush Hill Heritage Festival are seeking sponsors for the two-day event in September. "We are always looking to grow our sponsorship base because it is a great opportunity for people to promote their business and organization," said Beverly Nelson, president of the Archdale-Trinity Chamber of Commerce. "We need vendors because of our 25th anniversary. We need vendors and sponsors to make this bigger and better." The Bush Hill Heritage Festival, which attracts 20,000 to 25,000 people each year, is scheduled for Sept. 11-12. A concert is scheduled to take place Sept. 11 to celebrate the 25th anniversary at the corner of Bonnie Place and W. White Drive. The events on Sept. 12 will be held at Bonnie Place, on N.C. 62 and several of its side streets and the campus of Archdale Elementary. "Because it's the 25th anniversary, there are some extra expenses because we are doing some extra things," Nelson said. "Every year expenses go up, so we are just looking to expand that base." A car show that includes two new catego- `Because it's the 25th anniversary, there are some extra expenses because we are doing some extra things.' Beverly Nelson President, Archdale-Trinity Chamber of Commerce ries � imports and antique tractors � will be a part of this year's festivities, according to Nelson. The event also will include several activities for children. According to organizers, several venues including the main entertainment stage, car show, gospel music stage and children areas have sponsorship opportunities available ranging from $300 to $1,000. A sponsor receives benefits including the company name on signs, a small sign at the company before the festival, and a free booth space at the festival. Nelson said the Bush Hill Heritage Festival was recently named to the Top 20 September festivals in the Southeast by the Southeast Tourism Society. "I think there has been a little bit more interest from some sponsors," Nelson said, attributing the interest to the recognition. "We have picked up some new sponsors from further away and vendors from further away." The deadline for vendors expired Aug. 1, but the chamber still is accepting vendors with a late fee of $50. For more information on being a sponsor or vendor at the Bush Hill Heritage Festival, call 434-2073. dignasiak@hpe.com | 888-3657 WAREHOUSE SALE Vinyl from 59� sf Carpet from 79� sf Hardwoods from $1.89 sf Laminates from 99� sf Free Estimates Installation Available All Work Guaranteed OBITUARIES (MORE ON 2-3B) Discount Flooring --- Margaret Harris RICHMOND, Va. � HARRIS, Margaret, born Margaret Ellen Evans on June 1, 1915 in Guilford County, N.C., resided on Reams Road in Richmond for 59 years, passed away August 6, 2010 at The Crossings at Ironbridge. She was the daughter of Wiley Harris Evans Sr. and Lula Mae Bennett. She was the eldest of seven children and mother of three sons, Thurman, Wayne, and Randall. She is survived in life by two sons and their wives, Wayne and Ellen Harris of Powhatan and Randall and Lucy Lloyd-Harris of Mt. Gilead, N.C; one granddaughter, Heather Sawyer; three grandsons, Thurman, Ruben, and Thomas; two sisters, Mrs. Marie Dorsett of Amelia and Mrs. Heber Bryant of Salt Lake City, Utah; and one brother, F. Joseph Evans of Chesterfield. Margaret was a proud part of the graduating class of 1933 at Allen Jay School in Archdale, N.C. She performed seamstress work from her home for over 20 years and was a proud sales representative for Avon products since 1964. Her family will receive friends 6 to 8 p.m. Monday at Bliley's - Chippenham, 6900 Hull Street Road. Graveside services will be held 10 a.m. Tuesday, August 10 at Greenwood Memorial Gardens. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Bon Secours Hospice, Windsor Business Park, 8580 Magellan Pkwy., Richmond, Va. 23227. Gladys "George" Alford THOMASVILLE � Mrs. Gladys "George" Hughes Alford, age 83, of 200 Koontz Ave, died Monday Aug 9, 2010 in Lexington Health Care Center. She was born May 17, 1927 in Davidson Co. daughter of John Brown Hughes and Ollie Miller Hughes. She was a homemaker and was a member of Hillside Park Baptist Church. She was married Jan 8, 1953 to Mr. Willard Clayton Alford who preceded her in death. Mrs. Alford was also preceded in death by a daughter, Teresa Alford Ballard. Surviving are, One daughter, Karen Gladston of the home; One granddaughter, Donita Gladston Hulin and husband Eric of Lexington, NC Funeral services will be conducted Thursday Aug 12, 2010 at 11:00 AM in J. C. Green & Sons Chapel in Thomasville with Rev. John Wheeles and Rev. Terry Boles officiating. The interment will be in Holly Hill Memorial Park Cemetery. The family will be at the funeral home Wednesday evening from 6 to 8 PM. Memorials may be directed to High Point � Thomasville Chapter of the American Red Cross, 815 Phillips Ave. High Point, NC 27262 or to the Activities Dept, Lexington Health Care, 17 Cornelia Dr. Lexington, NC 27292 On line condolences may be sent to the Alford family at Man accused in teen's death makes court appearance MCCLATCHY-TRIBUNE NEWS SERVICE 1210 Lexington Ave., Thomasville Mon - Fri 9-6, Sat 9-1 336-476-8041 A Lexington man appeared for the first time in Davidson District Court today after being charged with hurling a concrete paving stone through the front window of a car Saturday, killing a 17-yearold girl inside. Michael John Craver, 21, did not speak during the brief appearance. He is charged with murder in the crime. His next court date was scheduled for Aug. 23. The warrant charging Craver does not detail the allegations of what happened, saying only that investigators believed Craver killed Shelby Chisom. SCHOOL in Style! 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Lexington Avenue, Suite 104, High Point, NC 889.9977 80% Lean Fresh Ground Beef only at KC's (cash only) SP00504736 HANDPATTIED BURGERS CHRIS' TREE SERVICE 15 Years Experience GIRLS AGES 3 years to 21 years 6 Different Groups Learn all the modeling tips & model in shows! Model Classes & Demos for Oct. pageant. Call for info or pickup registration forms at KC's PRESSURE WASHING ALSO AVAILABLE 2728 S. Main St. RESTAURANT ROTHA'S Formal 336-476-4410 Tuesday August 10, 2010 THOMAS SOWELL: Was it luck or achievement that got them there? TOMORROW 4A Opinion Page Editor: Vince Wheeler vwheeler@hpe.com (336) 888-3517 America has changed, but not for the better Yes America, you've changed ... for the better? I think not. We have taken or have tried to take God's name out of our government, schools, public gatherings, even holidays designated to honor Christian beliefs this country was founded upon. Our government no longer represents "the people." Bailouts and health care reform demonstrated that. Our court system is in disarray and virtually nonfunctional. Schools are a failure as we graduate a vast number of completely unprepared young people for today's job market. Our economy continues to decline and unemployment remains unacceptable. The national debt can't be comprehended by most of us. Our borders are a joke. Immigration is out of control. Did I miss anything? How's that change working out for you? I'm not talking politics here, I'm talking "way of life." Yes, America changed; just not for the better. Maybe it's time we return YOUR VIEW --- America is an Englishspeaking country; make it official. to the core beliefs that made America what America once was � and I believe can be once again. America was founded upon Christian beliefs. Those offended have the right to leave. Put God back in our lives and take much of the government out! America is an English-speaking country; make it official. One national language has contributed to our strength. Secure our borders; allow orderly legal immigration. Put God, country, authority, discipline and rewards for success back in the schools. Demand fair trade policies. America will no longer support or sustain the world at our expense. Elect leaders based on experience, honor and moral integrity, not on influence from special interest groups. The morning the World Trade Center towers collapsed as a result of a cowardly act of war, there was no black, white, Hispanic, liberal or conservative. We were all Americans, and we looked to God and raised our flag over the rubble. ... Look at us now. MIKE HANCOCK Trinity Leaders must tell the truth about our problems Our leaders think we are stupid. We know the country is in a mess, yet they keep informing us that everything is fine. In England, after the German blitzkrieg, the people were depressed. Then a great man came on � Sir Winston Churchill � and told them the truth, that they were in a mess and they could possibly be invaded. The attitude of the people changed to one of determination to save their country, which they did. We need someone who is honest and will tell us what a mess we are in. Not to continue lying to us. MAUREEN HUGHES Lexington able that persons have different philosophies and different approaches to governance, and that is probably a good thing. Furthermore, it is appropriate for persons to advocate for their position. But to say the goal of politics should be to defeat the opposition is, in my opinion, exactly what is wrong about politics in America � and probably in almost every other place. Blindly following the party line for the sole purpose of defeating the opposing party is not only counterproductive; it is unpatriotic. The goal of politics should be to do what is best for the country. Politics is not a sport. BOB RULE High Point An independent newspaper Founded in 1883 Michael B. Starn Publisher Thomas L. Blount Editor Vince Wheeler Opinion Page Editor 210 Church Ave., High Point, N.C. 27262 (336) 888-3500 YOUR VIEW POLL --- ---- N.C. OFFICIALS House of Representatives Rep. Laura Wiley (R) (61st District), 4018 Quartergate Drive, High Point, NC 27265, 3368410045; Raleigh, 919-733-5877 Rep. Maggie Jeffus (D) (59th District), 1803 Rolling Road, Greensboro, NC 27403, 3362754762; Raleigh, 919-733-5191 Rep. John Blust (R) (62nd District), 5307 Pondfield Drive, Greensboro, NC 27410, 336-662-0368; Raleigh, 919-7335781 Rep. Earl Jones (D) (60th District), 21 Loney Circle, Greensboro, NC 27406, 336-2730840; Raleigh, 919-733-5825 Rep. Mary "Pricey" Harrison (D) (57th District), P. O. Box 9339, Greensboro, NC 27429, 336-2921953; Raleigh, 919-733-5771 Rep. Alma Adams (D) (58th District), 2109 Liberty Valley Rd., Greensboro, NC 27406, 336-2739280; Raleigh, 919-733-5902 In politics, goal should be to do what's best for country A recent contributor to Your View letters to the editor stated the "name of the game in politics is to defeat the opposition." It is normal and understand- There's a rally Saturday at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in support of Americans' right to bear arms. Will you attend and openly carry firearms? Should such a rally be permitted on national park property? In 30 words or less (no name, address required), e-mail us your thoughts to letterbox@ hpe.com. OUR VIEW --- Johnson left her mark at Central ake no mistake: Revonda Johnson will be missed � by students, faculty and staff, parents and Guilford County Schools! As Johnson, principal at High Point Central High School since 2005, heads for a position as instructional improvement officer for Peoria (Ill.) Public Schools, "Parents have already started sending out e-mails saying they want the right person who will continue the programs they have," to replace her, according to J. Carlvena Foster, District 1 representative on the Guilford County Board of Education. While guiding Central for the last five years, Johnson brought the school plenty of recognition � The Hubert B. Humphrey Jr. award, used for professional development in support of a new co-teaching system that will allow the school to serve exceptional children and special student populations more effectively; the 2007 "Best in Class" Secondary Principal of the Year for leading Central to higher academic achievements, meeting both state and federal standards; and the 2009 Humanitarian of the Year award by the city of High Point for her work for social justice and human rights. Johnson has set the bar high at Central, and her successor should have the same passion for constant improvement, a similar hands-on approach and outstanding leadership skills. We wish Revonda Johnson the best in her new pursuit. M A healthy dose of public skepticism is a good thing F A QUICK THOUGHT --- W ith all the news and information outlets available today, it's unlikely the federal government needs to spend taxpayer money advertising any legislation that's passed, especially something so talked about as the new health care plan. The Andy Griffith television ad touting the Obama administration's health care plan seems like an attempt at using a well-known and popular figure to influence political opinion on a highly controversial subject. And the initial $700,000 cost of running the ad is troublesome, too. OUR MISSION --- The High Point Enterprise is committed to this community ... and always will serve it by being an intensely local newspaper of excellent quality every day.. In Raleigh, legislative Democrats created a commission back in 2005 to propose state laws and policies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions from North Carolina households and businesses. The commission has just disbanded without recommending any major initiatives. Why have the alarmists' efforts achieved so little? They offer a multitude of handy explanations, most of them based on crackpot conspiracy theories involving oil companies, real-estate interests, the Religious Right, and water-breathing space aliens set on melting the polar icecap as a prelude to colonizing the Earth's oceans. OK, OPINION make North Carolina less competitive for new or expanding John industry � while accomplishing Hood precisely nothing even if the goal of reducing greenhousegas emissions was a reasonable one, since North Carolina's share of global emissions is negligible. The voters have shown themselves to have more common sense than the alarmists anticipated. Offered pie-in-the-sky forecasts of green-job creation and long-term savings from expensive alternative-fuel subsidies, voters have come to doubt them. Treated to copious news coverage of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, voters have concluded that stringent safety requirements need to be enacted and enforced � not that American oil exploration is a bad idea. And subjected to years of attempted indoctrination about the risks of catastrophic global warming, voters have concluded that scientists should continue to research the issue and study promising new technologies � not that Congress or state legislatures should immediately pass laws wreaking havoc on an already weakened economy and mandating fundamental changes in the way we live, work, shop and travel. The public's priorities are clear at the moment: address the serious fiscal and economic problems facing North Carolina and the nation. Climate-change legislation would worsen them. So it's going nowhere. JOHN HOOD is president of the John Locke Foundation and publisher of CarolinaJournal.com. ----. Tuesday August 10, 2010 BATTLE OF THE BULGE: Study: Fat belly can be deadly for older adults. 6B Managing Editor: Sherrie Dockery sdockery@hpe.com (336) 888-3539 5A Charity plans to stay in Afghanistan despite murders KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) � A Christian charity said Monday it had no plans to leave Afghanistan despite the brutal murders last week of 10 members of its medical aid team, six of them Americans. Police were holding the lone Afghan survivor for questioning, insisting he is not a suspect although authorities have lingering questions about his account of the horrific massacre in northern Afghanistan. The attack, far from the main theaters of the war in the east and south, underscored the growing insecurity in the region. It was also the biggest assault on foreign Christians since the 2007 kidnapping of 23 South Korean missionaries by the Taliban in Ghazni province. Two male hostages were slain before the South Korean government negotiated their release the following month. The survivor of last week's attack, a driver named Saifullah who had worked for the humanitarian group for four years, was flown to Kabul on Sunday from Badakhshan province. Also taken to the capital were the bodies of the six Americans, two Afghans, a Briton and a German who were gunned down after finishing a two-week medical mission treating Afghan villagers in the remote Parun valley of Nuristan province. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the Thursday murders, alleging that the group was trying to convert Muslims. BRIEFS --- Hezbollah accuses Israel of assassination BEIRUT �. North Korea fires shots near border SEOUL, South Korea (AP) � North Korea fired about 110 rounds of artillery Monday near its disputed sea border with South Korea, the South's military said, amid high tension over the deadly sinking of a South Korean warship blamed on North Korea. The. UN: Pakistan's misery tops tsunami, Haiti ISLAMABAD � The number of people suffering from the floods in Pakistan exceeds 13 million � Pakistan. AP Navy Capt. David Iglesias, spokesman for the military commission, speaks to reporters at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. We Sell Furniture An Eclectic Collection of Fine Furnishings Our Offerings Include: Furniture, Art, Accessories, Rugs, Lamps, Window Treatments, Design Services and Decorating Classes US military judge seals sentence for Gitmo inmate GUANTANAMO BAY NAVAL BASE, Cuba (AP) �. But he said it was consistent with federal courts' handling of matters involving national security and claimed it was also in al-Qosi's best interest. "We don't want to create a disincentive for a detainee to plead guilty," he said. Open On Selected Mondays and Tuesdays & By Appointment Iran to expunge 'dirty' dollar and euro reserves TEHRAN, Iran � Iran's vice president says the country should get rid of its "dirty" dollar and euro reserves in response to U.N. sanctions over its nuclear program. Mohammad Reza Rahimi says Iran will only conduct business in Iranian rials and the currencies of countries with which they trade. 3.10% 24 Months . .35% 36 Months 4.10% 60 Months 1 1228 Guilford College Rd. Suite 101 Jamestown 336-834-3292 Annuities offered by NSS Life 351 Valley Brook Rd. McMurray, PA 15317. Guaranteed rate is 3.00% APY. Early withdrawal penalty may apply. The federal government may charge an early withdrawal penalty if you are under age 59 1/2. 30019047 Eric D. Brumagin Colombia VP has heart bypass surgery BOGOTA, Colombia � Colombia's brandnew vice president underwent heart bypass surgery Monday. Angelino Garzon was rushed to the hospital with severe chest pains just two days into his term. Tests revealed "heart disease in multiple vessels." ENTERPRISE NEWS SERVICE REPORTS IAEA: Iran activates enrichment equipment VIENNA (AP) �. Protecting the financial welfare of our customers is our greatest privilege and our highest mission. LEIDSCHENDAM, Netherlands (AP) � Farrow, Campbell draw CASH spotlight to war-crime trial FOR GOLD The security and privacy of your finances are top priorities at CommunityONE. We are honored to have our customers' trust, and pleased to have responsible employees like Janet Shives minding the store. Janet Shives, Trinity 861-2002, Janet.Shives@MyYesBank.com Campbell Farrow Trinity Archdale 10108 S. Main St. 336-861-6316 5978 NC Highway 62 336-861-2002 former modeling agent will help tie Taylor to the illicit "blood diamond" trade that fueled Sierra Leone's civil war. Both contradicted Campbell's account from the witness stand last week that she did not know the nature or value of what she had received. FREE T TIMATES THOMASVILLE O JEWELRY & LOAN 30000534 710 E. MAIN ST. THOMASVILLE 336-476-7296 �2010 CommunityONE Bank, N.A., Equal Housing Lender, Member FDIC Tuesday August 10, 2010 KID NUMBER 7: Rocker Rod Stewart to become dad again at age 65. 6D 6A Managing Editor: Sherrie Dockery sdockery@hpe.com (336) 888-3539 BRIEFS --- Cheney out of hospital a month after surgery WASHINGTON � Former Vice President Dick Cheney was released from a suburban Washington hospital on Monday following surgery Cheney last month to install a pump that helps his failing heart work. Cheney left Inova Fairfax Heart and Vascular Institute in Northern Virginia to continue his recovery at his home, according to a statement released by his office. Cheney, 69, has had five heart attacks since he was 37 and suffers from congestive heart failure. Officials press BP on payments WASHINGTON (AP) � Top White House officials told BP executives Monday to move quickly on paying state and local government claims in the Gulf and stay committed to long-term recovery from the oil spill there. President Barack Obama celebrated progress in stopping the runaway well, saying that "the battle to stop the oil from flowing into the Gulf is just about over." "Our work goes on, though," Obama said during an appearance with the Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. "I made a commitment to the people of the Gulf Coast that I would stand by them not just until the well was closed but until they recovered from the damage that's been done. And that's a commitment my administration is going to keep." AP Wedding planner Sheryl Lindsay flips through an album while talking about the impact of the Gulf oil spill on her business in Orange Beach, Ala. Her business is on the brink, crumbling with cancellations over oil concerns. Gulf relief well down to tricky 100 feet NEW ORLEANS (AP) � The relief well being drilled to ensure crude never again spills into the ocean from BP's paralyzed40,. Critics rain on Spain getaway for first lady WASHINGTON � It sounded simple enough: a mother-daughter getaway during the dog days of August. But it minifirestorm stoked by questions about the wisdom of such a glamorous trip and over-the-top speculation about who was footing the bill and how many friends were along for the ride. House ethics panel outlines charges against Waters WASHINGTON (AP) � The House ethics committee on Monday announced three counts of alleged ethics violations against California Democrat Maxine Waters, including a charge she requested federal help for a bank where her husband owned stock. taxes. With the election just three months away, Republicans have pounced on the cases as indications of Democrats failing to live up to promises to end corruption. Waters Gates: Belt-tightening will cut military jobs WASHINGTON � Defense Secretary Robert Gates said Monday. 1st woman to head major US intelligence agency FORT BELVOIR, Va. (AP) � Letitia A. Long became the first woman director of a major U.S. intelligence agency Monday, taking her post as chief of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency at a ceremony at the agency's halfbuilt, high-tech campus in Springfield, Va. Long saluted what the relatively new agency has accomplished. "I have never seen an agency as young as the NGA do so much in so little time," Long said of the organization, which was established in 1996. Her 32-year career has led to a series of senior management positions: deputy director of Naval Intelligence, deputy un- Mideast envoy to press direct peace talks WASHINGTON (AP) � The Obama administration's Mideast envoy is returning to the region this week in a bid to get Israel and the Palestinians to agree to direct peace talks by Sept. 1, U.S. officials said Monday. The envoy, George Mitchell, will hold talks with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas today, according to the State Department. SALE NAILS $20 1-1/4 & 1-1/2 Roofing/Siding Electro Galvanized 30 lbs. for 1537 N. Fayetteville St., Asheboro Reg. $39.96 30014837 What's Happening? *Ice Cream Cakes* Pink Lemonade Cakes Margarita Spritze Cakes Key Lime Pies & Tarts *Special Order* AP Letitia Long (left) shakes hands with Defense Secretary Robert Gates Monday at the National Geospatial-Inteligence Agency in Springfield, Va. dersecretary of defense for intelligence and, most recently, second in command at the Defense Intelligence Agency. The Sweet Shoppe Bakery Since 1946 "Every Bite's a Delight" City-wide Delivery and Gift Certificates Available JOIN US ON NASA aims for more space station repairs CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. � NASA scrambled Monday to put together a new plan of attack to get the International Space Station back to full cooling, following this past weekend's unsuccessful repair effort. A. ENTERPRISE NEWS SERVICE REPORTS YOU can GO HOME AGAIN Our focus is on helping you recover from illness or surgery. TRIAD CARE & REHABILITATION CENTER Caring is the Key in Life (336) 885-0141 30013748 Tastings Thur 5:00 - 7:00 & Sat All Day ALL ABOARD: Passengers find plenty of reasons to ride the rails. 1C HEALTH BEAT: Good diet, plenty of exercise are key to weight loss. 4B DEAR ABBY: Couple keep relationship hidden from kids. 3B B Tuesday August 10, 2010 City Editor: Joe Feeney jfeeney@hpe.com (336) 888-3537 Night City Editor: Chris McGaughey cmcgaughey@hpe.com (336) 888-3540 Program helps teachers stock up ENTERPRISE STAFF REPORT Bon voyage ---- WHO'S NEWS GUILFORD COUNTY � If you think you bought too many school supplies during the taxfree weekend or if you want to recycle some items, there is a warehouse willing to take the goods. Guilford County Schools partnered with Guilford Education Alliance and Welfare Reform Liaison Project to sponsor the Teacher Supply Warehouse on Yanceyville Street in Greensboro. The large warehouse also offers storage for teachers who do not have enough space at school. Educators register for a shopping day and then they can pick up supplies for their classrooms for free. Last year, donors contributed more than $300,000 in school supplies, ranging from arts and craft supplies to wallpaper books, according to the Alliance. A recent survey sponsored by OfficeMax showed that teachers spend an average of $623 each year on classroom supplies � basics like paper, pencils, crayons and notebooks. With more than 50 percent of GCS students qualifying for free or reduced lunch, many parents simply cannot afford to send their children to school with all the necessary items needed for the classroom. "My first visit to the Supply Warehouse was so nice. I got supplies for my class that we really needed to enhance our classroom � books for the children, math and writing journals, crayons and pencils, magic markers and plastic bags for items to be sent home for the children to use and bring back to school," Thay Evans of Fairview Elementary School said in remarks quoted on a district website. Donors Choose allows donors the flexibility to support their favorite school or teacher in the Guilford County School system. Alan Letton was appointed as interim associate vice chancellor for research/dean of the Graduate School at North Carolina A&T State University. Letton is principal for Letton & McTier Associates, a consulting firm that focuses on research and product development. SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE Kathryn "Cookie" Billings will retire Oct. 1 after 24 years as town manager for Jamestown. Longtime Jamestown manager will retire this fall BY PAUL B. JOHNSON ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER. WANT TO HELP? � Donations: To donate to the Teacher Supply Warehouse, call 370-8355 or 841-4332. Adopt-a-Classroom Donations are accepted from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Call ahead. The warehouse can not take chemicals, electronics, including computers and monitors, and furniture. Information: to learn more about the warehouse and DonorsChoose.org. JAMESTOWN � Town Manager Kathryn "Cookie" Billings will retire from the staff of the municipality where she's worked for 24 years, but that doesn't mean she'll depart from her service to Jamestown. Instead, Billings said her service will take a new path after she retires this fall as the top administrator for the community sandwiched between High Point and Greensboro. Billings said she will remain active in Jamestown through her volunteer involvement in organizations such as Rotary and the Girl Scouts. "I've already gotten several calls from friends who are on different boards asking me to do some things," said Billings, who is retiring after a 30-year overall career in local government. Billings recently said she'll retire as town manager effec- tive Oct. 1. She has worked for Jamestown in different capacities for 24 years, 21 of those years consecutively. Billings has served as town manager for the past four years. She said she's remained with `For me, the appeal has been the people that I work with and the community.' `Cookie' Billings Jamestown town manager the Jamestown government because of the small-town atmosphere of the community, which has 3,200 residents, and the friendships she's made during her career. "For me, the appeal has been the people that I work with and the community. It's fun to be in a small town � if you come to some of the events we have here, everybody knows everybody," said Billings, who grew up in Greensboro. Jamestown Mayor Keith Volz praised Billings for her years of work. "She's done a great job in guiding us financially," the mayor said. Volz said Assistant Town Manager Chuck Smith probably will take on the role of interim town manager after Billings departs. Smith said Monday that he would be comfortable as interim town manager. When asked whether he'd be interested in the town manager job permanently, Smith said, "I honestly have not thought beyond my role as public services director and assistant town manager. It would be premature to talk about it." pjohnson@hpe.com | 888-3528 ---- CHECK IT OUT!. Accused gunman makes first court appearance BY PAT KIMBROUGH ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER HIGH POINT � The victim of a weekend shooting in High Point's Southside neighborhood sustained eight gunshot wounds, authorities said Monday. Qumain Terez Pratt, of Forrest Street, was listed in good condition at High Point Regional Hospital, two days after he was shot multiple times and found by police officers in the 1400 block of Cloverdale Street. "He underwent surgery and will probably be (hospitalized) a few weeks," High Point Police Detective Chris Weisner said during a court appearance for Pratt's alleged attacker. Shannon Clint Thornton, 28, of Oneka Avenue, remained in the Guilford County Jail in High Point Monday under a $100,000 bond on a charge of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. Guilford County District Court Judge Betty Brown kept the bond at that amount after Weisner and Assistant District Attorney Seth Banks said they weren't opposed to his bond remaining at the level at which it was set by a magistrate following his arrest on Saturday afternoon. Police said previously they believed the shooting, which occurred about 3:30 a.m. Saturday, resulted from an ongoing dispute between Pratt and Thornton. Weisner said the shooting took place at the intersection of Coltrane Avenue and Cloverdale Street. The scene is just off S. Main Street in the Southside neighborhood, where violent crime has fallen since police launched a street-level drug initiative there a few years ago that focused on shutting down open-air drug markets and associated crime. Weisner said neither the suspect nor the victim is from Southside. Court officials said Thornton has one prior conviction on his criminal record � for simple possession of a controlled substance in 2009. Pretrial Services officials said multiple counts of assault with a deadly weapon charges against him were dismissed in 2006. pkimbrough@hpe.com | 888-3531 INDEX CAROLINAS 2-3B COMICS 5B NEIGHBORS 4B NATION 6A NOTABLES 6B OBITUARIES 2-3B, 3A YOUR COMMUNITY. YOUR NEWSPAPER. OBITUARIES 2B TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE OBITUARIES (MORE ON 3B, 3A) --- Gladys Alford...Thomasville Jeffrey Beck............Archdale Shorty Beck..........Lexington Mary Bell..............Lexington B. Bodenhamer...High Point Billy Cox............Thomasville Mary Craven.......High Point Beatrice Dorsey...High Point Terry Dula.............Asheboro M. Harris.......Richmond, Va. Frances Kearns......Archdale C. Leonard............Lexington Mary Rhodes.......Lexington Bob Stephens......High Point Rebecca Sutphin.High Point The High Point Enterprise publishes death notices without charge. Additional information is published for a fee. Obituary information should be submitted through a funeral home. William Ray "Billy" Cox (Bill Bob) THOMASVILLE � Mr. William Ray "Billy" Cox, (Bill Bob), 53, a resident of 3818 Fuller Mill Rd. died Sunday, August 8, 2010 at High Point Regional Hospital. He was born on April 8, 1957 in Surry County to James Decatur Cox and Annie Lawson Cox. He worked at Southern Resin, Thomas Built Buses, Inc., Dillard Plastics and most recently with Clearview Bag Company. In addition to his father, he was preceded in death by his sister, Deborah Lynn Cox. Surviving in addition to his mother, Annie Lawson Cox of Thomasville is his fianc�e, Annette Sullivan Nobles of the home; daughter, Tanya Nobles Draughn and husband Chad of Denton; brother, Jimmy Cox and wife Jo Ann of Thomasville; sisters, Sandy New and husband Charles of Thomasville, Rita Brinkley and husband Doug of Thomasville, and Martha Ali and husband Mir of Trinity; granddaughter, Alison Grace Draughn; nieces, Crystal Biscoe and husband Corey, and Rehana Ali; and nephews, Alan Brinkley, Jimmy Ray Cox and wife Ava, and Shawn Ali. A funeral service will be held on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 at 2:00 PM at the J.C. Green & Sons Funeral Home Chapel in Thomasville with Rev. Dr. Steve Chipps officiating. Interment will follow in Holly Hill Memorial Park Cemetery. The family will be at the funeral home on Tuesday from 6-8 pm. On-line condolences may be sent to. com. PEOPLE'S FUNERAL SERVICE "People Serving All People" 1404 English Road High Point / 882-3907 INCOMPLETE Infant Brian Tywone David Jr. Beatrice Dorsey 976 Phillips Ave. High Point, NC 27262 (336) 885-5049 WEDNESDAY Mrs. Dixie Beck 11 a.m. Davis Funerals & Cremations Chapel THURSDAY Mrs. Frances "Pete" Kearns 11 a.m. Floral Garden Park Cemetery INCOMPLETE Mrs. Bonnie Bodenhamer J.C. Green & Sons Funeral Home "Since 1895" Mary Craven HIGH POINT � Mary Catherine Cheek Craven died Sunday, Aug. 9, 2010, at the age of 83. She had been in declining health since suffering a stroke in 2004 and lived most recently at Pennybyrn at Maryfield nursing facility in High Point. A memorial service to celebrate Mary's life will be held Thursday, Aug. 12, at 2 p.m. in the chapel at Pennybyrn at Maryfield, 1315 Greensboro Rd., High Point. Dr. Jim Summey will officiate. Burial will precede the service at 10 a.m. on Thursday, at Floral Garden Park Cemetery in High Point. The family will receive friends Wednesday, Aug. 11, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. at Cumby Family Funeral Service, Eastchester Rd., High Point. Memorials may be directed to The Hospice Home of High Point or Pennybyrn at Maryfield. Online condolences may be made at. The family is grateful for those who cared for her at her home on E. Parkway, for all the tender mercies at Maryfield's McEwen House, and most especially for the angels at Hospice Home. It was Hospice that introduced us to the healing image of a ship, which may seem to us to disappear at the horizon, but which is being welcomed as it comes into view in a new place. Mary was gifted to this world on Feb. 16, 1927, in Asheboro, N.C., the eldest of nine children, two of whom died in infancy, born to William Thurman and Macie Marley Cheek. After high school, she moved from Franklinville to attend nursing school at High Point Memorial Hospital. Almost immediately upon graduation, on Sept. 4, 1948, she married her one love, the late William McKinley Craven, and had many happy years as his wife, as a private duty nurse and eldercare nurse at Wesleyan Arms, and as a loving mother and grandmother. Despite hardships, including her husband's disabling illness at an early age, she persevered, inspiring others with her strength and courage, and finding joy in friends, family and her faith. She was blessed with a 55-year nursing career. Her gentle touch comforted many through their illnesses and eased others as they passed from one life to the next. There have been few like her, and in our hearts, none. Mary lived as she died, with grace and goodness. She leaves to cherish her memory two daughters, Linda Kastleman and Karen Robinette; two granddaughters, Rebecca and Catherine Kastleman; son-in-law Ken Kastleman; siblings Louise Allred, and Wade, Donald, Marvin, Jesse, and Max Cheek, and their spouses; a number of nieces and nephews; and many, many friends. We who love her miss her radiant smile, generous heart and prayerfulness on our behalf. 122 W. Main Street Thomasville 472-7774 TUESDAY Mrs. Linda Webb Stone 11 a.m. Park Place Baptist Church Mrs. Emma McKee 11 a.m. Graveside Service Pauls Chapel United Church of Christ Cemetery Mr. Wallace D. Burge 7 p.m. J.C. Green & Sons Chapel WEDNESDAY Mr. William Ray "Billy" Cox (Bill Bob) 2 p.m. J.C. Green & Sons Chapel THURSDAY Mrs. Gladys "George" Hughes Alford 11 a.m. J.C. Green & Sons Chapel FRIDAY Mr. Gilmer Richard "Rick" Newsome Jr. 7-9 p.m. �Visitation J.C. Green & Sons Funeral Home FUNERAL Sechrest Funeral & Cremation Service Since 1897 HIGH POINT 1301 E. LEXINGTON AVE. 889-3811 TUESDAY Mr. Burgess Guy Leonard Jr. 11 a.m. Funeral Service Sechrest Chapel 10-11 a.m. Visitation prior to service Sechrest of High Point Terry Dula ASHEBORO � Terry Grandon Dula, age 74, of 245 Gum St., Randleman died Monday, August 9, 2010 at his home. Funeral services will be held Wednesday, August 11, 2010 at 3:00 pm at Central Falls Baptist Church, 1332 Old Liberty Rd., Asheboro with Rev. Gerald Hussey and Rev. Dale Collingwood officiating. Burial will be in Randolph Memorial Park. Mr. Dula was a native of Randolph County and a member of Central Falls Baptist Church. He was retired from Woodmen of the World Lodge #921 after 25 years of service and was owner/operator of T & M Stone Company of Randleman. Mr. Dula was Margaret's beloved husband of 55 years. He was preceded in death by his parents, Beatrice Royals Dula and Grandon Coy Dula. He is survived by his wife, Margaret Wiles Dula; daughters, Janice Dula Jennings and her husband Michael of Asheboro, Teresa Dula Hill and her husband Donnie of Asheboro; son, David Terry Dula and his wife Paulette of Randleman; grandchildren, Brandon Jennings and his wife Eloisa of Asheboro, Joshua Jennings of Asheboro, Emily Hill Harless and her husband Ben of Severn, MD, Jennifer Hill of Asheboro, Tiffany Tilley of Randleman, Michael Dula of Randleman; great granddaughter, Victoria Jennings of Asheboro; niece and sister-in-law, Carol Hall and her husband Jimmy of Randleman; sister, Linda Henson of Asheboro; brother, Larry Dula and his wife Eva of Lawrenceville, GA and beloved pet, Dusty. The family will receive friends Tuesday, August 10, 2010 from 6 to 8 pm at Pugh Funeral Home, 437 Sunset Avenue, Asheboro. The family would like to give special thanks to the staff of White Oak Family Physicians and Hospice of Randolph for their loving care. Memorials may be made to Hospice Of Randolph, P.O. Box 9, Asheboro, NC 27204-0009. Online condolences may be made at www. pughfuneralhome.com. ARCHDALE 120 TRINDALE RD. 861-4389 TUESDAY Mr. Joshua Dylan Horne 1 p.m. Sechrest Funeral Service Archdale Chapel Visitation 7-9 p.m. Monday Sechrest of Archdale Jeffrey W. Beck 6 p.m. �Memorial Service Sechrest Chapel in Archdale Visitation: 6:30-8 p.m. in Archdale following service 10301 North N.C. 109 Winston-Salem Wallburg Community 769-5548 Is your hearing current? 211 W. Lexington Avenue, Suite 104, High Point, NC 889.9977 SP00504748 Mary Pickett Rhodes LEXINGTON � Mrs. Mary Pickett Rhodes, 87, of Lakewood Drive, died Friday, Aug. 6, 2010, at her home surrounded by her family. A funeral service will be held 2 p.m. Tuesday at the First Reformed United Church of Christ. Burial will follow at the Lexington City Cemetery. Visitation will be one hour prior to the service in the church parlor and other times at the home. Jeffrey Beck ARCHDALE � Mr. Jeffrey Wayne Beck, 43, died on Sunday, August 8, 2010. He was born on May 15, 1967 in Davidson County. He was of Baptist faith and worked most of his life in construction. He had a love for fishing and restoring old homes. Jeff was a big fan of Nascar, Old # 3 Dale Earnhardt was his favorite driver. Surviving Mr. Beck are his daughter, Jessi House and husband David, and twin sons, Jordan and Jeffrey Beck, all of Thomasville; mother, Patsy Cardwell Tilley and husband W.L. Tilley; father, Ronald Beck; brother, Ronald "Randy" Beck, Jr. and wife Regina; and sisters, Dana Stewart and husband Paul and Lindy Wyett and husband Steven. A memorial service will be held at 6 p.m. on Tuesday, August 10th at Sechrest Funeral Service in Archdale, 120 Trindale Road. The family will receive friends from 6:30- 8 p.m. following the service. Online condolences can be sent to. Family-owned with a tradition of trust, integrity and helpful service ... Since 1948 1015 Eastchester Dr., High Point 889-5045 WEDNESDAY Mr. Robert "Bob" Stephens 2 p.m. �Memorial Service First United Methodist Church, High Point Mrs. Rebecca "Becky" Cumblidge Sutphin 2 p.m. � Memorial Service Chapel of Cumby Family Funeral Service, High Point PENDING Mrs. Patricia Garrison Shorty Beck LEXINGTON � Clois Gilmer "Shorty" Beck, 89, of E. Old Highway 64, died Monday, August 9, 2010, at Hinkle Hospice House. The funeral will be 11 a.m. Wednesday, Aug. 11, 2010, at Hedrick's Grove United Church of Christ. Burial will follow in the church cemetery. Visitation will be 10-11 a.m. prior to the service at the church. 206 Trindale Rd., Archdale 431-9124 SATURDAY Mr. John Richard Dougherty Jr. 2 p.m. � Chapel of Cumby Family Funeral Service, Archdale Beatrice Dorsey HIGH POINT �Beatrice Dorsey, 79, died Aug. 8, 2010, at High Point Regional Hospital. Arrangements are incomplete at People's Funeral Service Inc. *Denotes veteran Your hometown funeral service Want the convenience of home delivery? Call at 888-3511 30001911 OBITUARIES, ABBY THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 3B OBITUARIES (MORE ON 2B, 3A) --- Rebecca Cumblidge Sutphin HIGH POINT � Mrs. Rebecca "Becky" Cumblidge Sutphin, 62, passed away, Friday, August 6, 2010 after a yearlong battle with cancer. A native of and lifelong resident of High Point, she was born October 31, 1947, a daughter to the late Rev. Hubert and Mrs. Kathryn Jackson. For over twenty-seven years she was employed with High Point Regional Hospital as a Nurse's Assistant. She will be greatly missed by many. Becky is survived by husband, Troy Sutphin of the home, children, Laura Howard and husband Steve of Conover, NC, Amy Mascunana and husband Kevin of Bloomingdale, GA, Angela Murrow and husband Jeff of High Point, Caleb Cumblidge of Lexington, sisters, Miriam Moon of Archdale, and Martha Carrigan of High Point, eight grandchildren; Rebecca Mascunana, Michael Mascunana, Dylan Murrow, Chloe Murrow, Jonathan Cumbildge, Dalton Murrow, Zachary Mascunana, an Tylor Mascunana. A memorial service will be held 2:00 pm, Wednesday, August 11, 2010 in the chapel of Cumby Family Funeral Service in High Point. The family will receive friends immediately following the memorial service at the funeral home. In lieu of flowers the family request that memorials be directed to the Hospice Home at High Point, 1801 Westchester Drive, High Point, NC. Hospice was a blessing to Becky and our family over the past year. Arrangements by Cumby Family Funeral Service in High Point. Frances "Pete" Kearns ARCHDALE � Mrs. Frances "Pete" Whitfield Kearns, 81, passed away Sunday, August 8, 2010 at the GrayBrier Nursing Home. Mrs. Kearns was born in Homer, GA, November 21, 1928, a daughter of Arthur Garfield Whitfield and Mamie Lucille Segars Whitfield. She worked at Allen Jay School and then for Power Line Company. She was a member of Highland United Methodist Church. She was preceded in death by her parents, her step-mother, Maggie Goins, two sisters, Vernell Lance and Vailee Moore, and a brother, Hollis Whitfield and a half-sister, Brenda Whitfield. Surviving are her husband of 58 years, Jack Kearns of the home; three daughters, Deran Hall and her husband Ronald of Archdale, Donree Warschkow of Snow Camp, and Mica Kearns of Graham; a brother, Henry Whitfield of Kernersville; two half-sisters, Joann Proctor and Carolyn Watts, both of Thomasville; two half-brothers, Bobby Whitfield and his wife Mary Jo of Burlington and Gene Whitfield and his wife Joy of Trinity; 6 grandchildren and 4 great-grandchildren. Graveside service will be held Thursday at 11 a.m. in Floral Garden Memorial Park Cemetery by the Rev. Mel Anderson. Davis Funerals and Cremations is serving the family. Online condolences may be made at davisfuneralsandcremations. com. Catherine Leonard LEXINGTON � Catherine Beck Leonard, age 92, of Woodsway Drive, died Sunday, Aug. 8, 2010. A funeral service will be held 4 p.m. Wednesday at Davidson Funeral Home Chapel. Burial will follow in Lexington City Cemetery. Visitation will be one hour prior to the service at the funeral home and at other times at the home of Richard and Martha Swing, 104 Acacia Circle, Lexington. Gilmer Newsome THOMASVILLE � Mr. Gilmer Richard "Rick" Newsom, Jr., 57, of Hasty School Road, died Sunday, Aug. 8, 2010. The family will receive friends at a memorial visitation Friday from 7 to 9 p.m. at J.C. Green & Sons Funeral Home. On-line condolences may be sent at. com. "Bob" Stephens HIGH POINT � Robert "Bob" Stephens passed away on Sunday afternoon, August 8, 2010, at High Point Regional Hospital after a brief illness. He was preceded in death by his parents, Kenneth and Christine Stephens. Bob attended Immaculate Heart of Mary School. A lifetime resident of High Point, Bob enjoyed many friends and acquaintances, particularly his Wellington Street and Coventry Road neighbors. He was involved in the ARC of High Point and worked at the Guilford County Sheltered Workshop/Lifespan for many years. Bob enjoyed a special relationship with his home mates at the High Point UMAR home and his many friends at First United Methodist Church. For several years he was active in the Oak Hollow Civitan Club. Bob is survived by a sister, Anne Stephens Powers of WinstonSalem, a brother and sister-in-law Jim and Joyce Stephens of High Point; nieces Robyn Powers and Taylor Powers; nephews James Stephens, III, Joey Stephens and Christopher Powers. A memorial service to celebrate the life of Robert "Bob" Stephens will be held 2:00 pm Wednesday at the First United Methodist Church with the Reverend Chris Fitzgerald and the Reverend Fran Moran officiating. The family will greet friends Tuesday evening from 6:00 until 8:00 pm at the Life Tribute Center of Cumby Family Funeral Service in High Point. In lieu of flowers memorials may be given to the Bland Sunday School Class at First United Methodist Church of High Point, 512 N. Main Street, High Point, NC 27260. Online condolences may be made at www. cumbyfuneral.com Arrangements by Cumby Family Funeral Service in High Point. Mary Bell LEXINGTON � Mary Jane Green Bell, 85, of Old U.S. 52, died Friday, Aug. 6, 2010, at Hinkle Hospice House. The funeral will be 2 p.m. Wednesday at Davidson Funeral Home Lexington Chapel. Visitation will be 6 to 8 p.m. Tuesday at the funeral home. Bonnie Bodenhamer HIGH POINT � Mrs. Bonnie Stutts Bodenhamer, 95, passed away Monday, August 09, 2010 at Westchester Manor. Funeral arrangements are incomplete at Davis Funerals and Cremations. Is your hearing current? 211 W. Lexington Avenue, Suite 104, High Point, NC 889.9977 Bu or SP00504740 Get one of Equal ual al al lue 1/2 Price rice ice ce Valid with Coupon only pon PASTA STONE OVEN GRILL gia o giannoshp.com ia co o of High Point Make an appointment to meet with one of our lighting designers. Whether you are remodeling, building a new home or just shopping for a single fixture, we have all of the resources to meet your lighting needs. Couple keep their dating hidden from kids ear � 1/2. They know I exist because he has my picture by his bed, but he says they don't ask about me. Am I Check stocks and mutual funds of local interest Tuesday through Saturday in The High Point Enterprise. 4380 Regency Drive High Point, NC 27265 D being "too" patient? � Reality Check In Kansas Dear Reality: ADVICE Are you absolutely Dear certain Abby? � Michael Fine Jewelry Archdale Commons Across from J Butlers 336-431-2450 GOLD NEWS METALS MARKET AT A 35 YEAR HIGH Clean Out The Old Jewelry Box And Convert Broken Or Out Of Style Jewelry to $DOLLARS$ PAYING TOP PRICE FOR GOLD, SILVER AND PLATINUM WE BUY GOLD Shop our large line of Rainbow sandals for the entire family! Men's, Women's and Kid's! Next Are you Diabetic? Are You A Medicare Recipient? Thanks to the US Congressional Diabetic Therapeutic Shoe Bill, eligible Medicare Patients with a Medicare Supplement receive one pair of special footwear and appropriate inserts each calendar year. Darr's Bootery can provide these services for you with our selection of SAS� Diabetic approved shoes in stock! By appointment only! Free TimeTM for women Home of $4.99 Lunch Specials Monday: Country Fried Steak Tuesday: Buttermilk Fried Chicken Wednesday: Hamburger Steak Thursday: Homemade Meatloaf Friday: Grilled ChickenTenders Served with your choice of two farm fresh veggies, hot homemade biscuits and apple butter, and freshly baked cornbread Time OutTM for men Darr's Bootery SOUTHGATE PLAZA 1033 Randolph St. For more information, call Larry at 336-472-7026 513288 Come On In & Taste the Difference Tuesday August 10, 2010 FLYING HIGH: Teen hopes to pole vault her way to college. TOMORROW 4B Neighbors: Vicki Knopfler vknopfler@hpe.com (336) 888-3601 Exercise and diet smartly BY NANCY SIMPSON BULLETIN BOARD --- RECOGNITION --- BIBLE QUIZ --- Guild Golf Classic set for Aug. 21 ARCHDALE � The Ninth Annual Guild Golf Classic will be held Aug. 21 at Holly Ridge Golf Links, 7933 U.S. 311 South. Breakfast begins at 7 a.m., and a shotgun start is at 8 a.m. Format is captains choice with a team handicap, limited to 28 teams of four. Registration is $240 a team. Deadline to register is Aug. 16. To register call Mittie White at 431-6560 or 688-4913. Proceeds benefit High Point Regional Health System. Education alliance elects new officers Guilford Education Alliance recently elected new board members and officers. Officers are Jarvis Harris, chairman; Nathan Duggins, vice chairman; Uma Avva, secretary; Alan Pike, treasurer; Ann Busby, immediate past chairwoman. New board members are: Ericka Best-Hunt of Sealy Corp., community representative Susan Culp, Javier Gomez of Dynamic Quest, community representative Mitch Johnson, Barry Kitley of Samet Corp., Denise Turner of City of Greensboro, Katherine HaddixHill of Moses Cone Health System. Yesterday's Bible question: Could it be that Adam was lothe to leave Eden and had to be driven out? Answer to yesterday's question: Yes. "Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. So he drove out the man;" (Genesis 3:23-24) Today's Bible question: Adam and Eve ate of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Was there another reason they were put out of Eden? BIBLE QUIZ is provided by Hugh B. Brittain of Shelby. he person who has painstakingly strived for weight loss during the years has probably heard of many methods. Cabbage soup and detoxification diets are just a couple examples of the countless fad diets concocted and promising quick weight loss for a trimmer you. If you have just passed the six-month evaluation of your New Year's resolution to lose weight and want to get back on track to meet your goal, here are some tips for choosing a good weight loss program. A promise of rapid weight loss is not a good sign of a healthier plan. Fast weight loss increases the risk of losing water, lean muscle and bone. Weight loss of a half to two pounds per week is a good rate. Steer away from diets that restrict certain foods. Each food group has important vitamins and minerals often unique to that group. There should be some variety of food choices. There is no one-sizefits-all weight-loss plan. A good plan will fit into your lifestyle and food budget. If it requires cooking but you can't cook, that plan may not work. If you have to buy special foods and you have a tight budget, it may not be realistic. If you need to eat six meals per day but can't eat snacks at work, try another program. Any program that says there is no need to exercise isn't the best choice. If you want to maintain a healthy weight, build muscle and lose fat, the best path is a combination of eating healthier and being more active. All diets promote different ways of eating fewer calories. Some are more restrictive; some have better balance, and some are easier to follow. One important key to weight loss is eating fewer calories than you are burning through activity and exercise. Most diets should not go below 1,500 calories for men and 1,200 calories for women per day. For more help with weight loss, contact The Fitness Center at High Point Regional Health System. It offers one-on-one nutrition counseling, or you can sign up for the weight loss program called, "The Plan." An informational session is scheduled for 6 p.m. Sept. 14. T --- Guilford offers LSAT prep course GREENSBORO � The Law School Admissions Test preparation course will be offered beginning Aug. 28 at Guilford College. Students will be given strategies and practice sessions for all sections of the LSAT and receive an individual writing analysis from an experienced instructor. The course will take place on Saturdays, Aug. 28, Sept. 11, 18, 25 and Oct. 2. Cost is $499, which includes two LSAT workbooks. Class size is limited to 24. Call 316-2169 for information and to register. HEALTH BEAT 211 W. Lexington Avenue, Suite 104, High Point, NC Is your hearing current? 889.9977 SP00504738 CLUB CALENDAR --- Items to be published in the Club Calendar should be in writing to the Enterprise by noon on Wednesday prior to publication. HIGH POINT ELKS LODGE 1155 meets at 7:30 p.m. the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month at 700 Old Mill Road. 869-7313. HUMAN RESOURCE ASSOCIATION of Greater High Point, formerly High Point Area Personnel Association, meets at noon Wednesday at Centennial Station, 121 S. Centennial St. Gail Wells at 882-6806. ARCHDALE-TRINITY ROTARY Club meets at noon Wednesday at Archdale United Methodist Church, 11543 N. Main St. KERNERSVILLE ROTARY Club meets at 7 a.m. Wednesday at First Christian Church, 1130 N. Main St., Kernersville. THOMASVILLE ROTARY Club meets at 12:05 p.m. Wednesday at the Woman's Club, 15 Elliott Drive. ASHEBORO-RANDOLPH ROTARY Club meets at 12:15 p.m. Wednesday at AVS Banquet Centre, 2045 N. Fayetteville St. HIGH POINT BUSINESS and Professional Men's Club meets at 6 p.m. Wednesday at Carl Chavis YMCA, 2351 Granville St. BUSINESS NETWORK International meets noon-1:15 p.m. Wednesday at Golden Corral at Oak Hollow Mall. PIEDMONT/TRIAD TOASTMASTERS Club meets at noon Wednesday at Clarion Hotel, 415 Swing Road, Greensboro. J.C. Coggins at 665-3204 or 3010289 (cell). ROTARY CLUB of Willow Creek meets at 7:15 a.m. Thursday at High Point Country Club, 800 Country Club Drive. Karen Morris, 887-7435 PREMIER CIVITAN CLUB meets noon-1 p.m. every second and fourth Thursday at Tex & Shirley's Family Restaurant, 4005 Precision Way. 621-4750. ROTARY CLUB of High Point meets at noon Thursday at High Point Country Club, 800 Country Club Drive. Wes Patterson, district governor, will speak. PIEDMONT TRIAD LIONS Club meets at 6:30 p.m. every second and fourth Thursday at the Woman's Club of High Point, 4106 Johnson St. WALLBURG LIONS CLUB meets at 6 p.m. the second and fourth Thursday at Shady Grove United Methodist Church, 167 Shady Grove Church Road. JAMESTOWN LIONS Club meets at 6:30 p.m. Thursday at Parkwood Baptist Church, 2107 Penny Road. Ralph Holmes at 454-8620. THOMASVILLE LIONS Club meets at noon Thursday at Big Game Safari Steakhouse, 15 Laura Lane, Room 300, Thomasville. AMERICAN BUSINESS Women's Association, Furniture Capital Chapter, meets at 6:30 p.m. Thursday at High Point Country Club, 800 Country Club Drive. THOMASVILLE JAYCEES meets at 7 p.m. Thursday at Thomasville Jaycees Clubhouse, 1017 Lacy Hepler Road. Heather English at 472-1306 or 883-0353. NAT GREENE TOASTMASTERS Club meets at 7 p.m. Thursday at High Point Neal F. Austin Public Library, 901 N. Main St. TRIAD ACTION Astronomy Club meets at 7 p.m. Friday at the Archdale Library, 10433 S. Main St. Arthur "Bud" Oates at 431-5062. HIGH POINT KIWANIS meets at 11:45 a.m. Friday at High Point Country Club, 800 Country Club Drive. Wendy Rivers, 8824167 ASHEBORO ROTARY Club meets at noon Friday at AVS Banquet Centre, 2045 N. Fayetteville St., Asheboro. NO REASONABLE OFFER REFUSED!! 301 Trindale Rd. Archdale 434-4203 Angel Beach Tanning Salon - COUPON - BUY ONE MONTH OF TANNING FOR $17.95 RECEIVE ONE MONTH FREE WITH THIS COUPON exp. 12/31/10 MILITARY NEWS --- Service updates Air Force Reserve Airman James C. Horne graduated from basic military training at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. He is the son of Sarah McCray of High Point. Horne TYPE 2 DIABETES Mendenhall Clinical Research Center is conducting clinical studies with investigational drugs to treat Type 2 Diabetes. You May Qualify If You: 18-75 or surgically sterile). More than a Jewelry and Gift Store Jewelry Repair & Appraisal Service * Fast Turnaround * Expert Advice *A name you can trust- with 74 years of combined experience * Locally Owned & Operated Dr. Georgia Latham is the doctor conducting this study. Tom Lynch at the Mendenhall Clinical Research Center at 336-841-0700 ext. 2517 tlynch@mendenhallcrc.com. NANCY SIMPSON is a registered dietitian at High Point Regional Health System. HEALTH BEAT is prepared by High Point Regional Health System. For more information on this topic, call 878-6200. High Point Jewelers and Fine Gifts (Summer Hours) Mendenhall Clinical Research Center COMICS, DONOHUE THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 5B GARFIELD Don't ignore stroke signs ear? � T.R. I hope you listened to your doctor. You should do exactly what he told you. You have an emergency on your hands. You most likely had a TIA � a transient ischemic attack � a ministroke. Investigation should be taking place as soon as possible � D BLONDIE B.C. those clots can break loose and be carried to a brain artery, where they stop HEALTH the flow of blood perDr. Paul manently. Donohue Atrial fi brillation,. Dear Dr. Donohue: Does chocolate cause kidney stones? I was told it does. Lately everything I read or hear about chocolate puts it on a par with health foods. Is the stone link true? � B.F. The most common kind of kidney stone is calcium oxalate. Sources of oxalate include nuts, beets, spinach, tea and chocolate. Doctors might tell their patients who had this kind of stone to go easy with oxalate foods. They don't have to abstain completely from them, but they might have to cut back a bit. In the past, people with calcium oxalate stones were put on a calcium-restricted diet. Dietary calcium has little to nothing to do with contributing to these stones. Doctors don't restrict calcium now. None of this applies to you. It applies only to those who have had a calcium oxalate stone. Dear Dr. Donohue: There's a swelling behind my left elbow. It's soft and doesn't hurt. People ask me what it is. I don't know. What is it? � K.D. This is a guess. A doctor has to see it to make the right diagnosis. I'm reasonably sure it's bursitis � olecranon bursitis. Bursas are round, flat disks about the size of a nickel that lie between tendons and bones. They reduce friction when tendons move across bones. Overuse is one of the reasons bursa fill with fluid. A doctor can remove the fluid with a needle and syringe and then wrap an elastic bandage around the elbow to prevent the fluid from reforming. HAGAR THE HORRIBLE FOR BETTER OR WORSE FRANK & ERNEST LUANN PEANUTS BABY BLUES BEETLE BAILEY ONE BIG HAPPY THE BORN LOSER THE FAMILY CIRCUS DENNIS SNUFFY SMITH NATION, NOTABLES 6B TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE FAMOUS, FABULOUS --- Stewart to become father again at 65 LONDON � Rod Stewart and Penny Lancaster, 39, have announced they are expecting their second child � and the 65year-old rocker's seventh. Lancaster The couple said in a statement Monday that they learned the "happy news" in June. Web video shows Palin engaging protester HOMER, Alaska (AP) � An online video shows Sarah Palin engaging a protester in front of a banner that calls her the "WORST GOVERNOR EVER." Media personality Shannyn Moore, a Palin critic, posted video of Saturday's encounter in Homer, Alaska, to YouTube. Moore says the former GOP vice presidential nominee was in Homer to shoot scenes for her upcoming TV series. The video shows Kathleen Gustafson telling Palin she wanted her to honor her responsibilities as governor, but Palin quit "when cash was waved" in her face. Palin responds: "Oh, AP Study: Belly bulge can be deadly for older adults CHICAGO (AP) � If your pants are feeling a bit tight around the waistline, take note: Belly bulge can be deadly for older adults, even those who aren't overweight or obese. One of the largest studies to examine the dangers of abdominal fat suggests men and women with the biggest waistlines have twice the risk of dying over a decade. Surprisingly, bigger waists carry a greater risk of death even for people whose weight is "normal" by the body mass index, a standard measure based on weight and height. The new study appeared in Monday's Archives of Internal Medicine Former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin speaks at a rally for Georgia Republican gubanatorial candidate Karen Handel (background) Monday in Atlanta. you wanted me to be your governor. I'm honored. Thank you." She tells Gustafson she's fighting for the Constitution. But Gustafson counters that Palin is not representing Alaska's interests. Gustafson said Monday that she has nothing more to say. A Palin aide didn't immediately return a call. John Lennon's killer up for parole again AP BUFFALO, N.Y. � John, Yoko Ono, said she continues to oppose Chapman's release because he remains a potential threat. In this magazine cover image, actress Jennifer Aniston recreates an iconic portrait of Barbra Streisand in the September 2010 issue of "Harper's Bazaar." Aniston recreates iconic portraits of Streisand LOS ANGELES (AP) � There are Barbra Streisand fans, and then there's Jennifer Aniston. Aniston, 41, recreates iconic portraits of Streisand in a Mark Seliger photo spread in the new issue of Harper's Bazaar. The magazine hits newsstands this week. "The shoot was just fun," the actress said. "Look, you're dressing up in wigs and costumes and going into this beautiful theater in downtown Los Angeles, and her voice is booming through the speakers," she said. "And you get chills. It was almost like ... 'cause photo shoots I'm always uncomfortable in, because that sort of thing is not my career. So, it was sort of fun to kind of play a character like that." Justice Scalia unhurt after tripping outside restaurant WASHINGTON (AP) � Justice Antonin Scalia is unhurt after he tripped outside a restaurant in Providence, R.I. The incident happened Sunday after he had eaten at an Italian cafe. Christopher Spertini, who works at the restaurant, says he escorted Scalia to the door and that a few moments later there was a commotion in a cobblestone plaza immediately outside. Scalia did not need medical assistance. Ex-NFL coach Johnson to be on 'Survivor' NEW YORK � Former NFL coach Jimmy Johnson will be a contestant on the reality television show "Survivor." CBS announced Johnson Monday that Johnson, 67, will be one of 20 castaways sent to Nicaragua. The premiere will air Sept. 15. ENTERPRISE NEWS SERVICE REPORTS We Want To Be Your Outsourced IT Department For Small and Medium Businesses 1.866.643.6165 83 BE HAPPY: It's time to focus on pleasant things, Taurus. 2C PUZZLED? Try working Sudoku, Jumble or crossword. 2C CLASSIFIED ADS: Check them out for lots of bargains. 3C C Tuesday August 10, 2010 Life&Style (336) 888-3527 --- DANCE AUDITIONS SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE Passengers line up to get tickets and schedules at High Point Station. Taking the train Passengers cite variety of reasons for choosing to ride the rails BY DIANNA BELL ENTERPRISE STAFF WRITER H IGH POINT � Walking into the High Point Amtrak Station is like stepping into the late 19th century. The station, at 100 W. High Ave., has the feel of a station straight from the late 1800s. This is in large part due to the renovations of the station in 2002 and 2003 to restore the building to its original beauty. Passengers are pulled from this time warp when they stand before an electronic kiosk. The machine offers customers an easy way to buy tickets. Passen- 'Sometimes, I'll just ride the train for a day for the fun of it.' Dave Williams Train enthusiast gers also can call (800) USA-RAIL or go online to to buy a ticket. They have the option of buying a ticket on the train for a slightly higher price. This ease and convenience has led to an increase in individuals opting for a smooth train ride as opposed to what they deem as the hassle of hopping on a plane or fueling up their cars as their means for travel. Eight passenger trains pass through the tracks at High Point Station daily, heading north as far as New York, and south to Charlotte. From Charlotte to Raleigh, the train moves at a speed of about 80 mph, according to train enthusiast Dave Williams. "Sometimes, I'll just ride the train for a day for the fun of it," Williams said. Williams is extremely knowledgeable when it comes to the train system, and has an answer for almost every locomotive-related question thrown his way. He spouted off the complete train schedule and names of the trains that passed below the High Point station each day. At 8:48 a.m. on a recent sunny Thursday, travelers boarded Train 80, the Carolinian, on its way to destinations north. Suzanne Greer, who boarded on her way to Rocky Mount, noted this was her first time on a train since childhood. "I don't feel like driving and going through the traffic," said Greer, who is from Southport. Evelon Terry of Winston-Salem was dropping off a passenger and said trains are the only way she travels. "I love the train," Terry said. "I only fly if I have to." Having to be alert at all times while driving, keeping your hands at the 10 and 2 positions on the wheel and the exhaustion of putting up with bumper-to-bumper traffic are some reasons drivers have converted to the train. Others note that having to go two hours early to the airport and making it through security with the correct measurements of liquids are nuisances they try to avoid. When boarding the train, a conductor asks passengers where they are headed. This determines which car they are directed toward. An attendant checks the weight of the carry-ons, which cannot exceed 50 pounds. Passengers file on, find a seat and wait for an attendant to check their tickets. Simple. On northbound trains, dining cars can be found with a wide range of edibles from the basic to the more satisfying. On the Carolinian, breakfast was being served, with options ranging from coffee to egg sandwiches. Alcoholic beverages also are an option aboard the northbound. Lynn Hoover, who was traveling from South Carolina to Washington, D.C., was having an early morning toddy with his newfound SONNY HEDGECOCK SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE Suzanne Greer boards the Carolinian, which is headed north out of High Point. Kevin Wilson (left), N.C. DOT attendant, assists passengers as they get off train. Auditions for the 201011 Preparatory Dance Program at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts will be held Saturday in Studio A in Gray Building on the campus, 1533 S. Main St., Winston-Salem Registration is 9:30-10 a.m. There is no fee to audition. Auditions for rising third- and fourth-graders will be held 10-11 a.m. Little or no previous training is required for this age group, as acceptance is based on the child's natural facility and potential. Auditions for rising fifththrough seventhgraders will be held 11 a.m.noon. The Preparatory Dance Program is a pre-professional dance training program that prepares students for entry into the UNCSA School of Dance's middle school and high school professional divisions. Classes meet after school beginning in mid-September and are tuition-free for children who are accepted into the program. For more information, contact the program director Dayna Fox, at (336) 7342882 or by e-mail at foxd@uncsa. edu. SONNY HEDGECOCK | HPE New York-bound Elizabeth Franklin holds her dog, Benson Zander. friend, Brian Williams, who was on his way home to Baltimore. "Taking the train is a comfortable and relaxing way to travel," Williams said. "You also get to meet new people." Taking a train lets passengers start celebrating their vacations early or provides them with a mood-relaxer if they are so inclined, which is extremely illegal in a car. The Amtrak system also is pet friendly. Elizabeth Franklin of Winston-Salem boarded the train in Burlington and was heading to New York. She had her fluffy white buddy by the name of Benson Zander along for the ride. "This is my second time taking him on the train," Franklin said. "It's easier and there's no hassle." Franklin had opted for the roomier, yet slightly more expensive business ticket, which comes with a free beverage. Sarah Tauber, Winston-Salem resident who also was headed to New York, is a frequent rider. She also was aboard the business car and provided the Amtrak system with more compliments. "Riding the train is comfortable and an easy way to get to where you're going," Tauber said. For information on ticket prices and train routes visit. editor@hpe.com | 888-3537 INDEX FUN & GAMES 2C DEAR ABBY 3B DR. DONOHUE 5B CLASSIFIED 3C-6C YOUR COMMUNITY. YOUR NEWSPAPER. FUN & GAMES 2C TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE WORD FUN --- HOROSCOPE --- CROSSWORD ACROSS 1 Part of a play 4 Soft drink 8 Alaska's Palin 13 Merriment 14 __ if; although 15 Longlegged bird 16 Serling and Stewart 17 Torn apart 18 Reddish dye 19 Distracted 22 Beanie 23 Human being 24 Surf and turf, for example 26 Bona fide 29 Memorizes 32 Wet sticky mud 36 __ vase; pricey Chinese vessel 38 Christmas carol 39 Peru's capital 40 Italian city of Columbus' birth 41 Warm month 42 In the thick of 43 Small bills 44 Sat for an --- BRIDGE --- TRIBUNE MEDIA SERVICES "My partner has convinced me that for every action, there is an equal and opposite criticism," a club player grumbled. "He finds fault with everything I do." My friend was declarer at today's slam. "I ruffed the second club and counted 11 tricks," he told me. "I couldn't expect a 3-3 heart break, so I decided on a dummy reversal. I led a heart to the ace, ruffed a club, led a diamond to the king and ruffed a club. I cashed the ace of trumps, overtook my queen, drew the last trump and claimed. That wasn't enough to please my partner. He acted like a pig at a pastry cart as usual: He said I'd misplayed." DAILY QUESTION You hold: S 7 2 H 5 D 6 4 3 C A K Q J 8 5 2. You are the dealer with neither side vulnerable. What do you say? ANSWER: Most experts would avoid a preempt. Partner could not visualize a solid suit and might avoid a good contract of 3NT. A few experts would pass and act later. Most experts would open one club although they would prefer the long suit were a major. After all, the hand contains winners, two defensive tricks and an easy rebid. North dealer N-S vulnerable NOT BEST I like supportive partners, but South's play wasn't best. South would fail if trumps broke 4-1. After South ruffs the second club, he should take the A-K of trumps. When trumps break 3-2, South proceeds with his dummy reversal. If trumps broke 4-1, South would start the hearts. If East held four or more hearts, South could ruff his fourth heart in dummy. Tuesday, August 10, 2010 CELEBRITIES BORN ON THIS DAY: Justin Theroux, 39; Angie Harmon, 39; Antonio Banderas, 50; Rosanna Arquette, 51 HAPPY BIRTHDAY: Emotional matters can be taken care of if you address what is bothering you head on. It's up to you to start the ball rolling if there is something you want to pursue. Opportunities to make money as well as physical changes must be taken advantage of. There is no time for procrastination. Your numbers are 3, 11, 14, 27, 32, 35, 47 ARIES (March 21-April 19): There may be things you are questioning and people you aren't sure of, but that is no reason to sit idle while life passes you by. The worst that can happen is rejection and the knowledge that it's time to look and try to accomplish elsewhere. TAURUS (April 20-May 20): With less work and more play you'll discover new friends, closer connections to the people you already know and a strong bond with the youngsters and elders in your life. It's time to focus on what makes you happy. Live, love and enjoy. GEMINI (May 21-June 20): Taking action will bring you respect and the help needed to complete your goals. Love is in the stars and, single or not, you should be building a better relationship with the one you love or getting involved in interests that can lead you to a potential partner. CANCER (June 21-July 22): Don't be afraid to do things differently but, at the same time, be prepared to deal with opposition. The possibilities ahead of you are endless but it will take initiative to get things underway. Don't take on responsibilities that interfere with your plans. LEO (July 23-Aug. 22): Deception or emotional blackmail will lead to financial and relationship uncertainty. Keep things out in the open. Stating what you want to do and the things you like and dislike will help you avoid personal upset. VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Everything will be predetermined by past performance. Taking a creative or unique approach will give you the edge you need to reach your goals. Having a practical attitude will send the right message. LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22): Put everything else aside and concentrate on keeping the peace. Don't bend to the whims or demands being put on you by others. You may have to work on your own if you want to accomplish what you feel is necessary to get ahead. SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21): Interference can be expected if you try to do too much. Ask for help but only from those who owe you for past favors. Don't allow emotional issues to cloud your vision or cause you to take a pass on something you really want to do. SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): Take action and stop worrying. What you have to offer will separate you from the competition. An emotional relationship will inspire your creativity. Stick to your original plans. CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): There is the possibility of misrepresentation if you don't do your own negotiating. Nothing will be perfect, especially if you have unresolved problems. Clear your debts or reputation so you can move forward. AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): Emotional matters will develop and partnerships should probably be questioned if things aren't going according to plan. A love connection is apparent and can contribute to your emotional well-being and your financial future. PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20): Listen but don't agree to getting involved in something that really isn't your thing. An emotional reaction regarding a job or what's expected of you will put you in a vulnerable position. Listen and respond carefully.. artist 45 Spud 47 Sandwich shop 49 Accumulate 51 Whole 56 __ down; make a note of 58 Poised 61 Wrong 63 Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn 64 Space flight agency: abbr. 65 Trial location 66 Bouquet holder 67 Object 68 __ food cake 69 Pitcher 70 Roll the hair DOWN 1 Without a companion 2 Hope chest wood 3 Examinations 4 Peaceful 5 Large kitchen appliance 6 Car blemish 7 Playful action Yesterday's Puzzle Solved (c) 2009 Tribune Media Services, Inc. 8 Plot 9 "You __ what you eat" 10 Full of contention 11 "__ Karenina" 12 Stack 13 Clutch 20 __ off; left quickly 21 Longest river in Europe 25 Stringed instrument 27 Prayer closing 28 Like looseleaf binder paper 30 Hawaii's state bird 31 Toboggan 32 Strike with the open hand 33 Chauf- feured car 34 Copying 35 Lady 37 Schnoz 40 Silly person 44 Bowling targets 46 Graduation cap feature 48 Inferior 50 Bond servant 52 Capital of Tunisia 53 Furious 54 Adjust a clock 55 Cheese from Holland 56 Coffee 57 Harbinger 59 Imperfection 60 Church extension 62 Haul into court Where's your tag? Persistent summertime flies were of little interest to this herd of heifers at Meadows Farm Friday in Cazenovia, N.Y., as they wait with curiosity for the next move by Boomer, who is obviously not wearing his ear tag. AP THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 3C Call 888-3555, fax 888-3639 or email classads@hpe.com for help with your ad HOW TO PLACE YOUR AD POLICIES The High Point Enterprise reserves the right to edit or reject an ad at any time and to correctly classify and edit all copy. The Enterprise will assume no liability for omission of advertising material in whole or in part. 0100 0107 0114 0121 0135 0142 0149 0150 0151 0180 0200 0204 0208 0212 0216 0220 0224 0228 0232 0236 0240 0244 0248 0252 0256 0260 0264 0268 0272 0276 0280 0284 0288 0292 0300 0310 0320 0330 0400 0410 0420 0430 0440 0450 0460 0470 0480 0490 0500 0503 0506 0509 0512 0515 ANNOUNCEMENTS Special Notes Happy Ads Card of Thanks Personals Lost Found GARAGE/ESTATE SALES Garage/Estate Sales Instruction EMPLOYMENT Administrative Sales Professional Education/Teaching Medical/Dental Technical Accounting General Help Industrial Trade Skilled Trade Trucking Office Help Retail Help Hotel/Motel Restaurant Child Care Part-time Employment People Seeking Employment Business Opportunity Businesses for Sale Employment Information Elderly Care Summer Employment PETS Pet Boarding Cats/Dogs/Pets Pet Services FARM Farm Market You Pick Feed/Fertilizer Nursery Stock Livestock Horses Farm Equipment Farms for Sale Farm Services MERCHANDISE Auction Sales Antiques/Art Household Goods Musical Merchandise Computer 0518 Electronics 0521 Lawn & Garden Equipment 0524 Snow Removal Equipment 0527 Sporting Goods 0530 Swimming Pools 0533 Furniture 0536 Misc. Tickets 0539 Firewood 0542 Building Materials 0545 Machinery & Tools 0548 Restaurant Equipment 0551 Store/Office Equipment 0554 Wanted to Rent/Buy/ Trade 0557 Holiday Time 0560 Christmas Trees 0563 Misc. Items for Sale 0600 REAL ESTATE FOR RENT 0605 Real Estate for Rent 0610 Unfurnished Apartments 0615 Furnished Apartments 0620 Homes for Rent 0625 Condominiums for Rent 0630 Duplexes for Rent 0635 Rooms for Rent 0640 Misc for Rent 0645 Wanted to Rent 0650 Rentals to Share 0655 Roommate Wanted 0660 Lake/River/Resort 0665 Vacation Property 0670 Business Places/ Offices 0675 Mobile Homes for Rent 0680 Specialty Shops 0685 Bargain Basement 0700 REAL ESTATE FOR SALE 0710 Homes for Sale 0715 Condominium for Sale 0720 Duplex/Apts 0728 Lake/River/Resort 0734 Lots & Acreage 0741 Mobile Homes for Sale 0747 Manufactured Homes for Sale 0754 Commercial/Office 0760 Business Properties 0767 Industrial 0773 Income Property 0780 Misc. Real Estate 0786 Wanted to Buy Real Estate 0793 Monuments/Cemeteries 0800 TRANSPORTATION 0804 Boats for Sale 0808 Boat Slips 0812 Boat Storage 0816 Recreational Vehicles 0820 Campers/Trailers 0824 Motor Homes 0828 Snowmobiles 0832 Motorcycles 0836 Airplanes & Equipment 0840 Auto Services 0844 Auto Repair 0848 Auto/Truck Parts & Accessories 0852 Heavy Equipment 0856 Sport Utility Vehicles 0860 Vans for Sale 0864 Pickup Trucks for Sale 0868 Cars for Sale 0872 Classic/Sports/ Collector Cars 0876 Bicycles 0880 Off-Road Vehicles 0900 FINANCIAL 0910 Business Opportunities 0920 Loans 0930 Investments 0950 LEGALS 0955 Legals 1000 HOME SERVICE DIRECTORY 1006 Additions & Renovations 1012 Appliances 1018 Asphalt/Concrete 1024 Backhoe 1030 Basement Waterproofing 1036 Carpet Cleaning 1042 Carpet Sales/ Installation 1048 Cleaning Services 1054 Crane/Lift Services 1060 Custom Cabinets 1066 Decks/Porches/ Enclosures 1072 Demolition 1078 Ditches & Trenches 1084 Driveways 1090 Drywall 1096 Duct Cleaning 1102 Electrical Services 1108 Excavating 1114 Exterior Cleaning 1120 Fence Installation 1126 Floor Covering/ Installation 1132 Garage Doors/Builders 1138 Gutters 1144 Handyman 1150 Hauling 1156 Heating/Cooling 1162 Home Improvement & Repair 1168 Home Inspection/ Appraisal 1174 Home Organization 1180 Insulation 1186 Internet Services 1192 Lawn Mower Repair 1198 Lawn/Landscape/ Tree Svc 1200 Tree Services 1204 Manufactured Homes 1210 Masonry 1216 Mobile & Modular Home Rep 1222 Movers 1228 Paint/Wallcover 1234 Phone Services 1236 Plastering 1240 Plumbing 1246 Pole Barn 1252 Porches & Enclosure 1258 Pressure Washing 1264 RV Repair 1270 Recycling 1276 Roofing 1282 Rototilling 1288 Satellite Systems 1294 Security Services 1300 Septic/Sewer Services 1306 Services 1312 Sharpening Service 1318 Small Engine Repair 1324 Small Engine Service 1330 Snow Removal 1336 Sprinkler Systems 1342 Storage, Indoor/ Outdoor 1348 Telephone Services 1354 Tile/Stone Installation 1360 Tractor Repair 1366 Window Cleaning 1500 PROFESSIONAL SERVICE DIRECTORY 1509 Accounting 1518 1527 1536 1545 1554 1563 1572 1581 1590 1598 1599 1608 1617 1626 1635 1644 1653 1662 1671 1680 1689 1707 1716 1725 1734 1743 1752 1761 1770 1779 1788 1797 1806 1815 1824 1833 1842 1851 1860 1869 1878 1887 1896 1905 1914 1923 1932 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 3000 Alterations Assisted Living Catering Chauffeur Services Christmas Trees Computer Services Counseling Crafters & Hobbies Dance Instruction Income Tax Day Care Licensed Divorces Driving Schools Elderly Care Errand Services Firewood Furniture Upholstery Health & Nutrition Health Care Holistic House sitting Insurance Interior Design Karate/Martial Arts Kennels Legal Services Machine Shop Massage Therapy Music Lessons Nails Services Optical Services Paralegal Party Planning Personal Trainer Pest Control Pet Care Photography Pool Services Private Investigator Psychics Salon Services Surveying Services Taxidermy Tutoring Services Upholstery Weight Management Welding Services SPECIAL OCCASIONS Christmas Father's Day Graduation Memorial Day Mother's Day Valentine's Day Veteran's Day Church Page ERRORS Please check your ad the first day it runs. If you find an error, call DEADLINES the first day so your Call before 3:45 p.m. ad can be corrected. the day prior to The Enterprise will publication. Call give credit for only Friday before 3:45 the first for Saturday, Sunday incorrect publication. or Monday ads. For Sunday Real Estate, PAYMENT call before 2:45 p.m. Wednesday. Fax Pre-payment is deadlines are one required for hour earlier. all individual ads and all business ads. Business accounts may apply for preDISCOUNTS approved credit. For Businesses may earn! L EGALS 0180 0232 General Help 0240 Skilled Trade 0320 Lassapoo, ShihTzu, Dachshund, Chihuahua, Cock A Chon. Call 336-498-7721 AKC Registered Pitt Bulls for sale & Puppies. 2 Blues & 1 Fawn. Call 336-289-3034 CKC Reg Yorkshire Terrier Puppies for sale. 3F $650 ea, 1M $550 ea. 336-307-0072 Bichon, ShihTzu, Cocker, Dachshund, Chihuahua, Cock A Chon. Call 336-498-7721 PR UKC Reg. Pitt Bull Puppies. All Colors & Blues. Shots & Dewormed. $175 & up. Call 336-848-0752 Reg. Shi-Nese F/M $250. Shots. Paper trained. Call 336-476-9591 Shihtzu Female puppy CkC Registered born May 24, 2010 300 Call 336-823-1730. FREE "Resume & Interview Class" Tues., 8/10 6:30 - 8:00pm (Bring Your Resume) The Journey Church 1221 E. Hartley Dr., High Point (near Oak Hollow Mall) 0955 NOTICE OF SALE TO SATISFY THE LIEN OF $11,008.44 ON A 2005 TOYOTA TUNDRA VIN# 5TBDT44165S494865 WITH 76,325 +/- MILES, REGISTERED TO PHYLLIS KEY WINFREY & TIMOTHY DALE WINFREY, 116 LINDSAY DR., ARCHDALE NC. VEHICLE WILL BE SOLD AS, WHERE IS (NO EXPRESS, IMPLIED gUARANTEE - NO WARRANTY) AT 11:00AM AUGUST 20, 2010 AT VANN YORK AUTO MALL BODY SHOP (LIENOR), 422 EASTCHESTER DRIVE, HIGH POINT NC. August 10 & 17, 2010 NOTICE OF SALE Quality Self Storage will sell at auction the personal property contained in the following units to satisfy & recover unpaid rents and fees. Christele Strowder 108-B Township Ln Lafayette, LA 70506 Khadijah Free 8311 Brier Creek Pkwy 105-522 Raleigh, NC 27617 The sale will be on the premises of Quality Self Storage, 2629 N. Main St. at 3pm on the 17th day of August 2010. Cash only! August 10, 2010 Jack Cartwright Now Hiring Experienced Signle & Double Needle Sewers. Apply in person: 2014 Chestnut Ext. We are currently interviewing experienced applicants with excellent work records for the following positions. *Buffer: Must have 3-5 years of experience buffing steel and aluminum furniture parts. *Machine Room: Must be experienced in setting-up and running various woodworking machines (drill press, router, boring machine, moulder, etc). Experience in frame building and sanding also required. *Metal Fabricator: Must have 3-5 years general metal fabricating experience to include welding, cutting and machining. We offer comptitive pay and benefits in an excellent, drug-free working environment. Qualified applicants should apply in person to: Davis Furniture Industries 2401 S. College Drive High Point, NC 27261 An EEO/AA Employer New Coleman Power Mate Generator Still in Box $900 870-0723 or 475-2613 Misc. Items for Sale New Only 1, 8x12 Storage Bldg. Painted, Delivered & Set Up. $999. Call 336-870-0605 Window AC Unit, Elec. Dirt Bike, Lg. Bird Cages, Futon sofa, others also. 989-0508 0244 Best Cartage is currently seeking Class A CDL Regional & Local Drivers. Must have 2 years current tractor trailer driving experience. Must have Class A CDL drivers license. Must be able to pass all DOT & company requirements. We offer competitive pay and benefits including medical insurance, life, 401K with company match, paid holidays & vacations, monthly incentive bonus, assigned new model equipment. Please call 800-849-1818 or apply online at: transportationgateway.com Furniture Movers/Drivers, Experience Required Thomasville Call 336-476-5757 E MPLOYMENT 0212 Professional R EAL ESTATE FOR RENT Unfurnished Apartments HAIR STYLIST NEEDED $50/week. Apply at Angel Beach/ Paradise Hair 301 Trindale Rd., Archdale Manicurist Station for rent in Salon on Eastchester Dr. Call 336-885-4035 0610 1 br efficiency, completely furnished, all utilities paid, NO PETS, 434-4001 / 848-2276 2Br Apt. Archdale. 122A Marshall St. Quiet, Clean, A/C, Refrig, Stove, W/D Hookups. $435/mo. Call 434-2636 2BR, 1 1/2BA Apartment. Thomasville. Cable TV, Appls Incld. $450 mo. 336-561-6631 2BR, 1 1/2BA Apartment. Thomasville. Cable TV, Appls Incld. $450 mo. 336-561-6631 0220 Medical/Dental Britthaven of Davidson has the following Positions available: * Full Time Certified Nursing Assistants * 2nd Shift RN Supervisor Please apply in person at Britthaven of Davidson 706 Pineywood Rd, Thomasville AAE/EOE/Drug free Workplace M ERCHANDISE 0260 Restaurant Antiques/Art Antique Hutch, Good condition. $100. Call 336-889-3249 E. Ellington's Bistro needs chef, cooks, pastry chef & waitstaff. Call 336-442-1086 2BR, 1BA avail. 2427 Francis St. Nice Area. $475/mo Call 336-833-6797 2br, Apt, Archdale, 302 Goodman, Cent. A/C Heat, W/D hook up, Refrig/Stove $495/mth. 434-6236 2BR/1BA,. 700 Trotter St. Duplex, T-ville. Appl incld, Cent H/A. $475/mo+dep. 476-9220 3 ROOM APARTMENT partly furnished. 476-5530 431-3483 Clositers & Foxfire 1/2 mo free for 3 months! 885-5556 1 & 2 BR, Appls, AC, Clean, Good Loc. $380-$450 431-9478 WE have section 8 approved apartments. Call day or night 625-0052. 0264 0236 Vecoplan llc. a growing machinery manufacturer has immediate openings for the position of Industrial Panels Quality Control Technician. Successful candidates will provide precise quality control for Industrial Shredder Panels in a fast-paced environment. Must have hi-tech, industrial electrical equipment experience, preferably technical training or military equivalent, as well as NFPA 70 experience. Duties will include Advanced PLC and VFD Programming, panel construction, wiring from schematics and quality control checks on control panels. Only assertive and organized individuals need apply. Above average compensation package with full benefits, commensurate with experience. Submit Resume to Michael Wilhoit at Vecoplan llc. At P.O. Box 7224, High Point NC. 27263 Child Care 0509 0232 General Help A NNOUNCEMENTS 0135 Personals Housekeeping FT/PT. Experience a plus. Apply 9am-3pm, 400 S. Main St, Econolodge, HP. MAKE Extra $$ Sell Avon to family, friends & work 861-6817 Independent Rep. Movie Extras to Stand in the Backgrounds for a major film. Earn up to $200 per day. Exp Not Req'd. 877-292-5034 Now Hiring All Positions. Ages 18 & Over at Hillsville Cafe. 8520 Hillsville Rd, Trinity, NC. No Calls Please. Apple Tree Academy at Northgate Ct, High Point is reopening soon. Now accepting applications for Teachers. Associate Degree in Early Childhood Preferred, Childcare Credentials and 1 year experience in a Licensed Childcare required. Apply in person, Apple Tree Academy, 1000 Phillips Ave, High Point. (Off Westchester) In Home Licensed 3 Star Daycare has openings for 2 infants, beginning 8/23. Lakewood Forest off Welborn Rd, Trinity. Hopewell Elementary School Area. 336-861-5564 or 336-870-5299 Full Size Warm Cherry Spindle Bed w/Rails. Great Condition. $125. Call 336-861-5317 MOVING SALE: 2 loveseats, 2 accent chairs, accent table, large entertainment center, set of twin beds, almost new baby crib. 869-6702 or 240-8899 Washer/Dryer, $350, Refrigerator, $150, Stove, $125. Call 336-674-5222 Household Goods 0515 Computer ABORTION PRIVATE DOCTOR'S OFFICE 889-8503 0149 Found FOUND: Very Nice German Shepherd. In Elmwood Ct area. Call to identify 336-689-6347 SCOOTERS Computers. We fix any problem. Low prices. 476-2042 0615 visit us online... 0288 NEEDED: Live-in Housekeeper. Flexible hours. Errands. Non-smoker. Own transportation. Call 9am-5pm 336-723-8572 0521 hpe.com Husqvarna Commercial 61 inch cut. 25 hp Mower. $4300. Call after 10am. 472-1273 Lawn & Garden Equipment 1BR/1BA, Utilities & Furniture Incld. $160 wkly. No Pets. Call 336-303-5572 Summer Special! 714-A Verta Ave. Archdale 1BR/1BA Stove, refrig., w/d conn. $325/mo. + dep. Call 474-0058 Furnished Apartments 0554 0240 Skilled Trade P ETS QUICK CASH PAID FOR JUNK CARS & TRUCKS. 434-1589. BUYING ANTIQUES Pottery, Glass, Old Stuff 239-7487 / 472-6910 Top cash paid for any junk vehicle. T&S Auto 882-7989 Wanted to Rent/ Buy/Trade 0620 Homes for Rent G ARAGE /ESTATE SALES Carson's, Inc. Immediate full time opening w/3yrs. exp. for a stain sealer/lacquer sprayer. Apply in person Mon-Thurs. 9-11 or 1-3 at 4200 Cheyenne Dr. Archdale NC Tel: 431-1101 EOE 0320 Cats/Dogs/Pets 2BR/1BA 1112 Richland St, $395 336-434-2004 House for Rent. $550 month, $400 deposit. (2) 2BR/1BA. 827 E Lexington, 1316 Boundary & 3BR/1BA, 913 Richland. Call 1-209-605-4223 2 Goats for Sale. $50 for both Call 336-848-2276 or 336-434-4001 4C TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE 0620 Homes for Rent 0620 Homes for Rent 4 BEDROOMS 809 Doak.........................$775 507 Prospect....................$500 3 BEDROOMS 1209 N. Rotary...............$1100 3603 Grindstaff..............$1195 2457 Ingleside................$1050 1312 Granada..................$895 1420 Bragg Ave..............$750 2709 Reginald..................$700 1122 Nathan Hunt...........$695 112 Hedgecock................$675 2713 Ernest St.................$675 2109 Friends....................$649 222 Montlieu....................$625 1700-F N.Hamilton...........$625 813 Magnolia...................$595 1205 Fifth.........................$595 726 Bridges......................$575 1020 South.......................$550 2507 Dallas......................$550 2208-A Gable Way...........$550 507 Hedrick......................$525 601 Willoubar...................$525 324 Louise.......................$525 637 Wesley......................$525 409 N Centennial............$500 1016 Grant.......................$475 919 Old Winston..............$525 101 Chase.......................$500 1220-A Kimery.................$500 2219 N. Centennial..........$495 609 Radford.....................$495 127 Pinecrest..................$500 836 Cummins..................$450 913 Grant........................$450 502 Everett......................$450 410 Vail...........................$425 328 Walker......................$425 322 Walker......................$425 914 Putnam.....................$399 1303-B E Green...............$395 0635 Rooms for Rent A Better Room 4U. HP within walking distance of stores, buses. 886-3210 or 883-2996 LOW Weekly Rates - a/c, phone, HBO, eff. Travel Inn Express, HP 883-6101 no sec. dep. Private extra nice. Quiet. No alochol/drugs 108 Oakwood 887-2147 AFFORDABLE Rooms for rent. Call 336-491-2997 Rooms, $100- up. Also 1br Apt. No Alcohol/Drugs. 887-2033 0670 1 Bedroom 217 Lindsay St.................$400 2 Bedrooms 709-B Chestnut St...........$350 713-A Scientific St...........$375 2405 Fala.........................$400 318 Monroe Pl.................$400 309 Windley St................$425 3117-A&B Bowers Ave...$435 1217-B McCain Pl...........$475 203 Brinkley Pl................$500 210-C Oakdale Rd...........$550 5928 G. Friendly Ave......$700 3 Bedrooms 302 Ridgecrest.................$500 1108 Adams St................$525 504 Blain St.....................$650 Call About Rent SpecialsFowler & Fowler 883-1333 1604 Boundary 2br 340 209 Murray 2br 315 415 Cable 2br 325 804 Forrest St. 2br 375 HUGHES ENTERPRISES 885-6149 Large bar behind Home Depot on N. Main Street. Reasonable rent. Call day or night 336-625-6076. Office 615 W English 4300 sf. Industrial 641 McWay Dr, 2500 sf. Fowler & Fowler 883-1333 Business Places/ Offices 0816 '90 Winnebago Chiefton 29' motor home. 73,500 miles, runs good, $11,000. 336-887-2033 Recreational Vehicles 0868 Cars for Sale 0820 Campers/Trailers 06 Fifth Wheel Cardinal. 30' w/2 Slideouts. Immaculate. $28,000 neg. 336-474-0340 2BR, Archdale, Central H/A, Storage Bldg. NO PETS! Call 431-9665 or 689-1401. 3BR, MH for Rent, Private lot. Burton Rd, Thomasville $420/mo + $420/dep. Call 336-472-2061 2 bdrs available, Silver Valley/Tville area, Sm. Pets only. $325-$385/mo. No Dep. with proof of income. Police Report Req'd., Call 239-3657 Mobile Home for rent Archdale & Thomasville area. Weekly or monthly. Call 883-8650 Mobile Homes for Rent 0824 Motor Homes '01 Damon motorhome. 2 slides, 2 ACs, 10k, loaded. 36ft. Very good cond., $52,000. Back-up camera. 431-9891 04 Malibu Classic, Auto, Cold Air, 80K, Very Nice. $3500. Call 431-6020 or 847-4635 2005 Ford Focus FX4, SE. 28-34 mpg. 73K miles. $6800 obo. Call 336-442-9283 2007 Impala, 68K miles. Serviced & Very Clean. $9900. Call 336-869-9417 2008 Kia Sportage, LX, 5spd , 4cyl. Burgundy. 33K miles. $11,000. Call 336-880-5146 98 Lincoln Cont Mark VIII Black, Loaded, Very Nice. $4,295 obo. 336-906-3770 AT Quality Motors you can buy regardless. Good or bad credit. 475-2338 0832 Motorcycles 0640 Misc for Rent 4 BEDROOMS 101 Havenwood.............$1300 3 BEDROOMS 317 Washboard................$950 330 W. Presnell................$790 405 Moore........................$640 1806 King.........................$600 1704 Azel.........................$600 2206 B Chambers...........$600 603 Denny.......................$600 524 Player.......................$565 1014 Grace......................$575 281 Dorothy.....................$550 116 Dorothy.....................$550 1414 Madison..................$525 1439 Madison..................$495 920 Forest.......................$450 1711 Edmondson............$350 2 BEDROOMS 1100 Westbrook..............$650 1114 Westbrook..............$600 3911 C Archdale............$600 6712 Jewel......................$550 500 Forrest.....................$510 931 Marlboro..................$500 285 Dorothy...................$500 532 Roy............................$495 112 A Marshall................$450 816 E. Guilford...............$450 1037 Old Thomasville....$450 410 Friddle......................$435 10721 N Main..................$425 500 Lake.........................$425 1303 W. Green...............$410 600 Willowbar..................$400 304-A Kersey...................$395 412 N. Centennial............$385 1418 Johnson.................$375 1429 E Commerce..........$375 802 Barbee.....................$350 215-B & DColonial...........$350 417 B White Oak..............$350 1223 Franklin...................$295 1 BEDROOMS 313 B Kersey..................$340 203 Baker.......................$325 205 A Taylor....................$285 909 A Park.....................$250 KINLEY REALTY 336-434-4146 0860 Vans for Sale 2 Br 2 Ba Home for rent 20x20 stg bld $600mo + dep Tville & Pilot Schl area. 336-870-0654 2BR, carpet, blinds, appli. gas heat, $500. mo. 883-4611 Leave mess. 2BR/1BA House Ledford area. Motsinger Rd. $450/mo. + dep. Call 472-4160 3 Bedroom-Very Clean $585-Rotary/Westchester area $545-Near Montlieu Ave Sec 8 ok, No dogs, 882-2030 A-1 ROOMS. Clean, close to stores, buses, A/C. No dep. 803-1970. Archdale, Nice 2BR, $450 mo. Call 336-431-7716 HP, 3BR/1BA, Brick Ranch. $575, New Flooring, Cent Air, Gas Heat, Sec 8 ok. Call 210-4998 NW High Point, 3BR/1BA. Extra Clean. Carport, Appls. No Pets. No Smoking. $725/mo, $725 dep. 812-9957 lv msg 918 Ferndale-2BR 210 Edgeworth-1BR 883-9602 Spacious 2BR, 1BA, W/D Hook upsMove in Specials. Call 803-1314 Lovely 2BR home. Hdwd flr. Cent. heat/air. 1206 Asheboro St. $550/mo. Sect. 8 ok. 882-9132 AVAILABLE RENTALS SEE OUR AD ON SUN, MON, WED & FRI FOR OUR COMPLETE HOUSING INVENTORY R EAL ESTATE FOR SALE Homes for Sale 2003 Dodge Caravan SXT, Light Green, 72,500K. Non=Smokers Car. VGC. $7,500. Call 841-5195 Large Comm. Van, '95 Dodge Van 2500, new motor & trans., 883-1849 $3000 neg 0710 NICE 2BR/1BA Updated. READY TO MOVE IN! Owner financed - $29,900. Price neg. w/cash. T'ville. 828-293-9723 Thomasville 3BR. Just renovated. Will finance for the right Buyer. $74,900. Call 704-807-4717 05 Chev. Suburban, 4X4, Loaded, Leather, DVD, Onstar. $19,000. 884-8737 / 882-2293 06 Chev. Silverado, 2500 HD Crew, 4X4, Loaded, Lthr, DVD. Onstar, Heated Seats, Long bed. $22,000. 884-8737 / 882-2293 1984 GMC Caballero, 93K miles. Very Good condition. Runs Good. $5000 obo. Call 336-841-1525 Pickup Trucks for Sale 2 BEDROOM 495 Ansley Way..............$750 1720 Beaucrest...............$675 1111 N. Hamilton.............$595 1112 Trinity Rd................$550 1540 Beaucrest...............$525 101 #13 Oxford..............$525 903 Skeet Club...............$500 204 Prospect..................$500 808 Virginia....................$495 120 Kendall....................$475 1610 Brentwood............$475 905 Old Tville Rd............$450 509 North.........................$450 1101 Pegram..................$450 215 Friendly....................$450 1198 Day........................$450 205-D Tyson Ct..............$425 700-B Chandler..............$425 1501-B Carolina..............$425 324 Walker....................$400 2306 Palmer..................$400 611 Paramount.............$400 305 Barker......................$400 713-B Chandler.............$399 204 Hoskins..................$395 622-B Hendrix..............$395 1704 Whitehall..............$385 129 Pinecrest...............$385 609-A Memorial Pk........$375 601-B Everett.................$375 2306-A Little..................$375 501 Richardson..............$375 1227 Redding.................$350 1709-B W. Rotary..........$350 311-B Chestnut...............$350 1516-B Oneka.................$350 309-B Griffin...................$335 815 Worth.......................$325 12109 Trinity Rd. S.........$325 4703 Alford......................$325 301 Park..........................$300 313-B Barker...................$300 1116-B Grace...................$295 1715-A Leonard...............$285 1515 Olivia......................$280 1700 A & B Brockett........$275 0754 1,000 sq. ft retail space near new 85. Reasonable rent & terms. Phone day or night 336-625-6076. 70,000 ft. former Braxton Culler bldg. Well located. Reasonable rent. Call day or night. 336-625-6076 Almost new 10,000 sq ft bldg on Baker Road, plenty of parking. Call day or night 336-625-6076 Houses $295-$495 in High Point Area. Phone day or night 336-625-6076 1800 Sq. Ft. Davidson County Conrad Realtors 336-885-4111 Commercial/ Office Start nesting... Looking for a new home? Find the home of your dreams in the Real Estate section every Saturday. Cars for Sale 03 Cadillac STS, Silver w/Gray Int. Excellent Condition. 71,500 miles. $10,500. Call 336-687-6408 03 Taraus, 90K, Excellent Condition. $2,900 Call 431-6020 or 847-4635 NOTICE OF FORECLOSURE SALE 10-SP-2680 Under and by virtue of the power of sale contained in a certain Deed of Trust made by LARRY PRESTON JONES AND JOYCE JONES to PETER F. MAKOWIECKI, Trustee(s), dated the 29th day of MARCH, 2007 and recorded in BOOK 6699, PAGE 1631, GUILFORD County Registry, North Carolina, Default having been made in the payment of the note thereby secured by the said Deed of Trust and the undersigned, ANDERSON & STRICKLAND, P.A., having been substituted as Trustee in said Deed of Trust by an instrument duly recorded in the Office of the Register of Deeds of GUILFORD County, North Carolina and the holder of the note evidencing said indebtedness having directed that the Deed of' Trust be foreclosed, the undersigned Substitute Trustee will offer for sale at the Courthouse Door, in the City of GREENSBORO, GUILFORD County, North Carolina at 10:00 O'CLOCK A.M. ON AUGUST 17th, 2010, and will sell to the highest bidder for cash the following real estate situated in the County of GUILFORD, North Carolina, and being more particularly described as follows: ALL OF LOT 2, IN BLOCK 7 AS SHOWN ON PLAT 25 IN THE SUBDIVISION OF "THE PROPERTY OF CONE MILLS CORPORATION, GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA" ACCORDING TO THE PLAT THEREOF WHICH IS RECORDED IN THE OFFICE OF THE REGISTER OF DEEDS OF GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, IN PLAT BOOK 25 AT PAGE 94. Said property being located at: 2512 Campbell Street, Greensboro, NC 27405 PRESENT RECORD OWNER BEING: LARRY PRESTON JONES AND JOYCE JONES Trustee may, in the Trustee's sole discretion, delay the sale for up to one hour as provided in N.C.G.S. 45-21.23. Also, this property is being sold subject to all taxes, special assessments, and prior liens or encumbrances of record and any recorded releases. Should the property be purchased by a third party, that person must pay the statutory final assessment fee of forty-five cents ($0.45) per One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) required by N.C.G.S. 7A¬308 (a) (1), and any applicable county and/or state land transfer tax and/or revenue tax. Any successful bidder shall be required to lender N.C.G.S. 45-21.30(d) and (e). The property to be offered pursuant to this notice of sale is being offered for sale, transfer and conveyance "AS IS, WHERE 15." Neither the Trustee nor the holder of the note secured by the deed of trust/security agreement, or both, being foreclosed, nor the officers, directors, attorneys, employees, agents or authorized representative of either the Trustee or the holder of the note make any representation of warranty relating to the title or any physical, environmental, health or safety conditions existing in, on, at or relating to the property being offered for sale, and any and all responsibilities or liabilities arising out of or in any way relating to any such condition expressly are disclaimed. A cash deposit or cashier's check (no personal checks) of five percent (5%) of the purchase price, or seven hundred fifty dollars ($750.00), whichever is greater, will be required at the time of the sale. That an Order for possession of the property may be issued pursuant to N I,. This the 20th day of July, 2010. Michael W. Strickland, as Attorney for and President of ANDERSON & STRICKLAND, P.A., Substitute Trustee 210 East Russell Street, Suite 104 Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301 (910) 483-3300 August 3, 2010 August 10, 2010 0793 2 Burial Plots, Holly Hill Cemetery, Tville. Section SD2B, $3,500. Call 336-687-2353 or 476-0886 2 Plots side by side w/vaults sec. aa Floral Gardens $2100/ea plot, $800/ea vault 885-7790 4 Plots, Floral Garden Cemetery. Sec AA, Clost to Rotary Dr. Will Sell 2 or 4. $3000/ea. Call 336-431-2459. Will Negotiate. Floral Garden, Section A, In site of the Christus Statue. 2 plots, $3475 (val), $2000/ea. Call 869-4323 Monuments/ Cemeteries 0665 MB Condo, 2BR, 2BA, Pool, Oceanview, $700. Wk 869-8668 1000 SF retail space close to new 85. $595/month. Call day or night 336-625-6076 1100 sf Retail $600 2,500 sqft $650 T-ville 336-362-2119 8000 SF Manuf $1800 168 SF Office $250 600 SF Wrhs $200 T-ville 336-561-6631 Business Places/ 0670 Offices 1 BEDROOM 1123-C Adams...............$450 620-A Scientific..............$375 508 Jeanette..................$375 1119-A English...............$350 910 Proctor.....................$325 305 E. Guilford................$275 309-B Chestnut...............$275 502-B Coltrane................$270 1317-A Tipton..................$235 CONRAD REALTORS 512 N. Hamilton 885-4111 T RANSPORTATION Tville, Hasty/Ledford Schl 3BR/2BA House. No Pets. $700/mo. 475-7323/442-7654 SELLING YOUR VEHICLE? Let us help you get guaranteed results! Project Name: Thomasville City Schools Alternative Learning School Roof Replacement Location: 15-19 East Guilford Street, Thomasville, NC 27360 Funding: ARRA � QSCB Funds Davis � Bacon Act Applies Applicable Minority Business Requirements: Affidavit A or B shall accompany bid documenting good faith efforts to solicit minority business participation. Bid Security Required: No Performance Bond Required: Yes Payment Bond Required: Yes Description of Project: Replacement of a roof of approximately 5,280 SF over the Alternative Learning Center. The new roof shall be a modified bitumen base and cap sheets with torch application. Architect/Engineer: RTD Associates, PA A/E Contact: Frank Burns, P.E. A/E Address: 3816 Sardis Church Road, Ste. 102, Monroe, NC 28110 A/E Telephone: (704) 882-7517, ext. 228 A/E Fax: (704) 882-7530 Email: frank.burns@rtdassociates.com Plans may be obtained from: RTD Associates, PA, 3816 Sardis Church Road, Ste. 102, Monroe, NC 28110 Plan Deposit: $30.00, non-refundable Pre-Bid Conf./Site visit: mandatory Pre-Bid Date/Time: August 12, 10:00 am. Place: 15-19 East Guilford Street, Thomasville, NC 27360 Bids Due: August 26, 10:00 am. Place: Board room Thomasville City Schools, 400 Turner Street, Thomasville, NC 27360 Agency/Owner: Thomasville City Schools Name & Title of Agency Coordinator:Mr. Greg Miller, Maintenance Manager Run it until it's sold 3 Lines, 30 Days $5 each additional month Private party ads only. Some restrictions apply. $35 Davis Furniture Industries, a leading high-end office furniture manufacturer, seeks an individual for the position of Plant Manager in our seating plant. Qualified applicants will have experience in cut and sew upholstery operations, along with the assembly, packing and shipping of high-end furniture. Excellent communication and computer skills are a necessity for this position. A college degree or appropriate technical training are preferred. We offer competitive pay and benefits in an excellent, drug-free working environment. Qualified applicants may forward their resume to jmanuel@davisfurniture.com apply in person to: Davis Furniture Industries 2401 S. College Drive High Point, NC 27261 An EEO/AA Employer Call HPE Classifieds 888-3555 hpe.com Mobile Homes & Lots Auman Mobile Home Pk 3910 N. Main 883-3910 00 Harley Davidson Fatboy, 1,900 miles, extras, Must See!. $11,000. 884-8737 / 882-2293 06 HD Road King. 3700 miles. Always Garaged. $1000's of Chrome front to back. $15,500. Call 431-9473 visit us online... THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 5C CLASSIFIEDS Place Your Ad Today! Buy More for Less It's a buyers market! Find your next home or investment property in the High Point Enterprise Real Estate Section - in print or online. 336-888-3555 1 item priced $500 or less 5 lines � 5 days $5.00 NEW HOMES DAVIDSON COUNTY Davidson County Schools Showcase of Real Estate. $379,000.00 Lots starting at $34,900 Homes starting at $225,000 Special Financing at 4.75% (Certain Restrictions Apply) Builders personal home with gorgeous waterview. Hardwood floors, jetted tub, separate shower, beautiful granite counters, fabulous kitchen, 2 story family room AND DRAMATIC VIEWS!! Plus much, much more.... $389,900 3152 WINDCHASE COURT 3 BR 2 BA 1164 SF, New carpet & paint, New HVAC, GE Appliances. End Unit $96,900 WENDY HILL REALTY CALL 475-6800 For Sale By Owner 232 Panther Creek Court Best Price in The Neighborhood! 3BR/2.5BA/BSMT/GAR - Sparkling hardwood floors on the ML, sunny bkft room, spacious kitchen w/island-pantry-tiled backsplash-u/c lighting, formal DR, elegant MSTR w/trey ceiling and TWO walk-in closets, oversized deck, covered patio w/tv & frig, outdoor sink, beautifully landscaped w/ flagstone courtyard for entertaining/dining. BSMT studded for future expansion. Private n'hood pool, walking trails, tennis courts, parks, lakes plus golf course. Summer fun for the whole family! $309,000 H I G H P O I N T 315 S. Elm St, High Point Commercial Building for Sale $699,000 8,400 Sq. Ft +/-, SHOW ROOM DISTRICT Ed Price & Associates Diana Baxendale, Broker Sales Associate 118 Trindale Road, Archdale, NC 27263 Direct (336)475-1052 Office & Cell (336) 870-9395 Fax (336)475-1352 Email: diana.baxendale@edpricetriad.com Website: dianabsellshomes.com A Must See! Beautiful home set on 3 acres, New cabinets, corian countertops, hardwood, carpet, appliances, deck, roof. Home has 3 bedrooms, 2 full baths, formal living room, dining room, great room. $248,900. 3930 Johnson St. 398 NORTHBRIDGE DR. 3BR, 2BA, Home, 2 car garage, Nice Paved Patio Like new $169,900 OWNER 883-9031 OPEN HOUSE MOST SAT. & SUN. 2-4 Contact us at Lamb's Realty- 442-5589. Quiet rural living, new high quality 3BR/2BA, 1800 sq ft, 0.83 acres, lots of storage, 9/10 ft ceilings, large porches and garage, $225,000, $15,000 to closing and down pay, 3865 Tarmac Dr., Sofia/ Hillsville, FSBO, (336) 287-6107 2300 + Square Foot, 5 Bedroom, 3 Bath, Living Room, Dining Room, Eat-in Kitchen, Laundry Room, Gas Heat with a/c, completely remodeled, large backyard, $98,900 6 Bedrooms, Plus 3 Home Offices Or 8 Bedrooms - 1.1 Acre � Near Wesley Memorial Methodist � - Emerywood area "Tell your friends" $259,900. Priced below Tax & appraisal values. Owner Financing 8 Unit Apartment Building Available Call 336-689-5029 OPEN HOUSE LEDFORD SOUTH. Call 336-886-4602 FOR SALE BY OWNER 2 Bedroom/ 2 Bath Condo.. New Lower Price $79,900! All Brick Exterior Built 1987. Paved Parking. Each unit 2BR, 1BA (Approx. 750 square Ft.) Electric Heat & Air Conditioning. Many Upgrades and new appliances, floor coverings, cabinets, paint. Public water & sewer (individual meters). Convenient to public transportation and downtown. Asking price $350,000.00. For additional information call (336)833-6797. PRICE REDUCED OPEN SUNDAYS 2-4 WIN THIS HOUSE!! PRICE CUT WENDOVER HILLS Beautifully remodeled brick home at 502 Birchwood 3bedrooms, 2 updated baths, new windows, new appliances, countertops and kitchen floors. Completely remodeled, this is like new. Call for appointment. PRICE CUT $132,750. 226 Cascade Drive, Willow Creek High Point Your Chance to Win- $100 Raffle Tickets Help Support a LOCAL Non-Profit, I AM NOW, INC. Visit and HENRY SHAVITZ REALTY 882-8111 Debra Murrow, Realtor New Home Consultant 336-499-0789 Call 336-769-0219 OWNER FINANCING 189 Game Trail, Thomasville. $299,800 $321,000 Visit or call 336.687.3959 MAY QUALIFY FOR 100% FINANCING Better than new, All Brick Home. Full Finished Basement. 4 Full Bath's, Beautiful Hardwoods, Granite Counters on over 1 acre. $154,900. Located at 1002 Barbee St, High Point 4 Bedroom, 2 Bath Fireplace, New Vinyl, Completely Remodeled. Garage & Storage. $89.900. Have other homes to finance. Will trade for land. Wendy Hill 475-6800 Like quiet neighborhoods? ...backyard privacy? ...secluded living yet near everything? ...downsizing a priority? ...home ready to move into? 336-475-6279 Call 886-7095 Call 888-3555 to advertise on this page! 30005042 then...657 Sonoma Lane is for you! This 1343 s/f, 3br, 2ba townhome is perfectly maintained and features 9' ceilings w/crown mouldings, custom drapes and blinds, heat pump, gas logs and water heater, Whirlpool appliances and mature plants. Upgrades include: privacy fence, water purifier, glass enclosed sun room and brick patio. All exterior maintenance through homeowners assn. $169,900. 125 Kendall Mill Road, Thomasville 4 Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms. Large Rooms. East Davidson Area. 336-491-9564 or 336-472-0310 Call 336-869-4040 or 336-471-3900 to visit. SERVICE FINDER LAWN CARE CONSTRUCTION Remodeling, Roofing and New Construction 30 Years Experience Jim Baker GENERAL CONTRACTOR Lic #04239 We answer our phone 24/7 PLUMBING LANDSCAPING & LAWNCARE BERRIER'S TOTAL LAWNCARE J & L CONSTRUCTION "The Repair Specialist" Since 1970 336-859-9126 336-416-0047 Call Roger Berrier Home 336-869-0986 Cell 336-803-2822 LANDSCAPE Specialist in Pavers ELECTRIC SERVICE HOME MAINTENANCE BOB SEARS ELECTRIC COMPANY Since 1960 Call 336-885-3320 Cell 336-687-7607 Call Day or Night FREE ESTIMATES 336-906-1246 TREE SERVICE D & T Tree Service, Inc. Residential and Commercial Stump Grinding and Bobcat Work Removals, Pruning, Clearing Fully Insured FREE Estimates Firewood Available PAINTING 30 Years Experience BATHS Specializing in Ronnie Kindley PAINTING Tracy: 336-357-0115 24 Hour Emergency Service: 336-247-3962 475-6356 Danny Adams FREE ESTIMATES UTILITY BUILDING New Utility Building Special! 10X20 .... $1699 8x12....... $1050 10x16..... $1499 LAWN CARE The Perfect Cut WANTED: Yards to mow! Low prices & Free estimates Senior Discount FURNITURE LAWNCARE/LANDSCAPING ATKINS YEAR ROUND SERVICE/ REASONABLE RATES/ QUALITY WORK ***Extra Special*** on 12x24 $2199.95 Limited Time Only Also Rent To Own. Carolina Utility Bldgs, Trinity 1-800-351-5667 A ed 336-215-8049 CALL MIKE ATKINS HANDYMAN Are You Ready for Summer? Call Gary Cox SECURITY Serving the Triad for over 37 Years! ROOFING PRESSURE WASHING Our Family Protecting Your Family Decks, Siding, Driveways, Tile Grout, Garages, etc. Insured, Bonded, Workers Comp. A-Z Enterprises Vinyl Replacement Windows Gutter & Gutter Guards Free Estimates Senior Citizens Discounts (336) 861-6719 Family Owned No Contract Required Many Options To Choose From Free Estimates 24 Hour Local Monitoring Low Monthly Monitoring Rates ROOFING ROOFING & GUTTERING 841-8685 336-785-3800 TURNER TOTAL CLEAN 861-1529 HEATING & COOLING LANDSCAPE GREEN FOOT TRIM Services Coupon Twin Mattress Set (mattress and box spring) VALVERDE CONCRETE & PATIOS $125.00 Coupon PH: 336-887-6848 MB: 336-772-0256 Guaranteed Services Licensed & Insured PAY UP TO $200 FOR JUNK CARS CALL FOR A FREE ESTIMATE @ (336)442-8942 No Job Too Big Or Too Small Sidewalks, Stamped Patios Driveways, Foundations, Slabs, Drainage, And Much More... 226 Motlieu Ave High Point, NC 27262 Mobile: 336-442-4499 Fax: 336-887-0339 valvedereconcrete@gmail.com Queen Mattress Set Pillow Top (mattress & box spring) $225.00 (5 yr warranty) Coupon King Mattress Set Pillow Top (mattress and box spring) $350.00 (5 yr warranty) To advertise your business on this page please contact the Classified Department today 888-3555 30015064 336-491-1453 Paul'sElectrical Heating, A/C & CONCRETE 336-491-1453 FURNITURE IN A RUSH: Tyler out to prove critics wrong. 4D BIG CATCH: Wyndham lands one of world's best. 3D LOW ON FUNDS: Freddie Mac asks for more aid. 5D D Tuesday August 10, 2010 Sports Editor: Mark McKinney mmckinney@hpe.com (336) 888-3556 Musical chairs hits high gear in Cup Series O fficially, Chicagoland Speedway's announcement Monday that it will host the first race of next year's Chase for the Championship accelerated the game of musical dates for NASCAR's top division. The music began last week when Atlanta Motor Speedway, which has hosted two races SPORTS a season since it Greer opened Smith 50 years ago, said last week it is losing its March race, leaving its date on Labor Day weekend. The music is expected to continue today when Kentucky Speedway confirms it will host a Cup race for the first time next year and Kansas Speedway confirms it will have a second race. The moves are the beginning of the most dramatic scrambling in the order of races since NASCAR decided to leave Rockingham and Darlington. Kentucky is expected to move into the slot that has been occupied by Chicagoland on the second Saturday in July and is getting its date from Atlanta in a move by owner Speedway Motorsports Inc. Several reports indicate that Kansas will get its new date by the shifting a race from Auto Club Speedway. That move, which International Speedway Corporation wanted as part of its efforts to build a casino at the Kansas track, makes sense because Auto Club has featured plenty of empty seats since it got a second date at Rockingham's expense in 2004. The move also serves as confirmation that ISC erred in giving Auto Club two dates, even though it is located in the Los Angeles suburb of Fontana. All of the dancing is fueled by the track-owning corporations trying to put races where they think they will fill stands at a time when sell outs have become rare. Chicagoland's race will now be Sept. 18, with a Natiowide race a day earlier. To make TOP SCORES --- BASEBALL BOSTON NEW YORK 2 1 WHO'S NEWS --- way for Chicago in the Chase, ISC ditched the October race at Auto Club, which will have its remaining race in March, according to the Associated Press. With the move, NASCAR moves out of its biggest media market in the Chase to its second biggest market. Atlanta losing a race, while disappointing to traditionalists, is also understandable on the part of SMI. The track's spring race, which has butted heads with big college basketball weekends, has been poorly attended for years. Whether it has been the nightmarish traffic, the threat of cold weather or being 45 minutes south of Atlanta, plenty of empty seats have been the norm at AMS in the spring, even though the Atlanta area was one of the hotbeds for stock-car racing in its early years. SMI decided to try for better days elsewhere. AP Winning form Boston pitcher Jon Lester deals to the plate against the rival New York Yankees on Monday. Lester got the win as the Red Sox prevailed 2-1 at Yankee Stadium. Details on 3D. CHASE NUMBERS With four races left to decide the 12 drivers in the Chase for the Championship, the battle for the 12th and final spot battle is boiling down to Mark Martin and Clint Bowyer . They are separated by 10 points after Bowyer suffered a broken drive shaft in Sunday's race at Watkins Glen, allowing Martin to move into the 12th position. Barring something unexpected, Martin is the only driver that Bowyer is likely to catch since Bowyer trails 11thplace Greg Biffle by 112 points. On the other side, just four drivers have any kind of legitimate shot of overtaking Martin and Bowyer. Ryan Newman is 73 behind Martin with Jamie McMurray 84 back. Dale Earnhardt Jr. is 121 behind Martin, with Kahne another 12 behind. David Reutimann also has a flicker, trailing Martin by 166. If nothing changes, McMurray will be one of four winners who will not be the in the Chase (Newman, Reutimann and Juan Pablo Montoya are the others) while at least three drivers who have not won will make it (the number is currently six, half of the Chase field). Who can blame fans if they are turned off by the Chase system? gsmith@hpe.com | 888-3556 Barbour, Maxwell spark Panthers in the Bahamas SPECIAL TO THE ENTERPRISE NASSAU, Bahamas � The High Point University men's basketball team took a 92-71 win over the Real Deal Shockers in an exhibition game at Sir Kendal Isaacs Gym lateSunday night. Junior Nick Barbour led five HPU players in double figures with 19 points and freshman Du'Vaughn Maxwell posted a double-double with 11 points and 10 rebounds. "I'm really excited about the way we played, and how we played so hard," said HPU head coach Scott Cherry. "Every day we talk about effort and playing hard every possession, and the guys did that. We made a lot of technical, minor mistakes like not blocking out and not rotating, but we only practiced for six days before this. We hadn't practiced offense against a zone defense at all, and that's pretty much what they played against us the whole time. So for our guys to do what they did was pretty impressive. It was fun playing against another team." After Barbour's 19, freshman Justin Cheek scored 12, Maxwell posted 11 Barbour and junior transfer Shay Shine and freshman Cameron Solomon each scored 10. Barbour went 9-for-11 from the free-throw line. Shine's all-around game was impressive, as he also posted five steals, four rebounds and two assists. The game was played using the local league's rules, including four quarters and a 24-second shot clock. The Panthers took a 21-12 lead after the first quarter, led by six points from Shine. He finished the first half with six points, four rebounds, three steals and a pair of assists. After a Cheek basket made it 36-22, the Shockers came back with the final six points of the quarter to cut HPU's lead to 36-28 at halftime. Barry Carter led the Shockers with six points and six rebounds in the first half and Sidney Hillary also had six points. Midway through the third quarter, Maxwell got the ball to senior Earnest Bridges down low for a dunk that made it 54-41. After the Shockers scored, Maxwell turned in a layup from the right side. The Panthers got a stop on the ensuing possession on a block by Bridges. HPU opened it up to a 70-54 lead by the end of the third quarter. The Shockers cut High Point's lead down to 12 points twice in the fourth quarter. A jumper by Abel Joseph made it 75-63 with just over five minutes left. Maxwell then hit a layup and senior Tehran Cox scored, getting the Panthers out to a 15-plus point lead for good. "It has been a great experience and everything feels so comfortable," said Cox, a native of Nassau. "Seeing my family and friends in the stands was great." Cox scored four points and had a pair of rebounds and a pair of steals in the game. HPU will be back in action tonight at 7:30 p.m. at Sir Kendal Isaacs Gym. HPU is scheduled to play the Cybots. High Point University has added Jenna Wrieden as assistant coach of men's and women's cross country and track & field, head coach Mike Esposito announced on Monday. Wrieden previously worked at Queens University, Arizona State and Appalachian State. "We are really excited to have Jenna join our program and help us win conference championships," said Esposito. "She has an educational background in the sciences, has a wide variety of experience, and competed at a high level, which is what we were looking for." Wrieden was most recently assistant coach at Queens, helping guide the women's cross country team to its first Div. II NCAA Championship appearance and the men's cross country team to a seventh-place finish at the 2009 NCAA Championship. She contributed to the coaching of 10 All-American performances, including NCAA champions Tanya Zeferjahn (10,000meter) and Michael Crouch (5,000-meter). Wrieden also had recruiting responsibilities and coached multiple event groups. TOPS ON TV --- HIT AND RUN he PGA Championship, the season's final major for many decades, was first contested in 1916. Over the years, the PGA has earned a reputation for producing more unheralded champions than any other major. Sure, golf's biggest names � Nicklaus, Snead, Hogan, Woods, etc. � won their fair share of Wannamaker Trophies. But the event seemed to showcase plenty of unlikely champions as well. --- 3 p.m., ESPN2 � Little League Baseball, Southwest Regional semifinal 6 p.m., ESPN2 � Little League Baseball, Southwest Regional semifinal 8 p.m., SportSouth � Baseball, Braves at Astros 8 p.m., ESPN2 � Soccer, United States men vs. Brazil, exhibition from East Rutherford, N.J. 10 p.m., ESPN2 � Women's basketball, WNBA, Indiana at Los Angeles 10:05 p.m., WGN � Baseball, Cubs at Giants INDEX SCOREBOARD BASEBALL GOLF BASKETBALL NFL ACC BUSINESS STOCKS WEATHER T I decided to look back at the winners since 1990 to see if that trend has held. And, drum roll please... We find a mixed bag of PGA Championship winners. Big-name players have taken their share of the hardware. Tiger Woods owns four PGA crowns during that span, while Nick Price and Vijay Singh collected two each. Paul Azinger, Davis Love III, Phil Mickelson and Padraig Harrington took one PGA apiece. But we also find plenty of surprise PGA champs. Wayne Grady in 1990, John Daly in `91, Mark Brooks in `96, David Toms in 2001, Rich Beem in 2002, Shaun Micheel in 2003 and Y.E. Yang in 2009 were hardly pre-tournament favorites. It will be fascinating to see how things unfold this week at Whistling Straits in Wisconsin. � MARK MCKINNEY ENTERPRISE SPORTS EDITOR 2D 3D 3D 3D 4D 4D 6D 7D 8D YOUR COMMUNITY. YOUR NEWSPAPER. SCOREBOARD 2D TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE BASEBALL --- HOLLY RIDGE GOLF Major Leagues All Times EDT AMERICAN LEAGUE East Division GB -- 1 1/2 6 10 31 1/2 GB -- -- 9 15 1/2 16 GB -- 7 1/2 9 22 1/2 WCGB -- -- 4 1/2 8 1/2 30 WCGB 5 5 14 20 1/2 21 WCGB -- 11 12 1/2 26 --L10 4-6 4-6 6-4 7-3 6-4 L10 5-5 7-3 2-8 5-5 5-5 L10 5-5 5-5 4-6 3-7 Str L-1 W-1 W-1 W-3 W-2 Str L-2 W-2 L-1 L-1 L-2 Str L-2 W-2 L-1 W-1 Home 37-20 34-23 34-23 31-24 24-34 Home 33-20 33-20 37-23 23-29 24-29 Home 36-21 34-24 29-25 27-31 Away 32-22 34-21 30-26 28-28 14-40 Away 30-29 30-29 17-35 24-35 23-36 Away 28-26 22-30 27-32 15-39 WHERE: Holly Ridge FORMAT: Blind partners WINNERS: Loyce Leslie and Susan Halker, with a 138 total OF NOTE: Barbara Hinshaw recorded a birdie on No. 16 Philadelphia vs. Toronto at John Labatt Centre, London, Ontario, 7 p.m. Boston vs. Florida at Blue Cross Arena, Rochester, N.Y., 7 p.m. Carolina at Nashville, 8 p.m. Tampa Bay at Edmonton, 9 p.m. Los Angeles at Phoenix (split squads), 10 p.m. Phoenix at Los Angeles (split squads), 10:30 p.m. New York Tampa Bay Boston Toronto Baltimore Chicago Minnesota Detroit Kansas City Cleveland Texas Oakland Los Angeles Seattle W 69 68 64 59 38 W 63 63 54 47 47 W 64 56 56 42 L 42 44 49 52 74 L 49 49 58 64 65 L 47 54 57 70 Pct .622 .607 .566 .532 .339 Pct .563 .563 .482 .423 .420 Pct .577 .509 .496 .375 Central Division West Division NATIONAL LEAGUE East Division Atlanta Philadelphia New York Florida Washington Cincinnati St. Louis Milwaukee Houston Chicago Pittsburgh San Diego San Francisco Colorado Los Angeles Arizona W 64 62 55 54 49 W 64 62 53 47 47 39 W 64 63 58 58 43 L 47 49 56 56 63 L 49 49 59 63 64 72 L 46 49 53 54 69 Pct .577 .559 .495 .491 .438 Pct .566 .559 .473 .427 .423 .351 Pct .582 .563 .523 .518 .384 GB -- 2 9 9 1/2 15 1/2 GB -- 1 10 1/2 15 1/2 16 24 GB -- 2 6 1/2 7 22 WCGB -- 1/2 7 1/2 8 14 WCGB -- 1/2 10 15 15 1/2 23 1/2 WCGB -- -- 4 1/2 5 20 L10 6-4 7-3 4-6 4-6 5-5 L10 7-3 6-4 5-5 6-4 1-9 3-7 L10 4-6 5-5 7-3 4-6 6-4 Str W-2 W-1 L-1 W-1 L-2 Str L-1 W-1 W-3 L-4 L-3 L-1 Str W-1 L-2 W-1 W-2 L-1 Home 39-15 34-18 33-19 29-30 29-23 Home 33-24 38-18 27-28 26-29 27-32 26-30 Home 33-22 33-20 36-19 36-24 28-32 Away 25-32 28-31 22-37 25-26 20-40 Away 31-25 24-31 26-31 21-34 20-32 13-42 Away 31-24 30-29 22-34 22-30 15-37 Central Division Friday, Sept. 24 West Division TRIVIA QUESTION --- Q. Which St. Louis ace took the NL Cy Young and NL MVP awards in 1968? 14. Robert Allenby 1,169 15. Bubba Watson 1,168 16. Rickie Fowler 1,135 17. Camilo Villegas 1,122 18. J.B. Holmes 1,108 19. Carl Pettersson 1,097 20. Luke Donald 1,089 21. Retief Goosen 1,053 22. Ryan Palmer 1,036 23. Brendon de Jonge 1,015 24. Zach Johnson 1,011 25. Bill Haas 984 26. Stuart Appleby 955 27. Ricky Barnes 947 28. Nick Watney 933 29. Jason Bohn 926 30. Paul Casey 926 31. Rory McIlroy 921 32. Adam Scott 912 33. Jason Day 909 34. K.J. Choi 894 35. Ryan Moore 887 36. Sean O'Hair 858 37. Vaughn Taylor 824 38. Geoff Ogilvy 815 39. Scott Verplank 786 40. Fredrik Jacobson 768 41. Brian Davis 753 42. Kevin Na 744 43. Ian Poulter 733 44. Charles Howell III 726 45. Brian Gay 709 46. Brandt Snedeker 707 47. Charlie Wi 690 48. Heath Slocum 687 49. Bryce Molder 681 50. Y.E. Yang 678 51. Marc Leishman 670 52. Padraig Harrington 662 53. Lucas Glover 653 54. Matt Jones 647 55. Steve Marino 635 56. Spencer Levin 633 57. Stewart Cink 627 58. Rory Sabbatini 618 59. Paul Goydos 597 60. Shaun Micheel 575 61. J.J. Henry 564 62. Vijay Singh 560 63. Greg Chalmers 558 64. Kenny Perry 555 65. Jimmy Walker 554 66. Kris Blanks 553 67. Stephen Ames 548 68. D.J. Trahan 547 69. Charley Hoffman 546 70. Chad Campbell 543 71. Pat Perez 534 72. Angel Cabrera 524 73. Boo Weekley 513 74. Blake Adams 510 75. Tom Gillis 505 76. John Rollins 500 77. Alex Prugh 500 78. Kevin Sutherland 499 79. Alex Cejka 489 80. Derek Lamely 486 81. D.A. Points 486 82. Tim Petrovic 474 83. Jason Dufner 473 84. Matt Bettencourt 472 85. Chad Collins 472 86. Chris Couch 472 87. Aaron Baddeley 468 88. John Senden 467 89. Jeff Maggert 463 90. Sergio Garcia 461 91. Steve Elkington 461 92. Davis Love III 460 93. Garrett Willis 460 94. Jerry Kelly 459 95. Joe Ogilvie 454 96. Josh Teater 453 97. Bill Lunde 449 98. John Merrick 446 99. Ryuji Imada 445 100. Michael Sim 440 101. J.P. Hayes 439 102. Briny Baird 437 103. Chris Riley 434 103. Dean Wilson 434 105. Corey Pavin 433 106. Martin Laird 423 107. Ben Curtis 416 108. Nathan Green 414 109. Cameron Beckman 414 110. David Toms 413 111. Kevin Streelman 412 112. David Duval 404 113. Webb Simpson 401 114. Justin Leonard 395 115. Kevin Stadler 394 116. Woody Austin 394 117. Graham DeLaet 393 118. Bob Estes 391 119. Tiger Woods 390 120. Jonathan Byrd 381 121. Robert Garrigus 381 122. Andres Romero 377 123. Troy Matteson 371 124. Chris Stroud 369 125. Michael Letzig 367 126. Mike Weir 360 127. Jeff Quinney 344 128. George McNeill 338 129. Brett Quigley 336 130. Tom Pernice, Jr. 331 131. James Nitties 331 132. Matt Every 322 133. Henrik Stenson 321 134. Mark Wilson 316 135. Billy Mayfair 315 136. Michael Connell 313 137. Troy Merritt 311 $2,519,867 $2,144,761 $2,235,031 $2,405,598 $2,113,838 $1,817,973 $2,145,984 $2,300,089 $2,202,112 $1,826,173 $1,949,868 $1,648,820 $1,890,012 $1,761,842 $1,784,084 $1,817,241 $2,119,144 $2,034,905 $1,746,468 $1,740,839 $1,546,978 $1,776,873 $1,748,438 $1,521,393 $1,593,795 $1,622,665 $1,432,327 $1,464,909 $1,358,831 $1,793,864 $1,099,775 $1,254,558 $1,127,207 $1,140,230 $1,371,294 $1,215,033 $1,246,521 $1,189,010 $1,361,623 $1,324,750 $1,115,911 $1,259,363 $727,564 $1,128,417 $1,172,988 $1,059,092 $956,589 $995,780 $1,006,530 $839,350 $953,661 $920,399 $1,008,949 $849,393 $1,073,996 $840,700 $791,178 $790,317 $1,033,115 $844,706 $918,468 $740,320 $834,386 $798,901 $699,732 $904,253 $939,233 $825,773 $739,064 $701,153 $836,176 $747,805 $813,146 $660,584 $536,663 $783,354 $936,845 $667,660 $1,033,767 $759,173 $866,284 $631,128 $813,992 $1,044,734 $573,630 $686,997 $853,663 $767,548 $666,530 $786,322 $678,030 $839,193 $710,585 $732,537 $553,780 $989,316 $585,464 $644,227 $745,247 $493,397 $576,771 $750,801 $668,072 $589,240 $650,903 $825,386 $546,877 $690,239 $721,135 $617,821 $611,069 $452,374 $559,092 $415,480 $518,293 $399,822 $512,411 $474,496 $438,517 $662,070 $513,491 $622,831 $481,562 $656,348 Atlanta at Jacksonville, 7:30 p.m. Carolina at Pittsburgh, 7:30 p.m. New York Jets at Philadelphia, 7:30 p.m. Baltimore at St. Louis, 8 p.m. Chicago at Cleveland, 8 p.m. Denver at Minnesota, 8 p.m. Green Bay at Kansas City,..Y.'s Games Detroit 9, L.A. Angels 4 Minnesota 5, Cleveland 4 Toronto 1, Tampa Bay 0 Baltimore 4, Chicago White Sox 3 Oakland 3, Texas 2 Seattle 3, Kansas City 2 N.Y. Yankees 7, Boston 2 Colorado 8, Pittsburgh 4 Philadelphia 6, N.Y. Mets 5 Atlanta 6, San Francisco 3 Milwaukee 11, Houston 6 Cincinnati 11, Chicago Cubs 4 San Diego 10, Arizona 1 L.A. Dodgers 8, Washington 3 Monday's Games Boston 2, N.Y. Yankees 1 Baltimore 3, Chicago White Sox 2, 10 innings Tampa Bay 6, Detroit 3 Kansas City at L.A. Angels, 10:05 p.m. Oakland at Seattle, 10:10 p.m. Monday's Games St. Louis 7, Cincinnati 3 Atlanta at Houston, 8:05 p.m. Arizona at Milwaukee, 8:10 p.m. Chicago Cubs at San Francisco, 10:15 p.m. Today's Games Baltimore (Arrieta 3-3) at Cleveland (Masterson 4-10), 7:05 p.m. Tampa Bay (Hellickson 1-0) at Detroit (Scherzer 7-8), 7:05 p.m. Boston (Matsuzaka 8-3) at Toronto (R.Romero 9-7), 7:07 p.m. N.Y. Yankees (A.J.Burnett 9-9) at Texas (C.Wilson 10-5), 8:05 p.m. Minnesota (S.Baker 9-9) at Chicago White Sox (F.Garcia 10-4), 8:10 p.m. Kansas City (Bullington 0-1) at L.A. Angels (Haren 0-2), 10:05 p.m. Oakland (Bre.Anderson 3-2) at Seattle (F.Hernandez 7-9), 10:10 p.m. Today's Games Florida (Ani.Sanchez 8-7) at Washington (Strasburg 5-2), 7:05 p.m. L.A. Dodgers (Padilla 5-3) at Philadelphia (K.Kendrick 7-4), 7:05 p.m. Colorado (Jimenez 17-2) at N.Y. Mets (Pelfrey 10-6), 7:10 p.m. St. Louis (J.Garcia 9-5) at Cincinnati (Cueto 11-2), 7:10 p.m. Atlanta (Jurrjens 4-4) at Houston (Happ 2-1), 8:05 p.m. Arizona (Enright 3-2) at Milwaukee (M.Parra 3-9), 8:10 p.m. Pittsburgh (Karstens 2-7) at San Diego (LeBlanc 5-10), 10:05 p.m. Chicago Cubs (Dempster 9-8) at San Francisco (Lincecum 11-5), 10:15 p.m. Wednesday's Games Tampa Bay at Detroit, 1:05 p.m. Kansas City at L.A. Angels, 3:35 p.m. Oakland at Seattle, 3:40 p.m. Baltimore at Cleveland, 7:05 p.m. Boston at Toronto, 7:07 p.m. N.Y. Yankees at Texas, 8:05 p.m. Minnesota at Chicago White Sox, 8:10 p.m. Wednesday's Games St. Louis at Cincinnati, 12:35 p.m. Atlanta at Houston, 2:05 p.m. Florida at Washington, 7:05 p.m. L.A. Dodgers at Philadelphia, 7:05 p.m. Colorado at N.Y. Mets, 7:10 p.m. Arizona at Milwaukee, 8:10 p.m. Pittsburgh at San Diego, 10:05 p.m. Chicago Cubs at San Francisco, 10:15 p.m. NATIONAL LEAGUE Sunday's Games St. Louis at Florida, ppd., rain Boston Red Sox 2, Yankees 1 New York ab 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 h 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 bi ab 0 Jeter ss 4 1 Swisher rf 5 0 Teixeir 1b 5 0 ARdrgz 3b 3 0 Gardnr pr-lf 0 0 Cano 2b 3 0 Posada c 3 1 Thams dh 3 0 Brkmn ph-dh 2 0 4 33 r 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 h bi 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 Scutaro ss J.Drew rf VMrtnz c D.Ortiz dh ABeltre 3b Lowell 1b Kalish lf Hall 2b Ellsury cf 0 Totals Boston New York Kearns lf R.Pena 3b Grndrs cf 33 2 6 2 Totals 020 000 000 000 (22). HR--Konerko (28), B.Roberts (1), Wigginton (18). SB--Pierre (43). S--Al.Ramirez, Pierzynski. IP H R ER BB SO Chicago E.Jackson 6 6 2 1 1 7 Sale 1 0 0 0 1 0 S.Santos 1 1 0 0 0 0 Thornton 1 0 0 0 0 3 Putz L,5-3 0 1 1 1 0 0 Baltimore Matusz 6 3 1 1 2 4 Uehara H,6 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 Simon BS,4-21 /3 1 1 1 1 0 M.Gonzalez 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 Albers W,4-3 /3 0 0 0 1 1 Putz pitched to 1 batter in the 10th. HBP--by Matusz (Pierre). WP--E.Jackson. Umpires--Home, Chris Guccione; First, Brian O'Nora; Second, Jerry Crawford; Third, Phil Cuzzi. T--2:58. A--14,135 (48,290). 000 -- 2 010 -- 1 E--Posada (7). LOB--Boston 8, New York 11. 2B--V.Martinez (25), Thames (5). HR--Teixeira (26). SB--J.Drew (3), Kalish (1), Ellsbury 4 (6), Jeter (12). IP H R ER BB SO Boston 1 Lester W,12-7 61/3 4 0 0 3 6 D.Bard H,25 1 /31 2 1 1 1 2 Papelbon S,28-331 /3 0 0 0 1 3 New York P.Hughes L,13-5 6 6 2 2 1 3 K.Wood 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Logan /3 0 0 0 0 0 2 Chamberlain 1 /3 0 0 0 1 1 HBP--by Lester (Kearns), by K.Wood (Ellsbury). Umpires--Home, Hunter Wendelstedt; First, Bruce Dreckman; Second, Jerry Layne; Third, Mike Winters. T--3:33. A--49,476 (50,287). Sunday's late game Yankees 7, Red Sox 2 Boston ab Ellsury cf 4 Scutaro ss 4 D.Ortiz dh 4 VMrtnz 1b-c4 J.Drew rf 3 ABeltre 3b 3 Kalish lf 4 Hall 2b 4 Cash c 2 Lowell ph1b2 Totals 34 r 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 h 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 7 New York bi 0 Jeter ss 0 Swisher rf 0 Teixeir 1b 0 ARdrgz 3b 0 R.Pena 3b 0 Cano 2b 0 Posada c 1 Brkmn dh 0 Grndrs cf 1 Gardnr lf 2 Totals ab 5 5 5 3 0 3 4 4 3 4 36 r 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 7 h bi 2 3 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 12 5 Cardinals 7, Reds 3 St. Louis ab FLopez 3b 5 Jay rf 4 Pujols 1b 4 Hollidy lf 4 Rasms cf 4 YMolin c 4 Schmkr 2b 4 Crpntr p 3 Craig ph 1 TMiller p 0 McCllln p 0 B.Ryan ss 4 Cincinnati bi ab 0 BPhllps 2b 5 0 L.Nix lf 3 1 Heisey ph-lf 1 1 Votto 1b 3 1 Rolen 3b 3 0 Edmnd cf 4 4 Bruce rf 1 0 Cairo ph 1 0 RHrndz c 4 0 Janish ss 4 0 Leake p 1 0 Fisher p 1 JFrncs ph 1 Bray p 0 Ondrsk p 0 Gomes ph 1 37 7 12 7 Totals 33 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 h 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 000 000 700 000 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 h bi 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 3 Totals St. Louis Cincinnati Boston 000 010 100 -- 2 New York 020 050 00x -- 7 E--Hall (9), Cash (1), R.Pena (4). DP--New York 1. LOB--Boston 9, New York 8. 2B-- A.Beltre (34), Jeter (23), Berkman 2 (2). HR-- Hall (13), Teixeira (25). SB--A.Rodriguez (3), Gardner (31). IP H R ER BB SO Boston Beckett L,3-2 42/3 11 7 7 2 6 1 Delcarmen /3 0 0 0 0 1 Wakefield 3 1 0 0 0 3 New York Moseley W,2-1 61/3 6 2 2 2 5 1 Chamberlain /3 1 0 0 1 0 Logan H,8 11/3 0 0 0 0 1 2 D.Robertson /3 0 0 0 1 0 1 M.Rivera /3 0 0 0 0 0 HBP--by Beckett (Cano). Umpires--Home, Mike Winters; First, Hunter Wendelstedt; Second, Bruce Dreckman; Third, Jerry Layne. T--3:04. A--49,096 (50,287). 000 -- 7 201 -- 3 South Atlantic League Northern Division W x-Lakewood (Phillies) 25 Hickory (Rangers) 24 Greensboro (Marlins) 22 West Virginia (Pirates) 21 Kannapolis (White Sox)20 Delmarva (Orioles) 18 Hagerstown (Nationals)17 Southern Division W Greenville (Red Sox) 26 Asheville (Rockies) 25 Augusta (Giants) 22 Charleston (Yankees) 22 Lexington (Astros) 22 Rome (Braves) 21 x-Savannah (Mets) 18 x-clinched first half L 17 18 21 22 23 26 27 L 17 18 21 22 22 23 26 Pct. .581 .571 .512 .488 .465 .409 .386 Pct. .591 .581 .512 .500 .500 .477 .409 GB -- 1 31/2 41/2 51/2 8 9 GB -- 1 4 41/2 41/2 51/2 81/2 DP--St. Louis 1, Cincinnati 2. LOB--St. Louis 5, Cincinnati 7. 2B--Jay (14), Votto (22), R.Hernandez (13). HR--Schumaker (4), R.Hernandez (5). SB--F.Lopez (7). IP H R ER BB SO St. Louis C.Carpenter W,13-3 7 5 2 2 3 5 T.Miller 1 0 0 0 1 0 McClellan 1 2 1 1 0 1 Cincinnati Leake L,7-4 32/3 9 7 6 0 2 2 0 0 2 5 Fisher 31/3 Bray 1 0 0 0 0 2 Ondrusek 1 1 0 0 0 1 PB--R.Hernandez. Umpires--Home, Larry Vanover; First, Mark Wegner; Second, Mark Carlson; Third, Jeff Kellogg. T--2:38. A--36,353 (42,319). Monday's Games Hickory 5, Greensboro 3 Greenville 4, Rome 2 Augusta 8, Asheville 0 Lexington 6, Delmarva 4 Savannah 7, Charleston 4 Hagerstown 4, Kannapolis 1 Lakewood at West Virginia, 7:05 p.m. Rays 6, Tigers 3 Tampa Bay ab Jaso c 5 Zobrist 1b 3 Crwfrd lf 5 Longori 3b 5 WAyar dh 3 DJhnsn 1b 2 SRdrgz-2b 1 Joyce rf 3 BUpton cf 4 Bartlett ss 2 Totals Detroit r 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 h 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 r 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 h bi 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 7 3 bi ab 1 AJcksn cf 5 1 Santiag dh 4 1 Raburn rf-lf 5 1 MiCarr 1b 3 0 CGuilln 2b 3 0 JhPerlt ss 3 0 Inge 3b 4 2 Frazier lf 2 0 Boeschrf 2 0 Laird c 2 Damon ph 1 Avila c 0 33 6 11 6 Totals 34 002 010 110 010 Today's Games Hickory at Greensboro, 7 p.m. Rome at Greenville, 7 p.m. Asheville at Augusta, 7:05 p.m. Lexington at Delmarva, 7:05 p.m. Savannah at Charleston, 7:05 p.m. Hagerstown at Kannapolis, 7:05 p.m. Lakewood at West Virginia, 7:05 p.m. Wednesday's Games No games scheduled Carolina League Tampa Bay Detroit 002 -- 6 010 -- 3 All Times EDT Northern Division W 24 24 22 18 L 18 20 21 24 L 20 22 23 23 DP--Detroit 2. LOB--Tampa Bay 7, Detroit 9. 2B--Jaso (13), Longoria (33), W.Aybar (11), B.Upton (28), Laird (7). HR--Joyce (6), Boesch (14). CS--Zobrist (3). S--Bartlett. SF--Zobrist, Joyce. IP H R ER BB SO Tampa Bay Price W,15-5 5 5 2 2 4 9 2 1 0 0 1 2 Qualls H,3 11/3 Benoit H,16 1 /3 1 1 1 0 1 R.Soriano S,32-341 0 0 0 0 1 Detroit Galarraga L,3-5 5 5 4 4 4 1 B.Thomas 2 1 0 0 0 1 Coke 1 1 0 0 0 2 Perry 1 4 2 1 0 0 WP--Price. PB--Jaso, Avila. Umpires--Home, Tim McClelland; First, Andy Fletcher; Second, Mike Everitt; Third, Adrian Johnson. T--3:13. A--23,932 (41,255). Potomac (Nationals) Wilmington (Royals) x-Frederick (Orioles) Lynchburg (Reds) Pct. .571 .545 .512 .429 Pct. .524 .488 .477 .452 GB -- 1 21/2 6 GB -- 11/2 2 3 Southern Division W Salem (Red Sox) 22 x-W-Salem (White Sox)21 Myrtle Beach (Braves) 21 Kinston (Indians) 19 x-clinched first half Monday's Games Potomac 8, Lynchburg 7 Lynchburg 5, Potomac 2, 7 innings Wilmington 5, Winston-Salem 4 Frederick 6, Myrtle Beach 3 Kinston 5, Salem 2 Today's Games Lynchburg at Potomac, 12:05 p.m. Winston-Salem at Wilmington, 7:05 p.m. Kinston at Salem, 7:05 p.m. Frederick at Myrtle Beach, 7:05 p.m. Chicago Orioles 3, White Sox 2 (10) Baltimre r 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 h 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 bi ab 0 BRorts 2b 4 0 Markks rf 4 1 Wggntn 1b 4 1 Scott dh 4 0 AdJons cf 3 0 Pie lf 4 0 Wieters c 4 0 CIzturs ss 4 0 J.Bell 3b 4 0 2 Totals 35 0 1 r 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 h bi 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Wednesday's Games Lynchburg at Potomac, 7:03 p.m. Frederick at Myrtle Beach, 7:05 p.m. Winston-Salem at Wilmington, 7:05 p.m. Kinston at Salem, 7:05 p.m. ab Pierre lf 4 AlRmrz ss 4 Rios cf 5 Konerk 1b 3 Quentin dh 3 Przyns c 3 Viciedo 3b 3 Vizquel 3b 0 AnJons rf 4 Lillirdg 2b 4 Totals 33 Chicago Baltimore Doris Chen, Bradenton, Fla., 35-34--69 Jaclyn Sweeney, Andover, Mass., 32-37--69 Junthima Gulyanamitta, West Lafayette, Ind., 34-36--70 Kristen Park, Buena Park, Calif., 33-37--70 Marina Alex, Wayne, N.J., 35-35--70 Margaret Shirley, Athens, Ga., 33-37--70 Stephanie Sherlock, Canada, 35-35--70 Candace Schepperle, Birmingham, Ala., 3337--70 Brooke Beeler, Butler, Ill., 37-33--70 Kelly Shon, Port Washington, N.Y., 3635--71 Ariya Jutanugarn, Thailand, 36-35--71 Jungeun Han, Korea, 35-36--71 Sara-Maude Juneau, Canada, 35-36--71 Natalie Sheary, West Hartford, Conn., 4032--72 Rebecca Lee-Bentham, Canada, 36-36--72 Sally Watson, Scotland, 36-36--72 Nicole Vandermade, Canada, 37-35--72 Stacey Miller, Bloomington, Ill., 35-37--72 Amy Anderson, Oxbow, N.D., 38-34--72 Grace Na, Oakland, Calif., 37-35--72 Erynne Lee, Silverdale, Wash., 36-36--72 Kristin Walla, Aspen, Colo., 36-36--72 Julia Boland, Australia, 36-36--72 Stephanie Kono, Honolulu, 36-36--72 Mia Piccio, Philippines, 36-36--72 Lizette Salas, Azusa, Calif., 38-35--73 Sarah Ababa, Philippines, 38-35--73 Tiffany Lim, San Jose, Calif., 36-37--73 Beverly Mendoza, Philippines, 37-36--73 Moriya Jutanugarn, Thailand, 37-36--73 Jessica Korda, Bradenton, Fla., 37-36--73 Juliana Murcia Ortiz, Colombia, 37-36--73 Caroline Hedwall, Sweden, 37-36--73 Nicole Zhang, Canada, 37-36--73 Hannah O'Sullivan, Cupertino, Calif., 4033--73 Casey Danielson, Osceola, Wis., 36-37--73 Brittany Altomare, Shrewsbury, Mass., 3737--74 Joy Trotter, Chino Hills, Calif., 37-37--74 Isabel Han, Harrington Park, N.J., 37-37--74 Aimee Neff, Carmel, Ind., 38-36--74 Karen Chung, Livingston, N.J., 40-34--74 Tiffany Lua, Rowland Heights, Calif., 3638--74 Victoria Tanco, Bradenton, Fla., 37-37--74 Lisa McCloskey, Houston, 38-36--74 Ellen Mueller, Bartlesville, Okla., 39-35--74 Love Lynn Guioguio, Philippines, 36-38--74 Stephanie Meadow, Northern Ireland, 3935--74 Mariko Tumangan, San Jose, Calif., 3836--74 Corrine Carr, Pinehurst, N.C., 39-35--74 Danielle Kang, Thousand Oaks, Calif., 3935--74 Isabelle Lendl, Goshen, Conn., 39-35--74 Eleana Collins, Pinehurst, N.C., 39-35--74 Jaclyn Jansen, Effingham, Ill., 39-35--74 Julia Thead, San Diego, 36-39--75 Lisa Maunu, Canada, 38-37--75 Andrea Unson, Philippines, 39-36--75 Anna Kim, Canada, 35-40--75 Shamira Marshall, Macedonia, Ohio, 4035--75 Jaye Marie Green, Boca Raton, Fla., 4035--75 Katherine Perry, Cary, N.C., 38-37--75 Stephanie A. Kim, Whitestone, N.Y., 3738--75 Cydney Clanton, Rockwell, N.C., 39-36--75 Sandra Changkija, Orlando, Fla., 39-36--75 Daniela Lendl, Goshen, Conn., 39-36--75 Sydnee Michaels, Temecula, Calif., 3837--75 Calle Nielson, Nashville, Tenn., 37-38--75 Lindy Duncan, Davie, Fla., 38-37--75 Chelsea Pezzola, Bradenton, Fla., 3936--75 Sarah Elliot, Dove Canyon, Calif., 37-38--75 Samantha Roberts, Carlsbad, Calif., 3837--75 Alice Kim, Walnut, Calif., 39-36--75 Amira Alexander, Alpharetta, Ga., 39-36--75 Amber Hensley, Tulsa, Okla., 40-36--76 Jackie Chang, Paradise Valley, Ariz., 3838--76 Madison Pressel, Boca Raton, Fla., 4036--76 Emily Tubert, Burbank, Calif., 39-37--76 Meghan Stasi, Oakland Park, Fla., 3739--76 Jennifer Kirby, Canada, 37-39--76 Holly Clyburn, England, 38-38--76 Stefanie Kenoyer, Lighthouse Point, Fla., 3739--76 Mina Hardin, Fort Worth, Texas, 40-36--76 Desiree Dubreuil, Santa Ana, Calif., 3838--76 Allie White, Lancaster, Ohio, 40-36--76 Kaylee Imel, Bluffton, Ind., 38-38--76 Haley Sanders, Rogers, Ark., 39-37--76 Joanne Lee, San Carlos, Calif., 38-38--76 Courtney Ellenbogen, Blacksburg, Va., 3938--77 Caroline Powers, Bowling Green, Ohio, 4037--77 Ai Miyazawa, Bradenton, Fla., 39-38--77 Olivia Lansing, Dellwood, Minn., 40-37--77 Sarah Zwartynski, Allen, Texas, 38-39--77 Elizabeth Wendt, Houston, 37-40--77 Katelyn Sepmoree, Tyler, Texas, 39-38--77 Amy Meier, Rochester Hills, Mich., 3938--77 Heather Lott, Baton Rouge, La., 37-40--77 Becca Huffer, Denver, 39-38--77 Alleman Zech, Indian Wells, Calif., 3839--77 Janine Fellows, Houston, 41-36--77 Jessica Negron, Ocala, Fla., 38-39--77 Marissa Steen, West Chester, Ohio, 4136--77 Gabriella Then, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif., 37-40--77 Hannah Thomson, Australia, 39-38--77 Samantha Formeck, Northern Cambria, Pa., 41-36--77 Laura Coble, Augusta, Ga., 38-39--77 Ashleigh Albrecht, Murrieta, Calif., 37-40--77 Erica Omlid, Springfield, Ore., 42-36--78 Martha Leach, Hebron, Ky., 39-39--78 Meredith Kotowski, Marion, Mass., 3840--78 Yueer Cindy Feng, China, 41-37--78 Jessica Wallace, Canada, 39-39--78 Victoria Trapani, Hollywood, Fla., 41-37--78 Kaitlin Drolson, San Diego, 40-38--78 Ellen Port, St Louis, 40-38--78 Kyndall Ardoin, Gibsland, La., 39-39--78 Lilia Khatu Vu, Fountain Valley, Calif., 3741--78 Catherine O'Donnell, Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla., 39-39--78 Kaira Martin, Paradise Valley, Ariz., 4038--78 Lauren Greenlief, Oakton, Va., 41-38--79 Samantha Sommers, Minneapolis, 3940--79 Michelle Lee, Canada, 39-40--79 Kristina Nhim, Buena Park, Calif., 42-37--79 Taylore Karle, Scottsdale, Ariz., 44-35--79 Susannah Grunden, Krum, Texas, 43-36--79 Kimberly Kaufman, Clark, S.D., 39-40--79 Christina Foster, Canada, 38-41--79 Alison Lee, Valencia, Calif., 40-39--79 Stephanie Simich, Canada, 40-39--79 Brianna Espinoza, Phoenix, 40-39--79 Katie Lee, Silverdale, Wash., 40-39--79 Lauren Kim, Los Altos, Calif., 38-41--79 Sun Gyoung Park, Vail, Ariz., 41-39--80 Sarah Faller, Ireland, 40-40--80 Brittany Marchand, Canada, 37-43--80 Rikki Sobel, Deerfield, Ill., 41-39--80 Ya-Ting Yang, Beaumont, Calif., 42-38--80 Chelsea Mocio, Fort Worth, Texas, 4140--81 Mckenzie Jackson, Uniontown, Ohio, 4338--81 Katelyn Dambaugh, Goose Creek, S.C., 4140--81 Casey Gee, Sacramento, Calif., 42-39--81 Courtney Hooton, Del Mar, Calif., 42-39--81 Paula Reto, South Africa, 43-38--81 Taelor Rubin, Raleigh, N.C., 42-39--81 Nicole Agnello, Longwood, Fla., 40-41--81 Cassie Boles, Lakeland, Fla., 43-38--81 Milena Savich, Carmel, Ind., 42-40--82 Stephanie Liu, Fernandina Beach, Fla., 4141--82 Kacie Komoto, Honolulu, 41-42--83 Ashley Smith, Canada, 45-38--83 Jillian Fraccola, Manlius, N.Y., 46-38--84 Caitlin Pisciotta, Alpharetta, Ga., 46-38--84 Stephanie Y. Kim, Tempe, Ariz., 42-42--84 Carolyn Creekmore, Dallas, 45-40--85 Sammi Sloan, Lansing, Ill., 43-43--86 Natalie Reeves, Euless, Texas, 45-41--86 Sunday's late game Cowboys 16, Bengals 7 Dallas Cincinnati 3 3 3 7 -- 16 0 0 0 7 -- 7 First Quarter Dal--FG Buehler 20, 9:25. Second Quarter Dal--FG Buehler 34, 6:11. Third Quarter Dal--FG Buehler 23, 9:03. Fourth Quarter Dal--Sharpe 6 interception return (Buehler kick), 9:23. Cin--Hill 1 pass from J.Palmer (Rayner kick), :51. A--22,364. Dal Cin First downs 17 10 Total Net Yards 297 179 Rushes-yards 29-85 17-43 Passing 212 136 Punt Returns 5-19 4-72 Kickoff Returns 1-38 3-81 Interceptions Ret. 3-42 0-0 Comp-Att-Int 23-41-0 16-36-3 Sacked-Yards Lost 5-28 4-17 Punts 8-40.4 10-47.6 Fumbles-Lost 2-1 1-1 Penalties-Yards 4-32 12-90 Time of Possession 36:11 23:49 INDIVIDUAL STATISTICS RUSHING--Dallas, Choice 7-41, Donaldson 6-19, Barber 2-7, Miller 8-5, McGee 2-5, Jones 1-4, Crayton 1-3, Gronkowski 1-2, Nichols 1-(minus 1). Cincinnati, Scott 7-19, Eason 6-15, Benson 2-7, Tronzo 1-3, J.Palmer 1-(minus 1). PASSING--Dallas, McGee 12-22-0-116, Romo 5-10-0-59, Kitna 4-7-0-56, Nichols 2-2-0-9. Cincinnati, J.Palmer 10-20-2-102, O'Sullivan 4-11-1-33, C.Palmer 2-5-0-18. RECEIVING--Dallas, Sicko 5-44, Phillips 460, Ogletree 2-25, Holley 2-20, Hudgins 2-17, Crayton 2-14, Miller 2-11, R.Williams 1-21, Austin 1-16, Donaldson 1-8, Hurd 1-4. Cincinnati, M.Jones 3-42, Owens 2-18, Shipley 2-17, Simpson 2-14, Cosby 2-13, Coffman 1-21, Briscoe 1-11, Leonard 1-8, Tronzo 1-8, Hill 1-1. MISSED FIELD GOALS--Dallas, Buehler 49 (WL). Sunday, Sept. 26 N.Y. J.L. Grightmire Market St. Arena, Dundas, Ontario,.Y. Rangers, 7 p.m. Nashville at Atlanta, 7 p.m. N.Y. Islanders (split squad) at Philadelphia, 7 p.m. Toronto at Ottawa, 7:30 p.m. Carolina at Florida, 7:30 p.m. Calgary vs. N.Y. Islanders (split squad) at Credit Union Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,.Y. Islanders at New Jersey, 7 p.m. Ottawa at N.Y. at Adler Mannheim (Germany), 1:30 p.m. Boston at Belfast Giants Select (Northern Ireland), 2 p.m. Atlanta at Columbus, 6 p.m. Detroit at Toronto, 7 p.m. N.Y. Rangers at Ottawa, 7 p.m. New Jersey at N.Y. Islanders (split squad), 7 p.m. Montreal vs. N.Y. Islanders (split squad) at Colisee Pepsi, Quebec City, 7 p.m. Florida at Tampa Bay, 7:30 p.m. Dallas at St. Louis, 8 p.m. Colorado vs. Los Angeles at the MGM Grand, Las Vegas, 9 p.m. AFCA preseason Division II coaches poll Record 1. Nwest Missouri State (22)14-1 2. Grand Valley (Mich.) (3) 13-2 3. North Alabama (1) 11-2 4. Minnesota-Duluth 11-2 5. Central Washington 12-1 6. California (Pa.) 11-4 7. Abilene Christian (Texas) 9-4 8. West Liberty (W.Va.) 11-2 9. Carson-Newman (Tenn.)11-3 10. Washburn (Kan.) 8-3 11. West Texas A&M 7-5 12. West Alabama 8-5 13. Nebraska-Kearney 11-2 14. Saginaw Valley (Mich.) 9-3 15. Nebraska-Omaha 7-5 16. Texas A&M-Kingsville 9-3 17. Tuskegee (Ala.) 10-2 18. Hillsdale (Mich.) 10-3 19. Midwestern St. (Texas) 9-3 20. Missouri Western State 9-3 21. Minnesota St.-Mankato 10-2 22. West Chester (Pa.) 7-4 23. UNCPembroke 9-2 24. Delta State (Miss.) 5-5 25. East Stroudsburg (Pa.) 8-4 Pts 645 621 580 549 499 489 435 406 400 339 337 313 296 235 232 216 210 188 163 160 127 122 115 93 74 Pvs 1 2 6 5 3 7 13 9 4 25 -- 21 8 19 -- 16 17 11 14 -- 12 -- 20 -- -- at SKA St. Petersburg (Russia), 11 a.m. Minnesota at Ilves Tampere (Finland), Noon Tuesday, Oct. 5 Columbus at Malmo/Rogle BK (Sweden), 1 p.m. Boston at HC Liberec (Czech Republic), 1 p.m. Wednesday, Oct. 6 Phoenix at Dinamo Riga (Latvia), Noon MOTORSPORTS TRANSACTIONS � � NASCAR Cup leaders Through Aug. 8 Points BASEBALL American League TORONTO BLUE JAYS -- Agreed to terms with LHP Justin Nicolino, LHP Mitchell Taylor and 2B Brandon Mims and assigned them to the Blue Jays (GCL). National League CINCINNATI REDS -- Traded OF Chris Dickerson to Milwaukee for OF Jim Edmonds. PHILADELPHIA PHILLIES -- Announced INF Cody Ransom has cleared waivers and accepted outright assignment to Lehigh Valley (IL). 1, Kevin Harvick, 3,210. 2, Jeff Gordon, 3,025. 3, Jeff Burton, 2,895. 4, Kurt Busch, 2,892. 5, Jimmie Johnson, 2,882. 6, Denny Hamlin, 2,872. 7, Kyle Busch, 2,866. 8, Tony Stewart, 2,865. 9, Carl Edwards, 2,821. 10, Matt Kenseth, 2,806. 11, Greg Biffle, 2,743. 12, Mark Martin, 2,641. 13, Clint Bowyer, 2,631. 14, Ryan Newman, 2,558. 15, Jamie McMurray, 2,547. 16, Dale Earnhardt Jr., 2,520. 17, Kasey Kahne, 2,508. 18, David Reutimann, 2,475. 19, Juan Pablo Montoya, 2,436. 20, Martin Truex Jr., 2,401. American Association Money 1, Kurt Busch, $4,923,843. 2, Jamie McMurray, $4,917,810. 3, Jimmie Johnson, $4,655,674. 4, Kevin Harvick, $4,570,797. 5, Kyle Busch, $4,036,029. 6, Jeff Gordon, $3,851,594. 7, Denny Hamlin, $3,701,733. 8, Tony Stewart, $3,543,753. 9, Matt Kenseth, $3,539,594. 10, Kasey Kahne, $3,522,512. 11, Carl Edwards, $3,440,937. 12, Jeff Burton, $3,407,887. 13, David Reutimann, $3,362,105. 14, Greg Biffle, $3,338,587. 15, Juan Pablo Montoya, $3,332,524. 16, Dale Earnhardt Jr., $3,305,953. 17, Joey Logano, $3,212,198. 18, Ryan Newman, $3,198,885. 19, A J Allmendinger, $3,015,970. 20, Clint Bowyer, $2,935,579. FOOTBALL --- EL PASO DIABLOS -- Traded INF Mike Provencher to Shreveport-Bossier for INF Jeff Hulett and two players to be named. SIOUX CITY EXPLORERS -- Signed OF Jacob Cruz. NFL preseason schedule All Times EDT Sunday, Aug. 8 Hall of Fame Game: Dallas 16, Cincinnati 7, at Canton, Ohio Week 1 Thursday, Aug. 12 New Orleans at New England, 7:30 p.m. Carolina at Baltimore, 8 p.m. (ESPN) Oakland at Dallas, 9 p.m. Friday, Aug. 13 Buffalo at Washington, 7:30 p.m. Jacksonville at Philadelphia, 7:30 p.m. Kansas City at Atlanta, 8 p.m. Saturday,. Sunday, Aug. 15 San Francisco at Indianapolis, 1 p.m. Denver at Cincinnati, 7 p.m. Monday, Aug. 16 New York Giants at New York Jets, 8 p.m. (ESPN) Week 2 Thursday, Aug. 19 Indianapolis vs. Buffalo Bills at Toronto, 7:30 p.m. New England at Atlanta, 8 p.m. (FOX) Friday, Aug. 20 Philadelphia at Cincinnati, 8 p.m. (FOX) Saturday,. Sunday, Aug. 22 Minnesota at San Francisco, 8 p.m. (NBC) Monday, Aug. 23 Arizona at Tennessee, 8 p.m. (ESPN) Week 3 Thursday, Aug. 26 St. Louis at New England, 7:30 p.m. Indianapolis at Green Bay, 8 p.m. (ESPN) Friday, Aug. 27 Atlanta at Miami, 7 p.m. Washington at New York Jets, 7 p.m. Philadelphia at Kansas City, 8 p.m. San Diego at New Orleans, 8 p.m. (CBS) Saturday, Aug. 28 Cleveland at Detroit, 5:30 p.m. Cincinnati at Buffalo, 6:30 p.m. Jacksonville at T. Sunday, Aug. 29 Pittsburgh at Denver, 8 p.m. (FOX) Week 4 Thursday, Sept. 2 Buffalo at Detroit, 7 p.m. Cincinnati at Indianapolis, 7 p.m. New England at New York Giants, 7 p.m. FOOTBALL National Football League CAROLINA PANTHERS -- Signed OT Jason Capizzi. Claimed G Andrew Crummey off waivers from Jacksonville. Waived G Noah Franklin and G Kurtis Gregory. NEW YORK JETS -- Signed special teams coordinator Mike Westhoff to a contract extension through the 2011 season. HOCKEY National Hockey League PHILADELPHIA FLYERS -- Announced the retirement of F Riley Cote who will become an assistant coach for Adirondack (AHL). TAMPA BAY LIGHTNING -- Signed D Radko Gudas to a three-year contract. Named Jon Cooper coach of Norfolk (AHL). TRACK AND FIELD --- High Point Panthers ECHL IDAHO STEELHEADS -- Signed D Cody Lampl. COLLEGE CONCORDIA, TEXAS -- Named Denise Lira softball coach. EAST TEXAS BAPTIST -- Named Suzanne Truitt women's assistant volleyball coach. INDIANA STATE -- Announced the resignation of women's golf coach Mike Whitson, who will take the same position at Eastern Kentucky. IOWA -- Named Marla Looper softball coach. MONTANA STATE-BILLINGS -- Named Rob Bishop baseball coach. POINT PARK -- Named Jessica Weary women's assistant soccer coach. SYRACUSE -- Named Andrea Buch women's assistant rowing coach. UTEP -- Suspended CB Travaun Nixon one game and WR Marlon McClure two games after violating team rules. The HIGH POINT PANTHERS (AAU) TRACK CLUB WON 2 (AAU) NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS AND A TOTAL OF (14) NATIONAL MEDAL @ 2010 (AAU) JUNIOR OLYMPICS 59 members of the High Point Panthers (AAU) Track Club qualified to participate in the 2010 AAU Junior Olympics held July 31August 07 at Norfolk State University, Norfolk VA. The Panthers won (2) National Championships and had (12) member to win AllAmerica honors. The top (8) finishers in each event earn the All-America honor. Shemiah Brooks: Won the Intermediate Girls (15-16 yrs) triple jump with a jump of 38'04.75, while the Panthers Young Men (17-18 yrs) won the 4x100m relay members (Daniel Greer, Desmond Stearns, Jeffrey Hendrix , Cameron Hudson and James Johnson) combined to post a winning time of 41.75 seconds. Other national medal winners included: Cameron Mcrae finished (3rd) in the young men (17-18 yrs) shot-put with throw of 52'06.25. After the competition, he signed a National Letter of Intent and committed to Western Carolina University to compete this fall, his younger brother Chetney Taylor was National Runner-Up finishing (2nd) in the midget boys (11-12 yrs) shot-put 46'-10.75 and (6th) in the discus with a throw of ( 91-02). Osvaldo Hernandez: continued his impressive season finishing (4th) in the young men (17-18 yrs) javelin with a throw of 168'-10, while teammate Richard Bell finished (8th) with a throw of 154'-06 in the same event. Hernandez also finished (5th) in the 3000 Racewalk in a time of 22:20.33. Grace Popek: Finished (6th) young women (17-18 yrs) 2000M Steeplechase in a time of 8:30.20. Mia Little: finished (8th) in the sub-youth girls (13 yrs) 100m with a time of 12.96. Nolan Johnson: Finished (4th) in the bantam boys (9-10 yrs) 400m Other Notable finishers: Kimberly Walsh: (9th) young women (17-18 yrs) 2000M Steeplechase in a time of 8:51.54 , Paisley Simmons: Intermediate girls (15-16 yrs) 100m: 12.00 (10th) place 200m: (11th) place 24.73, Daniel Greer young men (17-18 yrs) 100m: 10.89, Mia Little(9th) sub youth girls (13 yrs) Long Jump : 15'-08.75, Young women: 4x800m relay (12th) with a time of 10:51.50 HOCKEY � 2010-11 NHL preseason schedule All Times EDT Tuesday, Sept. 21 GOLF � PGA Tour leaders Through Aug. 8 Pts 1,795 1,646 1,645 1,593 1,563 1,536 1,500 1,381 1,358 1,276 1,252 1,231 1,216 Rank Name 1. Ernie Els 2. Steve Stricker 3. Jim Furyk 4. Justin Rose 5. Phil Mickelson 6. Jeff Overton 7. Hunter Mahan 8. Tim Clark 9. Matt Kuchar 10. Ben Crane 11. Dustin Johnson 12. Bo Van Pelt 13. Anthony Kim Money $4,013,028 $3,108,002 $3,250,272 $3,241,081 $3,271,183 $3,287,281 $3,257,545 $3,075,948 $2,718,998 $2,487,817 $2,496,564 $2,507,808 $2,554,896. 3 8 3 -- -- 2 3 USGA U.S. Women's Amateur Scores Monday Charlotte (N.C.) Country Club Yardage: 6,559; Par: 72 First Round MTS Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 8 p.m. Los Angeles at Colorado, 9 p.m. San Jose at Anaheim, 10 p.m. Edmonton at Vancouver, 10 p.m. 001 000 001 000 002 000 No outs when winning run scored. E--Viciedo (4). DP--Chicago 1. LOB--Chicago 9, Baltimore 7. 2B--Al.Ramirez (19), Rios Rachel Rohanna, Waynesburg, Pa., 3332--65 Brooke Pancake, Chattanooga, Tenn., 3632--68 TRIVIA ANSWER Thursday, Sept. 23 New Jersey at N.Y. Rangers, 7 p.m. ---A. Bob Gibson. SPORTS THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 3D Report: NCAA looking at UNC assistant and agent BY BRIANA GORMAN ENTERPRISE DURHAM BUREAU CHAPEL HILL -- According to a report Monday by Yahoo Sports, the NCAA is investigating ties between North Carolina assistant coach John Blake and prominent NFL agent Gary Wichard. Blake coaches the Tar Heels' defensive line, including senior Marvin Austin, who has also allegedly been the focus of the NCAA's probe. Wide receiver Greg Little also is being investigated, according to reports, and both players were practicing with the second team again Monday. Blake and Wichard have known each other for years, and Yahoo Sports reported that the NCAA is looking into Blake's one-time position as vice president of football operations for Wichard's agency, Pro Tect Management. Wichard currently represents former UNC standout Kentwan Balmer, a firstround draft pick by the San Francisco 49ers in 2008. Blake is considered one of the nation's top recruiters and was responsible for the recruitment of Austin, the nation's No. 1 high school player in 2007. UNC coach Butch Davis and Blake worked together with the Dallas Cowboys under Jimmy Johnson in the earlier 1990s. Blake also became the head coach at Oklahoma, his alma mater, in 1996 but was fired in 1998 after going 1222. STURDIVANT DECLINES Linebacker Quan Sturdivant said he's grown since his July citation for simple possession of marijuana, but the senior did not feel the need to elaborate after practice Monday. "I just want to talk about football right now," Sturdivant said. The preseason All-ACC linebacker did say he learned he's "got to be careful" after being cited by the Albemarle police for possession of less than half an ounce of marijuana on July 10. The charges were voluntarily dismissed after Sturdivant, the Tar Heels' leading tackler a year ago, entered a deferred prosecution agreement. Sturdivant said he does not know if he will start in the season opener against LSU on Sept. 4, a decision that has not been announced by Davis. It was a tough few months for Sturdivant, whose grandmother passed away during the summer. The linebacker said it was really hard on him because he used to live with her and they were so close. "His grandmother was a really influential person in his life," Davis said. "When you lose somebody like that in your life, it's tough, and I think it's just one of those situations where kids learn in adversity [that] you've got to find other people you can trust." Senior safety Deunta Williams called the charge a "fluke-type thing" and said he holds nothing against Sturdivant. He said everyone makes mistakes, and Sturdivant just wants to play football. "We all mess up," Williams said. "He's got to work on getting his image back and all that stuff, but it'll happen. A lot of great players have done bad things, and the best thing you can do going forward is just to ball out and stay clean." BERNARD OUT FOR SEASON The Tar Heels lost their first player for the season due to an injury Sunday when freshman running back Giovani Bernard tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee during practice. Davis said the injury happened during a one-one-one drill when Bernard planted his foot and made a cut. The 5-10, 205-pound tailback will receive a medical redshirt for 2010. Bernard, who is from Davie, Fla., was ranked the No. 12 running back in the country by Rivals.com and was expected to compete for playing time this season. "No one likes for any kid to ever get injured, but it's an unfortunate thing and he'll bounce back," Davis said. "He's a very strong mental person, and I know he'll attack the rehab." ACC/BIG TEN CHALLENGE SCHEDULE � The ACC announced on Monday the following schedule for this year's ACC/Big Ten Challenge: Monday, Nov. 29 7 p.m. -- Virginia at Minnesota (ESPN2) Tuesday, Nov. 30 7 p.m. -- Iowa at Wake Forest (ESPNU) 7:30 p.m. -- Georgia Tech at Northwestern (ESPN2) 7:30 p.m. -- Ohio State at Florida State (ESPN) 9 p.m. -- Michigan at Clemson (ESPN2) 9:30 p.m. -- UNC at Illinois (ESPN) Wednesday, Dec. 1 7:15 p.m. -- Indiana at Boston College (ESPNU) 7:15 p.m. -- N.C. State at Wisconsin (ESPN2) 7:30 p.m. -- Purdue at Virginia Tech (ESPN) 9:15 p.m. -- Maryland at Penn State (ESPN2) 9:30 p.m. -- Michigan State at Duke (ESPN) Wyndham adds Kim to field ENTERPRISE STAFF REPORT AP Boston third baseman Adrian Beltre applies tag to the Yankees' Austin Kearns during the third inning of their American League matchup on Monday at Yankee Stadium. The Red Sox won 2-1. Red Sox, Yanks split THE ASSOCIATED PRESSplace. The Yankees went 34 on their homestand. They head to Texas for a showdown between firstplace teams. CARDINALS 7, REDS 3 CINCINNATI -- Skip Schumaker hit his first career grand slam during St. Louis Cardinals' biggest inning of the season, supplying more than enough runs for righthander. GREENSBORO � At least one player ranked among the top 15 in the world will be playing in next week's Wyndham Championship. The tournament announced Monday that Anthony Kim, a threetime winner on the PGA Tour who is No. 14 in the world rankings and No. 13 in Fedex Cup standings, has committed to play at Sedgefield as he tries to work his game into shape after a lengthy layoff following wrist surgery. Kim won the Shell Open and finished third at The Master in April. After finishing seventh in the Quail Hollow Championship, a tournament he won in 2008, Kim had the procedure. He returned to tournament play at last week's World Golf Championship in Akron, Ohio, where he tied for 76th. a whopping 28 shots behind winner Hunter Mayhan. Kim has four top-10 finishes in eight starts this year and is sixth in Ryder Cup standings. His other victory came in the 2008 AT&T National. Other notables entered include 2008 Masters winner Trevor Immelman, 2009 U.S. Open champion Lucas Glover, two-time Wyndham winners Davis Love III and Rocco Mediate, John Daly, David Duval, David Toms and the last three Wyndham Championship winners -- Ryan Moore, Carl Pettersson and Brandt Snedeker. Rohanna sets Women's Am scoring record with 65 CHARLOTTE. (AP) -- Rachel Rohanna, an allBig Ten player at Ohio State, set a U.S. Women's Amateur scoring record with a 65 during a muggy first round of stroke play on Monday. Rohanna had nine birdies and two bogeys to finish 7-under on the 6,559-yard Charlotte Country Club course. Kellee Booth (1998), Natalie Gulbis (1999) and Amanda Blumenherst (2008) previously shared the 18-hole mark of 66. Brooke Pancake, of Chattanooga, Tenn., finished with a 68 as conditions eased slightly with some cloud cover and a slight breeze in the afternoon. Girls junior champion Doris Chen of Bradenton, Fla., and Jaclyn Sweeney, a senior at Arizona State from Andover, Mass., were at 3under. Sixty-four of 156 players will advance to match play after a second day of stroke play Tuesday in this U.S. Golf Association event, concluding with a 36hole final on Sunday. Reds pick up Edmonds CINCINNATI (AP) --. The Reds lead the Cardinals by two games heading into their three-game showdown starting Monday night. The 40-year-old Edmonds batted .286 with eight homers and 20 RBIs in 73 games with the Brewers. MARINERS FIRE MANAGER � SEATTLE (AP) -- The last-place Seattle Mariners have fired manager Don Wakamatsu. The team announced the dismissal of the major leagues' first Japanese-American manager hours before Monday night 221. The team also released performance coach Steve Hecht. Roger Hansen takes over as the bench coach. NBA slates two in London L. Gordon, wife welcome son CHARLOTTE (AP) -- Another baby on board for NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon. Gordon says on his website that Leo Benjamin Gordon was born Monday. Gordon is the latest driver to welcome a baby this season. Elliott Sadler, Carl Edwards and Jimmie Johnson became first-time fathers this year. Juan Pablo Montoya's wife welcomed their third baby last month. NFL, ACC 4D TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE Starting spots on Panthers' defensive line up for grabs SPARTANBURG, S.C. (AP) -- Tank Tyler has a sense of what outsiders think of Carolina's revamped defensive line without Julius Peppers and two other starters. "I AP President Barack Obama holds up a personalized New Orleans Saints jersey as he stands with the Super Bowl champion on Monday, during a ceremony honoring the team. AP Tank Tyler (right) tries to muscle C.J. Davis during a drill at the Carolina Panthers' training camp. Tyler is back home, healthy again, playing in a more comfortable defense and determined to finally reach his potential in the NFL as the Panthers need him to fill a hole at defensive tackle. Obama entertains Super Bowl champs WASHINGTON Ka- HIGH RATINGS PANTHERS ADD TWO � SPARTANBURG, S.C. (AP) -- The Carolina Panthers have brought in two offensive linemen after the third-team line struggled in a scrimmage over the weekend. The Panthers signed tackle Jason Capizzi and claimed guard Andrew Crummey off waivers from Jacksonville on Monday. The Panthers waived undrafted rookies Noah Franklin and Kurtis Gregory. The 6-foot-9, 330-pound Capizzi has bounced around several teams and practice squads over the past few seasons. He was waived by Cleveland in June. The 6-5, 300-pound Crummey was let go by the Jaguars on Sunday. He's also briefly spent time with Washington and Cincinnati. The Panthers were looking to add veteran depth on the line before Thursday's preseason opener at Baltimore after protection problems in Saturday's scrimmage.and-down start to his pro career. A first-team all-Atlantic Coast Conference selection as a senior with the Wolfpack, the 6-foot-2, 306pound Tyler was as thirdround. � NEW YORK . trina,. No shortage of chances for ACC to improve image BY JOEDY MCCREARY AP SPORTS WRITER, Virginia Tech plays Boise State. Miami visits Ohio State. Virginia travels to Southern California. Clemson is at Auburn. Florida State takes on Oklahoma. � the worst mark among the six leagues with automatic access to those glitzy bowls. A capsule look at teams in predicted order of finish: North Carolina looking for third straight bowl berth, which hasn't happened since Tar Heels went bowling every year from 1993-98. MIAMI �. GEORGIA TECH �. . DUKE �. VIRGINIA �. . ATLANTIC DIVISION COASTAL DIVISION VIRGINIA TECH � �. ... FLORIDA STATE �. BOSTON COLLEGE �. CLEMSON � Key players: QB Kyle Parker, RBs Andre Ellington and Jamie Harper, DT Jarvis Jenkins. Returning starters: 7 offense, 6 defense. Notes: Parker, the Colorado Rockies' first-round draft pick, is the only player in Division I history to throw 20 touchdown passes and hit 20 home runs in the same academic year. N.C. STATE � � � Key players: WR Torrey Smith, RB Da'Rel Scott, LB Alex Wujciak. Returning starters: 7 offense, 5 defense. Notes: Scott looking to regain his form after finishing with just 425 yards rushing during an injuryplagued junior season. ... Terps' one ACC victory in 2009 was their fewest since they were 1-7 in the league in 1998. ... Projected QB Jamarr Robinson made two starts in Chris Turner's absence last season. High Point: 1412 N. Main St. 882 4473 882-4473 $20 OFF Step Bars & Running Boards $20 OFF All Tool Boxes & Trailer Hitches Tuesday August 10, 2010 DOW JONES 10,698.75 +45.19 NASDAQ 2,305.69 +17.22 S&P 1,127.79 +6.15 Business: Pam Haynes PHaynes@hpe.com (336) 888-3617 5D Freddie Mac requests $1.8 billion in aid WASHINGTON (AP) � Government-controlled mortgage buyer Freddie Mac is asking for $1.8 billion in additional federal aid after posting a larger loss in the second quarter. Freddie Mac said Monday it lost $6 billion, or $1.85 per share, in the April-toJ. LOCAL FUNDS Name Last Change % Chg. 50-day Average 200-day Average AMERICAN BALANCED FUND, CLASS A 16.71 0.06 AMERICAN FDS BOND FD OF AMERICA 12.35 - 0.01 CAPITAL INCOME BUILDER CL A SHS 48.02 0.22 AMERICAN FDS CAPITAL WORLD GROW 33.40 0.21 AMERICAN FDS EUROPACIFIC GROWTH 38.21 0.22 AMERICAN FDS FUNDAMENTAL INVS A 33.01 0.19 AMERICAN FDS GROWTH FD OF AMERI 27.30 0.12 AMERICAN FDS INCOME FD OF AMERI 15.77 0.07 AMERICAN FDS INVESTMENT CO OF A 25.74 0.10 AMERICAN FDS NEW PERSPECTIVE A 25.70 0.12 WASHINGTON MUTUAL INVS FD CL A 24.95 0.14 DAVIS NEW YORK VENTURE FUND A 30.79 0.17 DODGE COX INCOME FUND 13.36 - 0.01 DODGE COX INTERNATIONAL STOCK 32.46 0.04 DODGE COX STOCK FUND 95.88 0.36 0.37 0.36% - 0.08% 0.46% 0.63% 0.58% 0.58% 0.44% 0.45% 0.39% 0.47% 0.56% 0.56% - 0.07% 0.12% 0.38% 0.63% 0.26% 0.31% 0.85% 0.60% 0.69% 0.38% 0.16% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.55% 0.54% - 0.18% 0.55% 0.55% 0.82% 0.42% - 0.09% 0.35% 0.65% 0.34% 0.33% 16.14 12.21 46.07 31.45 36.18 31.70 26.42 15.20 24.78 24.59 23.93 30.02 13.26 30.48 92.99 57.76 25.96 12.46 68.41 32.53 61.47 2.53 51.83 11.29 11.29 11.29 100.24 100.23 11.03 99.59 99.59 15.31 56.48 10.71 13.58 27.00 28.56 49.33 16.40 12.05 46.71 32.36 36.65 32.55 27.20 15.41 25.60 25.05 24.58 30.89 13.18 31.06 97.07 58.48 26.63 12.63 70.14 33.31 64.24 2.58 52.34 11.10 11.10 11.10 103.44 103.42 10.85 102.75 102.75 15.65 58.67 10.55 13.83 27.86 28.99 50.08 Stock rise slightly as investors await Fed meeting NEW YORK (AP) --, N.J. The Fed will likely leave its federal funds rate near zero, but the central bank could signal plans to restart some programs such as its purchase of mortgagebacked securities or buy Treasury bonds. BRIEFS --- Internet calling service Skype files for IPO NEW YORK � calculating the filing fee for the Securities and Exchange Commission. Skype did not say when its shares would go on sale, or at what price. It expects to list on the Nasdaq Stock Market under an unspecified symbol. Sara Lee CEO steps down NEW YORK (AP) �. CFO Marcel Smits, who has been handling the CEO duties in her place, will continue to do so until a new CEO is named. The food maker, based in Downers Grove, Ill., said its board has started a process to select a new CEO and is looking inside and outside of the company. Possible successors could be Smits, who joined the company last October from Dutch telecom company Koninklijke KPN NV, where he was chief financial officer. Another candidate could be CEO of North American Retail and Foodservice, Christopher John "CJ" Fraleigh. He, Smits, and board member James Crown have been working together to oversee the business in Barnes' absence. Crown took over as chairman and will remain in that position. Barnes joined Sara Lee as president and chief operating officer in 2004. She became CEO in 2005. She led the company, known for its namesake breads and brands including Jimmy Dean and Hillshire Farm, through a restructuring. FIDELITY CONTRA FUND 59.46 FIDELITY DIVERSIFIED INTERNATIO 27.46 0.07 FIDELITY FREEDOM 2020 FUND 12.86 0.04 FIDELITY GROWTH CO FUND 71.23 0.60 FIDELITY LOWPRICED STOCK FUND 33.72 0.20 FIDELITY MAGELLAN 63.10 0.43 TGIT TEMPTON INCOME FUND CLASS 2.64 0.01 HARBOR INTERNATIONAL FUND INSTI 54.84 0.09 PIMCO FUNDS TOTAL RETURN FUND C 11.44 0.00 PIMCO FUNDS TOTAL RETURN FUND A 11.44 0.00 PIMCO FUNDS TOTAL RETURN FUND I 11.44 0.00 VANGUARD 500 INDEX FD ADMIRAL S 104.03 0.57 VANGUARD INDEX TRUST 500 INDEX 104.01 0.56 VANGUARD GNMA FUND ADMIRAL SHS 11.07 - 0.02 VANGUARD INSTITUTIONAL INDEX 103.35 0.57 VANGUARD INSTITUTIONAL INDEX FU 103.36 0.57 VANGUARD MID CAP GROWTH FUND 15.89 0.13 VANGUARD PRIMECAP FUND 59.09 0.25 VANGUARD BOND INDEX FD TOTAL BO 10.80 - 0.01 VANGUARD TOTAL INTERNATIONAL ST 14.46 0.05 VANGUARD TOTAL STOCK MARKET IND 28.04 0.18 VANGUARD WELLINGTON INCOME FUND 29.54 0.10 VANGUARD WELLINGTON FD ADMIRAL 51.02 0.17 Gas prices to remain steady as summer ends Motorists planning a latesummer getaway should find gasoline prices littlechanged through August. The national average for a gallon of unleaded gasoline was $2.774 Monday, according to AAA, Wright Express and Oil Price Information Service. That's about 3.9 cents higher than a week ago and 13.1 cents higher than a year ago. Meanwhile, benchmark crude oil for September delivery rose 78 cents to settle at $81.23 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Oil has stayed above $80 a barrel for six straight sessions. STOCKS OF LOCAL INTEREST Name Symbol Last Chg. 0.32 -0.33 0.01 0.07 0.65 0.25 0.71 0.97 0.32 0.48 1.66 -0.01 0.15 -0.15 -0.47 -0.05 0.04 0.67 0.29 0.35 0.47 0.16 0.4 0.51 0.56 0.7 0.02 0.36 -0.23 0.51 0 0.14 0.53 0.59 1.25 -0.14 0.51 0.16 0.14 0.48 0.08 1.97 3.39 0.01 0.89 -0.01 0.28 0.54 -0.07 0.32 5.13 0.3 0.24 -3.4 0.02 0.64 0 1.86 -0.62 0.64 0.58 0 -0.19 -0.09 0.46 High 26.96 30.39 3.02 11.75 29.64 44.05 42.09 44.11 30.59 38.77 262.15 31.46 25.48 10.16 41.59 14.07 4.97 35.65 69.47 13.81 54 30.09 41.41 72.18 79.43 24.87 4.12 57.4 76.95 16.7 17.72 19.05 11.59 55.63 69.48 13.24 22.75 35.23 17.61 62.67 0.79 87.74 194 13.12 46.46 5.98 18.65 64.4 16.46 36.89 505.5 25.7 28.52 43.84 28.97 12.32 20.79 132.34 40.56 51.09 65.96 4.09 8.33 75.98 22.19 Low 26.59 29.73 2.96 11.58 29.08 43.37 40.76 43.09 30.02 38.13 259.57 31.03 25.06 9.98 40.85 13.75 4.9 35.07 68.45 13.36 53.24 29.77 40.56 71.42 78.87 24.2 4.01 56.36 75.83 16.29 17.53 18.72 11.11 55.07 68.24 12.91 22.25 34.9 17.44 62.18 0.7 85.52 191.34 12.92 45.42 5.72 18.39 63.87 16.3 36.66 501.36 25.3 27.83 42.43 28.68 11.54 20.41 130.4 39.66 50.21 65.28 3.98 7.93 75.16 21.25 Name Legg Mason Leggett & Platt Lincoln National Lowe's McDonald's Merck MetLife Microsoft Mohawk Industries Morgan Stanley Motorola NCR Corp. New York Times Co. NewBridge Bancorp Norfolk Southern Novartis AG Nucor Old Dominion Office Depot PPG Industries Panera Bread The Pantry J.C. Penney Pfizer Pepsico Piedmont Nat.Gas Polo Ralph Lauren Procter & Gamble Progress Energy Qualcomm Quest Capital RF Micro Devices Red Hat Reynolds American RBC Ruddick Corp. SCM Micro Sara Lee Sealy Sears Sherwin-Williams Southern Company Spectra Energy Sprint Nextel Standard Micro Starbucks Steelcase Inc. SunTrust Banks Syngenta AG Tanger Targacept Inc. Target 3M Co. Time Warner US Airways Unifi Inc. UPS Inc. VF Corp. Valspar Verizon Vodafone Vulcan Materials Wal-Mart Wells Fargo Yahoo Inc. Symbol LM LEG LNC LOW MCD MRK MET MSFT MHK MS MOT NCR NYT NBBC NSC NVS NUE ODFL ODP PPG PNRA PTRY JCP PFE PEP PNY RL PG PGN QCOM QCC RFMD RHT RAI RY RDK INVE SLE ZZ SHLD SHW SO SE S SMSC SBUX SCS STI SYT SKT TRGT TGT MMM TWX LCC UFI UPS VFC VAL VZ VOD VMC WMT WFC YHOO Last 29.58 21.43 25.17 20.31 72.92 35.36 42.32 25.61 52.96 27.45 7.98 13.7 8.71 3.8 57.92 50.48 40.02 38.01 4.47 69.77 78.51 21.08 21.53 16.42 66.42 28.07 86.55 60.38 42.69 39.75 1.57 4.53 33.49 57.3 52.13 36.1 1.56 14.82 2.75 73.94 69.86 36.15 21.96 4.58 21.84 25.66 7.39 25.88 48.22 45.84 22.6 53.35 88.03 32.6 9.73 4 67.42 80.5 31.72 29.86 24.73 41.6 52.06 28.23 14.4 Chg. 0.31 0.36 0.48 0.03 1.18 0.38 0.9 0.06 1.07 -0.2 -0.02 0.07 -0.02 -0.07 0.86 0.21 0.03 0.49 -0.07 0.22 1.56 -0.01 -0.28 0.18 0.52 0.33 0.76 0.36 0.37 1.1 0.02 0.13 0.04 -0.47 0.6 0.29 0.02 -0.02 -0.03 0.71 0.17 0.27 0.03 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.27 0.03 -0.4 0.57 1.03 1.03 0.74 0.24 0.24 -0.03 0.72 -0.08 0.02 0.31 -0.02 -0.02 0.27 0.48 0.06 High 29.71 21.5 25.25 20.46 73.34 35.44 42.36 25.73 53.18 27.83 8.12 13.83 8.97 3.9 58 50.51 40.15 38.14 4.62 70.16 78.94 21.44 22.11 16.48 66.6 28.09 87.3 60.83 42.83 39.94 1.57 4.57 33.81 57.81 52.32 36.31 1.56 14.95 2.79 74.57 70.08 36.19 22.11 4.6 22.06 25.72 7.4 26.15 48.35 45.93 22.69 53.7 88.38 32.66 9.8 4.06 67.72 81.25 31.94 30.06 24.85 41.92 52.34 28.27 14.52 Low 29.33 21.19 24.67 20.29 72.35 35.06 41.56 25.37 51.92 27.3 7.96 13.64 8.67 3.76 57.08 50.33 39.68 37.38 4.43 69.39 77.19 20.74 21.23 16.11 65.93 27.72 85.93 59.86 42.39 38.83 1.54 4.38 33.42 57.2 51.64 35.91 1.5 14.52 2.74 73.24 69.63 35.92 21.93 4.45 21.13 25.39 7.1 25.49 47.91 45.29 21.49 52.96 87.41 32.29 9.41 3.94 66.95 80.31 31.56 29.62 24.68 41.33 51.8 27.52 14.34 Honda recalls Accord, Civic models over ignition switch WASHINGTON (AP) �. Tyson income up 89 percent for quarter NEW YORK � Meat producer Tyson Foods Inc. posted an 89 percent jump in third-quarter net income, helped by higher beef and pork prices and a chicken business that's recovering. The Springdale, Ark.based company said its prepared foods unit struggled in the quarter because of rising ingredient costs. The company reported net income of $248 million or 65 cents per share in the quarter ending July 3, up from $131 million, or 35 cents per share last year. ENTERPRISE NEWS SERVICE REPORTS T 26.86 29.74 AET ALU 2.98 AA 11.66 ALL 29.63 AXP 43.75 AIG 41.64 AMP 43.92 ADI 30.49 AON 38.68 AAPL 261.75 AVP 31.1 BBT 25.35 BNCN 9.99 BP 40.86 BAC 13.91 BSET 4.97 BBY 35.58 BA 68.99 CBL 13.77 CSX 53.87 CVS 30 COF 41.27 CAT 72.07 CVX 79.29 CSCO 24.77 C 4.08 KO 57.11 CL 76.27 CLP 16.68 CMCSK 17.56 GLW 18.94 CFI 11.57 DDAIF.PK 55.49 DE 69.29 DELL 12.98 DDS 22.64 DIS 35.16 DUK 17.56 XOM 62.45 FNBN 0.75 FDX 87.29 FCNCA 194 F 13.05 FO 46.26 FBN 5.84 GPS 18.56 GD 64.32 GE 16.38 GSK 36.84 GOOG 505.35 HBI 25.7 HOG 28.24 HPQ 42.6 HD 28.7 HOFT 12.15 INTC 20.65 IBM 132 JPM 39.82 K 50.79 KMB 65.87 KKD 4.02 LZB 8.01 LH 75.41 LNCE 22.04 METALS PRICING NEW YORK (AP) � Spot nonferrous metal prices Monday. Aluminum -$1.0051 per lb., London Metal Exch. Copper -$3.3632 Cathode full plate, LME. Copper $3.3505 N.Y. Merc spot Mon. Lead - $2167.00 metric ton, London Metal Exch. Zinc - $0.9547 per lb., London Metal Exch. Gold - $1203.00 Handy & Harman (only daily quote). Gold - $1200.70 troy oz., NY Merc spot Mon. Silver - $18.380 Handy & Harman (only daily quote). Silver - $18.229 troy oz., N.Y. Merc spot Mon. Platinum -$1561.00 troy oz., N.Y. (contract). Platinum -$1543.00 troy oz., N.Y. Merc spot Mon. DILBERT Want the convenience of home delivery? Call at 888-3511 WEATHER, BUSINESS 6D TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 2010 THE HIGH POINT ENTERPRISE High Point Enterprise Weather Today Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Local Area Forecast Kernersville Winston-Salem 96/75 97/76 Jamestown 97/76 High Point 97/75 Archdale Thomasville 97/75 97/75 Trinity Lexington 97/75 Randleman 97/74 97/75 Denton 97/76 Almanac Temperatures (Yesterday) High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Normal High . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Normal Low . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Last Year's High . . . . . . . .95 Last Year's Low . . . . . . . . .72 Record High . . . .101 in 2007 Record Low . . . . . .55 in 1989 Precipitation (Yesterday) 24 hours through 6 p.m. . . . . . . .0.00" Month to Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.30" Normal Month to Date . . . . . . . . .1.11" Year to Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27.37" Normal Year to Date . . . . . . . . .26.95" Record Precipitation . . . . . . . . . .2.30" Statistics through 6 p.m. yesterday at Greensboro Sunny Mostly Sunny Isolated T-storms Isolated T-storms Isolated T-storms 97� 75� 98� 75� 96� 74� 94� 71� 90� 68� North Carolina State Forecast Shown is today's weather. Temperatures are today's highs and tonight's lows. Elizabeth City 94/75 High Point 97/75 Charlotte 96/73 Greenville 96/76 Cape Raleigh Hatteras 98/77 88/78 Wilmington 91/77 Asheville 90/65 Around Our State Today Wednesday Sun and Moon Sunrise . . Sunset . . Moonrise Moonset . Today Wednesday UV Index a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. UV Index for 3 periods of the day. City Hi/Lo Wx s s pc pc s s s s pc s s s s s s s s Hi/Lo Wx 98/73 88/67 91/77 88/77 98/77 81/63 96/75 91/68 95/75 97/75 92/78 90/64 99/75 99/74 98/74 99/74 99/75 s pc s s s t s pc s s pc t s s s s s Across The Nation Today Wednesday ALBEMARLE . . . . . .97/74 BREVARD . . . . . . . . .87/67 CAPE FEAR . . . . . . .91/77 EMERALD ISLE . . . .87/78 FORT BRAGG . . . . . .97/76 GRANDFATHER MTN . .79/65 GREENVILLE . . . . . .96/76 HENDERSONVILLE .89/67 JACKSONVILLE . . . .93/75 KINSTON . . . . . . . . . .96/75 KITTY HAWK . . . . . . .92/80 MOUNT MITCHELL . .88/63 ROANOKE RAPIDS .98/75 SOUTHERN PINES . .97/75 WILLIAMSTON . . . . .96/76 YANCEYVILLE . . . . .98/72 ZEBULON . . . . . . . . .98/75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6:34 .8:16 .7:08 .8:30 8 a.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Noon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 4 p.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 0-2: Low The higher the UV 3-5: Moderate index, the higher the 6-7: High need for eye and 8-10: Very High skin protection. 11+: Extreme City Hi/Lo Wx Hi/Lo Wx City Hi/Lo Wx s s s t t pc t sh s mc s t mc t sh s s s Hi/Lo Wx 104/80 80/60 101/82 90/81 90/70 89/78 88/73 94/78 110/88 89/70 95/74 84/65 65/54 99/79 78/58 100/79 98/75 102/76 s s s t mc s s t s t s s mc t mc s s s Weather (Wx): cl/cloudy; fl/flurries; pc/partly cloudy; ra/rain; rs/rain & snow; s/sunny; sh/showers; sn/snow; t/thunderstorms; w/windy ALBUQUERQUE . . . .95/61 ATLANTA . . . . . . . . .96/73 BOISE . . . . . . . . . . . .91/59 BOSTON . . . . . . . . . .85/69 CHARLESTON, SC . .89/77 CHARLESTON, WV . .99/77 CINCINNATI . . . . . . .94/72 CHICAGO . . . . . . . . .86/74 CLEVELAND . . . . . . .86/71 DALLAS . . . . . . . . .102/78 DETROIT . . . . . . . . . .90/74 DENVER . . . . . . . . . .90/64 GREENSBORO . . . . .97/76 GRAND RAPIDS . . . .91/71 HOUSTON . . . . . . . . .96/79 HONOLULU . . . . . . . .89/74 KANSAS CITY . . . . . .99/80 NEW ORLEANS . . . .94/83 pc 96/61 pc s 95/75 pc s 88/56 s t 80/65 s pc 91/78 s s 98/75 s pc 93/73 t t 89/75 t pc 85/74 mc s 102/80 s mc 90/71 t s 91/66 s s 98/76 s pc 91/70 t pc 98/79 s s 89/74 s s 98/79 s t 93/81 t LAS VEGAS . . . . . .103/78 LOS ANGELES . . . . .80/59 MEMPHIS . . . . . . . .100/82 MIAMI . . . . . . . . . . . .89/79 MINNEAPOLIS . . . . . .86/72 MYRTLE BEACH . . . .90/78 NEW YORK . . . . . . . .93/76 ORLANDO . . . . . . . . .92/78 PHOENIX . . . . . . . . .106/85 PITTSBURGH . . . . . .89/67 PHILADELPHIA . . . . .96/75 PROVIDENCE . . . . . .86/69 SAN FRANCISCO . . .64/53 ST. LOUIS . . . . . . . . .97/79 SEATTLE . . . . . . . . . .69/55 TULSA . . . . . . . . . . .102/80 WASHINGTON, DC . .99/77 WICHITA . . . . . . . . .102/75 First 8/16 Full 8/24 Last 9/1 New 9/8 Lake Levels & River Stages Lake and river levels are in feet. Change is over the past 24 hrs. Flood Pool Current Level Change High Rock Lake 655.2 653.3 +0.3 Flood Stage Current Level Change Yadkin College 18.0 1.35 +0.08 Elkin 16.0 2.03 -0.02 Wilkesboro 14.0 2.71 -0.02 High Point 10.0 0.58 -0.03 Ramseur 20.0 0.77 -0.11 Moncure 20.0 M M Around The World Today Wednesday Today Wednesday Today Wednesday Pollen Forecast Today: Lows Pollen Rating Scale 100 75 50 25 Air Quality Today: 20 (Good) 0-50: 51-100: 101-150: 151-200: 201-300: 301-500: Good Moderate Unhealthy (sensitive) Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous Predominant Types: Weeds City Hi/Lo Wx t pc s s s s sh s s s Hi/Lo Wx 87/78 69/57 118/89 82/69 81/68 97/78 66/49 78/62 57/46 98/78 t s s s t s sh pc sh s City Hi/Lo Wx s s t t t t t sh s sh Hi/Lo Wx 70/59 78/59 96/80 75/63 91/79 88/76 88/67 72/55 93/67 90/82 ra pc t t t t sh pc s t City Hi/Lo Wx pc s pc t t pc ra s t s Hi/Lo Wx 71/55 89/68 72/58 86/76 87/77 73/57 64/48 94/77 88/80 72/58 ra s s t t pc s s t sh ACAPULCO . . . . . . . .89/76 AMSTERDAM . . . . . .72/61 BAGHDAD . . . . . . . .118/93 BARCELONA . . . . . .83/71 BEIJING . . . . . . . . . .89/70 BEIRUT . . . . . . . . . . . . .98/80 BOGOTA . . . . . . . . . .65/49 BERLIN . . . . . . . . . . .77/62 BUENOS AIRES . . . .62/43 CAIRO . . . . . . . . . . . .97/78 COPENHAGEN . . . . .70/64 GENEVA . . . . . . . . . .82/60 GUANGZHOU . . . . . .99/82 GUATEMALA . . . . . .79/62 HANOI . . . . . . . . . . . .91/78 HONG KONG . . . . . . . .90/82 KABUL . . . . . . . . . . .87/67 LONDON . . . . . . . . . .68/54 MOSCOW . . . . . . . . .97/73 NASSAU . . . . . . . . . .90/81 PARIS . . . . . . . . . . . .80/63 ROME . . . . . . . . . . . .89/70 SAO PAULO . . . . . . .67/55 SEOUL . . . . . . . . . . .86/78 SINGAPORE . . . . . . .87/76 STOCKHOLM . . . . . . .71/58 SYDNEY . . . . . . . . . .67/49 TEHRAN . . . . . . . . . .95/76 TOKYO . . . . . . . . . . .86/79 ZURICH . . . . . . . . . . .76/60 0 0 Trees 10 Grasses 15 Weeds 0: Absent, 1-25: Low, 26-50: Moderate, 51-75: High, >75: Very High Air quality data is provided by the Forsyth County Environmental Affairs Department. BUSINESS --- Little relief seen in public sector jobs WASHINGTON (AP) � An injection of $26 billion in federal aid won likely � the most in a year.. The cuts stem from shrinking state income and tax revenue resulting from the recession. Total state revenue fell 11 percent from fiscal year 2008, when the recession began, to fiscal 2010, the National Association of State Budget Officers has estimated. FILE | AP People make their way past the McDonald's restaurant at Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco. McDonald's Corp. posted its biggest monthly increase of U.S. sales in two years on Monday. Cool drinks heat up McDonald's sales in July CHICAGO (AP) � �. BlackBerrys will stay welcome in Bahrain DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) � Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates." | http://issuu.com/hpenterprise/docs/hpe08102010 | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 36,751 | 75.4 |
Thanks to Intel, I just got a 20X speed-up in Python that I can turn on and off with a single command. And this wasn’t even in ideal conditions. but in a virtual environment: openSUSE Linux (Tumbleweed) running on a VBox on my quad-core iMac. What I did can be done on Windows, Linux, or OS X. Intel doesn’t list openSUSE on their list of tested Linux configurations (SUSE Enterprise is on the list), but it worked perfectly for me.
Here’s how I did it:
1. Download the Anaconda command-line installer from.
2. Install it (per their web page): % bash Anaconda2-4.3.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
3. Install Intel’s acceleration, as a separate “environment” that I can turn on and off: % conda config --add channels intel % conda create --name intelpy intelpython2_full python=2
4. Run my sample program and see speed-up of 15X to 20X on my openSUSE VBox setup. % source deactivate intelpy
% python < myprog.py
np.sin
102400 10000 36.1987440586
np.cos
102400 10000 36.1938228607
np.tan
102400 10000 51.487637043
% source activate intelpy
% python < myprog.py
np.sin
102400 10000 1.76131296158
np.cos
102400 10000 1.83870100975
np.tan
102400 10000 3.38778400421
That’s all! The speed-ups are 20.6X, 19.7X, and 15.2X in this quick test running on a virtual machine.
Here’s my little Python program:
% cat myprog.py
import numpy as np
import time
N = 102400
x = np.linspace(0.0123, 4567.89, N)
def mine(x,Z,func,name):
print name;
start = time.time()
for z in range ( 0, Z ) :
y = func(x);
end = time.time()
print N, Z, end - start
return
mine(x,10000,np.sin,'np.sin')
mine(x,10000,np.cos,'np.cos')
mine(x,10000,np.tan,'np.tan')
The program is something I threw together quickly to check out Intel’s claims to have accelerated transcendental expressions in NumPy. Cosine, sine, and tangent were the transcendentals I could remember from my TI calculator days, so I tried them. I decided to do a little more than a billion of each by running a function on more than 100,000 numbers and repeating that 10,000 times. (A good test for speed-up even if not a particularly interesting program.)
Accelerated Python at will
I previously wrote about how “accelerated Python” has made Python worth another look for big data and high-performance computing applications. In addition to the news that accelerated Python is even faster, I’ve shown above how easy it is to use Conda to turn the acceleration ON and OFF. This is very cool, and helps make the decision to install even safer – because it remains optional. (Note: Anaconda is a collection of many packages for Python, and Conda is a package manager. I use them both and like them a lot.)
I used “conda create” to create an environment that I called intelpy. Then, I could activate and deactive it with “source activate intelpy” and “source deactivate intelpy.”
The substantial new acceleration capabilities that have been released by Intel make an even more convincing case for accelerated Python.
It’s important to note that accelerated Python is simply using a faster set of Python libraries, and requires no changes to our code. Of course, our Python code has to be using something that is accelerated in order to benefit from this.
Intel gets this acceleration by focusing on three things:
- Taking advantage of multicore
- Taking advantage of vector (also called SIMD) instructions such as SSE, AVX, AVX2, and AVX-512
- Using advanced algorithms in the Intel® Math Kernel Library (Intel® MKL)
All three of these happen in programs that operate on vectors or matrices. We shouldn’t expect big speed-ups for an occasional standalone cosine. Nor should we expect as much speed-up on a single core as on multicore. Of course, Intel’s 72-core processor, the Intel® Xeon Phi™ processor, will lead many benchmarks when lots of cores can help. In my case, my virtual machine was set up to use only four cores on my i5-based iMac.
My quick FFT program gets 8X on my four-core Virtual Machine
I also gave Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) a try. Using the same setup as with my original program, I simply ran my FFT program as follows:
% source deactivate intelpy
% python < myfftprog.py
fft
5000 2.22796392441
fft
7000 8.74916005135
% source activate intelpy
% python < myfftprog.py
fft
5000 0.277629137039
fft
7000 1.11230897903
The speed-ups are 8.0X and 7.9X, again running openSUSE using four cores on a VBox on my iMac. Here’s my quick FFT program:
% cat myfftprog.py
import numpy as np
import numpy.random as rn
import time
def trythis(Z):
mat = rn.rand(Z,Z) + 1j * rn.randn(Z,Z)
print 'fft'
start = time.time()
# 2D transform on a complex-valued matrix:
result = np.fft.fft2(mat)
end = time.time()
print Z, end - start
return
trythis(5000);
trythis(7000);
Newly accelerated
Back to the new accelerations. Here’s a run-down on what is newly accelerated in the latest “update 2” from Intel:
Optimized arithmetic and transcendental expressions in NumPy
The transcendentals include the cosine, sine, and tangent that I took for a spin in my quick example program. The key to these optimizations are changes in NumPy that allow primitives (which do operations on ndarray data) to selectively use the capabilities of the Intel MKL Short Vector Math Library (SVML) and the Intel MKL Vector Math Library (VML). This lets Python use the latest vector capabilities of processors, including multicore optimizations and AVX/AVX2/AVX-512. The Intel team says they’ve seen the performance of NumPy Arithmetic and transcendental operations on vector-vector and vector-scalar accelerated up to 400x on Intel Xeon Phi processors.
Optimized Fast Fourier Transforms in NumPy and SciPy FFT
The key to these optimizations is the Intel MKL, with its native optimizations for FFT as needed by a range of NumPy and SciPy functions. The optimizations include real and complex data types, both single and double precision, for one-dimensional and multidimensional data, in place and out of place. The Intel team says they’ve seen performance improve up to 60x from this update, which now lets Python performance rival that of a native C/C++ program using Intel MKL directly.
Optimized memory management
Python is a dynamic language and it manages memory for the user. Performance of Python applications depend a great deal on the performance of memory operations, including allocation, de-allocation, copy, and move. The accelerated Python from Intel now ensures best alignment when NumPy allocates arrays, so that NumPy and SciPy compute functions can benefit from respective aligned versions of SIMD memory access instructions. Intel says the biggest gains come from optimizations to memory copy and move operations.
Faster – and easy to turn on and off with Conda
The latest accelerated Python from the Anaconda Intel Channel (or Intel direct) delivers significant performance optimizations for Python programs without requiring code changes. And it’s all very easy to download and install.
And I really love how Conda lets me turn it on and off. That’s great for comparisons, and for peace of mind in case I’m hesitant to completely switch to these super-fast math functions from Intel.
Learning more
To dive in deeper, here are some links:
- More detailed instructions on how to install Intel's accelerated Python with Anaconda
- Official Intel blog about Update 2 of their "accelerated Python"
Get the Intel® Distribution for Python* Now - Free Download | https://www.infoworld.com/article/3187484/how-does-a-20x-speed-up-in-python-grab-you.html | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 1,276 | 65.32 |
A document object model is an object model for documents. This provides a platform- and language-independent model for the programmatic control of information (data) presented as a document. As an object model, this manipulation is performed by invoking methods on objects, rather than by directly accessing the data contained within those objects.
The World Wide Web Consortium has defined two levels of model: DOM1 and DOM2. DOM2 supercedes DOM1. These object models apply to any data contained in valid HTML or well-formed XML documents. As XML is used to mark up just about any kind of data, the W3C Document Object Model has a very broad application.
A list of DOM1-compliant applications is here.
A list of DOM2-compliant applications is here.
The W3C's Document Object Model Level 2 (DOM2) splits the object model up into a number of discrete components. A DOMImplementation's "hasFeature" method can be queried to determine which features (components) are available from the following list (at version 2.0):
DOM2 is "namespace-aware". XML namespaces are defined in.
An XML namespace definition allows an application to define entity names that will not clash with entity names defined elsewhere through the use of namespaces. The application defines a namespace that is globally unique and then defines entity names within that namespace. A namespace is defined by a namespace URI. e.g.
xmlns:xsl=""
A qualified name consists of a namespace prefix, a colon and a local part. For example, "xsl:import" - "xsl" is the namespace prefix and "import" is the local part.
DOM2 does not require application be "namespace-aware". However, mixing use of namespace-extended methods with namespace-naive methods is not recommended (and could cause chaos and grief).
Nodes can be identified by their qualified name or their node name.
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Need help? accounthelp@everything2.com | http://everything2.com/title/document+object+model | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 316 | 57.67 |
Create a logging context
#include <qh/log.h>
int qh_log_context_create(const char *name, qh_log_context_t **context)
The qh_log_context_create() function creates a logging context with a given name for use with the QNX helpers logging interface. The context name is used as a prefix when the context is used for logging and to match the context when it is specified by name in the API.
Normally, applications and libraries do not call this function directly. Instead, they use the QH_LOG_DEFAULT_CONTEXT_INIT() macro and define QH_LOG_USER_CONTEXT_NAME to hold the context name. For more information, see Setting up QNX helpers logging.
Although it is suboptimal, calling this function more than once with the same context pointer is allowed, but if a context at that address exists already, the name in the second call is ignored.
EOK on success or a standard errno on failure. | https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/com.qnx.doc.qh/topic/qh_log_context_create.html | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 139 | 54.22 |
> [Tim] > > This raises a question: what should crc32 and adler32 return? > > ... > > binascii.crc32() always-- even on 64-bit boxes --returns a value in > > range(-2**31, 2**31). > > ... > > I don't know what the other guys return (zlib.crc32(), > > zlib.adler32(), ...?). > > > > It would sure be nice if they returned values in range(0, > > 2**32) instead. A difficulty with changing this stuff is that > > checksums seem frequently to be read and written via the struct > > module, with format code "l", and e.g. > > > > >>> struct.pack("!l", 1L << 31) > > Traceback (most recent call last): > > File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? > > OverflowError: long int too large to convert to int > [Guido] > > Such programs will have to be changed to use format code "L" instead. [Tim] > I'm not following this. At least binascii.crc32() always produces a 32-bit > signed int now, so there's no *need* to use "L" now. Are you saying that > binascii.crc32() should be changed to return a non-negative value always? > Also the other xyz.abc32() functions? Um, I thought *you* were proposing that! What else did you mean by "It would sure be nice if they returned values in range(0, 2**32) instead" ? > > Or perhaps "l" should be allowed to accept longs in > > range(-2**31, 2**32) ? > > Well, unpacking a packed value wouldn't always return the value you > started with then (pack 2**31 via "l", then unpack it via "l" and > you get back -2**31), so it's not very attractive. If you dump a > checksum via pack, then unpack it later, you really want to get back > the same value, not just "the same bits after some fiddling". Yeah, you can't win. :-( --Guido van Rossum (home page:) | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2002-August/027669.html | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 288 | 83.76 |
In this post, I will explain you how can we show Loading message in asp.net ajax without using Update Progress. Now some one may asked, why do I want to skip Update Progress ?
Well, there can be several reasons for this, fist of all you have to work on every single page, and on every update panel to get the update progress working.
There are basically three methods of meeting this requirement.
Before I start with exploring the different approaches let me first create a ground by showing what things will be involve in creating a loading message.
I want the background to be grayed and displayed a simple loading text at the top, for that we need a style sheet, which will apply to the loading message div. Create a stylesheet and call it style.css
.ModalProgressContainer
{
z-index: 10005;
position: fixed;
cursor: wait;
top:0%;
background-color: #ffffff;
filter: alpha(opacity=50);
opacity: 0.5;
-moz-opacity: .5;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
}
.ModalProgressContent
padding: 10px;
border: solid 0px #000040;
font-weight: bold;
background-color:#ffffff;
margin-top:300px;
}
Now lets read and understand the following script.
var prm = Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance();
prm.add_initializeRequest(InitializeRequest);
prm.add_endRequest(EndRequest);
// ----------------------------- //
// the below script will be saved in JS File, create a JS file and call it ajaxload.js and save the following script
function InitializeRequest(sender, args) {
if (document.getElementById('ProgressDiv') != null)
$get('ProgressDiv').style.display = 'block';
else
createContorl();
}
function EndRequest(sender, args) {
$get('ProgressDiv').style.display = 'none';
function createContorl() {
var parentDiv = document.createElement("div");
parentDiv.setAttribute("class", "ModalProgressContainer");
parentDiv.setAttribute("Id", "ProgressDiv");
var innerContent = document.createElement("div");
innerContent.setAttribute("class", "ModalProgressContent");
var img = document.createElement("img");
img.setAttribute("src", "/Images/Images/Loading.gif");
var textDiv = document.createElement("div");
textDiv.innerHTML = 'Loading....';
innerContent.appendChild(img);
innerContent.appendChild(textDiv);
parentDiv.appendChild(innerContent);
document.body.appendChild(parentDiv);
Notice,in the first three lines. We are getting the instance of PageRequestManager and then defining InitilizeRequest and EndRequest functions to display or hide the loading div. Where as, in createControl function we are simply writing DHTML, to be more specific there is no HTML of the loading div in our markup. So, we are writing that from JavaScript.
Also, note the that I have break down this script into two part by using comments. First is the declaration and second is definition of the functions.
note: The definition will take place on a seperate JS file where as the declaration need to be made in the page, under body markup. Now we are all set to explore different approaches.
A very simple approach, all you need to do is open your master page and paste the following lines in the head section.
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="ajaxload.js"></script>
And in body, after form tag create a script section and paste the following JavaScript.
prm.add_endRequest(EndRequest);
Notice it is the same declaration section which we have discussed above and that’s it you are done. All the content form of your web application should now display loading div on each partial postback.
For this, create a class file and call it ajaxPage and inherit it from System.Web.UI.Page and write the following code.
public class ajaxPage : Page
protected override void OnLoad(EventArgs e)
{
//Include CSS File
Page.Header.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<link href='style.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />"));
//Include JS file on the page
ClientScript.RegisterClientScriptInclude("ajaxload", ResolveUrl("~/ajaxload.js"));
//Writing declaration script
String script = "var prm = Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance();";
script += "prm.add_initializeRequest(InitializeRequest);";
script += "prm.add_endRequest(EndRequest);";
ClientScript.RegisterStartupScript(typeof(string), "body", script, true);
base.OnLoad(e);
}
Well, we have simply extend the System.Web.UI.Page into our own class and override OnLoad function to include the JS file and write the declaration markup.
Now, on the page code behind where you want to implement Loading message change the inherit namespace from System.Web.UI.Page to ajaxPage (make sure you namespace).
Now instead of extending page class we will extend Script Manager control and for that create a new class file and call it ScrtipManagerExt and write the following code.
public class ScriptManagerExt : ScriptManager
{
protected override void OnLoad(EventArgs e)
//Include CSS File
Page.Header.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<link href='style.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />"));
RegisterClientScriptInclude(this, typeof(Page), "ajaload", ResolveClientUrl("~/ajaxload.js"));
String script = "var prm = Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance();";
script += "prm.add_initializeRequest(InitializeRequest);";
script += "prm.add_endRequest(EndRequest);";
RegisterStartupScript(this, typeof(Page), "ajaxtest", script, true);
base.OnLoad(e);
}
Almost the same thing we did in extend page approach, only the implementation will be change. Instead of using the old Script Manager we will use our new one. the include directive and markup will look like as below.
<%@ Register Assembly="AssmblyName" Namespace="NameSpace" TagPrefix="cc1" %>
<cc1:ScriptManagerExt
</cc1:ScriptManagerExt>
That’s it we are done. I tried to make it simpler and show you every possible way I know of doing this task. Again, any approach selection will be on you and your project type. You can also download the VS 2008 project file.
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This article is excellent.
Thank you very much for sharing.
Thank you.
Works fine in firefox but the image is shown at the bottom ie and this statement in endRequest is always null so it creates a second image . if (document.getElementById('ProgressDiv') != null)
hi,
looks gr8. I wanted to know if it works for initial page load event as well.
i have a heavy TSQL query which takes 1 - 2 mins to get back the data. I want a loading div to be shown at the start of page load.
I tried the Master-Content approach, but that didn't work. I guess this solution is only for a postback event.
Any pointer in this direction would be appreciated.
thanks.
How come you use getElementById instead of $get() routine? | http://weblogs.asp.net/aghausman/archive/2009/07/20/show-loading-message-in-asp-net-ajax.aspx | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | refinedweb | 1,021 | 51.44 |
#include <coherence/util/AbstractConcurrentQueue.hpp>
Inherits Object, and Queue.
Inherited by DualQueue.
List of all members.
Note: The ConcurrentQueue does not support null entries.
The FlushState values are used to indicate the state of the Queue with regards to flushing:.
Return whether a flush is pending or not.
Return the batch size of the queue.
Return the ElementCounter for this queue.
Return the object used for notifications on this queue.
Wait for the queue to contain at least one entry.
Note: By the time the method returns the entry may have already been removed by another thread.
Return the total number of times the queue has been emptied.
Return the total number of times the queue has been flushed.
Check whether or not the flush (notify) is necessary.
This method is always called when a new item is added to the queue.
Flush the queue.
Return the FlushState counter for this queue.
The AtomicLong used to maintain the FlushState.
See getFlushState() and setFlushState() helper methods. | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24290_01/coh.371/e22845/classcoherence_1_1util_1_1_abstract_concurrent_queue.html | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 165 | 71.31 |
CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
I've looked through the documentation and cannot find the following information: what version of ASP.NET, .NET and SQL Server does versions 2.6 and 2.7 use?
Reason I ask is because I recently updated my workstation via WPI with MVC4, IIS Express 8.0, etc., and it broke my install with three errors relating to Razor pages:
In VS for intellisense: the type 'RazorHelpers' exists in both 'App_Code' and BlogEngine.Web.dll
Compile error:
Error 29 The type 'RazorHelpers' exists in both 'c:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\nordic\02589ae4\590415b1\assembly\dl3\0a6cb083\fb2390cc_dbdccd01\BlogEngine.Web.DLL' and 'c:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary
ASP.NET Files\nordic\02589ae4\590415b1\App_Code.0buesj04.dll' C:\inetpub\wwwroot\Nordic\themes\RazorHost\WidgetContainer.ascx 25
BE uses .net 4.0, but this error related to dynamic compilation and not framework version. You can safely delete all in the "Temporary ASP.NET Files" directory and it will be re-generated.
Here is similar issue with another solution.
I set the batch compilation attribute to false and emptied all of the the temp folders, neither of which solved the problem... but the error messages are slightly different:
Error 27 The type 'RazorHelpers' exists in both 'C:\inetpub\wwwroot\...\Bin\BlogEngine.Web.dll' and 'App_Code' c:\inetpub\wwwroot\...\themes\RazorHost\CommentView.ascx 25
UPDATE 01-12-2013
I deleted the BlogEngine.Web.dll and pdb from bin folder and got two errors:
Error 1 The type or namespace name 'App_Code' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) C:\inetpub\wwwroot\Nordic\Global.asax 5
Error 2 The name 'WidgetZone' does not exist in the current context c:\inetpub\wwwroot\Nordic\Global.asax 101 17
I had to switch from the WAP version to the Web Site version to get around this. I don't understand why we have Razor in a WAP project?
Are you sure you want to delete this post? You will not be able to recover it later.
Are you sure you want to delete this thread? You will not be able to recover it later. | https://blogengine.codeplex.com/discussions/429224 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 369 | 50.73 |
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C# Peek through door
Timothy Sharp posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI need help on a script. I am recreating a scene from A Hat In Time where Hat Girl goes into Queen Vanessa's manor. She has to collect keys and avoid Queen Vanessa. How would I script the door where you can open it and peek through it without actually going out the door? Any help is appreciated. Thanks!EDIT: Not peeking throught the keyhole, just poke your head out the door
Simple Json Lib.
DevAgit posted a blog entry in DevAgitI went looking for Json. But there wasn't a simple Json. I just wanted to change Class to Json and change Class back to Json. So I made it myself. zJson /* code by eekdro@gmail.com */ /* zJson is a simple Json library */ /* Just Class to Json, Json to Class, Haven't Depth*/ using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Reflection; using System.Text; namespace AliceUtil { /// <summary> /// Json to Class , Class to Json 을 지원하는 Class /// </summary> public class zJson { public static string MakeJson<T>(List<T> jsonClassList, string FileName ) where T : new() { string Result = MakeJson(jsonClassList); zUt.SaveTextFile(FileName, Result); return Result; } /// <summary> /// List를 Json으로 만들어준다. /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam> /// <param name="jsonClassList"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static string MakeJson<T>(List<T> jsonClassList) where T : new() { string ResultStr = "{\n"; Type ClassType = typeof(T); ResultStr += "\t\"" + ClassType.Name + "\":["; foreach (T jsonClass in jsonClassList) { string JsonStr = MakeJson(jsonClass).Replace("\t", "\t\t"); ResultStr += "\t" + JsonStr.Insert(JsonStr.Length - 1, "\t") + ",\n"; } if (ResultStr[ResultStr.Length - 2] == ',') ResultStr = ResultStr.Substring(0, ResultStr.Length - 2); ResultStr += "\t]\n}"; return ResultStr; } public static string MakeJson<T>(T jsonClass, string FileName) where T : new() { string Result = MakeJson(jsonClass); zUt.SaveTextFile(FileName, Result); return Result; } public static string MakeJson<T>(T jsonClass) where T : new() { string ResultStr = "{\n"; Type ClassType = typeof(T); FieldInfo[] fields = ClassType.GetFields(); PropertyInfo[] Pinfo = ClassType.GetProperties(); foreach (FieldInfo f in fields) { if (f.FieldType == typeof(string)) { string value = f.GetValue(jsonClass) == null ? "" : f.GetValue(jsonClass).ToString(); ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":\"" + value + "\",\n"; } else if (f.FieldType == typeof(DateTime)) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + ((DateTime)f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Ticks.ToString() + ",\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(int) || f.FieldType == typeof(long) || f.FieldType == typeof(float) || f.FieldType == typeof(double) || f.FieldType == typeof(bool)) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + f.GetValue(jsonClass).ToString() + ",\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(int[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((int[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()) + "],\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(long[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((long[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()) + "],\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(double[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((double[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()) + "],\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(float[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((float[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()) + "],\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(bool[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((bool[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()) + "],\n"; else if (f.FieldType == typeof(string[])) ResultStr += "\t\"" + f.Name + "\":" + "[" + string.Join(",", ((string[])f.GetValue(jsonClass)).Select(x => "\"" + x + "\"").ToArray()) + "],\n"; } if (ResultStr[ResultStr.Length - 2] == ',') ResultStr = ResultStr.Substring(0, ResultStr.Length - 2); return ResultStr + "\n}"; } static string GetTokenString(string Source, string StartStr, string EndStr) { int Openidx = Source.IndexOf(StartStr); int Closeidx = 0; while (true) { Openidx = Source.IndexOf(StartStr, Openidx + 1); Closeidx = Source.IndexOf(EndStr, Closeidx + 1); if (Closeidx == -1) return ""; // 여기로 온다는 것은 정상적인 Json . if (Openidx == -1 || Openidx > Closeidx) break; } return Source.Substring(1, Closeidx - 1); } public static List<T> PaserListFromFile<T>(string jsonFilename) where T : new() { return PaserList<T>(zUt.LoadTextFile(jsonFilename)); } public static List<T> PaserList<T>(string jsonStr) where T : new() { List<T> ResultList = new List<T>(); int idx = jsonStr.IndexOf("\"" + typeof(T).Name + "\""); if (idx == -1) return ResultList; jsonStr = jsonStr.Substring(idx); idx = jsonStr.IndexOf("["); if (idx == -1) return ResultList; jsonStr = jsonStr.Substring(idx).Trim().Replace("\t", "").Replace("\n", ""); ; jsonStr = GetTokenString(jsonStr, "[", "]"); while (true) { if (jsonStr.Trim() == "") break; string ItemStr = GetTokenString(jsonStr, "{", "}"); if (ItemStr == "") break; ResultList.Add(Paser<T>(ItemStr)); jsonStr = jsonStr.Substring(ItemStr.Length + 2); } Console.WriteLine(jsonStr); return ResultList; } public static T PaserFromFile<T>(string jsonFilename) where T : new() { return Paser<T>(zUt.LoadTextFile(jsonFilename)); } public static T Paser<T>(string jsonStr) where T : new() { T nJsonClass = new T(); Type ClassType = typeof(T); FieldInfo[] fields = ClassType.GetFields(); PropertyInfo[] Pinfo = ClassType.GetProperties(); foreach (FieldInfo f in fields) { int idx = jsonStr.IndexOf("\"" + f.Name + "\""); if (idx == -1) continue; string rs = jsonStr.Substring(idx + ("\"" + f.Name + "\"").Length).Trim().Replace("\t", "").Replace("\n", ""); if (rs[0] != ':') continue; if (f.FieldType == typeof(string)) { int ix = rs.IndexOf("\""); int chix = rs.IndexOf(","); if (chix != -1 && chix > ix && ix != -1) { rs = rs.Substring(rs.IndexOf("\"") + 1); string value = rs.Substring(0, rs.IndexOf("\"")); f.SetValue(nJsonClass, value); } else f.SetValue(nJsonClass, null); } else if (f.FieldType == typeof(int[]) || f.FieldType == typeof(string[])) { int ps = rs.IndexOf("[") + 1; rs = rs.Substring(ps, rs.IndexOf("]") - ps).Trim(); if (rs == "") continue; string[] datas = rs.Split(','); if (f.FieldType == typeof(int[])) { var temp = new int[datas.Length]; for (int n = 0; n < datas.Length; n++) temp[n] = int.Parse(datas[n].Trim()); f.SetValue(nJsonClass, temp); } else if (f.FieldType == typeof(string[])) { var temp = new string[datas.Length]; for (int n = 0; n < datas.Length; n++) temp[n] = datas[n].Trim().Substring(1, datas[n].Trim().Length - 2); f.SetValue(nJsonClass, temp); } } else { // 마지막이 , } ] 중 가까운 문자위치가 마지막이라고 판단해야된다. int[] EndPos = { rs.IndexOf(","), rs.IndexOf("}"), rs.IndexOf("]") }; int ps = 99; foreach (int ix in EndPos) if (ix != -1 && ix < ps) ps = ix; if (ps == -1 || ps == 99) continue; string value = rs.Substring(1, ps - 1).Trim(); if (f.FieldType == typeof(int)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, int.Parse(value)); else if (f.FieldType == typeof(DateTime)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, new DateTime(long.Parse(value))); else if (f.FieldType == typeof(double)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, double.Parse(value)); else if (f.FieldType == typeof(float)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, float.Parse(value)); else if (f.FieldType == typeof(long)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, long.Parse(value)); else if (f.FieldType == typeof(bool)) f.SetValue(nJsonClass, bool.Parse(value)); } } return nJsonClass; } } } for coffee 0x4C668AeBB9Facd8ecE8764AaAC48B7186130C411 약간 이해가 안되는 Datetime 을 Tick로 보관한다. 이유는 단순하다. 다국적 처리를 할때 Datetime를 String로 바꾸면 문제가 생. If there is something special code, I use Tick to keep Datetime. The reason is simple. Because changing Datetime to String can cause problem when dealing with multinational process. Test Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using AliceUtil; namespace JsonTest { class Person { public bool ok; public int Id; public string Name; public DateTime Ddate; public int[] intArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }; public string[] strArray = { "1", "2", "3", "4" }; } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { List<Person> tbPerson = new List<Person>(); for (int n = 0; n < 3; n++) { tbPerson.Add( zJson.Paser<Person>(("{'Id' : " + n + ", 'Name' : 'Alex', 'ok':true}").Replace("'", "\"")) ); } string result = zJson.MakeJson<Person>(tbPerson); Console.WriteLine(result); Console.WriteLine("---------------"); List<Person> PList = zJson.PaserList<Person>(result); foreach( Person ps in PList) { Console.WriteLine(zJson.MakeJson(ps)); } } } }
C# Managing Item Decay In Turn Based Survival
3dmodelerguy posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingSo I am building a survival / roguelike? (not sure of the "real" definition of that but the game has perma-death, randomly / procedurally generated worlds, etc.) and I am starting to prototype item decay. Let me example how the turn based system is currently simulated as that is probably important for this discussion. The way the turn based simulation works is there is a singleton GameActionManager object that keeps track of the action units that have pasted since the being of the game. 1 action unit = 1 second in the game and generally this is progressed from the the player performing an action. When the player does anything that has an action unit cost associated with it, it calls a method on the GameActionManager to increase the current action units. The other things the GameActionManager exposes are methods to register / unregister "event listeners" (currently using delegates). When the GameActionManager increases the action units, it notifies all of these listeners so the can perform the right action (like a burning tile decreasing the health of the structure that is burning, an enemy can move toward or attack something, etc.). I am also only simulating a small portion of the world at a given time since well, the world eventually will be huge and well computers can only do so much. My current goal for the simulated area is 120 x 80 tiles (with is a total of 9600 tiles). So as the player moves, game entities (enemies, structures, items, etc.) come in and out of the simulation area (and register / unregister with the GameActionManager). With this size in mind, none of the things that currently attach listeners to the GameActionManager has the chance of getting big enough to have me think that I really need to think about an alternative solution for when it becomes an issue because I don't see it becoming an issue any time soon (at least at the current stage of development). Items however is a different story. The game is going to have a ton of different items and 1 or more items can be on any tile. If each tile averaged 2.5 items (which I will grant you seem ridiculous but I always think crazy extremes when it comes to this kind of thing), that would be close for 25000 items that would possible have to manage decay. So instead of having each item attach a "listener", since the action for managing decay is going to be exactly the same thing for each item (just a method call), I figured having 1 listener that knows about all the items would be better. The general approach that I am taking for this first prototype is to have a singleton manager class (lets call it ItemDecayManager). Any time a item that has decay come into the simulated area, it would register itself with the manager and when it leaves the simulated area, it would unregister itself (which would just add and remove itself from a private List the manager is maintaining). Any time the action units are increased, the ItemDecayManager's listener on the would fire and just loop through the List of registered item and just perform the required function call. I have done some crude benchmarking and it currently can handle 100000 items at which point it starts to have a little effect on the FPS (but still around 80) even when moving about 15 times per second (and each move causes an action unit increase). Also bear in mind these numbers of from running the game in the Unity editor which has a bit of extra overhead that running the real game build not not have. While I am going to run with this solution for now I want to throw out this idea and get any kind of feedback i can because I imagine when more is happen as the action units increase (and even imagining the process for managing decay become more even just slight more complex than the current simple calculation), this solution might not hold up and I would like to have so ideas ready for the situations. I also think of anything that is going to be simulation, this is going to be the first things to have issues from the shear number of items that could be in the simulation area. Thanks in advance for any and all comments.
[Rev-share]Unity Engine Programmer
INTwindwolf posted a topic in Hobby Project ClassifiedsCOMPANY.. Facebook Twitter UNITY: 15 hours of availability each week. Proficient experience using the Unity Game Engine. Proficient experience in implementing assets into the Unity Game Engine. REVENUE - SHARE This is the perfect opportunity to get into the game development industry. We have the majority of our art assets completed and are marching towards our crowd-funding campaign, currently planned for mid 2018.. We look forward to hearing from you! John Shen HR Lead Starboard Games LLC
Simple advice for a beginner game-developer
Monualen posted a topic in For BeginnersHi! As many beginners here, I want to ask a little bit subjective question. But first of all, I will share my story with you. I used Java for something like 2 years now, I consider myself quite a proficient Java programmer. I've created a chess game using pure Java (probably the worst quality of code I've ever written tbh). Now, I'm looking to develop myself further. I've read a lot of articles about it, even asked a few questions by myself. But now, I'm even more confused than I was at the beginning. From many tips I got, I thought the best way for further development would be learning C++, then using SFML library (or something similar) for some time, and then at last learning C#/staying with C++ by using an engine like Unity or Unreal - I'm quite unsure with the choice in last step, but that's not the point now. Currently, I'm learning C++. Honestly, I'm not feeling this language as much, as I feel Java (doing the same simple tasks in Java take me much less time than in C++). More honestly, I would abandon it and go straight to C#. Is it worth to lose my nerves for C++ these times? I'm aiming for professional career in future (so in about 5-6 years I guess). I know, that the best way of learning to make games is to make games etc, the language doesn't matter etc, you don't have to explain me this subject. Summarizing what I am actually up to, I want to know, if learning C++ is still a better idea than learning C# for game-dev nowadays? I don't want to feel stupid in your eyes. I'm just feeling really confused and lost in tons of people own opinions and tips, that I had to ask more experienced developers. Thanks for your answer and sorry for actually wasting your time reading all of this.
Vector3 How does it move?
curator785 posted a topic in For Beginnersif (!_ReachedDestination) { // I'm not sure why you need to subtract the TranslationVector from the Waypoint which is the point you need to go to in world space? var Direction = _Waypoint - Unit.Transform.WorldMatrix.TranslationVector; // I'm not sure why you would divide the length here for the direction? // Get distance towards next point and normalize the direction at the same time var LengthToDestination = Direction.Length(); Direction /= LengthToDestination; // Check when to advance to the next waypoint bool WaypointAdvance = false; // Check to see if an intermediate point was passed by projecting the position along the path if (_PathToDestination.Count > 0 && _WaypointIndex > 0 && _WaypointIndex != _PathToDestination.Count - 1) { Vector3 PointNormal = _Waypoint - _PathToDestination[_WaypointIndex - 1]; PointNormal.Normalize(); // I think the Unit part is where the unit is in world space so we are doing a dot method to find the distance from our waypoint? float Current = Vector3.Dot(Unit.Transform.WorldMatrix.TranslationVector, PointNormal); float Target = Vector3.Dot(_Waypoint, PointNormal); // If we are at our waypoint or passed it advance to the next waypoint? if (Current > Target) { WaypointAdvance = true; } } else { // Check distance to final point if (LengthToDestination < _DestinationThreshold) { WaypointAdvance = true; } } // Advance waypoint? if (WaypointAdvance) { _WaypointIndex++; if (_ReachedDestination) { // Final waypoint reached Stop(_ListUnit); return; } } // Calculate speed based on distance from final destination // Slows the unit down or speeds it up...? based on how far away from the end point it is? float moveSpeed = (_MoveDestination - Unit.Transform.WorldMatrix.TranslationVector).Length() * _DestinationSlowdown; if (moveSpeed > 1.0f) { moveSpeed = 1.0f; } // Slow down around corners // I know this puts an arc in the path but i dont understand why you would want that for a straight line on my 3d plane it still arcs a bit to its destination // I need to figure otu how to make it go straight if there are no corners float cornerSpeedMultiply = Math.Max(0.0f, Vector3.Dot(Direction, _MoveDirection)) * _CornerSlowdown + (1.0f - _CornerSlowdown); // Allow a very simple inertia to the character to make animation transitions more fluid // Adds everything up to try to provide a direction on the update game loop _MoveDirection = _MoveDirection * 0.85f + Direction * moveSpeed * cornerSpeedMultiply * 0.15f; // Using the default character component to do the moving _CharacterComponent.SetVelocity(_MoveDirection * _Speed); // Make the unit face the direction its traveling but at the end when it gets to its end point rotates back to the -z axis... not sure why it reverts to facing that way instead of just facing the way it was going if (_MoveDirection.Length() > 0.001) { _YawOrientation = MathUtil.RadiansToDegrees((float)Math.Atan2(-_MoveDirection.Z, _MoveDirection.X) + MathUtil.PiOverTwo); } Unit.Transform.Rotation = Quaternion.RotationYawPitchRoll(MathUtil.DegreesToRadians(_YawOrientation), 0, 0); } else { Stop(_ListUnit); } } Below is some code I pulled from our current project. I'm trying to figure out how in the world it works. Can someone take a look at my comments and tell me if its right or shine some light on the question I commented out?
DX11 Exception when creating a 2D render target
GalacticCrew posted a topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingA new player of my game reported an issue. When he starts the game, it immediately crashes, before he even can see the main menu. He sent me a log file of my game and it turns out that the game crashes, when my game creates a 2D render target. Here is the full "Interface not supported" error message: HRESULT: [0x80004002], Module: [General], ApiCode: [E_NOINTERFACE/No such interface supported], Message: Schnittstelle nicht unterstützt bei SharpDX.Result.CheckError() bei SharpDX.Direct2D1.Factory.CreateDxgiSurfaceRenderTarget(Surface dxgiSurface, RenderTargetProperties& renderTargetProperties, RenderTarget renderTarget) bei SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTarget..ctor(Factory factory, Surface dxgiSurface, RenderTargetProperties properties) bei Game.AGame.Initialize() Because of the log file's content, I know exactly where the game crashes: Factory2D = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.Factory(); _surface = backBuffer.QueryInterface<SharpDX.DXGI.Surface>(); // It crashes when calling this line! RenderTarget2D = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTarget(Factory2D, _surface, new SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTargetProperties(new SharpDX.Direct2D1.PixelFormat(_dxgiFormat, SharpDX.Direct2D1.AlphaMode.Premultiplied))); RenderTarget2D.AntialiasMode = SharpDX.Direct2D1.AntialiasMode.Aliased; I did some research on this error message and all similar problems I found were around six to seven years old, when people tried to work with DirectX 11 3D graphics and Dirext 10.1 2D graphics. However, I am using DirectX 11 for all visual stuff. The game runs very well on the computers of all other 2500 players. So I am trying to figure out, why the source code crashes on this player's computer. He used Windows 7 with all Windows Updates, 17179 MB memory and a NVIDIA GeForce GTX 870M graphics card. This is more than enough to run my game. Below, you can see the code I use for creating the 3D device and the swap chain. I made sure to use BGRA-Support when creating the device, because it is required when using Direct2D in a 3D game in DirectX 11. The same DXGI format is used in creating 2D and 3D content. The refresh rate is read from the used adapter. // Set swap chain flags, DXGI format and default refresh rate. _swapChainFlags = SharpDX.DXGI.SwapChainFlags.None; _dxgiFormat = SharpDX.DXGI.Format.B8G8R8A8_UNorm; SharpDX.DXGI.Rational refreshRate = new SharpDX.DXGI.Rational(60, 1); // Get proper video adapter and create device and swap chain. using (var factory = new SharpDX.DXGI.Factory1()) { SharpDX.DXGI.Adapter adapter = GetAdapter(factory); if (adapter != null) { // Get refresh rate. refreshRate = GetRefreshRate(adapter, _dxgiFormat, refreshRate); // Create Device and SwapChain _device = new SharpDX.Direct3D11.Device(adapter, SharpDX.Direct3D11.DeviceCreationFlags.BgraSupport, new SharpDX.Direct3D.FeatureLevel[] { SharpDX.Direct3D.FeatureLevel.Level_10_1 }); _swapChain = new SharpDX.DXGI.SwapChain(factory, _device, GetSwapChainDescription(clientSize, outputHandle, refreshRate)); _deviceContext = _device.ImmediateContext; } }
C# Basic C# quiz
ChaosEngine posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI've been interviewing a few job candidates recently. I wrote a short list of what I could consider pretty basic C# questions for them. My intention with these questions was to use them as a jumping off point for more interesting discussions, but so far, people have struggled to answer them. So I thought I'd post them here to get some feedback from people. Basically, am I expecting too much? These are pitched at mid-senior developer level. All feedback much appreciated. Technical Interview questions.pdf
C# Efficient way to manage a large amount of behaviours for a tile based game
3dmodelerguy posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingSo I am building a turn based rogue-like (think CDDA). The game is going to have a very large map (up to 1000's x 1000's) however to alleviate most of that I obviously can't render everything so there will just be render a certain radius around the player and just load in and out data as the player moves. The next major system I am prototyping is making interactive tiles destructible and pretty much everything will be destructible besides basic landscape (cars, doors, windows, structures, etc. will be destructible) While I am only rendering a certain amount of tiles around the player, I want to keep the amount of colliders active at one time to be as small as possible for performance and currently the tilemap tool I use automatically merges colliders together. So instead of creating a separate colliders for each of these tiles and having the destructible behavior tied to that object (which my tilemap tool would allow me to do) I was thinking that I would store an array of all the X and Y locations for the interactive tilemap layer and let the tilemap manage the colliders. Then when I hit a collider on the interactive tilemap layer, instead of of getting the behavior for how to deal with the destruction for that tile from that game object, I would pull it from the array I mentioned earlier based on the tile I attempt to interact with which I already have. Does this sound like a good approach? Any other recommendations would be welcomed.
C# Load COLLADA Weigts
B. / posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingHello Everyone, I write COLLADA Importer and my next goal was to import rigged Characters, so check up the file ,but don't understand one step. I see where the joints and the weigts are, but not where the file say which vertex has which weight. So maybe you guys can help me and explain it? <vertex_weights> has only the indices of the joints and weights Here's a part of my COLLADA file: <library_controllers> <controller id="pCube1Controller"> <skin source="#pCube1-lib"> <bind_shape_matrix>1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 </bind_shape_matrix> <source id="pCube1Controller-Joints"> <Name_array id="pCube1Controller-Joints-array" count="18"> Hip LegL FootL ToeL LegR FootR ToeR Belly ShoulderR ArmR HandR FingerR ShoulderL ArmL HandL FingerL Neck Head</Name_array> <technique_common> <accessor source="#pCube1Controller-Joints-array" count="18"> <param type="name"/> </accessor> </technique_common> </source> <source id="pCube1Controller-Matrices"> <float_array id="pCube1Controller-Matrices-array" count="288"> -0.941340 -0.337461 -0.000000 -0.139955 -0.337461 0.941340 -0.000000 0.371721 0.000000 -0.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.248803 -0.968554 -0.000000 -0.585359 -0.968554 0.248803 -0.000000 -0.201095 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.034984 -0.999388 -0.000000 -1.221391 -0.999388 0.034984 -0.000000 -0.474481 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.541746 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 1.913253 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.248802 0.968554 0.000000 0.585358 -0.968554 -0.248802 -0.000000 0.201094 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.034983 0.999388 0.000000 1.221387 -0.999388 -0.034983 -0.000000 0.474481 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 -0.000001 0.000000 -0.541746 -0.000001 -1.000000 -0.000000 -1.913249 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.043672 0.999046 0.000000 -0.000137 -0.999046 0.043672 -0.000000 0.003133 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.995861 0.090881 -0.000000 -0.021829 -0.090881 -0.995861 -0.000000 0.184414 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.987330 0.158679 -0.000000 0.470613 -0.158679 -0.987330 -0.000000 0.217060 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -1.000000 0.000001 -0.000000 1.419031 -0.000001 -1.000000 -0.000000 -0.008213 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.941340 0.337462 -0.000000 1.988030 -0.337462 -0.941340 -0.000000 0.703965 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.995861 -0.090881 -0.000000 0.028074 -0.090881 0.995861 0.000000 -0.183843 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.987330 -0.158678 -0.000000 -0.464421 -0.158678 0.987330 0.000000 -0.216064 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 -0.000000 -1.412754 -0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.008213 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -0.941340 -0.337462 -0.000000 -1.982131 -0.337462 0.941340 0.000000 -0.701850 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.043673 0.999046 0.000000 -0.483504 -0.999046 0.043673 -0.000000 -0.018032 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.043673 0.999046 0.000000 -0.963774 -0.999046 0.043673 -0.000000 -0.039026 -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000</float_array> <technique_common> <accessor source="#pCube1Controller-Matrices-array" count="18" stride="16"> <param type="float4x4"/> </accessor> </technique_common> </source> <source id="pCube1Controller-Weights"> <float_array id="pCube1Controller-Weights-array" count="534"> 1.000000.072569 0.448896 0.467547 0.008240 0.002747 0.072569 0.448896 0.467547 0.008240 0.002747 0.005633 0.494163 0.494079 0.005633 0.005633 0.494163 0.494079 0.005633 0.069536 0.447783 0.471519 0.008441 0.002721 0.069536 0.447783 0.471519 0.008441 0.002721 0.005428 0.496654 0.496927 0.005428 0.496654 0.496927 0.027277 0.465805 0.466166 0.034322 0.006429 0.032529 0.465155 0.458960 0.027694 0.015662 0.001002 0.524597 0.473182 0.002078 0.496491 0.498270 0.002770 0.015604 0.487493 0.476849 0.013049 0.007005 0.014109 0.482061 0.482639 0.018164 0.003027 0.086141 0.395004 0.392832 0.076562 0.049460 0.072924 0.408978 0.409117 0.086668 0.022313 0.025344 0.009121 0.470943 0.470334 0.024259 0.034082 0.007470 0.455706 0.456255 0.046487 0.007387 0.001314 0.489449 0.491035 0.010816 0.510801 0.489110 0.021297 0.004277 0.471874 0.472667 0.029885 0.010295 0.003391 0.488816 0.487692 0.009806 0.075808 0.021321 0.403240 0.403478 0.096154 0.078335 0.035448 0.405277 0.405075 0.075866 0.101905 0.429125 0.429095 0.016145 0.023730 0.099890 0.407814 0.407384 0.030245 0.054666 0.023975 0.481476 0.479747 0.004706 0.010096 0.023316 0.485651 0.485533 0.002137 0.003363 0.001426 0.503487 0.494347 0.001458 0.499436 0.498840 0.023912 0.481531 0.479799 0.004692 0.010066 0.023254 0.485691 0.485573 0.002130 0.003352 0.023299 0.039289 0.097061 0.420322 0.420031 0.016873 0.022080 0.108912 0.426068 0.426067 0.003085 0.004216 0.033460 0.479621 0.479618 0.002649 0.005089 0.018149 0.487709 0.486404 0.007248 0.495761 0.495752 0.515491 0.484439 0.003078 0.004206 0.033395 0.479662 0.479659 0.002639 0.005071 0.018089 0.487755 0.486447 0.001437 0.495838 0.497206 0.005199 0.001437 0.495838 0.497206 0.005199 0.002118 0.498222 0.493106 0.006148 0.002118 0.498222 0.493106 0.006148 0.001407 0.494389 0.498501 0.005388 0.001407 0.494389 0.498501 0.005388 0.002075 0.495166 0.495968 0.006390 0.002075 0.495166 0.495968 0.006390 0.001348 0.499290 0.499290 0.001654 0.029342 0.484184 0.484184 0.001867 0.499012 0.499012 0.001874 0.030698 0.483368 0.483368 0.001352 0.499287 0.499287 0.001642 0.028780 0.484473 0.484473 0.001859 0.030111 0.483671 0.483671 0.001863 0.499013 0.499013 0.017793 0.003436 0.003494 0.487638 0.487638 0.016776 0.003258 0.003214 0.488376 0.488376 0.016776 0.003258 0.003214 0.488376 0.488376 0.017793 0.003436 0.003494 0.487638 0.487638 0.080146 0.034481 0.036694 0.424340 0.424340 0.079527 0.036205 0.034127 0.425070 0.425070 0.079527 0.036205 0.034127 0.425070 0.425070 0.080146 0.034481 0.036694 0.424340 0.424340 0.106011 0.033886 0.040327 0.409888 0.409888 0.104594 0.039175 0.033170 0.411531 0.411531 0.104594 0.039175 0.033170 0.411531 0.411531 0.106011 0.033886 0.040327 0.409888 0.409888</float_array> <technique_common> <accessor source="#pCube1Controller-Weights-array" count="534"> <param type="float"/> </accessor> </technique_common> </source> <joints> <input semantic="JOINT" source="#pCube1Controller-Joints"/> <input semantic="INV_BIND_MATRIX" source="#pCube1Controller-Matrices"/> </joints> <vertex_weights count="116"> <input semantic="JOINT" offset="0" source="#pCube1Controller-Joints"/> <input semantic="WEIGHT" offset="1" source="#pCube1Controller-Weights"/> <vcount>5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5</vcount> <v>0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 0 6 1 7 2 8 4 9 7 10 0 11 1 12 2 13 4 14 7 15 0 16 1 17 4 18 5 19 6 20 7 21 12 22 13 23 14 24 17 25 0 26 1 27 2 28 4 29 7 30 0 31 1 32 4 33 7 34 17 35 7 36 8 37 9 38 10 39 17 40 7 41 12 42 13 43 14 44 17 45 7 46 8 47 12 48 13 49 17 50 7 51 8 52 9 53 12 54 17 55 7 56 8 57 9 58 10 59 12 60 7 61 8 62 12 63 13 64 17 65 7 66 8 67 12 68 16 69 17 70 7 71 8 72 12 73 16 74 17 75 7 76 8 77 9 78 12 79 17 80 7 81 8 82 12 83 13 84 17 85 7 86 8 87 12 88 16 89 17 90 7 91 8 92 12 93 16 94 17 95 7 96 8 97 9 98 12 99 17 100 7 101 8 102 12 103 13 104 17 105 7 106 8 107 12 108 16 109 17 110 7 111 8 112 12 113 16 114 17 115 7 116 8 117 9 118 12 119 17 120 7 121 8 122 12 123 13 124 17 125 7 126 8 127 12 128 16 129 17 130 7 131 8 132 12 133 16 134 17 135 7 136 8 137 9 138 12 139 17 140 7 141 12 142 13 143 14 144 17 145 7 146 8 147 12 148 13 149 17 150 7 151 8 152 9 153 12 154 17 155 7 156 8 157 9 158 10 159 12 160 7 161 12 162 13 163 14 164 17 165 0 166 1 167 2 168 4 169 7 170 0 171 1 172 4 173 7 174 17 175 7 176 8 177 9 178 10 179 17 180 0 181 1 182 2 183 3 184 4 185 0 186 1 187 2 188 4 189 7 190 0 191 1 192 2 193 4 194 7 195 0 196 1 197 4 198 5 199 6 200 0 201 1 202 2 203 4 204 0 205 1 206 2 207 4 208 7 209 0 210 1 211 4 212 7 213 0 214 1 215 4 216 5 217 0 218 1 219 2 220 4 221 0 222 1 223 2 224 4 225 7 226 0 227 1 228 4 229 7 230 0 231 1 232 4 233 5 234 7 235 8 236 9 237 10 238 17 239 7 240 8 241 9 242 10 243 17 244 7 245 8 246 9 247 12 248 7 249 8 250 9 251 12 252 7 253 12 254 13 255 14 256 17 257 7 258 12 259 13 260 14 261 17 262 7 263 12 264 13 265 7 266 12 267 13 268 0 269 1 270 2 271 3 272 4 273 0 274 1 275 2 276 3 277 4 278 0 279 1 280 2 281 0 282 1 283 2 284 3 285 0 286 1 287 2 288 3 289 4 290 0 291 1 292 2 293 3 294 4 295 0 296 1 297 2 298 3 299 4 300 0 301 1 302 2 303 3 304 4 305 0 306 1 307 4 308 5 309 6 310 0 311 1 312 4 313 5 314 6 315 0 316 1 317 4 318 5 319 6 320 4 321 5 322 0 323 1 324 4 325 5 326 6 327 0 328 1 329 4 330 5 331 6 332 0 333 1 334 4 335 5 336 6 337 0 338 1 339 4 340 5 341 6 342 1 343 2 344 3 345 4 346 6 347 1 348 2 349 3 350 4 351 6 352 1 353 2 354 3 355 4 356 6 357 1 358 2 359 3 360 4 361 6 362 1 363 2 364 3 365 1 366 2 367 3 368 1 369 2 370 3 371 4 372 6 373 1 374 2 375 3 376 4 377 6 378 1 379 3 380 4 381 5 382 6 383 0 384 3 385 4 386 5 387 6 388 0 389 3 390 4 391 5 392 6 393 1 394 3 395 4 396 5 397 6 398 4 399 5 400 6 401 5 402 6 403 0 404 3 405 4 406 5 407 6 408 1 409 3 410 4 411 5 412 6 413 8 414 9 415 10 416 11 417 8 418 9 419 10 420 11 421 8 422 9 423 10 424 11 425 8 426 9 427 10 428 11 429 12 430 13 431 14 432 15 433 12 434 13 435 14 436 15 437 12 438 13 439 14 440 15 441 12 442 13 443 14 444 15 445 9 446 10 447 11 448 8 449 9 450 10 451 11 452 9 453 10 454 11 455 8 456 9 457 10 458 11 459 13 460 14 461 15 462 12 463 13 464 14 465 15 466 12 467 13 468 14 469 15 470 13 471 14 472 15 473 7 474 8 475 12 476 16 477 17 478 7 479 8 480 12 481 16 482 17 483 7 484 8 485 12 486 16 487 17 488 7 489 8 490 12 491 16 492 17 493 7 494 8 495 12 496 16 497 17 498 7 499 8 500 12 501 16 502 17 503 7 504 8 505 12 506 16 507 17 508 7 509 8 510 12 511 16 512 17 513 7 514 8 515 12 516 16 517 17 518 7 519 8 520 12 521 16 522 17 523 7 524 8 525 12 526 16 527 17 528 7 529 8 530 12 531 16 532 17 533</v> </vertex_weights> </skin> </controller> </library_controllers> Greets Benjamin
C# WriteableBitmaps - Encoding and Decoding TIFF in memory only
Dave Haylett posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI'm using WriteableBitmaps in my project, and the tiffbitmapencoder and tiffbitmapdecoder classes to save off and restore a certain large graphic file from a WriteableBitmap to hard disc (the image is too big for the PNGbitmapencoder/decoder). This is working ok, but I'd like to encode to and decode from memory if possible, instead of having to save to disc. This is because, as part of the user experience this massive image can get wiped/cut down, and it takes a few precious seconds to reconstruct it again from scratch (which is also part of the user experience), but I can't afford the memory to just clone the whole image into another bitmap and clone it back again when needed, instead of rebuilding. Compressing it to TIF and holding in memory until it's needed again seems a viable option, but currently I can only compress/decompress to/from a file on disc. I've tried using MemoryStream instead of FileStream, and even though the encoder seems to like it, the decoder doesn't. Is it possible for me to achieve this?
C# Need to replace JET4 access to Access databases
Dave Haylett posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingHi everyone. I need some help with my project. It's a 2D-graphics-heavy WPF front-end app written in C#, which talks to two Access 2000 databases (yes I know, it's all I've got). It will be distributed freely on the internet, and so will be being used by Windows users of various installations/versions of Windows, Office, etc. One of the two databases (let's call it A), is intended to be read-only, and will be distributed with the app. It has half a dozen relational tables which I as the developer have populated, and is connected to in the app via OleDB Jet 4 with SQL querying the data now and then as the user uses the front-end. The database will be replaced whenever I release an update to the app. Database B is read/write, and contains end-user preferences, for example when they favourite something in my front-end, a Favourites table in here gets appended to. This database is not distributed with my app, and should not be overwritten, as it will lose user prefs, etc. and annoy my users. Whenever my app is run by a user, during initialisation database A will suck in the user data from database B (using simple SQL SELECT * INTO...), so that all the tables can be joined together by the SQL in database A (to include user prefs/favourites in SQL queries), and whenever the user favourites something, a record is created both in A (for the short-term session) and B (permanently). Database B isn't just about holding favourites, there is other user data in here as well, so there are 3 or 4 tables in B. So far, this is all working fine and I'm happy... Unfortunately my app is currently 32-bit, and it now needs to break the 32-bit memory barrier what with the size and volume of the graphics I'm pulling in (using the HDD is not really an option, as different graphics are needed kind of instantly and the hard disc would be being hosed and the app dog-slow otherwise, I suspect even off an SSD). I'm using VS2015, and switching to 64-bit will probably fix the memory problem, but it breaks Jet 4.0. I'm sure this is old news to most of you. To try to keep with 32-bit (and Jet4) but get the memory I need I've tried the -largeaddressaware toggle, and I've tried the editbin suggestion, but I just can't get these solutions to work in VS2015 no matter how hard I try. Are these definitely 100% solutions to 2gb memory limit in 32-bit applications? Should they always work? Am I dumb in being unable to get this to work? So otherwise I'm resigned to migrating to 64-bit, and having to get around the database issue, not the memory issue. My users will be using a variety of Windows versions (probably 7 and 10), and I'm sure various versions of Office, and so my solution for querying my two Access databases needs to be pretty open if possible. Googling has suggested I switch from JET4 to ACE12, but this is apparently requiring me to uninstall Office 2000 and install a 64-bit version (which I don't have), so I can't use it, and I suspect any users who also have an old version of Office installed won't be able to use it either? Googling has also suggested I use MS SQL Server. This sounds fine if there's such a thing as a "lite" local version which can manage database access, but I still need to somehow get the data from the databases (A.mdb and B.mdb) into the SQL Server each time the users fire up my app. The only solution I can think of at the minute, is to export all the tables from database A into CSVs every time I update the data in there, and have the app import them in a lame way, and also convert database B into some crappy text file which gets written to whenever the user changes a preference. I'd much rather use SQL to do all this if possible, as when the user browses around the app, queries involving joining several tables in A are regularly created and executed to adjust the user's experience/return search results/etc. So to summarise my misery, is there either an easy reliable way for me to keep with 32-bit/Jet4 and be able to address >2gb. Or is there instead an easy reliable way for me to switch to 64-bit and successfully query two Access databases without requiring all my users to have 64-bit Office installed? Thanks for reading and I hope someone can help.
Unity Looking for Unity Programmers for Multiplayer Project
eldwin11929 posted a topic in Hobby Project ClassifiedsWe: eldwin11929@yahoo.com This project is unpaid, but with royalties. ---
- Benchmark.
C# All my logic in static classes.
flodihn posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingHello guys, I just want to share some of my findings after more than 10 years of software development. During my last project, I made the decision for our dev team to go against what is quite commonly the default programming behaviour in Unity and most likely many other game engines. What we put all persistent data (as serialisable JSON) in a separate layer and use static functions to operate on those. This is more similar how C would operate, or most functional programming languages. It worked very well and caused no problem for us, so now I decided to take it one step further and make a sub system in Unity that facilitates that coding style in a more generalised way. I call this system AOEngine. This sub system looks like this: Model -> Stores data as json serialisable objects, dictionaries or both. View -> Listens to model, reacts when data is create, changed or destroyed and tries to render the object. The view is a monobehaviour and can be seen in the Unity Editor unlike the model and the controller. Controller -> Runs a state machine which executes game specific code that creates, updates or destroys data. State Machine -> Switches/keep/updates the global state of the game. The model, view and controllers are standard OOP classes communicating with interfaces using a observer pattern. So far everything is pretty standard. But when you realise that after separating the logic and data, what you have left are logic classes that always the same, just executing on different types of data. This means there is no need to instantiate pure logic and using static classes is actually a pretty neat idea. The reason static classes are getting quite a bad reputation is that in most cases they are used to share some global state, and easily become a tight dependency to many other areas in the code. But when the static class is just pure logic, we do not have this problem. The AO engine provides one point of entry, a GameInit prefab which is used to create the model, view and controller, the user have to provide an initial state for the state machine to run. When you import the AO Engine as a Unity package, you just need to drop one prefab into your scene, and that is the only prefab you need to start. Here is the code for the GameInit: { public class GameInit : MonoBehaviour { public GameObject viewPrefab; public string InitialState; void Start() { IModel model = new AOEngine.Model.Model(); IView view = CreateUnityViewFromPrefab(); IController controller = new AOEngine.Controller.Controller(); view.Setup(model); controller.Setup(model, view); StateMachine.Setup(model); GameState initialGameState = TryCreateInitialGameState(); StateMachine.SwitchState(initialGameState); } The InitialState have to be defined in the Unity editor, you give it the full name to the initial game state for your game, for example MyGame.MenuGameState, then you have to make sure this class exists (goes without saying) and it must inherit AOEngine.StateMachine.GameState. This is how the a game state would look like: namespace MyGame { public class MenuGameState : GameState { public override void OnEnter() { GameObjectData uiCamera = new GameObjectData { {"uid", "camera"}, {"prefab", "Cameras/UICamera"} }; model.CreateData<GameObjectData>(uiCamera); UIData mainMenuData = new UIData { {"uid", GameUids.MAIN_MENU_DATA}, {"prefab", "UI/Prefabs/MainMenuCanvas"} }; model.CreateData<UIData>(mainMenuData); controller.BindLogic(typeof(MainMenuLogic), mainMenuData); And here is where things get interesting, first I create the some data, all data should have a unique uid to identify it, if no uid is given the model will generate an uid automatically. Optionally, a piece of data can be bound to one or more logic classes, which are static, using the controller.BindLogic providing the logic class and the data uid to bind it to. This is basically a component system, but not using monobehaviours or standard OOP. The static logic class would look something like this: namespace MyGame { public static class MainMenuLogic { private static IModel model; [OnLogicSetup] public static void Setup(IModel _model) { model = _model; } [OnLogicCreate] public static void OnCreate(string dataUid) { UIData data = model.GetData<UIData>(dataUid); model.UpdateProperty(data, new Dictionary<string, object> { { "ui_callbacks", new Dictionary<string, object> { {"OnButtonClicked", "MyGame.MainMenuLogic#OnButtonClicked"} }} }); } [OnLogicUpdate] public static void OnUpdate(string dataUid) { UnityEngine.Debug.Log("MainMenuLogic.OnUpdate"); } [OnLogicDestroy] public static void OnDestroy(string dataUid) { model.DestroyData(GameUids.MAIN_MENU_DATA); } public static void OnButtonClicked(string buttonName) { if(buttonName == "QuitButton") UnityEngine.Application.Quit(); if(buttonName == "StoryButton") { StateMachine.SwitchState(new StoryGameState()); } } } } So not being a fan of monobehaviours, I use them to a minimum, only for position translations, particle systems, collision detection and audio playing, and then these monobehaviours would be bare components without any logic or state. I need to figure how communication between my static components, I will probably use a game event system for this. So far I am quite happy with system where all my logic are running in static classes. I wonder if there are any other people out there that reached the same conclusions, what are your opinions of this approach?
C# 2.5D Beat 'Em Up Enemy AI Stuttering/Jerking
Redlime posted a topic in Artificial IntelligenceI
C# Potions usage and how to implement it
harugawa posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingAlright, I'm not even sure if I write my first post in the right sub category. Basically I'm creating some browser game based on .net and you got there an inventory with a bunch of potions. I'm just not really sure how to handle different potions and its usage on the backend to not make it into a spagetti. So, whenever user clicks on the potion, it sends an id of the potion to the api endpoint, I'm checking there the type and just getting the info about potion. I got an enum which describes the type, like mana, hp, energy, exp or you name it. So what now. Do I make like a huge switch statment and just pass it to a different methods or something and do there what has to be done with the potion? Sorry for not showcasing any code, but I do not have any for this, just trying to brainstorm how to implement some potion usage mechanics. Am I going the right direction or I just missed the path and heading to the dead end?
Forge Networking Sync Animations
Klebs posted a topic in Networking and MultiplayerHey so, i need help in how to sync animations using Forge Networking i tried sometings but nothing
[GAME] Space Station X
Crichton333 posted a topic in Your AnnouncementsSpace Station X is live and FREE on the App Store. Download Link: • Space Station X • Tap on incoming objects to keep the Space Station intact. Use different pickups to help with the defense. Defend the last deep space station at all cost ! Download Link:
Unity 1st person controller weapon experiments with Ethan
zer0force posted a blog entry in The Development of Twin Prophecies RPGHi there, here is a little experiment I wanted to show. I developed this controller as help for a guy from the german Unity forum. He wanted a 1st person view controller (with 3rd person character in the background ) and using the Unity CC (character controller) component as base. Its a complete different style of controller but only to show whats possible. At the end, I liked the dynamics of this controller. It was also an exercise for IK and using animations in Unity for me again. For this i changed the original 1st person controller of Unity with the "Ethan" character model. There were some problems, among other things, because this controller uses the CC as a component and if you now just puts "Ethan" the axe in his hand, then he blows the weapon when hitting through the walls. To solve this, we added a backspin to the character at a collision. Additionally i mixed a slay animation, an axe animation and IK. We had started completely without a slay animation, this was also because the movement of the axe was controlled by a self-created axe animation. Ethan's hand is held in position via IK. I just did not really like the mix of idle animation and axe animation, so I added a slay animation to Ethan. For hitting the slay animation and the axe animation is now mixed. The hand follows the axe animation and Ethan plays a suitable slay animation. This allowed us to better control the position of the axe in front of the player. I had further problems with the clipping of the body of Ethan. For this I had to slightly modify the original controller, so that the camera is always nicely in front of his face. In addition, the camera is now partly controlled by the bone of the player animation, which, like me, creates a very nice dynamic effect: Video:
- Advertisement | https://www.gamedev.net/search/?tags=C%23 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 8,909 | 59.64 |
Sorry, drop the data Data .... line, I was experimenting with a deeper description. paolino 2012/7/4 Paolino <paolo.veronelli at gmail.com> > Hi >>>>> How many handlers for each type of event in the list of handlers ? >>>>> If you have only one handler for each type , it should go in the >>>>> typeclass, and you don't need typeable. >>>>> If you have more than one maybe you can avoid using type indexing at >>>>> all, because it doesn't resolve the handler selection issue. >>>>> By the way , it's not clear to me why you don't have a simple Event >>>>> datatype describing all the possible events in advance. >>>>> >>>>> Regards >>>>> >>>>> paolino >>>>> >>>>> 2012/7/3 Corentin Dupont <corentin.dupont at gmail.com> >>>>> >>>>>> Hi all, >>>>>> I read somewhere (here: >>>>>>) >>>>>> that it's bad to try to unbox an existential type using a cast. OK, but >>>>>> without I really can't figure out how to do what I want: >>>>>> >>>>>> *data NewPlayer = NewPlayer deriving (Typeable, Eq) >>>>>> data NewRule = NewRule deriving (Typeable, Eq) >>>>>> >>>>>> class (Eq e, Typeable e) => Event e where >>>>>> data EventData e >>>>>> >>>>>> instance Event NewPlayer where >>>>>> data EventData NewPlayer = P Int >>>>>> >>>>>> instance Event NewRule where >>>>>> data EventData NewRule = R Int >>>>>> >>>>>> instance Typeable1 EventData where >>>>>> typeOf1 _ = mkTyConApp (mkTyCon "EventData") [] >>>>>> >>>>>> data EventHandler = forall e . (Event e) => EH e (EventData e -> IO >>>>>> ()) >>>>>> >>>>>> addEvent :: (Event e) => e -> (EventData e -> IO ()) -> >>>>>> [EventHandler] -> [EventHandler] >>>>>> addEvent e h ehs = (EH e h):ehs >>>>>> >>>>>> triggerEvent :: (Event e) => e -> (EventData e) -> [EventHandler] -> >>>>>> IO () >>>>>> triggerEvent e d ehs = do >>>>>> let r = find (\(EH myEvent _) -> cast e == Just myEvent) ehs >>>>>> case r of >>>>>> Nothing -> return () >>>>>> Just (EH _ h) -> case cast h of >>>>>> Just castedH -> castedH d >>>>>> Nothing -> return ()* >>>>>> >>>>>> How to remove the casts from triggerEvent? All that I want is to >>>>>> apply the handler found on the data passed in parameter. >>>>>> I tried to add a function apply in the class, without success: >>>>>> *apply :: (EventData e -> IO ()) -> (EventData e) -> IO () >>>>>> apply = ($)* >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> Thanks! >>>>>> Corentin >>>>>> >>>>>> _______________________________________________ >>>>>> Haskell-Cafe mailing list >>>>>> Haskell-Cafe at haskell.org >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>> >>>> >>> >> > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <> | http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/2012-July/102117.html | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | refinedweb | 338 | 69.31 |
Header image by Franz Harvin Aceituna on Unsplash.
TypeScript (TS) is a language which has seen quite a meteoric rise lately. It's gone some favourable results on the 2018 State of JavaScript (JS) survey. It has even come to the point where big names like Kent C. Dodds started migrating into it.
To learn more about how the TypeScript type system works, and how it can help you, watch this talk by Anders Hejlsberg, the creator of TypeScript.
For many of us already using TypeScript, we could never imagine writing JS without it anymore. And with newly-added support for Babel compilation, it gets much easier to integrate with the rest of the JS ecosystem. But for many people looking to migrate their apps into it, it could feel a little too overwhelming. This gets further out of control when you're looking at a medium/large-sized app, all already written in JavaScript.
A lot of TypeScript learning materials out there never seem to dive deep on migrating a well-matured app to TypeScript. Worse still, TypeScript does have their own, official migration guide - but it's horribly outdated.
So in this series of posts, I try to outline my personal steps on how to migrate an existing codebase to TypeScript. The first part will go through the steps on preparing your project for the Big Rewrite. This includes setting up the TS compiler, and the basic essentials of the TypeScript compiler.
Table of contents
- Part 1: Introduction and getting started (you are here)
- Part 2: Trust the compiler!
So what is TypeScript, exactly?
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JavaScript code. It enables great tooling and developer experience through the power of static typing. Some of the improved JS experience being unlocked by static typing includes better refactoring tools, statement completion, and more.
TypeScript was authored by Anders Hejlsberg, known for being the lead architect of C# and creator of Turbo Pascal. TypeScript 2.0 was released on September 2016, with much-improved Node.js modules support and stricter
null checking. Since then, the language is continuously improved with features like object rest/spread,
--strict mode, conditional types, and more. TypeScript 3.0, released in July 2018, even has support for monorepos through project references.
To read more about TypeScript, I recommend the TypeScript Deep Dive book by Basarat.
Getting started with TypeScript
So to start off, we will need to set up our environment for TypeScript. There are two ways to set this up:
- You use Babel 7 + TypeScript preset to compile, and have the TypeScript compiler only do the type-checking.
- You use the TypeScript compiler to both type-check and compile your code.
Since we’re migrating from JavaScript, we can assume that we’re already using Babel in our development toolchain, so we can go with the first option. You can also run the second option and chain with Babel. But the first option is still better if we want to have finer control over the Babel presets/plugins we use as well.
Initialising the compiler
This guide will make use of TypeScript 3.2. It should work as well on any versions starting from 3.0+.
To get started with TypeScript, install the TypeScript compiler CLI by running:
$ npm install -g typescript
Then run
tsc --init to initialise a
tsconfig.json file with the default options. It lists out all the options available as well as an explanation, with the non-essential options commented out. The number of options may overwhelm you, but let's break the config down to just the essentials.
tsconfig.json
{ "compilerOptions": { "allowJs": true, "checkJs": false, "esModuleInterop": true, "downlevelIteration": true, "lib": ["esnext", "dom"], "module": "commonjs", "noUnusedLocals": true, "outDir": "dist", "skipLibCheck": true, "strict": true, "target": "esnext" }, "include": ["src"] }
This setup will take everything from the
src and compile it into the
dist folder. There are some other essential compiler options here, but we'll go through them in the next section. To compile, run the
tsc command.
Note: If you use webpack to compile things, you don't need the
outDir option!
Setting up build tasks
Now that the TypeScript compiler works, we can include it as a script in our
package.json file!
{ "scripts": { "build": "tsc" } }
This way, you can simply run
yarn build (or
npm run build if you're running npm) to build your project.
Wiring up the TypeScript Babel preset (Optional)
If you already use Babel to compile your ES6+ JS code, you can use the TS preset for Babel. Note that you need Babel 7 and above to use this.
{ "presets": ["@babel/preset-env", "@babel/preset-typescript"], "plugins": ["@babel/plugin-proposal-class-properties", "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread"] }
The TypeScript compiler supports all modern ES2015 features, as well as next-generaton ES features. Though one common pitfall is that you can't use next-generation syntax newer than stage-3, since TS doesn't support it. This means that using proposed syntax like the pipeline will give you type errors. The proposal plugins should include the stage-3 features required for TypeScript transpilation.
Note that the Babel compiler only removes the types from your code. It does not do any extra type-checking! Make sure to run type-checking separately with
tsc --noEmit. Or better yet, add it as a compiler option into your
tsconfig.json:
{ "compilerOptions": { "noEmit": true } }
This option will run the TypeScript compiler without outputting any code, so it only runs type-checking. You can then add the
tsc command to your
package.json scripts, which will help if you use a CI system as well.
{ "scripts": { "type-check": "tsc" } }
Note: If you use Flowtype, you can't use the Flowtype Babel preset together with the TypeScript preset. You have to choose one or the other!
tsconfig.json essentials
The above
tsconfig.json file already contains the essential compiler options when working with TypeScript. Let's go through the essentials one by one.
TS/JS interoperability
The TypeScript compiler can also be set up to type-check and compile JS files alongside TS files.
allowJs allows regular JavaScript files to be compiled. If you want to also enable type-checking in JavaScript files, you can also enable
checkJs. If you're just getting started, it's recommended to disable
checkJs and manually enable per-file type checking. To do that, add a
// @ts-check comment on the top of the JS file you'd like to type-check.
Another compiler option to take note of is
esModuleInterop. This allows you to do default imports with CommonJS modules (e.g.
import React from 'react';). For TS veterans, this option is similar to
allowSyntheticDefaultImports. The only difference is that it added some helpers during compile time for improved Babel interoperability.
Libraries and compile targets
There are three options that define how your TS code is interpreted by the compiler.
lib outlines the TS library files used for compilation. Some libraries that are commonly used are:
esnext- Modern ESnext features (up to stage-3 recommendations)
es201x- Yearly ES specifications. Note than including one year will include all of the yearly specs before it (e.g.
es2018will also include
es2017,
es2016and
es2015).
dom- DOM-specific APIs.
webworker- APIs for Web workers.
target defines the target version of ES.
module defines the module type the TS compiler will generate. If you set
target to
es5 or below, it will default to
commonjs (standard CommonJS modules for Node.js compatibility). Otherwise, it will default to
esnext (ES Modules).
And that's it for this part. In part 2, we'll go through how to make your TypeScript migration painless by adding types gradually. We'll also go through the quirks of TypeScript's type system, as well as changing your way of thinking to write TypeScript apps.
Once again, I really recommend the TypeScript Deep Dive book by Basarat. His book on TypeScript has helped me a lot on learning this language. Should you ever get stuck, the
#typescript channel on the Reactiflux Discord server has a bunch of lovely people who know TypeScript inside and out. Feel free to hop in and ask questions! | https://resir014.xyz/posts/2019/01/09/migrating-to-typescript-part-1 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 1,363 | 65.42 |
# Zero, one, two, Freddy's coming for you
This post continues the series of articles, which can well be called «horrors for developers». This time it will also touch upon a typical pattern of typos related to the usage of numbers 0, 1, 2. The language you're writing in doesn't really matter: it can be C, C++, C#, or Java. If you're using constants 0, 1, 2 or variables' names contain these numbers, most likely, Freddie will come to visit you at night. Go on, read and don't say we didn't warn you.
Introduction
------------
I continue the series of articles on the patterns noticed of how people make mistakes. Previous posts:
1. [Last Line Effect](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0260/)
2. [The most dangerous function in the C/C++ world](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0360/)
3. [The Evil within the Comparison Functions](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0509/)
This time it wasn't me who took note of the pattern, but my colleague Svyatoslav Razmyslov. He noticed that in his [articles](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/a/svyatoslav-razmyslov/) he was constantly describing problems involving variables with numbers 1 and 2 in their names. Svyatoslav invited me to explore this issue in more detail. Eventually, efforts made ended up very fruitful. It emerged that in our [error collection](https://www.viva64.com/en/examples/) there are a lot of code fragments that are erroneous because of the fact that people got confused in 0, 1, 2 indexes or variables names, containing such numbers. A new interesting pattern has been revealed, which will be discussed below. I am grateful to Svyatoslav for a hint to look into this topic and, therefore, I dedicate this article to him.
*Svyatoslav Razmyslov, manager, attentive bug hunter and just a talented person.*
What is the purpose of this article? To show how easy it is for all of us to make mistakes and make typos. Forewarned developers — more attentive developers. Especially during code reviews when they focus on these ill-fated 0, 1, 2. Developers will also be able to appreciate the contribution of static code analyzers that help to spot such errors. It's not about advertising PVS-Studio (well, to some extent, it is :). Until now, many developers consider static analysis superfluous, preferring to focus on their own accuracy and code reviews. Unfortunately, attempts to write clean code are laudable but not enough. This article will once again convincingly demonstrate this.
No one is immune to errors. Below you will see epic blunders in even such well-known projects as Qt, Clang, Hive, LibreOffice, Linux Kernel, .NET Compiler Platform, XNU kernel, Mozilla Firefox. By the way, these are not some exotic rare mistakes, but the most common ones. Still not convincing enough? Then let's get going!
*«Talk is cheap. Show me bugs!»*
*© remade quote by Linus Torvalds.*
Typos in constants when indexing arrays
---------------------------------------
Usually in our articles we cite warnings that helped to find certain errors. This time I'll omit these warnings, as even without them errors will still be obvious and clear. Even though these bugs leap out in a short code fragment, they are great at hiding in projects' code.
Let's start with confusions with numerical literals, used for arrays indexing. Despite the banality of these errors, they are many and they can be found in projects that are much greater than students' laboratory researches.
**XNU kernel project, C**
```
uint32_t
gss_krb5_3des_unwrap_mbuf(....)
{
....
for (cflag = 1; cflag >= 0; cflag--) {
*minor = gss_krb5_3des_token_get(
ctx, &itoken, wrap, &hash, &offset, &length, reverse);
if (*minor == 0)
break;
wrap.Seal_Alg[0] = 0xff;
wrap.Seal_Alg[0] = 0xff;
}
....
}
```
The line was copied, but the index stayed the same. Most likely, the code here is supposed to be as follows:
```
wrap.Seal_Alg[0] = 0xff;
wrap.Seal_Alg[1] = 0xff;
```
**LibreOffice project, C++**
```
Sequence< OUString > FirebirdDriver::
getSupportedServiceNames_Static() throw (RuntimeException)
{
Sequence< OUString > aSNS( 2 );
aSNS[0] = "com.sun.star.sdbc.Driver";
aSNS[0] = "com.sun.star.sdbcx.Driver";
return aSNS;
}
```
As in the previous case, the authors copied the line, but forgot to change 0 for 1. Only fixed the string literal.
One might ask the philosophical question — how can you make such an error in a four-line function? You can and that's it. That's what programming is like.
**Quake-III-Arena project, C**
```
int VL_FindAdjacentSurface(....)
{
....
if (fabs(dir[0]) > test->radius ||
fabs(dir[1]) > test->radius ||
fabs(dir[1]) > test->radius)
{
....
}
```
The developer forgot to change *dir[1]* for *dir[2]* in the copied line. As a result — the value on Z axis is out of control.
**OpenCOLLADA project, C++**
```
struct short2
{
short values[2];
short2(short s1, short s2)
{
values[0] = s1;
values[2] = s2;
}
....
};
```
Yes, even in such a short constructor one can find a way to be out of array bounds during its initialization.
**Godot Engine, C++**
```
Array PhysicsDirectSpaceState::_cast_motion(....)
{
....
Array ret(true);
ret.resize(2);
ret[0]=closest_safe;
ret[0]=closest_unsafe;
return ret;
}
```
No comment is needed.
**Asterisk, C**
```
static void sip_threadinfo_destructor(void *obj)
{
struct sip_threadinfo *th = obj;
struct tcptls_packet *packet;
if (th->alert_pipe[1] > -1) { // <=
close(th->alert_pipe[0]);
}
if (th->alert_pipe[1] > -1) {
close(th->alert_pipe[1]);
}
th->alert_pipe[0] = th->alert_pipe[1] = -1;
....
}
```
When writing similar blocks, an error is usually in the last one. All above cases were like this, except for the last one. Here the typo is in an unusual place, namely, in the first block. It's hard to say why it happened so. I'll just leave the picture of a unicorn shrugging his shoulders:
**Open CASCADE Technology, C++**
```
inline void Prepend(const Standard_Integer theIndex)
{
if (myIndex[1] >= 0)
Standard_OutOfRange::Raise ("BRepMesh_PairOfIndex....");
myIndex[1] = myIndex[0];
myIndex[1] = theIndex;
}
```
Different values are copied twice in the same array slot. Obviously, it's an error. The project code is unfamiliar to me, so it's not clear how to fix this bug. So I just looked at how the developers fixed the code after our team pointed out this error to them. Here is the correct version:
```
myIndex[1] = myIndex[0];
myIndex[0] = theIndex;
```
**Trans-Proteomic Pipeline, C++**
```
void ASAPRatio_getProDataStrct(proDataStrct *data,
char **pepBofFiles)
{
....
if (data->indx == -1) {
data->ratio[0] = -2.;
data->ratio[0] = 0.; // <=
data->inv_ratio[0] = -2.;
data->inv_ratio[1] = 0.;
return;
}
....
}
```
I'm concerned that such errors take place in research packages. Trans-Proteomic Pipeline is designed to handle the tasks in biology. One might make a real mess of things and screw up the entire research. We found many intriguing things in this package: [check in 2012](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0156/), [check in 2013](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0212/). Perhaps, we should take another look at this project.
**ITK project, C++**
Here is another project for medical research: Medicine Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). The project is different, and the bugs are the same.
```
template< typename TCoordRepType >
void
VoronoiDiagram2D< TCoordRepType >::SetOrigin(PointType vorsize)
{
m_VoronoiBoundaryOrigin[0] = vorsize[0];
m_VoronoiBoundaryOrigin[0] = vorsize[1];
}
```
**ITK project, C++**
```
int itkPointSetToSpatialObjectDemonsRegistrationTest(....)
{
....
// Set its position
EllipseType::TransformType::OffsetType offset;
offset[0]=50;
offset[1]=50;
offset[1]=50;
....
}
```
Copy-Paste at its finest.
**ReactOS project, C++**
```
HPALETTE CardWindow::CreateCardPalette()
{
....
//include button text colours
cols[0] = RGB(0, 0, 0);
cols[1] = RGB(255, 255, 255);
//include the base background colour
cols[1] = crBackgnd;
//include the standard button colours...
cols[3] = CardButton::GetHighlight(crBackgnd);
cols[4] = CardButton::GetShadow(crBackgnd);
cols[5] = CardButton::GetFace(crBackgnd);
....
}
```
Apparently, the *crBackgnd* constant had to be written in the *cols[2]* slot.
**Coin3D project, C++**
```
SoVRMLInline::GLRender(SoGLRenderAction * action)
{
....
if ((size[0] >= 0.0f && size[1] >= 0.0f && size[1] >= 0.0f) &&
((vis == ALWAYS) ||
(vis == UNTIL_LOADED && child == NULL))) {
....
}
```
The *size[1]* array element is checked twice, whereas the *size[2]* element isn't checked at all. That's how strange artifacts appear in the images.
**OpenCV project, C++**
```
bool Jpeg2KDecoder::readHeader()
{
....
cmptlut[0] = ....
cmptlut[1] = ....
cmptlut[2] = ....
if( cmptlut[0] < 0 || cmptlut[1] < 0 || cmptlut[0] < 0 )
result = false;
....
}
```
My gut is telling me that the *cmptlut[0] < 0* expression was copied twice, but 0 was changed just once.
**Visualization Toolkit (VTK) project, C++**
```
void vtkImageStencilRaster::PrepareForNewData(....)
{
....
if (allocateExtent &&
allocateExtent[1] >= allocateExtent[1])
....
}
```
In this case and later I won't comment many similar errors. Why comment? The main thing when looking through such code fragments is to become aware of the fact that even if the error is simple it doesn't mean a developer will definitely notice it.
**Visualization Toolkit (VTK) project, C++**
```
template
void vtkDataSetAttributesCopyValues(....)
{
....
inZPtr +=
(outExt[0] - outExt[0])\*inIncs[0] \* data\_type\_size +
(outExt[2] - outExt[2])\*inIncs[1] \* data\_type\_size +
(outExt[4] - outExt[4])\*inIncs[2] \* data\_type\_size;
....
}
```
Here the programmer was clearly in a hurry and wrote the code very quickly. It's hard to explain how he made a mistake three times. The elements of the array are subtracted from themselves. The result is that this code equals the following:
```
inZPtr +=
(0)*inIncs[0] * data_type_size +
(0)*inIncs[1] * data_type_size +
(0)*inIncs[2] * data_type_size;
```
However, this code can be shortened even more:
```
inZPtr += 0;
```
Just great. There's a long, serious-looking expression in the code that doesn't really do anything. I just love such cases.
**Visualization Toolkit (VTK) project, C++**
A similar case of hasty coding.
```
void vtkPiecewiseControlPointsItem::SetControlPoint(
vtkIdType index, double* newPos)
{
double oldPos[4];
this->PiecewiseFunction->GetNodeValue(index, oldPos);
if (newPos[0] != oldPos[0] || newPos[1] != oldPos[1] ||
newPos[2] != oldPos[2] || newPos[2] != oldPos[2])
{
this->PiecewiseFunction->SetNodeValue(index, newPos);
}
}
```
The *newPos[2] != oldPos[2]* comparison repeats twice.
**ADAPTIVE Communication Environment (ACE), C++**
```
bool URL_Base::strip_scheme (ACE_CString& url_string)
{
....
ACE_CString::size_type pos = url_string.find (':');
if (pos > 0 &&
url_string[pos+1] == '/' &&
url_string[pos+1] == '/')
{
....
// skip '://'
url\_string = url\_string.substr (pos+3);
}
....
}
```
The condition should check that there are two slashes after the colon. In other words, we look for the substring "://". Due to a typo, the check gets blinded and considers any character as a second slash.
**IPP Samples, C++**
```
void MeBase::MakeVlcTableDecision()
{
....
Ipp32s BestMV =
IPP_MIN(IPP_MIN(m_cur.MvRate[0],m_cur.MvRate[1]),
IPP_MIN(m_cur.MvRate[2],m_cur.MvRate[3]));
Ipp32s BestAC =
IPP_MIN(IPP_MIN(m_cur.AcRate[0],m_cur.AcRate[1]),
IPP_MIN(m_cur.AcRate[2],m_cur.AcRate[2]));
....
}
```
The typo lies here in the macro arguments:
```
IPP_MIN(m_cur.AcRate[2],m_cur.AcRate[2])
```
As a result, the minimum value is chosen from two equal ones. In fact, the following should be written:
```
IPP_MIN(m_cur.AcRate[2],m_cur.AcRate[3])
```
By the way, this code might demonstrate the benefit of the standard library. If we write in the following way:
```
Ipp32s BestMV = std::min_element(begin(m_cur.MvRate), end(m_cur.MvRate));
Ipp32s BestAC = std::min_element(begin(m_cur.AcRate), end(m_cur.AcRate));
```
The code will be shorter and less prone to errors. Actually, the less of the same-type code, the more likely it is to be written correctly.
**Audacity, C++**
```
sampleCount VoiceKey::OnBackward (....) {
....
int atrend = sgn(buffer[samplesleft - 2]-
buffer[samplesleft - 1]);
int ztrend = sgn(buffer[samplesleft - WindowSizeInt-2]-
buffer[samplesleft - WindowSizeInt-2]);
....
}
```
Correct expression:
```
int ztrend = sgn(buffer[samplesleft - WindowSizeInt-2]-
buffer[samplesleft - WindowSizeInt-1]);
```
**PDFium, C++**
```
void sycc420_to_rgb(opj_image_t* img) {
....
opj_image_data_free(img->comps[0].data);
opj_image_data_free(img->comps[1].data);
opj_image_data_free(img->comps[2].data);
img->comps[0].data = d0;
img->comps[1].data = d1;
img->comps[2].data = d2;
img->comps[1].w = yw; // 1
img->comps[1].h = yh; // 1
img->comps[2].w = yw; // 1
img->comps[2].h = yh; // 1
img->comps[1].w = yw; // 2
img->comps[1].h = yh; // 2
img->comps[2].w = yw; // 2
img->comps[2].h = yh; // 2
img->comps[1].dx = img->comps[0].dx;
img->comps[2].dx = img->comps[0].dx;
img->comps[1].dy = img->comps[0].dy;
img->comps[2].dy = img->comps[0].dy;
}
```
Some actions aimed on initializing the structure repeat. Lines with the comment *//2* can be removed without changing anything. I doubted about adding this code fragment in the article. It's not exactly an error, and not quite with indexes. Nevertheless, this redundant code has probably appeared here right because of the fact that the programmer got confused in all these class members and 1, 2 indexes. So I think this piece of code is great to demonstrate how easy it is to get confused in numbers.
**CMake project, C**
The code next up isn't written by CMake developers, but borrowed. As the comment says at the beginning of the file, the *utf8\_encode* function was written by Tim Kientzle back in 2007. Since then, this function roams from project to project and can be met in many places. I didn't dig into the initial source, as it's not the matter of importance. Once the CMake project includes this code, the error applies to CMake as well.
```
static char *
utf8_encode(const wchar_t *wval)
{
....
p[0] = 0xfc | ((wc >> 30) & 0x01);
p[1] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 24) & 0x3f);
p[1] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 18) & 0x3f);
p[2] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 12) & 0x3f);
p[3] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 6) & 0x3f);
p[4] = 0x80 | (wc & 0x3f);
p += 6;
....
}
```
As you can see, there is some confusion with the indexes. The value is written twice in the *p[1]* array element. If you look at the adjacent code, it becomes clear that the correct code should be this:
```
p[0] = 0xfc | ((wc >> 30) & 0x01);
p[1] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 24) & 0x3f);
p[2] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 18) & 0x3f);
p[3] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 12) & 0x3f);
p[4] = 0x80 | ((wc >> 6) & 0x3f);
p[5] = 0x80 | (wc & 0x3f);
p += 6;
```
**Note**
Please, note that all errors in this section relate to the code in C and C++. There is no code in C# or Java!
It's very interesting, I didn't expect this. In my opinion, the typos considered don't depend on the language. In the sections below, there will be errors in code, written in other languages. I think it's just a coincidence. The PVS-Studio analyzer has started to support the C#/Java languages much later than C/C++, and we just didn't have enough time to collect the examples of the above errors types.
However, this conclusion is still interesting. Apparently, C and C++ programmers are more inclined to use numbers 0, 1, 2 when working with arrays :).
Typos in names
--------------
This will be the largest section. It is very easy for people to get confused in names such as *a1* and *a2*. You might think: «How could you ever get confused here»? You can. And very easily. Now the reader will be able to see it.
**Hive project, Java**
```
@Override
public List getAllInstancesOrdered() {
List list = new LinkedList<>();
list.addAll(instances.values());
Collections.sort(list, new Comparator() {
@Override
public int compare(ServiceInstance o1, ServiceInstance o2) {
return o2.getWorkerIdentity().compareTo(o2.getWorkerIdentity());
}
});
return list;
}
```
The comparison function *compare* receives two objects: *o1* and *o2*. But due to the typo only *o2* is used.
Interestingly, this error has made its way to another function because of Copy-Paste:
```
@Override
public List getAllInstancesOrdered() {
List list = new LinkedList<>();
readLock.lock();
try {
list.addAll(instances.values());
} finally {
readLock.unlock();
}
Collections.sort(list, new Comparator() {
@Override
public int compare(ServiceInstance o1, ServiceInstance o2) {
return o2.getWorkerIdentity().compareTo(o2.getWorkerIdentity());
}
});
return list;
}
```
**Infer.NET project, C#**
```
private void MergeParallelTransitions()
{
....
if (double.IsInfinity(transition1.Weight.Value) &&
double.IsInfinity(transition1.Weight.Value))
....
}
```
**Doom 3 project, C++**
```
uint AltOp::fixedLength()
{
uint l1 = exp1->fixedLength();
uint l2 = exp1->fixedLength();
if (l1 != l2 || l1 == ~0u)
return ~0;
return l1;
}
```
If you didn't notice the typo, look at the line, where the *l2* variable is initialized. *exp2* had to be used.
**Source Engine SDK project, C++**
```
void GetFPSColor( int nFps, unsigned char ucColor[3] )
{
....
int nFPSThreshold1 = 20;
int nFPSThreshold2 = 15;
if (IsPC() &&
g_pMaterialSystemHardwareConfig->GetDXSupportLevel() >= 95)
{
nFPSThreshold1 = 60;
nFPSThreshold1 = 50;
}
....
}
```
The correct version:
```
nFPSThreshold1 = 60;
nFPSThreshold2 = 50;
```
**Linux Kernel project, C**
By the way, in addition to variable names, typos can be in macros' names. Here are a few examples.
```
int private_ioctl(struct vnt_private *pDevice, struct ifreq *rq)
{
....
if (sStartAPCmd.byBasicRate & BIT3) {
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[2] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[3] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[4] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[5] |= BIT7;
} else if (sStartAPCmd.byBasicRate & BIT2) {
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[2] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[3] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[4] |= BIT7;
} else if (sStartAPCmd.byBasicRate & BIT1) { // <=
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[2] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[3] |= BIT7;
} else if (sStartAPCmd.byBasicRate & BIT1) { // <=
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[2] |= BIT7;
} else {
/* default 1,2M */
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[2] |= BIT7;
pMgmt->abyIBSSSuppRates[3] |= BIT7;
}
....
}
```
As you can see, the mask with the *BIT1* name is used twice, which makes the second check pointless. The body of the second conditional operator marked by the comment will never execute.
**CMaNGOS project, C++**
```
void AttackedBy(Unit* pAttacker) override
{
....
DoScriptText(urand(0, 1) ?
SAY_BELNISTRASZ_AGGRO_1 :
SAY_BELNISTRASZ_AGGRO_1,
m_creature, pAttacker);
....
}
```
The project was intended to include random behavior, but the same constant *SAY\_BELNISTRASZ\_AGGRO\_1* is chosen every time.
**Vangers project: One For The Road, C++**
```
const char* iGetJoyBtnNameText(int vkey,int lang)
{
....
if (vkey >= VK_STICK_SWITCH_1 && vkey <= VK_STICK_SWITCH_9)
{
ret = (lang)
? iJoystickStickSwitch2[vkey - VK_STICK_SWITCH_1]
: iJoystickStickSwitch2[vkey - VK_STICK_SWITCH_1];
return ret;
}
....
}
```
According to the written code, the correct version has to be the following:
```
ret = (lang)
? iJoystickStickSwitch2[vkey - VK_STICK_SWITCH_1]
: iJoystickStickSwitch1[vkey - VK_STICK_SWITCH_1];
```
**RT-Thread project, C**
```
uint8_t can_receive_message_length(uint32_t can_periph,
uint8_t fifo_number)
{
uint8_t val = 0U;
if(CAN_FIFO0 == fifo_number){
val = (uint8_t)(CAN_RFIFO0(can_periph) & CAN_RFIFO_RFL0_MASK);
}else if(CAN_FIFO0 == fifo_number){
val = (uint8_t)(CAN_RFIFO1(can_periph) & CAN_RFIFO_RFL0_MASK);
}else{
/* illegal parameter */
}
return val;
}
```
RT-Thread is a real-time open source OS for embedded devices. Here we see confusion between FIFO 0 and FIFO 1. And somewhere, someone's going to stumble upon a glitchy device.
The error is here:
```
if (CAN_FIFO0 == fifo_number){
....
}else if(CAN_FIFO0 == fifo_number){
```
The second check always gives false. The correct version:
```
if (CAN_FIFO0 == fifo_number){
....
}else if(CAN_FIFO1 == fifo_number){
```
**Hive project, Java**
```
private void
generateDateTimeArithmeticIntervalYearMonth(String[] tdesc) throws Exception {
String operatorName = tdesc[1];
String operatorSymbol = tdesc[2];
String operandType1 = tdesc[3];
String colOrScalar1 = tdesc[4];
String operandType2 = tdesc[5];
String colOrScalar2 = tdesc[6];
....
if (colOrScalar1.equals("Col") && colOrScalar1.equals("Column")) {
....
} else if (colOrScalar1.equals("Col") && colOrScalar1.equals("Scalar")) {
....
}
```
The PVS-Studio analyzer indicates about 2 errors at once:1. The string in *colOrScalar1* can't be equal to both strings «Col» and «Column»;
2. The string in *colOrScalar1* can't be equal to both strings «Col» and «Scalar»;
Variable names are definitely muddled up.
**Shareaza project, C++**
```
void CDownloadWithSources::MergeMetadata(const CXMLElement* pXML)
{
CQuickLock pLock( Transfers.m_pSection );
CXMLAttribute* pAttr1 =
m_pXML->GetAttribute(CXMLAttribute::schemaName);
CXMLAttribute* pAttr2 =
pXML->GetAttribute(CXMLAttribute::schemaName);
if (pAttr1 && pAttr2 &&
!pAttr1->GetValue().CompareNoCase(pAttr1->GetValue()))
....
}
```
The correct version:
```
pAttr1->GetValue().CompareNoCase(pAttr2->GetValue())
```
**Note**
Let's take a small break. There is concern, that when looking through a bunch of banal mistakes, we will forget why we do it.
The goal is not to scorn at someone else's code. All this is not the reason to play blame game and say: «Oh, my goodness, that's stupid!» This is the reason to pause to think!
[Posts](https://www.viva64.com/en/inspections/) of our team are intended to show that none of us is immune to mistakes. The errors described in the article appear in code much more often than you might expect. It is also important that the probability of getting confused in 0, 1, 2 almost doesn't depend on the programmer's skill.
It is useful to realize that people tend to make mistakes. Without this, you can't take the next step in improving the quality and reliability of the code. Realizing that we all might be wrong, people begin to try to identify errors at the earliest stages, using coding standards, code reviews, unit tests, static and dynamic analyzers. That's very good.
Then why are we writing about obvious things? Unfortunately, based on numerous conversations with developers, we have to state that it is not always so clear to everyone. Many people have too high self-esteem and they simply don't allow the idea that they are able to make simple mistakes. It's sad.
If you are a teamlead/manager, I invite you to read this [note](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0498/).
**Qt project, C++**
```
AtomicComparator::ComparisonResult
IntegerComparator::compare(const Item &o1,
const AtomicComparator::Operator,
const Item &o2) const
{
const Numeric *const num1 = o1.as();
const Numeric \*const num2 = o1.as();
if(num1->isSigned() || num2->isSigned())
....
}
```
The correct version:
```
const Numeric *const num2 = o2.as();
```
**Android project, C++**
```
static inline bool isAudioPlaybackRateEqual(
const AudioPlaybackRate &pr1,
const AudioPlaybackRate &pr2)
{
return fabs(pr1.mSpeed - pr2.mSpeed) <
AUDIO_TIMESTRETCH_SPEED_MIN_DELTA &&
fabs(pr1.mPitch - pr2.mPitch) <
AUDIO_TIMESTRETCH_PITCH_MIN_DELTA &&
pr2.mStretchMode == pr2.mStretchMode &&
pr2.mFallbackMode == pr2.mFallbackMode;
}
```
There are two typos at once, due to which, variables *pr2.mStretchMode* and *pr2.mFallbackMode* are compared with themselves.
**Boost project, C++**
```
point3D operator/(const point3D &p1, const point3D &p2)
{
return point3D(p1.x/p2.x, p1.y/p2.y, p1.z/p1.z);
}
```
At the very end, thanks to a typo, the *p1.z* variable is divided into itself.
**Clang project, C++**
```
bool haveSameType(QualType Ty1, QualType Ty2) {
return (Context.getCanonicalType(Ty1) ==
Context.getCanonicalType(Ty2) ||
(Ty2->isIntegerType() &&
Ty2->isIntegerType()));
}
```
Yes, believe it or not, the PVS-Studio analyzer detects such bugs in compilers. The correct version:
```
(Ty1->isIntegerType() &&
Ty2->isIntegerType())
```
**Clang project, C++**
```
Instruction *InstCombiner::visitXor(BinaryOperator &I) {
....
if (Op0I && Op1I && Op0I->isShift() &&
Op0I->getOpcode() == Op1I->getOpcode() &&
Op0I->getOperand(1) == Op1I->getOperand(1) &&
(Op1I->hasOneUse() || Op1I->hasOneUse())) {
....
}
```
The correct version:
```
(Op0I->hasOneUse() || Op1I->hasOneUse())
```
**Qt project, C++**
```
inline bool qCompare(QImage const &t1, QImage const &t2, ....)
{
....
if (t1.width() != t2.width() || t2.height() != t2.height()) {
....
}
```
**NCBI Genome Workbench project, C++**
```
static bool s_PCRPrimerSetLess(const CPCRPrimerSet& s1, const CPCRPrimerSet& s2)
{
if (!s1.IsSet() && s1.IsSet()) {
return true;
} else if (s1.IsSet() && !s2.IsSet()) {
return false;
} else if (!s1.IsSet() && !s2.IsSet()) {
return false;
} else if (s1.Get().size() < s2.Get().size()) {
return true;
} else if (s1.Get().size() > s2.Get().size()) {
return false;
} else {
.....
}
```
Error in the very first check. It should be like this:
```
if (!s1.IsSet() && s2.IsSet()) {
```
**NCBI Genome Workbench project, C++**
```
CRef CNWAligner::Run(CScope &scope, const CSeq\_loc &loc1,
const CSeq\_loc &loc2, bool trim\_end\_gaps)
{
if ((!loc1.IsInt() && !loc1.IsWhole()) ||
(!loc1.IsInt() && !loc1.IsWhole()))
{
NCBI\_THROW(CException, eUnknown,
"Only whole and interval locations supported");
}
....
}
```
The first line of condition was copy-pasted, then the programmer got in a hurry and forgot to replace *loc1* with *loc2*.
**FlashDevelop project, C#**
```
public void SetPrices(....)
{
UInt32 a0 = _choice.GetPrice0();
UInt32 a1 = _choice.GetPrice1();
UInt32 b0 = a1 + _choice2.GetPrice0(); // <=
UInt32 b1 = a1 + _choice2.GetPrice1();
....
}
```
**FreeCAD project, C++**
```
inline void insEdgeVec(std::map > ↦,
int n1, int n2)
{
if(n1
```
Regardless of the condition, one and the same action is executed. It would seem such a simple case. How was it possible to copy the line and not fix it? As you can see, it is possible.
**LibreOffice project, C++**
```
class SVX_DLLPUBLIC SdrMarkView : public SdrSnapView
{
....
const Point& GetRef1() const { return maRef1; }
const Point& GetRef2() const { return maRef1; }
....
};
```
Classic Copy-Paste bug. The correct version:
```
const Point& GetRef2() const { return maRef2; }
```
**LibreOffice project, C++**
```
bool CmpAttr(
const SfxPoolItem& rItem1, const SfxPoolItem& rItem2)
{
....
::boost::optional oNumOffset1 =
static\_cast(rItem1).GetNumOffset();
::boost::optional oNumOffset2 =
static\_cast(rItem1).GetNumOffset();
....
}
```
And another classic Copy-Paste error :). In one fragment authors changed 1 for 2, but they forgot to do it in the other one.
**LibreOffice project, C++**
```
XMLTransformerOOoEventMap_Impl::XMLTransformerOOoEventMap_Impl(
XMLTransformerEventMapEntry *pInit,
XMLTransformerEventMapEntry *pInit2 )
{
if( pInit )
AddMap( pInit );
if( pInit )
AddMap( pInit2 );
}
```
Here the mistake isn't about changing 1 for 2, here the author simply forgot to add 2 in the second condition.
Perhaps, you now feel a bit tired. Therefore, let's make some tea or coffee and we'll continue to explore the world of 0, 1, and 2 numbers.
**Geant4 software project, C++**
```
void G4VTwistSurface::GetBoundaryLimit(G4int areacode,
G4double limit[]) const
{
....
if (areacode & sC0Min1Max) {
limit[0] = fAxisMin[0];
limit[1] = fAxisMin[1];
} else if (areacode & sC0Max1Min) {
limit[0] = fAxisMax[0];
limit[1] = fAxisMin[1];
} else if (areacode & sC0Max1Max) {
limit[0] = fAxisMax[0];
limit[1] = fAxisMax[1];
} else if (areacode & sC0Min1Max) {
limit[0] = fAxisMin[0];
limit[1] = fAxisMax[1];
}
....
}
```
I hope you took the advice and had some rest. Are you ready to find the error in this code now?
Congrats to those who managed to do it! You did great!
However, I understand those who got a bit lazy. Reviewing such code is very tedious and you probably want to somehow quickly move on to checking something more interesting. Static analyzers are excellent for such cases, because they don't get tired.
The error is that these two checks are the same:
```
if (areacode & sC0Min1Max) {
} else if (areacode & sC0Min1Max) {
```
If you carefully review the code, it becomes clear that the very first check is erroneous. The correct version:
```
if (areacode & sC0Min1Min) {
} else if (areacode & sC0Max1Min) {
} else if (areacode & sC0Max1Max) {
} else if (areacode & sC0Min1Max) {
```
**CryEngine V project, C++**
```
bool
CompareRotation(const Quat& q1, const Quat& q2, float epsilon)
{
return (fabs_tpl(q1.v.x - q2.v.x) <= epsilon)
&& (fabs_tpl(q1.v.y - q2.v.y) <= epsilon)
&& (fabs_tpl(q2.v.z - q2.v.z) <= epsilon) // <=
&& (fabs_tpl(q1.w - q2.w) <= epsilon);
}
```
**TortoiseGit project, C++**
```
void CGitStatusListCtrl::OnContextMenuList(....)
{
....
if( (!this->m_Rev1.IsEmpty()) ||
(!this->m_Rev1.IsEmpty()) )
....
}
```
**Geant4 software project, C++**
```
G4double G4MesonAbsorption::
GetTimeToAbsorption(const G4KineticTrack& trk1,
const G4KineticTrack& trk2)
{
....
if(( trk1.GetDefinition() == G4Neutron::Neutron() ||
trk1.GetDefinition() == G4Neutron::Neutron() ) &&
sqrtS>1.91*GeV && pi*distance>maxChargedCrossSection)
return time;
....
}
```
**MonoDevelop project, C#**
```
private bool MembersMatch(ISymbol member1, ISymbol member2)
{
....
if (member1.DeclaredAccessibility !=
member1.DeclaredAccessibility
|| member1.IsStatic != member1.IsStatic)
{
return false;
}
....
}
```
As you can see, the above code fragments go unexplained so far. Actually, there is nothing to explain. You can only groan and offer your empathy.
**Dolphin Emulator project, C++**
```
bool IRBuilder::maskedValueIsZero(InstLoc Op1, InstLoc Op2) const
{
return (~ComputeKnownZeroBits(Op1) &
~ComputeKnownZeroBits(Op1)) == 0;
}
```
**RunAsAdmin Explorer Shim project, C++**
```
bool IsLuidsEqual(LUID luid1, LUID luid2)
{
return (luid1.LowPart == luid2.LowPart) &&
(luid2.HighPart == luid2.HighPart);
}
```
**IT++, C++**
```
Gold::Gold(const ivec &mseq1_connections,
const ivec &mseq2_connections)
{
....
it_assert(mseq1.get_length() == mseq1.get_length(),
"Gold::Gold(): dimension mismatch");
}
```
**QuantLib, C++**
```
Distribution ManipulateDistribution::convolve(
const Distribution& d1, const Distribution& d2) {
....
QL_REQUIRE (d1.xmin_ == 0.0 && d1.xmin_ == 0.0,
"distributions offset larger than 0");
....
}
```
**Samba project, C++**
```
static bool samu_correct(struct samu *s1, struct samu *s2)
{
....
} else if (s1_len != s1_len) {
DEBUG(0, ("Password history not written correctly, "
"lengths differ, want %d, got %d\n",
s1_len, s2_len));
....
}
```
**Mozilla Firefox project, C++**
```
static PRBool IsZPositionLEQ(nsDisplayItem* aItem1,
nsDisplayItem* aItem2,
void* aClosure) {
if (!aItem1->GetUnderlyingFrame()->Preserves3D() ||
!aItem1->GetUnderlyingFrame()->Preserves3D()) {
return IsContentLEQ(aItem1, aItem2, aClosure);
}
....
}
```
**Haiku Operation System, C++**
```
void trans_double_path::reset()
{
m_src_vertices1.remove_all();
m_src_vertices2.remove_all();
m_kindex1 = 0.0; // <=
m_kindex1 = 0.0; // <=
m_status1 = initial;
m_status2 = initial;
}
```
**Qt project, C++**
Ok, now let's get to more complicated cases. Try to find the error here just for the sake of interest:
```
static ShiftResult shift(....)
{
....
qreal l = (orig->x1 - orig->x2)*(orig->x1 - orig->x2) +
(orig->y1 - orig->y2)*(orig->y1 - orig->y1) *
(orig->x3 - orig->x4)*(orig->x3 - orig->x4) +
(orig->y3 - orig->y4)*(orig->y3 - orig->y4);
....
}
```
Here's the picture not to see the answer straight away so that you got a chance to think about the fragment.
Right, *orig->y1 — orig->y2* has to be written instead of *orig->y1 — orig->y1*.
**.NET Compiler Platform project, C#**
```
public void IndexerMemberRace()
{
....
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
{
....
if (i % 2 == 0)
{
thread1.Start();
thread2.Start();
}
else
{
thread1.Start();
thread2.Start();
}
....
}
....
}
```
That's an interesting case. For testing purposes, you want to run threads in a different order. However, due to a typo, threads always start in the same way, so the test checks less than it should.
The correct version:
```
if (i % 2 == 0)
{
thread1.Start();
thread2.Start();
}
else
{
thread2.Start();
thread1.Start();
}
```
**Samba project, C**
```
static int compare_procids(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
const struct server_id *i1 = (struct server_id *)p1;
const struct server_id *i2 = (struct server_id *)p2;
if (i1->pid < i2->pid) return -1;
if (i2->pid > i2->pid) return 1;
return 0;
}
```
The comparison function will never return 1, as the *i2->pid > i2->pid* condition is pointless.
Naturally, that's a trivial typo, in fact, the following has to be written:
```
if (i1->pid > i2->pid) return 1;
```
**ChakraCore project, C++**
The last case in this section. Yippee!
```
bool Lowerer::GenerateFastBrSrEq(....,
IR::RegOpnd * srcReg1,
IR::RegOpnd * srcReg2,
....)
{
....
else if (srcReg1 && (srcReg1->m_sym->m_isStrConst))
....
else if (srcReg1 && (srcReg1->m_sym->m_isStrConst))
....
}
```
Miscellaneous errors
--------------------
Now I'm going to mention error patterns related to 0, 1, 2 usage with fewer examples.
### Typos in conditions with the explicit usage of the constant 0/1/2
**ROOT project, C++**
```
Int_t TProofMonSenderML::SendSummary(TList *recs, const char *id)
{
....
if (fSummaryVrs == 0) {
if ((dsn = recs->FindObject("dataset"))) recs->Remove(dsn);
} else if (fSummaryVrs == 0) {
....
}
```
It's strange to compare the *fSummaryVrs* variable with 0 twice.
**.NET CoreCLR, C#**
```
void PutIA64Imm22(UINT64 * pBundle, UINT32 slot, INT32 imm22)
{
if (slot == 0) // <=
{
....
}
else if (slot == 1)
{
....
}
else if (slot == 0) // <=
{
....
}
....
}
```
**FFmpeg project, C**
```
static int imc_decode_block(....)
{
....
if (stream_format_code & 0x1)
imc_decode_level_coefficients_raw(....);
else if (stream_format_code & 0x1)
imc_read_level_coeffs_raw(....);
....
}
```
### Index / name
Previously, we have looked at cases where an index or a name is incorrect. And here is a situation where you can't immediately tell how to classify the error. This example could be attributed to both chapters. So I decided to bring it separately.
**Mesa 3D Graphics Library project, C++**
```
bool
ir_algebraic_visitor::reassociate_constant(....)
{
....
if (ir1->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir1->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[1]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[1]->type->is_matrix())
return false;
....
}
```
This code can be fixed as follows:
```
if (ir1->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir1->operands[1]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[1]->type->is_matrix())
```
As well as in this way:
```
if (ir1->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[0]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir1->operands[1]->type->is_matrix() ||
ir2->operands[1]->type->is_matrix())
```
### Redundant 0
Sometimes 0 is superfluous and harmful. Because of it, the number can turn into an octal one, in the place where it shouldn't. Or spoil the format string.
These errors aren't suitable for this article, but I think they are worth mentioning. I won't give you the code with these errors in the article, but if you're interested, you can check them out here:* [V536](https://www.viva64.com/en/w/v536/) Be advised that the utilized constant value is represented by an octal form, [examples](https://www.viva64.com/en/examples/v536/);
* [V638](https://www.viva64.com/en/w/v638/) A terminal null is present inside a string. The '\0xNN' characters were encountered. Probably meant: '\xNN', [examples](https://www.viva64.com/en/examples/v638/).
### Forgot to write +1
**Haiku Operation System, C++**
```
int
UserlandFS::KernelEmu::new_path(const char *path, char **copy)
{
....
// append a dot, if desired
if (appendDot) {
copiedPath[len] = '.';
copiedPath[len] = '\0';
}
....
}
```
Here is the correct version:
```
copiedPath[len] = '.';
copiedPath[len + 1] = '\0';
```
Note. The case when one forgets to add 1 is not uncommon. I remember exactly that I have seen such cases quite often. However, when I wanted to collect such examples for an article, I found only this example. I'm sorry I can't scare you with more errors. I do apologize.
### Formatting errors (C#)
Most often functions for building strings operate with a small number of arguments. So it turns out that errors relate to the usage of {0}, {1} or {2}.
**Azure PowerShell project, C#**
```
protected override void ProcessRecordInternal()
{
....
if (this.ShouldProcess(this.Name,
string.Format("Creating Log Alert Rule '{0}' in resource group {0}",
this.Name, this.ResourceGroupName)))
{
....
}
....
}
```
The author made a typo and wrote {0} twice. As a result, the *this.Name* name will be inserted in the string twice. As for the *this.ResourceGroupName* name, it won't get into the created string.
**Mono project, C#**
```
void ReadEntropy ()
{
if (reader.IsEmptyElement)
throw new XmlException (
String.Format ("WS-Trust Entropy element is empty.{2}",
LineInfo ()));
....
}
```
The above code is so weird. You are supposed to insert something that doesn't exist. Most likely, this code underwent failed refactoring and the logic was violated.
**Xenko project, C#**
```
public string ToString(string format,
IFormatProvider formatProvider)
{
if (format == null)
return ToString(formatProvider);
return string.Format(
formatProvider,
"Red:{1} Green:{2} Blue:{3}",
R.ToString(format, formatProvider),
G.ToString(format, formatProvider),
B.ToString(format, formatProvider));
}
```
The programmer forgot that the numbering begins with {0}, not with {1}. Correct code:
```
return string.Format(
formatProvider,
"Red:{0} Green:{1} Blue:{2}",
R.ToString(format, formatProvider),
G.ToString(format, formatProvider),
B.ToString(format, formatProvider));
```
**.NET Compiler Platform project, C#**
```
private void DumpAttributes(Symbol s)
{
....
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", pa.ToString());
....
}
```
Arguments are clearly not enough.
Conclusions and recommendations
-------------------------------
I had to demonstrate quite many examples to show that typos related to 0, 1, and 2 deserve special attention.
If I'd just said: «It's easy to confuse o1 and o2», you would have agreed, but wouldn't have given it special attention, as you're giving it now after reading or at least looking through the article.
Now you're forewarned, and that's good. Forewarned is forearmed. From now on you'll be more attentive during code reviews and will pay extra attention to variables with 0, 1, 2 in the names.
It's difficult to give certain recommendations on code formatting so as to avoid the above errors. As you have seen, errors occur even in such simple code, where there is actually nothing to format.
Therefore, I won't call to avoid 0, 1, 2 and give variables long names. If you start writing First/Second/Left/Right instead of numbers, then the temptation to copy the name or expression will be even greater. Perhaps this recommendation won't ultimately reduce, but will increase the number of errors.
However, when you write a lot of similar code, the recommendation of «table code formatting» is still relevant. Table formatting doesn't guarantee the absence of typos, but helps to notice them more easily and faster. See the chapter 13 from the mini-book "[The Ultimate Question of Programming, Refactoring, and Everything](https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0391/)" for more details.
There's another piece of good news. All of the errors discussed in this article are detected by the [PVS-Studio](https://www.viva64.com/en/pvs-studio/) static code analyzer. Accordingly, by introducing static analysis tools into the development process, you will be able to identify many typos at the earliest stage.
Thank you for your attention. I hope you were interested and scared. I wish you reliable code and less errors with 0, 1, 2, so that Freddie didn't come to you. | https://habr.com/ru/post/488328/ | null | null | 5,870 | 51.75 |
I want to finaly learn what's up with pointers and arrays, so i made up this program:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int cantidad_frases = 0; printf("Cuantas frases quieres escribir?: "); scanf("%d", &cantidad_frases); char *frases[cantidad_frases]; for(unsigned i = 0; i < cantidad_frases; i++) { [B]for(; *frases[i]; frases[i]++)[/B] { *frases[i] = getchar(); } } printf("\nReproduciendo las frases:\n\n"); for(unsigned i = 0; i < cantidad_frases; i++) { printf("Frase %d:", i + 1); [B]for(; *frases[i]; frases[i]++)[/B] { printf("%c", *frases[i]); } printf("\n"); } return 0; }
I had no errors nor warnings at all. But program crashes after entering the cantidad_frases value and hitting enter. The problem is in the 11th line.
I really didn't know how to "refer" each letter of the words/string stored in frases.
I hope i made my question clear enough so you can help me. Any advise or (please) any specific place where they explain the whole thing about pointers and arrays is more than welcome! | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/233624/array-of-pointers-to-char-messed-up | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 164 | 62.27 |
patch (1p) - Linux Man Pages
patch: apply changes to files
PROLOGThis manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
patch - apply changes to files
SYNOPSIS
patch [-blNR][ -c| -e| -n][-d
dir][-D define][-i patchfile]
DESCRIPTION
The patch utility shall read a source (patch) file containing any of the three forms of difference (diff) listings produced by the diff utility (normal, context, or in the style of ed) and apply those differences to a file. By default, patch shall read from the standard input.
The patch utility shall attempt to determine the type of the diff listing, unless overruled by a -c, -e, or -n option.
If the patch file contains more than one patch, patch shall attempt to apply each of them as if they came from separate patch files. (In this case, the application shall ensure that the name of the patch file is determinable for each diff listing.)
OPTIONS
The patch utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
- -b
- Save a copy of the original contents of each modified file, before the differences are applied, in a file of the same name with the suffix .orig appended to it. If the file already exists, it shall be overwritten; if multiple patches are applied to the same file, the .orig file shall be written only for the first patch. When the -o outfile option is also specified, file .orig shall not be created but, if outfile already exists, outfile .orig shall be created.
- -c
- Interpret the patch file as a context difference (the output of the utility diff when the -c or -C options are specified).
- -d
dir
- Change the current directory to dir before processing as described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.
- -D
define
- Mark changes with one of the following C preprocessor constructs:
#ifdef define ... #endif #ifndef define ... #endif
optionally combined with the C preprocessor construct #else. If the patched file is processed with the C preprocessor, where the macro define is defined, the output shall contain the changes from the patch file; otherwise, the output shall not contain the patches specified in the patch file.
- -e
- Interpret the patch file as an ed script, rather than a diff script.
- -i
patchfile
- Read the patch information from the file named by the pathname patchfile, rather than the standard input.
- -l
- (The letter ell.) Cause any sequence of <blank>s in the difference script to match any sequence of <blank>s in the input file. Other characters shall be matched exactly.
- -n
- Interpret the script as a normal difference.
- -N
- Ignore patches where the differences have already been applied to the file; by default, already-applied patches shall be rejected.
- -o
outfile
- Instead of modifying the files (specified by the file operand or the difference shall be considered the first component (that is, -p 1 shall remove the leading slashes). Specifying -p 0 shall cause the full pathname to be used. If -p is not specified, only the basename (the final pathname component) shall be used.
- -R
- Reverse the sense of the patch script; that is, assume that the difference script was created from the new version to the old version. The -R option cannot be used with ed scripts. The patch utility shall attempt to reverse each portion of the script before applying it. Rejected differences shall be saved in swapped format. If this option is not specified, and until a portion of the patch file is successfully applied, patch attempts to apply each portion in its reversed sense as well as in its normal sense. If the attempt is successful, the user shall be prompted to determine whether the -R option should be set.
- -r
rejectfile
- Override the default reject filename. In the default case, the reject file shall have the same name as the output file, with the suffix .rej appended to it; see Patch Application .
OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:
- file
- A pathname of a file to patch.
STDIN
See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
Input files shall be text files.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of patch:
- .
- LC_TIME
- Determine the locale for recognizing the format of file timestamps written by the diff utility in a context-difference input file.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
STDOUT
STDERR
The standard error shall be used for diagnostic and informational messages.
OUTPUT FILES
The output of the patch utility, the save files ( .orig suffixes), and the reject files ( .rej suffixes) shall be text files.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
A patch file may contain patching instructions for more than one file; filenames shall be determined as specified in Filename Determination . When the -b option is specified, for each patched file, the original shall be saved in a file of the same name with the suffix .orig appended to it.
For each patched file, a reject file may also be created as noted in Patch Application . In the absence of a -r option, the name of this file shall be formed by appending the suffix .rej to the original filename.
Patch File Format
The patch file shall contain zero or more lines of header information followed by one or more patches. Each patch shall contain zero or more lines of filename identification in the format produced by diff -c, and one or more sets of diff output, which are customarily called hunks.
The patch utility shall recognize the following expression in the header information:
- Index:
pathname
The file to be patched is named pathname.
If all lines (including headers) within a patch begin with the same leading sequence of <blank>s, the patch utility shall remove this sequence before proceeding. Within each patch, if the type of difference is context, the patch utility shall recognize the following expressions:
- ***
filename timestamp
The patches arose from filename.
- ---
filename timestamp
The patches should be applied to filename.
Each hunk within a patch shall be the diff output to change a line range within the original file. The line numbers for successive hunks within a patch shall occur in ascending order.
Filename Determination
If no file operand is specified, patch shall perform the following steps to determine the filename to use:
- 1.
- If the type of diff is context, the patch utility shall delete pathname components (as specified by the -p option) from the filename on the line beginning with "***", then test for the existence of this file relative to the current directory (or the directory specified with the -d option). If the file exists, the patch utility shall use this filename.
- 2.
- If the type of diff is context, the patch utility shall delete the pathname components (as specified by the -p option) from the filename on the line beginning with "---", then test for the existence of this file relative to the current directory (or the directory specified with the -d option). If the file exists, the patch utility shall use this filename.
- 3.
- If the header information contains a line beginning with the string Index:, the patch utility shall delete pathname components (as specified by the -p option) from this line, then test for the existence of this file relative to the current directory (or the directory specified with the -d option). If the file exists, the patch utility shall use this filename.
- 4.
- If an SCCS directory exists in the current directory, patch shall attempt to perform a get -e SCCS/s. filename command to retrieve an editable version of the file. If the file exists, the patch utility shall use this filename.
- 5.
- The patch utility shall write a prompt to standard output and request a filename interactively from the controlling terminal (for example, /dev/tty).
Patch Application
If the -c, -e, or -n option is present, the patch utility shall interpret information within each hunk as a context difference, an ed difference, or a normal difference, respectively. In the absence of any of these options, the patch utility shall determine the type of difference based on the format of information within the hunk.
For each hunk, the patch utility shall begin to search for the place to apply the patch at the line number at the beginning of the hunk, plus or minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk. If lines matching the hunk context are not found, patch shall scan both forwards and backwards at least 1000 bytes for a set of lines that match the hunk context.
If no such place is found and it is a context difference, then another scan shall take place, ignoring the first and last line of context. If that fails, the first two and last two lines of context shall be ignored and another scan shall be made. Implementations may search more extensively for installation locations.
If no location can be found, the patch utility shall append the hunk to the reject file. The rejected hunk shall shall reflect the approximate locations for the failed hunks in the new file rather than the old one.
If the type of patch is an ed diff, the implementation may accomplish the patching by invoking the ed utility.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0
- Successful completion.
1
- One or more lines were written to a reject file.
- >1
- An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Patches that cannot be correctly placed in the file shall be written to a reject file.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The -R option does not work with ed scripts because there is too little information to reconstruct the reverse operation.
The -p option makes it possible to customize a patch file to local user directory structures without manually editing the patch file. .
EXAMPLES
RATIONALE
Some of the functionality in historical patch implementations was not specified. The following documents those features present in historical implementations that have not been specified.
A deleted piece of functionality was the '+' pseudo-option allowing an additional set of options and a patch file operand to be given. This was seen as being insufficiently useful to standardize.
In historical implementations, if the string "Prereq:" appeared in the header, the patch utility would search for the corresponding version information (the string specified in the header, delimited by <blank>s or the beginning or end of a line or the file) anywhere in the original file. This was deleted as too simplistic and insufficiently trustworthy a mechanism to standardize. For example, if:
Prereq: 1.2
were in the header, the presence of a delimited 1.2 anywhere in the file would satisfy the prerequisite.
The following options were dropped from historical implementations of patch as insufficiently useful to standardize:
- -b
- The -b option historically provided a method for changing the name extension of the backup file from the default .orig. This option has been modified and retained in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
- -F
- The -F option specified the number of lines of a context diff to ignore when searching for a place to install a patch.
- -f
- The -f option historically caused patch not to request additional information from the user.
- -r
- The -r option historically provided a method of overriding the extension of the reject file from the default .rej.
- -s
- The -s option historically caused patch to work silently unless an error occurred.
- -x
- The -x option historically set internal debugging flags.
In some file system implementations, the saving of a .orig file may produce unwanted results. In the case of 12, 13, or 14-character filenames (on file systems supporting 14-character maximum filenames), the .orig file overwrites the new file. The reject file may also exceed this filename limit. It was suggested, due to some historical practice, that a tilde ( '~' ) suffix be used instead of .orig and some other character instead of the .rej suffix. This was rejected because it is not obvious to the user which file is which. The suffixes .orig and .rej are clearer and more understandable.
The -b option has the opposite sense in some historical implementations-do not save the .orig file. The default case here is not to save the files, making patch behave more consistently with the other standard utilities.
The -w option in early proposals was changed to -l to match historical practice.
The -N option was included because without it, a non-interactive application cannot reject previously applied patches. For example, if a user is piping the output of diff into the patch utility, and the user only wants to patch a file to a newer version non-interactively, the -N option is required.
Changes to the -l option description were proposed to allow matching across <newline>s in addition to just <blank>s. Since this is not historical practice, and since some ambiguities could result, it is suggested that future developments in this area utilize another option letter, such as -L. . | https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/1p-patch/ | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 2,186 | 62.38 |
When you are designing a modem, you’ll typically make heavy use of simulations. Much of the design work is concentrated on the algorithmic part of the device, especially in these days of Software-Defined Radio (SDR), where the actual electronics might be mostly off-the-shelf. After deciding on theoretical grounds on a design that should work for a particular application, simulations are the way to check things in practice. If the simulations are close enough to reality to be relevant, of course.
One of the essential things that you need for your simulations, is noise. Noise is inevitable in all practical communications channels, and it is often not subtle, so you really need it. This article shows how to add noise to a signal to set the \(E_s/N_0\) to a given value.
\(E_s/N_0\) is a way to specify the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a digital communications signal. See Why is Eb/N0 the Natural Figure of Merit in Digital Communications? for some context you are not familiar with this. The central equation of that article is
\[\frac{E_b}{N_0}=\frac{S}{N}\frac{B}{R_b}.\]
In the current article, I’m going to use energy per symbol \(E_s\) and symbol rate \(R_s\) instead of energy per bit \(E_b\) and bit rate \(R_b\), because that is typically more natural in a simulation setting. The connection between both is easy. If the number of bits per symbol is \(b\), then \(E_s=bE_b\) and \(R_s=R_b/b\). A symbol contains \(b\) bits, so the energy per symbol is \(b\) times higher than the energy per bit, and the bit rate is \(b\) times higher than the symbol rate. Substitution in the formula above results in a completely analogous expression for \(E_s/N_0\) as for \(E_b/N_0\),
\[\frac{E_s}{N_0}=\frac{S}{N}\frac{B}{R_s}.\]
The “most natural” figure of merit might still be \(E_b/N_0\), in the sense that it depends on how much energy needs to be spent to get a bit from point A to point B. However, the things that are actually sent over the air or over the wire are symbols, so, in practice, you will often want to work with \(E_s/N_0\).
The Question
Concretely, this article answers the following question. How to set the \(E_s/N_0\) of a complex signal \(x[k]\) of length \(K\) to a given value by adding Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). \(E_s\) is the energy per symbol, and \(N_0\) is the noise spectral density. If you are unsure why the signal would be complex, read What is a Constellation Diagram? first.
The input signal is digital, so \(x[k]\) is simply a series of \(K\) complex numbers. The task is now to create a noise signal \(n[k]\), also of length \(K\), so that the summed signal \(x[k]+n[k]\) has the required \(E_s/N_0\). The first step is to convert the \(E_s/N_0\) to a simple SNR, so that we can determine the power that the noise samples need to have.
As stated above, we know that
\[\frac{E_s}{N_0}=\frac{S}{N}\frac{B}{R_s},\]
with \(B\) the bandwidth of the channel and \(R_s\) the symbol rate. The rest of this article assumes that \(E_s/N_0\) is linear scale, so you might need to convert it from decibels.
The above formula can be rewritten as
\[N=\frac{SB}{(E_s/N_0)R_s}.\]
The meaning of this expression is simple: if the average power per sample of a signal is \(S\), then adding noise with an average power per sample of \(N\) results in a signal with the required \(E_s/N_0\).
The first thing that we now need to figure out is which values to use for each of the unknowns in the expression for \(N\).
The Unknowns
The first one is the average power per sample, \(S\). Since we are talking about a simulation here, \(S\) is probably simply known by design. However, if you have to start from an actual sequence \(x[k]\) of length \(K\), then you can compute the average power as
\[S=\frac{1}{K}\sum_{k=0}^{K-1}{|x[k]|^2}.\]
The second unknown is \(B\). This bandwidth is defined as the channel bandwidth, but what concrete number do we use in the simulation? In the original formula for \(E_s/N_0\), the channel bandwidth is used to go from noise \(N\) to noise spectral density \(N_0=N/B\). I.e., the bandwidth is used to compute how the total noise power can be translated to noise power per Hz of bandwidth. This means that we can simply use the bandwidth of the simulation for \(B\), since AWGN has constant spectral density. Also remember that, since the signal \(x[k]\) is complex, the bandwidth is equal to the sampling rate, not half of it as for real signals.
The last unknown is \(R_s\). This is simply the symbol rate.
With the unknowns pinned down, we now know \(N\), the average noise power per sample to add to \(x[k]\).
The Noise
Given \(N\), how exactly do you create the signal \(n[k]\) to be added to \(x[k]\)?
An important point is that \(n[k]\) is a complex signal, as is \(x[k]\), so we need complex noise samples. Assuming you have access to Gaussian distributed samples with mean \(0\) and variance \(1\), written as \(\mathcal{N}(\mu=0,\,\sigma^2=1)\), you first create two real signals for the real and imaginary part, with \(n_\Re[k]\sim\mathcal{N}(0,1)\) and \(n_\Im[k]\sim\mathcal{N}(0,1)\) for each \(k\), and then combine them as
\[n[k]=\sqrt\frac{N}{2}(n_\Re[k]+i\,n_\Im[k]).\]
The power of a signal of which the samples are distributed as \(\mathcal{N}(0,1)\) is 1, and the factor in front of it changes the power to \(N\). The factor \(\sqrt{N/2}\) is due to two things. First, the power has to be divided by \(2\), because half of it has to be applied to the real part of the signal, and half of it to the imaginary part. Second, the square root has to be added, because the power of the samples has to be multiplied by \(N/2\), while it is the amplitude that is multiplied in practice.
The Code
The following Python function takes a complex input signal \(s\) and adds AWGN with the specified \(E_s/N_0\) (in dB), for a simulation bandwidth of \(B\), and a bit rate of \(R_s\).
from __future__ import division import numpy as np def add_noise(s, EsN0_dB, B, Rs): EsN0 = 10 ** (EsN0_dB / 10) K = len(s) S = np.sum(np.abs(s) ** 2) / K n_real = np.random.normal(0, 1, K) n_imag = np.random.normal(0, 1, K) n = np.sqrt(S * B / (2 * EsN0 * Rs)) * (n_real + 1j * n_imag) return s + n
Add new comment | https://tomroelandts.com/index.php/articles/how-to-add-noise-to-set-a-digital-communications-signal-to-a-given-esn0 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 1,152 | 61.16 |
Opened 5 years ago
Closed 5 years ago
Last modified 5 years ago
#19959 closed Bug (invalid)
ModelAdmin.get_formsets code snippet wrong
Description
The example code snippet in django/docs/ref/contrib/admin/index.txt around line 1218 says:
for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
but the signature for that method (in django/contrib/admin/options.py) is:
def get_inline_instances(self, request):
Change History (1)
comment:1 Changed 5 years ago by
Last edited 5 years ago by (previous) (diff)
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
The
objparameter was added in version 1.5 as noted in the documentation.
Are you reading the documentation of django >= 1.5 while using django < 1.5? | https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/19959 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 116 | 51.95 |
The ViewPager widget is one of the most used of the advanced UI components. However, the story of how to make use of it is a tricky one. Let's see how simple we can make it.
This book is currently being revised. Chapter 5 and later refer to an earlier version of Android Studio - revisit for updates.
If you are interested in creating custom template also see:
Custom Projects In Android Studio
One of the widgets that you are going to want to make use of at some time or other is ViewPager. This provides a way to manage multiple pages and lets the user swipe from one page to another. Like ListView it makes use of an adapter to generate its view, but in this case the adapter returns a Fragment which the ViewPager then makes use of to generate a View which it displays.
The fact that we are working with Fragments for pages means that this is a powerful way to work - the Fragment can respond to the user and do things. But it also means that you have to know about Fragments and be completely comfortable with them.
There are a few complicated things that happen in the ViewPager and you can't hope to follow if you are uncertain how Fragments work. If you need to know work about Fragments go to Introducing Fragments and work through this series of articles from that point.
The ViewPager class is a layout manager or a container that allows the user to swipe left and right though a set of pages that you supply. The term "pages" suggests something like an web page but this is only a very lose analogy.
The idea is that ViewPager works with a PageAdapter to supply the Views that represent each page. The basic idea is that ViewPager keeps track of what page should be visible on the screen and then asks the PagerAdapter to get the View hierarchy that needs to be displayed. For example, the ViewPager might request page 4 and the PagerAdapter generates or otherwise retrieves the View object for the page.
In practice the low level mechanism of working with a simple PagerAdapter is a bit more tricky than working with a Fragment based PagerAdapter . In this scheme of things each page to be displayed is organised as a Fragment and the View hierarchy that the ViewPager needs is obtained via the Fragment's OnCreateView method. That the page is just what ever the Fragment would display in normal use.
The idea is that FragmentPagerAdapter either generates or retrieves the Fragment by page number and then internally uses the OnCreateView method to generate the View hierarchy that the ViewPager uses to display the page.
So for all this to work we need:
Let's see how to put this into operation but first a small detail that is essential to allow us to actually use a ViewPage.
In most of the other chapters we have made use of native Fragment support. In the case of ViewPager we cannot avoid using the support library because ViewPager isn't natively supported even in the very latest Android, Lollipop.
As the support library doesn't work well with native Fragments we will also have to use the support library's Fragment services.
To make use of the support library you need to navigate the project structure to Gradle Scripts and open the file build.gradle(app). At the end of the file add a line to the dependencies like:
compile "com.android.support:support-v4:21.0.+"
You can change the 21.0 to what ever version you want to use. The "+" at the end will ensure that you use the most up-to-date sub-version.
The end of the file should read something like:
dependencies { compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar']) compile "com.android.support:support-v4:21.0.+"}
At this point Android Studio should prompt you to synchronize the project. If it doesn't use the command File Synchronize.
After this the project is ready for you to use classes that are in the support library and in most cases will automatically add the appropriate import statements for you.
There are a few examples of using ViewPager but they all include something extra to show you how amazingly useful ViewPager is. In our first example, the emphasis is on keeping things simple - as simple as possible so that the way that ViewPager works is very obvious.
First we need a new Android Studio project - a blank Activity will do fine.
The first task is to edit the build.gradle(app) file to include the support library as described in the previous section. Make sure that you have synchronized the project after making the change.
In most examples of ViewPager a layout is prepared with XML to generate the ViewPage. The Android Studio designer doesn't support drag-and-drop editing of the ViewPager widget. You can edit the XML layout directly to insert a ViewPager but you can also generate the ViewPager object in code and add it to the View in the usual way - see, if you are in any doubt about how to work with a View in code, refer back to UI Graphics A Deep Dive.
First we have to clean the generated layout by removing the "Hello World" text and changing the Relative layout to a Vertical LinearLayout - editing the XML file is the quickest way. Also give the LinearLayout an id of container.
The XML you need:</LinearLayout>
As we need to use the support library we need to change the MainActivity to inherit from FragmentActivity. Edit the class declartion to read:
public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity {
The code that you need to create a ViewPager and add it to the layout is just:
ViewPager myVP=new ViewPager(this);myVP.setId(View.generateViewId()); LinearLayout linL = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.container); linL.addView(myVP);
You will be prompted by the Android Studio to let it automatically add the imports needed for ViewPager and LinearLayout.
The complete onCreate method is:
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); ViewPager myVP=new ViewPager(this); myVP.setId(View.generateViewId()); LinearLayout linL = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.container); linL.addView(myVP); }
You can now run the program but all you will see is a blank ViewPager.
To see something work we need some Fragment objects to display.
At this point you might be thinking that there is a missing "s" from the title. If we are going to display a number of pages then presumably we need a custom Fragment for each one. Some times we do need multiple custom Fragment classes but the FragmentPagerAdapter works with instances of Fragment classes i.e. Fragment objects. If the pages are roughly the same but with different data then a Fragment class can be reused.
For simplicity we will only create a single Fragment class that displays its page number. In a more realistic example some of the pages would be generated from different Fragments.
Right click the project folder and use the New,Fragment,Fragment(Blank) command to add a new Fragment called Page. Unselect Include interface callbacks or remove the code that this option generates. In this case we are not wanting the Fragment to interact with the Activity but it could.
To customise the Fragment we are going to have to add a TextView to its layout to display the page number. Use the designer to edit the Fragment's layout - fragment_page.xml. You can place any UI widget or component you care to use. This is a completely general UI layout you are creating and you can treat it exactly as you would an layout to be used with an Activity.
In this case simply place a TextView on the screen.
Next we need to customise the generated code which contains more than we actually need. It also makes use of the native Fragment implementation and we need to change it to make use of the support library. You can skip this step as the native Fragment class will work with the support library ViewPager but using the support Fragment seems to be more stable.
The simplest way to change to the support library is to delete the existing import
import android.app.Fragment;
wait a moment for Android Studio to notice and then use Alt-Enter to pick the correct import:
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
or you could just type in the new import.
Other changes to the code are about what the Fragment is doing. The Fragment is simply going to display the first parameter supplied via the newInstance method in the TextView that we placed into its layout earlier. Change the onCreateView to read:
public View onCreateView( LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { // Inflate the layout for this fragment View v= inflater.inflate( R.layout.fragment_page, container, false); ((TextView)v.findViewById(R.id.textView)). setText(mParam1); return v; }
This is all we need to do to get a custom Fragment that displays the page number.
Now we need to move on to the custom FragmentPagerAdapter. | https://www.i-programmer.info/programming/android/7961-android-adventures-viewpager.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 1,528 | 61.77 |
Java Scanner class can be to read the user input from console. This program teaches you code for reading user input from console using the scanner class.
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Example of of reading user input in Java using Scanner
In this section we are explaining the use of Scanner class in Java which can be used to read user input from console. Our sample program asks user to enter name and then age, user input is read using the scanner class. Information entered by user is printed back on the console.
There are various ways to read user input in Java and Scanner class is one of them. Scanner class can be used to read user input from console. It provide methods to read data in String, int, byte, short, Long, Float and Double formats. You can use this class to read and parse data using the regular expression.
Constructor
Scanner class takes input stream as the constructor parameter as shown below:
Scanner scannerObj=new Scanner(System.in);
In this above code we are constructing object of Scanner class by passing System.in as input stream. Scanner class is used to read from input stream using regular expressions and it provides methods to read data into various formats.
Following are the most used methods of Scanner class:
So, above are the methods that you can use with the Scanner class object. Now let's make a simple program to reading user input from console.
package net.roseindia; import java.util.Scanner; public class ReadConsoleScanner { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter your Name:"); String name = scanner.nextLine(); System.out.println("Enter your age:"); int age = scanner.nextInt(); System.out.println("Welcome " +name +"!!! You are "+age+" old!!"); } }
Following is the sample output of the program:
Enter your Name: Deepak Enter your age: 35 Welcome Deepak!!! You are 35 old!!
So, in this example we learned to read user input from console, we used Scanner class to read line and int value from the console.
Related Examples:
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Radix Sort In Java
In this tutorial, we will figure out how to complete a radix sort in java with simple models.
Radix sort is the arranging calculation used to sort the numbers. Radix sort is otherwise called container sort or tallying sort.
Specific qualification for radix sort is that it makes a can or a bucket for every digit.
How to implement Radix Sort In Java
if you don’t know how to do a radix sort then you are at the right place. Let’s learn with simple examples.
It is the sorting algorithm used to sort the numbers in an ascending number. We sort the number from the least significant digit.
For example:-
On the off chance that we are managing unsorted numbers than we realize that there are 10 digits from 0 to 9 that are utilized to shape any number.
so we will require 10 cans named 0 to 9 to sort the unsorted numbers.
Let’s sort some unsorted numbers.
90,80,70,20,40,5,120,110
Since there are 10 digits from 0 to 9 so, we will need 10 buckets labeled 0 to 9 in order to sort the given unsorted numbers.
Now, find the number of digits in the biggest number.
100 is the biggest number and in this case, it has 3 digits.
So we will pad all the number that is smaller than 100 with leading zeros. It will look like:
090,080,070,020,040,005,120,110
since all of them have 3 digits so, the sorting process will require 3 passes.
pass1: -sort the numbers using the 1st digit from the right.
090 has 0 in 1st place so we will put it in bucket 0, similarly, 080 has 0 in 1st place so we will place it in bucket 0
070 has 0 in 1st place so we will put it in a bucket 0, 020 has 0 in 1st place so we will put it in bucket 0, 040 has 0 in 1st place so we will put it in bucket 0,and 005 has 5 in its 1st place so we will put it in bucket 5.
Pass 1 is complete. Take the numbers out from the bucket from 0 to 9 from the bottom.
Pass 1:-
090,080,070,020,040,120,110,005
Similarly, we will do it for pass 2 but in pass 2 we will sort the numbers using 2nd digit from the right.
Pass 2:-005,110,020,120,040,070,080,090
Now we will do pass 3 where we will sort the numbers according to the last significant digit i.e., 3rd digit.
Pass 3:- 005,020,040,070,080,090,110,120
Remove the leading zeros.
The output will be 5,20,40,70,80,90,110,120
Java program to implement:
The below code will help you to achieve your goal:
import java.util.*; class RadixSortExample { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Radix sort using Java"); int[] numbers = { 10,15,1,60,5,100,25,50 }; System.out.println("Before sorting the numbers are:-"); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(numbers)); radixs(numbers); System.out.println("Sorting an array using radix sort"); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(numbers)); } public static void radixs(int[] numbers) { final int RADIX = 10; List<Integer>[] buck = new ArrayList[RADIX]; for (int unique = 0; unique < buck.length(); unique++) { buck[unique] = new ArrayList<Integer>(); } boolean max = false; int temp = -1, p = 1; while (!max) { max = true; for (Integer unique: numbers) { temp = unique/ p; buck[temp % RADIX].add(unique); if (max && temp > 0) { max = false; } } int Z = 0; for (z = 0;z < RADIX;z++) { for(Integer unique : buck[z]) { numbers[z++] = i; } buck[z].clear(); } p=p*RADIX; } } }
OUTPUT:
Radix sort using java Before sorting the numbers are:- 10,15,1,60,5,100,25,50 sorting an array using radix sort 1,5,10,15,25,50,60,100
You may also read: | https://www.codespeedy.com/radix-sort-in-java/ | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 665 | 71.75 |
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Adding values to an int myPoints[][] array
I have been struggling with this program for much longer than I should be. I am teaching myself java and I was wanting to try to knock out a few of the basics by reading in a file formatted like:
Code:
3 //Number of lines in the file 14 15 43 23 34 12
Code:
Code:
import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileReader; public class Test { private static final String FILE = "file.txt"; public double[][] myPoints; public static void main(final String[] args){ try{ final BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File(FILE))); points = new myPoints[Integer.parseInt(br.readLine())]; int i = 0; int xMax = 0; int yMax = 0; while(br.ready()){ String line; for (int i = 0; (line = br.readLine()) != null; i++) { for (int i = 0; i <= even.length; i++) { final String[][] split = even.split(" "); final int x = Integer.parseInt(split1[0]); final int y = Integer.parseInt(split1[1]); xMax = Math.max(x, xMax); yMax = Math.max(y, yMax); points[i++] = new Point(x, y); } final JFrame frame = new JFrame("Point Data Rendering"); final Panel panel = new Panel(); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(xMax + 10, yMax + 10)); frame.setContentPane(panel); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.repaint(); } catch (final Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } public static class Panel extends JPanel { @Override public void paintComponent(final Graphics g){ g.setColor(Color.RED); //This was just when I was plotting the points, but my drawline stuff will go here. for(final Point p : points){ g.fillRect((int) p.getX(), (int) p.getY(), 2, 2); } } } }
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Looks to me that you have jumped into the deep end of the pool before trying out the shallow end. There's a lot here you are wanting to do, but you're not familiar with the basics before continuing into the intermediate functionality.
Start simple, then move to complex. The idea you have is right, but its implementation is incorrect. You have datatype mismatches here, and incorrect usage of object properties.
Here's what I suggest. Start without worrying about a visual rendering component. Drop all associations with gui components, and work it off of a command line app. The goal is to get the data from the file, and into an array or collection. Choose if the array should be primitive like a double[][], or an array of object such as Point. I'd suggest using a multidimensional primitive since that will kill two birds with one stone. Once you have the data in the array, then iterate it using a for or foreach style for syntax and just a tabular style output. When you have this data, then you can move into gui components.
Watch for your datatypes and property handling. myPoints isn't a datatype, so it cannot be instantiated, and points isn't defined as any datatype. Watch your scope as well, nested loops cannot use the same control variable (ie: i), since i will be altered in both the inner and outer loops. Use different variables for control (i, j are typically good options). I'd suggest using split on a simple space character, and then using trim on the strings provided.
When you can get the data into the array properly, then you can look at the gui aspect. I'd extend a JPanel directly and accept the data collection into the constructor OR give it a file to read itself.
If you don't follow the simple to complex approach when learning a language, you'll always end up in the situation of "its not working but I don't know what is wrong". This is why you need to get a solid understanding of each part one at a time in order to diagnose what is wrong. That way you can look at something and say "the file is correctly read and stored, but its not rendered on the panel properly" so that gives you a spot to debug instead of being unsure of what in particular isn't working.PHP Code:
header('HTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm'); | http://www.codingforums.com/java-and-jsp/286910-adding-values-int-mypoints%5B%5D%5B%5D-array.html | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 727 | 65.52 |
Using JavaFX in Jython Applications
Submitted.
It is because of the added benefit of using Java and JavaFX script together that Jython and JavaFX are a great combination. Most people would like to argue that Jython is also a good substitution to core Java programming. We have the ability to create Jython applications and invoke JavaFX user interfaces from within them...and it couldn't be simpler!
This short article does not contain any complex Jython code...it is very simplistic, but it is a good introduction to incorporating JavaFX into your Jython applications.
Setting Up the Environment
First of all, we need to set up our environment. The easiest way to get started with JavaFX and Jython is to begin with the command line. You need to ensure that the javafxrt.jar and swing-layout.jar Java archives are included in your classpath before running this small demo. You can obtain these jars from the OpenJFX project pages.
Once you've obtained the JAR files, then create a directory on your hard drive and place the jar files into that directory. Let's call the directory "jythonfx" for the purposes of this article. You then need to set the classpath using the following syntax
Windows 2000/XP/Vista
Open command prompt, change to the jythonfx directory and type the following:
set CLASSPATH=path_to_jythonfx_directory\javafxrt.jar;path_to_jythonfx_directory\swing-layout.jar;%CLASSPATH%
Mac OSX 10.4 or 10.5
Open terminal, change to the jythonfx directory and type the following:
export CLASSPATH=/path_to_jythonfx_directory/javafxrt.jar export CLASSPATH=/path_to_jythonfx_directory/swing-layout.jar
Keep this command line or terminal open because this is where we will run the application.
Coding the Application
This simple demonstration uses only two files, one of them is a Jython script, and the other is a JavaFX script. The idea is to invoke the Jython script, which in turn invokes the JavaFX script. For the purposes of this demo, we will not do anything constructive with the Jython. However, we could create an entire Jython application and use JavaFX as the front end UI using a similar approach.
The Jython Code:
fxLauncher.py
# fxLauncher.py # # Jython script to programatically invoke a JavaFX script contained in the same directory # from java.lang import String from net.java.javafx import FXShell # Invoke the JythonFx script using the FXShell def fxLauncher(): name = ["JythonFx.fx"] try: FXShell.main(name) except Exception, e: print e if __name__== "__main__": fxLauncher()
This simple JavaFX script creates a Swing frame and prints a simple line of text.
import javafx.ui.*; import javafx.ui.canvas.*; Frame { title: "Hello World!" width: 300 height: 100 content: Label { text: "Hello World with Jython" } visible: true }
As you can see from the code above, creating a simple Swing UI is easy and the code is brief. In order to invoke the application, you must ensure that these two files reside in your jythonfx directory, and then invoke the script using the following line in your command line or terminal.
jython fxLauncher.py
Conclusion
As you can see, it is quite simple to invoke a JavaFX program from within Jython. Is it useful? That depends on what you would like to accomplish with your application. Personally, I think JavaFX is going to become even more of a hot topic once Sun releases it's JRE. If you are using Jython to create servlets, then I think it will be possible to invoke JavaFX applets using similar techniques as the one described above. The technology is there, now it is time to have some fun and use it.
Resources
Programatically Invoking JavaFX Script | https://wiki.python.org/jython/JythonMonthly/Articles/December2007/2?action=diff | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 600 | 66.03 |
HIPL on Android
Bug Description
HIPL does not build or work on Android yet. Android platform is problematic because it is targeted for java applications. The challenges include:
* DNS proxy is written with python, so it's not possible to port it at all
* The h/w platform for Android is really picky with memory alignments and requires some modifications to the code.
* Many of the libraries are missing, so HIPL has to be cross-compiled and statically linked with some ofthe libraries.
However, the latest Android 2.3 seems to have OpenSSL already available should make the work easier. Please check out (especially the end of the latter link):
http://
http://
The alignment problems can be fixed with:
system("echo 3 > /proc/cpu/
However, this degrades the performance of the system radically. So, this was solved by a student (on some really old version of Android) using packed data structures. I have some patches from him, but I am not going to publish them online because they do not work with the current data base. Instead, I'll just quote his report:
When you cast unaligned pointer to an aligned type, the gcc takes your word and inlines memcpy. But this will generate unaligned trap, but will work in x86 and other processors where unaligned accesses will be fixed automatically, but not in ARM.
For example, the following code will raise SIGBUS when run in ARM
(in foo(), the types are same, even though we have typecasted it from a packed struct, so gcc inlines the memcpy)
#include <string.h>
typedef struct {
unsigned int a;
unsigned int b;
unsigned char c;
} s;
typedef struct {
unsigned int a;
unsigned int b;
unsigned char c;
} __attribute__ ((packed)) ust;
void foo(s *cp)
{
s dst;
memcpy(&dst, cp, sizeof(s));
return 0;
}
int main(int k, char *kk[]) {
ust tt;
return foo(&tt);
}
One place where this was causing a problem was hadb.c:
The compilation problems about shadowed declarations should be trivial to fix. Just rename the "index" variables to "idx".
Rene gave a pointer earlier: the new GCC version may actually help you with HIPL for Android:
http://
Ibraham, feel free to pose questions here too...
Ibrahim will not be able to complete this task.
New up-to-date instructions for Ubuntu *oneiric*. Did not double check the instructions, I hope they are ok from my history. I don't know if there's some unncessary parts in the instructions.
Please note that there's absolutely no reason install android stuff to "/" - everything should be in your home directory. Also, no need to have root privileges for compilation.
# gcc -6 requires a new Ubuntu
mkomu@bling:
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 11.10
Release: 11.10
Codename: oneiric
# let's install it, no need to compile in Oneiric
sudo aptitude install gcc-4.6-
# Download and SDK and NDK. Set Android root to make paths shorter later.
cd ~
wget http://
tar xvzf android-
cd android-sdk-linux
wget http://
tar xvjf android-
export ANDROID_
source ~/.bashrc
# Download, compile, modify and install OpenSSL to the NDK directory.
cd ~
wget http://
tar xvzf openssl-
cd openssl-1.0.0g
./config no-asm shared --prefix=
edit Makefile:
CC= arm-linux--
RANLIB= arm-linux-
NM= arm-linux-
PERL= /usr/bin/perl
TAR= tar
TARFLAGS= --no-recursion
MAKEDEPPROG= gcc
LIBDIR=lib
make install
# Download and cross-compile HIPL.
cd ~
bzr co lp:hipl trunk
cd trunk
edit configure.ac and comment out all AM_CFLAGS
autoreconf --install
./configure --disable-gcc-warn --disable-firewall -host=arm-linux CC=arm-
make
make all-am
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/
CC lib/core/builder.lo
In file included from lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
lib/core/
...
(it appears in_port_t definition is missing from android (?), so it may have to be declared redudantly in some header file)
Just an update, the code doesn't completely compile yet, but this is how I'd initialize a build environment under Ubuntu 13.04 now:
sudo apt-get -y install gcc-4.7-
cd ~
wget http://
tar xvf android-
cd android-sdk-linux/
wget http://
tar xvf android-
cd android-ndk-r9/
echo "export ANDROID_
export ANDROID_ROOT=$(pwd)
cd ~
wget http://
tar xvzf openssl-
cd openssl-1.0.0g
./config no-asm shared --prefix=
wget http://
patch Makefile < droid-openssl-
make install
cd ~
mkdir hipl
cd hipl
bzr branch lp:~hipl-core/hipl/android-port-new
cd android-port-new
autoreconf --install
./configure --disable-gcc-warn --disable-firewall -host=arm-linux CC=arm-
echo "You are now ready to run 'make' and 'make all-am'"
From Juhani (another way to configure):
./configure --disable-gcc-warn --disable-firewall --host=arm-linux --enable-
This is what we have managed so far to complete with a student with a bit older version of HIPL:
1 Download arm-linux tools-chain:. org/download/ projects/ toolchain/ arm-linux- gcc-3.4. 1.tar.bz2 /usr/local/ arm/3.4. 1/bin
download from http://
unzip tar to / directory.
export PATH=$PATH:
2 build openssl:. org/source/
download openssl source code from http://
./config noï¼asm shared
Change the Makefile
replace the section started from line 62 with the following:
CC= arm-linux-gcc
frame-pointer -Wall NO_RFC3779 -DOPENSSL_NO_STORE-ar $(ARFLAGS) r
RANLIB= arm-linux-ranlib
NM= arm-linux-nm
PERL= /usr/bin/perl
TAR= tar
TARFLAGS= --no-recursion
MAKEDEPPROG= gcc
LIBDIR=lib
and then make it!
make install
3 download Android SDK and NDK
developer. android. com/sdk/ index.html developer. android. com/sdk/ ndk/index. html ROOT=XXX/ android- sdk-linux_ 86/android- ndk-r3 XXX/android- sdk-linux_ 86/android- ndk-r3/ build/prebuilt/ linux-x86/ arm-eabi- 4.4.0/bin
http://
http://
unzip ndk into sdk directory.
export ANDROID_
export PATH=$PATH:
copy openssl headers from openssl-
1.0.0a/ include/ openssl directory to $ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ include/ directory ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ lib/ directory
copy libcrypto.so and libcrypto.a libraries to $ANDROID_
4 build HIPL
product configure by run command
autoreconf --install
method 1: use arm-eabi-gcc provided by NDK:
â€-I$ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ include/ †CFLAGS= â€-nostdlib†LDFLAGS= â€-Wl, -rpath- link=$ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ lib/ -L$ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ lib/†LIBS=â€-lc “ "-I$OPENSSL/ include/ " CFLAGS="-nostdlib" LDFLAGS= "-Wl,-rpath- link=$ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ lib,-L$ ANDROID_ ROOT/build/ platforms/ android- 3/arch- arm/usr/ lib/" LIBS="-lc"
./configure -host=arm-eabi CC=arm-eabi-gcc CPPFLAGS=
method 2 (WORKS): use arm-linux-gcc which is a general crosscompile tool:
./configure --disable-gcc-warn --disable-firewall -host=arm-linux CC=arm-linux-gcc CPPFLAGS=
If you get this far, there are some compilation issues for you to solve:
In file included from ./lib/modulariz
ation/lmod. h:37,
from lib/core/ state.h: 37,
from lib/core/ builder. h:43,
from lib/core/ builder. c:98: linkedlist. h:64: warning: declaration of 'index' shadows a global declaration usr/local/ arm/3.4. 1/bin/. ./lib/gcc/ arm-linux/ 3.4.1/. ./../.. /../arm- linux/sys- include/ string. h:267: warning: shadowed declaration is here linkedlist. h:67: warning: declaration of 'index' shadows a global declaration usr/local/ arm/3.4. 1/bin/. ./lib/gcc/ arm-linux/ 3.4.1/. ./../.. /../arm- linux/sys- include/ string. h:267: warning: shadowed declaration is here linkedlist. h:70: warning: declaration of 'index' shadows a global declaration usr/l.. .
./lib/core/
/home/mkomu/
./lib/core/
/home/mkomu/
./lib/core/
/home/mkomu/ | https://bugs.launchpad.net/hipl/+bug/715126 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 1,289 | 56.25 |
Hello together,
I’ve recently started using the video functions of processing for a uni project. Sadly I seem to run into the mentioned error on all maschines I’m working on.
Even with the most basic version on the playback always get the error “JNA: could not detach thread”
eventually crashing the playback (See screenshot)
I have tried reinstalling processing and java, but nothing changes. Whats bothering me more is, that is sometimes it goes through ok.
Any Idea what may cause this?
import processing.video.*; Movie myMovie; void setup() { size(200, 200); myMovie = new Movie(this, "noisestorm_crab_rave.mp4"); myMovie.play(); myMovie.volume(0); } void draw() { } void movieEvent(Movie m) { m.read(); println(m.time()); } | https://discourse.processing.org/t/video-crashes-with-jna-could-not-detach-thread/14889 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 116 | 65.01 |
Hello, I am trying to put finishing touches on a program I have been working on. I stopped messing with it awhile ago and decided to return and polish it a little.
Oh yeah, I am trying to make it so when it returns the 5 long number (or word actually lol) that it does it and makes it smoother looking. For example 123 would return (weird symbol)(weird symbol)321, but I want it to just be 321. and instead of say (K)(K)321 it would return 321(empty)(empty)
Here is the actual code I have been working on.
#include <iostream> #include <conio.h> #include <string> #include <sstream> using namespace std; char n0,n1,n2,n3,n4; string mystr; int main () { string mystr; cout << "Please enter an interger value up to " "the length of five numbers: " << endl; getline (cin,mystr); n0 = mystr[0]; n1 = mystr[1]; n2 = mystr[2]; n3 = mystr[3]; n4 = mystr[4]; if ({ n4 = &0; cout << n3; cout << n2; cout << n1; cout << n0;) } if ({ n4 + n3 = &0; cout << n2; cout << n1; cout << n0;) } if ({ n4 + n3 + n2 = &0; cout << n1; cout << n0;) } if ({ n4 + n3 + n2 + n1 = &0; cout << n0;) } else cout << n4; cout << n3; cout << n2; cout << n1; cout << n0; _getch(); return 0; }
The error is as follows: In function `int main()':
Line 23 expected primary function before '{' token
Line 23 expected ')' before '{' token
It gives me an error about the if functions, I really want to get them to work in about the same way I have coded, because that is what I am most familiar with. Any help will be appreciated and thanks for your time.
P.S. I didn't have those parenthesis in the first draft I had, It gave me less errors so I assumed it was more correct, please correct me if i'm wrong. | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/362793/reversing-intergers | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 308 | 64.38 |
[
]
Stephe edited comment on WW-4804 at 6/19/17 1:43 PM:
-----------------------------------------------------
See update - had to try and trim it down. The real class is massive.
****
Probably found the source of the issue-
Uncaught ReferenceError: StrutsUtils is not defined.
Just need to work out why that isn't included...
was (Author: suipaste):
See update - had to try and trim it down. The real class is massive.
> inputtransferselect does not auto-select its elements
> -----------------------------------------------------
>
> Key: WW-4804
> URL:
> Project: Struts 2
> Issue Type: Bug
> Components: Core Tags
> Affects Versions: 2.5.10
> Reporter: Stephe
> Priority: Minor
> Labels: newbie
> Fix For: 2.5.next
>
>
> I assume that this is a bug though and I am using the tag correctly.
> I have been trying to use the inputtransferselect tag. I created the component in my
form and it renders on the page fine. However the documentation [link here|]
states that it "Will auto-select all its elements upon its containing form submission." However
based on my attempts this is not the case. You need to select each entry which is added for
them to come through to the action.
> Ideally I'd post all of the code but I'll need to cut it down because it's corporate
(hopefully that won't hide what's going wrong)
> Action class:
> {code:java}
> public class MyAction implements Preparable
> {
> private List<String> myList= new ArrayList<>();
> public List<String> getMyList()
> {
> return this.dependants;
> }
> public void setMyList(List<String> pDependants)
> {
> this.dependants = pDependants;
> }
> @Override
> public void prepare() throws Exception
> {
> // Populates my list from session memory, this works fine...
> }
> @Override
> @Actions({
> @Action(
> value = "/" + ActionPathConstants.SAVE,
> interceptorRefs = @InterceptorRef(
> value = "defaultSecurityStack",
> params = {
> "tokenSession.includeMethods",
> "*" }),
> results = {
> @Result(
> type = "redirectAction",
> name = ActionPathConstants.SUCCESS,
> location = ActionPathConstants.NEXT_PAGE),
> }) })
> public String save() throws Exception
> {
> // This maps the value of myList back to session memory
> }
> }
> {code}
> JSP file:
> {code:jsp}
> <s:form
> <s:inputtransferselect
> />
> </s:form>
> {code}
> Note that the from is submitted via javascript. Rather than by directly pressing a submit
button. Could this have any impact on how the auto select works?
--
This message was sent by Atlassian JIRA
(v6.4.14#64029) | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/struts-issues/201706.mbox/%3CJIRA.13080456.1497632395000.47753.1497879840211@Atlassian.JIRA%3E | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 350 | 58.69 |
Write your own formatter¶
As well as creating your own lexer, writing a new formatter for Pygments is easy and straightforward.
A formatter is a class that is initialized with some keyword arguments (the formatter options) and that must provides a format() method. Additionally a formatter should provide a get_style_defs() method that returns the style definitions from the style in a form usable for the formatter’s output format.
Quickstart¶
The most basic formatter shipped with Pygments is the NullFormatter. It just sends the value of a token to the output stream:
from pygments.formatter import Formatter class NullFormatter(Formatter): def format(self, tokensource, outfile): for ttype, value in tokensource: outfile.write(value)
As you can see, the format() method is passed two parameters: tokensource
and outfile. The first is an iterable of
(token_type, value) tuples,
the latter a file like object with a write() method.
Because the formatter is that basic it doesn’t overwrite the get_style_defs() method.
Styles¶
Styles aren’t instantiated but their metaclass provides some class functions so that you can access the style definitions easily.
Styles are iterable and yield tuples in the form
(ttype, d) where ttype
is a token and d is a dict with the following keys:
'color'
Hexadecimal color value (eg:
'ff0000'for red) or None if not defined.
'bold'
True if the value should be bold
'italic'
True if the value should be italic
'underline'
True if the value should be underlined
'bgcolor'
Hexadecimal color value for the background (eg:
'eeeeeee'for light gray) or None if not defined.
'border'
Hexadecimal color value for the border (eg:
'0000aa'for a dark blue) or None for no border.
Additional keys might appear in the future, formatters should ignore all keys they don’t support.
HTML 3.2 Formatter¶
For an more complex example, let’s implement a HTML 3.2 Formatter. We don’t
use CSS but inline markup (
<u>,
<font>, etc). Because this isn’t good
style this formatter isn’t in the standard library ;-)
from pygments.formatter import Formatter class OldHtmlFormatter(Formatter): def __init__(self, **options): Formatter.__init__(self, **options) # create a dict of (start, end) tuples that wrap the # value of a token so that we can use it in the format # method later self.styles = {} # we iterate over the `_styles` attribute of a style item # that contains the parsed style values. for token, style in self.style: start = end = '' # a style item is a tuple in the following form: # colors are readily specified in hex: 'RRGGBB' if style['color']: start += '<font color="#%s">' % style['color'] end = '</font>' + end if style['bold']: start += '<b>' end = '</b>' + end if style['italic']: start += '<i>' end = '</i>' + end if style['underline']: start += '<u>' end = '</u>' + end self.styles[token] = (start, end) def format(self, tokensource, outfile): # lastval is a string we use for caching # because it's possible that an lexer yields a number # of consecutive tokens with the same token type. # to minimize the size of the generated html markup we # try to join the values of same-type tokens here lastval = '' lasttype = None # wrap the whole output with <pre> outfile.write('<pre>') for ttype, value in tokensource: # if the token type doesn't exist in the stylemap # we try it with the parent of the token type # eg: parent of Token.Literal.String.Double is # Token.Literal.String while ttype not in self.styles: ttype = ttype.parent if ttype == lasttype: # the current token type is the same of the last # iteration. cache it lastval += value else: # not the same token as last iteration, but we # have some data in the buffer. wrap it with the # defined style and write it to the output file if lastval: stylebegin, styleend = self.styles[lasttype] outfile.write(stylebegin + lastval + styleend) # set lastval/lasttype to current values lastval = value lasttype = ttype # if something is left in the buffer, write it to the # output file, then close the opened <pre> tag if lastval: stylebegin, styleend = self.styles[lasttype] outfile.write(stylebegin + lastval + styleend) outfile.write('</pre>\n')
The comments should explain it. Again, this formatter doesn’t override the get_style_defs() method. If we would have used CSS classes instead of inline HTML markup, we would need to generate the CSS first. For that purpose the get_style_defs() method exists:
Generating Style Definitions¶
Some formatters like the LatexFormatter and the HtmlFormatter don’t
output inline markup but reference either macros or css classes. Because
the definitions of those are not part of the output, the get_style_defs()
method exists. It is passed one parameter (if it’s used and how it’s used
is up to the formatter) and has to return a string or
None. | https://pygments.org/docs/formatterdevelopment/ | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 778 | 61.26 |
0
What I want to do is a drop down list (comboBox) that the user can see only selected files. For example, if user selects a Word Documents from a comboBox, on the explorer will be only visible a doc files.
I have done a FileFilter class:
public class FileFilter { public FileFilter(string name, string filter) { // Store values Name = name; Filter = filter; } public string Name { get; private set; } public string Filter { get; private set; } }
and on the Form1 load I specified the filter available:
Collection<FileFilter> filters = new Collection<FileFilter>(); filters.Add(new FileFilter("Word Documents", "*.doc")); filters.Add(new FileFilter("Pdf Documents", "*.pdf"));
Now I would like to know how can I fill the comboBox with the Collection of FileFilter objects (with "Word Documents" and "Pdf Documents", and then use the filter on Directory.GetFiles();
If I do on the form_Load:
comboBox1.Items.Add(filter);
it doesn`t show what I want in the comboBox.
Edited by Mitja Bonca: n/a | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/233517/collection-of-filefilter-objects | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 162 | 54.93 |
Redirect request.contextPath for HTTPS protocol
Splash › Forums › PrettyFaces Users › Redirect request.contextPath for HTTPS protocol
This topic contains 11 replies, has 4 voices, and was last updated by
Lincoln Baxter III 6 years, 9 months ago.
- AuthorPosts
Is there a better way to pass seamlessly from http to https in regards to the following class:
#{request.contextPath}
<url-mapping id=”home”>
<pattern value=”/home” />
<view-id>#{url.getHomeUrl}</view-id>
</url-mapping>
We can create a two step redirect but there must be a better way, please help if you’ve come across this ideally I am looking for a solution that would be represented below:
<url-mapping id=”store”>
<pattern value=”” />
<view-id>#{url.getStoreUrl}</view-id>
</url-mapping>
Thank you in advance
What exactly is your requirement? Do you want to redirect the user to the every time he tries to use
http://?
I’m note sure if you can handle this with existing PrettyFaces features. But many special use cases can be implemented by building a customer rewrite processor:
Perhaps something like this:
<rewrite processor="com.example.ForceSSLProcessor" />
public class ForceSSLProcessor implements Processor {
public String process(final RewriteRule rewrite, final String url) {
return url.replaceAll("^http://", "https://");
}
}
Most of the site is in http, however I need to change protocol (http>https) when the user clicks the purchase button and is redirected to the secure purchase page, i.e. the store in the URL-mapping.
I’m hoping there is a simpler way of doing this than using a custom processor.
Hey Event,
I’m sorry, I had another look at the PrettyFaces code and just saw that my suggested solution won’t work as I initially thought. Its because rewrite processors are also based on working with URLs relative to the webapps context path.
I think currently you have only one option:
<rewrite match="^/store$" url="" redirect="301" />
Unfortunately this will work only for exactly one URL. So you will have to add multiple rules if you want multiple URLs to be automatically redirected to the https version.
I know that this is not a very nice solution. But it will work.
If you have any idea how to integrated something like this better into PrettyFaces, let us know. We are always open for any kind of suggestion.
Perhaps something like this?
<rewrite match="^/store.*$" redirect="301" sslRequired="true" />
Lincoln Baxter IIIKeymaster
I should add that we are working on enhancing the Processor interface to provide access to both
HttpServletRequestand
HttpServletResponseobjects. This will mean that you can ‘literally’ do any kind of custom rewriting needed.
Thank you for the replies.
I’ve found a simple turnaround in my code: I can set all my buttons to redirect to the store page (https section of the site) like this:
I have tested it but it seems not working, it gives me the “page not found” error. I think that pretty is using the original context path () and cannot map with this “new” context path.
Do you know if there is a way to change the context path?
So you are manually creating
<a>links? Could you explain “page not found” error? What URL is not working?
And what do you mean by “old” and “new” context path? You are using one web application, right? But it should be accessible via http and https or am I mistaken? So there will be just one context path.
Hello,
I am facing the same problem. Has the latest version any enhancement to redirect to https?
When a user clicks the login button, I redirect to the same page by ExternalContext.redirect(), but with https scheme. But then, any navigation with pretty:link fails with
com.ocpsoft.pretty.PrettyException: Mapping id was null when attempting to build URL for component: com.ocpsoft.pretty.faces.component.Link@7b021ddc <pretty_services_sub_17>
Thanks
This is indeed very strange, because if I access the https page directly after deployment, all links work as expected. I can navigate the whole site in http or https, but I cannot redirect from one to the other without the pretty links stopping to work.
I found the cause of the exception, one link was missing the mappingId attribute.
The original question about any enhancement stays the same.
Thanks
Unfortunately there is are no enhancements regarding SSL at the moment.
But perhaps you could take a look at Rewrite which will be the new core for PrettyFaces 4.0. Rewrite offers much more features. But there is currently no documentation and only some sample code.
Lincoln Baxter IIIKeymaster
What kind of enhancements would you like to see regarding this issue? Suggestions welcome
- AuthorPosts
You must be logged in to reply to this topic. | http://www.ocpsoft.org/support/topic/redirect-request-contextpath-for-https-protocol/ | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | refinedweb | 783 | 65.42 |
[Solved] Trying QT5 + glew + QOpenGLContext, need help with error on glewInit
I'm trying to use glew with Qt 5 but my code is failing on the call to glewInit with error "Missing GL version".
I built a debug version of glew and stepped into the glewInit call. It is failing when it is trying to get the OpenGL version context when calling glGetString. glGetString is returning 0.
I know that glew is not necessary because QOpenGLFunctions exists but I would much rather use glew if I can. I'm creating a QWindow and QOpenGLContext for my window and OpenGl context. I have checked that the version of the created window and OpenGL context does match my requested version.
Things I've tried:
Defining QT_NO_OPENGL before including QOpenGLContext header but then got these compilation errors:
..\main.cpp(24) : error C2512: 'QOpenGLContext' : no appropriate default constructor available
..\main.cpp(25) : error C2027: use of undefined type 'QOpenGLContext'
Created a QWindow-derived class so I could move the glewInit() call to be when the the window is exposed (in exposeEvent()). Received same "Missing GL version" error.
Did a search online but didn't find an answer. It looks like it's been done before. Is it that glew and QOpenGLContext can't be used together? That I need to write my own code to create context?
I pasted example code below. Any suggestions or help would be appreciated. Thanks.
This is what I'm using:
Qt 5.3.2 for Windows 64-bit (VS 2013, OpenGL).
Qt Creator 3.2.1.
GLEW 1.11.0, linking to 64-bit static version
Visual Studio 2013 Express
Windows 7 64-bit
main.cpp
@#define GLEW_STATIC 1
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <QGuiApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QOpenGLContext>
#include <QWindow>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QGuiApplication a(argc, argv);
QSurfaceFormat requestedFormat;
requestedFormat.setVersion( 3, 3 );
QWindow * window = new QWindow;
window->setFormat( requestedFormat );
window->show();
QOpenGLContext * context = new QOpenGLContext;
context->setFormat( requestedFormat );
context->create();
GLenum err = glewInit();
if( GLEW_OK != err ){
qDebug() << "[Error] GLEW failed to initialize. " << (const char*)glewGetErrorString(err);
}
return a.exec();
}@
</code>
pro file:
@QT += core gui
TARGET = TEST
CONFIG += console
CONFIG -= app_bundle
TEMPLATE = app
SOURCES += main.cpp
HEADERS +=
win32:CONFIG(release, debug|release): LIBS += -L$$PWD/../../../global/OpenGL/lib/x64/ -lglew32s
else:win32:CONFIG(debug, debug|release): LIBS += -L$$PWD/../../../global/OpenGL/lib/x64/ -lglew32sd
else:unix: LIBS += -L$$PWD/../../../global/OpenGL/lib/x64/ -lglew32s
INCLUDEPATH += $$PWD/../../../global/OpenGL/include@
- Chris Kawa Moderators
You're not making the created context current, so basically glewInit is called without active OpenGL context. Call context->makeCurrent(window) before glewInit and context->doneCurrent() afterwards.
Thank you. That worked. | https://forum.qt.io/topic/47075/solved-trying-qt5-glew-qopenglcontext-need-help-with-error-on-glewinit | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 441 | 59.9 |
The user’s contacts, which the user sees through the Contacts app, constitute a database that your code can access programmatically through the Contacts framework. You’ll need to
import Contacts.
A user interface for interacting with the contacts database is provided by the Contacts UI framework. You’ll need to
import ContactsUI.
The Contacts framework, introduced in iOS 9, replaces the Address Book framework and the Address Book UI framework. The Address Book framework was an archaic C API without memory management information, so it was almost impossible to use in Swift, and it wasn’t all that usable in Objective-C either. The Address Book framework is not discussed in this edition.
Access to the contacts database requires user authorization. You’ll use the CNContactStore class for this. To learn what the current authorization status is, call the class method
authorizationStatus(for:) with a CNEntityType of
.contacts. To ask the system to put up the authorization request alert if the status is
.notDetermined, call the instance method
requestAccess(for:completionHandler:). The Info.plist must contain some text that the system authorization request alert can use to explain why your app wants access. The relevant key is “Privacy — Contacts Usage Description” (
NSContactsUsageDescription). See “Music Library Authorization” for detailed consideration of authorization strategy and testing.
Here are the chief object types you’ll be concerned ...
No credit card required | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/programming-ios-10/9781491970157/part03ch05.html | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 229 | 50.02 |
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This course teaches how to install and configure Windows Server 2012 R2. It is the first step on your path to becoming a Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE).
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// this is hashed "hello" password
string passwordSavedInFile = "AAF4C61DDCC5E8A2DABEDE0F3B482CD9AEA9434D";
// enter "hello" in the textbox
string strHashedPassword = FormsAuthentication.HashPasswordForStoringInConfigFile(textBox1.Text, "sha1");
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(strHashedPassword);
if (passwordSavedInFile == strHashedPassword)
{
MessageBox.Show("Correct Password");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show(.
Encrypt it the first time by itself. Store that somewhere.
The next time they log in, take their password, encrypt it by itself and compare it to what is stored. If it matches, they used the same password. This is good because even if someone finds and reads the password, it is encrypted gibberish and typing that into the password textbox would not let them log in.
HTH,
shane
That being said your code will be visible. To get around this you'd need to obfuscate the code. Hackers think in different terms than those doing protection. All you need do if find the machine code point at which we jump to the app entrance and disable the code that doesn't allow that. This can many times be very simple to do.
It depends on from whom you are protecting it. A simple way to produces an encrypted password would be to ask for the password, then use build in encryption to encrypt the password, using the password as the encryption key. Store that value somewhere and the next time they login do the same, except instead of storing it, look it up and compare the two encrypted values. If they match...success...else failure.
Examples:
/gustav
This course teaches how to install and configure Windows Server 2012 R2. It is the first step on your path to becoming a Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE).
System.web namespace provides a very convenient way to create a hashed string from a user input value. A common issue with storing passwords in flat file or even the database, is that unwanted eyes can potential see your users passwords and hack into your web application. In order to hide users passwords in the database, you can create a hashed value of the password and store it in the database. The benefit of storing a hashed value for your passwords is that other people will never know the actual password. The drawback of this approach is of course if you forget the password, its very hard to recover.
If you have windows form app - you still may use this approach. Just add a reference to System.Web and add using statement:
using System.Web.Security;
Just imagine you store a hashed password in a file, and read it somehow. Now see the snippet - it's very easy deal with hashed passwords:
Open in new window
The intention is a simple protection. I understand that it could be disassembled and hacked into by 'advanced' users but this is more of a tamper proff type of thing. In other words I am protecting the application from unauthorized use by people who might legitimately be authorized to use the application.
anarki_jimbel, why would a hashing algorithm be better - I would thing encryption is better?
Thanks for the video link but this is a little basic for my needs.
SStory, Are you suggesting encryption of a password with the key as a password?
ENCRYPT(textToIncrypt, key) --> ENCRYPT("myPassword", "myPassword")?
This might actually work, is there anything wrong with this?
Thanks
MAC
A password is stored in a database (database type does not matter). Some bad guy (hucker :)) gets an access to a database to retrieve passwords. If passwords are store in plain text - OK, that's finish. Encrypted string is hard to hack but... It is possible to imagine scenario when encrypted password can be restored. hashing is one more step towards security - this is kind of one way encryption. No one can restore the password! (I wrote already about the drawbacks).
Read:
And at last - it is simple technique!
Yes, sorry, I didn't follow it to the end ... thought this aussie guy would dig a bit further.
That said, I vote for the hash too because of simplicity and the other reasons as mentioned.
> The drawback of this approach is of course if you forget the password,
> its very hard to recover.
It is in fact close to impossible if the hash is an MD5 or similar. The way to resolve this common issue (forgotten password) is to have one or more users with admin rights granted who can reset the password. This is done by erasing the stored hash. Then - at first login - the user has to be prompted for a new password. Very simple.
Perhaps best of all, this concept is easy to explain and prove for users or auditors.
/gustav
I gave you a solution and many links on how to do it. Did you want me to write the code for you?
/gustav | https://www.experts-exchange.com/questions/23779333/Simple-Password-Protect-Windows-Form-App.html | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | refinedweb | 844 | 66.03 |
Classical KUSC has a brand new website and one of our goals was to improve how we measure radio listening online. Specifically, how do we measure listening behavior across our website, iPhone app, Android app, and TV app using a single report system such as Google Analytics. For us, the answer was through Google Tag Manager.
I love Google Analytics. I've been tracking page views and events since 2005 and it has never failed me. In the past 7 years or so, many competitors have entered the analytics space including: Flurry, Fabric Answers, Mixpanel, etc. but you can pretty much do anything using GA. What's also interesting is the evolution of Google Tag Manager. What I specifically like about GTM is that you can use that as your tool to listen for pageviews and events, but then you can route the data to Google Analytics or even Facebook analytics so you only really need one library to rule them all.
Measuring listening behavior using
I recently created this script to help track how long a user is listening. This is particularly relevant in online radio because many listeners visit our website, hit play and then forget about the stream. This form of passive listening is very common in radio but Google Analytics wasn't designed for non-interactive listening. In fact, GA was designed to track the length of time it takes to move from one page to the next. Therefore, this script helps remedy that problem.
function() { var timerE = isNaN({{timer-event-number}}) ? 0 : {{timer-event-number}}; var timerI = isNaN({{timer-interval}}) ? 0 : {{timer-interval}}; var elapsed = timerE * timerI / 1000; var min = Math.floor(elapsed/60); var sec = elapsed % 60; return min + 'm ' + sec + 's'; }
//The new Way function() { //1: This will prevent "NaN" showing up in GA reports var timerE = isNaN({{timer-event-number}}) ? 0 : {{timer-event-number}}; var timerI = isNaN({{timer-interval}}) ? 0 : {{timer-interval}}; //2: Format the data in HH:MM:SS.mmm format function addZ(n) { return (n<10? '0':'') + n; } //3: Calculate the elapsed time var s = timerI * timerE; //4: Crunch var ms = s % 1000; s = (s - ms) / 1000; var secs = s % 60; s = (s - secs) / 60; var mins = s % 60; var hrs = (s - mins) / 60; //return addZ(hrs) + ':' + addZ(mins) + ':' + addZ(secs) + '.' + ms; return addZ(hrs) + ':' + addZ(mins) + ':' + addZ(secs); }
Source from Stackoverflow | https://www.chrisjmendez.com/2017/01/05/measuring-time-spent-on-a-website-using-google-tag-manager/ | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 392 | 64.1 |
New library: ChipScene
This is the real outcome of my PyWeek failure: a neat library.
Take Chipmunk and Qt mash them up, and what do you get?
A OpenGL-accelerated, multiplatform, easy-to-use playground!
But watch the silly video that shows no interesting features instead:
You can't see it but there are 29 balloons, numbered, that bounce around happily.
Performance in the video sucks because I had to disable OpenGL in order to capture it correctly (and video recording kills my notebook,anyway). That demo normally runs in 3 seconds, not 57.
Here's the non-boilerplate code for that demo:
def fillWorld(scene): items=[] for x in range(1, 29): b=cs.CPBodyItem(bpos=[0+13*random.randint(0,25), -50-30*random.randint(0,10)],m=10) s=cs.CPCircleShapeItem(10, b, e=.5, offset=[0, 0]) t=QtGui.QGraphicsSimpleTextItem(str(x), s) t.setPos(-5, -5) items.append(b) items.append(cs.CPSegmentShapeItem([0, 50], [500, 450], 1, None, e=.7)) items.append(cs.CPSegmentShapeItem([0, 450], [500, 50], 1, None, e=.7)) for i in items: scene.addItem(i)
Neat, isn't it?
You can get it at the ChipScene google code project including, of course, the source. | https://ralsina.me/tr/es/weblog/posts/BB628.html | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 204 | 61.73 |
()
Sorry about '1'... I meant the init we use for the subclass of View, skips the init of View itself, I think. I can't see View's init... but presumably we know it's safe to skip it?
Yes. Read the comments under
__init__()in the code block at "You don't have to call super.".
In case it helps anyone following the best practices... there's currently a subtle difference between View and a sub class of View in terms of how they run between the main UI thread and the main interpreter thread... as the little test below shows (swap the comment line for the one above):
import ui import console class TestView (ui.View): pass v = ui.View() #v = TestView() v.present('popover') console.alert('Test', button1 = 'OK', hide_cancel_button = True)
@ccc Regarding best practice 2... is there a case for the
make_xxx()method to be
_make_xxx()per the convention in The Python Tutorial... 8.6?
See the notes on mixing console.alert with the ui module at
Your
_make_xxx()idea makes sense to me.
@ccc Thanks and yes, but the point here is that the mere act of subclassing View causes it's thread behaviour to change. (If you run the test with View it will complete, but with TestView it will freeze)
I mention it because it can cause problems to surface when converting to the best practices.
For a case in point... see the Keychain Master Password thread... "This only happens when subclassing ui.View. When making a "standalone" view there's no lock up:" which @omz is investigating for a fix.
The in background function decorator doesn't work as advertised here in the current version I think.
The other KEY difference is that custom Views can not set self-based actions in the UI editor. Instead, the actions must be set in Python code. See the
set_actions()method in the AreYouEnabledView.py example in the ui-tutorial.
@tony This looks like a bug to me, thanks!
##Tutorial Suggestions
- What is the best practice to handle multiple views? I'm guessing a controller class that handles the ui.View changes.
- What is the best practice on passing arguments to a custom views init? It appears that if you use the editor sub class that this is not possible.
Looking for this?
@brumm I'm referring to multiple views as a bunch of separate ui.Views made in the editor. I was wondering that the best practice is to handle and load them as the user moved from one view to another.
btw Thank you for the tutorials, they cleared up a lot of my confusion.
Also had a question in regards to displaying on iPhone vs iPad. Would it be a good practice to have two .pyui files, one fore each device? If so do you know of any way to get the ios device being used?
Here is a little function I use to set the style of all my ui.view 's. It can take a dict that has the style elements for each view in the form of:
<pre>
default_style = {}
default_style['Main'] = {'background_color': 'white'}
default_style['Button'] = {'background_color': 'FFCAB0',
'border_color': 'FF9F70',
'border_width': 5,
'tint_color': 'FFFFFF',
'font': ('arial',14),
}
#Continue with Lable Tableview etc.
def set_style(view, style=default_style):
for key, value in style['Main'].items():
setattr(view, key, value)
for v in view.subviews:
try:
for key, value in style[type(view[v.name]).name].items():
setattr(view[v.name], key, value)
except:
print 'Missing style for %s' % type(view[v.name]).name
</pre>
I call the function in did_load(self) to style all the ui.view 's the same. Much easier then using the editor.
It's possible to load one view over another (pop-over2), but I don't know if this is a good style whether if there are performance issues.
You may get the screen size via the scene modul, but my attempts always ends up with a crash... | https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/989/any-ui-module-tutorials-out-there/22 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 662 | 76.11 |
Snowplow Golang Tracker 0.1.0 released
We are pleased to announce the release of the Snowplow Golang Tracker. The Tracker is designed to work asynchronously within your Golang code to provide great performance in your applications and servers, even under heavy load, while also storing all of your events persistently in the event of network failure.
It will also be used as a building block for a number of projects, including a new daemon to support robust asynchronous sending for the PHP Tracker.
In the rest of this post we will cover:
1. How to install the tracker
The release version of this Tracker is available directly from the GitHub repo and you can download it by running the following:
$ go get gopkg.in/snowplow/snowplow-golang-tracker.v1/tracker
We are using gopkg.in as a way of providing easy versioning within the Golang environment.
Please check out the Golang Tracker setup guide on our wiki for more information on setup.
That’s it! You’re now ready to start using the Tracker.
2. How to use the tracker
To setup the Go Tracker you first need to import the package into your code:
import "gopkg.in/snowplow/snowplow-golang-tracker.v1/tracker" // You can also import the package with a shorter name... import sp "gopkg.in/snowplow/snowplow-golang-tracker.v1/tracker"
You can then instantiate and start a new tracker like so:
emitter := sp.InitEmitter(sp.RequireCollectorUri("com.acme")) tracker := sp.InitTracker(sp.RequireEmitter(emitter))
You are now ready to Track events, so let’s send a screen view event:
tracker.TrackScreenView(sp.ScreenViewEvent{ Id: sp.NewString("Screen ID"), })
And that’s all there is to it! Please check out the Golang Tracker technical documentation on our wiki for the Tracker’s full API.
3. Core features
The core features of the Snowplow Go Tracker include:
- Asynchronous event sending
- Outbound events are cached in a SQLite database to prevent event loss
- Value checking for all events to ensure invalid events are caught early
The general flow of the Tracker as an event goes through:
- A
tracker.TrackXXXmethod is invoked
- The event is stored in the local database
- A long running goroutine is invoked to start processing these events (only started if it is not currently running)
- This process will then pull a range of events from the database and begin sending them to your configured collector URI
- More events arriving during sending will just be written to the database, and will then be picked up by the background sending process
- Each request is sent in its own goroutine
This model is very closely related to the one used in the Android, Objective-C and Unity Trackers, which are all backed by Sqlite databases.
If you absolutely have to have the Tracker be non-blocking from end to end you can use the
go keyword to track events within another
go routine. The Tracker is thread-safe and will behave as normal; however in load-testing the Tracker better performance was actually found with the blocking approach to adding the event to the database.
In our tests sending 6,000 events to a Snowplow Mini collector instance:
- Blocking addition: ~8 seconds
- Async addition: ~10 seconds
As the database can only accept one insert at a time the creation of
go routines for individual Track invocations actually results in worse performance.
The Tracker also contains full support for secure event sending by both
GET and
POST request types, and the ability to combine events, for
POST, up to a configurable byte limit. This yields much better performance versus our old approach of buffer limits.
4. Roadmap
We have big plans for the Snowplow Golang Tracker at Snowplow, including:
- Building a daemon to be used with the PHP Tracker for robust async sending (issue #54)
- Powering the Snowplow Tracking CLI, to let Snowplow users send events from the command-line on Linux, Windows and OS-X
- Building an equivalent to Logstash for tailing logfiles into Snowplow as well-structured Snowplow events (working title the Snowplow Logfile Source)
5. Documentation
- Golang Tracker setup guide for setting up the tracker
- Golang Tracker usage manual for instrumenting a Go app with the tracker
- Golang Tracker GoDoc documentation for GoDoc’s auto-generated documentation for the package
6. Getting help
We hope that you find the Snowplow Golang Tracker useful - of course, this is only its first release, so don’t be afraid to get in touch or raise an issue on GitHub! | https://snowplowanalytics.com/blog/2016/04/24/snowplow-golang-tracker-0.1.0-released/ | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 750 | 55.58 |
The number of undefined terms in documentation can be infuriating. What is a CLASSPATH? What's PermGen? Do you get lost in the massive standard library? Have you ever given up on an exception because you were crushed under the weight of the stack traces? Do you hate using Java directly instead of a nice Clojure wrapper? The number of things to learn just to start using Clojure is enormous.
The truth is, the JVM is a big, complicated system that has evolved over time. Clojure sits on top of it like a rider on a horse. When a Java programmer gets into Clojure, it's all gravy. They already know the ins and outs of Java and the JVM, so to have a sweet language like Clojure to control it, they squeal with joy. But if you don't have that JVM experience, the squeals are not joyful. It is definitely confusing.
Sure, you're not going to become an expert overnight. That's not what I'm talking about. However, some of the concepts are more important than others. In fact, the stuff that a Clojure programmer needs to use most days is quite small. If you learn just those, you'll be playing on easy mode. Further, you can learn the tricks experienced Java people use to find out what they don't know. It's often as easy as googling the error message..
Topics covered:
"I just wanted to say thank you for making a lesson out of my suggestion. I watched it today and think it is really excellent.
"JVM Fundamentals is really a jewel of learning material. Congratulations and thanks for your great work."
Jorge Duenas
"I can't overstate the importance of your courses on JVM, namespacing, and lein. I know they're much drier and not as "sexy" as the FP courses but as the tech lead and architect for our systems (we're a Python/JavaScript shop but I've been salivating over clojure/cljs for awhile) my lack of understanding of those topics has been the major hurdle for me adopting the language for major products, since if anything goes wrong it's my head on the chopping block. It's something I could learn on my own but time is super precious. These courses have given me the confidence to greenlight the adoption of Clojure. From a senior engineer perspective they're way more important than the "how to program" courses (although I enjoy those too)."
James Tolton
If you don't learn as much from this course as you thought, just ask for a refund within 30 days and I'll give you your money back.
Video time: 05h07m
Ever get confused with what the JVM, JRE, and JDK are and what are in them? This lesson runs through these abbreviations. They're actually easier than they sound.
There are many JDKs. Oracle JDK, Open JDK, and many others.
Java has had a way to package compiled code and resources and share them around since almost the beginning. It's called the JAR (Java Archive). Combine that with a artifact, versioning, and dependency management system (called Maven), and we have a complete dependency management system.
Leiningen hooks into the Maven dependency management to provide dependencies for Clojure. We take a look at how Leiningen does that. We also see how to 1) find conflicts in the dependencies; and 2) find old dependencies that can be upgraded.
Learn how to manage Clojure dependencies using Boot.
This lesson goes over some of the most common commands for running java on the command line.
Everything in Clojure is based on Java Objects. That means it all boils down to methods and fields on objects and classes. When you're interfacing with a Java library, including the standard library, you will need to access methods and fields all the time. This lesson covers the normal and most common ways of calling methods and accessing/changing the state of objects.
Java has a good story for reflection: just ask the object for its class and ask the class for a list of methods. Voilà! You know what methods you can call. This lesson demonstrates reflection with some examples.
When we need to refer to Java classes, we need to import them in the ns declaration. There are a few things you should know about doing that. This lesson covers the basics, a couple of gotchas, and some nice properties of the import form.
In this lesson, I go through throwing, catching, and extracting information from exceptions and errors.
Every now and then you'll have to use Java arrays. Usually it's because a method returns an array. But sometimes you'll have to create one. This lesson goes over just that--consuming and creating Java arrays in Clojure.
We look at several tools for querying the JVM so that we can monitor it.
If you're running a system in production, you'll want to keep an eye on it 24 hours per day. There are now cloud monitoring options that collect information from your JVM all the time and will send alerts.
Have you ever wanted to solve a problem with your Java app by using Clojure? Have you ever wanted to "sneak in" a dependency on the Clojure JAR but didn't know what to do with it once it was there? This lesson shows you how to create a Clojure library that you can use from Java.
Like a surgeon, we dissect JAR files to figure out how they tick. We also take a look at the
jar command and how to use it to create, extract, and update JAR files.
We learn how to create JARs and UberJARs with Leiningen.
We learn how to create JAR files with Boot.
We look at creating and starting threads on the JVM and how to cleanly shut everything down.
Creating temporary files on the JVM is not hard, per se, but it is not obvious, either. It's done with a very Java-esque style. In this lesson, we go through how to create a temporary file and how to create a temporary directory.
A lot of people requested this lesson. How do we set up logging on the JVM? It turns out that it's not that hard. We can do it with a few lines of code. In this lesson, we see how to use logging in libraries and in applications.
Clojure comes with a set of tools for creating Java classes (compiled to
.class files) using pure Clojure. It's called
gen-class. You can add
:gen-class directives to your namespace declarations.
Clojure comes with a tool called
gen-interface for building Java interfaces without writing any Java. We look at how to make a new interface including defining its methods.
Despite having
gen-class and
gen-interface, sometimes you need to write some Java. In this lesson, we see how to integrate Java source files into Leiningen and Boot projects.
The Clojure compiler has a few options that can speed up the execution of generated code at the expense of dynamism. | https://purelyfunctional.tv/courses/jvm-clojure/ | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 1,195 | 74.59 |
Let's check whether each word is a subsequence of S individually by "best" order (largest size, then lexicographically smallest.) Then if we find a match, we know the word being considered must be the best possible answer, since better answers were already considered beforehand.
Let's figure out how to check if a needle (word) is a subsequence of a haystack (S). This is a classic problem with the following solution: walk through S, keeping track of the position (i) of the needle that indicates that word[i:] still remains to be matched to S at this point in time. Whenever word[i] matches the current character in S, we only have to match word[i+1:], so we increment i. At the end of this process, i == len(word) if and only if we've matched every character in word to some character in S in order of our walk.
def findLongestWord(self, S, D): D.sort(key = lambda x: (-len(x), x)) for word in D: i = 0 for c in S: if i < len(word) and word[i] == c: i += 1 if i == len(word): return word return ""
The same idea using python build-in function:
def findLongestWord(self, s, d): for word in sorted(d, key = lambda w: (-len(w), w)): it = iter(s) if all(c in it for c in word): return word return ''
Thanks for a simple and easy-to-understand explanation! Sometimes other people are so good and post answers that are super short/hard-to-understand. Thanks for keeping it real.
Here is my naive implementation
class Solution(object): def findLongestWord(self, s, d): """ :type s: str :type d: List[str] :rtype: str """ def is_subsequence(s,t): # check if t is subsequence of s i = 0 j = 0 m = len(s) n = len(t) if n > m: return False while i < m and j < n: if s[i] == t[j]: i += 1 j += 1 else: i += 1 return j == n subsequence_length = 0 subsequence = '' for string in d: if is_subsequence(s,string): if subsequence_length < len(string): subsequence = string subsequence_length = len(string) elif subsequence_length == len(string): subsequence = min(subsequence,string) return subsequence
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect. | https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/80816/python-simple-two-pointer | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 376 | 57.54 |
Copyright ©2001-2002 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.. However, by generalizing the concept of a "Web resource", RDF can be used to represent information about anything that can be identified on the Web, such as information about items available from online shopping facilities (e.g., information about prices, publishers, and availability of books or recordings).=""> <mailbox rdf: <fullName>Eric Miller</fullName> <personalTitle>Semantic Web Activity Lead</personalTitle> </Person> </rdf:RDF>
This example roughly translates as a collection of statements "there is someone called Eric Miller, with the email address em@w3.org, and who is the Semantic Web Activity Lead". Note that the example contains what seem to be Web addresses, as well as some "properties" like "mailbox" and "fullName", and the values "em@w3.org", and "Eric Miller".
Like HTML, this form of information is machine processable, and links pieces of data across the Web. However, unlike conventional hypertext, RDF links can refernece any identifiable things, including things that may or may not be Web-based data. The result is that in addition to describing Web pages, we can also convey information about cars, businesses, people, news events, etc. Further, RDF links, e.g.:
The creation-date of is August 16,
1999
The language of is English
(note the use of "August 16, 1999" to identify a date). English statement
The creator of you know what one is referring to? In everyday communication, identity is assigned in many ways: "Bob", "The Moon", "373 Whitaker Ave.", "California", "VIN 2745534", "today's weather", etc., and ambiguities are generally resolved due to a shared semantic context between the sender and the receiver. To identify "things" on the Web, we also use identifiers.
As we've seen, the Web already provides one form of identifier, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). We used a URL in our original example to identify the Web page that John Smith created. A URL is a URLs. For example, I don't have). URIs, and you can create URIs for things you don't own (just as you can use whatever name you like for things you don't own in ordinary language). its mechanism for identifying the subjects, objects, and predicates in statements. In fact, RDF defines a resource as anything that is identifiable by a URI, and hence using URIs allows RDF to describe practically anything, and to state relationships between such things as well. We'll see how this works just a bit further on. But before we do that, we need to introduce a way for RDF statements to be physically represented and exchanged.@@May want a better segue to the next section.@@ for example:
<dfgre><reghh bjhb="">I</reghh> just got a new pet <yudis>dog</yudis>.</dfgre>
To a machine, this is the exact same structure as the previous example. However, it is no longer clear what is being said. Moreover, others may have used the same words created by others. A useful practice is to create a Web page to describe the markup language (and the intended meaning of the tags) and use the URL of that Web page as the URI for its namespace.
<my:sentence my: <my:person my:I</my:person> just got a new pet <my:animal>dog</my:animal>. </my:sentence>
Since everyone's tags have their own URIs, we don't have to worry about tag names conflicting. The elements mean the same if they have the same URIs.
RDF defines a specific XML markup language for use in writing down RDF information, and for exchanging it between machines. An example of this language was given in Section 1, and the language is described in Section 3.@@Needs some brief additional explanation of the namespace mechanism, and how it's used.@@
Now that we've introduced URIs, using subjects, predicates, and objects. In RDF, we could represent our original English statement:. So the RDF statement above would be represented by the graph:
Figure 1: A Simple RDF Statement
Collections of statements are represented by corresponding collections of nodes and arcs. So if we wanted to also represent the additional statements
The creation-date of is August 16,
1999
The language of is English
we could, introducing suitable URIs to name the properties "creation-date" and "language", use the following graph:
Figure 2: Several Statements About the Same Resource
This graph illustrates that RDF permits the objects in statements to be simple strings, if necessary to represent property values, as well as URIs. In drawing RDF graphs, nodes that represent URIs are shown as ellipses, while nodes that represent strings are shown as boxes., the N-Triples notation requires that a node be separately identified for each statement it appears in. So, for example, appears three times (once in each triple) in the N-Triples representation of the graph, but only once in the drawn graph.
These examples begin to illustrate some of the advantages of using URIs as RDF's basic way of identifying things. For instance, instead of identifying the creator of the Web page in our first example by the string "John Smith", we've assigned him a URI, in this case (using a URI based on his employee number) . An advantage of using a URI in this case 3: More Information about John Smith
The examples also illustrate that RDF, example, in the N-Triple
<> <> <> .
the predicate.
As a result,.@@This discussion of machine-processability could use some further qualification and amplification.@@ the N-Triple
<> <> :
Figure 4: Breaking Up John's Address
or the N-Triples:
<> <> <> . <> <> "1501 Grant Avenue" . <> <> "Bedford" . <> <> "Massachusetts" . <> <> "01730" .
In the drawing of the graph above, the new URI we assigned to identify "John Smith's address" really serves no purpose, since we could just as easily have drawn the graph:
Figure 5: Using a bNode
In this drawing, which is a perfectly good RDF graph, we've used a node without a label to stand for the concept of "John Smith's address". This unlabeled node, or blank node, functions perfectly well in the drawing without needing a URI. However, we do need some form of explicit identifier for that node in order to represent this graph as N-Triples. To see this, we can try to write the N-Triples corresponding to what is shown in the drawn graph. What we would get would be something like:
<> <> ??? . ??? <> "1501 Grant Avenue" . ??? <> "Bedford" . ??? <> "Massachusetts" . ??? <> "01730" .
where ??? stands for something that indicates the presence of the blank node. Since in a complex graph there might be more than one such blank node, we also need a way to differentiate between the various blank nodes in the corresponding N-Triples representation. To do this, the N-Triples notation uses a concept of node identifiers to identify blank nodes. These are temporary identifiers distinct from URIs (and having their own syntax in N-Triples) that are used to indicate the presence of blank nodes in the N-Triples representation. In this example, we might generate the node identifier _:johnaddress to refer to the blank node, in which case the resulting N-Triples might be:
<> <> _:johnaddress . _:johnaddress <> "1501 Grant Avenue" . _:johnaddress <> "Bedford" . _:johnaddress <> "Massachusetts" . _:johnaddress <> "01730" .
This is all there is to basic RDF: nodes-and-arcs diagrams interpreted as statements about concepts or digital resources represented by URIs . However, the need for standardized vocabularies for things like "city" and the predicate "creator" is evident. The basis for've said already, RDF models statements in terms of a graph consisting of nodes and arcs. The nodes describe resources that can be labeled with URIs, string literals or are blank. The arcs connect the nodes and are all labeled with URIs. This graph is more precisely called a directed edge-labeled also defines an XML syntax for writing down and exchanging RDF graphs. This syntax is defined in the RDF/XML Syntax Specification . In order to encode the graph in XML, the nodes and arcs are turned into XML elements, attributes, element content and attribute values. The URI labels for properties and object nodes are written in XML using XML Namespaces ( [XML-NS] ) which gives a namespace URI for a short prefix along with namespace-qualified elements and attributes names called local names. The (namespace URI, local name) pair are chosen such that concatenating them forms the original node URI. The URIs labeling subject nodes are stored in XML attribute values. The nodes labeled by string literals (which are always object nodes) become element text content or attribute values.
This transformation turns paths in the graph of the form Node, Arc, Node, Arc, Node, Arc, ... into sequences of nested elements (elements inside elements). This results in a striping when the elements are written down; alternating between node elements and property elements . The Node at the start of the sequence is always a subject node and turns into a containing element called an rdf:Description that is written at the top level of RDF/XML, '' ".
Figure 6: Graph for RDF/XML Example
If we take the path through the graph shown below:
Figure 7: One Path Through the Graph
this corresponds to the node/arc stripes:
In RDF/XML this sequence of 5 nodes and arcs corresponds:
<rdf:Description rdf: <ex:editor> <rdf:Description> <ex:homePage> <rdf:Description rdf: </rdf:Description> </ex:homePage> </rdf:Description> </ex:editor> </rdf:Description>
There are several abbreviations that can be used to make very common uses more easy to write down..
The full example above, filled out and completed, and using some of these additional abbreviations, gives:
<?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns: <rdf:Description rdf: <dc:title>RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</dc:title> <ex:editor rdf: <ex:fullName>Dave Beckett</ex:fullName> <ex:homePage rdf: </ex:editor> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
For a longer introduction to the RDF/XML striped syntax with a historical perspective, see RDF: Understanding the Striped RDF/XML Syntax ( [STRIPEDRDF] ).
Two kinds of tools are.
Another tool that can help an RDF developer get to grips with the syntax is GraphViz, or one of the GraphViz-based RDF visualization tools such as RDFViz. GraphViz is a graph visualization.
@@The discussion of tools is a bit brief. Could alternatively have a separate section on tools that includes this material, plus a brief discussion of other tools and tool types@@
Note: This section will be aligned with the formalizms defined by future revisions of the RDF Schema Specification and updated the details of this work are agreed upon by the RDF Core Working Group. for RDF type system allows resources to be defined as
instances of one or more classes. In addition, it allows
classes to be organized in a hierarchical fashion; for
example a class
Dog might be defined as a
subclass of
Mammal which is a subclass of
Animal, meaning that any resource which object-oriented
]... The value of an
rdf:type
property for some resource is another resource which must be
an instance of
rdfs:Class. The resource known as
rdfs:Class is itself a resource whose
rdf:type is
rdfs:Class. Individual
classes (for example, 'Dog') will always have an
rdf:type property whose value is
rdfs:Class (or some subclass of
rdfs:Class, as described below). A resource may
be an instance of more than one class.
This property specifies a subset/superset relation between
classes. The
rdfs:subClassOf property is
transitive. If class A is a subclass of some broader class B,
and B is a subclass of C, then A is also implicitly a
subclass of C. Consequently, resources that are instances of
class A will also be instances of C, since A is a sub-set of
both B and C. Only instances of
rdfs:Class can
have the
rdfs:subClassOf property and the
property value is always of
rdf:type
rdfs:Class. A class may be a subclass of more
than one class. 8: A Simple Class Hierarchy
Some corresponding RDF/XML serialization syntax is shown below:
<rdf:RDF xml: <!-- Note: this RDF schema would typically be used in RDF instance data by referencing it with an XML namespace declaration, for example xmlns:xyz="". This allows us to use abbreviations such as xyz:MotorVehicle to refer unambiguously to the RDF class 'MotorVehicle'. --> >
The property
rdfs:subPropertyOf is an
instance of
rdf:Property that is used to specify
that one property is a specialization of another. A property
may be a specialization of zero, one or more properties. If
some property P2 is a
subPropertyOf another more
general property P1, and if a resource A has a P2 property
with a value B, this implies that the resource A also has a
P1 property with value B.
As an example, if the property
biologicalFather is a subproperty of the broader
property
biologicalParent, and if Fred is the
biologicalFather of John, then it is implied
that Fred is also the
biologicalParent of
John.
<rdf:RDF xml: <rdf:Description rdf: <rdf:type </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf: <rdf:type <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf: </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
RDF Schema also provides a mechanism for specifying simple constraints on the use of properties and classes in RDF data. The basic constraints are those that describe limitations on the types of values that are valid for some property, or on the classes to which it makes sense to assign such properties. Specifically:
authorproperty might express that the value of an
authorproperty must be a resource of class
Person.
authorproperty might specify that the may have zero, one, or more than one range
property. If there is no range property, the class of the
property value is unconstrained. If there is exactly one
range property, the property value must be an instance of the
specified class (which is the value of the range property).
If there is more than one range property, the property value
must be an instance of all of the classes (that are
values of those range properties). For example, if we assert
that property
xyz:hasMother has both a
rdfs:range of
Female and an
rdfs:range of
Person, this means
that any value of property
xyz:hasMother must be
both an instance of class
Female
and an instance of class
Person.
A property that is used to indicate the class(es) on whose members some specified property can be used.
A property may have zero, one, or more than one domain property. If there is no domain property, the property may be used with any resource. If there is exactly one domain property, the property may only be used on resources that are instances of that class (which is the value of the domain property). If there is more than one domain property, the property can only be used on resources that are instances of all of the classes (that are values of those domain properties).
We can illustrate the use of these constraint properties
by continuing with our earlier example of
MotorVehicle. In this example, we define two
properties:
registeredTo and
rearSeatLegRoom. The
registeredTo
property is applicable to any
MotorVehicle and
its value is a
Person (defined in the examples
below). For the sake of this example,
rearSeatLegRoom only applies to
PassengerVehicles. The value is a
Number, which is the number of centimeters of
rear seat legroom. These definitions are shown in the RDF/XML
below:
<rdf:RDF xml: <rdf:Description rdf: <rdf:type <rdfs:domain rdf: <rdfs:range rdf: </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf: <rdf:type <rdfs:domain rdf: <rdfs:range rdf: </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
Although RDF Schema provides a mechanism for describing
constraints, it does not say whether or how an application
must process the constraint information. For example, while
an RDF schema can assert that an
author property
is used to indicate resources that are members of the class
Person, it does not say whether or how an
application should act in processing that class information.
Different applications might use these constraints in
different ways - e.g., a validator will look for errors, an
interactive editor might suggest legal values, and a
reasoning application might infer the class and then announce
any inconsistencies.
@@This is currently more-or-less copied from the current RDF Schema draft, and needs rewriting@@
@@ TBD @@, together with RDF Schemas such as.
@@ TBD @@
@@ possible additional section@@
@@ possible additional section @@
@ document provides this precise definition, through what is technically called.
@@Revised and/or additional discussion of the model theory to be added as time permits@@
The RDF Test Cases document supplements the textual RDF specifications with specific examples of RDF/XML syntax and the corresponding RDF graph triples. To describe these examples, it introduces the N-triples notation used in earlier sections of.
@@TBD@@
@@other parts may also be identified; also TBD@@
[BERNERS-LEE98] What the Semantic Web can represent , Tim Berners-Lee, 1998
[DC] Dublin Core Metadata Initiative ,
[RDFMT] RDF Model Theory , W3C Working Draft, 14 February 2002
[RDFXML] RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised) , W3C Working Draft, 18 December 2001
[RDFTEST] RDF Test Cases , W3C Working Draft, 12 September 2001 (contains N-Triples )
[RDFSCHEMA] RDF Schema Specification 1.0 , (editor's working draft), September 2001
[RDFISSUE] RDF Issue Tracking ,
[RFC 2396] RFC 2396 - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax , August 1998
[WEBDATA] Web Architecture:
Describing and Exchanging Data , W3C Note, 7 June
1999
[XML] Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 , W3C Recommendation, 10 February 1988,
[XML-NS] Namespaces in XML , W3C Recommendation, 14 January 1999,
This document has benefited from inputs from many members of the RDF Core Working Group. Specific thanks to Dave Beckett, Dan Brickley, Martyn Horner, Graham Klyne, Sean Palmer, and Aaron Swartz who provided valuable contributions to this document. | http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-rdf-primer-20020319/ | crawl-001 | refinedweb | 2,953 | 51.07 |
C Programming/Print version< C Programming
The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
Contents
Why learn C?Edit
C
While assembly language can provide speed and maximum control of the program, C provides portability.
Different processors are programmed using different Assembly languages and having to choose and learn only one of them is too arbitrary. In fact, one of the main strengths of C is that it combines universality and portability across various computer architectures while retaining most of the control of the hardware provided by assembly language..
Assembly, while extremely powerful, is simply too difficult to program large applications and hard to read or interpret in a logical way. C is a compiled language, which creates fast and efficient executable files. It is also a small “what you see is all you get” language: a C statement corresponds to at most a handful of assembly statements, everything else is provided by library functions..
HistoryEdit++.
What You Need Before You Can LearnEdit
Getting StartedEdit
The goal of this book is to introduce you to and teach you the C programming language. Basic computer literacy is assumed, but no special knowledge is needed.
Before you can start programming in C, you will need a C compiler. A compiler is a program that converts C code into executable machine code.[1]
Popular C compilers/IDEs include:
The minimum software requirements to program in C is a text editor, as opposed to a word processor. A plain text Notepad editor can be used but it does not offer any advanced capabilities such as syntax highlighting and code completion. There are many.
Though not absolutely needed, many programmers prefer and recommend using an Integrated development environment (IDE) instead of a text editor. An IDE is a suite of programs that developers need, combined into one convenient package, usually with a graphical user interface. These programs include a text editor and file browser and are.
Many IDEs do not offer their users a console-based interface to the compiler and for executing the developed program but offer only graphical buttons. For beginners it is recommended not to use such an IDE, since it hides most of what is going on. Using the command line builds up familiarity with the toolchain. Such an IDE may still be useful to somebody with programming experience who knows how the IDE works. So as a general guideline: Do not use an IDE unless you know what the IDE does!Edit
-
Obtaining a CompilerEditEdit
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a free/libre.
- Homebrew is a commonly used package manager for Mac OS X.
-Edit
- Most CPUs are microcontrollers in embedded systems, often programmed in C, but most of the compilers mentioned above (except GCC) do not support such CPUs. For specialized compilers that do support embedded systems, see Embedded Systems/C Programming.
Other C compilersEdit?
Beginning CEdit
Intro ExerciseEdit
The "Hello, World!" ProgramEdit
Tradition dictates that we begin with a very simple program, which simply displays the characters "Hello, World!" on the screen and immediately exits. Type the following source code in your preferred text editor/IDE and save this in a file named hello.c.
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; }
Source code analysisEdit
Below are described the parts the program is composed of. The various details will be introduced and explained in later chapters.
#include <stdio.h>
This is a preprocessor directive. Preprocessor directives instruct a part of the compiler - the preprocessor - to modify the code we've written before it is compiled. In this case, the
#include directive retrieves C code from the standard stdio.h file. Files used in this way are called header files and are saved with the .h extension. The Stdio.h file contains different functions defined according to the c standard. In this program, the only function we will use from stdio.h is the
printf function.
int main(void)
The function named
main is the starting point of all C programs. In computer science, the term function tends to be used a bit more loosely than in mathematics, since functions often express imperative ideas (as in the case of C) - that is, how-to process, instead of declarations. For now, suffice it to say, functions let us define a complex process that we want to reference frequently.
printf("Hello World!\n");
This line is of particular interest because it produces the actual output on the console (also known as the terminal in the context of Unix-like operating systems), a traditional text-based interface to system utilities and programs.
return 0;
When terminating our program, it is useful to be able to let the operating system know whether or not the program succeeded. We do this with an exit status, which is sent to the operating system with a
return statement in the
main function. In this case, we provide an exit status of
0 to indicate that execution succeeded without error. As our programs grow in complexity, we can use other integers as codes to indicate various types of errors. This style of providing exit status is a long standing convention[1].
CompilingEdit
Unix-likeEdit
If you are using a Unix(-like) system, such as GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, or Solaris, it will probably have GCC installed, otherwise on Linux you can install it using yum or apt-get commands depending on your distribution. Open the virtual console or a terminal emulator and enter the following:
gcc hello.c
By default gcc will generate our executable binay withEditEdit
PreliminariesEdit
Before learning C syntax and programming constructs, it is important to learn the meaning of a few key terms that are central in understanding C.
Block Structure, Statements, Whitespace, and ScopeEdit:
int i = 6;
This declares an integer variable, which can be accessed with the identifier 'i',\n",\n", i); /* prints a '5' onto the screen */ } /* now we're back into the first block */ printf("%d\n", i); /* prints a '6' onto the screen */ return 0; }
Basics of Using FunctionsEdit caller to hand it certain pieces of data needed to perform its task; these are called arguments. Many functions also return a value to the caller whatever you wish to. The only restriction is that every executable program needs to have one, and only one, main function, which is where the program begins executing.
We will discuss functions in more detail in a later chapter, C Programming/Procedures and functions.
The Standard LibraryEdit.
ReferencesEdit
Basics of CompilationEditprocessorEdit C preprocessor is not a part of the C language.
All preprocessor directives begin with the hash character (#). You can see one preprocessor directive in the Hello world program. Example:
#include <stdio.h>
This directive causes the stdio header to be included into your program. Other directives such as
#pragma control compiler settings and macros. The result of the preprocessing stage is a text string. You can think of the preprocessor as a non-interactive text editor that prepares your code for compilation.
The language of preprocessor directives is agnostic to the grammar of C, so the C preprocessor can also be used independently to process other kinds of text files.
Syntax CheckingEditEditEditEdit
For large C projects, many programmers choose to automate compilation, both in order to reduce user interaction requirements and to speed up the process by recompiling only modified files.
Most integrated development environments 'h' command that shows what it can do,
and is usually started with 'gdb a.out' if a.out is the anonymous
executable machine code file that was compiled by gcc.
ReferencesEdit
Programming Structure and StyleEdit
C Structure and StyleEditEdit
In C, programs are composed of statements., it's harder to read.
#include <stdio.h>EditEdit
With minimal line breaks, code is barely human-readable, and may be hard to debug or understand:
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main(void) { int revenue = 80; int cost = 50; int roi; roi = (100 * (revenue - cost)) / cost; if (roi >= 0) { printf ("%d\n", roi); } return 0; }
Rather than putting everything on one line, it is much more readable to break up long lines so that each statement and declaration goes on its own line. After inserting line breaks, the code will look like this:
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main(void) { 3 int revenue = 80; 4 int cost = 50; 5 int roi; 6 roi = (100 * (revenue - cost)) / cost; 7 if (roi >= 0) { 8 printf ("%d\n", roi); 9 } 10 return 0; 11 }
Blank LinesEdit
Blank lines should be used to offset the main components of your code. Always use them
- After precompiler declarations.
- }
But it's still not as readable as it can be.
IndentationEdit 4 to 16
- Line 13 Comments.
Single-line CommentsEdit
Single-line comments are most useful for simple 'int revenue' and 'int cost' represent,
- Line 8, to explain what the variable 'roi' is going to be used for,
- Line 10, to explain the idea of the calculation,
- Line 12, to explain the purpose of the 'if'.
This will make our program look something like
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int revenue = 80; // as of 2016 int cost = 50; int roi; // return on investment in percent roi = (100 * (revenue - cost)) / cost; // formula from accounting book if (roi >= 0) { // we don't care about negative roi printf ("%d\n", roi); } return 0; }
Multi-line CommentsEdit\n",Edit
- within the projects you are working on. Mixing tabs and spaces can cause code to become unreadable.
- ↑ Vim cookbook
- ↑ Linux Kernel Coding Style
-
VariablesEdit
Like inexact representations of real numbers, both integer and non-integer values. It can be used with numbers that are much greater than the greatest possible
int.
float literals must be suffixed with F or f. Examples are: 3.1415926f, 4.0f, 6.022e+23f.
It is important to note that floating-point numbers are inexact. Some numbers like 0.1f cannot be represented exactly as
floats but will have a small error. Very large and very small numbers will have less precision and arithmetic operations are sometimes not associative or distributive because of a lack of precision. Nonetheless, floating-point numbers are most commonly used for approximating real numbers and operations on them are efficient on modern microprocessors.[2] Floating-point arithmetic is explained in more detail on Wikipedia.
float variables can be declared using the float keyword. A
float is only one machine word in size. Therefore, it is used when less precision than a double provides is required.
The double typeEdit
The double and float types are very similar. The float type allows you to store single-precision floating point numbers, while the double keyword allows you to store double-precision floating point numbers – real numbers, in other words. rarely.
The long modifier can also be used with double to create a long double type. This floating-point type may (but is not required to) have greater precision than the double type. deemed, you cannot access the function or variable through the extern (see below) keyword from other files in your project. This is called static linkage.. This is called static storage duration.
Variables declared static are initialized to zero (or for pointers, NULL[3][4]) variable is accessible by both up and down and retains its value. The
k variables also retain their value, but they are two different variables, one in each of their scopes. Static variables
extern
ConceptsEdit
In this sectionEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Examples of naming guidelines are those of the GNOME Project or the parts of the Python interpreter that are written in C.
- ↑ Representations of real numbers other than floating-point numbers exist but are not fundamental data types in C. Some C compilers support fixed-point arithmetic data types, but these are not part of standard C. Libraries such as the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library offer more data types for real numbers and very large numbers.
- ↑ [5] - What is NULL and how is it defined?
- ↑ [6] - NULL or 0, which should you use?
Simple Input and OutputEditEdit
Placeholder codesEditEdit more clear,EditEdit
- ↑ Actually
%fprints
doubles as well, but the use of
%ffor input is different. For more details, see the Wikipedia article on C data types.
Operators and type castingEdit
Operators and AssignmentsEdit
C has a wide range of operators that make simple math easy to handle. The list of operators grouped into precedence levels is as follows:
Primary expressionsEditEditEditEdit
A cast expression is a unaryEditEdit
The
<< operator shifts the binary representation to the left, dropping the most significant bits and appending it with zero bits.
The result is equivalent to multiplying the integer by a power of two.
unsigned shift rightEditEditEditEditEditEditEditEditEdit operatorEditEdit
-.
Arrays and StringsEditEditEdit[11] = "Merkkijono";
or
char string[11] = {[58] = .
ReferencesEdit
Program Flow ControlEdit; }
ReferencesEdit
Procedures and FunctionsEdit
Standard LibrariesEdit.
HistoryEdit.
DesignEditEditEdit
Common support librariesEditEditEdit:
ReferencesEdit
Beginning exercisesEdit
VariablesEdit
NamingEdit
- Can a variable name start with a number?
- Can a variable name start with a typographical symbol(e.g. #, *, _)?
- Give an example of a C variable name that would not work. Why doesn't it work?
Data TypesEdit
-?
AssignmentEdit
- How would you assign the value 3.14 to a variable called pi?
- Is it possible to assign an int to a double?
- Is the reverse possible?
ReferencingEdit
-Edit
String manipulationEdit
1. Write a program that prompts the user for a string, and prints its reverse.
2. Write a program that prompts the user for a sentence, and prints each word on its own line.
LoopsEditEditEdit
MathEditursionEdit
Merge sortEditEdit algorithmEditEdit) .
Intermediate CEdit
Advanced Data TypesEdit
In the chapter Variables we looked at the primitive data types. However advanced data types allow us greater flexibility in managing data in our program, and also some novel uses.
Data structuresEdit
A data structure ("struct") contains multiple pieces of data. Each piece of data (called a "member") can be accessed by the name of the variable, followed by a '.', then the name of the member. (Another way to access a member is using the member operator '->'). The member variables of a struct can be of any data type and can even be an array or a pointer.
StructsEdit
A data structure contains multiple pieces of data. One defines a data structure using the struct keyword. For example,
struct mystruct { int int_member; double double_member; char string_member[25]; } variable;
variable is an instance of mystruct. You can omit it from the end of the struct declaration and declare it later using:
struct mystruct variable;
It is often common practice to make a type synonym so we don't have to type "struct mystruct" all the time. C allows us the possibility to do so using a typedef statement, which aliases a type:
typedef struct { ... } Mystruct;
The struct itself has no name (by the absence of a name on the first line), but it is aliased as Mystruct. Then you can use
Mystruct structure;
Note that it is commonplace, and good style to capitalize the first letter of a type synonym. However in the actual definition we need to give the struct a tag so we can refer to it: we may have a recursive data structure of some kind. For trees or chained lists, we need a pointer to the same data type in the struct. During compilation, the type synonym is not known to the compiler and there will be an error. To avoid this, it is necessary to let the compiler know the name right from the start (Note that the struct keyword is used only inside the structure! After the declaration, the compiler knows that the type synonym refers to a struct):
typedef struct Mystruct { ... struct Mystruct *pMystruct } Mystruct;
UnionsEdit
The definition of a union is similar to that of a struct. The difference between the two is that in a struct, the members occupy different areas of memory, but in a union, the members occupy the same area of memory. Thus, in the following type, for example:
union { int i; double d; } u;
The programmer can access either
u.i or
u.d, but not both at the same time. Since
u.i and
u.d occupy the same area of memory, modifying one modifies the value of the other, sometimes in unpredictable ways.
The size of a union is the size of its largest member. constant.; }
Pointers and Relationship to ArraysEdit.
Declaring pointersEdit
Consider the following snippet of code which declares two pointers:
struct MyStruct { int m_aNumber; float num2; }; int main() { int *pJ2; struct MyStruct *pAnItem; }.
long * var1, var2;; /* equivalent
Memory ManagementEdit.
The
malloc functionEdit
#include <stdlib.h> void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size); void free(void *ptr); void *malloc(size_t size); void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
The standardEditEdit
The
calloc function allocates space for an array of items and initialEditEditEdit. The correct way is to define a function that frees every node in the data structure:
void BSTFree(BSTNode* node){ if (node != NULL) { BSTFree(node->left); BSTFree(node->right); free(node); } }Edit]
Write constructor/destructor functionsEdit */
ReferencesEdit
Error HandlingEdit
C> /* perror */ #include <errno.h> /* errno */ #include <stdlib.h> /* malloc, free, exit */) { perror("malloc failed"); /* here you might want to exit the program or compensate for that you don't have 2GB available */ }.
File I/OEdit
IntroductionEdit
The
stdio.h header declares a broad assortment of functions that perform input and output to files and devices such as the console. It was one of the earliest headers to appear in the C library. It declares more functions than any other standard header and also requires more explanation because of the complex machinery that underlies the functions.
The device-independent model of input and output has seen dramatic improvement over the years and has received little recognition for its success. FORTRAN II was touted as a machine-independent language in the 1960s, yet it was essentially impossible to move a FORTRAN program between architectures without some change. In FORTRAN II, you named the device you were talking to right in the FORTRAN statement in the middle of your FORTRAN code. So, you said
READ INPUT TAPE 5 on a tape-oriented IBM 7090 but
READ CARD to read a card image on other machines. FORTRAN IV had more generic
READ and
WRITE statements, specifying a logical unit number (LUN) instead of the device name. The era of device-independent I/O had dawned.
Peripheral devices such as printers still had fairly strong notions about what they were asked to do. And then, peripheral interchange utilities were invented to handle bizarre devices. When cathode-ray tubes came onto the scene, each manufacturer of consoles solved problems such as console cursor movement in an independent manner, causing further headaches.
It was into this atmosphere that Unix was born. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, the developers of Unix, deserve credit for packing any number of bright ideas into the operating system. Their approach to device independence was one of the brightest.
The ANSI C
<stdio.h> library is based on the original Unix file I/O primitives but casts a wider net to accommodate the least-common denominator across varied systems.
StreamsEdit
Input and output, whether to or from physical devices such as terminals and tape drives, or whether to or from files supported on structured storage devices, are mapped into logical data streams, whose properties are more uniform than their various inputs and outputs. Two forms of mapping are supported: text streams and binary streams.
A text stream consists of one or more lines. A line in a text stream consists of zero or more characters plus a terminating new-line character. (The only exception is that in some implementations the last line of a file does not require a terminating new-line character.) Unix adopted a standard internal format for all text streams. Each line of text is terminated by a new-line character. That's what any program expects when it reads text, and that's what any program produces when it writes text. (This is the most basic convention, and if it doesn't meet the needs of a text-oriented peripheral attached to a Unix machine, then the fix-up occurs out at the edges of the system. Nothing in between needs to change.) The string of characters that go into, or come out of a text stream may have to be modified to conform to specific conventions. This results in a possible difference between the data that go into a text stream and the data that come out. For instance, in some implementations when a space-character precedes a new-line character in the input, the space character gets removed out of the output. In general, when the data only consists of printable characters and control characters like horizontal tab and new-line, the input and output of a text stream are equal.
Compared to a text stream, a binary stream is pretty straight forward. A binary stream is an ordered sequence of characters that can transparently record internal data. Data written to a binary stream shall always equal the data that gets read out under the same implementation. Binary streams, however, may have an implementation-defined number of null characters appended to the end of the stream. There are no further conventions which need to be considered.
Nothing in Unix prevents the program from writing arbitrary 8-bit binary codes to any open file, or reading them back unchanged from an adequate repository. Thus, Unix obliterated the long-standing distinction between text streams and binary streams.
Standard StreamsEdit
When a C program starts its execution the program automatically opens three standard streams named
stdin,
stdout, and
stderr. These are attached for every C program.
The first standard stream is used for input buffering and the other two are used for output. These streams are sequences of bytes.
Consider the following program:
/* An example program. */ int main() { int var; scanf ("%d", &var); /* use stdin for scanning an integer from keyboard. */ printf ("%d", var); /* use stdout for printing a character. */ return 0; } /* end program. */
By default
stdin points to the keyboard and
stdout and
stderr point to the screen. It is possible under Unix and may be possible under other operating systems to redirect input from or output to a file or both.
Pointers to streamsEdit
FILErather than
stream.
The
<stdio.h> header contains a definition for a type
FILE (usually via a
typedef) which is capable of processing all the information needed to exercise control over a stream, including its file position indicator, a pointer to the associated buffer (if any), an error indicator that records whether a read/write error has occurred, and an end-of-file indicator that records whether the end of the file has been reached.
It is considered bad manners to access the contents of
FILE directly unless the programmer is writing an implementation of
<stdio.h> and its contents. Better access to the contents of
FILE is provided via the functions in
<stdio.h>. It can be said that the
FILE type is an early example of object-oriented programming.
Opening and Closing FilesEdit
To open and close files, the
<stdio.h> library has three functions:
fopen,
freopen, and
fclose.
Opening FilesEdit
#include <stdio.h> FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode); FILE *freopen(const char *filename, const char *mode, FILE *stream);
fopen and
freopen opens the file whose name is in the string pointed to by
filename and associates a stream with it. Both return a pointer to the object controlling the stream, or, if the open operation fails, a null pointer. The error and end-of-file indicators are cleared, and if the open operation fails error is set.
freopen differs from
fopen in that the file pointed to by
stream is closed first when already open and any close errors are ignored.
mode for both functions points to a string beginning with one of the following sequences (additional characters may follow the sequences):
r open a text file for reading w truncate to zero length or create a text file for writing a append; open or create text file for writing at end-of-file rb open binary file for reading wb truncate to zero length or create a binary file for writing ab append; open or create binary file for writing at end-of-file r+ open text file for update (reading and writing) w+ truncate to zero length or create a text file for update a+ append; open or create text file for update r+b or rb+ open binary file for update (reading and writing) w+b or wb+ truncate to zero length or create a binary file for update a+b or ab+ append; open or create binary file for update the
fseek function. In some implementations, opening a binary file with append mode ('
b' as the second or third character in the above list of
mode arguments) may initially position the file position indicator for the stream beyond the last data written, because of null character padding..
When opened, a stream is fully buffered if and only if it can be determined not to refer to an interactive device.
Closing FilesEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fclose(FILE *stream);
The
fclose function causes the stream pointed to by
stream.
Stream buffering functionsEdit
The
fflush functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fflush(FILE *stream);
If
stream points to an output stream or an update stream in which the most recent operation was not input, the
fflush function causes any unwritten data for that stream to be deferred to the host environment to be written to the file. The behavior of fflush is undefined for input stream.
If
stream is a null pointer, the
fflush function performs this flushing action on all streams for which the behavior is defined above.
The
fflush functions returns
EOF if a write error occurs, otherwise zero.
The reason for having a
fflush function is because streams in C can have buffered input/output; that is, functions that write to a file actually write to a buffer inside the
FILE structure. If the buffer is filled to capacity, the write functions will call
fflush to actually "write" the data that is in the buffer to the file. Because
fflush is only called every once in a while, calls to the operating system to do a raw write are minimized.
The
setbuf functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> void setbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf);
Except that it returns no value, the
setbuf function is equivalent to the
setvbuf function invoked with the values
_IOFBF for
mode and
BUFSIZ for
size, or (if
buf is a null pointer) with the value
_IONBF for
mode.
The
setvbuf functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size);
The
setvbuf function may be used only after the stream pointed to by
stream has been associated with an open file and before any other operation is performed on the stream. The argument
mode determines how the associated by the
setvbuf function. (The buffer must have a lifetime at least as great as the open stream, so the stream should be closed before a buffer that has automatic storage duration is deallocated upon block exit.) The argument
size specifies the size of the array. The contents of the array at any time are indeterminate.
The
setvbuf function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an invalid value is given for
mode or if the request cannot be honored.
Functions that Modify the File Position IndicatorEdit
The
stdio.h library has five functions that affect the file position indicator besides those that do reading or writing:
fgetpos,
fseek,
fsetpos,
ftell, and
rewind.
The
fseek and
ftell functions are older than
fgetpos and
fsetpos.
The
fgetpos and
fsetpos functionsEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
The
fgetpos function stores the current value of the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by
stream in the object pointed to by
pos. The value stored contains unspecified information usable by the
fsetpos function for repositioning the stream to its position at the time of the call to the
fgetpos function.
If successful, the
fgetpos function returns zero; on failure, the
fgetpos function returns nonzero and stores an implementation-defined positive value in
errno.
The
fsetpos function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by
stream according to the value of the object pointed to by
pos, which shall be a value obtained from an earlier call to the
fgetpos function on the same stream.
A successful call to the
fsetpos function clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream and undoes any effects of the
ungetc function on the same stream. After an
fsetpos call, the next operation on an update stream may be either input or output.
If successful, the
fsetpos function returns zero; on failure, the
fsetpos function returns nonzero and stores an implementation-defined positive value in
errno.
The
fseek and
ftell functionsEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fseek(FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence); long int ftell(FILE *stream);
The
fseek function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by
stream.
For a binary stream, the new position, measured in characters from the beginning of the file, is obtained by adding
offset to the position specified by
whence. Three macros in
stdio.h called
SEEK_SET,
SEEK_CUR, and
SEEK_END expand to unique values. If the position specified by
whence is
SEEK_SET, the specified position is the beginning of the file; if
whence is
SEEK_END, the specified position is the end of the file; and if
whence is
SEEK_CUR, the specified position is the current file position. A binary stream need not meaningfully support
fseek calls with a
whence value of
SEEK_END.
For a text stream, either
offset shall be zero, or
offset shall be a value returned by an earlier call to the
ftell function on the same stream and
whence shall be
SEEK_SET.
The
fseek function returns nonzero only for a request that cannot be satisfied.
The
ftell function function for returning the file position indicator for the stream to its position at the time of the
ftell call; the difference between two such return values is not necessarily a meaningful measure of the number of characters written or read.
If successful, the
ftell function returns the current value of the file position indicator for the stream. On failure, the
ftell function returns
-1L and stores an implementation-defined positive value in
errno.
The
rewind functionEdit
#include <stdio.h>.
Error Handling FunctionsEdit
The
clearerr functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> void clearerr(FILE *stream);
The
clearerr function clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the stream pointed to by
stream.
The
feof functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int feof(FILE *stream);
The
feof function tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by
stream and returns nonzero if and only if the end-of-file indicator is set for
stream, otherwise it returns zero.
The
ferror functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int ferror(FILE *stream);
The
ferror function tests the error indicator for the stream pointed to by
stream and returns nonzero if and only if the error indicator is set for
stream, otherwise it returns zero.
The
perror functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> void perror(const char *s);
The
perror function maps the error number in the integer expression
errno to an error message. It writes a sequence of characters to the standard error stream thus: first, if
s is not a null pointer and the character pointed to by
s is not the null character, the string pointed to by
s followed by a colon (:) and a space; then an appropriate error message string followed by a new-line character. The contents of the error message are the same as those returned by the
strerror function with the argument
errno, which are implementation-defined.
Other Operations on FilesEdit
The
stdio.h library has a variety of functions that do some operation on files besides reading and writing.
The
remove functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int remove(const char *filename);
The
remove function causes the file whose name is the string pointed to by
filename to be no longer accessible by that name. A subsequent attempt to open that file using that name will fail, unless it is created anew. If the file is open, the behavior of the
remove function is implementation-defined.
The
remove function returns zero if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails.
The
rename functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int rename(const char *old_filename, const char *new_filename);
The
rename function causes the file whose name is the string pointed to by
old_filename to be henceforth known by the name given by the string pointed to by
new_filename. The file named
old_filename is no longer accessible by that name. If a file named by the string pointed to by
new_filename exists prior to the call to the
rename function, the behavior is implementation-defined.
The
rename function returns zero if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails, in which case if the file existed previously it is still known by its original name.
The
tmpfile functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> FILE *tmpfile(void);
The
tmpfile function creates a temporary binary file that will automatically be removed when it is closed or at program termination. If the program terminates abnormally, whether an open temporary file is removed is implementation-defined. The file is opened for update with
"wb+" mode.
The
tmpfile function returns a pointer to the stream of the file that it created. If the file cannot be created, the
tmpfile function returns a null pointer.
The
tmpnam functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> char *tmpnam(char *s);
The
tmpnam function generates a string that is a valid file name and that is not the name of an existing file.
The
tmpnam function generates a different string each time it is called, up to
TMP_MAX times. (
TMP_MAX is a macro defined in
stdio.h.) If it is called more than
TMP_MAX times, the behavior is implementation-defined.
The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the
tmpnam function.
If the argument is a null pointer, the
tmpnam function leaves its result in an internal static object and returns a pointer to that object. Subsequent calls to the
tmpnam function may modify the same object. If the argument is not a null pointer, it is assumed to point to an array of at least
L_tmpnam characters (
L_tmpnam is another macro in
stdio.h); the
tmpnam function writes its result in that array and returns the argument as its value.
The value of the macro
TMP_MAX must be at least 25.
Reading from FilesEdit
Character Input FunctionsEdit
The
fgetc functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fgetc(FILE *stream);
The
fgetc function obtains the next character (if present) as an
unsigned char converted to an
int, from the input stream pointed to by
stream, and advances the associated file position indicator for the stream (if defined).
The
fgetc function returns the next character from the input stream pointed to by
stream. If the stream is at end-of-file, the end-of-file indicator for the stream is set and
fgetc returns
EOF (
EOF is a negative value defined in
<stdio.h>, usually
(-1)). If a read error occurs, the error indicator for the stream is set and
fgetc returns
EOF.
The
fgets functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE function returns
s.
Warning: Different operating systems may use different character sequences to represent the end-of-line sequence. For example, some filesystems use the terminator
\r\n in text files;
fgets may read those lines, removing the
\n but keeping the
\r as the last character of
s. This expurious character should be removed in the string
s before the string is used for anything (unless the programmer doesn't care about it). Unixes typically use
\n as its end-of-line sequence, MS-DOS and Windows uses
\r\n, and Mac OSes used
\r before OS X.
/* An example program that reads from stdin and writes to stdout */ #include <stdio.h> #define BUFFER_SIZE 100 int main(void) { char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; /* a read buffer */ while( fgets (buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, stdin) != NULL) { printf("%s",buffer); } return 0; } /* end program. */
The
getc functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int getc(FILE *stream);
The
getc function is equivalent to
fgetc, except that it may be implemented as a macro. If it is implemented as a macro, the
stream argument may be evaluated more than once, so the argument should never be an expression with side effects (i.e. have an assignment, increment, or decrement operators, or be a function call).
The
getc function returns the next character from the input stream pointed to by
stream. If the stream is at end-of-file, the end-of-file indicator for the stream is set and
getc returns
EOF (
EOF is a negative value defined in
<stdio.h>, usually
(-1)). If a read error occurs, the error indicator for the stream is set and
getc returns
EOF.
The
getchar functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int getchar(void);
The
getchar function is equivalent to
getc with the argument
stdin.
The
getchar function returns the next character from the input stream pointed to by
stdin. If
stdin is at end-of-file, the end-of-file indicator for
stdin is set and
getchar returns
EOF (
EOF is a negative value defined in
<stdio.h>, usually
(-1)). If a read error occurs, the error indicator for
stdin is set and
getchar returns
EOF.
The
gets functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> char *gets(char *s);
The
gets function reads characters from the input stream pointed to by
stdin into the array pointed to by
s until an end-of-file is encountered or a new-line character is read. Any new-line character is discarded, and a null character is written immediately after the last character read into the array.
The
gets function returns
s if successful. If the end-of-file is encountered and no characters have been read into the array, the contents of the array remain unchanged and a null pointer is returned. If a read error occurs during the operation, the array contents are indeterminate and a null pointer is returned.
This function and description is only included here for completeness. Most C programmers nowadays shy away from using
gets, as there is no way for the function to know how big the buffer is that the programmer wants to read into. Commandment #5 of Henry Spencer's The Ten Commandments for C Programmers (Annotated Edition) reads, "Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest foo someone someday shall type supercalifragilisticexpialidocious." It mentions
gets in the annotation: ."
The
ungetc functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream);
The
ungetc function pushes the character specified by
c (converted to an
unsigned char) back onto the input stream pointed to by stream. The pushed-back characters will.
One character of pushback is guaranteed. If the
ungetc function is called too many times on the same stream without an intervening read or file positioning operation on that stream, the operation may fail.
If the value of
c equals that of the macro
EOF, the operation fails and the input stream is unchanged.
A successful call to the
ungetc function clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream. The value of the file position indicator for the stream after reading or discarding all pushed-back characters shall be the same as it was before the characters were pushed back. For a text stream, the value of its file-position indicator after a successful call to the
ungetc function is unspecified until all pushed-back characters are read or discarded. For a binary stream, its file position indicator is decremented by each successful call to the
ungetc function; if its value was zero before a call, it is indeterminate after the call.
The
ungetc function returns the character pushed back after conversion, or
EOF if the operation fails.
EOF pitfallEdit.
Direct input function: the
fread functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
The
fread function reads, into the array pointed to by
ptr, up to
nmemb elements whose size is specified by
size, from the stream pointed to by
stream. The file position indicator for the stream (if defined) is advanced by the number of characters successfully read. If an error occurs, the resulting value of the file position indicator for the stream is indeterminate. If a partial element is read, its value is indeterminate.
The
fread function returns the number of elements successfully read, which may be less than
nmemb if a read error or end-of-file is encountered. If
size or
nmemb is zero,
fread returns zero and the contents of the array and the state of the stream remain unchanged.
Formatted input functions: the
scanf family of functionsEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); int scanf(const char *format, ...); int sscanf(const char *s, const char *format, ...);
The
fscanf function reads input from the stream pointed to by
stream, under control of the string pointed to by
format that specifies the admissible sequences and how they are to be converted for assignment, using subsequent arguments as pointers to the objects to receive converted input. If there are insufficient arguments for the format, the behavior is undefined. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess arguments are evaluated (as always) but are otherwise ignored.
The format shall be a multibyte character sequence, beginning and ending in its initial shift state. The format is composed of zero or more directives: one or more white-space characters; an ordinary multibyte character (neither % or a white-space character); or a conversion specification. Each conversion specification is introduced by the character %. After the %, the following appear in sequence:
- An optional assignment-suppressing character *.
- An optional nonzero decimal integer that specifies the maximum field width.
- An optional h, l (ell) or L indicating the size of the receiving object. The conversion specifiers d, i, and n shall be preceded by h if the corresponding argument is a pointer to
short intrather than a pointer to
int, or by l if it is a pointer to
long int. Similarly, the conversion specifiers o, u, and x shall be preceded by h if the corresponding argument is a pointer to
unsigned short intrather than
unsigned int, or by l if it is a pointer to
unsigned long int. Finally, the conversion specifiers e, f, and g shall be preceded by l if the corresponding argument is a pointer to
doublerather than a pointer to
float, or by L if it is a pointer to
long double. If an h, l, or L appears with any other format specifier, the behavior is undefined.
- A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The valid conversion specifiers are described below.
The
fscanf function executes each directive of the format in turn. If a directive fails, as detailed below, the
fscanf function returns. Failures are described as input failures (due to the unavailability of input characters) or matching failures (due to inappropriate input).
A directive composed of white-space character(s) is executed by reading input up to the first non-white-space character (which remains unread) or until no more characters remain unread.
A directive that is an ordinary multibyte character is executed by reading the next characters of the stream. If one of the characters differs from one comprising the directive, the directive fails, and the differing and subsequent characters remain unread.
A directive that is a conversion specification defines a set of matching input sequences, as described below for each specifier. A conversion specification is executed in the following steps:
Input white-space characters (as specified by the
isspace function) are skipped, unless the specification includes a [, c, or n specifier. (The white-space characters are not counted against the specified field width.)
An input item is read from the stream, unless the specification includes an n specifier. An input item is defined as the longest matching sequences of input characters, unless that exceeds a specified field width, in which case it is the initial subsequence of that length in the sequence. The first character, if any, after the input item remains unread. If the length of the input item is zero, the execution of the directive fails; this condition is a matching failure, unless an error prevented input from the stream, in which case it is an input failure.
Except in the case of a % specifier, the input item (or, in the case of a %n directive, the count of input characters) is converted to a type appropriate to the conversion specifier. If the input item is not a matching sequence, the execution of the directive fails; this condition is a matching failure. Unless assignment suppression was indicated by a *, the result of the conversion is placed in the object pointed to by the first argument following the
format argument that has not already received a conversion result. If this object does not have an appropriate type, or if the result of the conversion cannot be represented in the space provided, the behavior is undefined.
The following conversion specifiers are valid:
- d
- Matches an optionally signed decimal integer, whose format is the same as expected for the subject sequence of the
strtolfunction with the value 10 for the
baseargument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to integer.
- i
- Matches an optionally signed integer, whose format is the same as expected for the subject sequence of the
strtolfunction with the value 0 for the
baseargument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to integer.
- o
- Matches an optionally signed octal integer, whose format is the same as expected for the subject sequence of the
strtoulfunction with the value 8 for the
baseargument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to unsigned integer.
- u
- Matches an optionally signed decimal integer, whose format is the same as expected for the subject sequence of the
strtoulfunction with the value 10 for the
baseargument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to unsigned integer.
- x
- Matches an optionally signed hexadecimal integer, whose format is the same as expected for the subject sequence of the
strtoulfunction with the value 16 for the
baseargument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to unsigned integer.
- e, f, g
- Matches an optionally signed floating-point number, whose format is the same as expected for the subject string of the
strtodfunction. The corresponding argument will be a pointer to floating.
- s
- Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters. (No special provisions are made for multibyte characters.) The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to the initial character of an array large enough to accept the sequence and a terminating null character, which will be added automatically.
- [
- Matches a nonempty sequence of characters (no special provisions are made for multibyte characters) from a set of expected characters (the scanset). The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to the initial character of an array large enough to accept the sequence and a terminating null character, which will be added automatically. The conversion specifier includes all subsequent characters in the
formatstring, up to and including the matching right bracket (]). The characters between the brackets (the scanlist) comprise the scanset, unless the character after the left bracket is a circumflex (^), in which case the scanset contains all. If a - character is in the scanlist and is not the first, nor the second where the first character is a ^, nor the last character, the behavior is implementation-defined.
- c
- Matches a sequence of characters (no special provisions are made for multibyte characters) of the number specified by the field width (1 if no field width is present in the directive). The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to the initial character of an array large enough to accept the sequence. No null character is added.
- p
- Matches an implementation-defined set of sequences, which should be the same as the set of sequences that may be produced by the %p conversion of the
fprintffunction. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to
void. The interpretation of the input then is implementation-defined. If the input item is a value converted earlier during the same program execution, the pointer that results shall compare equal to that value; otherwise the behavior of the %p conversion is undefined.
- n
- No input is consumed. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to integer into which is to be written the number of characters read from the input stream so far by this call to the
fscanffunction. Execution of a %n directive does not increment the assignment count returned at the completion of execution of the
fscanffunction.
- %
- Matches a single %; no conversion or assignment occurs. The complete conversion specification shall be %%.
If a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is undefined.
The conversion specifiers E, G, and X are also valid and behave the same as, respectively, e, g, and x..
The
fscanf function returns the value of the macro
EOF if an input failure occurs before any conversion. Otherwise, the
fscanf function returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
The
scanf function is equivalent to
fscanf with the argument
stdin interposed before the arguments to
scanf. Its return value is similar to that of
fscanf.
The
sscanf function is equivalent to
fscanf, except that the argument
s specifies a string from which the input is to be obtained, rather than from a stream. Reaching the end of the string is equivalent to encountering the end-of-file for the
fscanf function. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.
Writing to FilesEdit
Character Output FunctionsEdit
The
fputc functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fputc(int c, FILE *stream);
The
fputc function writes the character specified by
c (converted to an
unsigned char) to the stream pointed to by
stream at the position indicated by the associated file position indicator (if defined), and advances the indicator appropriately. If the file cannot support positioning requests, or if the stream is opened with append mode, the character is appended to the output stream. The function returns the character written, unless a write error occurs, in which case the error indicator for the stream is set and
fputc returns
EOF.
The
fputs functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int fputs(const char *s, FILE *stream);
The
fputs function writes the string pointed to by
s to the stream pointed to by
stream. The terminating null character is not written. The function returns
EOF if a write error occurs, otherwise it returns a nonnegative value.
The
putc functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int putc(int c, FILE *stream);
The
putc function is equivalent to
fputc, except that if it is implemented as a macro, it may evaluate
stream more than once, so the argument should never be an expression with side effects. The function returns the character written, unless a write error occurs, in which case the error indicator for the stream is set and the function returns
EOF.
The
putchar functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int putchar(int c);
The
putchar function is equivalent to
putc with the second argument
stdout. It returns the character written, unless a write error occurs, in which case the error indicator for
stdout is set and the function returns
EOF.
The
puts functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> int puts(const char *s);
The
puts function writes the string pointed to by
s to the stream pointed to by
stdout, and appends a new-line character to the output. The terminating null character is not written. The function returns
EOF if a write error occurs; otherwise, it returns a nonnegative value.
Direct output function: the
fwrite functionEdit
#include <stdio.h> size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
The
fwrite function writes, from the array pointed to by
ptr, up to
nmemb elements whose size is specified by
size to the stream pointed to by
stream. The file position indicator for the stream (if defined) is advanced by the number of characters successfully written. If an error occurs, the resulting value of the file position indicator for the stream is indeterminate. The function returns the number of elements successfully written, which will be less than
nmemb only if a write error is encountered.
Formatted output functions: the
printf family of functionsEdit
#include <stdarg.h> #include <stdio.h> int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); int printf(const char *format, ...); int sprintf(char *s, const char *format, ...); int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arg); int vprintf(const char *format, va_list arg); int vsprintf(char *s, const char *format, va_list arg);
Note: Some length specifiers and format specifiers are new in C99. These may not be available in older compilers and versions of the stdio library, which adhere to the C89/C90 standard. Wherever possible, the new ones will be marked with (C99).
The
fprintf function writes output to the stream pointed to by
stream
fprintf function returns when the end of the format string is encountered. %. After the %, the following appear in sequence:
- Zero or more flags (in any order) that modify the meaning of the conversion specification.
- An optional minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it is padded with spaces (by default) on the left (or right, if the left adjustment flag, described later, has been given) to the field width. The field width takes the form of an asterisk * (described later) or a decimal integer. (Note that 0 is taken as a flag, not as the beginning of a field width.)
- An optional precision that characters to be written from a string. Floating-point numbers are rounded to fit the precision; i.e. printf("%1.1f\n", 1.19); produces 1.2.
- An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the argument.
- A conversion specifier character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
As noted above, a field width, or precision, or both, may be indicated by an asterisk. In this case, an
int argument supplies the field width or precision. The arguments specifying field width, or precision, or both, shall appear (in that order) before the argument (if any) to be converted. A negative field width argument is taken as a - flag followed by a positive field width. A negative precision argument is taken as if the precision were omitted.
The flag characters and their meanings are:
- -
- The result of the conversion is left-justified within the field. (It is right-justified if this flag is not specified.)
- +
- The result of a signed conversion always begins with a plus or minus sign. (It begins with a sign only when a negative value is converted if this flag is not specified. The results of all floating conversions of a negative zero, and of negative values that round to zero, include a minus sign.)
- space
- If the first character of a signed conversion is not a sign, or if a signed conversion results in no characters, a space is prefixed to the result. If the space and + flags both appear, the space flag is ignored.
- #
- The result is converted to an "alternative form". For o conversion, it increases the precision, if and only if necessary, to force the first digit of the result to be a zero (if the value and precision are both 0, a single 0 is printed). For x (or X) conversion, a nonzero result has 0x (or 0X) prefixed to it. For a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the.
- 0
- For d, i, o, u, x, X, a, A, e, E, behavior is undefined.
The length modifiers and their meanings are:
- hh
- (C99) Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
signed charor
unsigned charargument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integer promotions, but its value shall be converted to
signed charor
unsigned charbefore printing); or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
signed charargument.
- h
- Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
short intor
unsigned short intargument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integer promotions, but its value shall be converted to
short intor
unsigned short intbefore printing); or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
short intargument.
- l (ell)
- Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
long intor
unsigned long intargument; that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
long intargument; (C99) that a following c conversion specifier applies to a
wint_targument; (C99) that a following s conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
wchar_targument; or has no effect on a following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion specifier.
- ll (ell-ell)
- (C99) Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
long long intor
unsigned long long intargument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
long long intargument.
- j
- (C99) Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to an
intmax_tor
uintmax_targument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to an
intmax_targument.
- z
- (C99) Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
size_tor the corresponding signed integer type argument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a signed integer type corresponding to
size_targument.
- t
- (C99) Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
ptrdiff_tor the corresponding unsigned integer type argument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
ptrdiff_targument.
- L
- Specifies that a following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion specifier applies to a
long doubleargument.
If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specified above, the behavior is undefined.
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
- d, i
- The
intargument is converted to signed decimal in the style [−]dddd. The precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in fewer digits, it is expanded with leading zeros. The default precision is 1. The result of converting a zero value with a precision of zero is no characters.
- o, u, x, X
- The
unsigned intargument is converted to unsigned octal (o), unsigned decimal (u), or unsigned hexadecimal notation (x or X) in the style dddd; converting a zero value with a precision of zero is no characters.
- f, F
- A
doubleargument representing a (finite) floating-point number is converted to decimal notation in the style [−]ddd.ddd, where the number of digits after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero and the # flag is not specified, no decimal-point character appears. If a decimal-point character appears, at least one digit appears before it. The value is rounded to the appropriate number of digits.
(C99) A
doubleargument. (When applied to infinite and NaN values, the -, +, and space flags have their usual meaning; the # and 0 flags have no effect.)
- e, E
- A
doubleargument representing a (finite) floating-point number is converted in the style [−]d.ddde±dd, where there is one digit (which is nonzero if the argument is nonzero) before the decimal-point character and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero and the # flag is not specified, no decimal-point character appears. The value is rounded to the appropriate number of digits. The E conversion specifier produces a number with E instead of e introducing the exponent. The exponent always contains at least two digits, and only as many more digits as necessary to represent the exponent. If the value is zero, the exponent is zero.
(C99) A
doubleargument representing an infinity or NaN is converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
- g, G
- A
doubleargument representing a (finite) floating-point number is converted in style f or e (or in style F or E in the case of a G conversion specifier), with the precision specifying the number of significant digits. If the precision is zero, it is taken as 1. The style used depends on the value converted; style e (or E) is used only if the exponent resulting from such a conversion is less than –4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional portion of the result unless the # flag is specified; a decimal-point character appears only if it is followed by a digit.
(C99) A
doubleargument representing an infinity or NaN is converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
- a, A
- (C99) A double argument representing a (finite) floating-point number is converted in the style [−]0xh.hhhhp±d, where there is one hexadecimal digit (which is nonzero if the argument is a normalized floating-point number and is otherwise unspecified) before the decimal-point character (Binary implementations can choose the hexadecimal digit to the left of the decimal-point character so that subsequent digits align to nibble [4-bit] boundaries.) and the number of hexadecimal digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing and
FLT_RADIXis a power of 2, then the precision is sufficient for an exact representation of the value; if the precision is missing and
FLT_RADIXis not a power of 2, then the precision is sufficient to distinguish (The precision p is sufficient to distinguish values of the source type if 16p–1 > bn where b is
FLT_RADIXand n is the number of base-b digits in the significand of the source type. A smaller p might suffice depending on the implementation's scheme for determining the digit to the left of the decimal-point character.) values of type
double, except that trailing zeros may be omitted; if the precision is zero and the # flag is not specified, no decimal-point character appears. The letters abcdef are used for a conversion and the letters ABCDEF for A conversion. The A conversion specifier produces a number with X and P instead of x and p. The exponent always contains at least one digit, and only as many more digits as necessary to represent the decimal exponent of 2. If the value is zero, the exponent is zero.
A
doubleargument representing an infinity or NaN is converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
- c
- If no l length modifier is present, the
intargument is converted to an
unsigned char, and the resulting character is written.
(C99) If an l length modifier is present, the
wint_targument is converted as if by an ls conversion specification with no precision and an argument that points to the initial element of a two-element array of
wchar_t, the first element containing the
wint_targument to the lc conversion specification and the second a null wide character.
- s
- If no l length modifier is present, the argument shall be a pointer to the initial element of an array of character type. (No special provisions are made for multibyte characters.) Characters from the array are written up to (but not including) the terminating null character. If the precision is specified, no more than that many characters are written. If the precision is not specified or is greater than the size of the array, the array shall contain a null character.
(C99) If an l length modifier is present, the argument shall be a pointer to the initial element of an array of
wchar_ttype. Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte characters (each as if by a call to the
wcrtombfunction, with the conversion state described by an
mbstate_tobject initialized to zero before the first wide character is converted) up to and including a terminating null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters are written up to (but not including) the terminating null character (byte). If no precision is specified, the array shall contain a null wide character. If a precision is specified, no more than that many characters (bytes) are written (including shift sequences, if any), and the array shall contain a null wide character if, to equal the multibyte character sequence length given by the precision, the function would need to access a wide character one past the end of the array. In no case is a partial multibyte character written. (Redundant shift sequences may result if multibyte characters have a state-dependent encoding.)
- p
- The argument shall be a pointer to
void. The value of the pointer is converted to a sequence of printable characters, in an implementation-defined manner.
- n
- The argument shall be a pointer to signed integer into which is written the number of characters written to the output stream so far by this call to
fprintf. No argument is converted, but one is consumed. If the conversion specification includes any flags, a field width, or a precision, the behavior is undefined.
- %
- A % character is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification shall be %%.
If a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is undefined. If any argument is not the correct type for the corresponding coversion specification, the behavior is undefined.
In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
For a and A conversions, if
FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value is correctly rounded to a hexadecimal floating number with the given precision.
It is recommended practice that if
FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, the result should be one of the two adjacent numbers in hexadecimal floating style with the given precision, with the extra stipulation that the error should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction.
It is recommended practice that for e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, if the number of significant decimal digits is at most
DECIMAL_DIG, then the result should be correctly rounded. (For binary-to-decimal conversion, the result format's values are the numbers representable with the given format specifier. The number of significant digits is determined by the format specifier, and in the case of fixed-point conversion by the source value as well.) ≤ D ≤ U, with the extra stipulation that the error should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction.
The
fprintf function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if an output or encoding error occurred.
The
printf function is equivalent to
fprintf with the argument
stdout interposed before the arguments to
printf. It returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if an output error occurred.
The
sprintf function is equivalent to
fprintf, except that the argument
s specifies an array into which the generated input is to be written, rather than to a stream. A null character is written at the end of the characters written; it is not counted as part of the returned sum. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns the number of characters written in the array, not counting the terminating null character.
The
vfprintf function is equivalent to
fprintf, with the variable argument list replaced by
arg, which shall have been initialized by the
va_start macro (and possibly subsequent
va_arg calls). The
vfprintf function does not invoke the
va_end macro. The function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if an output error occurred.
The
vprintf function is equivalent to
printf, with the variable argument list replaced by
arg, which shall have been initialized by the
va_start macro (and possibly subsequent
va_arg calls). The
vprintf function does not invoke the
va_end macro. The function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if an output error occurred.
The
vsprintf function is equivalent to
sprintf, with the variable argument list replaced by
arg, which shall have been initialized by the
va_start macro (and possibly subsequent
va_arg calls). The
vsprintf function does not invoke the
va_end macro. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns the number of characters written into the array, not counting the terminating null character.
ReferencesEdit
String ManipulationEdit.
SyntaxEdit
In C, string constants (literals) are surrounded by double quotes ("), e.g. "Hello world!" and are compiled to an array of the specified char values with an additional null terminating character (0-valued) code to mark the end of the string. The type of a string constant is char [].
backslash escapesEdit
String literals may not directly in the source code contain embedded newlines or other control characters, or some other characters of special meaning in string.
To include such characters in a string, the backslash escapes may be used, like this:
Wide character stringsEdit
C supports wide character strings, defined as arrays of the type wchar_t, 16-bit (at least) values. They are written with an L before the string like this
- wchar_t *p = L"Hello world!";
This feature allows strings where more than 256 different possible characters are needed (although also variable length char strings can be used). They end with a zero-valued wchar_t. These strings are not supported by the <string.h> functions. Instead they have their own functions, declared in <wchar.h>.
Character encodingsEdit
What character encoding the char and wchar_t represent is not specified by the C standard, except that the value 0x00 and 0x0000 specify the end of the string and not a character. It is the input and output code which are directly affected by the character encoding. Other code should not be too affected. The editor should also be able to handle the encoding if strings shall be able to written in the source code.
There are three major types of encodings:
- One byte per character. Normally based on ASCII. There is a limit of 255 different characters plus the zero termination character.
- Variable length char strings, which allows many more than 255 different characters. Such strings are written as normal char-based arrays. These encodings are normally ASCII-based and examples are UTF-8 or Shift JIS.
- Wide character strings. They are arrays of wchar_t values. UTF-16 is the most common such encoding, and it is also variable-length, meaning that a character can be two wchar_t.
The
<string.h> Standard HeaderEdit
Because programmers find raw strings cumbersome to deal with, they wrote the code in the
<string.h> library. It represents not a concerted design effort but rather the accretion of contributions made by various authors over a span of years.
First, three types of functions exist in the string library:
- the
memfunctions manipulate sequences of arbitrary characters without regard to the null character;
- the
strfunctions manipulate null-terminated sequences of characters;
- the
strnfunctions manipulate sequences of non-null characters.
The more commonly-used string functionsEdit
strncpy- copy part of a string
strrchr- string scanning operation
The
strcat functionEdit
char *strcat(char * restrict[1] s1, const char * restrict s2);
Some people recommend using
strncat() or
strlcat() instead of strcat, in order to avoid buffer overflow. function returns
s1.
This function is used to attach one string to the end of another string. It is imperative that the first string (
s1) have the space needed to store both strings.
Example:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> ... static const char *colors[] = {"Red","Orange","Yellow","Green","Blue","Purple" }; static const char *widths[] = {"Thin","Medium","Thick","Bold" }; ... char penText[20]; ... int penColor = 3, penThickness = 2; strcpy(penText, colors[penColor]); strcat(penText, widths[penThickness]); printf("My pen is %s\n", penText); /* prints 'My pen is GreenThick' */
Before calling
strcat(), the destination must currently contain a null terminated string or the first character must have been initialized with the null character (e.g.
penText[0] = '\0';).
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strcat:
#include <string.h> /* strcat */ char *(strcat)(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2) { char *s = s1; /* Move s so that it points to the end of s1. */ while (*s != '\0') s++; /* Copy the contents of s2 into the space at the end of s1. */ strcpy(s, s2); return s1; }
The
strchr functionEdit
char *strchr(const char *s, int c);
The
strchr() function shall locate the first occurrence of
c (converted to a
char) in the string pointed to by
s. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. The function returns the location of the found character, or a null pointer if the character was not found.
This function is used to find certain characters in strings.
At one point in history, this function was named
index. The
strchr name, however cryptic, fits the general pattern for naming.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strchr:
#include <string.h> /* strchr */ char *(strchr)(const char *s, int c) { char ch = c; /* Scan s for the character. When this loop is finished, s will either point to the end of the string or the character we were looking for. */ while (*s != '\0' && *s != ch) s++; return (*s == ch) ? (char *) s : NULL; }
The
strcmp functionEdit
int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
A rudimentary form of string comparison is done with the strcmp() function. It takes two strings as arguments and returns a value less than zero if the first is lexographically less than the second, a value greater than zero if the first is lexographically greater than the second, or zero if the two strings are equal. The comparison is done by comparing the coded (ascii) value of the characters, character by character.
This simple type of string comparison is nowadays generally considered unacceptable when sorting lists of strings.
More advanced algorithms exist that are capable of producing lists in dictionary sorted order. They can also fix problems such as strcmp() considering the string "Alpha2" greater than "Alpha12". (In the previous example, "Alpha2" compares greater than "Alpha12" because '2' comes after '1' in the character set.) What we're saying is, don't use this
strcmp() alone for general string sorting in any commercial or professional code..
Since comparing pointers by themselves is not practically useful unless one is comparing pointers within the same array, this function lexically compares the strings that two pointers point to.
This function is useful in comparisons, e.g.
if (strcmp(s, "whatever") == 0) /* do something */ ;
The collating sequence used by
strcmp() is equivalent to the machine's native character set. The only guarantee about the order is that the digits from '0' to '9' are in consecutive order.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strcmp:
#include <string.h> /* strcmp */ int (strcmp)(const char *s1, const char *s2) { unsigned char uc1, uc2; /* Move s1 and s2 to the first differing characters in each string, or the ends of the strings if they are identical. */ while (*s1 != '\0' && *s1 == *s2) { s1++; s2++; } /* Compare the characters as unsigned char and return the difference. */ uc1 = (*(unsigned char *) s1); uc2 = (*(unsigned char *) s2); return ((uc1 < uc2) ? -1 : (uc1 > uc2)); }
The
strcpy functionEdit
char *strcpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2);
Some people recommend always using
strncpy() instead of strcpy, to avoid buffer overflow.
The
strcpy() function shall copy the C string pointed to by
s2 (including the terminating null byte) into the array pointed to by
s1. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns
s1. There is no value used to indicate an error: if the arguments to
strcpy() are correct, and the destination buffer is large enough, the function will never fail.
Example:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> /* ... */ static const char *penType="round"; /* ... */ char penText[20]; /* ... */ strcpy(penText, penType);
Important: You must ensure that the destination buffer (
s1) is able to contain all the characters in the source array, including the terminating null byte. Otherwise,
strcpy() will overwrite memory past the end of the buffer, causing a buffer overflow, which can cause the program to crash, or can be exploited by hackers to compromise the security of the computer.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strcpy:
#include <string.h> /* strcpy */ char *(strcpy)(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2) { char *dst = s1; const char *src = s2; /* Do the copying in a loop. */ while ((*dst++ = *src++) != '\0') ; /* The body of this loop is left empty. */ /* Return the destination string. */ return s1; }
The
strlen functionEdit
size_t strlen(const char *s);
The
strlen() function shall compute the number of bytes in the string to which
s points, not including the terminating null byte.
It returns the number of bytes in the string. No value is used to indicate an error.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strlen:
#include <string.h> /* strlen */ size_t (strlen)(const char *s) { const char *p = s; /* Loop over the data in s. */ while (*p != '\0') p++; return (size_t)(p - s); }
The
strncat functionEdit
char *strncat(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);. The function returns
s1.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strncat:
#include <string.h> /* strncat */ char *(strncat)(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n) { char *s = s1; /* Loop over the data in s1. */ while (*s != '\0') s++; /* s now points to s1's trailing null character, now copy up to n bytes from s2 into s stopping if a null character is encountered in s2. It is not safe to use strncpy here since it copies EXACTLY n characters, NULL padding if necessary. */ while (n != 0 && (*s = *s2++) != '\0') { n--; s++; } if (*s != '\0') *s = '\0'; return s1; }
The
strncmp functionEdit
int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
The
strncmp() function shall compare. See
strcmp for an explanation of the return value.
This function is useful in comparisons, as the
strcmp function is.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strncmp:
#include <string.h> /* strncmp */ int (strncmp)(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n) { unsigned char uc1, uc2; /* Nothing to compare? Return zero. */ if (n == 0) return 0; /* Loop, comparing bytes. */ while (n-- > 0 && *s1 == *s2) { /* If we've run out of bytes or hit a null, return zero since we already know *s1 == *s2. */ if (n == 0 || *s1 == '\0') return 0; s1++; s2++; } uc1 = (*(unsigned char *) s1); uc2 = (*(unsigned char *) s2); return ((uc1 < uc2) ? -1 : (uc1 > uc2)); }
The
strncpy functionEdit function shall return s1; no return value is reserved to indicate an error.
It is possible that the function will not return a null-terminated string, which happens if the
s2 string is longer than
n bytes.
The following is a public-domain version of
strncpy:
#include <string.h> /* strncpy */ char *(strncpy)(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n) { char *dst = s1; const char *src = s2; /* Copy bytes, one at a time. */ while (n > 0) { n--; if ((*dst++ = *src++) == '\0') { /* If we get here, we found a null character at the end of s2, so use memset to put null bytes at the end of s1. */ memset(dst, '\0', n); break; } } return s1; }
The
strrchr functionEdit
char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);
The
strrchr function is similar to the
strchr function, except that
strrchr returns a pointer to the last occurrence of
c within
s instead of the first.
The
strrchr() function shall locate the last occurrence of
c (converted to a
char) in the string pointed to by
s. The terminating null byte is considered to be part of the string. Its return value is similar to
strchr's return value.
At one point in history, this function was named
rindex. The
strrchr name, however cryptic, fits the general pattern for naming.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strrchr:
#include <string.h> /* strrchr */ char *(strrchr)(const char *s, int c) { const char *last = NULL; /* If the character we're looking for is the terminating null, we just need to look for that character as there's only one of them in the string. */ if (c == '\0') return strchr(s, c); /* Loop through, finding the last match before hitting NULL. */ while ((s = strchr(s, c)) != NULL) { last = s; s++; } return (char *) last; }
The less commonly-used string functionsEdit
The less-used functions are:
memchr- Find a byte in memory
memcmp- Compare bytes in memory
memcpy- Copy bytes in memory
memmove- Copy bytes in memory with overlapping areas
memset- Set bytes in memory
strcoll- Compare bytes according to a locale-specific collating sequence
strcspn- Get the length of a complementary substring
strerror- Get error message
strpbrk- Scan a string for a byte
strspn- Get the length of a substring
strstr- Find a substring
strtok- Split a string into tokens
strxfrm- Transform string
Copying functionsEdit
The
memcpy functionEdit function returns
s1.
Because the function does not have to worry about overlap, it can do the simplest copy it can.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
memcpy:
#include <string.h> /* memcpy */ void *(memcpy)(void * restrict s1, const void * restrict s2, size_t n) { char *dst = s1; const char *src = s2; /* Loop and copy. */ while (n-- != 0) *dst++ = *src++; return s1; }
The
memmove functionEdit
void *memmove(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);. The function returns the value of
s1.
The easy way to implement this without using a temporary array is to check for a condition that would prevent an ascending copy, and if found, do a descending copy.
The following is a public-domain, though not completely portable, implementation of
memmove:
#include <string.h> /* memmove */ void *(memmove)(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n) { /* note: these don't have to point to unsigned chars */ char *p1 = s1; const char *p2 = s2; /* test for overlap that prevents an ascending copy */ if (p2 < p1 && p1 < p2 + n) { /* do a descending copy */ p2 += n; p1 += n; while (n-- != 0) *--p1 = *--p2; } else while (n-- != 0) *p1++ = *p2++; return s1; }
Comparison functionsEdit
The
memcmp functionEdit
int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n); following is a public-domain implementation of
memcmp:
#include <string.h> /* memcmp */ int (memcmp)(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n) { const unsigned char *us1 = (const unsigned char *) s1; const unsigned char *us2 = (const unsigned char *) s2; while (n-- != 0) { if (*us1 != *us2) return (*us1 < *us2) ? -1 : +1; us1++; us2++; } return 0; }
The
strcoll and
strxfrm functionsEdit
int strcoll(const char *s1, const char *s2);
size_t strxfrm(char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
The ANSI C Standard specifies two locale-specific comparison functions.
The
strcoll function compares the string pointed to by
s1 to the string pointed to by
s2, both interpreted as appropriate to the
LC_COLLATE category of the current locale. The return value is similar to
strcmp.
The
strxfrm function transforms the string pointed to by
s2 and places the resulting string into the array pointed to by
s1. The transformation is such that if the
strcmp function is applied to the two transformed strings, it returns a value greater than, equal to, or less than zero, corresponding to the result of the
strcoll function applied to. The function returns the length of the transformed string.
These functions are rarely used and nontrivial to code, so there is no code for this section.
Search functionsEdit
The
memchr functionEdit
void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);
The
memchr() function shall locate the first occurrence of
c (converted to an
unsigned char) in the initial
n bytes (each interpreted as
unsigned char) of the object pointed to by
s. If
c is not found,
memchr returns a null pointer.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
memchr:
#include <string.h> /* memchr */ void *(memchr)(const void *s, int c, size_t n) { const unsigned char *src = s; unsigned char uc = c; while (n-- != 0) { if (*src == uc) return (void *) src; src++; } return NULL; }
The
strcspn,
strpbrk, and
strspn functionsEdit
size_t strcspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);
size_t strspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
The
strcspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string pointed to by
s1 which consists entirely of characters not from the string pointed to by
s2.
The
strpbrk function locates the first occurrence in the string pointed to by
s1 of any character from the string pointed to by
s2, returning a pointer to that character or a null pointer if not found.
The
strspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string pointed to by
s1 which consists entirely of characters from the string pointed to by
s2.
All of these functions are similar except in the test and the return value.
The following are public-domain implementations of
strcspn,
strpbrk, and
strspn:
#include <string.h> /* strcspn */ size_t (strcspn)(const char *s1, const char *s2) { const char *sc1; for (sc1 = s1; *sc1 != '\0'; sc1++) if (strchr(s2, *sc1) != NULL) return (sc1 - s1); return sc1 - s1; /* terminating nulls match */ }
#include <string.h> /* strpbrk */ char *(strpbrk)(const char *s1, const char *s2) { const char *sc1; for (sc1 = s1; *sc1 != '\0'; sc1++) if (strchr(s2, *sc1) != NULL) return (char *)sc1; return NULL; /* terminating nulls match */ }
#include <string.h> /* strspn */ size_t (strspn)(const char *s1, const char *s2) { const char *sc1; for (sc1 = s1; *sc1 != '\0'; sc1++) if (strchr(s2, *sc1) == NULL) return (sc1 - s1); return sc1 - s1; /* terminating nulls don't match */ }
The
strstr functionEdit
char *strstr(const char *haystack, const char *needle);
The
strstr() function shall locate the first occurrence in the string pointed to by
haystack of the sequence of bytes (excluding the terminating null byte) in the string pointed to by
needle. The function returns the pointer to the matching string in
haystack or a null pointer if a match is not found. If
needle is an empty string, the function returns
haystack.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
strstr:
#include <string.h> /* strstr */ char *(strstr)(const char *haystack, const char *needle) { size_t needlelen; /* Check for the null needle case. */ if (*needle == '\0') return (char *) haystack; needlelen = strlen(needle); for (; (haystack = strchr(haystack, *needle)) != NULL; haystack++) if (memcmp(haystack, needle, needlelen) == 0) return (char *) haystack; return NULL; }
The
strtok functionEdit. If no such byte is found, then there are no tokens in the string pointed to by
s1 and
strtok() shall return a null pointer. If such a byte is found, it is the start of the first token.
The
strtok() function then searches from there for a byte (or multiple, consecutive bytes) that is contained in the current separator string. If no such byte is found, the current token extends to the end of the string pointed to by
s1, and subsequent searches for a token shall return a null pointer. If such a byte is found, it is overwritten by a null byte, which terminates the current token. The
strtok() function saves a pointer to the following byte, from which the next search for a token shall start.
Each subsequent call, with a null pointer as the value of the first argument, starts searching from the saved pointer and behaves as described above. = sbegin + strcspn(sbegin, delimiters); if (*send != '\0') *send++ = '\0'; *lasts = send; return sbegin; } /* strtok */ char *(strtok)(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict delimiters) { static char *ssave = ""; return strtok_r(s1, delimiters, &ssave); }
Miscellaneous functionsEdit
These functions do not fit into one of the above categories.
The
memset functionEdit
void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);
The
memset() function converts
c into
unsigned char, then stores the character into the first
n bytes of memory pointed to by
s.
The following is a public-domain implementation of
memset:
#include <string.h> /* memset */ void *(memset)(void *s, int c, size_t n) { unsigned char *us = s; unsigned char uc = c; while (n-- != 0) *us++ = uc; return s; }
The
strerror functionEdit
char *strerror(int errorcode);
This function returns a locale-specific error message corresponding to the parameter. Depending on the circumstances, this function could be trivial to implement, but this author will not do that as it varies.
The Single Unix System Version 3 has a variant,
strerror_r, with this prototype:
int strerror_r(int errcode, char *buf, size_t buflen);
This function stores the message in
buf, which has a length of size
buflen.
ExamplesEdit
To determine the number of characters in a string, the
strlen() function is used:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> ... int length, length2; char *turkey; static char *flower= "begonia"; static char *gemstone="ruby "; length = strlen(flower); printf("Length = %d\n", length); // prints 'Length = 7' length2 = strlen(gemstone); turkey = malloc( length + length2 + 1); if (turkey) { strcpy( turkey, gemstone); strcat( turkey, flower); printf( "%s\n", turkey); // prints 'ruby begonia' free( turkey ); }
Note that the amount of memory allocated for 'turkey' is one plus the sum of the lengths of the strings to be concatenated. This is for the terminating null character, which is not counted in the lengths of the strings.
ExercisesEdit
- The string functions use a lot of looping constructs. Is there some way to portably unravel the loops?
- What functions are possibly missing from the library as it stands now?
ReferencesEdit
- A Little C Primer/C String Function Library
- C++ Programming/Code/IO/Streams/string
- Because so many functions in the standard
string.hlibrary are vulnerable to buffer overflow errors, some people recommend avoiding the
string.hlibrary and "C style strings" and instead using a dynamic string API, such as the ones listed in the String library comparison.
- There's a tiny public domain concat() function, which will allocate memory and safely concatenate any number of strings in portable C/C++ code
Further MathEdit
The
<math.h> header contains prototypes for several functions that deal with mathematics. In the 1990 version of the ISO standard, only the
double versions of the functions were specified; the 1999 version added the
float and
long double versions. To use these math functions, you must link your program with the math library. For some compilers (including GCC), you must specify the additional parameter
-lm[2][3].
The math functions may produce one of two kinds of errors. Domain errors occur when the parameters to the functions are invalid, such as a negative number as a parameter to sqrt (the square root function). Range errors occur when the result of the function cannot be expressed in that particular floating-point type, such as pow(1000.0, 1000.0) if the maximum value of a double is around 10308.
The functions can be grouped into the following categories:
Trigonometric functionsEdit
The
acos and
asin functionsEdit
The
acos functions return the arccosine of their arguments in radians, and the
asin functions return the arcsine of their arguments in radians. All functions expect the argument in the range [-1,+1]. The arccosine returns a value in the range [0,π]; the arcsine returns a value in the range [-π/2,+π/2].
#include <math.h> float asinf(float x); /* C99 */ float acosf(float x); /* C99 */ double asin(double x); double acos(double x); long double asinl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double acosl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
atan and
atan2 functionsEdit
The
atan functions return the arctangent of their arguments in radians, and the
atan2 function return the arctangent of
y/x in radians. The
atan functions return a value in the range [-π/2,+π/2] (the reason why ±π/2 are included in the range is because the floating-point value may represent infinity, and atan(±∞) = ±π/2); the
atan2 functions return a value in the range [-π,+π]. For
atan2, a domain error may occur if both arguments are zero.
#include <math.h> float atanf(float x); /* C99 */ float atan2f(float y, float x); /* C99 */ double atan(double x); double atan2(double y, double x); long double atanl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double atan2l(long double y, long double x); /* C99 */
The
cos,
sin, and
tan functionsEdit
The
cos,
sin, and
tan functions return the cosine, sine, and tangent of the argument, expressed in radians.
#include <math.h> float cosf(float x); /* C99 */ float sinf(float x); /* C99 */ float tanf(float x); /* C99 */ double cos(double x); double sin(double x); double tan(double x); long double cosl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double sinl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double tanl(long double x); /* C99 */
Hyperbolic functionsEdit
The cosh, sinh and tanh functions compute the hyperbolic cosine, the hyperbolic sine, and the hyperbolic tangent of the argument respectively. For the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions, a range error occurs if the magnitude of the argument is too large.
The acosh functions compute the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the argument. A domain error occurs for arguments less than 1.
The asinh functions compute the inverse hyperbolic sine of the argument.
The atanh functions compute the inverse hyperbolic tangent of the argument. A domain error occurs if the argument is not in the interval [-1, +1]. A range error may occur if the argument equals -1 or +1.
#include <math.h> float coshf(float x); /* C99 */ float sinhf(float x); /* C99 */ float tanhf(float x); /* C99 */ double cosh(double x); double sinh(double x); double tanh(double x); long double coshl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double sinhl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double tanhl(long double x); /* C99 */ float acoshf(float x); /* C99 */ float asinhf(float x); /* C99 */ float atanhf(float x); /* C99 */ double acosh(double x); /* C99 */ double asinh(double x); /* C99 */ double atanh(double x); /* C99 */ long double acoshl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double asinhl(long double x); /* C99 */ long double atanhl(long double x); /* C99 */
Exponential and logarithmic functionsEdit
The
exp,
exp2, and
expm1 functionsEdit
The
exp functions compute the base-e exponential function of
x (ex). A range error occurs if the magnitude of
x is too large.
The
exp2 functions compute the base-2 exponential function of
x (2x). A range error occurs if the magnitude of
x is too large.
The
expm1 functions compute the base-e exponential function of the argument, minus 1. A range error occurs if the magnitude of
x is too large.
#include <math.h> float expf(float x); /* C99 */ double exp(double x); long double expl(long double x); /* C99 */ float exp2f(float x); /* C99 */ double exp2(double x); /* C99 */ long double exp2l(long double x); /* C99 */ float expm1f(float x); /* C99 */ double expm1(double x); /* C99 */ long double expm1l(long double x); /* C99 */
The
frexp,
ldexp,
modf,
scalbn, and
scalbln functionsEdit
These functions are heavily used in software floating-point emulators, but are otherwise rarely directly called.
Inside the computer, each floating point number is represented by two parts:
- The significand is either in the range [1/2, 1), or it equals zero.
- The exponent is an integer.
The value of a floating point number is .
The
frexp functions break the argument floating point number
value into those two parts, the exponent and significand.
After breaking it apart, it stores the exponent in the
int object pointed to by
ex, and returns the significand.
In other words, the value returned is a copy of the given floating point number but with an exponent replaced by 0.
If
value is zero, both parts of the result are zero.
The
ldexp functions multiply a floating-point number by a integral power of 2 and return the result.
In other words, it returns copy of the given floating point number with the exponent increased by ex.
A range error may occur.
The
modf functions break the argument
value into integer and fraction parts, each of which has the same sign as the argument. They store the integer part in the object pointed to by
*iptr and return the fraction part.
The
*iptr is a floating-point type, rather than an "int" type, because it might be used to store an integer like 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 which is too big to fit in an int.
The
scalbn and
scalbln compute
x ×
FLT_RADIXn.
FLT_RADIX is the base of the floating-point system; if it is 2, the functions are equivalent to
ldexp.
#include <math.h> float frexpf(float value, int *ex); /* C99 */ double frexp(double value, int *ex); long double frexpl(long double value, int *ex); /* C99 */ float ldexpf(float x, int ex); /* C99 */ double ldexp(double x, int ex); long double ldexpl(long double x, int ex); /* C99 */ float modff(float value, float *iptr); /* C99 */ double modf(double value, double *iptr); long double modfl(long double value, long double *iptr); /* C99 */ float scalbnf(float x, int ex); /* C99 */ double scalbn(double x, int ex); /* C99 */ long double scalbnl(long double x, int ex); /* C99 */ float scalblnf(float x, long int ex); /* C99 */ double scalbln(double x, long int ex); /* C99 */ long double scalblnl(long double x, long int ex); /* C99 */
Most C floating point libraries also implement the IEEE754-recommended nextafter(), nextUp( ), and nextDown( ) functions. [11]
The
log,
log2,
log1p, and
log10 functionsEdit
The
log functions compute the base-e natural (not common) logarithm of the argument and return the result. A domain error occurs if the argument is negative. A range error may occur if the argument is zero.
The
log1p functions compute the base-e natural (not common) logarithm of one plus the argument and return the result. A domain error occurs if the argument is less than -1. A range error may occur if the argument is -1.
The
log10 functions compute the common (base-10) logarithm of the argument and return the result. A domain error occurs if the argument is negative. A range error may occur if the argument is zero.
The
log2 functions compute the base-2 logarithm of the argument and return the result. A domain error occurs if the argument is negative. A range error may occur if the argument is zero.
#include <math.h> float logf(float x); /* C99 */ double log(double x); long double logl(long double x); /* C99 */ float log1pf(float x); /* C99 */ double log1p(double x); /* C99 */ long double log1pl(long double x); /* C99 */ float log10f(float x); /* C99 */ double log10(double x); long double log10l(long double x); /* C99 */ float log2f(float x); /* C99 */ double log2(double x); /* C99 */ long double log2l(long double x); /* C99 */
The
ilogb and
logb functionsEdit
The
ilogb functions extract the exponent of
x as a signed int value. If
x is zero, they return the value
FP_ILOGB0; if
x is infinite, they return the value
INT_MAX; if
x is not-a-number they return the value
FP_ILOGBNAN; otherwise, they are equivalent to calling the corresponding
logb function and casting the returned value to type
int. A range error may occur if
x is zero.
FP_ILOGB0 and
FP_ILOGBNAN are macros defined in
math.h;
INT_MAX is a macro defined in
limits.h.
The
logb functions extract the exponent of
x as a signed integer value in floating-point format. If
x is subnormal, it is treated as if it were normalized; thus, for positive finite
x, 1 ≤
x ×
FLT_RADIX-logb(x) <
FLT_RADIX .
FLT_RADIX is the radix for floating-point numbers, defined in the
float.h header.
#include <math.h> int ilogbf(float x); /* C99 */ int ilogb(double x); /* C99 */ int ilogbl(long double x); /* C99 */ float logbf(float x); /* C99 */ double logb(double x); /* C99 */ long double logbl(long double x); /* C99 */
Power functionsEdit
The
pow functionsEdit
The
pow functions compute
x raised to the power
y and return the result. A domain error occurs if
x is negative and
y is not an integral value. A domain error occurs if the result cannot be represented when
x is zero and
y is less than or equal to zero. A range error may occur.
#include <math.h> float powf(float x, float y); /* C99 */ double pow(double x, double y); long double powl(long double x, long double y); /* C99 */
The
sqrt functionsEdit
The
sqrt functions compute the positive square root of
x and return the result. A domain error occurs if the argument is negative.
#include <math.h> float sqrtf(float x); /* C99 */ double sqrt(double x); long double sqrtl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
cbrt functionsEdit
The
cbrt functions compute the cube root of
x and return the result.
#include <math.h> float cbrtf(float x); /* C99 */ double cbrt(double x); /* C99 */ long double cbrtl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
hypot functionsEdit
The
hypot functions compute the square root of the sums of the squares of
x and
y, without overflow or underflow, and return the result.
#include <math.h> float hypotf(float x, float y); /* C99 */ double hypot(double x, double y); /* C99 */ long double hypotl(long double x, long double y); /* C99 */
Nearest integer, absolute value, and remainder functionsEdit
The
ceil and
floor functionsEdit
The
ceil functions compute the smallest integral value not less than
x and return the result; the
floor functions compute the largest integral value not greater than
x and return the result.
#include <math.h> float ceilf(float x); /* C99 */ double ceil(double x); long double ceill(long double x); /* C99 */ float floorf(float x); /* C99 */ double floor(double x); long double floorl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
fabs functionsEdit
The
fabs functions compute the absolute value of a floating-point number
x and return the result.
#include <math.h> float fabsf(float x); /* C99 */ double fabs(double x); long double fabsl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
fmod functionsEdit
The
fmod functions compute the floating-point remainder of
x/y and return the value
x - i *
y, for some integer i such that, if
y is nonzero, the result has the same sign as
x and magnitude less than the magnitude of
y. If
y is zero, whether a domain error occurs or the
fmod functions return zero is implementation-defined.
#include <math.h> float fmodf(float x, float y); /* C99 */ double fmod(double x, double y); long double fmodl(long double x, long double y); /* C99 */
The
nearbyint,
rint,
lrint, and
llrint functionsEdit
The
nearbyint functions round their argument to an integer value in floating-point format, using the current rounding direction and without raising the "inexact" floating-point exception.
The
rint functions are similar to the
nearbyint functions except that they can raise the "inexact" floating-point exception if the result differs in value from the argument.
The
lrint and
llrint functions round their arguments to the nearest integer value according to the current rounding direction. If the result is outside the range of values of the return type, the numeric result is undefined and a range error may occur if the magnitude of the argument is too large.
#include <math.h> float nearbyintf(float x); /* C99 */ double nearbyint(double x); /* C99 */ long double nearbyintl(long double x); /* C99 */ float rintf(float x); /* C99 */ double rint(double x); /* C99 */ long double rintl(long double x); /* C99 */ long int lrintf(float x); /* C99 */ long int lrint(double x); /* C99 */ long int lrintl(long double x); /* C99 */ long long int llrintf(float x); /* C99 */ long long int llrint(double x); /* C99 */ long long int llrintl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
round,
lround, and
llround functionsEdit
The
round functions round the argument to the nearest integer value in floating-point format, rounding halfway cases away from zero, regardless of the current rounding direction.
The
lround and
llround functions round the argument to the nearest integer value, rounding halfway cases away from zero, regardless of the current rounding direction. If the result is outside the range of values of the return type, the numeric result is undefined and a range error may occur if the magnitude of the argument is too large.
#include <math.h> float roundf(float x); /* C99 */ double round(double x); /* C99 */ long double roundl(long double x); /* C99 */ long int lroundf(float x); /* C99 */ long int lround(double x); /* C99 */ long int lroundl(long double x); /* C99 */ long long int llroundf(float x); /* C99 */ long long int llround(double x); /* C99 */ long long int llroundl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
trunc functionsEdit
The
trunc functions round their argument to the integer value in floating-point format that is nearest but no larger in magnitude than the argument.
#include <math.h> float truncf(float x); /* C99 */ double trunc(double x); /* C99 */ long double truncl(long double x); /* C99 */
The
remainder functionsEdit
The
remainder functions compute the remainder
x REM
y as defined by IEC 60559. The definition reads, "When y ≠ 0, the remainder r = x REM y is defined regardless of the rounding mode by the mathematical reduction r = x - ny, where n is the integer nearest the exact value of x/y; whenever |n - x/y| = ½, then n is even. Thus, the remainder is always exact. If r = 0, its sign shall be that of x." This definition is applicable for all implementations.
#include <math.h> float remainderf(float x, float y); /* C99 */ double remainder(double x, double y); /* C99 */ long double remainderl(long double x, long double y); /* C99 */
The
remquo functionsEdit
The
remquo functions return.
#include <math.h> float remquof(float x, float y, int *quo); /* C99 */ double remquo(double x, double y, int *quo); /* C99 */ long double remquol(long double x, long double y, int *quo); /* C99 */
Error and gamma functionsEdit
The
erf functions compute the error function of the argument ; the
erfc functions compute the complimentary error function of the argument (that is, 1 - erf x). For the
erfc functions, a range error may occur if the argument is too large.
The
lgamma functions compute the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma of the argument (that is, loge|Γ(x)|). A range error may occur if the argument is a negative integer or zero.
The
tgamma functions compute the gamma of the argument (that is, Γ(x)). A domain error occurs if the argument is a negative integer or if the result cannot be represented when the argument is zero. A range error may occur.
#include <math.h> float erff(float x); /* C99 */ double erf(double x); /* C99 */ long double erfl(long double x); /* C99 */ float erfcf(float x); /* C99 */ double erfc(double x); /* C99 */ long double erfcl(long double x); /* C99 */ float lgammaf(float x); /* C99 */ double lgamma(double x); /* C99 */ long double lgammal(long double x); /* C99 */ float tgammaf(float x); /* C99 */ double tgamma(double x); /* C99 */ long double tgammal(long double x); /* C99 */
ReferencesEdit
LibrariesEdit
A.
ReferencesEdit
Advanced CEdit
Common PracticesEdit
With.
- Dynamic multidimensional arrays can be allocated by first allocating an array of pointers, and then allocating subarrays and storing their addresses in the array of pointers.[1] : Adam N. Rosenberg. [ "A Description of One Programmer’s Programming Style Revisited"]. 2001. p. 19-20.
-; [12]).
Preprocessor Directives and MacrosEdit.
DirectivesEditEditEdit
The C90 standard headers list:
Headers added since C90:
#pragmaEditEditEdit]
#errorEditEdit
Many compilers support a #warning directive. When one is encountered, the compiler emits a diagnostic containing the remaining tokens in the directive.
#warning message
#undefEditEdit
#lineEdit
This preprocessor directive is used to set the file name and the line number of the line following the directive to new values. This is used to set the __FILE__ and __LINE__ macros.
Useful Preprocessor Macros for DebuggingEditEditEdit.
Sockets and Networking (UNIX)Edit
Network programming under UNIX is relatively simple in C.
This guide assumes you already have a good general idea about C, UNIX and networks._in));_in));[len] = '.
Serialization and X-MacrosEdit
SerializationEditEditEdit) ...
CoroutinesEdit
A little known fact is that most C implementations have built-in primitives that can be used for cooperative multitasking / coroutines. They are setcontext and setjmp.
setjmpEdit).
C and beyondEdit
Particularities of CEdit allocated on the heap[citation needed] {where can I read more about signal()?} for details). Some programs use
setjmp(),
longjmp()or
gototo manually handle some kinds of exceptions. (See C Programming/Control#One last thing: goto and C Programming/Coroutines for details).
- No anonymous function definitions
ReferencesEdit
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ "A GNU Manual": "Extensions to the C Language: Nested Functions" [10]
C TrigraphEdit
TrigraphsEdit.
Language Overloading and ExtensionsEditEdit
-."
Combining LanguagesEdit
AssemblerEdit
See Embedded Systems/Mixed C and Assembly Programming
Object Oriented Programming: The GObject SystemEdit.
Object-CreationEdit
In this example a new object will be implemented directly derived from GObject. For simplicity, the object is named MyObject.
Declaring An ObjectEdit
To create a simple non-derivable (final) object, two structs must be declared, the instance and the class. They are declared using a macro:
/* in myobject.h */ G_DECLARE_FINAL_TYPE (MyObject, my_object, MY, OBJECT, GObject)
This declares two structures, MyObject and MyObjectClass. MyObject must be defined in the C implementation, and MyObjectClass is already defined by the macro.
Boiler-Plate CodeEdit
Since the GObject System is just a third-party library and therefore cannot make any changes to the C Language itself, creating a new object requires a lot of boiler-plate code. This is mostly handled by the macro shown above. However, the following is also required:
/* in myobject.h */ #define MY_TYPE_OBJECT my_object_get_type ()
The macro defines several functions, namely MY_OBJECT () and MY_OBJECT_CLASS (), used for casting, MY_IS_OBJECT () and MY_IS_OBJECT_CLASS () for testing whether an object or class is of the correct type and MY_OBJECT_GET_CLASS () for getting the class structure from an instance.
Defining The ObjectEdit
Before use, the newly created object must be defined, along with the instance structure.
/* in myobject.c */ struct _MyObject { GObject parent_instance; /* other members */ }; *klass) { /* code */ } static void my_object_init (MyObject *self) { /*; };
Further readingEdit
- Hanser. "Object-oriented programming with ANSI-C". 1994. Hanser describes another way of implementing classes, inheritance, instances, methods, objects, vtables, polymorphism, late binding, etc. in standard ANSI C.
Computer ProgrammingEdit
The following articles are C adaptations from articles of the Computer programming book.
StatementsEditEditEditEditEdit.
Iteration StatementsEditEdit.
Reference TablesEdit
This section has some tables and lists of C entities.
Standard Library ReferenceEdit
HeadersEdit
ANSI C (C89)/ISO C (C90)Edit
ISO C (C94/C95), Amendment 1 (AMD1)Edit
Very old compilers may not include some or all of these headers
ISO C (C99)Edit
These are supported only in newer compilers
ISO C (C11)Edit
These are supported only in newer compilers
Table of functionsEdit
This table also includes function-like macros
assert.hEdit
complex.hEdit
ctype.hEdit
fenv.hEdit
inttypes.hEdit
locale.hEdit
math.hEdit
setjmp.hEdit
signal.hEdit
stdarg.hEdit
stdatomic.hEdit
stddef.hEdit
stdio.hEdit
stdlib.hEdit
string.hEdit
threads.hEdit
time.hEdit
uchar.hEdit
wchar.hEdit
wctype.hEdit
Language ReferenceEdit
Table of keywordsEditEditEdit
Character setsEdit hh is a hexadecimal number, is used to represent arbitrary bytes (including \x00, the zero byte)
\uhhhh or \Uhhhhhhhh , where h is a hexadecimal number, is used to portably represent Unicode characters.
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ list of reserved identifiers
- ↑ Very old compilers may not recognize the unary + operator.
- ↑ -128 can be stored in two's-complement machines (i.e. most machines in existence). Ver | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/Print_version | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 18,576 | 51.99 |
On 6/18/07, Chuck Anderson <cra wpi edu> wrote:
On Mon, Jun 18, 2007 at 12:29:38PM -0500, Mike McGrath wrote: > Anand Capur wrote: > >We are going to be a real online magazine with an ISSN number with the > >possibility of going to a print edition in the future. I have a flash > >based > >magazine reader and many other things that could not run on the wiki. > >We are > >a totally separate idea than FWN. > > I saw that, and as for the namespace you need a completely separate > domain? fedoraproject.org/FedoraMagazine/ won't work? Also you'll be > using PHP, please explain more what you'll be doing with php. We are > extremely concerned about php in our environment. I'm extremely concerned that an official Fedora magazine would require the proprietary Flash plugin to view.. -- Stephen J Smoogen. -- CSIRT/Linux System Administrator How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. = Shakespeare. "The Merchant of Venice" | https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-infrastructure-list/2007-June/msg00241.html | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 168 | 66.64 |
fnmatch - match a filename string or a pathname
#include <fnmatch.h>
int fnmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags);
The fnmatch() function shall match patterns as described in XCU Patterns Matching a Single Character XCU() shall return 0. If there is no match, fnmatch() shall return FNM_NOMATCH, which is defined in <fnmatch.h>. If an error occurs, fnmatch() shall return filename strings, rather than pathnames, since it gives no special significance to the <slash> character. With the FNM_PATHNAME flag, fnmatch() does match pathnames, but without tilde expansion, parameter expansion, or special treatment for a <period> at the beginning of a filename.
This function replaced the REG_FILENAME flag of regcomp() in early proposals of this volume of POSIX.1-2008..
return to top of pagereturn to top of page | http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fnmatch.html | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 130 | 53.31 |
Grails 0.6 Adds Best of Breed Mix From Spring Web Flow and Rich Conversations a la JBoss
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Read later
Reading List
Graeme Rocher announced that Grails is moving further away from "its Rails-like beginnings" with this latest release. Although this release was labeled as 0.6, it's clearly being modest with the amount of work that went into it. Here's the full feature list:
- tool" }
The above snippet illustrates the concept of defining a unit of work or "conversation", as described in the JBoss Seam framework. Just as in Seam, the "flow" contains conversational state information.
Automatic XML/JSON marshalling and RESTful URL mapping
While previously using a plug-in for conversions, this release uses:
import grails.converters.* ... def list = { render Book.list() as XML // or render Book.list() as JSON }
Rate this Article
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Seam
by
Martin Gilday
Re: Seam [News Item Updated]
by
Scott Delap
You are correct. The news item has been updated to correctly identify that the conversation features are similar to Seam but not implemented using seem. Thank you for the quick observation.
nice work
by
serge ---- | https://www.infoq.com/news/2007/09/grails06 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 228 | 66.23 |
Description
This is the main user interface for Chrono::Distributed Add bodies and set all settings through the system.
The simulation runs on all ranks given in the world parameter.
#include <ChSystemDistributed.h>
Member Function Documentation
Add a body to the system.
This function should be called on all ranks. AddBody classifies the body and decides whether or not to keep it on each rank.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChSystemParallel.
Add a body to the system on all ranks, regardless of its location.
This body should not have associated collision geometry. NOTE: A body crossing multiple sub-domains will not be correctly advanced.
Internal function for adding a body from communication.
Should not be called by the user.
Checks for consistency in IDs in the system.
Should only be used for debugging.
Get the contact force experienced by the body with given global ID.
Must be called on all system ranks; return value valid only on 'master' rank.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChSystemParallelSMC.
Get contact forces experienced by any of the bodies specified through their global IDs.
Must be called on all system ranks; return value valid only on 'master' rank. Returns a vector of pairs of global IDs and corresponding contact forces.
Return the rank (in the system's intra-communicator) of the process marked as 'master'.
Certain functions return information only on this process.
Wraps the super-class Integrate_Y call and introduces a call that carries out all inter-rank communication.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChSystemParallel.
Create a new body, consistent with the contact method and collision model used by this system.
The returned body is not added to the system.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChSystemParallelSMC.
Create a new body with non-centroidal reference frame, consistent with the contact method and collision model used by this system.
The returned body is not added to the system.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChSystemParallelSMC.
Removes all bodies below the given height - initial implementation of a deactivating boundary condition.
Remove a body from the simulation based on the ID of the body (not based on object comparison between ChBodys).
Should be called on all ranks to ensure that the correct body is found and removed where it exists.
Reimplemented from chrono::ChAssembly.
Internal call for removing deactivating a body.
Should not be called by the user.
Checks structures added by chrono_distributed.
Prints ERROR messages at inconsistencies.
Updates the states of all bodies listed in the gids parameter Must be called on all system ranks and inputs must be complete and valid on each rank.
NOTE: The change in position should be small in comparison to the ghost layer of this system. NOTE: The new states will reach the data_manager at the beginning of the next time step.
Set the calling process as 'master' in the intra-communicator used by this system.
For efficiency, certain functions report information only on this single rank. This saves a potentially unnecessary scatter operation (if needed, such an operation should be performed in user code). By default this is rank 0 in the system's intra-communicator.
Updates each sphere shape associated with bodies with global ids gids.
shape_idx identifies the index of the shape within its body's collisionsystem model. Must be called on all system ranks and inputs must be complete and valid on each rank.
Updates triangle shapes associated with bodies identified by gids.
shape_idx identifies the index of the shape within its body's collisionsystem model. Must be called on all system ranks and inputs must be complete and valid on each rank.
Member Data Documentation
Central data storages for chrono_distributed.
Adds scaffolding data around ChDataManager used by chrono_parallel in order to maintain a consistent and correct view of all valid data.
Number of bodies in the whole global simulation.
Important for maintaining unique global IDs | http://api.projectchrono.org/classchrono_1_1_ch_system_distributed.html | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 628 | 60.01 |
Revision history for Class-Method-Modifiers 2.13 2019-08-10 00:18:50Z - bypass prototypes when testing for lvalue attribute - fixed a class name in tests to avoid conflicting with a core module 2.12 2016-03-04 22:12:15Z - minor documentation tweaks 2.11 2014-08-16 05:21:30Z - add documentation for modifying multiple methods at once (mannih, github #2) 2.10 2014-03-04 19:04:00Z - installation switched to using only ExtUtils::MakeMaker, to allow for use on perl 5.6 2.09 2013-12-14 18:08:35Z - refresh configure_requires checking in generated Makefile.PL; new CONTRIBUTING file; updated tests (compile test now only runs for authors; check-deps test replaced by information-only report-prereqs test) 2.08 2013-10-11 00:30:32Z - remove requirement on perl 5.8 in metadata - repository migrated to the github moose organization - remove t/00-check-deps.t, which fails on old toolchains that do not understand configure_requires 2.07 2013-09-22 22:09:32Z - removed dependency on Test::Warnings in tests (now reserved for author testing) - now packaged with a Build.PL (for Module::Build::Tiny), and a Makefile.PL (for legacy 5.6 and 5.8 users; prints a warning on invocation) 2.06 2013-09-17 19:43:09Z - packaging the dist again with EUMM rather than MBT 2.05 2013-09-11 03:50:28Z - Support for handling lvalue methods (Graham Knop) - convert to building with Dist::Zilla 2.04 2013-03-30 - Remove erroneous perl 5.8 requirement 2.03 2013-02-02 - New build to fix missing files in inc/ 2.02 2013-02-01 - Dist improvements (Karen Etheridge) 2.01 2013-01-27 - Test for and fix $_ corruption (Vladimir Timofeev) 2.00 2012-12-29 - New 'fresh' modifier (Aaron Crane) 1.12 2012-10-28 - Another MANIFEST fix 1.11 2012-10-28 - Re-release with proper distribution contents and MANIFEST 1.10 2012-10-23 - Avoid "Variable "$..." will not stay shared" warnings under 5.8.x - (from changes in 1.09) [#80194] (Karen Etheridge) 1.09 2012-04-02 - Install modified subs in the proper namespace [#74569] (Karen Etheridge) 1.08 2011-10-16 - Document install_modifier (requested by Tokuhiro Matsuno) 1.07 2011-02-23 - Move from Test::Exception to Test::Fatal (Justin Hunter) 1.06 2010-11-26 - Add support for: modifier ["name1", "name2"] => sub {} 1.05 2009-10-21 14:01:11 - Add install_modifier as a public API (Goro Fuji) 1.04 2009-06-15 11:33:31 - We need parens around confess if we're going to delay-load Carp, affects only 5.10 (reported by David Raab) 1.03 2009-06-14 14:44:25 - Modernize the dist - Fix possible test failures - Only load Carp if we have to 1.02 2009-05-31 23:33:42 - Fix for void context (reported by tokuhirom) - Lift dependency on on MRO::Compat 1.01 2008-06-26 22:22:30 - Revert the caching fix. It makes wrapping parent-class methods painfully slower. - Remove the prototypes, newer Perls (rightly) warn about (@&) 1.00 2008-06-11 06:10:51 - Complete reimplementation. Half the code. Faster than Moose. - Remove 'guard' for now. - *All* internals are changed. 0.07 2007-09-12 21:55:16 - Add 'guard' modifier to facilitate bailing out in some conditions 0.06 2007-09-09 23:27:50 - You may now modify a method in the same class as it is defined 0.05 2007-08-17 23:26:53 - More internals fixes (I'm abusing this module a bit, you see) - Grammar fixes 0.04 2007-08-17 17:49:55 - Internals changes 0.03 2007-08-06 22:57:13 - Can now use multiple modifiers of the same type in one class - Should handle C3 MRO now - Can now handle: before 'left', 'right' => sub { ... } 0.02 2007-08-05 16:42:43 - No need to shallow-copy @_ - Don't stick a super method in UNIVERSAL (mst) - Let multiple modifiers coexist in one class - Better error checking 0.01 2007-08-05 06:10:30 - First version, released on an unsuspecting world. | http://web-stage.metacpan.org/changes/distribution/Class-Method-Modifiers | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 693 | 70.19 |
django_url_alias 0.2.0
Allow Django URLS to be completely rewritten (alias names for system URLs)================
django_url_alias
================
About
-----
django_url_alias allows you to completely rewrite certain URLs, if you need to. This is done for incoming URL handling
(URL resolving) and outgoing URLs (via `{% url … %}` or `resolve`). URL rewrites are modular, so you may have static
rewrites (like a dict in settings) and database based rewrites. You may even mix both types by having multiple URL
rewriters.
How it works
------------
django_url_alias provides a special ROOT_URLCONF which intercepts URL resolving on the lowest level. This way it can
rewrite all incoming URLs, so other views will be resolved.
For outgoing URLs (to clarify: "outgoing" does only mean URLs generated by the system, these URLs still may be
internal) The process is a little bit more complex. django_url_alias provides a special `{% url %}` template tag and
its own version of `reverse`. If you use these, everything will just work fine. Sadly there is no sane way to just
replace Django's default behaviour.
Usecase
-------
Although Django's URL handling is really great there may be scanarios it just cannot handle. The flatpage app is one
of the examples URL handling get weird if you need a catchall pattern. As this still works for flatpages you run
into trouble when more then one app needs a similar mechanism (catchall pattern), as only the first one will be handled
correctly (URL matches, further urlconf entries will be ignored).
Other frameworks / CMS / … often use a completely different way to accomplish great URL structure. Instead of having
easy to read system / internal URLs they just put an abstraction layer above all URL handling. This means your
blog entry (for example) may still have an ugly (internal) URL like "blog/entry/15". Now the new URL layer will
take that ugly URL and allow the user or system to define aliases. An alias could for example rewrite "blog/entry/15"
to just "my-trip-to-paris.html". On input URL handling this needs to be reversed, so the requested URL
"my-trip-to-paris.html" will resolve to "blog/entry/15" again.
django_url_alias allows you to just do exactly this. As it does not provide any predefined rules / mechanisms for
rewriting the URL you are free to use whatever rule you want. In theory you could even reuse the good old `SlugField`
and regular expressions. Of course you may use a DB based mapping like so many systems use, too. Below you will find
an example for flatpages, without the need for an catchall pattern.
Usage
-----
Installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~
#. Get django_url_alias into your python `sys.path` (`pip install django_url_alias`)
#. Replace `settings.ROOT_URLCONF` with `"django_url_alias.urls"`
#. Put your old root urlconf into `settings.URL_ALIAS_ROOT_URLCONF`
#. Define your URL rewriting modules using `settings.URL_ALIAS_MODULES`
(see
and example below)
#. Put `{% load url_alias %}` into your templates, so `{% url %}` gets replaced
#. Use `django_url_alias.resolver.reverse` in your Python code
About URL_ALIAS_MODULES
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
URL_ALIAS_MODULES is just a list of simple classes to rewrite the URLs Django handles or generates.
.. code:: python
URL_ALIAS_MODULES = (
'path.to.module.aliases.ExampleAliasModule',
)
Each class will be instantiated without any parameters and should provide two methods:
* resolve(self, path): Change incoming URLs
* reverse(self, path): Change outgoing URLs
A simple example may look like this::
class ExampleURLAliasModule(object):
def resolve(self, path):
if path == 'foo/':
return 'bar/'
def reverse(self, path):
if path == 'bar/':
return 'foo/'
Both methods must return nothing (/None) when no rewrite is done. The defined classes will be called in order for
incoming and outgoing URLs. The first module which returns a replacement URL will shortcut further processing, thus
will define the final URL.
Flatpage example
----------------
The flatpages app is in core, so it just gives an nice example. We don't want to use the catchall pattern any more.
For this example to work you will need to go through installation first.
First of all we need to define our internal URL structure. This will not be visible to your visitors, although
the internal URLs are still accessible.
urls.py:: python
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^flatpage/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', 'example.views.flatpage', name='flatpage'),
)
Then the rewrite needs to be done, so `flatpage.url` will be used to present the external URL structure, while
the internal ID-based URL gets used internally.
URL Rewrite module:: python
from django.contrib.flatpages.models import FlatPage
import re
class FlatpagesURLAliasModule(object):
FLATPAGE_RE = re.compile('^/flatpage/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$')
def resolve(self, path):
path = '/' + path # we need a trailing slash for flatpages
try:
flatpage = FlatPage.objects.get(url=path)
return '/flatpage/%d/' % flatpage.pk
except FlatPage.DoesNotExist:
pass # just return nothing
def reverse(self, path):
match = self.FLATPAGE_RE.match(path)
if match:
try:
flatpage = FlatPage.objects.get(pk=match.group('pk'))
return flatpage.url
except FlatPage.DoesNotExist:
pass # just return nothing
*Note:* This is just an example. In an production envirionment you would need to a) check the sites relation and more
importantly b) use some caching. The above code is very inefficient and should NEVER BE USED IN A PRODUCTION
ENVIRIONMENT.
Advantages of implementation
----------------------------
* `request` objects stay clean. You could rewrite URLs using middleware classes which fiddle with `request.path_info`,
but this way you will loose information (or even worse: rewrite information).
* Least obtrusive way of implementation.
Notes
-----
* You should define canonical tags, so internal URLs will not get indexed by search engines.
- Author: David Danier
- Categories
- Package Index Owner: ddanier
- DOAP record: django_url_alias-0.2.0.xml | https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django_url_alias | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | refinedweb | 907 | 58.18 |
This example illustrates the propogation delay through the off-the-shelf AND gates provided in libLCS. Two AND gates, one with delay more than the clock pulse width, and the other with delay less than the clock pulse width are initialised. The program is as follows.
#include <lcs/and.h> #include <lcs/simul.h> #include <lcs/tester.h> #include <lcs/changeMonitor.h> using namespace lcs; int main() { Bus<1> a, b, s1, s2; Clock::setPulseWidth(5); // Initialising an AND gate with a propogation delay of // three system time units. This delay is less than the // pulse width of the clock signal. And<2, 3> andGate1(s1, (a,b)); // Initialising an AND gate with a propogation delay of // seven system time units. This delay is more than the // pulse width of the clock signal. And<2, 7> andGate2(s2, (a,b)); // Initialising change monitors to monitor the output of // the two AND gates. ChangeMonitor<> output1(s1, "Output1", DUMP_ON); ChangeMonitor<> output2(s2, "Output2", DUMP_ON); // Initialising a tester object to feed input to the above // AND gates at every change in clock state. Tester<2> tester((a,b)); Simulation::setStopTime(1000); Simulation::start(); return 0; }
The output when the above program is compiled and run is as follows.
At time: 3, Output 1: 0 At time: 7, Output 2: 0 At time: 23, Output 1: 1 At time: 27, Output 2: 1
Below is the screenshot of the gtkwave plot of the generated VCD file. | http://liblcs.sourceforge.net/delay_example_2.html | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 242 | 64.3 |
SBS Forest?
I thought SBS allows other Servers in the Forest, just not another Domain Controller?
Anyways, repointing via GPO should do the trick, given that replication is successfully completed. I would certainly test on a dummy user/ directory first! And a tip, create the user/ dummy folder BEFORE changing the test GPO, that way you're truly replicating the scendario.
SBS 2008 Move User Redirected files to replicated domain DFS namespace
The SBS management console doesn't seem to allow for this. Would it be recommended to manually change the paths in the folder redirection GPOs, or would this break the SBS management console? Any advice would be great.
This conversation is currently closed to new comments. | https://www.techrepublic.com/forums/discussions/sbs-2008-move-user-redirected-files-to-replicated-domain-dfs-namespace/ | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 118 | 56.76 |
Minikube in the Cloud on Ubuntu
Michael McClaren
Linux Training Architect I in Content
Course Details
In this course we will be exploring Minikube. It is a local implementation of Kuberenetes, in a single node format, that is useful for local development.
Syllabus
Getting Started
Welcome to the Course
Course Introduction
00:01:22
Lesson Description:
Welcome to the course! In this video, I provide an overview of what we will be learning. I hope that you enjoy this course as much as I enjoyed creating it!
About the Instructor
00:00:21
Lesson Description:
My name is Mike, and I am a DevOps engineer with over a decade of experience working in cloud environments. I got my start in enterprise support, and then moved to web hosting. I am proud to bring you this course on Minikube.
Containers and Kubernetes Review
Container Basics
00:06:38
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will contrast containers and virtual machines. We will also take a look at exactly what a container is, and how a container is created using namespaces. This will give us the foundation that we need to move forward into orchestrating containers with Kubernetes, and how to manage them locally using Minikube.
Kubernetes Basics
00:04:00
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will cover the absolute basics of Kubernetes, as they applies to a full installation of Kuberentes in a cluster. We will talk about container orchestration and pods. If you already know Kubernetes, please feel free to mark this as complete and move on to the next section.
Exploring Minikube
The Difference Between Traditional Kubernetes and Minikube
00:05:40
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will look at the differences between a full Kubernetes cluster and Minikube. We will focus mostly on the differences in deployment, and how to leverage Minikube to allow quick deployment of a local Kubernetes cluster.
Installing Minikube in the Cloud Playground
00:11:20
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will look at installing Minikube in our Cloud Playground. There are a few things that make this different than installing it on an Ubuntu workstation. This is a virtualization-on-virtualization type of installation, and we can use these techniques to deploy to the major cloud providers. Commands used in this lesson: Installing and testing Docker (remember to log out and back in for group changes to take effect):
Get and install Minikube:Get and install Minikube:
sudo apt install -y docker.io sudo usermod -aG docker cloud_user docker run hello-world
Configure and start Minikube:Configure and start Minikube:
curl -LO sudo dpkg -i minikube_1.4.0.deb
Additional configurations and installation ofAdditional configurations and installation of
sudo minikube config set vm-driver none sudo minikube start
kubectl:
sudo chown -R $USER $HOME/.kube $HOME/.minikube
curl -LO`curl -s`/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
sudo chmod +x ./kubectl sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
sudo kubectl create deployment --image nginx my-nginx sudo kubectl expose deployment my-nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort sudo minikube ip sudo kubectl get svc
Minikube-Specific Commands
00:07:03
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will be taking a look at the Minikube commands. We can use these commands to manage a cluster and perform tasks such as starting, stopping, and deleting the cluster. Additionally we can check the logs, cache images, and get the status of the cluster.
Minikube Addons
00:07:40
Lesson Description:
In this lesson we will take a look at how to enable Minikube addons, specifically the Kubernetes dashboard. There are some additional steps we will be taking to ensure that the dashboard is acessible via the public IP of our server, as we are running a Cloud Playground server.
00:30:00
Working with Minikube
Managing Minikube
Managing Configurations
00:06:12
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we use the
minikube config command to work with the configuration of the Minikube cluster. We demonstrate how to configure the memory allocation of the Minikube installation as well as revert those changes. We also show a listing of all of the configurations that can be modified in the Minikube installation.
Monitoring Our Cluster
00:06:37
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we will be deploying the Heapster addon to provide monitoring insights into our cluster. We also demonstrate how to manipulate the Nginx proxy to allow us access to our monitoring and an application.
Using a Specific Version of Kubernetes
00:03:45
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we discuss how to install specific versions of Kubernetes. Typical production environments are the last ones to be updated, and any changes need to be tested first. This means that in our development environment, we most likely will not be building against the latest version of Kubernetes, and will need to install the same version as what is in the production environment.
Local Storage and Volumes
00:06:17
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we map a local directory to our pod by creating a volume mapped to the directory. Then we create a claim on that volume. Once the claim is bound, we can mount it into our pod and access the data located on our local storage. link to the repository used in this lesson
Persistent Storage
00:05:40
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we leverage the dynamic provisioner to create persistent storage for a MySQL pod. This is in contrast to our local storage, and this is the method that would be used for production Kubernetes clusters.
00:30:00
00:30:00
00:30:00
Deploying to Minikube
Our First Deployment
00:04:58
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we take the objects we've previously created and package them into a deployment. This allows us to create the objects in one command and also delete the objects in a command. This sets the stage for future deployments so we can create more complicated environments.
Deploying with Persistent Storage
00:06:03
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we leverage the kustomization tool using an example from the official Kuberentes site. We include our YAML charts and a kustomization file in a directory, and then allow
kubectl to deploy using the kustomization file. This deployment will use dynamically-provisioned persistent storage for a WordPress installation.
Microservices in Minikube
00:04:37
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we deploy microservices in Minikube. We use the robot-shop application from Instana for this purpose. Once we have the application deployed, we explore the services created and look at the performance of the application on our Minikube cluster.
git clone
Helm on Minikube
00:08:52
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we install Helm into our Minikube cluster. Then we use Helm to deploy both a database and the robot-shop application into our cluster. Helm is the "package manager" for Kubernetes, and it can be used to simplify deployment by using a preconfigured package or chart into our cluster.
00:30:00
00:30:00
00:30:00
00:30:00
When Things Go Wrong
Troubleshooting Minikube
Common Issues
00:07:23
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we work with a new instance in the Cloud Playground. Minikube is installed, but nothing will work. We fail to deploy Minikube and then show how to correct the issue to eventually get a working cluster. We walk through permissions errors, version issues, and driver problems, as well as how to recognize and correct these issues.
Logging and Debugging
00:04:10
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we take a look at Minikube logging, exploring how to enable the different log levels when we start our cluster. We also take a look at getting some insight into the containers that make up our Kubernetes deployment within Minikube.
Users, Certificates, and Contexts
00:06:55
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we look at how users are added into Kubernetes. We generate keys and certificates for the users so they can access the Kubernetes API. When troubleshooting a cluster issue, it's important to understand how users are created, so that we can take things like certificate expiration into account. Commands used in this lesson:
openssl genrsa -out dev.key 2048 openssl req -new -key dev.key -out dev.csr -subj "/CN=dev/O=group" openssl x509 -req -in dev.csr -CA /home/cloud_user/.minikube/ca.crt -CAkey /home/cloud_user/.minikube/ca.key -CAcreateserial -out dev.crt -days 500 kubectl config set-credentials dev --client-certificate=/home/cloud_user/keys/dev.crt --client-key=/home/cloud_user/keys/dev.key kubectl config set-context dev --cluster=minikube --namespace=default --user=dev
RBAC and What It Does
00:07:00
Lesson Description:
In this lesson, we take a look at role-based access control (RBAC). This is the permissions system for Kubernetes. We have a created user and will apply permissions for that user by creating a role, and then binding the role to the user.
Files used in this lesson:
pod-viewer.yaml
kind: Role apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata: namespace: default name: pod-reader rules: - apiGroups: [""] # “” indicates the core API group resources: ["deployments", "pods"] verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
pod-rolebinding.yaml
kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata: name: read-pods namespace: default subjects: - kind: User name: dev # Name is case sensitive apiGroup: "" roleRef: kind: Role #this must be Role or ClusterRole name: pod-reader # must match the name of the Role apiGroup: ""
00:30:00
Where to Go from Here
Food for Thought
Courses to Take Once You Have Completed This One
00:02:06
Lesson Description:
In this video, we take a look at the courses available on Linux Academy. We also review the search page that we can use to locate additional courses about Kubernetes and related technologies.
Take this course and learn a new skill today.
Transform your learning with our all access plan.Start 7-Day Free Trial | https://linuxacademy.com/course/minikube-on-ubuntu/ | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 1,653 | 53 |
#include <hallo.h> * Sven Luther [Wed, Mar 10 2004, 12:28:11PM]: > > > Ok, they add parts of it. Thanks for clarifying my impressise > > > terminology. Still part of non-free remains non-free :) > > > > That does not make it 'semi-official' though, or what was your point? > > Well, semi-official is vague enough to encompass many things. I don't > know what was originally meant, but i do believe that you could mean a > semi-official CD set to contain the whole of the official CD + some > other stuff, it would be partially official, and so : partial, semi, ... > > Not really important quibling over words though. I just wanted to say > that i remember there being CD sets with parts of non-free on it, and > maybe that was what was designed under smei-official. Puh, too many speculations. Yes, that is what meant - the CDs that are actually sold and bought by the most users contain non-free software. Really official (from the project) or not, that is what the end user gets when s/he orders DEBIAN. Regards, Eduard. -- Gesegnet sei der, der nichts erwartet. Er wird nie enttäuscht sein. -- Alexander Pope | https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/2004/03/msg00664.html | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | refinedweb | 191 | 73.37 |
java.lang.Object org.apache. org.apache.
DefaultHostnameVerifier
@Contract(threading=IMMUTABLE) @Deprecated public class StrictHostnameVerifier
The Strict HostnameVer. The one divergence from IE6 is how we only check the first CN. IE6 allows a match against any of the CNs present. We decided to follow in Sun Java 1.4's footsteps and only check the first CN. (If you need to check all the CN's, feel free to write your own implementation!).
A wildcard such as "*.foo.com" matches only subdomains in the same level, for example "a.foo.com". It does not match deeper subdomains such as "a.b.foo.com".
public static final StrictHostnameVerifier INSTANCE
public StrictH | https://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-4.5.x/current/httpclient/apidocs/org/apache/http/conn/ssl/StrictHostnameVerifier.html | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 111 | 53.27 |
div, ldiv, lldiv, imaxdiv
Computes both the quotient and the remainder of the division of the numerator
x by the denominator
y.
[edit] Parameters
[edit] Return value
If both the remainder and the quotient can be represented as objects of the corresponding type (int, long, long long, imaxdiv_t, respectively), returns both as an object of type
div_t,
ldiv_t,
lldiv_t,
imaxdiv_t defined as follows:
div_t
struct div_t { int quot; int rem; };
or
struct div_t { int rem; int quot; };
ldiv_t
struct ldiv_t { long quot; long rem; };
or
struct ldiv_t { long rem; long quot; };
lldiv_t
struct lldiv_t { long long quot; long long rem; };
or
struct lldiv_t { long long rem; long long quot; };
imaxdiv_t
or
If either the remainder or the quotient cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.
[edit] Notes
Until C99, the rounding direction of the quotient and the sign of the remainder in the built-in division and remainder operators was implementation-defined if either of the operands was negative, but it was well-defined in
div and
ldiv.
On many platforms, a single CPU instruction obtains both the quotient and the remainder, and this function may leverage that, although compilers are generally able to merge nearby / and % where suitable.
[edit] Example
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> // demo only: does not check for buffer overflow void itoa(int n, int base, char* buf) { div_t dv = {.quot = n}; char* p = buf; do { dv = div(dv.quot, base); *p++ = "0123456789abcdef"[abs(dv.rem)]; } while(dv.quot); if(n<0) *p++ = '-'; *p-- = '\0'; while(buf < p) { char c = *p; *p-- = *buf; *buf++ = c; } // reverse } int main(void) { char buf[100]; itoa(12346, 10, buf); printf("%s\n", buf); itoa(-12346, 10, buf); printf("%s\n", buf); itoa(65535, 16, buf); printf("%s\n", buf); }
Output:
12346 -12346 ffff
[edit] References
- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
- 7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function (p: 219)
- 7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv and lldiv functions (p: 356) | https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/math/div | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 327 | 57.2 |
Playing a multiplayer game is always fun. Instead of beating AI-controlled opponents, the player must face strategies created by another human being. This tutorial presents the implementation of a multiplayer game played over the network using a non-authoritative peer-to-peer (P2P) approach.
Note: Although this tutorial is written using AS3 and Flash, you should be able to use the same techniques and concepts in almost any game development environment. You must have a basic understanding of networking communication.
You can download or fork the final code from the GitHub repo or the zipped source files. If you want to find unique resources for your own game, check out the selection of game assets over on Envato Market.
Final Result Preview
Art from Remastered Tyrian Graphics, Iron Plague and Hard Vacuum by Daniel Cook (Lost Garden). constantly receives data, locally creating a representation of the game state. It's a bit like watching TV.
If a client performs an action, such as moving from one point to another, that information is sent to the server. The server checks whether the information is correct, then updates its game state. After that it propagates the information to all clients, so they can update their game state accordingly.
In the non-authoritative group, there is no central entity and every peer (game) controls its game state. abstracted as much as possible for the sake of simplification.
Defining a Non-Authoritative Game
A non-authoritative multiplayer game has no central entity to control the game state, so every peer must control its own game state, communicating any changes and important actions to the others. As a consequence, the player sees two scenarios simultaneously: his ship moving according to his input and a simulation of all other ships controlled by the opponents:
The player's ship's movement and actions are guided by local input, so the player's game state is updated almost instantly. For the movement of all the other ships, the player must receive a network message from every opponent informing where their ships are.. This means that, if the game has four players - say
A,
B,
C and
D - player
A is the only one able to inform where ship
A is, if it got hit, if it fired a bullet or dropped a bomb, and so on. All other players will receive messages from
A informing about his actions and they will react accordingly, so if
A's bullet got
C's ship, then
C will broadcast a message informing it was destroyed.
As a consequence, each player will see all other ships (and their actions) according to the received messages. In a perfect world, there would be no network latency, so messages would come and go instantly and the simulation would be extremely accurate.
As the latency increases, however, the simulation becomes inaccurate. For example, player
A shoots and locally sees the bullet hitting
B's ship, but nothing happens; that's because
A's view of
B is delayed due to network lag. When
B actually received
A's bullet message,
B was at a different position, so no hit was propagated.
Mapping Relevant Actions
An important step in implementing the game and ensuring that every player will be able to see the same simulation accurately is the identification of relevant actions. Those actions change the current game state, such as moving from one point to another, dropping a bomb, etc.
In our game, the important actions are:
shoot(player's ship fired a bullet or a bomb)
move(player's ship moved)
die(player's ship was destroyed)
Every action must be sent over the network, so it's important to find a balance between the amount of actions and the size of the network messages they will generate. The bigger the message is (that is, the more data it contains), the longer it will take to be transported, because it might need more than one network package.
Short messages demand fewer CPU time to pack, send, and unpack. Small network messages also result in more messages being sent at the same time, which increases the throughput.
Performing Actions Independently
After the relevant actions are mapped, it's time to make them reproducible without user input. Even though that's a principle of good software engineering, it might not be obvious from a multiplayer game point of view.). It avoids code replication and prevents a lot of headache.
The
Ship class in our game, for instance, has no multiplayer code; it is completely decoupled. It describes a ship, be it local or not. The class, however, has several methods for manipulating the ship, such as
rotate() and a setter for changing its position. As a consequence, the multiplayer code can rotate a ship the same way the user input code does - the difference is that one is based on local input, while the other is based on network messages.
Exchanging Data Based on Actions
Now that all relevant actions are mapped, it's time to exchange messages among the peers to create the simulation. Before exchanging any data, a communication protocol must be formulated. Regarding a multiplayer game communication, a protocol can be defined as a set of rules that describe how a message is structured, so everyone can send, read, and understand those messages.
The messages exchanged in the game will be described as objects, all containing a mandatory property called
op (operation code). The
op is used to identify the message type and indicate the properties the message object has. This is the structure of all messages:
- The
OP_DIEmessage states that a ship was destroyed. Its
xand
yproperties contain the ship's location when it was destroyed.
- The
OP_POSITIONmessage contains the current location of a peer's ship. Its
xand
yproperties contain the ship's coordinates on the screen, while
angleis the ship's current rotation angle.
- The
OP_SHOTmessage states that a ship fired something (a bullet or a bomb). The
xand
yproperties contain the ship's location when it fired; the
dxand
dyproperties indicate the ship direction, which ensures the bullet will be replicated in all peers using the same angle the firing ship used when it was aiming; and the
bproperty defines the projectile's type (
bulletor
bomb).
The
Multiplayer Class
In order to organize the multiplayer code, we create a
Multiplayer class. It is responsible for sending and receiving messages, as well as updating the local ships according to the received messages to reflect the current state of the game simulation.
Its initial structure, containing only the message code, is:
public class Multiplayer { public const OP_SHOT :String = "S"; public const OP_DIE :String = "D"; public const OP_POSITION :String = "P"; public function Multiplayer() { // Connection code was omitted. } public function sendObject(obj :Object) :void { // Network code used to send the object was omitted. } }
Sending Action Messages
For every relevant action mapped previously, a network message must be sent, so all peers will be informed about that action.
The
OP_DIE action should be sent when the player is hit by a bullet or a bomb explosion. There is already a method in the game code that destroys the player ship when it is hit, so it's updated to propagate that information:
public function onPlayerHitByBullet() :void { // Destoy player's ship playerShip.kill(); // MULTIPLAYER: // Send a message to all other players informing // the ship was destroyed. multiplayer.sendObject({op: Multiplayer.OP_DIE, x: platerShip.x, y: playerShip.y}); }
The
OP_POSITION action should be sent every time the player changes its current position. The multiplayer code is injected into the game code to propagate that information, too:
public function updatePlayerInput():void { var moved :Boolean = false; if (wasMoveKeysPressed()) { playerShip.x += playerShip.direction.x; playerShip.y += playerShip.direction.y; moved = true; } if (wasRotateKeysPressed()) { playerShip.rotate(10); moved = true; } // MULTIPLAYER: // If player moved (or rotated), propagate the information. if (moved) { multiplayer.sendObject({op: Multiplayer.OP_POSITION, x: playerShip.x, y: playerShip.y, angle: playerShip.angle}); } }
Finally, the
OP_SHOT action must be sent every time the player fires something. The sent message contains the bullet type that was fired, so that every peer will see the correct projectile:
if (wasShootingKeysPressed()) { var bulletType :Class = getBulletType(); game.shoot(playerShip, bulletType); // MULTIPLAYER: // Inform all other players that we fired a projectile. multiplayer.sendObject({op: Multiplayer.OP_SHOT, x: playerShip.x, y: playerShip.y, dx: playerShip.direction.x, dy: playerShip.direction.y, b: bBulletType)}); }
Synchronizing Based on Received Data
At this point, each player is able to control and see their ship. Under the hood, the network messages are sent based on relevant actions. The only missing piece is the addition of the opponents, so that each player can see the other ships and interact with them.
In the game, the ships are organized as an array. That array had just a single ship (the player) until now. In order to create the simulation for all other players, the
Multiplayer class will be changed to add a new ship to that array whenever a new player joins the arena:); } }
The message exchanging code automatically provides a unique identifier for every player (the
user.id in the code above). That identification is used by the multiplayer code to create a new ship when a player joins the arena; this way, every ship has a unique identifier. Using the author identifier of every received message, it's possible to look up that ship in the array of ships.
Finally, it's time to add the
handleGetObject() to the
Multiplayer class. This method is invoked every time a new message arrives:); } protected function handleGetObject(userId :String, data :Object) :void { var opCode :String = data.op; // Find the ship of the player who sent the message var ship :Ship = getShipById(userId); switch(opCode) { case OP_POSITION: // Message to update the author's ship position. ship.x = data.x; ship.y = data.y; ship.angle = data.angle; break; case OP_SHOT: // Message informing the author' ship fired a projecle. // First of all, update the ship position and direction. ship.x = data.x; ship.y = data.y; ship.direction.x = data.dx; ship.direction.y = data.dy; // Fire the projectile from the author's ship location. game.shoot(ship, data.b); break; case OP_DIE: // Message informing the author's ship was destroyed. ship.kill(); break; } } }
When a new message arrives, the
handleGetObject() method is invoked with two parameters: the author ID (unique identifier) and the message data. Analyzing the message data, the operation code is extracted and, based on that, all other properties are extracted as well.
Using the extracted data, the multiplayer code reproduces all actions that were received over the network. Taking the
OP_SHOT message as an example, these are the steps performed to update the current game state:
- Look up the local ship identified by
userId.
- Update
Ship's position and angle according to received data.
- Update
Ship's direction according to received data.
- Invoke the game method responsible for firing projectiles, firing a bullet or a bomb.
As previously described, the shooting code is decoupled from the player and the input logic, so the projectile fired behaves exactly like one fired by the player locally.
Mitigating Latency Issues
If the game exclusively moves entities based on network updates, any lost or delayed message will cause the entity to "teleport" from one point to another. That can be mitigated with local predictions.
Using interpolation, for instance, the entity movement is locally interpolated from one point to another (both received by network updates). As a result, the entity will smoothly move between those points. Ideally, the latency should not exceed the time an entity takes to be interpolated from one point to another.
Another trick is extrapolation, which locally moves entities based on its current state. It assumes that the entity will not change its current route, so it's safe to make it move according to its current direction and velocity, for instance. If the latency is not too high, the extrapolation accurately reproduces the entity expected movement until a new network update arrives, resulting in a smooth movement pattern.
Despite those tricks, the network latency can be extremely high and unmanageable sometimes. The easiest approach to eliminate that is to disconnect the problematic peers. A safe approach for that is to use a timeout: if the peer takes more than an specified time to answer, it is disconnected.
Conclusion
Making a multiplayer game played over the network is a challenging and exciting task. It requires a different way of seeing things since all relevant actions must be sent and reproduced by all peers. As a consequence, all players see a simulation of what is happening, except for the local ship, which has no network latency.
This tutorial described the implementation of a multiplayer game using a non-authoritative P2P approach. All the concepts presented can be expanded to implement different multiplayer mechanics. Let the multiplayer game making begin!
Envato Tuts+ tutorials are translated into other languages by our community members—you can be involved too!Translate this post
| https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/building-a-peer-to-peer-multiplayer-networked-game--gamedev-10074 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 2,166 | 53.61 |
> On Apr 11, 2005, at 5:57 PM, Yonik Seeley wrote:
> > Erik, why was the last change to BooleanQuery made?
> > The comment was "Correct BooleanQuery.equals such that every clause is
> > compared".
> >
> > It looks like Vector.equals() should have worked, and the new code is
> > probably slower as it creates two new arrays.
>
> Vector.equals() compares the Vector object instances and is only true
> if they are the same object - it does not compare the contents of the
> Vector for equality at that level. Try it out with some test cases.
???
Did you try it out? (sorry, couldn't resist ;-)
The javadoc for Vector.equals() says it does the right thing.
Vector.equals() calls super.equals() which is AbstractList.equals()
which also "does the right thing". As a sanity check, I did write a
simple test and tested it on 1.4 and 1.5 (the only JVMs I currently
have installed). It's included at the end.
> Where in the .equals that I added are two arrays being created?
this.getClauses() and other.getClauses() both create an array.
> public boolean equals(Object o) {
> if (!(o instanceof BooleanQuery))
> return false;
> BooleanQuery other = (BooleanQuery)o;
> return (this.getBoost() == other.getBoost())
> && Arrays.equals(this.getClauses(), other.getClauses());
> }
>
> It's especially risky on this list to use the word "probably" when
> talking about speed. :) Is it really slower?
Yeah, I know... esp with todays latest HotSpot JVMs. It was just an
educated guess.
> I'm more than happy to adjust the .equals method to something better;
> do you have a specific improvement?
Change it back to the original ;-)
I really wasn't trying to nitpick or anything... I had noticed your
comment about equals() and panicked a little since we really only want
to use an official lucene release in production (and we need to hash
on Query).
-Yonik
--------------------------- little test prog ---------------------------
import java.util.Vector;
public class vec {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer a = new Integer(5);
Integer b = new Integer(5);
Vector va = new Vector(); va.add(a);
Vector vb = new Vector(); vb.add(b);
System.out.println("should be false:" + (a==b) );
System.out.println("should be true:" + a.equals(b) );
System.out.println("should be true:" + va.equals(vb) );
}
}
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For additional commands, e-mail: java-dev-help@lucene.apache.org | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/lucene-dev/200504.mbox/%3Cc68e391705041207593a5c3499@mail.gmail.com%3E | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 393 | 63.05 |
Christopher Ross-Gill
April 21, 2007
QuarterMaster is still at an early stage of development, and therefore should be used with utmost caution. It is, however, at a stage where testing and feedback is greatly appreciated.
Requires: A working version of REBOL. REBOL/Core or even REBOL/Base will do; and Mod_Rewrite access is a must.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^(.+) /cgi-bin/qm.r [QSA,L]
That should be enough to start.
Currently this does not work with the source version of Cheyenne.
A sample httpd.cfg:
default [
root-dir %/path/to/www/
default [%qm.r %index.html %index.rsp]
on-status-code [
404 "/qm.r"
]
]
Example of configuration settings:
config: construct [
public-key: "my-app"
private-key: "a private key - for encrypting passwords"
session-timeout: 0:02:00
zone: -6:00
default-controller: "blog"
spaces: [
"system" %/Library/WebServer/QM/Application/
"space" %/Library/WebServer/QM/Space/
"site" %/Library/WebServer/Documents/
"support" %/Library/WebServer/QM/Support/
]
]
This is used where a unique identifier is required, but may be publicly visible (e.g. a cookie name).
This is used to encrypt passwords, or other sensitive data.
This is used to set the length of time a session is active. For example usage, see the User Management pattern.
This is used to set the Time Zone in which the application is operational.
This is used to select the controller where none is specified — specifically where QM is used as the site root.
Spaces are an important concept within QM. It provides protected access to the server filesystem, shielding against attempts to sniff directories above the allocated sandbox, use of undesirable filenames and vastly simplifies access to server resources. A QM application requires values for:
Additional file spaces can be added dependent on your needs.
An application consists of one or more of the Model, View and Controller components, contained within their relative subfolders:
/Path/to/app/my-application/
+-- models/
views/
controllers/
Note: Ensure that in QM’s config, the “system” file space points to /path/to/my-application/.
Controllers evaluate user requests, communicates with the Model, then selects the appropriate View. The particular Controller is determined by the request URI:
This URI would invoke the ‘pages’ Controller.
/Path/to/app/my-application/
+-- controllers/
+-- pages.r
A controller is a REBOL file that contains: a router and some actions. It can also contain helper functions related to that controller:
REBOL [
title: "Pages Controller"
type: 'controller
default: "welcome"
]
event "prepare" does [
welcome-message: "Welcome!"
]
action "welcome" does [
render %welcome.rsp
]
action "hello" does [
redirect-to %/pages/welcome
]
Left untouched, an action automatically invokes a View with the corresponding name. In this case, the ‘contact’ action renders %contact.rsp
Views primarily consist of RSP pages, though other pre-processors can be used. The Views folder contains subfolders that correspond to controllers, containing files that correspond to actions:
/Path/to/app/my-application/
+-- views/
+-- pages/
+-- welcome.rsp
contact.rsp
Documenting RSP is beyond the scope of this introduction. A sample for %welcome.rsp might be:
<html>
<head><title>Welcome</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>Welcome this fine <%= form-date now "%A" %>!</p>
</body>
</html>
By default, QuarterMaster uses a flat-file, single-table DBMS. Records are manipulated using the Active Record pattern.
What it lacks in sophistication, it makes up for in flexibility. Each record is assigned its own subdirectory that can be used to store all manner of related files. Tables are defined in the models folder:
/Path/to/app/my-application/
+-- models/
+-- pages.r
users.r
A definition includes a router (id->folder), key indices, active record methods.
REBOL [
title: "Pages Database"
type: 'roughcut
]
record: make record [
get-web-content: does [
read path/web-content.html
]
]
index: [name tags] ; indexing is not yet implemented
Once a definition exists within the Model folder, you can go straight to work:
page: select pages "welcome"
page/get-web-content
notes: select pages [where tags = "notes"] ; queries are not yet implemented
map notes func [page][page/get-web-content]
close pages
File sandboxes are built into QM. The sandbox method used by QM restricts access to predefined folders. It will prevent access to parent folders or attempts to save files with special characters.
err404: read qm://system/views/errors/not-found.rsp
logo: read/binary qm://site/images/logo.png
Natural polymorphic publishing functions:
render "This"
render/as read/binary qm://site/images/logo.png image/png
render %welcome.rmd ; REBOL MakeDoc
render/status %errors/not-found.rsp 404
redirect-to %/this/page
redirect-to
>> know %make-doc/scanner.r
qm://root/support/make-doc/scanner.r
REBOL [
Title: "Make-Doc Scanner"
Exports: [scan-doc]
]
...
Functions that assist data-driven operations:
Pagination allows you to extract a section from a data source in order to browse data in bite sizes:
>> pages: paginate wiki 1
>> ? pages
PAGES is an object of value:
last integer! 1
current integer! 1
next logic! false
previous logic! false
records block! length: 2
offset integer! 0
upper block! length: 0
lower block! length: 0
start logic! true
end logic! true
More to follow…
A variation of strfdate:
form-date now "%A %d"
Data import and validation:
import [one "1" two "2.0"][
one: integer! is less-than 2
two: decimal! three: opt integer!
]
Yields:
[one 1 two 2.0 three none]
Quickly transform a block:
map-each [num name][1 "one" 2 "two" 3 "three"][
num: num * num name: uppercase name
]
Yields:
[1 "ONE" 4 "TWO" 9 "THREE"]
Paths are evaluated and transformed to links:
redirect-to wiki/show/(page-name)
<%! a wiki/show/(page-name) %><%= page-name %></a>
<%! form blog/new %> | http://ross-gill.com/QM/introduction.html | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 931 | 51.65 |
I'm very new to programming and i bought myself a self help book but the book is designed for windows. I've mostly been able to translate so far but i'm stumped on writing/appending files and running them through terminal. I was wondering if someone could translate these lines for me. these lines are what I'm told to type in command prompt/terminal.
C:\MyPrograms> c++ write.cpp -o write.exe
C:\MyPrograms> write
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string poem = "\n\tI never saw a man who looked" ;
poem.append("\n\tWith such a wistful eye") ;
poem.append("\n\tUpon that little tent of blue") ;
poem.append("\n\tWhich prisoners call the sky") ;
ofstream writer("poem.txt") ;
if (! writer)
{
cout << "Error opening file for output" << endl ;
return -1 ; //signal an error then exit the program.
}
writer << poem << endl ; // write output
writer.close() ; // close filestream.
return 0 ;
}
On OS X, the first line in Terminal would be:
g++ write.cpp -o write
The second line would be:
./write
The first line compiles your code and create an executable called
write. The second line runs the executable. | https://codedump.io/share/HoKfFzQkTqot/1/writing-a-file-in-c-with-xcode-and-running-with-terminal | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | refinedweb | 199 | 78.55 |
anatoly techtonik wrote: > Hi, > > Is there a standard way to execute a Python code and inspect the > results without spawning an external Python process? If there is no > such way, I'd like to propose the feature, and there are two user > stories. Both are about application environment probing. > > > Story #1: Choosing the best library in a safe manner > > Probing environment is required for Python applications to make > component selection logic explicit and less error-prone. I can tell > from my experience with Spyder IDE that startup procedure is the most > fragile part for this cross-platform application, which makes use of > optionally installed components on user system. Implicit import nature > and inability to revert import operation makes situation complicated. > Below is an example. Take a note that this is not about packaging. > > Spyder IDE is a Qt application that optionally embeds IPython console. > Qt has two bindings - PyQt4 and PySide. PyQt4 binding has two APIs - > #1 and #2. If PyQt4 is used and version of installed IPython >= 0.11, > the API #2 must be chosen. So, the IPython version probing should come > first. A standard way to detect IPython version is to import IPython > before the rest of the application, but IPython may detect PyQt4 > itself and import it too for probing version. And if Spyder uses > PySide we now have a conflict with Qt libraries loaded. If there was a > way to execute Python script in subinterpreter to probe all installed > component versions and return results, the selection logic would be > much more readable and sane. Given that you are also loading external shared libraries, I don't see how you could do this within the same process. Unloading shared libs is possible (even if fragile), but if you don't even know which libs have been loaded, likely impossible to do in a cross- platform way. > Story #2: Get settings from user script > > Blender uses SCons to automate builds. SCons script is written in > Python and it uses execfile(filename, globals, locals) to read > platform specific user script with settings. Unfortunately, execfile() > is a hack that doesn't treat Python scripts the same way the > interpreter treats them - for example, globals access will throw > exceptions - More important that > users won't be able to troubleshoot the exceptions, because standalone > script works as expected. You're not using execfile() correctly: if you want a script to be run in the same way as a module, then the local and global namespace dictionaries have to be the same. So the second story already works in vanilla Python :-) Lots of Python applications read configuration data from user supplied (Python) config files. It's less secure than e.g. INI files, but gives you a lot of flexibility in defining what you need. > Executing user script code in a subprocess will most likely negatively > affect performance, which is rather critical for a build tool. > Pickling and unpickling objects with global state through > communication pipe may also be the source of bugs. So, having a cheap > way to communicate with Python subinterpreter and get a simple dict in > result will make Python more snappy. I don't see how you could get story #1 working without a subprocess. -- Marc-Andre Lemburg eGenix.com Professional Python Services directly from the Source (#1, Apr 04 2012) >>> Python/Zope Consulting and Support ... >>> mxODBC.Zope.Database.Adapter ... >>> mxODBC, mxDateTime, mxTextTools ... ________________________________________________________________________ 2012-04-03: Python Meeting Duesseldorf today ::: | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-April/014732.html | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 572 | 63.49 |
if i've got a browser using a webkit app, then restart webkit,
the next request from the browser generates an error:
WebKit caught an exception while processing a request for
"/usr/local/Webware7/WebKit/SpaceWeb/Application.py" at Mon Jan 27
15:23:52 2003 (timestamp: 1043699032.69). The plain text traceback from
Python is printed below and the full HTML error report from WebKit is
attached.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./WebKit/Application.py", line 368, in dispatchRequest
elif self.isSessionIdProblematic(request):
File "./WebKit/Application.py", line 466, in isSessionIdProblematic
if (time()-request.session().lastAccessTime()) >=
request.session().timeout():
File "./WebKit/HTTPRequest.py", line 225, in session
return self._transaction.session()
File "./WebKit/Transaction.py", line 67, in session
self._session = self._application.createSessionForTransaction(self)
File "./WebKit/Application.py", line 889, in
createSessionForTransaction
session = self.session(sessId)
File "./WebKit/Application.py", line 725,
KeyError: 20030127151726-0e2ad517c9ecba9aebe94731a322ea53
so presumably the old session cookie is no longer valid. can this be
caught and handle more gracefully?
thanks
--
Garry Hodgson Those who would give up essential
liberty
Senior Hacker to purchase a little temporary safety
Software Innovation Services deserve neither liberty nor safety.
AT&T Labs
garry@... - Benjamin Franklin, 1775
Ian Bicking wrote:
[...]
>.
OK, thanks.
--
Bst rgrds, M.A.X.: Mechanical Artificial Xenomorph.
On Mon, 2003-01-27 at 03:14, Max Ischenko wrote:
> Could someone explain what's the point of using MutableFormDefinition at
> all? Why coudn't I just modify FormDefinition directly (like with
> setFields method in my patch)?.
Ian
> >What bothers me is the need of patching FFK (Ian, would you accept
> put in. Then, use mutable forms as:
> formDef = FormDefinition(...).mutable()
> Then, use the methods defined for class MutableFormDefinition to
> add/replace/delete fields.
Could someone verify my approach:
class BasicForm(SitePage, FormServlet):
def __init__(self, forms=None):
SitePage.__init__(self)
if forms is None:
f = FormDefinition(self.name(), [], [], name=self.name())
forms = [f.mutable()]
FormServlet.__init__(self, forms)
def writePageContent(self):
formProcessed, data = self.processForm()
if data == 'invalid':
req = self._erroneousRequest
name = self._erroneousFormName
log.error("error on form %s request %s", self, req)
if not formProcessed:
self.renderForm(None)
else:
self.handleCompletedForm(data)
def handleCompletedForm(self, data):
pass
def renderForm(self, fields):
form = self.formDefinitions()[self.name()]
layout = self.buildForm(form)
rf = self.renderableForm(defaults=fields)
self.write(rf.htFormLayout(layout, spacing=10))
def buildForm(self, form):
# do form.replaceField() to update form definition.
# and then return the layout (used by htFormLayout())
pass
Is it a proper way to deal with dynamic forms? Any gotchas?
Seems like it works OK.
--
Money don't get everything it's true
What it don't get, I can't use
Now give me money
That's what I want!
-- Bradford/Gordy
> >What bothers me is the need of patching FFK (Ian, would you accept this
> >patch?). Is there a better way to do what I want?
> put in. Then, use mutable forms as:
> formDef = FormDefinition(...).mutable()
> Then, use the methods defined for class MutableFormDefinition to
> add/replace/delete fields.
Could someone explain what's the point of using MutableFormDefinition at
all? Why coudn't I just modify FormDefinition directly (like with
setFields method in my patch)?
I assume there _should_ be a reason for MutableFormDefinition.
--
((lambda (foo) (bar foo)) (baz))
On Sun, 2003-01-26 at 10:40, Tracy S. Ruggles wrote:
> My webware servers were dying, too, without a mention of it in the
> error logs, and only when I wasn't watching. It turned out that I had
> a stack size limit, too, of 24K and my server was slowly growing in
> size (I have a bug somewhere that I haven't found yet). And, if my
> pages ever raised an exception when it was over the limit, I would get
> a segmentation fault because webware would try to do its pretty
> traceback page, but the gc module (garbage collection) would just die
> with an Out of Memory error. I was finally able to catch the server
> doing it and see the traceback and also using gdb was able to see that
> the gc module caused the seg fault.
Hmm... this brings up the note in Future.html about making a backup
error handler, i.e., a small-as-possible handler that catches any errors
from ExceptionHandler. That might be a good thing to get in 0.8 if we
can, since it's important to debugging otherwise mysterious problems.
I suppose that it might just be enough to put a try:except: around the
call to the ErrorHandler, and then write the exception report to some
sort of error log. If it's out of memory even that might not work, but
maybe it would, I don't know.
--
I agree to receive quotes, newsletters and other information from sourceforge.net and its partners regarding IT services and products. I understand that I can withdraw my consent at any time. Please refer to our Privacy Policy or Contact Us for more details | https://sourceforge.net/p/webware/mailman/webware-discuss/?viewmonth=200301&viewday=27 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 827 | 50.94 |
x:Class Directive
Configures XAML markup compilation to join partial classes between markup and code-behind. The code partial class is defined in a separate code file in a Common Language Specification (CLS) language, whereas the markup partial class is typically created by code generation during XAML compilation.
x:Class can only be specified on the root element of a XAML production. x:Class is invalid on any object that has a parent in the XAML production. For more information, see [MS-XAML] Section 4.3.1.6.
The namespace value may contain additional dots to organize related namespaces into name hierarchies, which is a common technique in .NET Framework programming. Only the last dot in a string of x:Class values is interpreted to separate namespace and classname. The class that is used as x:Class cannot be a nested class. Nested classes are not allowed because determining the meaning of dots for x:Class strings is ambiguous if nested classes are permitted.
In existing programming models that use x:Class, x:Class is optional in the sense that it is entirely valid to have a XAML page that has no code-behind. However, that capability interacts with the build actions as implemented by frameworks that use XAML. x:Class capability is also influenced by the roles that various classifications of XAML-specified content have in an application model and in the corresponding build actions. If your XAML declares event-handling attribute values or instantiates custom elements where the defining classes are in the code-behind class, you have to provide the x:Class directive reference (or x:Subclass) to the appropriate class for code-behind.
The value of the x:Class directive must be a string that specifies the fully qualified name of a class but without any assembly information (equivalent to the Type.FullName). For simple applications, you can omit CLR namespace information if the code-behind is also structured in that manner (code definition starts at the class level).
The code-behind file for a page or application definition must be within a code file that is included as part of the project that produces a compiled application and involves markup compilation. You must follow name rules for CLR classes. For more information, see Framework Design Guidelines. By default, the code-behind class must be public; however, you can define it at a different access level by using the x:ClassModifier Directive.
This interpretation of the x:Class attribute applies only to a CLR-based XAML implementation, in particular to .NET Framework XAML Services. Other XAML implementations that are not based on CLR and that do not use .NET Framework XAML Services might use a different resolution formula for connecting XAML markup and backing run-time code. For more information about more general interpretations of x:Class, see [MS-XAML].
At a certain level of architecture, the meaning of x:Class is undefined in .NET Framework XAML Services. This is because .NET Framework XAML Services does not specify the programming model by which XAML markup and backing code are connected. Additional uses of the x:Class directive might be implemented by specific frameworks that use programming models or application models to define how to connect XAML markup and CLR-based code-behind. Each framework can have its own build actions that enable some of the behavior or specific components that must be included in the build environment. Within a framework, build actions can also vary depending on the specific CLR language that is used for the code-behind.
In WPF applications and the WPF application model, x:Class can be declared as an attribute for any element that is the root of a XAML file and is being compiled (where the XAML is included in a WPF application project with Page build action), or for the Application root in the application definition of a compiled WPF application. Declaring x:Class on an element other than a page root or application root, or on a WPF XAML file that is not compiled, causes a compile-time error under the .NET Framework 3.0 and .NET Framework 3.5 WPF XAML compiler. For information about other aspects of x:Class handling in WPF, see Code-Behind and XAML in WPF.
For Windows Workflow Foundation, x:Class names the class of a custom activity composed entirely in XAML, or names the partial class of the XAML page for an activity designer with code-behind.
x:Class for Silverlight is documented separately. For more information, see XAML Namespace (x:) Language Features (Silverlight). | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/ms752309.aspx | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 762 | 53.81 |
> > > 2))
That's because SimpleMapper is derived from old code, and it's not so simple to
explain how it evolved :-)
ContextManager has a list of all Contexts in order to implement "stop" ( to
shut down all Contexts). The fact that we have getContext ( name ) is a mistake,
that assumes unique names - probably the name should be vhost+path or
we should just remove that method.
If you use the getContext() method in CM, then you'll restrict your code to use
the Hashtable or any ( hard to change ) alghoritm that is build into
ContextManager.
Since the only use of contexts in CM is outside of the critical path, when the
server is shut down - there is no reason to optimize it. It will also make CM
very
complex - it's job is to serve as a control point, not to implement efficient
(host, path ) -> context mappings.
The right ( IMHO ) way is to construct an efficient data structure using the
addContext() notification - and in fact that's what SimpleMapper is doing in
requestMap(). Mea culpa for getContext() - I kept the old ( and simpler )
code that just used ContextManager.getContext( name ) instead of using
the internal structure.
Let me try again: if you use CM.getContext() you put the "pressure" on
Context manager to implement the mapping, and you have no control.
If you use addContext() to construct your own structure ( and you
can use virtual host or any other property in Context - including
context init params or any other property that might be added to
context - group, etc) - then you will be able to partition and organize
everything in an optimal mode.
You may also customize the mapper based on your environment - you
may have many virtual hosts, each with one or few contexts - and you'll
use a different alghoritm if you have few hosts and many contexts.
( Hashtables are inefficient if you have few objects ). You just can't do
that customization if you hardcode the representation in your object model
( and use methods like CM.getContext( path )).
At least that was my intention when I wrote some of the code.
> Context getContextByPath(String path) {
> ...
> lookup:
> do {
> ctx = cm.getContext(path);
Bad - one reason for starting with a new mapper.
>.
And that's very bad too - because the same cycle will be repeated on
request map. And it's an expensive operation. It's also looking up
based on path prefix - Context path can be kept split in components
and you can do the search in the reverse direction - most of the time
the context is flat, with one or 2 levels.
I think a much better way would be to split the context in components
and create a tree structure, then eat the request path from start to end.
We don't do that now - it's a "Simple" mapper, but the model allows
that.
> public Context getContext(String name) {
> return (Context)contexts.get(name);
> }
>
> Hmmmmmmmmmm - this means that the context is being indexed on its _path_ -
> which is absolutely no use in the situation of multiple contexts with the
> _same_ path (two virtual hosts each with / for example).
Yes, and this is a bad choice for mapping.
>:
I don't want to ( and can't ) force you to use one or another - I'm just listing
my
arguments and how I would do it.
My point is that ContextManager shouldn't "deal" with determining the path.
The only reason CM needs the Contexts is because it have to shut down.
It is not supposed to deal with mapping or determining the path - you should
be able to iterate and get all contexts.
For (a) - I thing a better representation is ContextGroup ( VHost is just a
particular case). We started to use Container for that, as a grouping of
contexts.
But again - the mapper is supposed to implement the mapping, and you want
to be able to plug specialized alghoritms, since this is the expensive
operation.
Container ( or ContextGroup or Context or VirtualHost) is just a data structure
with the common properties.
( Context and ContextManager are already too complex, adding mapping
alghoritms will make them imposible to read)
>.
Right - just set the informations you received from the web server.
Please not that I don't want to impose a certain solution - but I spent
a lot of time with tomcat ( and few other servers ) and this is the
result :-)
I have nothing against having a VirtualHost object ( I would prefer to
use Container, and a virtual host will be just an instance ), but I think
it's better to make the parsing and to determine the context in the
mapper interceptor, not in ContextManager or Container.
It is a very important decision - based on the object model we choose
we'll be ( or not ) able to implement certain alghoritms. If we put
part of the parsing or searching in ContextManager ( or worse, in
the adapter ) - we'll just disable some options.
Costin | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/tomcat-dev/200004.mbox/%3C38E68E38.46341614@eng.sun.com%3E | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | refinedweb | 825 | 67.69 |
atomic_sub()
Safely subtract from a variable
Synopsis:
#include <atomic.h> void atomic_sub( volatile unsigned * loc, unsigned decr );
Since:
BlackBerry 10.0.0
Arguments:
- loc
- A pointer to the value that you want to subtract from.
- decr
- The number that you want to subtract.
Library:
libc
Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically.
Description:
The atomic_sub():
Safely subtract 1 from a counter:
#include <atomic.h> … volatile unsigned count; … atomic_sub( &count, 1 );
Classification:
Last modified: 2014-06-24
Got questions about leaving a comment? Get answers from our Disqus FAQ.comments powered by Disqus | http://developer.blackberry.com/native/reference/core/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.lib_ref/topic/a/atomic_sub.html | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 103 | 53.27 |
Le mer. 31 oct. 2018 à 19:22, Eric Snow <ericsnowcurrently at gmail.com> a écrit : > > I propose a practical solution for that: Include/*.h files would only > > be be public API. > > As we've already discussed, I'm entirely in favor of this. :) In > fact, I was thinking along those same lines when I originally created > "Include/internal", when working on the runtime state consolidation. > When you originally shared your idea with me (2 years ago?) it made > perfect sense. :) I think we discussed that during the CPython sprint in September 2017 :-) But I only formalized a full plan at the sprint in September 2018: > > The "core" API would live in a new subdirectory: > > Include/pycore/*.h. > > I'm mostly -0 on this. "pycore" is fine I suppose (...) Ok. > >. > > I also propose to automatically load the twin: Include/objimpl.h would > > load Include/pycore/pycore_objimpl.h if Py_BUILD_CORE is defined: > > > > #ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE > > # include "pycore/pycore_objimpl.h" > > #endif > > During the runtime state consolidation I took a similar approach > initially, though at a less granular scale, which proved to be a > headache. At first I added Include/internal/Python.h and then tried > to conditionally include it in Include/Python.h. That ended up > confusing, problematic, and unnecessary. At Benjamin's suggestion I > switched to explicitly including "internal/<...>.h" in .c files (only > where necessary). The result is simpler and more clear, identifying > dependencies in source files more tightly. It's also a bit more > idiomatic for well-written C code. Ok, let's try this approach. I have to add many #include, but I'm fine to be very explicit about includes. One example (internal/mem.h): I'm writing "try" rather than "do", because something Py_BUILD_CORE core is mixed with public headers. Like #ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE ... #else ... #endif. See datetime.h for an example. It's not easy to separate both implementations. > > Second milestone: > > > > * Find a solution for Py_LIMITED_API :-) My current idea is to: * Remove all "#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API" and "#ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE" from Include/*.h * Move "#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API" code to Include/public/ * Include "Include/public/<name>.h" from "Include/<name>.h" IMHO here we really want to automatically include "Include/public/<name>.h" from "Include/<name>.h" to not impact the public API in any way. Py_BUILD_CORE is very different: it's only consumed inside Python, so it's fine to "break the API" and force to add new includes. Victor | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2018-October/155629.html | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | refinedweb | 400 | 61.22 |
I'm currently working on a personal project in which I want to build a small application with an Outlook 2003 style of navigation. This includes the Outlook sidebar containing the colorful buttons. I have been looking for this control here on CodeProject, so far I could only find one written in C++ with WTL.
I decided to write my own Outlook sidebar usercontrol in and for C# (2.0) so it can be easily extended and custimized to the developer's need. This project therefore contains all the sources which may be modified by any means and for any purpose.
Note that the usercontrol does not contain any 2.0 runtime specific code so it should be fairly easy to port it back to 1.1 projects if needed.
I chose to implement a usercontrol because it simplifies the solution, it is easy to debug, and compiles right into your application's executable leaving a very small footprint (that is no additional DLLs are needed). Reuse of this control is simply a matter of copy and pasting the usercontrol sources to your next project.
Because I wanted to write code that is easy to understand and modify, the
OutlookBar control is a simplified version of Outlook's sidebar. Also, the control does not make use of complicated hooks, callbacks, and Windows APIs. After all, we just want to program C#!
Simply include the Outlookbar.cs, OutlookBar.Designer.cs, and OutlookBar.resx files into your project. Before using the
OutlookBar usercontrol on your forms, make sure you compile everything first. After that, the usercontrol is added to your toolbox. You can now drag it onto your form.
Note that the
OutlookBar control is meant to be docked at the bottom. This is not done automatically so you have to set the
Dock property of the control to
Bottom. Additionally, you can add a splitter control on top, this will allow you to resize the
OutlookBar at runtime.
The
OutlookBar contains a set of buttons (of type
OutlookBarButton) that can be added to the usercontrol at runtime. In this updated version of the control, it is now possible to setup the buttons at design time! Thanks to Daniel Zaharia's excellent article on persisting control collections simply by making use of the
[DesignerSerializationVisibility()] attribute.
However, to add buttons at runtime, you can put the following code in the
Form_Load event. Make sure that you add the
OutlookStyleControls namespace to the form.
// image1 to imagen are expected to be initialized and loaded. these images // represent the icons on the button (max dimensions 30x26). outlookBar1.Buttons.Add("Button 1", image1); outlookBar1.Buttons.Add("Button 2", image2); ... outlookBar1.Buttons.Add("Button n", imagen); outlookBar1.Height = outlookBar1.MaximumSize.Height;
Notice the last line. The
OutlookBar will resize itself automatically to the dimensions of the buttons. After adding all the buttons, maximize the control to its maximum allowed height. All buttons will then be visible on the form.
At runtime, clicking one of the buttons will generate a
Click event. To determine which of the buttons is clicked, you can use the following code:
private void outlookBar1_Click(object sender, OutlookStyleControls.OutlookBar.ButtonClickEventArgs e) { int idx = outlookBar1.Buttons.IndexOf(e.Button); switch (idx) { case 0: // button 1 was clicked // code your action for button1 here break; case 1: // button 2 was clicked // code your action for button1 here break; ... } }
Additionally, the
MouseOver event is captured by the control, to highlight the button that the mouse is moving over. In order not to repaint the whole control and prevent flickering, only the buttons that change in appearance are repainted.
This also goes for the
Click event. The
SelectedButton property is set automatically, and the corresponding button will render itself as selected. The usercontrol overrides the
Click event and implements a new click event according to the
ButtonClickEventHandler. Because, we want to pass on an additional argument in the event indicating which button was pressed. For this purpose, the
ButtonClickEventArgs class is implemented including a (
readonly)
Button property that can be used by the host application.
Future extensions would include:
OutlookBar. When downsizing the control, the icons of each button is listed here and can be accessed by clicking on them (see Outlook).
Apart from these extenstions, the control is pretty much complete.
I learned the ease of use of implementing your own usercontrol in pure C# using the .NET Graphics libraries. This resulted in a well performing small reusable control with a very small footprint.
Additionally, I learned how to make the control implementation complete by allowing setting up the control at design time. Specifically, persisting the design time
OutlookBar
Buttons collection took me some time to figure out.
Version 1.0 of the
OutlookBar usercontrol was written on 25th of May 2006. This article was published on the 26th of May 2006.
Version 1.1 released on 29th of May 2006 containing a major improvement to add buttons to the
OutlookBar control at design time. Also the
OutlookBar Buttons collection is now implemented based on the
CollectionBase class to reduce lines of code.
Nov. 2nd 2006 - Thanks to Dave, a VB.NET version is available of the control for you to download.
General
News
Question
Answer
Joke
Rant
Admin | http://www.codeproject.com/KB/menus/OutlookBar.aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 872 | 57.98 |
Hey everybody,
I created simple monomac project in Xamarin Studio. There is only one window, created programmatically, without any controllers. Just single file, like this:
public class MyWindow : NSWindow { public MyWindow() :base(new RectangleF (0, 0, 100, 100), NSWindowStyle.Closable | NSWindowStyle.Resizable | NSWindowStyle.Titled, NSBackingStore.Buffered, false) { this.StyleMask = NSWindowStyle.Borderless; this.MakeKeyAndOrderFront( null ); } }
No, I'm really struggling with registering mouse events for this window. In WinForms It would be like 2 lines, but for OSX it seems a bit more complicated. I don't have much experience programming for mac platform. I did a little research and found out that I need to create NSView, in NSView object I need to register those events, set AcceptsFirstResponder true and add somehow this NSView to my NSWindow object. I've tried different ways but couldn't get this going. Can somebody help me out with this? I have my NSView wrapper like this:
public class MouseTracking : NSView { public NSTrackingArea tracking; public override bool AcceptsFirstResponder () { return true; } public override void DrawRect(RectangleF dirtyRect) { base.DrawRect(dirtyRect); var context = NSGraphicsContext.CurrentContext.GraphicsPort; var rectangle = new RectangleF (0,0, this.Frame.Width, this.Frame.Height); NSColor.Blue.Set (); context.FillRect (rectangle); } public override void UpdateTrackingAreas() { if (tracking != null) { this.RemoveTrackingArea(tracking); tracking.Release(); } tracking = new NSTrackingArea(this.Frame,NSTrackingAreaOptions.MouseEnteredAndExited | NSTrackingAreaOptions.ActiveAlways ,this, null); this.AddTrackingArea(tracking); } public override void MouseMoved(NSEvent theEvent) { Console.WriteLine("MouseMoved"); } public override void MouseExited(NSEvent theEvent) { Console.WriteLine("MouseExitedTest"); } }
I've tried to add NSView object into my NSWindow like this:
MouseTracking tracking = new MouseTracking (); this.ContentView.AddSubview (tracking);
I'd would be really glad if you correct me if my thinking is wrong. If not, what is the way to add simple Mousemove event to simplest NSWindow object?
Can you tell me if my NSView class if it's missing sth? and how can I add it to my window?
Really thanks for help!.
Answers.
Also, you shouldn't call Release. We handle Retain/Release for you, and it will cause nothing but pain. We actually renamed it to DangerousRelease in Unified for that reason.
Thanks for your answer, I have coupe of questions tho
I added those two constructors and used second one to create NSView, like this:
Can I override these events inside NSWindow class? So I could interact with objects within MyWindow in these events?
And second, I saw that MouseMoved is not captured, rest of them looks ok. Perhaps I'm missing some flag, right ?
You most likely need NSTrackingAreaOptions.MouseMoved if you want movement. NSTrackingArea only events what you ask it for.
I do not know of a way to override those events in the Window, outside of doing some crazy messing with the message pump, maybe. Doing it in a ContentView is the suggested approach.
I see, well I wanted to interact with that window. To be specific, I'd like to move MyWindow in mouse event. What would be the best way to do that?
Like this? may be helpful.
alright, thank you for help! | https://forums.xamarin.com/discussion/comment/125631/ | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 506 | 60.21 |
03 September 2012 07:04 [Source: ICIS news]
SINGAPORE (ICIS)--China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC) has again delayed the trial operation of its ?xml:namespace>
Construction was suspended in early August when severe typhoon Haikui made its landfall in Zhejiang, the source explained, adding that some large equipment were removed from the terminal on safety concerns.
The first LNG cargo arrival at
“We may have to wait until October to begin sales on truck delivery, as some tests are required after the cargo arrival,” the source added.
The company previously postponed the trial run to late August from an original plan of June because of weak downstream | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/09/03/9591961/chinas-cnooc-again-delays-ningbo-lng-terminal-trial.html | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 108 | 53.24 |
On 4/27/06, Phillip J. Eby <pje at telecommunity.com> wrote: > > At 03:48 PM 4/27/2006 +0200, Bernhard Herzog wrote: > >"Gustavo Carneiro" <gjcarneiro at gmail.com> writes: > > > > > Now the problem. Suppose you have the source package > python-foo-bar, > > > which installs $pythondir/foo/__init__.py and > $pythondir/foo/bar.py. This > > > would make a module called "foo.bar" available. Likewise, you can > have the > > > source package python-foo-zbr, which installs > > $pythondir/foo/__init__.py and > > > $pythondir/foo/zbr.py. This would make a module called "foo.zbr" > > available. > > > > > > The two packages above install the file > $pythondir/foo/__init__.py. If > > > one of them adds some content to __init__.py, the other one will > overwrite > > > it. Packaging these two packages for e.g. debian would be extremely > > > difficult, because no two .deb packages are allowed to intall the same > > file. > > > > > > One solution is to generate the __init__.py file with post-install > hooks > > > and shell scripts. Another solution would be for example to have only > > > python-foo-bar install the __init__.py file, but then python-foo-zbr > would > > > have to depend on python-foo-bar, while they're not really related. > > > >Yet another solution would be to put foo/__init__.py into a third > >package, e.g. python-foo, on which both python-foo-bar and > >python-foo-zbr depend. You can't be serious. One package just to install a __init__.py file? Or you can package them with setuptools, and declare foo to be a namespace > package. Let's not assume setuptools are always used, shall we? If installing in the mode used for building RPMs and debs, there > will be no __init__.py. Instead, each installs a .pth file that ensures a > dummy package object is created in sys.modules with an appropriate > __path__. This solution is packaging-system agnostic and doesn't require > any special support from the packaging tool. I don't understand this solution. How can a .pth file create a 'dummy package'? Remember that the objective is to have "foo.bar" and "foo.zbr" modules, not just "bar" and "zbr". But in any case, it already sounds like a convoluted solution. No way it can beat the obvious/simple solution: to remove the need to have __init__.py in the first place. (The downside, however, is that neither foo.bar nor foo.zbr's __init__.py > will be allowed to have any content, since in some installation scenarios > there will be no __init__.py at all.) That's ok in the context of this proposal (not having __init__.py at all). -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2006-April/064490.html | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 440 | 80.48 |
A Python API compiler for universal Markdown syntax.
Project description
apimd
A Python API compiler for universal Markdown syntax.
Required Python 3.7 and above.
Install
Install by pip:
pip install apimd
From Git repository:
python setup.py install
Run directly:
python launcher.py --help
Command
Following syntax are allowed:
apimd module_name apimd Module-Name=module_name apimd "Module Name=module_name"
The first is the readable name of the package; the second is the name used in import syntax. Please make sure you can import the package by the given name in current path.
The output path can be choose by "-d" and "--dir" option, default is
docs.
Multiple modules are supported either.
apimd module1 module2 -d out_path
If you just want to test, use dry run.
apimd module --dry
Rules
Basically, this compiler can extract docstrings from those "public" objects:
- Modules
- Functions
- Generators
- Classes and its methods
According to PEP 8, "public" means a name can't starts with underscore symbol "
_".
And the magic methods are not "public" too, apart from
__init__ method.
(Naming Conventions)
Builtins object (
int,
str,
list,
dict, etc.) has no docstring their owned.
So even they are public name style or listed in
__all__,
this compiler will still skip them (like
__version__ or
MY_GLOBAL).
Please pack them into functions or classes such as
Enum,
or mention them in the docstring of root module.
In module wise, a package force required a list object
__all__ to show all of
global names to prevent external imported names and
from m import * syntax.
(Global Variable Names)
This compiler can detect properties, class attributes, static methods and abstract methods as well. Object attributes should be noted in the stub files or use Variable Annotations (PEP 526).
Stubs
If a module has a stub file, the stub file will be loaded instead of the module. So docstring should be written in stub file first.
Inner links
The docstring can refer the names in the same module or same class.
Use
[name],
[class.attribute] or
[attribute] syntax to refer them.
But if attribute name is conflict with global name, the global name will preferred.
Project details
Release history Release notifications
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Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/apimd/ | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 380 | 66.44 |
.6: Many Ways to Use a Variable
About This Page
Questions Answered: Variables are useful for a bunch of different things, aren’t they? How can I represent, say, the states of a game as a model of interconnected objects? How can I refer from one class that I wrote to another?
Topics: Variables. The roles of variables: constants and other
fixed values, temporary variables, gatherers, most-recent holders.
Storing references in instance variables; using classes as types of
instance variables. A few details about Scala: empty parameter
lists, the
package keyword.
What Will I Do? Read, first. Then, we’ll get started on a game project.
Rough Estimate of Workload:? Somewhat over an hour. The first half should be a breeze. The second half isn’t too difficult either, assuming an understanding of the preceding chapters.
Points Available: A50.
Related Projects: IntroOOP, FlappyBug (new).
Variables Grouped in Different Ways
Chapter 1.4 told us: in a computer program, a variable is a named storage location for a single value.
That applies to all the variables that you’ve encountered, but those variables differ from each other in a number of other respects. Let’s pause for a moment to sort out what we already know.
We can group variables in categories using a variety of criteria.
Grouping by mutability
Scala explicitly divides variables in
vals and
vars (Chapter 1.4). This is
depicted as a diagram below.
(Many other programming languages don’t make this distinction, or at least don’t emphasize it in the way Scala does.)
Grouping by data type
Another fairly obvious thing to do is to classify variables by their data type:
Grouping by context of use
A third categorization is based on the fact that we can define variables in different contexts.
Some variables are instance variables defined on objects (Chapter 2.4). Others are local variables of a subprogram; they exist in a frame on the call stack only while the computer runs the subprogram. Parameter variables are a special kind of local variable: they aren’t assigned a value by direct command but receive values from parameter expressions in a subprogram call (Chapter 1.7). The variables that we define in the REPL can also be considered as local variables whose lifetime spans the REPL session.
Roles of Variables
We can also group variables by the way we use them, their roles. Although we haven’t paid any particular attention to the fact so far, you have already seen variables being used in a few different roles.
In Chapter 2.2, our account object had a couple of variables that were used in different
ways. The account’s
number variable never changed its value. On the other hand,
balance’s value changed whenever we deposited or withdrew money; more specifically,
we used the variable’s old value and the size of the adjustment to determine the variable’s
new value. Clearly, this variable had a different part to play in the program than the
account number.
The role of a variable (muuttujan rooli) characterizes how you use the variable in a program: on what grounds do you change its value, if indeed you do change it? Research suggests that it’s possible to describe most variables in computer programs aptly with a dozen or so role labels. Eight role names are enough to label nearly all the variables in O1’s example programs.
For example, we can say that the account’s
balance variable has a role of “gatherer”:
at any given time, its current value has been obtained by gathering and combining the
effects of earlier operations — in this case, by summing depositions and withdrawals.
In this ebook, we’ll use roles of variables as an aid for designing programs. Many of the example programs have variables annotated with role labels as shown below:
var balance = 0.0 // gatherer
A variable’s role doesn’t express everything that one can do with the variable. If we
had wanted to, we could perfectly well have assigned any number we pleased to
balance.
The role describes how the variable is actually used in the program. It has significance
to the human programmer, not to the computer.
There are a few roles that you’ve already seen a proper example of. Let’s discuss each one in turn.
Fixed values
The simplest role for a variable is the fixed value (kiintoarvo). Once a
fixed-valued variable has been initialized, it’s never changed. In Scala, fixed
values are practically always
vals.
A fixed-valued instance variable describes a permanent attribute of an object (such as the account number).
As for fixed-valued local variables, parameters are the most common example. For example,
the
multiplier parameter of method
monthlyCost in class
Employee is a fixed value
whose value remains unchanged thoughout the entire method call:
def monthlyCost(multiplier: Double) = this.monthlySalary * this.workingTime * multiplier
Constants
Fixed-valued variables whose value is already known before the program run are often called constants (vakio). A programmer may define a constant to represent a universal fact such as an approximate value of π, or an application-specific fact that is known in advance.
val Pi = 3.141592653589793
val MinimumAge = 18
val DefaultGreeting = "Hello!"
Constants are a good tool for making programs easier to read. A constant’s name communicates the programmer’s intent better than a “magic number” — which is programmer-speak for a literal with an undocumented purpose.
Code that uses constants can be easier to modify, too. If we want to exchange a constant value for another as our program evolves, we can do that with a single change to the constant definition, even if the value is used in various places throughout our program (or even across multiple programs). Magic numbers, in contrast, create implicit dependencies between different parts of code: if we change one number, we may easily forget to make the corresponding changes elsewhere. Such implicit coupling frequently results in bugs.
Many software libraries define constants. For example, the package
scala.math provides
a fixed-valued variable
Pi that stores an approximation of π. The colors that you’ve
used from package
o1 (such as
Red,
Blue, and
CornflowerBlue) are also constants,
each of which refers to a single object of type
Color.
Temporaries
OK, so this illustration works only in the Finnish edition of the ebook. In Finnish, if you put information “behind your ear”, it means you store it until you need it. Oh, well. Now you can (temporarily?) recall a Finnish idiom.
In Chapters 1.8 and 2.2, you already created temporaries (tilapäissäilö). These
variables do a “temp job” of storing a value for later use by the algorithm in which they
appear. For example, in the account’s
withdraw method, you needed to store the withdrawn
sum temporarily, while the balance was being adjusted, before returning the temporary’s value:
def withdraw(sum: Int) = { val withdrawn = min(sum, this.balance) // withdrawn is a temporary this.balance = this.balance - withdrawn withdrawn }
A similar use for a temporary is to store an intermediate result in a method that performs a sequence of arithmetic operations. Temporaries are typically local variables.
The value of most temporaries never changes once set; in Scala programs, almost all
temporaries are
vals. Whether you describe a variable as a fixed value or a temporary
is a matter of taste.
Gatherers
When we assign a new value to a gatherer (kokooja), we determine the new value by somehow combining the gatherer’s old value with new data such as user input or some other parameter.
Here are a couple of examples of instance variables that serve as gatherers:
- The balance of an account (already discussed above). The command
this.balance = this.balance - withdrawnis typical of a gatherer: it computes the new balance from the old balance and another value.
- The location of a playable character in a game that determines the character’s current location based on 1) where the character was previously; and 2) the direction the player instructed the character to move in.
- The code might look something like this:
this.location = this.location.neighbor(directionOfMove). (The character object is associated with a location object. It asks the location to determine the neighboring location in a particular direction and sets that other location as its current location.)
- We’ll do something similar later in this chapter.
You can think of a gatherer as a variable that receives additional pieces of information so that its value at any given time depends on each piece of information that it received previously.
Gatherers are common not just as instance variables but as local variables, too. We’ll come across a local gatherer for the first time in Chapter 5.3.
Most-recent holders
We can assign a new value for the
name of an
Employee:
val testEmployee = new Employee("Issur Danielovitch", 1916, 12345)testEmployee: o1.classes.Employee = o1.classes.Employee@1100b25 testEmployee.nameres0: String = Issur Danielovitch testEmployee.name = "Kirk Douglas"testEmployee.name: String = Kirk Douglas
The variable
name keeps track of the latest name that’s been assigned to the employee.
The latest name simply replaces the earlier value; the old value is not used when
determining the new one, as was the case with gatherers. We say that a variable such as
name, which stores the latest value of a particular kind, is a most-recent holder
(tuoreimman säilyttäjä).
name is typical example of a most-recent-holding instance variable: it stores an object
attribute whose value can be exchanged for another. Most-recent holders can be useful as
local variables, too, which we’ll explore in Chapter 5.3.
Benefiting from roles
Role names characterize the things we programmers typically use variables for. We can use them as tools for thinking about the programs that we write and read. If you know a variable’s role, you also know something about the behavior of the program you’re working on.
Each role corresponds to the abstract solution of a small subproblem that occurs time and time again in diverse programming problems. The role labels capture common patterns of variable use that experienced programmers perceive in otherwise unrelated real-world programs.
You, as an O1 student, aren’t required to use roles to label your variables. However, you may find them helpful as you sketch out solutions to programming problems; many beginner programmers have. One of the challenges of learning to program is recognizing recurring subproblems in apparently different problems so that you can apply a known solution. This is where the roles of variables can help you. Roles hint at how you can solve certain subproblems that you’ll repeatedly run into as you program.
Use roles as a tool for thinking:
“Hmm... I’m supposed to produce the sum of all the scientific measurements that I receive as inputs... I could use a gatherer to keep track of the sum as it accumulates. Every time I process a new measurement, I’ll add the new measurement to the gatherer’s old value.”
When you write programs, consider each variable’s data type and role. When you read programs, notice how variables are used in a number of roles. When you document a program, you may be able to assist the reader by annotating roles as comments in code.
Interconnected Objects
Our earlier examples have shown that you can think of an object-oriented program’s
behavior
as communication between objects. For that communication to work, we need to
connect objects to each other. A course object, for example, might refer to a room object
that represents the classroom where the course is taught as well as to a number of other
objects that represent the enrolled students. Similarly, in the GoodStuff application, a
Category object is linked to the experiences in that category, one of which is the
diarist’s favorite. An object that represents a character in a game might store a
reference to a
Pos object that represents the character’s current location.
In earlier chapters, you have learned to define a type as a class. What we haven’t done yet is write a class that refers to another custom class that we wrote. Which is what we’ll do now.
As a first step, we’ll examine an example whose two classes represent — in greatly simplified fashion! — the orders and customers of an imaginary online store. After that, you’ll get to practice what you learned by defining an object-oriented model for a game.
Our goal: classes to represent customers and orders
When we create a customer object, we provide a name, a customer number, an email address, and a street address as constructor parameters:
import o1.classes._import o1.classes._ val testCustomer = new Customer("T. Tester", 12345, "test@test.fi", "Testitie 1, 00100 Testaamo, Finland")testCustomer: o1.classes.Customer = o1.classes.Customer@a7de1d
Calling
description gives us a textual summary of key information:
println(testCustomer.description)#12345 T. Tester <test@test.fi>
To create an order, we specify an order ID number and a customer. The latter parameter is
a reference to a
Customer object:
val exampleOrder = new Order(10001, testCustomer)exampleOrder: o1.classes.Order = o1.classes.Order@18c6974
The above creates an empty order with no items yet, but we can call
addProduct to add
them. In this simple example, we don’t actually concern ourselves with any product details.
Instead, we just indicate the product’s price per unit and the number of units that are
being bought. In the REPL session below, we place an order for 100 items priced at 10.5
euros each plus a single 500-euro product.
exampleOrder.addProduct(10.5, 100)exampleOrder.addProduct(500.0, 1)
Order objects, too, have a
description:
println(exampleOrder.description)order 10001, ordered by #12345 T. Tester <test@test.fi>, total 1550.0 euro
As shown, the ordering customer’s description is part of the order’s description.
We can also ask an order object to tell us who placed the order, producing a reference to that customer object:
exampleOrder.ordererres1: Customer = o1.classes.Customer@a7de1d
Crucially, what we got is a reference of type
Customer; we didn’t get a string, for
example. This means that we managed to use the order object to access another object
associated with it. We can use that other object just like any other, as in this chain
of requests:
exampleOrder.orderer.addressres2: String = Testitie 1, 00100 Testaamo, Finland
What happens here is that the variable
exampleOrder contains a reference to an order
object, that order object’s
orderer variable contains a reference to a customer object,
and the customer object’s
address variable contains a reference to a string.
Implementing the two classes
Here is the customer class. There isn’t really anything new about it:
class Customer(val name: String, val customerNumber: Int, val email: String, val address: String) { def" }
Now to the other class. Let’s first sketch it out as pseudocode (Chapter 2.5):
class Order(fixed values: a number and a customer who placed the order) { let’s use a gatherer to keep track of the total price, which starts at zero def addProduct(pricePerUnit: Double, numberOfUnits: Int) = { multiply the parameters and add the result to the gatherer } def description = return a string description of the order, requesting the customer info from the customer object associated with this order }
This pseudocode translates easily to actual program code, since it’s perfectly okay to
use the other class we wrote,
Customer, in our definition:
class Order(val number: Int, val orderer: Customer) { var totalPrice = 0.0 def addProduct(pricePerUnit: Double, numberOfUnits: Int) = { this.totalPrice = this.totalPrice + pricePerUnit * numberOfUnits } def description = "order " + this.number + ", " + "ordered by " + this.orderer.description + ", " + "total " + this.totalPrice + " euro" }
Customeras the type of one of
Order’s constructor parameters. This means that when creating an
Orderinstance, we need to provide a reference to a
Customerinstance. We add the word
valso that the reference also gets stored in an instance variable.
this.ordererevaluates to a reference that points to a customer object. We can call its method by writing
this.orderer.description: the order object commands the customer object to produce its description, then uses the string it receives as part of its own description.
That’s all it took to define a link from class
Order to class
Customer and, by
extension, from each order object to one customer object. These relationships between
objects are depicted in the diagram below.
Assignment: more
toString methods
As an optional mini-assignment, modify the given classes
Customer
and
Order so that instead of a
description method, they have a
toString-metodi (Chapter 2.5).
Notice that once
toString is defined on customers, you don’t need
to explicitly invoke it in the
toString of class
Order. It
suffices to concatenate a string with a reference to a customer
object.
A+ presents the exercise submission form here.
How about linking to many objects?
What if we want each course object to store references to multiple enrolled students or each category to refer to multiple experiences? Or, say, record in each customer object a list of all the orders that customer has placed?
It’ll take until Chapter 4.1 before we tackle this question in earnest. Until then, here’s the short of it: we store the students, experiences, or orders as the elements of a collection and link that collection to the course, category, or customer object.
And how about using a class in its own definition?
A Game Project
Let’s now embark on a new project that you’ll work on incrementally across many chapters, in parallel with other projects such as GoodStuff and Odds.
FlappyBug
Let’s create a game where the player controls a ladybug and tries to avoid obstacles. The ladybug makes a quick upward movement whenever the player commands it to flap its wings. Apart from that, though, the bug constantly sinks downwards, so the player has to keep flapping to keep it in the air. The bug moves only vertically; obstacles fly in horizontally from the right.
In this chapter, we’ll create a model of the program’s domain. That is, we’ll model the concepts of the game world (such as obstacle) and the operations associated with them (such as flying). We won’t build a user interface for the game just yet.
We’ll start with a simple version of the game that contains one bug and only one obstacle. In later chapters, you’ll both expand on this initial domain model and create a graphical user interface for the program.
Let’s now program three classes:
Bug: defines the concept of a bug and the attributes and methods associated with it.
Obstacle: defines the concept of an obstacle.
Game: An instance of this class corresponds to a single game session and keeps track of the game’s overall state. Via a
Gameobject, we can access the parts of the game world (the bug and one obstacle). The game object determines how and when to activate the methods of those other objects as the game progresses.
An implementation for
Obstacle is provided as an example below. After studying it, you
get to write classes
Bug and
Game yourself.
Class
Obstacle
When we create an obstacle, we set its size (radius) and give it an initial position within the two-dimensional coordinate system that covers the game world. Like this, for instance:
import o1._, o1.flappy._import o1._ import o1.flappy._ val bigObstacle = new Obstacle(150, new Pos(800, 200))bigObstacle: o1.flappy.Obstacle = center at (800.0,200.0), radius 150
In this simple version of the game, an obstacle isn’t capable of much anything, but it does know how to fly:
bigObstacle.approach()bigObstacleres3: o1.flappy.Obstacle = center at (790.0,200.0), radius 150 bigObstacle.approach()bigObstacle.approach()bigObstacleres4: o1.flappy.Obstacle = center at (770.0,200.0), radius 150
Obstacleobject has a mutable state that changes when we call
approachon the object. Each invocation of the method reduces the obstacle’s x coordinate by ten.
Here’s an implementation for the class in pseudocode:
import o1._ class Obstacle(a fixed value to store the radius; a gatherer to store the position) { def approach() = { Adjust the gatherer that keeps track of my current position: determine the new value from the old one by adding -10 to the x coordinate. } override def toString = use the plus operator to produce a description like the one in the example }
The same in Scala:
class Obstacle(val radius: Int, var pos: Pos) { def approach() = { this.pos = this.pos.addX(-10) } override def toString = "center at " + this.pos + ", radius " + this.radius }
Before we continue to
Bug and
Game, there are two noteworthy things to discuss
about this class:
approach’s definition Why is that? On a related note, perhaps you already wondered why we used a similar pair of brackets earlier as we called
approachin the REPL.
A constant is better than magic
We can define a constant to displace the magic number:
val ObstacleSpeed = 10
Where to write this definition? The approach that we’ll adopt here is to reserve a separate location for the various constants that affect the rules of the FlappyBug game.
You can find a partial implementation of the game in the given FlappyBug project.
The file
constants.scala contains the above definition of
ObstacleSpeed. The
obstacle class is defined in another file,
Obstacle.scala; its method
approach
uses the constant:
def approach() = { this.pos = this.pos.addX(-ObstacleSpeed) }
Interlude: Parameterless, Effectful Methods — And Brackets
The empty brackets are there because the method takes no parameters: it has an empty
parameter list. On the other hand, it’s true that we have created other parameterless
methods without empty brackets; these include
toString and
description, above, and
many others.
There is a convention among Scala programmers to provide a visual hint as to whether
a parameterless method is effectful or effect-free. When a parameterless method is
effectful (as
approach is), we mark this with an empty pair of round brackets in the
method’s definition. However, if a parameterless method is effect-free (like
toString
or
description), we omit the brackets. This convention complements the punctuation
rules for functions that we established in Chapter 1.7.
We similarly either include or omit the empty brackets when we call a parameterless
method. The brackets in the method call
bigObstacle.approach() emphasize the fact
that this is a method call that impacts on obstacle object’s state.
Conversely, the expression
testCustomer.description alone does not betray whether it
calls a method named
description or accesses a variable of that name. Scala’s authors
have specifically wished that calling an effect-free, parameterless method looks
identical to fetching the value an instance variable (which fetching also doesn’t
have an effect on state). There are reasons why this is a good idea; the easiest to
appreciate at this stage is convenience: it’s not necessary for the class’s user to
recall or care whether, say,
description is an instance variable or a method.
Adopt these conventions
You will need to observe the above conventions on the use of brackets. In particular, when a programming assignment specifies that you should write a method that has empty brackets as its parameter list, make sure you include the brackets in the method definition and also use the brackets when calling that method.
Assignment: FlappyBug (Part 1 of 16: Class
Bug)
How a
Bug should work
A bug object is created like this:
import o1._, o1.flappy._import o1._ import o1.flappy._ val myBug = new Bug(new Pos(300, 200))myBug: o1.flappy.Bug = center at (300.0,200.0), radius 15
As you can see in the text produced by
toString above, bugs are similar to obstacles in
that they have a location and a radius. We can examine these two attributes separately, too:
myBug.posres5: o1.Pos = (300.0,200.0) myBug.radiusres6: Int = 15
Poswe specified with the constructor parameter.
A bug has a method for “flapping its wings”. For now, we’ll model the flight of the bug simply by reducing the bug’s y coordinate by whichever amount was given as a parameter.
myBug.flap(9.5)myBug.posres7: o1.Pos = (300.0,190.5) myBug.flap(20.5)myBug.posres8: o1.Pos = (300.0,170.0)
A bug is also capable of falling downwards. The
fall method increases the bug’s
y coordinate by two:
myBug.fall()myBug.posres9: o1.Pos = (300.0,172.0) myBug.fall()myBug.posres10: o1.Pos = (300.0,174.0)
Task description
Implement class
Bug in
Bug.scala of the FlappyBug project. It must work as described
above.
Instructions and hints
- Please use the specified names:
pos,
flap, etc. This advice also applies to the other programming assignments that ask you to implement a class according to specification.
- The bug’s position changes; let’s model this with a
var. The radius doesn’t change; use a
val.
falland
flapare methods, so
defis appropriate.
- The class you need to write is in many ways similar to the obstacle class that we already created.
- Notice that
fallis effectful and takes no parameters. Apply what you just learned about empty brackets in Scala.
- You can use the constants defined in
constants.scalain favor of magic numbers.
Submission form
A+ presents the exercise submission form here.
Assignment: FlappyBug (Part 2 of 16: Class
Game)
An object of type
Game represents an overall state within our FlappyBug game. In this
version of the game, such a state comprises a single bug and a single obstacle. A
Game
object also has methods for modifying the state: for example, when time passes, it directs
the bug to fall and the obstacle to advance. To that end, the
Game object stores
references that point to the other objects that it commands.
How a
Game should work
We don’t need constructor parameters as we instantiate class
Game:
val testGame = new GametestGame: o1.flappy.Game = o1.flappy.Game@10eb1721
A newly created
Game object represents the game’s initial state, which is always this:
the game contains a ladybug at (100,40) and an obstacle with a radius of 70 at (1000,100).
The game object has instance variables named
bug and
obstacle. They refer to the
bug and obstacle objects that are part of that gaming session:
testGame.bugres11: o1.flappy.Bug = center at (100.0,40.0), radius 15 testGame.obstacleres12: o1.flappy.Obstacle = center at (1000.0,100.0), radius 70
Calling the parameterless method
timePasses advances the game’s state by
making the bug fall and the obstacle approach from the right:
testGame.timePasses()testGame.bugres13: o1.flappy.Bug = center at (100.0,42.0), radius 15 testGame.obstacleres14: o1.flappy.Obstacle = center at (990.0,100.0), radius 70
Gameinstance.
A
Game object also has the method
activateBug, which we intend to call whenever
the human player issues a command to the game. When
activateBug is invoked on a
Game object, it instructs the bug to use its wings with a “strength” of 15:
testGame.activateBug()testGame.bugres15: o1.flappy.Bug = center at (100.0,27.0), radius 15
Task description
Implement class
Game in
Game.scala.
Instructions and hints
- The class doesn’t take any constructor parameters, and so you can open the curly brackets of the class body immediately after the initial
class Game. This has already been done for you in the skeleton code provided in
Game.scala.
- Define two instance variables (named
bugand
obstacle) and two methods (named
activateBugand
timePasses).
- Remember that even though classes have upper-case names (like
Bug), those variables should start with a lower-case letter as in
bug.
- Make the instance variables refer to
Bugand
Obstacleobjects. Make sure you create instances of those classes.
- To clarify: do not copy the code of class
Bugor class
Obstacleinto class
Game. Instead, use those classes from within
Game: use
newto create one instance of each of the two classes.
- You can use
newas you define the instance variables:
val variable = new ClassName(parameters)
- When implementing
activateBugand
timePasses, make sure you don’t re-implement the functionality that’s already available in classes
Obstacleand
Bug. (In particular, don’t do any arithmetic on coordinates.) Instead: call the methods of the bug and the obstacle!
- Again, use empty brackets when you define or call effectful methods that take no parameters.
- You can use the constants defined in
constants.scala. You may also wish to define additional constants there and use them.
- If you feel that you don’t quite understand how we can use this class as a part of an actual graphical game, don’t worry. Our game still lacks a user interface, but we’ll address that soon.
Submission form
A+ presents the exercise submission form here.
The
package Keyword
Many of the Scala files that you’ve edited begin with the word
package, as on this
line:
package o1.flappy
The meaning is fairly self-evident: the
package keyword is used at the top of
each Scala file to mark which package the contents belong to.
Program components that have been so defined as being part of the same package can
refer to each other by their simple names; no
import necessary. For example, you
just defined
Game without having to import the other two classes, since
Bug and
Obstacle belong to the same package as
Game.
These
package definitions are necessary but unnoteworthy. They’ve been largely
omitted from the code fragments in this ebook’s text. (Obviously, they are included
in the Eclipse projects.)
Summary of Key Points
- You can consider variables from multiple angles: is it a
valor a
var? What is its data type? Is it a local variable or an instance variable? What is the variable’s role in the program?
- The majority of variables can be usefully described using one of a dozen or so role labels.
- A fixed value can be used (among other things) for storing the immutable attribute of an object; a gatherer for accumulating a result by combining multiple inputs; a temporary for storing an intermediate result for a while; and a most-recent holder for keeping track of an attribute whose value may be replaced by another.
- Fixed-valued variables whose value is known before running the program are commonly known as constants.
- Constants make code easier to understand and modify.
- In Scala, it’s customary to capitalize the names of constants.
- You can define instance variables whose type is defined by a custom class that you wrote yourself.
- This establishes links between classes.
- If a class defines such an instance variable, each object of that type (e.g., each order) stores a reference to another object (e.g., a customer).
- Scala has certain rules and conventions concerning the use of round brackets in parameterless methods. Careful!
- Links to the glossary: variable, role, fixed value, temporary, gatherer, most-recent holder; constant, magic number; reference;. | https://plus.cs.aalto.fi/o1/2018/w02/ch06/ | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 5,200 | 56.15 |
02 December 2009 20:44 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS news)--Lawrence Sloan will take over as president and chief executive of the US-based Society of Chemical Manufacturers and Affiliates (SOCMA), effective 10 February, the group said on Wednesday.
Sloan will replace Joseph Acker, who is retiring from the role at the end of December. Acker worked with the group for 16 years and was appointed president in 2003.
Sloan worked for the past five years as president of the Adhesive and Sealant Council, a Washington, DC-based trade association representing the adhesives and sealants industry. He previously worked at companies including Air Products and Nalco.
“The search committee and I are confident that under his leadership, SOCMA will grow even stronger and secure greater victories in ?xml:namespace>
The group credited Acker’s tenure with raising its profile | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2009/12/02/9315413/moves-sloan-to-take-over-as-socma-president-ceo.html | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 140 | 52.09 |
Monad Transformers
From HaskellWiki
Revision as of 12:58, 16 February 2011. The monadStateTis only a type synonym forState s a. Thus bothStateT s Identity aandStatecan be accessed by the same methods likeStateTandput. However, this only works ifgetis the top-most transformer in a monad transformer stack. This package is Haskell 98 and thus can be also used with JHC.StateT
-
-. But this also means it lacks the monad classes, so you'll have to lift operations to the composite monad yourself (examples).
3 How to move from MTL to transformers?
Many package using
MTL can be ported to
transformers with only slight modifications.
Modules require the
Trans infix,
must be replaced by
import Control.Monad.State ...
. Since
import Control.Monad.Trans.State ...
is only a type synonym, there is no longer a constructor named
State
. For constructing you must use the function
State
and instead of matching patterns you must call
state
.
runState
4 See also
- Monad Transformers Explained
- Monad Transformers Step by Step (PDF)
- All About Monads
-
-
-
- | https://wiki.haskell.org/index.php?title=Monad_Transformers&oldid=38790 | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 169 | 58.99 |
Optional Method Parameters
Optional Method Parameters
There are some valid arguments against using Optional as a method parameter type, but they are not good enough to say that you should avoid it at all costs.
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I have recently come across an interesting problem: should you use Optional as a method parameter type? The majority of sources says that you shouldn’t, but let’s weigh the arguments before making a verdict.
Why Not Just Pass Nulls Around?
Before we get into the case of using Optional, we should understand why we even have this problem. We could just pass nulls around, right? Well, not quite. As I’ve written in my post about null handling, you should never pass null as an argument to a public method. It’d require you to read all the code down the call stack to make sure that null value is actually supported and won’t blow the application. And once you’d do that, the callee code could not be modified in any way that does not support null, which is a rather unwanted constraint. Therefore, you need another solution in case one of the parameters is missing.
Now, that we’re done with nulls, let’s evaluate using the Optional type.
“It Was Not Meant to Be Used Like This”
The majority of articles that I read, and even my fantastic IDE point out, that Optional as a method argument is bad because the original intent of creating Optional was to:
[..] provide a limited mechanism for library method return types where there needed to be a clear way to represent “no result”.
I’m sorry to say this, but this is a really bad argument. If there would be arguments for using Optional as a parameter type that outweigh the arguments against, it would only mean that the class is better than it intended to be and everyone should be happy. It’s like saying that you should not use a bread knife to open a package in your kitchen because the bread knife was not meant to do that.
“It Causes Conditional Logic Inside Methods”
The source of this argument is the top answer in a related question on StackOverflow. To quote the original author:
Using Optional parameters causing conditional logic inside the methods is literally contra-productive.
This argument refers to a situation when you use Optional as a method parameter just to do conditional logic based on its presence:
public void myMethod(Optional<String> optionalArgument) { // some code if (optionalArgument.isPresent()) { doSomething(optionalArgument.get()); } else { doSomethingElse(); } // some code }
It is an argument, but a limited one. The first limitation that I see is that oftentimes you would not do any conditional logic on the argument — you just want to pass it through:
public void myMethod(Optional<String> optionalArgument) { // some code doSomething(optionalArgument); // some code }
The second limitation is that the only reasonable alternative that you have in most cases is method overloading. Then, if a client has a potential null on his side, he’s forced to do the conditional logic himself:
public void myClient() { // some code String optionalArgument = ... if (optionalArgument == null) { myMethod(); } else { myMethod(optionalArgument); } // some code }
This, depending on the case might be a good thing or a bad thing.
“It’s Still Perfectly Possible to Pass in Null to a Method”
That’s a quote from another StackOverflow answer. I’d say that it can be an argument against Optional in general, but not solely against Optional arguments, as you can return a null instead of Optional, too. As a general argument, it still seems weak, as we’re not talking about a dangerous toy for a kid, we’re talking about programmers (smart guys, you know?). If we followed this logic, we’d have to say that using Java is unsafe as you can do almost anything via reflection. Would that stop you from using Java? Obviously not.
“Function Does More Than One Thing”
Ah, us clean coders! Such a good movement, but sometimes we tend to overdo things. But yes, that could be a code smell, especially if that one thing would be the conditional logic we talked about earlier. I’m not so sure if it would be so evil if the logic looked like this:
public void myMethod(Optional<String> optionalArgument) { // some code String argument = optionalArgument.orElse("reasonable default"); doSomething(argument); // some code }
Does it still do more than one thing? Maybe. Is that bad for your codebase? Hard to judge, you’d have to consider other forces.
“The Client Code Has to Explicitly Wrap”
Now, we’re on the client side of things and it seems like a valid argument. If the client has the value and knows that it’s surely not null, wrapping it into an optional might seem like a waste.
public void myClient() { // some code String argument = ... myMethod(Optional.of(argument)); // some code }
On the other hand, we’ve shown already that if the client has a potential null in hand, he might get even more complexity if we opt for overloading. Just look at the first client example above and compare it to this one:
public void myClient() { // some code String optionalArgument = ... myMethod(Optional.ofNullable(optionalArgument)); // some code }
Also, don’t forget that the client can leverage static imports to control the complexity of the invocation.
To conclude this argument, know your clients! A safe approach would be to choose one depending on the client’s needs. If you don’t know all your clients e.g. in a case of library code, you should probably stick to overloading.
“[..] Imagine Having Two or Three”
Daniel Olszewski, in his article titled Java 8 Optional Use Cases, argues that the case of Optional method parameters is much worse in the case of multiple such parameters. My intuition suggests that this could be the case, but I can’t come up with a good example. He does not provide any examples or reasoning for such state of things, just:
Uncle Bob definitely wouldn’t be proud of such code
All due respect to Uncle Bob, that’s not a valid argument. I’d say that you should apply common sense and other known guidelines to figure out what’s the best in such case.
We’re done with the arguments against Optional method parameters that I found online. Let me augment those with some of my recent reasoning.
Pass-Thru Optional
Imagine that one of your API parameters is optional and it’s represented by a null. The data from your API is supposed to go from the controller, through application and domain services, down to the depths of your domain model. And it’s only the domain model that knows the “reasonable default” for that field, e.g. null, which you shouldn’t pass around for some boundary value like MAX_INT. Obviously, you could just make this default value a public constant and pass it in the controller. But do you really want to couple the controller to an implementation detail of your domain class, especially if that would mean passing a null around? I don’t.
This is the case that we’ve already seen in the argument about conditional logic. The Optional is supposed to pass through down the call stack to be handled by the class that actually knows what to do it. In our case, it would look like this:
class Controller { ApplicationService service; void method(String potentialNull) { // stuff service.method(Optional.ofNullable(potentialNull)); // stuff } } class ApplicationService { DomainService service; void method(Optional<String> argument) { // stuff service.method(argument); // stuff } } class DomainService { void method(Optional<String> argument) { // stuff DomainObject object = ... object.method(argument); // stuff } } class DomainObject { void method(Optional<String> potentialArgument) { String argument = potentialArgument.orElse("reasonable default"); // stuff } }
I will skip the overloading version for brevity (you can see it in this gist), but it’s much longer and less expressive. Instead of stating clearly in the code: This parameter is optional, we’re adding the complexity of multiple analogous overloads. And it’s just for one such parameter, “imagine having two or three!”
What’s More Testable?
This question is the reason why I started the research and then decided to write this article. If we consider overloading the right alternative to Optional method parameters, we might end up with a lot of unnecessary tests.
Let’s say that our method (and the private ones that it calls) has two testable side-effects and one error case in which it throws an exception. If I were to write tests for this method, it would look more or less like this:
def "myMethod has side effect 1" { when: myMethod(ofNullable(argument)) then: // assert side effect 1 where: argument << [null, "some string"] } def "myMethod has side effect 2" { when: myMethod(ofNullable(argument)) then: // assert side effect 2 where: argument << [null, "some string"] } def "myMethod throws an exception when something" { given: // some bad state when: myMethod(ofNullable(argument)) then: thrown SomeException where: argument << [null, "some string"] }
That’s already a decent amount of code. Now, imagine testing the two overloaded methods… I don’t want to make you scroll down in annoyance but if someone wants to see it, I created a gist. And with all that being said, let’s once again “imagine having two or three.”
Conclusion
There are some valid arguments against using Optional as method parameter type, but to me, they are not good enough to be able to say with confidence that you should avoid it at all costs. And don’t forget, there are also arguments for using Optional this way. I’d say that you should keep each of them in the back of your head and evaluate things on a case by case basis. Like always, it’s an it depends problem, and it requires a bit of programming sense.
If you have any additional arguments for or against using Optional as method parameter type, let me know in comments! }} | https://dzone.com/articles/optional-method-parameters | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 1,673 | 59.94 |
In JBoss AS 5 and 6, you used to install the JDBC driver into the common/lib folder of your server distribution. In the new modular server architecture, you have more than one option to install your JDBC driver. The first and recommended approach consists of installing the driver as a module.
Note
In the section named Installing the driver as a deployment unit, we will account for another approach, which is usually a bit faster. However, it has a few limitations.
As we have seen in the previous chapter, the procedure for installing a new module requires copying the .jar libraries in the appropriate modules path and adding a module.xml file, which declares the module and its dependencies.
The actual path for the module will be: JBOSS_HOME/modules//main The main folder is where all key module components are installed. So, in our example, we will add the following units: JBOSS_HOME/modules/com/mysql/main/mysql-connector-java-5.1.17-bin.jar JBOSS_HOME/modules/com/mysql/main/module.xml Here’s an image of the module tree:
.png)
The JDBC driver used in this example, also known as Connector/J can freely be downloaded from the MySQL site: (). The module.xml contains the actual module definition. The most interesting part of it is the module name (com.mysql), which corresponds to the module attribute defined in the your datasource.
Next, you need to state the path to the JDBC driver resource and finally the module dependencies.
Adding a local datasource
Once the JDBC driver is installed, you need to configure the datasource in the application server. In JBoss AS 7, you can configure two kind of datasources, local datasources and xa-datasources .
A local datasource does not support two phase commit using a java.sql.Driver. On the other hand, an xa-datasource supports two phase commit using a javax.sql.XADataSource.
Adding a datasource definition can be completed in several ways: you can just add the datasource definition within the server configuration file, or you can use the management interfaces that will accurately do the work for you.
Showing all possible approaches in this section would maybe add too much information at once, so we will let you digest at first the most intuitive approach, that is cutting and pasting the datasource definition into your server configuration file. In the Chapter 7, Managing the Application Server, which is about server management, we will show the other available options in more detail. So, here’s a sample MySQL datasource configuration:
As you can see, the new configuration file borrows the same XML schema definition from the earlier -*.ds.xml file, so it should not be difficult to migrate to the new configuration. Basically, you would define the connection path to the database using the connection-url and the JDBC driver class with the driver section.
Note
Since JBoss AS 7.1.0, it’s mandatory that the datasource is bound into the java:/ or java:jboss/ JNDI namespace. The pool section can be used to define the JDBC Connection pool properties, leaving in this case to the default values. Then the security section lets you configure the connection credentials.
The statement section as well is added just as place holder for statement caching options.
The optional timeout section contains a set elements, such as the query-timeout, which is a static configuration of the maximum of seconds before a query times out. Also the included idle-timeout-minutes element indicates the maximum time a connection may be idle before being closed. Setting to 0 disables it. Default is 15 minutes.
Configuring the connection pool
One key aspect of the datasource configuration is the pool section. Strictly speaking, in order to use connection pooling, no configuration is required, because without any configuration JBoss AS will choose some default settings.
Frequently asked Jboss Interview Questions
However, if you want to customize how pooling is done, such as to control the size of the pools and which types of connections are pooled, you would be better learning about its available attributes.
Here’s an example of pool configuration, which can be added to your datasource configuration:
The attributes included in the pool configuration are actually borrowed from earlier releases, so we include them here for your reference:
Configuring the statement cache
For each connection in a connection pool in your system, JBoss AS Server is able to create a statement cache. When a prepared statement or callable statement is used on a connection, JBoss AS caches the statement so that it can be reused. In order to activate the statement cache, you have to specify a value of prepared-statement-cache-size greater than 0:
Notice, we have also included the track-statements to true in the statement section, which enable automatic closing of statements and ResultSets. This is important if you want to use prepared statement caching and/or don’t want to leak cursors in your database.
The last element, share-prepared-statements , can be used only with prepared statement cache enabled and determine whether the two requests in the same transaction should return the same statement (default false).
Adding an xa-datasource
Adding an xa-datasource requires some tweaks in the datasource configuration. As a matter of fact, the connection information is now acquired as xa-datasource properties. Also the xa-datasource class needs to be specified in the driver section.
In the following code, we are adding the equivalent configuration for our MySQL JDBC driver, which now is used to set up an xa-datasource:
A shortcut for installing a datasource
As we said at the beginning of the book, with the new release of the application server, every library is a module. Thus simply deploying the JDBC driver to the application server will trigger its installation. When using this option, we will just copy the mysql-connector-java-5.1.17-bin.jar driver into the JBOSS_HOME/standalone/deployments folder of your installation as shown in the following image:
When using this option, we will just copy the mysql-connector-java-5.1.17-bin.jar driver into the JBOSS_HOME/standalone/deployments folder of your installation as shown in the following image:
Once deployed, you need to add the datasource configuration to your server. You can do it in various ways. The most intuitive approach is pasting the datasource definition into the configuration file:
Alternatively, you can use the new Command Line Interface or the Web administration console to achieve the same result. Chapter 7, Managing the Application Server, details some practical examples of adding datasources using the management interfaces.
Tip
What about domain deployment?
In this chapter, we are discussing about the configuration of standalone servers and, as we said, the services configuration can be applied also to domain servers. Domain servers, however, don’t have a specified folder which is scanned for deployment, rather the management interfaces are used to inject resources in the domain. Configuring a JBoss AS Domain, will detail all the steps to deploy a module when using a domain server. | https://mindmajix.com/jboss/installing-the-jdbc-driver | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 1,181 | 52.09 |
alexanderschunk's Blog
JMath a Java API for doing math
<h1>JMath: A Java API for doing Math</h1>
<p>Hello. I would like to introduce JMath project. JMath is math API for doing serious math with Java.</p>
<p>With JMath you can do linear algebra, set calculations, general math calculations such as arithmetics, fractions and the like.</p>
<p>Also, with JMath you will be able to do serious statistics.</p>
<h1>Origin of JMath</h1>
<p>Origin of JMath is the former LinAlg API. LinAlg API is part of JMath is now being developed by SysConsult IT Consulting Company.</p>
<p>Main development cycle has been slept for almost over two years but it has been redeveloped with new features coming soon.</p>
<h1>License</h1>
<p>JMath and LinAlg project are under distributed under a GPL license. For more information visit jmath.java.dev.</p>
<h1>Coming soon</h1>
<p>There will be more features of JMath coming soon. Also i will provide demos for JMath and LinAlg API.</p>
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Java
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- 1954.
LinAlg API: Full List of Features
New Feautures: Eigenvalues and triple scalar product
The next release of LinAlg API will provide methods to compute Eigenvalues and the triple scalar product.
Eigenvalues and the triple scalar product are common and helpful mathematical features that are useful for solving a lot of common math problems.
The Eigenvalues are computed by solving the linear equation det(A-lambda*In) where A is a Matrix, lambda a free parameter and In the identity matrix. We can simplify this by simply determening the det(a) of the Matrix with a parameter and omitting the multplication with the identity matrix since a value multplied by 1 results in the same value.
And the multiplication by the identity matrix just means: multiply all diagonal components of the matrix by 1 that is m11, m22, m33 and m44 if you have a 4x4 matrix.
The triple scalar product is simply computed by computing the volume of three 3D Vectors by multiplying all components of the three 3D Vectors and perform some + and - operations on them.
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My View on Closures: Part 2
No more symbols please>
In my last Blog i did make some suggestions to get rid of the redundand => syntax of closures. I suggested to use := and to invent a keyword i.g. block or function to highlight the fact that closures are functional objects - basicall Neil Gafter regards them as equivalent to anonymous methods however i think there is no strict distinction in Gafters proposal wheather a closure is a pure function or an object
According to Neil Gafter, a closure object needs to be invoked by calling the invoke() method for a particular closure. The invoke method can have parameters i.g.:
{ int x => x + 1 } //closure definition
{ int x = > x + 1 }invoke(10); //call closure with 10 as parameter
So if a closure is a function in this case - besides the fact that its also an object - a closure object - then i think it would make sense to declare this whole block of statemens as a function:
function { int x => x+ 1}(int);
In my last Blog i said that the => symbol is redundant and suggested to use := as a variation of =. With this variation the closure would be written as:
function{
int x := x+ 1;
}(int);
//call closure with 10 as argument
function{ int x:=x+1 }(10);
This syntax could also be used to simply define getters that return values:
function {int x:=10;}(); //always returns 10
int s = function sum{int x, int y := x+y }(3, 5); //call sum with 3 and 5 as parameters
Local variables
Also its possible to declare local variables in closures:
function{
int j = 0;
int i=3;
switch(i){
//some switch statements
case 1: j++;
case 2: j--;
}
}();
Thus using a function keyword makes clear that a closure is both a function and an object that can be invoked. The invocation is executed by adding the () parantheses to the statement.
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by hlovatt - 2008-01-20 22:02
In my proposal:
Your example would be either:method int (int x) {x+1} // without type inference method(x) {x+1} // with optional type inference
by varan - 2008-01-20 10:06I like the notation @(int x,int y)(x+y).
But is there any there there in closures but just some syntactic sugar? A lot of articles suggest that it's just a bunch of hooey.
by wrandelshofer - 2008-01-21 13:17I like the introduction of the keyword "function" because its familiar to me from ECMAScript.
It would be great, if the ECMAScript syntax for closures would be introduced into Java. I think, this syntax would immediately be familiar to many people.
by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-20 07:59
Note! In this case a closure would be implemented as class with constructors i.g.:public class C{ public C(){ //standard constdruction } public C(int x){ //construction with one parameter } public C(int x, ...){ /construction with one and more parameters }
So in this case the standard constructor would be called for a simple closure statement i.g.:function { int x=3, int y=5; int sum := x + y }();
whereas the constructor with parameters would be called for a closure with parameters:function sum{int x; int y; int sum:=x+y}(3, 6};
In this case the () represant the fact that closures are both functions and objects or in other words functional objects.}
Yet Another Closures Proposal
First: Getting rid of =>
Basically,.
Replace => by := for assignments
}
Use a function keyword instead of {int, int => int} syntax.
Use a block keyword to declare block statements> intList){
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
intList.add(i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
//declare a closures block
block{
int x = 4;
int y = 3;
System.out.println("x + y" + (x+y));
}
}
}
}
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by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-17 11:06There seems to be a bug in the html keyword. Just add a function name and an int parameter type for the List in the addItem() function.
by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-17 11:04public void function addList(List intList){ for(int i =0; i < 10; i++){ intList.add(i); } }
Puh. Hard to get things right
by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-17 11:02
Note: The list function sample should be run as follows:public void function addItems(List intList){ for(int i =0;i < 10; i++){ intList.add(i); } }
by j0ke - 2008-01-17 12:46i like this propsal btw ... i hate => shits they are SOOO rubish bla.
by voidmain - 2008-01-20 07:54Haha. Look liks the ampersand symbol followed by the keyword int produces the integral symbol. So, mentally replace &int with: & int
by voidmain - 2008-01-20 07:52One.
by voidmain - 2008-01-20 07:40Adding keywords is necessarily difficult and makes backwards compatibility a challenge. Recall in JDK 1.5 the addition of the enum keyword was somewhat difficult for existing code. I doubt adding two keywords will be considered, but good luck with the proposal.
by mystermask - 2008-01-20 05:07
by stefan_schulz - 2008-01-20 02:29This proposal is so clean, it does not even propose closures. Is this posting meant as a parody?
by cowwoc - 2008-01-19 19:01This.
by i30817 - 2008-01-19 07:59why function as a keyword. Is it a reserved name? I'd like something more definitve, like oh, closure.
by aehrenr - 2008-01-19 06:00Very good proposal for a good closure syntax. I like it.
by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-18 13:43
The add function would have been declared prior using it like a normal method. You could do it as follows:public int function add(int x, int y){ return x + y; } public static void main(String[] args){ int x = 4, y = 4; int res = add(4, 4); }
by ricky_clarkson - 2008-01-18 12:54Where in int res=int function add(x, y) is it made known to the compiler that res involves +? If I change x and y after int res=int function add(x, y) will the value that res returns change?
by alexanderschunk - 2008-01-18 06:55); }
by brantboehmann - 2008-01-17 12:03I like this syntax much better. It's actually readable. If I wanted more symbols in language, I'd use Perl.
by ricky_clarkson - 2008-01-18 06:25I));
}
by ricky_clarkson - 2008-01-19 05:07What you showed in your last comment is a different syntax for a static method, and not a closure.
I suggest you spend some time reading the Wikipedia article about closures, and trying them out in various languages.
by ewin - 2008-01-19 01:22Basically, when i read all the proposals, comments and pros and cons on closures in Java the first thing i would get rid of is the obviously redundant => declaration.
Wrong approach. The right one would be to get rid of all the closure fanboyz.
L
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LinAlg API: Finished
LinAlg API: its finished
Yes. Finally, i got it done. LinAlg API now offers all the things i wanted to see it have. Sure, there are some things to do here and there but basically all features from my todo list are now implemented and exist at an almost complete level. The Quaternion class needs to be finished yet this is something i will do in the next couple of weeks however the Quaternion class already provides some basic operations for Quaternions you can work with with.
LinAlg API: Scope and Features
From the very beginning i wanted to write an almost complete linear algebra API that offers basic features to do linear algebra with Java. Now, lets have a short look at what features LinAlg API provides with this stable release:
- 2D and 3D Vector arithmetics
- Matrix operations - both array based and non array-based
- Complex Number operations
- Quaternions - still something on the todo list
- Algorithms - yes, there is a general Gaussian algorithm now
- Demos, Docs, Tutorials
Sure, there are some things you wont find in LinAlg API that some people may find useful yet the Todo list has not been closed :). Another important thing - that has nothing todo with its implementation - is the growing number of interesting people and developers that join the project. Some of them give feedback others not but its a good feeling to see that there are people that like the project and want to help make it better.
Sure, i am still looking for volunteers, testers and developers to test and help improve LinAlg API so if you are interested feel free to joint the project.
Demos, Docs, Tutorials
There are a few demos available that demonstrate the core features of LinAlg API, a tutorial for beginners and a whitepaper for those interested in background information. I will start writing a JCP for those interested in using LinAlg API for their own implementations. Basically using LinAlg API is rather simple - no matter if you use it for developing apps or to develop your own linear algebra API. I will provide more tutorials and information on implementation issues in the near future.
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Learn to Use ITensor
ITensor Basics
The ITensor, or intelligent tensor, is the basic tensor of the ITensor library.
The simplest way to construct an ITensor is to provide its indices:
auto i = Index("index i",2); auto j = Index("index j",3); auto k = Index("index k",4); auto T = ITensor(i,j,k);
This creates an ITensor T with all elements set to zero.
To confirm this is a rank 3 tensor (a tensor with 3 indices), call
rank(T):
println("The rank of T is ",rank(T)); //prints: The rank of T is 3
Alternatively you can call
T.r().
#include "itensor/all_basic.h" using namespace itensor; int main() { auto i = Index("index i",2); auto j = Index("index j",3); auto k = Index("index k",4); auto T = ITensor(i,j,k); println("The rank of T is ",rank(T)); return 0; }
In the mathematics literature, the number of
indices is often called the order of a tensor. Therefore we also provide
order(T) as an alias for
rank(T).
Accessing ITensor Elements
To set a particular element, or component, of an ITensor call its
.set method:
T.set(i(2),j(1),k(3),4.56);
This sets the i=2,j=1,k=3 element of the tensor to the value 4.56.
In a more conventional tensor interface, the above operation would look like
T(2,1,3) = 4.56; //not actual ITensor code!!
where the user would have to remember that the first entry corresponds to index i, the second to index j, and the third to index k.
For an ITensor, the reason the indices are passed to the
.set method along with their values
is that nothing about the ITensor interface requires knowing the index order.
If we gave the Index-value pairs such as
j(2) in a different order,
the
.set method still accesses the correct element. A call such as
T.set(k(3),i(2),j(1),4.56);
has exactly the same outcome as the call
T.set(i(2),j(1),k(3),4.56);
We can retrieve an element by calling the
.real method:
auto el = T.real(k(3),i(2),j(1)); println("el = ",el); //prints: el = 4.56
This method is named "real" because it says the type of the element returned is a real number.
We can also set elements of ITensors to be complex numbers:
T.set(i(2),k(3),j(1),7+8_i);
Now we must call the
.cplx method to retrieve this element as a
complex data type; calling
.real would throw an exception:
auto z = T.cplx(i(2),k(3),j(1)); println("z = ",z); //prints: z = (7,8)
Calling
.cplx always succeeds even if the tensor has only real elements.
Printing ITensors
A convenient way to print an ITensor is to use the
#include "itensor/all_basic.h" Print(T); //prints: // T = // ITensor r = 3: ("index i",2,Link|483) ("index j",3,Link|97) ("index k",4,Link|922)
Calling
Print(expr) essentially rewrites the code to be
println("expr = ",expr),
which is why there is a "T = " at the beginning of the output.
The output shows the rank and all the indices, but not the ITensor elements because this could lead to a very large output.
To see the non-zero elements resulting from our earlier calls to
.set,
we can use the
PrintData macro, which prints both
the indices and the non-zero elements:
PrintData(T); //prints: // T = // ITensor r = 3: ("index i",2,Link|483) ("index j",3,Link|97) ("index k",4,Link|922) // (2,2,1) 7.00+8.00i // (1,2,3) 4.56+0.00i
Basic Mathematical Operations
ITensors can be added, subtracted, and multiplied by scalars in the usual way:
auto Q = 2*T; auto R = Q/3 + T*4_i; auto S = R - T; S *= 5; //etc.
Two ITensors can be added and subtracted if they have the same set of indices, regardless of index order. Internally, the tensor data will be permuted if the index order is different, guaranteeing the correct result.
The norm of an ITensor (square root of sum of squared elements) can be computed
using the
norm function
println("The norm of T is ",norm(T));
For a complete listing of all of the methods of class ITensor, view the detailed documentation.
Index Objects
Contracting ITensors
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2.2.3.198 Wait
The Wait element is an optional child element of the Sync element in Sync command requests that specifies the number of minutes that the server SHOULD delay a response if no new items are added to the included folders, as specified in section 3.1.5.4.
All elements referenced in this section are defined in the AirSync namespace.
Valid values for the Wait element are 1 through 59. When the client requests a wait interval that is outside the acceptable range, the server will send a response that includes a Status element (section 2.2.3.177.17) value of 14 and a Limit element (section 2.2.3.97).
Either the Wait element or the HeartbeatInterval element (section 2.2.3.88.2) can be included in a Sync command request, but not both. If both elements are included, the server response will contain a Status element value of 4.. | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg675466(v=exchg.80).aspx | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 157 | 62.17 |
[Cognitive Services]
Enable Natural Language Interaction with LUIS
By Ashish Sahu | January 2017 | Get the Code.
How Does LUIS Work?
LUIS is built on the interactive machine learning and language understanding research from Microsoft Research. The book “Machine Learning” (McGraw Hill, 1997) by Tom Mitchell defines machine learning as:
“A computer program is said to learn to perform a task T from experience E, if its performance at task T, as measured by a performance metric P, improves with experience E over time.”
Like any other machine learning paradigm, LUIS is an iteration of this concept. It uses a language model and set of training examples to parse spoken language and return only the interesting parts that you, as developers, can use to delight your users.
With LUIS, apart from using your own purpose-specific language model, you can also leverage the same pre-existing and pre-built language models used by Bing and Cortana.
LUIS has a very specific use case—you can leverage LUIS anywhere you have a need to let users interact with your apps using speech. Most digital assistants, voice-enabled apps/devices, and bots fall into this category, but you’re free to use your imagination.
Where Can I Use LUIS?
Using LUIS with your apps and services requires initial setup. The homework you need to complete consists of understanding the scenario and anticipating the interaction that’ll take place between the apps and the users. Understanding and anticipating the interaction will help you build the language model to use with LUIS and to come up with the basic natural utterance to train LUIS to parse them.
Language Models
Language models are specific to your LUIS applications. They form the basis of understanding what the users mean when they talk to your apps and services. There are two core parts of a language model–“intents” and “entities.” LUIS application uses the intents and entities to process the natural language queries and derive the intention and the topics of interest to the users with help from the training examples, also called “utterances.” LUIS applications always contain a default intent called “None.” This intent gets mapped to all the utterances that couldn’t be mapped to any other intents. In the context of an app, intents are actions that the users intend to perform while the entities get filtered to the topics that your apps and services are designed to handle.
An example to understand this would be to imagine a shopping app and the following model:
The majority of time spent in a shopping app might be with sale items and when someone says, “Show me red scarves,” the model will map this utterance to ShowItems as the intent and red scarves to the entity item. At the same time, you can map an utterance to the BuyItems intent and thus initiate the checkout process when someone says, “I would like to pay now.”
Intents
LUIS intents also support action binding, which lets you bind parameters to your intents. Actionable intents fire only when these parameters are provided, as well. In particular, when you use action binding with bots, LUIS can query the parameters from the users interactively.
Based on the examples and active learning, LUIS starts detecting the intents in the queries posted to it. However, because the language queries are tricky for the computer applications, LUIS also scores them between 0 and 1 to denote its confidence; higher scope denotes higher confidence.
Entities
LUIS entities, as explained here, are the topics of interest to your users. If you’re building a news app, entities will map to the news topics, and in case of weather apps, they map to locations in their very basic iterations.
LUIS active learning also starts showing up when you add a new utterance and you can see the appropriate entities color-coded to show the mappings visually.
Entities can have child elements and you can independently map each of them to individual parts of the utterances. You also have support for composite entities, which are a collection of characteristics that collectively build up to a single entity.
For better understanding, an entity called “Vehicles” can have child entities called “Cars” and “SUVs,” among other names. This relationship can help you map multiple entities into a larger category. In case of “Composite Entities,” the individual parts would denote one single entity with various properties of it. An example for a composite entity called Car is 2016 Black Ford Mustang, made up of year, color, make and model information.
Pre-Built Entities
Similar to data types in any programming language, the LUIS service includes a set of entities for a number of common entities, so you don’t have to go out and think about every possible term that your users may throw at you. Some examples include most common variations of date, time, numbers and geographical entities. You can include the pre-built entities in your application and use them in your labeling activities. Keep in mind that the behavior of pre-built entities cannot be changed.
An exhaustive list of pre-built entities can be found in the LUIS documentation.
While it’s possible to add numerous intents and entities (and pre-built entities) in your model, a word of caution is to keep it simple and precise. You can start with the most obvious utterances and add more of them to make it more natural for your users. But keep in mind that thinking ahead of the experience you want to build goes a long way in enhancing the UX and evolving the experience further. If you don’t plan ahead and change intents or entities in your models, you’ll have to label all the utterance and train your model all over again.
Let’s Go Build Something!
It’s time to build something and take a ride with LUIS. In this article, I’ll look at an inventory application. I’ll build a language model using the intents and entities, train the model, and then use this in a bot powered by the Bot Framework and a Universal Windows Platform (UWP) app using the REST endpoint that LUIS exposes for me to use all its capabilities.
To keep it simple, we’re going to deal with an inventory of clothes. First, log on to the LUIS portal at luis.ai and create a new application.
This being an inventory application, you’ll use it to track inventory of stocks and for that purpose, the first intent that you’re going to add is ListItems. You’ll map this intent to all the utterances where the user’s intent is to query the inventory as a whole or for an item.
When you’re creating an intent, the LUIS application will also ask for an example utterance. This utterance is the first natural language query to trigger this intent. Click on the “+” button next to “Intents” and add the name of the intent as “ListItems.” You’ll keep the example utterance simple: “Show me the inventory.”
Saving this intent takes you to the “new utterance” screen. Figure 1 shows the example utterance along with the ListItems intent mapped to it within the dropdown menu next to it.
Figure 1 Example of Utterance and Intent
Click on the Submit button to add this utterance to your LUIS application. Before LUIS can start working its magic for you, you must add more such utterances to help LUIS understand the intents more accurately. Keep in mind that the utterances must project the same intent as the one in Figure 1, but at the same time, they should be something that users will say naturally when asking for stocks: “Show me the stocks” comes to mind.
Now that you’ve added two utterances to your application, click on the Train button in the lower-left corner to see if the LUIS application has enough information to understand when to trigger the ListItems intent. The framework triggers the training periodically on its own, as well. Training your model after adding a few examples can help you identify any problem with the model early and take corrective actions. Because LUIS framework also features active learning, you’ll benefit from training as the example utterance will be scored automatically for you as you add them.
Moving forward with your application, it’s also natural to ask about the inventory of certain items you’re stocking, so also think about examples such as “Show me the stocks of red scarves” and “How many shirts do we have in stock?”
However, these queries are different from the ones you’ve added so far. These queries contain the terms “red scarves” and “shirts.” This means you need more than your intent, ListItems, to return the right results back to your users. You need an entity called “Item,” which you’ll map to these terms to add more intelligence in your language model.
You can add these utterances to your LUIS application and label the entities later, but in this case, you’ll add entity first and then the utterances. Click on the “+” button next to Entities and name this entity Item.
Now, you can add those queries mentioned earlier and label them with the intent and entity at the same time. To do that, just add your utterance and if the intent hasn’t already been mapped with a score, select the relevant intent and then click on the term “shirts” to map it with the Item entity.
Select Item from the list to label it an item. Add the other example already mentioned—“Show me the stocks of red scarves”—and instead of mapping just “scarves,” select “red” and “scarves,” both as the entity Item. Note: A favorite browser, Edge, doesn’t let you select multiple words in the LUIS portal. Use any other browser of your choice to do this.
Also note that the term “red scarves” falls in the category of Composite Entities because they denote one single entity together—scarves, which have red in them. As explained earlier, Composite Entities are made up of multiple parts but represent one unit of object such as “black shoes” and “2016 Ford Mustang.” However, for the sake of simplicity, you’re going to treat them as a single entity.
Train the model again and see if the active learning in LUIS kicks in. Now try adding an utterance such as, “How many wallets do we have in stock,” or, “Show me the stocks of trousers.”
You might find the result interesting. Notice that the term “wallets” gets mapped to Item entity but “trousers” doesn’t. Don’t panic, it just means that LUIS needs a few more examples to make sense of utterances that follow the same pattern. To do that, map “trousers” to Item entity and train your model one more time.
To test this, try adding “Show me the stocks of red shirts” or “Show me the stocks of pants” and verify that red shirts and pants get mapped to the right intents and entities. I hope your mileage doesn’t vary from mine so far.
Using the Suggest section in the portal, you can also get suggestions from the Cortana logs for individual intents and entities.
Once your intents and entities are getting mapped correctly, you can move on to the next phases of your journey on LUIS.
Using LUIS with Real Apps
This LUIS application isn’t useful for your users now; you need to connect to this application from your apps and services. Because the LUIS application is exposed via REST endpoints and the responses are returned in JSON format, you can use LUIS services from any platform or programming language that can connect using HTTPS protocol and parse JSON responses.
Note: The LUIS portal also exposes the export functionality from the “My Application” portion, which exports your LUIS application as a JSON document to make changes offline and import it back. In combination with the LUIS APIs and the C# SDK, you can integrate LUIS in your DevOps processes, as well.
You also need to publish your LUIS app before you can start calling it from your apps, which is as simple as it gets: Just click on the Publish button and click again on the Publish Web service button.
Notice that the REST endpoint URI also includes your LUIS application ID and the subscription key. Protect this information as much as you would any other credentials as it can otherwise lead to disruption of the service and have a financial impact.
Once the application has been published, you should be able to test it by typing any other example in the Query input box and test the accuracy of your model. Try that by entering “how many ties do we have in the stock?” and press Enter on your keyboard.
This will open a new browser window and you should get a response in the JSON format as shown in Figure 2.
The response includes the query string passed to the LUIS app, along with the intents and entities detected in the query. Also included is the individual scoring information for each of them. These scores are important because they’re direct indicators of how your language model and the training are performing. As you add more utterance and make any changes to your model, this dialog box also provides you with an option to publish your updates. Updating your LUIS application after every training session is important because it’ll keep using the older training model and the response from the HTTP endpoint will defer from your expectations.
Analyzing Performance of Language Model
Adding too many variations of the language can result in errors and might force you to change your language model. To address these issues, the LUIS portal features a Performance Analysis section. You can use this section to understand how your LUIS app is performing when it comes to detecting intents and entities. You can get a color-coded performance overview of all of your intents and entities in this section.
Depending on the training, examples, and language model used, your LUIS app might also run into issues where it’s unable to map intents or entities correctly. There might also be cases where adding multiple types of utterance confuses the LUIS service. These issues can be easily tracked with the performance drill-down using Performance Analysis. The dropdown menu also lets you drill down on analysis to individual intent and entities.
You can also get similar information for the entities in your language model.
This information, along with the Review Labels section of the portal, can help you look at and analyze any errors with your language model.
Calling LUIS From C# UWP/ASP.NET Apps
If you’re building a UWP app or ASP.NET Web app using C#, you can use the classes denoted in Figure 3 to deserialize the JSON response.
public class LUISResponse { public string query { get; set; } public lIntent[] intents { get; set; } public lEntity[] entities { get; set; } } public class lIntent { public string intent { get; set; } public float score { get; set; } } public class lEntity { public string entity { get; set; } public string type { get; set; } public int startIndex { get; set; } public int endIndex { get; set; } public float score { get; set; } }
The code in Figure 4 in your C# UWP or ASP.NET app can use these classes to get the intent and entities information.
private async Task LUISParse(string queryString) { using (var client = new HttpClient()) { string uri = "<YOUR LUIS APP ID> &subscription-key=<YOUR LUIS APP KEY>&q=" + queryString; HttpResponseMessage msg = await client.GetAsync(uri); if (msg.IsSuccessStatusCode) { var jsonResponse = await msg.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); var _Data = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<LUISResponse>(jsonResponse); var entityFound = _Data.entities[0].entity; var topIntent = _Data.intents[0].intent; } } }
Based on your requirements, you can run the response through a loop to extract multiple entities of different types, as well as score information about the intents detected in the query string.
Using LUIS with Bot Framework
If you’re using Bot Framework to build a bot and are looking to use LUIS to add natural language intelligence, you’ll be pleased to know that the Microsoft.Bot.Builder namespace in the Bot SDK makes it extremely easy to connect with your LUIS application and filter out the intents and entities. In the MessageController of your Bot Framework solution, add the following line to route all incoming messages to the class called LuisConnect:
Now add a class file called LuisConnect.cs in your project and change the code, as shown in Figure 5.
using System; using System.Net.Http; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Web.Http; using Microsoft.Bot.Connector; namespace BotApp2 { [LuisModel("<application-id>", "<subscription-key>")] [Serializable] public class Luis : LuisDialog<object> { [LuisIntent("")] public async Task None(IDialogContext context, LuisResult result) { stringmessage = "I’m sorry I didn't understand. Try asking about stocks or inventory."; await context.PostAsync(message); context.Wait(MessageReceived); } [LuisIntent("ListItems")] public async Task ListInventory(IDialogContext context, LuisResult result) { string message = ""; if (result.Entities.Count != 0 && result.Intents.Count 0 ) message = $ "detected the intent \ "{ result.Intents[0].Intent}\" for \"{result.Entities[0].Entity}\". Was that right?"; wait context.PostAsync(message); conext.Wait(MessageReceived); } public async Task Start Async(IDialogContext context) { context.Wait(MessageReceived); } } }
Run your bot locally and try asking questions such as, “Show me the stocks of shirts,” or, “How many belts do we have in stock?” and you should get the appropriate responses with the intents and entities back from the bot.
The most interesting part about the code in Figure 5 is that you just had to label your methods with [LuisIntent] and the SDK takes care of calling the LUIS application and getting back results from the LUIS service. This makes it really quick and simple to start adding the language intelligence in our apps.
Making It Better
The focus of this article is to make you familiar with the workings of LUIS and integration so I’ve used really simple examples. There are two more features of LUIS that are bound to make your life easier: Regex and Phrase List features.
Much like the name suggests, the Regex feature helps in matching a repetitive pattern in your phrases such as product codes. The Phrase List feature can be used as an interchangeable list of words or phrases to look for in your utterances. For example, in the application we have utterances that started with “Show me the stocks,” “Find me the stocks,” “How many,” and so on. Adding these phrases in a Phrase List called InventoryQueries at the start will remove the need to train your model with more examples for these utterances separately. I’ll leave that to you to explore and experience.
The Future
The LUIS offering is ready to be used in your apps but it’s still being improved and new features are being added frequently. There are some features that aren’t covered in this portal but are available for public preview. They’re exciting and still in development:
- Integration with Bot Framework and Slack: You can try this out when publishing your LUIS app in Preview Portal. This integration lets you quickly integrate LUIS with Microsoft Bot Framework and Slack.
- Dialog Support: Dialog support in LUIS lets you add conversational intelligence in your LUIS application so it can ask for more information from the users on its own if the query requires more information than provided by the users at first. For example, a flight app can prompt for a travel date if the user asks for flight information with just the city name
- Action Fulfillment: This feature lets you fulfill the user-triggered actions using the built-in and custom channel right from your LUIS app.
These features are exciting and enable more natural conversational interaction in your app with little effort. They need depth exploration on their own and I hope to do that soon.
Wrapping Up
I hope you now understand what LUIS can do for you and how effortlessly you can start leveraging it to add a more natural human interaction element to your apps.
In this article, I went through the basics of the LUIS service. I created a LUIS application, built and trained your language model to help you understand what users mean when they ask something. I also looked at the ways in which this LUIS application can be used from your apps, Web services and in your bots. A sample project that contains the LUIS model, UWP app and the bot sample code mentioned in this article can be found on GitHub at bit.ly/2eEmPsy.
Ashish Sahu is a senior technical evangelist, working with Developer Experience at Microsoft India, and helping ISVs and startups overcome technical challenges, adopt latest technologies, and evolve their solutions to the next level. He can be contacted at ashish.sahu@microsoft.com.
Thanks to the following Microsoft technical expert for reviewing this article: Srikantan Sankaran
Srikantan Sankaran is a technical evangelist from the DX team in India, based out of Bangalore. He works with numerous ISVs in India and helps them architect and deploy their solutions on Microsoft Azure.
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Cognitive Services - Enable Natural Language Interaction with LUIS
Great introduction. When is LUIS coming out of BETA? Best, Elky
Jan 20, 2017-unders...
Jan 1, 2017 | https://msdn.microsoft.com/magazine/mt745095 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 3,588 | 60.35 |
In today’s article we want to deal with the integration of the telegram messenger via SAP CPI. But why telegram? In the list of the most popular messengers, telegram occupies “only” 6th place and of course, WhatsApp is by far the most popular messenger, but unlike WhatsApp, telegram has one major advantage: It offers an open, free and easy to use API. (Whereas access to Whatsapp’s api is limited and chargeable.)
In the following article we want to create a Telegram Bot as well as an IFlow, serving as backend, which is able to send messages in broadcast-style to all users registered in the bot. Since I do not assume that everyone has already gained experience with Telegram Bots, I also go into the creation of Telegram bots. (If you already know this, just skip the first sections.) Before we start, let’s take a quick look at the table of contents.
Table of contents
- Which services are needed – the target image
- How to create a Telegram bot – Getting to know the botfather
- Setting up the IFlow
- IFlow Pt. 1 – How to connect a Telegram bot with CPI via Webhooks
- IFlow Pt. 2 – Setting up the registration logic
- IFlow Pt. 3 – Setting up the broadcast logic
- Testing – let’s check the broadcast functionality
- Ideas and areas for improvement
- Conclusion
Which services are needed – the target image
Before we dive into the hands-on part, let’s stop for a second and think about the target image. Which functions should our target solution serve? We want to build a SAP CPI interface that allows us to send message to all users of a Telegram bot. Therefore we need to know who is a user of the bot. Since we’re like the early Google (“[…] don’t be evil […]”), we assume that may want to stop receiving messages. Thus we need also a function which enables users to unsubscribe from our broad cast messages.
So our first functionality will enable the user to subscribe to our bot via a specific Telegram message. Telegram will then push the user’s message to our CPI tenant which takes the user id, stores it and sends back an approval message to the user.
The next use case will be the unsubscribe functionality. If an user sends a specific message (e.g. “/stop”) we will delete the user’s id from our datastore and send back an approval message.
The third functionality looks a little bit different. This use case is triggered by a thirdparty (user or system). If the thirdparty sends in a text message, the CPI looksup for all user ids and sends the message to each single user. That’s what I call “broadcast”. (An no, unfortunately there isn’t a method to just send one message with all receiver user ids to the Telegram servers. We have to send a message for each and every user.)
Now that it’s clear what our target setup looks like, let’s start creating the bot…
How to create a Telegram bot – Getting to know the botfather
The bot creation for Telegram is really straightforward. No E-Mail address, API account registration, etc. is necessary. The complete setup process can be done within the Telegram messenger itself. This results in the first and only entrance barrier: you need a telegram account. If you do not have one yet, now is the time to download the Telegram app (Android | iOS) and create an account.
For reasons of comfort, I recommend the web variant of Telegram for the following steps, which is accessible via. This makes it easy to do the bot setup from your PC.
To create a bot, let’s chat to @botfather. This “father of all bots” is itself a bot that allows you to manage your own telegram bots. When chatting for the first time, the botfather will welcome you with a list of supported commands. Don’t be scared, we don’t need all of them. The following screenshot (click to enlarge!) will show you the most important steps.
(1) By sending /newbot we are initiating the bot setup process.
(2) At first we have to give the screenname of the bot. (That’s the name which is shown in the user’s contact list, but not the handle/id which will be used to invite/chat to the bot. So use a long descriptive name here.)
(3) Now we have to choose the bot handle. It’s the unique id/username of the bot. Users have to enter the id in the contact search. So choose a short and catchy handle.
(4) That’s it. The bot was successfully created. Copy and save the bot api token (the one in red letters) in a secure space. (And never share it. It’s the key to control your bot via API.)
The basics are done. Now let’s do some “makeup” for your future bot users. At first let’s setup a picture for our bot. Therefore initiate the picture setup process via sending /setuserpic to @botfather.
(1) Write /setuserpic to trigger the user picture setup process.
(2) Enter your bot’s handle, so that the botfathers knows which bot to maintain.
(3) Upload the user picture via the image upload function. For my bot I searched on iconfinder.com (with filter options “No link back” to find a free-to-use icon. But since we’re nice: Thanks, PixelPirate, for this cool icon.)
To guide our users we can setup predefined commands. Those will be shown to users of our bot as suggestions, so that they know how to interact with our bot. I think this is a good thing, so let’s set them up.
Initiate the process by writing /setcommands to the botfather. Then again send your bot handle. After this you can send in a list of supported commands of your bot including a description. Looking back to the use cases we defined in the first chapter, we define a /start and a /stop command. (Why didn’t I choose /subscribe and /unsubscribe? Because /start is a standard one, which will shown by telegram to the bot users anyway. If we re-use it for our purpose, we don’t have to implement an additional functionality for the /start command…)
Try to add our new bot to your contact list. You should recognize the userpic we set up before. When trying to chat to our new bot, you should recognize the suggested standard commands we set up earlier. That’s it for the bot creation. Now let’s head over to the SAP CPI implementation.
Setting up the IFlow
Everything we build today will be developed within a single IFlow. Nevertheless, for sake of clarity I splitted the IFlow related content of this article into three parts.
Open your CPI tenant, choose a package for the IFlow (or create a new one) and add a new IFlow to it. Then open the IFlow editor and follow the next steps.
IFlow Pt. 1 – How to connect a Telegram bot with CPI via Webhooks
There are two options to receive messages from your Telegram bots. A pull- and push-based. Pulling may sense, if you plan to receive dozens of messages. In that case you could keep the amount of requests low by pulling multiple messages at once. The downside? It’s not that fast like getting each and every message pushed to your CPI tenant and if you expect to get for example less than one message per 2 seconds, but want to keep your interface responsive (=you have to pull each 2 seconds) than you would make a lot of useless calls.
The second option, getting messages (proactively) pushed from the Telegram servers to your CPI tenant is a good choice, if you want to build a high responsive interface and don’t expect that much message per minute. In “push” mode each and every message a user sends to your bot is pushed via a so called “Webhook” to your CPI interface.If your want to know more about both method, you should read this.
Having a look at our use-case list, we can see that users regularly only interact once (maximum twice, if they unsubscribe) with out bot. Thus we assume that we don’t receive that much messages and therefore choose the webhook-based push scenario. To enable Telegram to push messages to us, we have to provide an endpoint. So let’s start with setting up the endpoint for Telegram.
Connect the sender via HTTS-channel with the start message element. Configure the sender channel as shown in the screenshot above. (Of course you can choose a different address name.) Then add a Groovy script element and connect the start message element with the script and the script with the end message element.
import com.sap.gateway.ip.core.customdev.util.Message; import groovy.json.*; import java.util.HashMap; def Message processData(Message message) { //Read body as String (Parser in general would be the better choice, but //since we want to reuse the body multiple times, a String is easier here.) def body = message.getBody(java.lang.String) as String; //Parse Telegram message from body def slurper = new JsonSlurper() def bodyObj = slurper.parseText(body) //Read chat.id (=user id of the Telegram user) message.setProperty("msgInChatId", bodyObj.message.chat.id) //Read chat message the user send to the bot message.setProperty("msgInText", bodyObj.message.text != null ? bodyObj.message.text : "") //Get LogFactory and create MPL attachment with original Telegram messageLog //This is not necessary, but really gives some nice insights def messageLog = messageLogFactory.getMessageLog(message); if(messageLog != null){ messageLog.addAttachmentAsString("TELEGRAM_EVENT", body, "application/json"); } return message; }
The script will be used for two purposes:
- Extract the user id and the message/text from the incoming Telegram message
- Log the incoming Telegram event/message to the CPI message processing log for analysis purposes.
Now save and deploy your IFlow and switch to CPI’s monitoring view. Once there, open the “Manage Integration Content” view, search for your IFlow and copy the runtime url.
Now we have to marry Telegram’s botfather with your new CPI interface. This can be done via a simple HTTP/GET-request from any webclient. (I have chosen Postman for this blog.) To do so, build the following url (by replacing the {patterns} with actual values):{telegram_api_token}/setWebhook?url=https://{cpi_user}:{cpi_pass}@{iflow_endpoint}
The {telegram_api_token} is the one you received from the botfather when initially setting up your bot. The {cpi_user} and {cpi_pass} are user credentials of a user which is able to access your interface. (I know, it seems like bad practice, but Telegram doesn’t support another way of accessing secured endpoints right now…). The {iflow_endpoint} is the one marked up in the screenshot above, but without the trailing “https://” part.
If you call this url, you should receive an answer from Telegram that you successfully registered your webhook endpoint. From now on every Telegram message to your bot should be pushed straightforward to your interface.
Note (1): For security reasons you should create a new user for use in the Webhook url. In addition it’s a good idea to change the sender role in the HTTPS sender channel from ESBMessaging.send to a custom one. (Read here how to generate custom roles.) Thus you can isolate the user in the best possible way. (And you should do so, because passing user credentials plaintext inside an url as shown above isn’t good practice. But as I told you – for this use-case there’s no other option.) Thanks to Ariel Bravo Ayala for pointing this out and for sharing his ideas!
Note (2): If you want to stop Telegram sending messages to your interface, you can “divorce” the bond between CPI and Telegram by simply calling the following url:{telegram_api_token}/deleteWebhook
Before we start with the second part, let’s do a quick check if everything works so far. Open the telegram messenger, add your bot and send any message to it. You should find it in message log almost immediately.
As you can see, the message arrived immediately and since we logged the incoming Telegram event, we can identify the text we send to the bot inside the JSON message received via webhook. Now we’re good to go for the business logic of our IFlow.
IFlow Pt. 2 – Setting up the registration logic
Let’s deal with the business logic now. As you might know from my other blogs, I prefer to start with an overview of what we will build. Below the following screenshot you will then get detailed information for the single steps.
The green block is what you’ve reached so far. Let’s start with adding the sub-processes. Add a Local Integration Process (1) and name it “Unregister user”. This will contain the logic to unregister a user (=forget his user id). Therefore add an Data Store Operation/Delete element (2) and configure it as follows.
The entry id will be filled with the user’s id, we picked up in the script step (check code listing above).
Since we want to confirm that the de-registration was successful, we will prepare a response for the chat user. Add a Content Modifier (3) and set its body tab (in Expression mode) with the following content:
{ "chat_id": ${property.msgInChatId}, "text": "Thanks for using the Telegram bot. We would love to hear from you at another time!" }
That’s it for the “Unregister user” process. Now let’s head over to the “Register user” subprocess. Start by adding a new Local Integration Process (4) and name it “Register user”. Add a Content Modifier (5) and and set its body tab (in Expression mode) with the following content:
<chatId>${property.msgInChatId}</chatId>
That’s the content we like to store in our “user database” with all the active ids that should be informed in case of a broadcast. Next we have to store this piece of information. Therefore add a Data Store Operation/Write element (6) to the Local Integration Process and configure it as shown in the next screenshot.
As last step in the “Register user” Local Integration Process we like to set a feedback message for the Telegram user. (As we did before for the unregister process.) So add a Content Modifier (7) and set its body tab (in Expression mode) with the following content:
{ "chat_id": ${property.msgInChatId}, "text": "Thanks for subscribing to the SAP CPI Telegram Bot! To stop your subscription, write: /stop" }
You might wonder how these feedback messages will be transferred to the user, because since now we just set messages via Content Modifiers but didn’t send them anywhere. You’re right – there’s one more process needed. (If you have a look at the overview picture, you will find the next Local Integration Process in the upper right corner.) Let’s build the third Local Integration Process of todays IFlow.
Add another Local Integration Process (8) and name it “Send message to user”. This will act as a reusable pattern which allows us to send messages back to the Telegram servers. Start the new Local Integration Process by placing a Content Modifier (9) and set it up as shown below.
The Content-Type header has to be set to send the messages we configured in (3) and (7) with the appropriate type header to the Telegram serves. The botToken property should contain the bot token you received from the botfather, when setting up your bot. (Hint: You should externalize this parameter so that you can switch with ease between different bots/enviroments later .)
Add a Request Reply element now, name it something like “sendMessage()” and connect it (10) with a receiver element. Choose “HTTP” as channel type and configure the channel as shown below.
Optionally you can add a logging script (11), like the one you placed as very first element to your IFlow. That’s not necessary, but it can be helpful, if you want to understand the response messages from Telegram.
Now that we have setup all Local Integration Processes, we can connect/call them from the IFlow’s main logic. Hold out, most of it is done…
Let’s head back to our main Integration Process and place a Router element (12) to the process. Then add two Process Call elements (13), (14) and an end message event (15). Call the “User register” Local Integration Process in the first and the “User unregister” Local Integration Process in the second Process Call element. Connect the router with those three elements and configure the routes as shown below.
In case the message text is “/start” we will route the first Process Call element. In case it is “/stop” we route to the second Process Call element and in case it is everything else we do nothing (route to Message End event) because we don’t want our bot to answer other commands.
As last step, connect both Process Call elements with a new Process Call (16) element (which should call the sendMessage()-Local Integration Process) and connect this last Process Call with the Message End event. That’s it! Now our bot should be able to handle /start and /stop messages by saving the user’s id into SAP CPI’s datastore respectively by deleting it from the store.
IFlow Pt. 3 – Setting up the broadcast logic
In this third and last part of the IFlow setup we will build the broadcast logic (use-case 3), which will enable us to send messages to all registered bot users. The things we will setup look like this:
Start by adding a new Integration Process to your IFlow. I named mine “Integration Process / Broadcast message”. Then connect a (new) receiver with the Start element (17) and choose “HTTPS” as channel type.
Choose an endpoint address of your favour and remove the checkmark in the CSRF Protected box. (In case you want to build an productive interface out of this example, you should use CSRF protection. We only dectivate it for sake of easiness because CSRF isn’t the topic of this blog post.)
Next add a Content Modifier (18). We will use it to store message’s content (which contains the message which should be broadcasted to the bot users) because otherwise it will be lost after the next step.
Add a Data Store Operation/Select (19) as next element to your flow. We will use it to read the Telegram user ids of all users that registered to our bot before. Ensure that you use the same datastore name as in the register/unregister user processes and also make sure that you remove the checkmark from the “Delete on completen” checkbox. (Otherwise user will be dropped from datastore after they got their first broadcast message.)
The result of the Select element will be a huge XML-document containing all user ids. As I told you in the introduction of this article, there’s no API call on Telegrams API that allows us to send messages to multiple users in one API call. So we have to split our userbase and handle each user separately. Therefore we add an Iterating Splitter (20) as next element to our Integration Process.
The splitter will split the datastore result based on the “message” tag in XPath mode. The outcome of the splitter will be one message per user that flows independently through all following steps of our Integration Process.
After the splitter we have to prepare each message for its tranfer to the Telegram servers. Thus we are adding another Content Modifier (21) and read the user’s chat id from the message body via XPath to a property. This chat id then will be used in the “Message Body” tab of the Content Modifier for definition of the recipient.
Now that we prepared the message, we just have to send it to the Telegram user. Therefore we can re-use the Local Integration Process “sendMessage()” which we build a chapter ago. So add a (Local) Process Call element (22) and configure it to call the “sendMessage” Local Integration Process. As last step, connect the Process Call element with the End Message event. Gratulations – you made it!
Testing – let’s check the broadcast functionality
Let’s test our broadcast interface now. If not done, deploy the IFlow. Then find at least two users/colleagues who send a message with the text “/start” to your Telegram bot. If you made everything correct, the users should have received a response from your bot and you should see their Telegram ids in SAP CPIs datastore view.
Open a webservice testing tool like Postman and setup a new POST request. Set the target url to your IFlows endpoint and set a text to be broadcasted as body. Send the call and check if the users received your message.
If everything went fine, it should look as in the screenshot above.
Ideas and areas for improvement
We’re done with the main part of this article. In general you should be able to setup Telegram-based interfaces now. Before we end with a conclusion let’s have a look on the restrictions/downsides of the solution we just built. (Yes, there’s space for improvement…)
- The user id storage is based on SAP CPI’s datastore feature. Since messages in the datastore have a maximum lifespan, for productive use you should do one of the following things:
- Add some additional functionality, which reads all datastore entries, deletes them and rewrites them every X days. (Thus the entries never get deleted from the datastore.)
- Use a different storage solution for the user ids like a JDBC database.
- The Datastore/Select element needs a number of maximum ids to select. In our tutorial we set this value to 1000. This also means if you had more than 1000 users registered this would fail. Either implement something like a loop to pull out all/more ids or switch to another storage solution.
- The Telegram API has some kind of API throttling. This means if you send too much messages within a short period (30 messages/second), your interface will be blocked. If you plan to handle a huge user base, you should implement somekind of throttle to ensure that your interface doesn’t send more than 30 messages per second.
- What we skipped totally for now is some kind of authorization handling. If you plan to build a bot for sales/marketing reasons, this should be no problem. But if you plan to build a bot for company news or alerting purposes, you should implement some kind of user authorization in the “User register” process. (I will handle the topic in one of the upcoming blogs.)
- If you want to learn more about Telegrams API capabilities, have a look at their API documenation:
Conclusion
Poof! the article has become longer than expected. I hope I could bring you closer to the topic “Telegram API” in connection with SAP CPI. If something is unclear, write me a comment. Feedback is always welcome.
If you still need a few ideas for use cases – how about …
- A Telegram bot which sends SAP CPI Alerts (in combination with the CPI Message Processing Logs-API)
- A Telegram bot to inform business users about upcoming maintenance periods
- A Telegram bot for sending your companies monthly news letter
- …
And now I wish you a lot of fun building it!
Thank you very much for this article 🙂 I love it 🙂
Hi Raffael Herrmann,
I complated this senario but when I test it after more than three successfull trying, my suser is locking.Did you face this problem too?
Thansks
Hi Metin, no, i didn’t run into this scenario. Are you sure it works three times and then locks your user? Because it sounds more like entering three times the wrong password and then your user gets locked. Maybe you have entered the password in a wrong format in the webhook url? If your password contains special chars, ensure that you encode them.
Regards
Hi Raffael Herrmann,
I configured everything as mentioned by you.
But when I call the broadcast url I am getting error
com.sap.it.rt.adapter.http.api.exception.HttpResponseException: An internal server error occured: HTTP operation failed invoking{property.botToken}/sendMessage (where ${propert.botToken} is my bot token)
But if I send request directly to{property.botToken}/sendMessage I receive the message in telegram.
Regards
You are getting an HTTP400 error in CPI from Telegram. 400 means “Bad Request” and often is thrown when the payload send to the service doesn’t match the service’s requirements. From you screenshot I can see that your JSON, sent out to Telegram, contains the field “chat_Id” with an uppercase I. But I think it should be “chat_id” with an lowercase. Could you please change “chat_Id” to “chat_id” and try if this solves your problem?
Hi, I am quite new to here and I am having trouble to find the IFlow. Is that a website or an application?
Looking forward from your reply,
Seng | https://blogs.sap.com/2019/12/14/how-to-broadcast-telegram-messages-via-sap-cpi-and-telegram-bots/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 4,203 | 72.66 |
30. Re: Solaris 11.4 Beta1670140 Feb 5, 2018 2:29 PM (in response to Andrew Watkins)
Andrew that is kind of good to hear. Means I am not totally crazy. I have been working with DougL-Oracle on the issue.
I opened a new thread Solaris 11.4 beta autofs maps from ldap no longer functioning.
to track the issue, though doug is working privately with me. Feel free to update that thread and or contact doug with the issues.
31. Re: Solaris 11.4 BetaAlanc-Oracle Feb 5, 2018 4:49 PM (in response to Andrew Watkins)
(Please post new issues to a new thread next time, instead of burying them in this mega-thread where it's hard to see what's what and what's been replied to.)
Unfortunately, a bug we didn't get fixed in time for the 11.4 beta release causes upgrades to fail with certain locale packages installed - the workaround is to --reject them as shown in Updating an Oracle Solaris 11.3 System to Oracle Solaris 11.4:
# pkg update --accept --be-name 11.4.0 --ignore-missing \
--reject system/input-method/ibus/anthy \
--reject system/input-method/ibus/pinyin \
--reject system/input-method/ibus/sunpinyin \
--reject system/input-method/library/m17n/contrib \
entire@latest
A pointer to this is also given in the Update Issues section of the Release Notes. Since your error message lists a failure due to pkg://solaris/system/input-method/library/m17n/contrib, this seems likely to be the problem you hit.
32. Re: Solaris 11.4 BetaPhil Harman Feb 7, 2018 6:03 PM (in response to saurabh-vyas-Oracle)
Yes, sorry, I fixed that (edited the post)
What I actually use is:
pkg set-publisher -G '*' -g -c certfile -k keyfile solaris
33. Re: Solaris 11.4 BetaPhil Harman Feb 7, 2018 6:11 PM (in response to 899664)
899664 wrote:
Problem with ESXi and the Solaris 11.4 iso used as a CD diskimage
I was able to install Solaris 11.4 from the iso on ESXi 5.5 but on ESXi 6.5U1 I got this error for the cdrom device
"The on-disk vtoc geometry is not valid. nhead: ; nsect: 1; count 1409432"
I had the same on VirtualBox...
It's just a pesky console error message that appears at just the wrong time, obscuring the list of valid input at the bottom of the screen.
So unless you know what to type, it feels like it has hung.
Just type Control-L to refresh, or ESC 2 to continue.
34. Re: Solaris 11.4 Betalhyr Feb 8, 2018 7:42 AM (in response to Geri H-Oracle)
So, no more package manager graphical user interface for IPS ?
Many packages have been marked as Obsolete but have not been replaced in this version.
Beta means there wont be implemented in the release version ?
So future of Solaris is less Graphical Interface and more Console ?
35. Re: Solaris 11.4 BetaPetede-Oracle Feb 8, 2018 9:54 AM (in response to lhyr)
The Solaris desktop has moved to a Gnome 3 one. I actually use it on my work desktop (with a virtualbox installation for any Windows applications that are needed). So I find the environment useful (a few tweaks here and there for personal preference on the Gnome 3 stuff). As for the package manager GUI indeed that has gone. Packages that have been marked as Obsolete are gone from the release and will not be brought back into life (of course there are some special exceptions - we are moving those packages into a package namespace beinging with legacy - for example legacy/storage/fc-utilities). Solaris is a great general purpose OS and is targeted for the server side of the fence, thus 'less Graphical Interfaces and more Console' but Gnome 3 is there if wanted/needed (as I said I and many of my colleagues use Solaris 11.x on our desktops).
Thanks
Pete | https://community.oracle.com/thread/4117614?start=0&tstart=0 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 665 | 65.22 |
Using Thread Analyzer with DBX
By janitor on Jul 15, 2007
The Thread Analyzer is a new tool and can
be used to detect programming errors such as data-race and deadlocks in
a multi-threaded application. Because the collector is an intergral
debugging feature, you can collect data-race detection and deadlock
detection experiments while debugging your application. In the
following example, we will show you how to prepare the source code for
experiment, how to collect data in dbx, how to examine the experiment,
and how to use dbx to isolate the problem.
The program (t.c) is a multi-threaded C
program that contains data-race errors.
% cat t.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
int g;
void cleanup_handler(void \*arg)
{
g = 1;
}
void \*work(void \*arg)
{
int i;
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler, NULL);
for (i=0; ; i++) {
if ((i%1000)==0)
pthread_testcancel();
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0)
}
int main(int argc, char \*argv[])
{
pthread_t tid1;
pthread_t tid2;
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, work, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, work, NULL);
pthread_cancel(tid1);
pthread_cancel(tid2);
pthread_join(tid1,NULL);
pthread_join(tid2,NULL);
printf("%d \\n", g);
}
The following command instruments the
source code for data-race collection:
cc -xinstrument=datarace -g -mt t.c -o
a.out
Now, we load the application to the dbx
debugger, enable experiment collection, and start to debug:
dbx
a.out
[t@null l@null]: collector tha races # Specify thread-analyzer settings
# use deadlock instead of races for deadlock detection
[t@null l@null]: collector enable # Enable collector, open new experiment
The following command sets a breakpoint at
the line 31. It is used to illustrate that you can use any debugging
feature as needed for debugging purpose while collecting data.
[t@null l@null]: stop at 31
(2) stop at "t.c":31
[t@null l@null]: run
Creating experiment database tha.1.er ...
Running: a.out
(process id 14046)
Reading libcollector.so
Reading tha.so
t@1 (l@1) stopped in main at line 31 in file "t.c"
31 pthread_cancel(tid1);
[t@1 l@1]: threads # Print the list of all known threads
o> t@1 a l@1 ?() breakpoint in main()
t@2 a l@2 thread_hj_start_routine() running in work()
t@3 a l@3 thread_hj_start_routine() running in work()
[t@1 l@1]: status
\*(2) stop at "t.c":31
[t@1 l@1]: delete 2 # Remove breakpoint number 2
[t@1 l@1]: cont # Continue execution
1
execution completed, exit code is 0
[t@null l@null]:er_print -races tha.1.er # Examine the data-race experiment
(You can also use the Thread Analyzer or the Performance Analyzer to examine the experiment. )
Total Races: 1 Experiment:
tha.1.er
Race #1, Vaddr: 0x214c0
Access 1: Write, cleanup_handler + 0x00000070,
line 8 in "t.c"
Access 2: Write, cleanup_handler + 0x00000070,
line 8 in "t.c"
Total Traces: 1
This experiment shows a data race error at line 8 in "t.c". Now you can use dbx to examine the context of all threads when line 8 is reached:
[t@null l@null]: stop at 8
(2) stop at "t.c":8
[t@null l@null]: run
Creating experiment database tha.2.er ...
Running: a.out
(process id 14097)
t@2 (l@2) stopped in cleanup_handler at line 8 in file "t.c"
8 g = 1;
t@3 (l@3) stopped in cleanup_handler at line 8 in file "t.c"
8 g = 1;
[t@3 l@3]: threads
t@1 a l@1 ?() running in __lwp_wait()
t@2 a l@2 thread_hj_start_routine() running in __open()
\*> t@3 a l@3 thread_hj_start_routine() breakpoint in cleanup_handler()
[t@3 l@3]:
The dbx threads command shows that both t@2 and t@3 are writing to the variable g at line 8. The where command can also be used to print a procedure traceback.
The Thread Analyzer and dbx are available
on Solaris and on Linux. The Thread Analyzer is a new tool in Sun Studio 12. These
tools are fully supported by the Sun Studio IDE. | https://blogs.oracle.com/janitor/tags/tha_dbx | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | refinedweb | 666 | 63.7 |
I'd like to make a dictionary subclass that takes in positional keywords in addition to the standard *args, **kwargs. I found this example on stackoverflow:
class attrdict(dict): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) self.__dict__ = self a = attrdict(x=1, y=2) print a.x, a.y print a['x'] b.x, b.y = 1, 2 print b.x, b.y
I'd like to know how to modfiy it to take in a positional argument. Something like:
class attrdict(dict): def __init__(self,positional, *args, **kwargs): dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) self.positional=positional ### This doesn't a = attrdict(50, 30, 20) >>>TypeError: dict expected at most 1 arguments, got 2
This doesn't seem to want to accept multiple args. I was able to rectify this by overwriting the update method, something like:
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): 'do stuff'
However, it seems like whenever I define the update module, I lose the ability to define the instance variable, self.positional.
For example, if I do:
### Without overwriting update() a >>>{} a.positional >>>50 ### With overwriting update() a >>> #No dictionary! a.positional >>> 50
Has anyone ever succesffuly made a custom dict that takes *args, and a positional argument? | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/429643/custom-dictionary-with-positional-and-keyword-arguments | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | refinedweb | 205 | 50.43 |
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Mystical Symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gita Govinda
LALITA SINHA
Foreword by Harry Oldmeadow. Unveiling the Garden of Love: Mystical Symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gita Govinda appears as one of our selections in the Perennial Philosophy series.
The Perennial Philosophy Series
In the beginning of the twentieth century, a school of thought arose which has focused on the enunciation and explanation of the Perennial Philosophy. Deeply rooted in the sense of the sacred, the writings of its leading exponents establish an indispensable foundation for understanding the timeless Truth and spiritual practices which live in the heart of all religions. Some of these titles are companion volumes to the Treasures of the World’s Religions series, which allows a comparison of the writings of the great sages of the past with the perennialist authors of our time.
Cover: Mughal miniature by Mir Kalan Khan, c.1775
Unveiling The Garden of Love
Mystical Symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gita Govinda
by
Lalita Sinha
Harry Oldmeadow
Foreword by
p.(The perennial philosophy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. Box 2682. Gitagovinda.8’03543--dc22 2008025019 Printed on acid-free paper in United States of America For information address World Wisdom. Inc. Unveiling the garden of love : mystical symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gita Govinda / by Lalita Sinha . P. 1140 or 41-1202 or 3. Indiana 47402-2682 www. Lalita. Nizami Ganjavi.O. Inc. Jayadeva. Love in literature. foreword by Harry Oldmeadow. ISBN 978-1-933316-63-5 (pbk. All rights reserved. Bloomington.com . -.Unveiling the Garden of Love: Mystical Symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gita Govinda © 2008 World Wisdom. 3. I. cm. 2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sinha. Layli van Majnun. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission. paper) 1.L33S52 2008 808. : alk. PK6501. Mysticism in literature. 12th cent. Title.worldwisdom. except in critical articles and reviews. 4.
To the memory of Shaykh Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din who lived the Way & beloved Sri Swami Damodaranandaji Maharaj who lights the Way Proof that man is not of this world .
.
THORNS OF LOVE’S GARDENS: LONGING AND THE PAIN OF SEPARATION The State of Separation The Pain of Separation 5.CONTENTS Foreword by Harry Oldmeadow Preface Prologue 1. THORNS OF LOVE’S GARDENS: FUSION AND CONFUSION IN SEPARATION Fusion and Confusion Pleasure in Separation 6. Historicity. and Ahistoricity Literary Expression of the Mystical Experience The Stages of Unio Mystica 3. COLORS OF LOVE: SOME IDEALS OF TRADITIONAL PERSIAN AND INDIAN LITERATURE Milieu. THE GARDENER AND THE GARDEN: RETURN AND UNION REGAINED Return and the End xi xvii 1 3 3 7 15 18 21 23 41 47 51 52 87 93 93 96 117 118 120 155 155 . BLOOMS OF LOVE’S GARDEN: INITIAL UNION AND SEPARATION IN UNION The State of Initial Union Separation in Union 4. UNVEILING THE GARDEN OF LOVE The Issue at Hand Approach to the Issues Limits and Boundaries Towards a Contribution 2.
Death and Transition Prelude: At the Sill of the Door Reunion: Celestial and Sexual Encounter Core and Center: The Original State The Wheels Come Full Circle Where Gardens Congregate 7. THE GARDEN UNVEILED: PRESERVING DIVERSITY. OBSERVING UNITY Correspondence and Convergence The Way Forward Epilogue Glossary and Index of Persian/Arabic and Sanskrit Terms Bibliography Biographical Notes 156 157 166 178 182 184 189 190 193 195 197 201 209 .
4: Figure 6.2: Figure 4: Figure 5.LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3.1: Figure 5.1: Figure 3.2: Figure 5.3: Figure 5.4: Figure 7: Publication Background of Texts Being Studied Stages of Mystical Development and Spiritual States Schematization of Physical Space in the Union of Govinda Schematization of Physical Space in the Union of Layla Elements of Correspondence in the Retreat Transcending Limitations in the Garden Elements of Nature in the Portrayal of Seclusion The Heart of the Lover A Mandalic Perspective of Seclusion Relation of Expressions to Human Senses and Levels Levels of Spiritual Development Hierarchies of Emanation Hierarchies of Being Convergence of Textual and Meta-textual Elements 15 47 55 58 103 119 121 127 131 177 183 184 184 191 ix .2: Figure 6.1: Figure 6.3: Figure 6.
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Through the timeless stories of Layla and Majnun. for angels. The animating principle of any traditional civilization shines forth from a Revelation which irradiates every aspect of life of the people in question. works in which the “author” is not intent on some idiosyncratic self-expression but acts rather as a medium through which the tradition itself is expressed. any art entirely devoid xi . painting. one Persian. Every aspect of the culture not only expresses the ethnic genius of that human collectivity but carries the spiritual fragrance of the Revelation which is its wellspring. and Radha and Krishna. The work at hand deals with two twelfth century mystical poems. and for man. It is one of the achievements of this study that the author wells understands that such texts are traditional works—which is to say. profane art on the other hand exists only for man and by that fact betrays him.” One is here really speaking of a whole spiritual universe. dance.” if one might use such an awkward formulation. Frithjof Schuon has remarked that “sacred art… is made at the same time for God. to name but a few. attributed respectively to Nizami and Jayadeva. poetry.” In any traditional culture we will find works of varying degrees of “sacredness. theological and metaphysical works of the great doctors and sages but in the variegated expressive forms of any traditional culture—music.FOREWORD It is sometimes forgotten that the wisdom of the ages is enshrined not only in the Scriptures of the integral traditions. and in the exegetical. and there is no cultural production which lies altogether outside the ambit of religion. one Indian: The Story of Layla Majnun and The Gitagovinda (or Love Song of the Dark Lord). In such a world there is no fundamental distinction between “religion” and the rest of life. And by “tradition” we mean something which encompasses but infinitely surpasses those continuities referred to by modern scholars in terms such “the literary tradition” or “the tradition of philosophical thought. but we will be hardpressed indeed to find any art (in the full amplitude of that term) which is altogether profane—that is to say. costume. and architecture. Unveiling the Garden of Love takes us deep into the medieval worlds of Islam and Hinduism.
no matter how prodigious the research nor how ingenious the treatment. To treat such texts as only literary works would betoken our ignorance. No such scholarly enterprise. sometimes in quite flagrant. Lalita Sinha observes the rigorous protocols of modern scholarship without being captive to the assumptions and attitudes which these days tyrannize much of the Western academy.” That the imagery of erotic love is one of the staples of mystical literature is a fact too well known to need any laboring here. the author has her sights firmly set on “that which lies beyond words” and “That which should not be forsaken. Such scholars need reminding that a thing not worth doing. in her own words.” The force of this appalling observation is nowhere more apparent than in modern academia. We are confronted with the unhappy spectacle of the contemporary scholar. impervious to the spiritual dimensions of the work at hand. strait-jacketing it into the sterile categories of modern thought. The traditional principle of adaequatio affirms that the mode of knowing must be adequate to that which is known. Gai Eaton has remarked of the modern world in general that “our ignorance of the few things that matter is as prodigious as our knowledge of trivialities. None of these reproaches can be leveled at the author of Unveiling the Garden of Love. is not worth doing well! For a conspicuous example of this sort of thing look no further than the recent academic treatment of the Homeric texts where the religious and metaphysical aspects of these works either altogether escape the attention of the scholar or are relegated to the periphery. She is certainly not victim of what René Guénon calls that “passion for research taken as an end in itself…[which is] ‘mental restlessness’ without end and without issue.” No. And so it is with the works with which this book is concerned.Unveiling The Garden of Love of a vertical or spiritual dimension. on the face of it they are love stories of a very human kind. A vast labor is often expended in the analysis of just those aspects of the text which are quite marginal to its central purpose. impudent and impious fashion. But we need not penetrate the text to any great depth to realize that they are profound allegories of the journey of the soul back to God. But to understand how and why it is so is to understand the nature of traxii . Modern scholarly treatments of traditional texts all too often violate this principle. as indeed are so many traditional narratives. can do justice to those dimensions of the text which deal with domains of Reality beyond the reach of an irreligious mentality.
a symbol is a material entity which by its nature participates analogically in a higher order of reality. language. This book offers the reader an exegesis of traditional texts which makes some use of contemporary modes of literary analysis but goes well beyond them to grasp these works in their own terms. and is thus a bridge between the different planes of the Real. She displays both erudition and sensitivity in dealing with cultural context. whilst at the same time realizing that an understanding of such factors is auxiliary to the central task of expounding not only the literary features but. separation and union. Beauty and Goodness. let it be said. the path of bhakti. ‘mystical’: concerning the same realities considered subjectively. as well as giving scrupulous attention to textual particularities. literary convention and genre. The author of the present volume explicates the true nature of the multivalent symbols which pervade these mystical allegories. for instance. This is much easier said than done. and many other contrapuntal themes dealing with the mysterious alchemy of the soul. insofar as is possible. aesthetics and ethics. a task often beyond the capacities of the modern researcher.” Schuon has put the matter in a nutshell: “‘metaphysical’: concerning universal realities considered objectively. (For readers who may be uncertain about the terms “mystical” and “metaphysical. This is also to say that no traditional symbolism can be understood without a degree of metaphysical discernment. the comparison of the two texts is more than the sum of the two parts: the author’s fine-grained commentary not only explicates the texts but each is made to illuminate the other. self-surrender. a nexus that has been torn asunder in the modern world—one need only think. should never be confused with the arbitrary and “flat” sign-systems which so clutter the modern world. The symbolic music of “the garden of love” resonates with all manner of spiritual leitmotiv—the relationship of human and divine love. Traditional symbols. the spiritual meaning xiii . Furthermore. To put it as simply as possible. in relation to the contemplative soul. In the course of her inquiries the author necessarily ranges far and wide in considering the religious and cultural milieu in which these texts appeared. that is. of the provincial and horizontal manner in which a corrosive modern “philosophy” deals with the etiolated and self-contained ‘fields’ of epistemology.”) In the present case one might refer particularly to the metaphysical acuity needed to grasp the interrelations of Truth.Foreword ditional symbolism—again. holy inebriation.
precisely in order to understand these “spiritual worlds” and the “messages” of these texts. fit only for the specialist.N. realizing that all “research. But many historians of religion end by no longer taking seriously the spiritual worlds they study. given over to the accumulation of a profane “knowledge” which deserves no such name. What a scandal that their names should so rarely appear in works of modern scholarship! Readers will also find in these pages reference to the work of Eastern pundits and Western writers who have resisted the debilitating effects of a profane ideal of “scholarship”—one may mention such names as Kathleen Raine. Certainly Unveiling the Garden of Love will command the close attention and appreciation of scholars.Unveiling The Garden of Love of these texts—a meaning which is actually inexhaustible if one truly understands the nature of traditional myth. Unveiling the Garden of Love draws freely and fruitfully on the work of distinguished traditionalist authors such as René Guénon. As Mircea Eliade remarked in The Quest. she wants not only to learn about these texts but to learn from them. Martin Lings. Frithjof Schuon. or they take refuge in a materialism or behaviorism impervious to every spiritual shock. they fall back on their personal religious faith.” None of the remarks above should mislead the reader into supposing that this is an arcane work. Annemarie Schimmel.” all intellectual effort (and for that matter all “art”) should be directed to its proper ends—to support the spiritual wayfarer. But the real distinction of the book lies in the author’s handling of the materials she has drawn from various quarters. symbol and allegory. William Chittick. It is to the author’s credit that she approaches The Story of Layla Majnun and the Gitagovinda. This caution is understandable. to nurture wisdom and for the greater glory of God. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. It bids fair to become the standard work on xiv . Nonetheless a handful of scholars continue to labor in the vineyard well into the night. It is a melancholy fact that the modern university is now largely ruled by a secular ethos and. familiar to students of the sophia perennis. and in the way that these mystical works have been “taken to heart. In brief. One does not live with impunity in intimacy with ‘foreign’ religious forms….” Not so in the present case. under the aegis of so-called “scientific” ideals. and S. Dasgupta. Ananda Coomaraswamy. many scholars dealing with religious and spiritual subjects “defend themselves against the messages with which their documents are filled. and the traditional understandings of these mystical narratives. and Titus Burckhardt.
with that Reality which lies both in the innermost recesses of “the cave of the heart” and infinitely beyond the highest heavens. Harry Oldmeadow Bendigo University xv . mysticism is concerned with the human condition. These are matters which concern every spiritual seeker. The present work offers a very pleasing blend of real scholarship and metaphysical insight. by its very nature. with our deepest intuitions and yearnings. It is also an invitation to a richer spiritual life in which we might yet once again find the First Beloved. But.Foreword its particular subject.
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guided by traditional norms and conventions of Persian and Sanskrit literary expression. Layla and Majnun and between a human and divine figura in the Indian work. At the level of literary expression. As a comparative study of two masterpieces of literary expression. the first stage or theme is of love in union which also inheres impending separation. is based on three major themes. worldly and materialistic modes of existence. allegoric. from the human. The study is conducted on theoretical constructs of Hermeneutics. Next is the stage of love in separation which involves pain and suffering. the study is a focus on the saga of love between two human characters in the Persian work. and informed by the Traditionalist perspective of religion. This perspective contends that the depiction of human love is symbolic. The study finds not only a wealth of common elements. The Quest refers to a process of transformation of the lover. or the mystical connection. The attempt to unveil the mystical symbolism of “The Garden of Love” in the individual texts. and ontological. to the divine. involving much trial and tribulation. represents the end of the journey or the ultimate spiritual station. an esoteric perspective of Love is considered. attention is directed at unveiling similarities and differences of mystical significance between Nizami’s The Story of Layla Majnun and The Gitagovinda of Jayadeva: Love Song of the Dark Lord. These considerations represent the platform for the understanding and interpretation of elements or phenomena in the texts as symbolic expressions of the Sufi and Bhakti mystico-religious traditions. The final stage. celestial and spiritual modes.PREFACE This book is a labor of love. that of love in reunion. but also shared truths and experiences of the two great mystico-religious traditions represented by the texts in question. Accordingly the parallels between the texts are considered in terms of the love between the human soul and God. as well as pleasure and joy. anagogic. Beyond this level. Despite the fact that they originate from two apparently diverse cultural and geographical xvii . Radha and Krishna. In this context. based on what was initially a PhD research. from which there is no return. representing cyclical or returning stages of the spiritual Quest.
” I gratefully acknowledge the support of several people. Foremost is Professor Md. Kalpana Ponniah. Thus. My cherished brother Bijon.” and his invaluable guidance. I would like to acknowledge the help of those who have given generously of their time and shared their opinion. the study of phenomenal elements that are different leads to noumenal correspondences and parallels. Vladimir Braginsky. Zailan and Jamil have given me the wherewithal to cope with the tremendous challenges. The momentous transformational encounters. xviii . Salleh Yaapar who was my Supervisor and Holder of the European Chair of Malay Studies at the International Institute for Asian Studies. and employ apparently different forms of expression.Unveiling The Garden of Love milieus. Nisha and Roshen. I have faced during the course of this research. Ultimately. have given me much comfort. and my profound reverence for each of them have an indelible influence upon this research. K. the works attest to the dictum. and my fellow travelers. Barry McDonald. there is essentially a relatively high level of equivalence and correspondence at the level of literary phenomena. the goal is one” and by Krishna as “All paths lead to me. Das. Patrick Laude. both academic and personal. support and suggestions have molded the course of my intellectual and academic development. The patience and sacrifice of my husband. Particularly. my much valued “devil’s advocate” Richard. and P. Leiden. Khan. custodians of their individual spiritual traditions. Many Paths. an idea expressed in identical images by Rumi as “The roads are different. One Goal. Shakila Manan. I wish to mention Abrahim H. the infinite grace and loving presence of That which has made every effort possible and every moment worthwhile. Last and most important. It is a great honor to express my highest esteem for Sri Swami Damodaranandaji Maharaj and Shaykh Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din. Tat Tvam Asi. Ali Lakhani. as well as in the spiritual dimensions of poetry. Kumar and the unfailing love of my children. He is indeed a true teacher who first beckoned me into the “comparative world.
1997 . Nightingales Under the Snow.Prologue There is no love but for the First Friend whose naked glory you hide under hundreds of veils Annemarie Schimmel.
.
transcendental experience? The answer. In the same way that music is the vehicle. Of all the artistic forms of expression. That being the case. It means concentration. which is a direct experience of the Divine Presence in the here and now. it is ipso facto a projection of archetypes…. poetry. mystical and metaphysical poets and writers have produced abundant and eloquent works extolling their spiritual experiences. In most religious traditions the mystical experience is established as ineffable and inconceivable. has been said to be a state which surpasses human understanding or description. or medium of expression for the musician. plays a central role. this experience has been expressed through diverse forms of sacred and traditional art. specifically that of a mystical nature. throughout the ages. a way back to God…. Yet. other-worldly. and extra-ordinary experience. Through this medium. human language capture and convey an extra-ordinary. Frithjof Schuon (2003) says that all traditional art belongs in some way or other to the ritual domain.CHAPTER ONE UNVEILING THE GARDEN OF LOVE … whose naked glory you hide under hundreds of veils. —Annemarie Schimmel The Issue at Hand Man’s mystical experience. all other artworks draw their inspiration from the spiritual personality of the artist. and that art is … a projection of truth and beauty in the world of forms. the question usually posed is: how do words of an ordinary. so is language the medium for the writer. Thus art functions as a vehicle for expressing the mystical experience. and paint the medium for the artist. as attested to by all major religious and literary tra3 . precisely because it is a transcendental. The archetypes of sacred art are celestial inspirations.
This state of affairs symbolizes the consciousness of the human soul of its separation from God. or journey. have most often been employed by mystics as a means of expressing this experience. by recourse to the language of symbolism. imperceptible. however.Unveiling The Garden of Love ditions is. or quest. and imperceptible. The separation is characterized by a searching. is expressed by the portrayal of human love-in-separation. the concrete has to be expediently employed. to materialize what is intangible. archetypes. with the Divine. the paradigms of love between man and woman. It can also be in the form of characters. 4 . allegories. In this context. or mythical figures. parables. In order to express the abstract encounter therefore. the mystical experience has been perceived as an encounter between two intangible entities. This yearning has been hauntingly 1 In a general sense. symbolism may take the form of images. In diverse mystical traditions this ontological experience has been given emphasis because mystical union is arrived at only through the stages of a long and arduous path. and a yearning to return to its Source. At the most heightened state of consciousness. and as symbols of divine realities.1 Humanity uses symbols as a concrete or perceptible means of expressing the experience of abstract. prototypes. the human soul and Divine Reality. the concern is usually not with the actual persons figured. 2 See Marcoulesco (1993). fraught with pain. and divine realities. agony. humanity … loses the immediate union with the divine and the immediate vision of the spiritual. and intense longing. in all its myriad aspects. metaphors. spiritual. It makes symbols … and sees in them and through them the spiritual and divine substance that has no likeness and could not otherwise be seen. and a journey back to each other. In portraying this earthly love. Then it tries to embody in a tangible or otherwise perceptible form. rather than on union per se.2 This path. types. in which the lovers are “torn” from each other. or figurative expressions. It is also of significance that symbolic expression generally focuses on the process towards union. 252): In order to bring the realm of the spiritual and the divine within the range of perception. namely. but with them as archetypes. Schuon’s expression of this is as follows (Coomaraswamy 1981.
ever since ’twas torn From its rushy bed. have produced literary works of singular beauty and merit in the form of prose. S. Breathing. the profundity of these outstanding works cannot be sufficiently appreciated unless the literary elements therein are fully considered and explained in relation to the mystical content. as well as poetry. as representative 5 . Wouldst thou learn how lovers bleed Harken.Unveiling The Garden of Love portrayed in “The Lament of the Reed. a strain Of impassioned love and pain … ’Tis the flame of love that fired me. and the differences and contrasts. and the Hindu-Bhakti tradition of India. have gained widespread acclaim and canonicity within their individual literary traditions. However. Although scholars such as Toshihiko Izutsu. Accordingly. In particular. The great Persian mystic of the thirteenth century. 106): Harken to this Reed forlorn. the importance among mystics of symbols as the means for expressing the ultimate meaning of poems. two classic poems. two great and dominant traditions. The issue to be addressed in the present study is the symbolic meaning of expressions in Layla and Govinda. Nizami’s Layla Majnun (Gelpke 1997). Nasr. between these texts have not yet been considered from a comparative approach.H. renders it worthwhile to investigate the literary elements for their underlying mystical meanings.” one of the most beautiful Sufi poems ever written. ’Tis the wine of love inspired me. the affinities and commonalities. there have been literary studies and enquiries carried out on both Layla Majnun (henceforth Layla) and Gitagovinda (henceforth Govinda). no one has examined the poetry of these traditions from a comparative perspective. and Jayadeva’s Gitagovinda (Miller 1984). It conveys the plaintive cry of the reed (symbolizing the human soul) being torn from its original place (symbolizing Divine Reality). wrote (Ardalan 1998. namely the Islamic-Sufi tradition of Persia. harken to the Reed In the context of this process towards re-union. Jalalu’l-Din Rumi). and Ananda Coomaraswamy have extensively examined philosophical doctrines from a comparative point of view. In particular. as well as sanctity in their originating mystico-religious traditions. Apart from the literary and mystical meaning.
and even in popular Persian literature. as well as contrasts.3 Similarly. the potential for mutual understanding and enrichment between the two literary traditions has been missed. of which it is said: “The two lovers of this classic tale are remembered to this day in the poems and songs from the Caucasus to the interior of Africa.” depicted as Middle Eastern. Based on a casual observation of the texts in question. it has frequently been regarded as a narrative of two ill-fated lovers separated by feuding families. and from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean” (“Nizami” 2001). In other words. in India.Unveiling The Garden of Love works of two different literary and mystical traditions. In other words. disparities. In this context. especially in India. the texts are acknowledged as masterpieces and as classic love stories. 6 . it seems worthwhile to investigate the underlying philosophical assumptions of this poetic symbolism. it is possible that a comparative and systematic study of literary elements may reveal the extent of parallels between the two texts. it has not been ascertained 3 Adaptations also exist as films. Considering that symbolism is the main criterion of assessing a poem’s ultimate meaning among the mystics. the extent of literary parallels between the texts remains undiscovered. mystical dimensions of these elements.” depicted as Indian characters. it appears that there are similarities. There have been many retellings of the tragic love story of Layla. At the literary level. or Moghul. In several versions and adaptations in the West. and differences. with the hidden. Layla is one of the best-known legends of the Middle East. the study focuses on the inward meaning of outward expressions. literary elements. and commonalities. Romeo & Juliet. and the Punjabi “Sohni Mehwal. the most famous being “Heer Ranjha. Consequently. characters. been relegated to an account of “the illicit and rapturous love of Radha for Krishna. As individual love stories.” and “Heera Panna.” and perceived merely as an aesthetic rendition of an erotic Indian tale. much in the manner of Shakespeare’s classic love story. Beyond the extent of apparent literary parallels between Layla and Govinda. Jayadeva’s work is repeatedly referred to as the immortal lyrics of Gitagovinda” (Mukherjee 1989). Similarly. even among Indian scholars themselves. This observation presents a challenging prospect for reconciling the manifest. Govinda has often. affinities. the real nature of the parallels between the two texts in question is also unknown.
applies equally to the Persian-Islamic-Sufi. aptly stated by Reza Shah-Kazemi in relation to the writings of Martin Lings. This question. Thus. there is a possibility that the literary elements in the texts of two different traditions veil a further dimension. or inward affinity between them. and from the symbol to the Archetype. physical. as well as inter-textual comparison. His manner of treating this subject always carries the reader from the realm of forms to that of the Essence. or if there is a deeper. Approach to the Issues In comparing literary elements in the texts of Layla and Govinda the realities expressed in the two texts will be subjected to intra-textual interpretation and explanation. mystical. He asks: “What precisely. This will include both similar/parallel expressions as well as contrastive/contrary expressions. traditions respectively. He writes that (Shah-Kazemi 1999. an inquiry into comparable concepts in the texts of Layla and Govinda may well be able to address the question. and the Indian-Hindu-Bhakti. in a powerful aquatic metaphor. 140). pressurized by truth … gushes forth wherever and whenever the earth is scratched?” (2001. pursued at both the literary and the mystical levels of meaning. In this connection. 61. This means that through the interpretation of literary elements. This principle. The major. Huston Smith has posed a challenging question about the ubiquity of likenesses of this nature. from the particular to the Universal.Unveiling The Garden of Love whether or not the manifest similarities and differences exist only at a superficial. underlying principle of approach to Layla and Govinda is the progress from the lower to the higher level of understanding of human expression. or outward plane. Therefore. considered in relation to different religious traditions. is especially relevant for stating our purposes. This possibility arises from the idea that there are enduring and universal principles of likeness and correspondence among the world’s mystical traditions that come to light when they are closely examined.… is this subterranean water table which. the mystical and esoteric elements will be unveiled. 7 . emphasis mine): … interpretation of the image furnishes us with a key for comprehending the works….
to explain. it is associated with “revealing the hidden” (Preminger 1993. The term hermeneutics originated in the classical Greek tradition. are summarized in the ensuing paragraphs. This approach is informed by the Traditionalist perspective which is in fact intrinsic to hermeneutics. 516). the hermeneutic approach. “Hermeneutics” as related to interpretation derives from the Greek term hermeneuein meaning “to interpret. even though the Traditionalists deal mainly with traditional and spiritual principles. The key concepts and features of hermeneutics. among other things. On this basis. 8). This term is closely associated with hermeneutike mantike. as the transmitter of Olympian messages into a language understandable to the lowly mortals (Quito 1990. as well as differences. Hermeneutics has come to mean “the process of bringing a thing or situation from unintelligibility to understanding” (Palmer 1969. rather than with poetry. Its etymology can be traced to Hermes. and to translate. hermeneutics. 517). In the Hindu tradition. as well as the Traditionalist perspective. the counterpart of hermeneutics is 8 . Within the above context. the messenger of the Greek god Zeus (Jupiter in Latin). is compared with that of the Hindu-Bhakti tradition evinced from Govinda.” In this context it has three senses: to interpret poetry orally. and of boundaries. forms the basis of enquiry. whereas poets are referred to as hermenes ton theon. the esoteric or underlying spiritual principles of the Islamic-Sufi tradition discerned from Layla. In the same context. who guides the newly dead to the underworld. this work initially brings out the nature of textual and outward similarities. Zeus is identified. spiritual hermeneutics. Subsequently. “interpreters of the gods” (Preminger 1993. He is also known as the god of sleep. the technique of oracle interpretation. In this way the question of whether or not there is a significant equivalence between the texts at the literary and spiritual levels may be reliably ascertained. has been particularly applied to the interpretation of works of divine origin. Foregrounding literary variations among the texts.Unveiling The Garden of Love A reading of the texts based on this principle allows multiple levels of interpretation. 3). including the Vedas and the Koran. and more specifically. of alchemy and transformation. focusing specifically on the ideas developed by Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur.
method retards.”4 On the other hand. meaning “to cause to return” or to lead something back to its beginning or origin. 94) says: The question of truth is no longer the question of method. structured method of the natural sciences. In other words. Salleh Yaapar (1988. Although differing from each other in terms of features developed in the notion of hermeneutics. 5 Ta‘wil refers specifically to spiritual exegesis of the revealed truths contained in religious sources. 9 . underscore its philosophical and ontological nature. 44-45). Schleiermacher. if not subverts. the Arabic term ta‘wil. brahmavidya sought knowledge of an underlying reality which would inform all other studies and activities. penetrating the significance of a symbol is done by intuitively sensing the original spiritual experience attained by the author of the text. process. i. records of the direct encounter with the divine transmitted through shabda. he discards the objective. In opposing its consideration as a methodological. The philosophers directly responsible in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are of the German and French schools. In the same vein. although Ricoeur does not rule out hermeneutics as a method. “sound” or “that which is heard. with which the inspired rishis (literally “seers”) who lived ascetic and celibate lives (brahmacharya) in the forest hermitages (ashram) of ancient India analyzed the awareness of human experience to see if there was anything in it that was absolute..Unveiling The Garden of Love brahmavidya. and Paul Ricoeur (1985). and Hans-Georg Gadamer. and therefore scientific. meaning “the supreme science. the truth. However. whereas taking center stage of the latter group are Paul Ricoeur and Jacques Derrida. See Md.e.” See the Introduction by Eknath Easwaran in his translation of the Bhagavad Gita (1986. Gadamer says that truth eludes the methodical individual and hence. He (1985. Martin Heidegger. In the Islamic literary tradition. rigid. particularly in philosophy and literature. both Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989). it is the question of the manifestation of being. 4-5). The discoveries of brahmavidya are shruti. literally. F. and not through rational elucidation. arrived at by means of symbolic interpretation. Notable of the former group are. it is an esoteric form of interpretation to achieve the inner understanding of the text. we reach the truth not methodically but dialectically (Quito 1990. 4 Brahmavidya is considered an introspective tool. for a being whose existence consists in understanding being.5 Hermeneutics has reemerged as an important discipline in the human sciences. 51).E.D. “Supreme” because where other sciences studied the external world. is a legitimate form of hermeneutics in Islamic literary criticism.
every sign is not a symbol. Signs perform indicative function while symbols also have an added dimension: they perform a revelatory function. i. originate from different cultures or traditions. However it should be remembered that even though all symbols are signs. in Gadamer’s terms. One is Aneignung or appropriation. A symbol enjoys a “double intentionality. it does not invite thought. since the figurative meaning cannot be grasped except through the literal meaning. its location in time and space.” and situated in a particular milieu. 18). there are different levels of meaning contained in it. conveying a particular discourse. This milieu constitutes the historicity of the text. rather than as an autonomous entity. there has to occur a “fusion of horizons. According to Ricoeur. different “horizons. his idea of the “architecture of meaning” is explained in the following manner (Blaikie 1995. Ricoeur’s understanding of symbol highlights the revelatory function of a symbol.” This difference invariably influences and colors the interpreter’s understanding. but an author’s creative and intentional act. 154): The symbol as it stands means more than one thing. and the reader (or interpreter).Unveiling The Garden of Love From the hermeneutic perspective. As the author’s act is his construction of the human reality situated in a particular context. The most obvious. Further. This is a process whereby the horizons of the text are merged with the horizons of the reader. it is important to the process of understanding and interpreting a text to be aware that the author and his text.” or “worldview.” Therefore while a sign manifests other than itself. in that it imitates the world in a relation of mimesis and poesis.e. meaning “genuinely to make one’s own what is initially alien” (1981. This means that the text is not merely a copy or duplication of the world.” in order for interpretation to take place. or. In this context. Appropriation requires the correct attitude in approaching 10 . or literal meaning hides the figurative meaning but at the same time it also discloses it. his text should therefore be understood through its historicity. In the hermeneutical definition. a text is viewed as a projection of the human world. the text entails a specific context which is determined by its “historical tradition.” or “culture. several elements are inherent in this process. Consequently. In this context. An apparent meaning points analogically to a second meaning which is not given otherwise.
discovers. preconceived notions would otherwise remain unknown or ignored. a transformation or metamorphosis. while it is being said (Blaikie 1995. In this context an important contrastive differentiation is held between “self” and “ego. in relation to the interpreter. the interpreter’s openness to the relevant tradition will allow the text to reveal itself to the interpreter. Without the encounter between the self and the text. 64). a genuine understanding is achieved. (and) implies instead a moment of dis-possession of the narcissistic ego” (1986. as a hidden intention would be. to what is being taken for granted. which is not behind the text. as well as a critical self-consciousness and. to the objective guidance and support of the text. and subsequently a relinquishment. brings about a suspension of presupposition and judgment. or what stands “in front” of it. to understand is to understand oneself in front of the text. but in front of it as that which the work unfolds. appropriation requires the correct attitude. “with its universal power of unveiling. In doing so. Subsequently. but of exposing ourselves to the text and receiving from it an enlarged self. reveals. not only of what is written together with 11 . which is becoming aware of his own deep-seated assumptions. One has to look beyond what is said in the everyday meaning of the language. The aim is to “hear” or “see” what lies beyond the words of a text. by the interpreter. is enabled when the nature of the interaction between the self and the text “ceases to appear as a kind of possession. appropriation requires a suspension of the self. which gives a self to the ego” (1986. ultimately. In allowing the text to reveal itself. This involves the encounter between the self and the text. of prejudices. or horizon of meaning. The notion of anteriority is explained by Ricoeur (1986. and thereby a fuller appreciation. 68). prejudices. this attitude is one of sympathy. In this case metamorphosis is understood as a relinquishment of the self as it were. Awareness. If in relation to the text. In relation to the text. comes into play. 68) as follows: Ultimately. 68). Henceforth.Unveiling The Garden of Love a text. what the reader appropriates is a proposed world. with regard to the nature of the experience or the object being studied. the anteriority of the text. It is not a question of imposing upon the text our finite capacity of understanding. Acceptance.” whereby it is the text.
Accordingly. when he adopts the foregoing 12 . it is possible for the interpreter to identify elements of universal significance in literary works. it allows us not only to understand a particular experience. hermeneutics means “bridging the gap between one’s familiar world and the meaning that resides in an alien world” (Blaikie 1995. in Blaikie 1995. 68). hermeneutics itself also has universal significance. By this he does not mean that the interpreter is trying to discover what the text or the author “really means. The direct effect of mediation may be seen as the establishment of a connection between the self and the other at a level such that both the interpreter and the text are mutually transformed. Therefore. In consideration of all of the above attitudes. whereby all contradictions and conflicting forces that come into play have to be worked out in the process of investigating the truth. it is the responsibility of the interpreter first to reconstruct the question that the text is answering. “Understanding is not reconstruction. but also the world in which it occurs. Gadamer argues that even from the world of our own language we can grasp the world of another language. Thus. Besides. understanding is an ontological condition of mankind. but mediation” (Linge. This view is explained as follows (Gadamer 1989 65): … as language has a universal function of providing human beings with a world of shared understanding. rather than attempt an “objective” interpretation. broadened. and (as) hermeneutics is linguistic in nature. as a part of the meaning of the text. In this context. contexts. but also of what he is himself. in view of the fact that language is the conveyor of meaning. notions. and concepts. 64). views. For both Gadamer and Ricoeur. 64).Unveiling The Garden of Love its inherent traits. dialogue involves dialectics. to engage in a conversation or dialogue about it.” but rather that he is basically “becoming” an “experiencer” of the tradition that opens or reveals itself to him. In this connection. as has been emphasized by most scholars of hermeneutics. Ricoeur describes this as “an ultimate expansion of consciousness” (1986. and subsequently. A consequence of the encounter between the interpreter and the text is that the interpreter’s horizons are altered and thereby. It is equally important to be aware that the subject matter of the text is answering a particular question.
meaning is always open-ended. particularly in the modern (as opposed to the traditional) worldview. original. or tensions between the other and the self. “Art demands interpretation because of its inexhaustible ambiguity. horizons. which in effect is held by Ricoeur to be an estrangement from meaning itself. may be understood as follows: The Traditionalists adhere to principles of scientia sacra. The problematic of different horizons. Its outstanding advocates like Ananda Coomaraswamy. It is the establishment of such a dialogue that is considered as ultimately fulfilling the purpose and function of the text. as well as to bridge the distances. René Guénon and Frithjof Schuon. It cannot be satisfactorily translated in terms of conceptual knowledge” (Gadamer 1989 65). “… reading is the concrete act in which the destiny of the text is fulfilled. In order to recover this meaning. unanimously attested to by the sages and the mystics of the revealed religions. have upheld and continued these efforts by scholarship that 13 . Subjectivity is important. Martin Lings. was to reveal the spiritual dimensions and essential truths inherent in symbols.” and those who subscribe to this view are often referred to as perennialists or perennial philosophers. for there cannot be only one true. in which appropriation occurs. Thus appropriation facilitates the unveiling of meaning in the text. They contend that behind apparent or exoteric differences of religious forms there exists an inward or esoteric core of common spiritual Truth. is that there has occurred a gradual and almost complete estrangement between the secular and the spiritual realities. which originates from primordial traditions. The basic principles of the Traditionalist perspective. meaning in a human expression. and thereby establishes an ongoing dialogue between the writer and the reader. or the sacred science. Furthermore. Consequently. points of view. and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. In Ricoeur’s words. It is at the very heart of reading that explanation and interpretation are indefinitely opposed and reconciled” (1986.Unveiling The Garden of Love approach to interpretation. Titus Burckhardt. and the universal applications of this perspective. even for the author himself. It also allows for subjectivity in recovering meaning. but bound by the authority of tradition. the fusion of horizons is advocated. which informs the study and understanding of mystical symbols. The objective of the earliest Traditionalists in the twentieth century. 92). appropriation takes place not arbitrarily or subjectively. This truth has been called the sophia perennis or “perennial wisdom. In Gadamer’s words.
individual. Nasr’s version of the perennial philosophy has largely been responsible for its acceptance in Western academia and for its application to the comparative study of religions (Hahn 2001. Secondly. xvii). see Ghazi bin Muhammad (2001. The basis of appropriation is that interpretation of spiritual meaning takes place not arbitrarily or subjectively. symbolism is seen as an “exact science.6 This particularity of meaning reinforces and confirms the importance mentioned earlier. The application of the ideas of the Traditionalists that are particularly relevant to the needs of the present work is specifically to augment our understanding of the forms of expression.” and symbols represent the “technical” terms that authors employ in their works. By unveiling the inward. For an excellent elucidation of the particularity in meaning of sacred symbols. spiritual symbols is that the former are subjective. the meanings of traditional symbols are determined by the individual traditions. arbitrary. 131). whereas the latter is objective and has a precision in reference according to its particular tradition. the true worth of these texts as traditional works of art can be unveiled. and traditional. or creative expressions of the poet. higher levels of reality are expressed in symbolic language. that different traditions represent these realities by different symbols. The main distinction between the interpretation of conventional literary symbols. but bound by the authority of tradition. 14 . the blooms of these gardens of love could be regarded as expressions of the Inexpressible. quintessential meaning of expressions in Layla and Govinda.Unveiling The Garden of Love is more academic in character. It is this recognition that facilitates the interpretation of symbols that are specific to a culture and religion. and consequently. Thirdly. In fact. 85-108). which are recognized by members of that tradition. 6 See Coomaraswamy (1989. Ultimately. rather than to address issues of doctrine and metaphysics of the differing mystical traditions. These may be summarized as follows: Firstly. in the Traditionalists’ view. of appropriation in hermeneutics.
1977 Figure 1: Publication Background of Texts Being Studied As has been mentioned previously. translator and editor. Bengal. India LANGUAGE AUTHOR PERIOD OF PRODUCTION TRANSLATED WORKS Latter half of 12th century Love Song of the Dark Lord: The Gitagovinda of Jayadeva Barbara Stoler Miller. New York: Omega Publications. 1997 Govinda Gitagovinda (in the tradition of performed recitation (ragakavya)) Sanskrit Goswami Jayadeva. Stated differently. Final chapter translated by Zia Inayat Khan and Omid Safi. notions.Unveiling The Garden of Love Limits and Boundaries The comparative study of Layla and Govinda is based on English translations of the texts in question. editor and translator TRANSLATORS LANGUAGE PUBLICATION English New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. wandering seer-poet of Kindubilva. and viewpoints. the focus will primarily be on literary mechanisms and devices that are ingeniously and intentionally utilized by the authors to convey realities. Ayzerbaijan. mystic poet of Ganjar. the literary interest in the texts is of paramount interest. the 15 . English New Lebanon. although the spiritual and philosophical interests are considered as an integral part of the works in question. Their particulars are tabulated below: Texts ORIGINAL WORKS Layla Leyli o Majnun (one out of five mathnawi in a collection entitled Panj Ganj (Five Treasures) Persian Nizami (pen-name for Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Usuf ibn Zaki Mu’ayyad). experiences. Persia (Iran) Latter half of 12th century The Story of Layla and Majnun Rudolf Gelpke. That is to say.
This is because. 83). rigorous process that requires active participation on many levels of informed awareness. there are also limitations. that of language and genre. However. specific attitudes. It is dealt with at length in several works of Muhammad Bukhari Lubis (see 1990). are all highly effective forms and devices abundantly employed in the original languages. in medieval court poetry of both the Persian and Sanskrit literary traditions. by necessity.7 such special intricacies as the ambiguity of language. This factor has been discussed by many scholars. In the words of Hans-Georg Gadamer. and as will be explained subsequently. In the case of Layla. it is necessary to point out that the reliance. the process of interpretation is a highly complex.Unveiling The Garden of Love present work is an attempt to pluck the “blossoms” from the gardens of love in Layla and Govinda to behold their resplendence. deliberate ambivalence in expression. and other references. and allusions intrinsic to aesthetic and devotional expressions. 16 . 346). whereas the original is “a tragic poem in the tradition of courtly love” (Levy 1969. but incumbent upon the translator in the process of transforming one language into another. The examination of the similarities and differences between Layla and Govinda is circumscribed significantly by two foundational and interrelated issues. a high degree of interpretation is not only unavoidable. free use of imagery. and to admire their fragrance. some scholars maintain that the texts cannot be studied in their translated versions for the intended purposes. As to the issue of genre. between these two literary traditions is not unexpected considering their shared linguistic roots in the Indo-Iranian and Indo-European languages. The general consensus of opinion is that translation is inadequate and unsuited for transforming these features into the English language. and modes of approach. and requires a disclaimer. As is widely acknowledged. In fact. “every translation is at the same time an interpretation” (1989. Gelpke’s translation has been rendered in narrative prose. emphasis on connotative and suggestive meanings of vocabulary. entirely on the English translations. with some exceptions where poetic form is retained in 7 Note that the “cross-fertilization. both texts are English translations. has diminished a full appreciation of the complexities of the works.” and thereby the resemblance. frequent literary. With regard to the issue of language. Furthermore. of which critical acclaim has been high. scriptural.
As for the English version of Govinda. For example.… has a wealth of meaning embedded in structurally intricate forms and concepts drawn from various levels of Indian literary tradition” (Miller 1984. Just as the integration of sensual lyrics and plaintive cadences of the ghazal.” It is also held that the greatest charm of Persian and Sanskrit poetry lies in its musical effects. Besides. etc. 7). 234): “The ideals. within the principal verse form of the mathnawi. XXIV:75.Unveiling The Garden of Love terms of rhyme and rhythm. or narrative verse. it. whereas the ghazal (the Western genres being the ode or the lyric) which appears in parts of Layla. sung.8 In Persian literature. constructions. usually amorous or mystical and varying from four to sixteen couplets. is a comparatively short poem. so the original Govinda. similarly. Besides. “The Gitagovinda. who has adopted a literal approach in his translation of Govinda (1978. standards … are so utterly different from those of English poetry. poems are always rhymed. 43). In the words of Lee Seigel.9 Consequently. LIII:174. romantic. danced. the ragakavya which is customarily performed (acted. in terms of mode of expression. has inevitably lost out on the rhyming patterns. during a performance. 43). as stated by the translator herself.” 17 . and therefore to be approached and interpreted in ways that are quite different from those of English poetry (Miller 1984. aims. She also confirms that “as the relations among words are fluid. complements and enhances the musical effect of the original Layla. written in the form of devotional songs (bhajan). situated within the original mathnawi. the incorporation and transmission of these elements in the English translation is a practical difficulty. and set in various musical modes (raga) and beats (taal). all on one rhyme. although it is preserved in the original style of a poem of twelve cantos containing twenty-four songs. subtleties. the presentation of bhajans in “Kavi Jayadeva’s Gita-govinda.). The mathnawi is particularly employed for heroic. any translation of Gitagovinda is necessarily tentative” (Miller 1984. as is the case for the original Layla. Furthermore. this limitation is a particular shortcoming because it is 8 9 Cf. the original poem is a particular type of drama. evokes a certain emotion and response in its practitioner/audience.
that without translated texts. the core of discussion revolves around key episodes of the two poems which are essential for the mystical (Sufi and Bhakti) interpretation. For the practicalities cited above. on the premise of the sub-discipline of Comparative Literature. This work is by no means a comprehensive account of all the paradigms of love in the texts in question. Finally.Unveiling The Garden of Love related to the acoustic or auditory effects of the original texts. on the understanding that the translations represent “secondary” sources. representative examples of expressions of a particular notion. certain parallels in the mystical traditions of Islamic Sufism of Persia and Hindu Bhaktism of India may emerge.. probably posthumous Sufi reading of Nizami’s poem. In view of this. The endeavor is nevertheless undertaken on the following premises. For the reason stated above. or aspect of love will be interpreted and explicated. Firstly. Towards a Contribution The present work anticipates its primary contribution to be towards a better understanding of these two works in terms of affinities in literary elements and subject matter. and the obviously Sahajiya reading of Jayadeva’s poem. concept. and sometimes contrasting. The ramifications of this discovery may make a small contribution in identifying commonalities that lie beyond the surface of apparently distinct. what is being studied here is the later. it should be made clear that in both the cases of Layla and Govinda. the world’s greatest works would be unattainable and inaccessible between one culture and another. and in some cases several. it may be that full justice cannot be done to the original texts. element. Consequently. Rather. the analysis of expressions is not exhaustive. As a corollary to the above. As access to most extant studies are limited by 18 . an element that is critical to the study of literary devices. nor is it necessary to be so. Secondly. single. This adoption and adaptation of the works by mystics of the individual traditions constitutes another parallel between Nizami and Jayadeva. the study is confined to the translated texts as observable evidence of literary elements. and not on the text in entirety. In this context. as well as an enhanced awareness of their perennial and universal significance. in this case constituting authoritative translations. religious and cultural traditions. this work hopes to supplement the limited corpus of comparative studies available in English on these two mystical texts.
this fills a niche in inquiries conducted in English on the topic. and sustained interest in. In the context of ever-widening gulfs in the relationship between cultures of the world. Each of these chapters presents aspects of a particular mystical theme. of separation.e. and thereby by readership. and the contemporary emphasis of secularism and material gains. namely. of both the Persian-Sufi and Indian-Bhakti traditions underpinning the texts of Layla and Govinda respectively.e. 19 . The first two chapters are to provide basic information on the subject matter of the comparative study. of initial union. such as literary conventions and mysticoreligious norms. to the Middle Eastern or Arabic-literate readers and to the sub-continent of India.. it is the hope that a greater awareness of. harmony. The material in this book is divided thematically. such awareness is viewed as essential to mutual appreciation.Unveiling The Garden of Love language. Arabic or Hindi. between the texts. This is followed by four chapters of analysis and comparison to determine the nature and extent of the similarities and affinities. Finally.. and acceptance. The final chapter concludes the work by summarizing principal findings and implications. i. i. and of reunion. and the milieu and some fundamental aspects of interpretation of the texts. as well as the differences and contrasts. the common wealth and universality of the spiritual and perennial dimension in man’s existence may be promoted by this book.
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and spiritual traditions as the milieu of the works. Furthermore.1 Consequently. traditions respectively. from the mundane.” Scholars like Mishra (1998. non-empirical dimensions of reality. —C. each text allows a supra-mundane. expressing the Persian-Islamic-Sufi. the production of these works is based on literary norms and conventions of their individual traditions. outer dimension.” to denote the respective geographical. Although all texts must be interpreted before their meanings can be understood or divulged. such as to illuminate or intensify the mystery of metaphysical. inner dimension and symbolic relevance and level of interpretation. by the term “Bhakti.… [but] it is of interest and importance to enquire by what different methods they have respectively attained to them. As shall be seen in the study of some common symbols. literary texts require the most interpretation or “reading. like all traditional works of art. all future reference to the PersianIslamic-Sufi tradition will henceforth be by the term “Sufi. E. Layla and Govinda constitute works of art. Wilson (1974) Prior to commencing a comparative study of the texts it is necessary to delineate the specific regard in which these works are held in their originating literary traditions. and Indian-Hindu-Bhakti. 81) emphasize that: 1 For convenience. literary.” and to the Indian-HinduBhakti tradition.CHAPTER TWO COLORS OF LOVE: SOME IDEALS OF TRADITIONAL PERSIAN AND INDIAN LITERATURE All the arts strive to express the same idea. 21 . they are perceived as possessing specific symbolic and spiritual functions and ideals. and unless otherwise specified.
One emphasizes the act of interpretation because the coming into being of a literary text is the result of a dialectical process along an axis that involves both the text and the reader. divorced though he is from the original time-space constructs. The first attempts to contextualize the works in line with the hermeneutical approach. as well as specific modes of expression of the mystical experience in the Sufi and Bhakti traditions. two points are significant. the interpretation and discussion in this chapter proceeds along three major divisions. On the same principles. It is in the literary that nothing is redundant. focusing on some generalities and commonalities between the relevant traditions. having a shared universe of discourse. conveyed by way of literary expression. 22 . The final section highlights a particular. every word. even its layout. a “modern” reader may also participate in that discourse. In this approach. carry [sic] meaning. namely the concept of unio mystica. as kindred spirit or participant (sahrdaya). Stated in another way. namely the conscious design of literary texts. This is because the literary—and especially the literary work of art—is consciously designed as a network of dense semantic configurations that requires the most systematic acts of interpretation. and the dialectic process between text and reader. a text “starts” with the author consciously and unconsciously “encoding” meaning and “ends” with the reader “decoding” that meaning. Salleh 1995. The stages of unio mystica constitute the grid upon which the comparison will attempt to chart the similarities and differences in dominant symbols of love as portrayed in the texts. Thus it identifies the particular historical periods of their production in order to facilitate an understanding of “the individual author’s originary actions and their purposes” (Md. the study illustrates the stages of unio mystica in the Sufi and Bhakti traditions. every period. and common. view in which the mystical experience is universally perceived. The subsequent section discusses literary expression of the mystical experience.Unveiling The Garden of Love … of all texts it is to the literary that the term interpretation is most often applied. This is the process towards union and absorption of the human soul into God. Both are fundamental considerations in the hermeneutical approach to determining meaning. In this process. Here. the “traditional” reader has a significant role. In light of the above perception. 11). The point being made is that interpretation may be informed by underlying codes of discourse shared by author and reader.
level (its essence). Persian political rule changed hands from the pre-Islamic Sasanian kings. this section will consider the milieus of Layla and Govinda. and his work. The consideration of the milieu of Layla encompasses both the author. within the context of Sufi literature.e. Rumi. Milieu. Thus it attempts to trace the path symbolically traveled by the lovers in question. Besides the mathnawi. to the development and maturity of the national language and literature by the end of the fifteenth century. This is the historical context of the production of a text in terms of its social. Layla. respectively. and didactic narratives. inward. In Levy’s accounts (1969). or rhyming couples.14). to the stronghold of Arabic influence from the seventh century onwards. a period which witnessed the rise and fall of several great empires in Persia. Historicity. panegyrics—the mode of laudatory. an illustrious poet of mysticism like Jami is said to have been a great admirer and imitator of Nizami (Arberry 1977. outward. and economic environments. These environments are factors that provide a dependable basis for the interpretation and understanding of any literary work being studied. and hyperbolic expression dedicating works to rulers—was exploited by poets seeking royal patronage for their sustenance. as it is referred to by its people. Consequently. a town in Khorasan (part of modern-day Azerbaijan). 1140-1209.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature Taken together. and the mystical. and Ahistoricity The milieu of a text includes its historicity. In fact. and ultimately. Scholars like Levy attribute the evolution of Sufism in Iran intimately to the literary sources of Iranian Sufism. religious and didactic poetry became an integral part of literary works. Nizami’s poetry falls within the classical era of Persian literature also referred to as the Golden Age. Nizami lived and died in Ganja. level (its substance). political.. and Jami (Arberry 1977. both from the literary. This age spans the pre. Although the actual dates of 23 . Nizami. or Iran. the Persians employed the mathnawi. among them Nizami. c. In the wake of Sufism. 123).and post-Islamic medieval era. i. for heroic. Layla-Majnun in Layla and Radha-Krishna in Govinda. and the mystic experience found symbolic expression in the works of writers. the three sections mentioned above constitute the conceptual framework upon which rests the entire comparative study of the two works in question. eulogic. Sa’di. Among other genres. of which the greatest exponents exponents were Sana’i Nizami. .
and the Atabegs. especially if it served their propaganda and purpose. turning for consolation to religion. little is documented about Nizami’s personal life. 609 fn. Nizami is also referred to as a genius of universal significance. xiii). it is established that he flourished in the latter half of the twelfth century. For example there are tens. In this regard. Shervanshah to write the story of LaylaMajnun (Gelpke 1997. such as the Shirvan-Shah and Atabeg rulers (Arberry 1977. or responses to earlier writers. the poet. that he lived austerely. “the first in Persian literature worthy to take place beside Firdausi” (Arberry 1977. 81). or create unexpected modifications to a particular scene in the work. In this period. According to Braginsky (1998. and thus his audience could readily identify with them. Hailed by scholars of Persian literature as the greatest exponent of romantic epic poetry in Persian literature (Levy 1969. These rulers paid generously for poetry. 17): For purposes of nazira. Laila and Majnun is no exception. tries to outdo him in terms of artistic worth and deeper elaboration of theme. True to the tradition of Islamic literature. or ornament the work with new nuances and colors or unusual interpretations to the storyline. particularly the Saljuqs. the Ghaznavids. 23). as well as his admiration for mystical compositions of earlier writers. Persia was dominated by Turk rulers. 81). Nizami enjoyed the patronage of several Persian monarchs. apart from the facts that he was orphaned at a tender age. and unlike his contemporaries.Unveiling The Garden of Love his life are uncertain. Undoubtedly these characteristics made his work “realistic” and intelligible to all levels of society. 24 . 122). in utilizing as many elements as possible from the works of his predecessors. However. Nizami was commissioned by a Transcaucasian chieftain. due mainly to his incorporation of the colloquial styles as a mode of creative expression. Living in the Saljuq-Ghaznavid periods. and so on. In addition. The number of nazira is countless. Nizami’s gift for poetry reflected this characteristic of his life. and living a life of piety. in Laila and Majnun. and especially for his clarity of style. Nizami is admired in Persian-speaking lands for the originality of his writing. if not hundreds. authors like Nizami were partial to nazira. his use of ancient legends lays emphasis on the human aspects of his characters rather than the superhuman or heroic aspects (Levy 1969.
His reputation. and Leyli o-Majnun. Hilal concludes that it was Nizami who transformed the legend of Layla and Majnun into a work of art of timeless value (Gelpke 1997. In 1836. Panj Ganj includes a didactic poem. It is important to bear in mind that there have been numerous texts and versions of the story of Layla and Majnun.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature Nizami is believed to have drawn inspiration from other Persian mystic poets. lived and suffered for his Layla about 500 years before Nizami wrote his poem (Gelpke 1997. xi). However. composing for the most part odes (qasidah). the Egyptian scholar M. 2 This work is better known by its Arabic title. Hatifi. For example. lyrics (ghazal).2 This outstanding work comprises five long poems. particularly Firdausi and Sana’i. manuscripts of Nizami’s Layla vary significantly. a philosophical portrait of Alexander the Great. so that the mind turns for relief to something sober and less glittering. 25 . however. particularly through his magnum opus. 124). 447). a romantic epic. Jami’s nephew and a noted poet. In the sixteenth century. including those in the West. and rhyming couplets (mathnawi). composed Laila u Majnun. too dazzling in imagery. Khamseh or Khamsa (quintet). In similar vein. there is a consensus of positive opinion among scholars. a series of anecdotal stories of King Bahram. With regard to the literary worth of Panj Ganj. despite the Orientalist tenor of the remark. 92): must be regarded as achieving a high standard by any literary criterion. of the North-Arabic tribe of Amir. Their fault is that all is too rich. published by James Atkinson. a “skilful version” of Nizami’s poem. for there lies in them a great store of poetic imagination displaying an abundance of glamorous pictures. rests mainly upon the genre of the mathnawi. the Panj Ganj (Five Treasures). xii). based upon the ancient Arabian true story of Qays and Layla (Arberry 1958. Qays. all written in the mathnawi verse form. as the original Persian version of Layla was referred to. as has been argued by notable scholars. Nizami’s version in the Persian mathnawi form was begun in 1188. Gh. a genre which Nizami is acknowledged to have developed and perfected. which was translated by Sir William Jones in 1788 (Arberry 1958. Levy acknowledges that the Panj Ganj (1969.
Hodgson. Schuon. and. what is directly relevant to the present study is that some writers understand Nizami’s poem as a Sufi work and others do not (Braginsky 2004). Among the former are Schimmel. Among the latter group. and has thus subsequently been given a spiritual interpretation by them. finally. who translated Nizami’s Layla into English. Gelpke. thirdly. Basically. as well as Hamzah Fansuri. A different perspective holds that Majnun constitutes an archetypal literary figure epitomizing the madness of love-in-separation in a worldly context. This is the version used for this study. 26 . because Khan’s addition is considered as completing Gelpke’s version. Another view highlights the historical origin and content of the story. content of Nizami’s Layla. Baharuddin Ahmad. Rudolf Gelpke. his translation has been hailed as authoritative. in which “the … lovers are dead and their friend Zaid realizes in a dream the mystical import of their immortal love” (Arberry 1958. the opinion that the story originates in the pre-Islamic Arab-speaking world equally holds sway. secondly. despite the fact that Gelpke’s version is abridged. Meisami is probably the most resolute opponent of the reading of the work as a Sufi poem. because Khan’s authority within the Sufi tradition is significant. and De Bruijn from the West. This version is in prose. has often been questioned by various quarters. In 1960. published an abridged version. or Sufi. and Daud Baharom in the Malay world. One view is that Nizami’s rendition is merely a conglomeration of parts of different versions and accounts of the wellknown story in Islamic folklore. This means that Gelpke’s translation left out the “final episode” mentioned above. A more recent version of Gelpke’s translation has been republished in 1997 by Inayat Khan. and ends with the death of Majnun at Layla’s grave.Unveiling The Garden of Love features the final episode. chosen because firstly. 124). Another view of it is that it is a tragic poem of courtly love. and its true nature. In considering the foregoing particulars of both author and text. because it is the most recent and comprehensive version in English. Similarly. A further view is that the story of Layla-Majnun has merely been adopted by the Sufis as a fitting vehicle for expressing the mystical experience. who translated this final episode from Nizami’s original Persian version into English and reinstated it in Gelpke’s translation. but even she admits mystical elements in Nizami’s Haft Paykar (Braginsky 2004). it is important to mention that the extent of the mystical. Braginsky.
xvii). Furthermore. separation. a temporal construct within which the intimate connection between the artistic and the spiritual weltanschauung was still robust. and intoxication. the ideal servant of God. and “his descriptions of Muhammad. 196). This last characteristic may be viewed from the Platonic dictum that “Beauty is the splendor of the True” (Schuon 1995. as the analysis hopes to demonstrate in due course. It is significant that Schuon. Generally. Besides. from the geographical context upon which Nizami’s creation of Layla rests. had a profoundly religious significance. all art of the time. or verifiable “evidence. renowned originator of the Traditionalist school of thought and a revered Sufi shaykh. or aesthetic expression such as Layla was not at any time removed from its spiritual constructs or sacred dimension. it may be ascertained that its cultural background is Persian-Islamic. ecstasy. To elaborate. the apparent musical quality of the text. Besides. as an embodiment of a traditional culture. it is a work authored in the twelfth century. and the exceptional lyrical beauty of expression. 11): 27 . Furthermore.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature It may well be that all of the above are legitimate views. Nizami is on record as incorporating outstanding hymns in honor of the Prophet which have become models for later poets. Layla displays a great deal of textual elements that correspond to the “technical terms of the Sufis” (Arberry 1977. 23). the doctrines of love. even if Nizami is not universally acknowledged solely as a mystic-poet. For example. In Road to the Heart. a rare compilation of mystical poems written in English. Therefore. from observable elements of the work and those regarding the author. Therefore an artistic. and accurate to varying degrees. perceives Layla as synonymous with the Divine. reflect and express ideals associated with the Sufi mystical experience. In any case. show all the poetical elegance in which his epical poetry in general excels” (Schimmel 1982. this is apparent from the setting of the text. the ubiquitous religious associations. literary. union. annihilation. he eulogizes “Layla” in a poem of the same title (1995. These tendencies in Nizami can be substantiated by similar observable textual characteristics of Layla: the genre of the mathnawi as medium of expression. the religious element in his work is irrefutable.” the present work contends that Nizami’s Layla is a deliberate and purposeful Sufi expression.
as being in the league of other well-known Sufi poets like Rumi.” It does not refer to particular embodied or material characters but to “types. They are the pilgrim’s refuge and his rest. Moreover. According to Baharuddin.” and an evil character represents the evil in man. and Hafez can be compared to the sun at noon from which meaning directly shines forth into form. Yet she is beautiful. can be anyone who falls in love.” or sorts which represent “man”. wondrous. Baharuddin not only recognizes the work. now West. xxiii-xxiv) with keen insight that: Prose is employed in Islamic literature in a quite different way from modern Western literature…. Baharuddin Ahmad. Closer to the present work in place and time. two of the foremost Divine attributes. That love comes from Allah and is likened to grace which at one level is shared with his special creature. In Nizami’s hikayat. Her breasts are like the sun. a scholar of Sufism from the Malay world. whereas works of Rumi.” He writes (1992. a wondrous sight. It is like the Divine Majesty (al-Jalal) that discloses the Reality of Truth. Characterization in the hikayat typifies “someone” who is also “anyone. Her peerless body hides behind a screen. now East. or. this is a universal reflection of the Realities of life and of existence. a deep and silent night. or 28 . Ibn Farid. Majnun in Lila dan Majnun. he writes (1992. a good character represents “paramount qualities in man. Layla and Majnun are perceived as “types. In expressing this in striking metaphors of beauty and majesty. ‘Attar. and Nizami are like the waning sun. By greedy men she never will be seen. Works of Ibn ‘Arabi. which is man. more precisely. but also its author. and of immense worth. who encounters the depths of love. xix): When the spiritual meaning is clear.Unveiling The Garden of Love She may be dark. equates Layla to other great Sufi works in theorizing about its association with Islamic literature in general. She gives him joy and peace with tender lips And with the rapture of her dancing hips. Khayyam. its form becomes as clear as the sun shining at noon devoid of shadow…. who experiences love and becomes aware that love is the embodiment of a special attribute beyond compare.
deliverance. and understanding of their symbolic significance. the recognizable “happy ending” preempts the possibility of the love story ending as a tragedy of Aristotelian proportions. At the spiritual level. symbolically represented as Majnun. the dream sequence is recounted by Zayd. they still remain views. it is a model of poetic expression par excellence of the Sufi quest for final annihilation and subsistence in God. From Baharuddin’s opinion it is possible to infer that in essence. Furthermore the reunion conforms to the ideal of poetic justice. In this episode. This is what the study of expressions hopes to establish in the course of scrutiny in subsequent chapters. they have yet to be substantiated by reference to textual evidence. In fact it may be said that he takes for granted that Layla is a Sufi text. and the spiritual aspirant. as has been pointed out. the text may speak for itself as a work of deliberate Sufi expression. It appears that the poet Jayadeva 3 The episode in the final chapter also exists in other versions of Layla. 29 . again the milieu of both author and text are considered in tandem. Divine Beauty. It is significant that in the final chapter of Layla. However. and Nizami. On the basis of all the above considerations. A textual-structural consideration may be put forward to conclude the argument that the mystical element in Layla is not incidental but reflective of the author’s originary intentions. In this context it describes the story of the love between the Divine. providing shade. At the literary level. reward in the hereafter. a mystic-poet. cool.3 a saintly persona in the Sufi tradition. The foregoing views. and so on. that at both the literary and spiritual levels it is an allegory expressing the process of union of the human soul with God. symbolically represented as Layla. of Nizami’s Layla have been voiced constantly and consistently. the lovers’ reunion is consistent with Islamic metaphysical concepts of salvation. And finally. This constitutes a fitting closure to their story both at the literary and at the spiritual levels. Further. nor the author’s credibility as mystic-poet is disputed. and Divine Grace. the lovers are portrayed as reunited and experiencing perfection in Paradise. Turning to Jayadeva’s work. the aspect of al-Jamal.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature like the moon. neither the Sufi content.
he describes himself as Padmavati-carana carana-cakravarti. “the first Bengali Vaishnava poet to sing the sweet immortal songs of Radha-Krishna was Jayadeva” (Chatterji 1981. Consequently. In the absence of written records. all art functions in an integrated manner as a vehicle of worship. Kalidasa and the “modern” poet. and also possesses sacrality and sacred functions. all of whom 4 A Vaishnava is a worshipper of Vishnu. See Chatterji (1981. Tagore. 9). the second half of the twelfth century. is apparent in his work. such exaltation is a discernible trait of the traditional Indian weltanschauung. Govinda obtained the status of a religious work and Jayadeva was hailed as Adi-Kavi.Unveiling The Garden of Love flourished in the same time frame as Nizami. In Govinda. the modern-day Kenduli in West Bengal. legends abound in association with Jayadeva. who had received the special grace of Krishna himself. and especially in the Vaishnava tradition. 5 Legend also has it that Padmavati was intended by her parents to be dedicated to the temple of Jagannatha as a devadasi or temple dancer. Jayadeva too enjoyed royal patronage. However Vishnu himself directed the father to marry her to Jayadeva instead. and his love and pride for his wife. specifically at the court of Lakshmana-Sena.” is also an epithet of Krishna. or saint. of whom Krishna is a manifestation or avatara. exemplified by literary giants such as Valmiki. They tell of a harmonious domestic life. King of Poets (Chatterji 1981. meaning “victorious Lord. Jayadeva’s origins are in the ancient village of Kendubilva. Like Nizami. 118). “Foremost or Perfected Poet” of his time. Vaishnavism began to gain popularity. and was consequently an adept in classical dance and music. the name Jayadeva. Vyasa. namely. 30 . apart from several direct references to her. 8-9). Padmavati. who bestowed upon him the title of Kaviraj. In the same context.4 In this regard. as has been borne out through the ages by the phenomenon of the saint-poet. Jayadeva’s work. In the reign of the Senas. and his religious devotion may be seen to be complementary and inextricably interconnected aspects of his artistic worldview. the last Hindu king of Bengal. 3).5 Apart from being acclaimed as an inspired poetical genius. meaning “the veritable suzerain to cause the feet of Padmavati to move in dance” (Chatterji 1981. Incidentally. The significance of these aspects of Jayadeva’s life may be specifically contextualized by pointing out that in the traditional Indian worldview. his love. Again. Jayadeva was honored as a Vaishnava sant. his life.
and the second. the literature of India. but also song. It is said that Jayadeva’s utilization and promotion of the vernacular. in the traditional Hindu perception. The first is that of classical. In Persianand Urdu-speaking cultures. 2) in Govinda. Although Jayadeva’s fame rests mainly upon Govinda. from Gujarat in the West to Bengal in the East. had precisely the same effect in establishing his popularity and esteem among all levels of society in Persian culture. secured not only the popularity of the text. stories. it profoundly influenced the scholars and the masses. “Jayadeva … stands at the yuga-sandhi. Presently.6 It may be noted here that the use of colloquial forms of expression in Nizami’s poetry. In Chatterji’s words.” referring to the indigenous or regional languages like Bengali. 2). 31 . and religious songs. music. Again a parallel may be drawn in this respect to Layla. verses of the Govinda in different versions have been recorded and rendered as devotional songs of the highest order throughout the length and breadth of the Indian sub-continent. and Nepal in the North to Madras in the South. the advent of the new bhasa or “Vernacular Age. Vatsyayan (2001). [He] can truly be called ‘the Last of the Ancients. through which devotional poetry found expression. which was in its final stages by the end of the twelfth century. Cf. By the foregoing contextualization of Govinda within the traditional Indian worldview of art. the persona of Layla features prominently in musical renditions. in connection with its popularity to the present day. In brief. and painting. as mentioned before. with “its Sanskrit so totally unmannered and full of vernacular cadences and rhythms” (1981.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature are venerated and perceived as integral to the Indian mystico-religious traditions. and the First of the Moderns’ in Indian Poetry” (1981. “high” Sanskrit poetry. a confluence of two epochs…. film versions. of which the qawwali is a notable genre. the artistic role of the poet is almost synonymous with the religious role. In fact. its religious and spiritual implications 6 Not only has Govinda influenced Indian religious literature. dance. and especially in the Indian subcontinent. drama. this preeminence is ascribed to the fact that he fruitfully straddled two important periods in Indian literature. he is nevertheless almost universally acknowledged as preeminent among the greatest of the Sanskrit poets. and invariably. To a large measure. but also its sustainability and appeal.
Unveiling The Garden of Love may be discerned. rather than participate in. in his Rasagangadhara (Miller 1984. Dasgupta refutes the idea that Govinda is an expression of Jayadeva’s longing to unite with the Supreme. the religious status of the text has often been rejected by “orthodox. He writes (1962. similar to the case of Layla. 125). his poem was included in the Sahajiya cult and reinterpreted accordingly. Apart from that. On the other hand. Furthermore. including those of authorities like Milton Singer and David Kinsley. it has been condemned for its eroticism by the seventeenth century aesthetician. strongly affirms the central position of Govinda within 32 . to accommodate Govinda within the purview of Hindu religious literature. According to Braginsky (2004): its author—as Dasgupta and Stoler Miller showed only too convincingly—did not belong to Sahajiya. as well as by the tantric viewpoint of human sexuality as a channel for sublimation and transformation. ix). he only sings praises … and hankers after a chance just to have a peep into the divine lila. 113). It is possible however. negative viewpoint pointed out by Mishra may be surmounted by an allegorical reading of the portrayal of eroticism. However. on one hand. the prevailing view. Govinda has equally given rise to differences in perception.” “religiously correct” readers. the female companions of Radha. “the eternal love-making of Radha and Krishna in the supra-natural land of Vrindavana” (Dasgupta 1962. Jannatha. 125): If we analyze the Gita-govinda of Jayadeva we shall find not a single statement which shows the poet’s desires to have union with Krishna as Radha had. who ever longed for the opportunity to witness from a distance. Notwithstanding the censorious perceptions therefore. thanks to Caitanya’s efforts. the orthodox.… [as] the highest spiritual gain which these poets could think of. in what seems to contradict his earlier position. that Vaishnava poets like Jayadeva placed themselves in the position of the gopis. and there is controversy over the religious viewpoint of Jayadeva (Mishra 1998. As Dasgupta goes on to specify. However.
the term was applied to an exponent of 7 Pythagoras prescribed that his disciples observe a five year course of silence before they were admitted to his mystic path. “Who knows God. and the third to the Indian-Hindu mystic. 3): something mysterious. these rites were things about which “the mouth was closed.”7 Mysticism has also been said to contain (Schimmel 1975. Laugh at me. the second refers to the Persian-Islamic mystic.” Jalal al-Din Rumi. his tongue is tied. has also conveyed gems of equal brilliance in this regard: “Close your lips. as a preliminary measure. The first is a generic term. and close your ears.” Basically. In early Christian times. This is indispensable to the interpretation of the literary phenomena. in order to realize the profound spiritual implications and applications of the doctrines. the Sufi poet par excellence. literally. The English term “mystic” derives from the word Greek mu. concealed.” and “Bhakta. “to close.” “Sufi. not to be reached by ordinary means or by intellectual effort … [and] understood from the root common to the words mystic and mystery. enigmatic. Greek myein.” In the Islamic context. and the practices of the mystics of the respective traditions that emerge from literary or creative expressions.” as applied to the secret rites and lessons of the Greek mysteries. 33 . In this regard it is necessary.” to refer to the practitioner of mystico-religious traditions. close your eyes. all of which are applied to inner esoteric doctrines of a religion” (NSOED). A dictionary definition of the adjective “mystic” corroborates its denotation as “secret. the terms. “to close the eyes. Much mention has been made of the terms “mystic. mysterious.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature the Hindu mystical tradition and recognizes Jayadeva as a mysticpoet. Equally in the Greek context. or hidden meaning or nature. to know the defining characteristics and fundamental aspects of the mystic as a general term. a similar hadith (Prophetic Tradition goes. if you do not see the secret of the Truth. what the aphorisms imply by “close” the “eyes” is that the mystic sees not with the human faculty of sight but with the eye of the Heart. as well as of particular aspects of the Sufi and the Bhakta. and to a full understanding of the mystical dimension of the texts being studied.
the esoteric dimension or inner kernel of his existence. Hinduism has no particular founder or temporal origin. they will first be described in this chapter. or who believes in the possibility of the spiritual apprehension of knowledge inaccessible to the intellect (NSOED). to be at once witness to God as Principle and to God as Manifestation of Theophany…. From this quote it may be discerned that in the mystic’s perspective. encompassing sources like the Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita. In metaphysical terms. because what makes the seeker capable of bearing. and historical sources like the 34 . to obtain union with or absorption into God. is none other than Divine Love (Schimmel 1975. the discussion on the features mentioned starts with the Bhakti tradition for reasons of chronology. and subsequently applied to the texts in the following chapters of analysis. path. Subsequently. In this context. man is essentially a link between the Creator and creation. religion relates to the body. and identity. In physical terms. religion is the exoteric dimension or outer shell. For the purpose of highlighting the affinities as well as the differences between the traditions. Briefly. or a person who maintained the validity and the supreme importance of mystical theology. doctrines. The salient features of mysticism and metaphysics that are of direct relevance to the study comprise various intersecting notions such as union. To facilitate understanding of how each tradition symbolically expresses these aspects. return. spiritual poverty. religion is the phenomenon/ substance and mysticism is the noumenon/essence. even of welcoming all the tests God puts upon him in order to purify his soul. 4). mysticism can be defined as love of the Absolute. spiritual guide. which will soon become apparent. center. by contemplation and self-surrender.Unveiling The Garden of Love mystical theology. and practices. and mysticism to the heart. The mystic’s perception of his relation with God is on two interconnecting and integrated planes. within which lies mysticism. it came to be applied to a person who seeks. It is characterized by an immense range of sources. which are believed to be ahistorical. 182): Man’s mission is precisely to join the vision of “the Outward” to that of “the Inward”. separation. Man’s position between the outward and the inward has been expressed as follows (Schuon 1976.
45): The Veda. knowledge which is “heard” (sabda) through “sound” (nad) acknowledges the intrusion of the human consciousness. without beginning or end. and harmony that is divinely ordained. The rishis. On the other hand. Apart from his sayIn Hindu belief sruti is handed down by way of “seers” who “saw” the Truth while in a state of deep mystical consciousness (turiyam). the religion of Islam has a founder. Islam. and who “chooses to abandon all worldly pleasures and passions for the sake of spiritual upliftment” (Sharma 2003). like the Qur’an. The preferred term among Hindus with which to refer to Hinduism is sanatana dharma. all-pervasive. is also known as adDin. Quite in contrast to Hinduism. although the former is qualified as direct. subsists from all eternity in the Divine Intellect and its “descent” is brought about by virtue of the primordiality of sound. or sayings from the Prophetic Tradition. and the Aryanakas. as pointed out by Burckhardt (1973. Although dharma is often translated as “religion” in English. The word sanatana means primordial. revealed knowledge (sruti). the Sanskrit term has a much wider and more complex sense. and the latter as transmitted knowledge (smrti). received it by inspiration. order. meaning submission to the will of Allah. although acquired in a similar heightened state. Just as the Hindu tradition admits the Vedas as revealed and intuited scriptural sources. like the prophets. The principle of Revelation of the Word of God to the Prophet is essentially the same as that of the Vedas in Hinduism. whose historical origins are in Arabia of the seventh century. in Islam the Qur’an is the revealed source. meaning the natural law. and transmitted it just as they had seen and heard it without any mental discrimination on their part. which is also accompanied by the hadith. everlasting. smrti. 8 35 .Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature Upanishads. Prophet Muhammad.8 The explanation has been given that the root of the adjective hindu is the noun hidi. a divinely prescribed way of life. In this case the human being was merely a channel through which direct knowledge of the Divine was revealed. To “see” in this context is not different from what has been mentioned about seeing with the eye of the Heart. the Mahabharata. visual and auditory. ever-present. The Qur’an is the final authority and credo for all who claim Islam as their religion. The hidi is a man who moves on the path of spirituality. Both types of sources are accepted as knowledge of the Truth.
and denotes the support of this manifestation. 86). Rasulu Llah indicates the Universal Reality of this same manifestation. as such. the Shahadah too includes the notion of dual aspects of Ultimate Reality. Muhammadun Rasulu Llah) (Lings 1981. On the other hand. which is the Transcendent or unmanifest (nirguna) aspect. however. Muhammad is the Messenger of God” (La ilaha illa’Llah. and the second to the immanent or theophanic aspect personified in the Prophet. In chronological terms. is not fortuitous. and complementing and completing this notion. and the founder (the Prophet Muhammad). 86) is prefigured in the name of the Prophet. whereas in Islam the fundamental question of “the duality of meanings inherent in the Divine injunctions concerning human things” (Schuon 1984. Consequently between these two religious forms there is a cyclic or cosmic relationship. The Hindu concept of God is constituted of Brahman. Muhammad indicates the limited and relative aspect of the manifestation of the Spirit. This has been understood by the Sufis as follows: the first line refers to the transcendent aspect of God. or the Word as such. Islam is the youngest of the great Revelations. whereby he is venerated as the Perfect Man.Unveiling The Garden of Love ings. characterized by its singularity of the concept of God (Allah). Insan al-Kamil (Schimmel 1975. if Hinduism represents the earliest Primordial Tradition. Notwithstanding its unequivocally monotheistic basis. 75). The basic difference is that the immanent aspect finds expression in the notion of the supernal beings (deities or “gods”) in the Hindu faith. 83): Islam is the last Revelation of the present cycle of terrestrial humanity. The relationship between the two forms of religion is succinctly expressed as follows by Schuon (1975. and which encompasses the Immanent or manifest (saguna) aspect. likewise found in the distinction between the human and Divine nature of the Avatara (Schuon 1984. 27). Comparable concepts of this 36 . that. Islam is a monotheistic religion. This indicates a cyclic relation between the Primordial Tradition and its renewal and reaffirmation in Islam. As the divinely revealed testification (Shahadah) goes: “There is no god but God. the personality of the Prophet himself provides a tremendous spiritual influence and model to his community. This second aspect gives rise to worship of personal loving god(s).
Krishna says in the Bhagavad Gita: “To deliver the pious. 37 . 11 Quoted from “Dancing with Siva. the monotheistic tendency of Vaishanava bhaktas’ singular devotion to Krishna is mentioned in the Gita as: “Those who worship Me with devotion.” Online Master Course of Himalayan Academy by Satguru Siva Subramuniyaswami. virility.10 However. In popular religion. Thus. to reestablish dharma.org/essay. This can be stated as follows: Krishna is Vishnu is Brahman.html (21 July 1999). divine attributes of Brahman. or Bhakta. purity. This is expressed in the Vedas as: “The Avatara descends from the kingdom of God for creating and maintaining the material manifestation” (Chaitanya-caritamrita 2:20). to them I carry what they lack and preserve what they have” (9:22). or material realities. to destroy evil. Krishna is one of many deities or demi-gods. Divine Descent is in accordance with the law of decline that governs every cycle of terrestrial humanity.9 In similar vein. but of the essential. Furthermore. For the Vaishnava. these gods are Deities. intellectual prowess. of Vishnu/Krishna. In this regard. shtml (29 May 2002). namely that of a descent of God. significance. the Sanskrit word Avatara includes a further. or of Saraswati as goddess of knowledge.avatara. or incarnation. Therefore although the Avataras exist in the earthly realm.. meditating on My transcendental form. time. and space. the immanent aspect of Vishnu is the manifestation of Krishna as Avatara. Krishna is the god of love. the Vedas state:11 9 In “What is an Avatar” from The Avatar Site. Thus a Vaishnava is a worshipper. esoteric. the “loving God” mentioned above is none other than Krishna. 10 For example. Specifically. bravery.gurudeva.org/lesson. In the esoteric sense. Lesson 45. for the Vaishnava Bhakta. assume those attributes and become those personalities. who appeals to particular human types or personalities. when it loses its vitality and has moved away from its origins/primordiality (Schuon 1984. I descend Myself from age to age” (4:8). as will be illustrated in the course of our study of the texts in subsequent chapters. The concept of Avatara is commonly understood in English to be a bodily manifestation. However. they are eternally existent and free from the laws of matter. At a higher level. of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature relation are expressed in poetry. the Avatara is an embodiment not of flesh. 82). or Divine Archetypes. devotees of Murugan as the god of valor.
others profess belief in 330 million gods. the relativeAbsolute. The concept of celestial being has a parallel with the numerous angels (malaikat) of the Islamic tradition. He stands facing beings. devotion is directed solely to Krishna as Avatara of Vishnu. eternal 38 . which is also the immanent aspect of Brahman.12 but rather. is perceived as the feminine or creative principle and vital energy. God is One. and which complements Purusha or the male principle. In addition. Vishnu is that aspect of Brahman or Ultimate Reality that is associated with the preservation or sustenance of Creation. In the specific Vaishnava/Bhakti perspective. the first being Creation. the saguna aspect of nirguna Brahman. 14 The man-God relationship is variously referred to as atman-Paramatman (soulsuper Soul). and the third. Thus the cycle of creation (birth). Brahma. In Govinda. etc. Dissolution. creation. reabsorbs them at the end of time. acknowledged as the intermediary celestial beings who manage the affairs of the world. the herdsman. as Prakriti. He. He alone governs these worlds with His powers.13 For the Vaishnava Bhakta. this relation is expressed in his devotion to Krishna as that between lover and Supreme Beloved. action). A different understanding is that these “gods” refer to the devas. and functions. As for the phenomenon of polytheism. Krishna is the One. deity-devotee. atman-Brahman. the male character of Krishna (God) may be perceived as Purusha and that of the female character. contrary to popular misconception in Hinduism.Unveiling The Garden of Love Truly. the supra-natural. after bringing forth all worlds. also referred to as Shakti. The sustaining aspect is the second of the ternary aspects of the transcendent Brahman. the reabsorption of Creation into Brahman. it refers to the innumerable attributes of the Supreme Brahman. Shiva-Shakti. The third aspect of Brahman is Shiva. there can be no second. it does not mean multiple gods that pervade creation. Thus an Infinite (symbolized by the figure 330 million) Supreme Being is epitomized by multiple names. sustenance (life). These may be explained as follows: Brahma is the aspect associated with kriya (literally. Prakrti. associated with the dissolution. the character of Radha epitomizes the love attitude of the devotee towards God. In this context. most Hindus attest to the existence of three gods. In the above framework. and destruction (death) attains completion when the immanent aspects or qualities of Brahman are reintegrated with the transcendent aspect. or rather. Supreme Lord of the Vaishnava Bhakta who does not worship any other demi-god. Radha (human).14 12 13 In popular belief. forms. At the ultimate level. From this root word kriya comes the term Prakrti. jiva-Ishvara. Thus Purusha-Prakriti refers to the Creator-Creation relationship.
And. Radha and Krsna are one and the same in the ultimate principle…. the cowherdess. 39 . following from the nature of the Ultimate Reality as such. and the Maya-sakti. for Vaishnava contemporaries of Jayadeva the connection between emoarchetype of this relationship is expressed in the temporal. or as Bhagavan. The historical personages of Radha. particularly the emotion of love. Echoes of this principle of inalienable Divine-human interconnectedness and unity are expressed in the metaphor of the “hidden treasure” in the Islamic hadith qudsi that has been referred to previously. in the geographical location of Vrndavana in pastoral terms. representing God). Krsna as Bhagavan possesses three powers. earthly manifestations. through which evolves the material world….Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature This relationship is the structure upon which Vaishnava Bhakti doctrine synthesizes the principle of the ineffable Brahman with the direct.e. it is the inseparable relation between the Creator and His creature that is represented in the eternal love-dalliance (lila) of Krishna with Radha in the supernal garden of love. by the time of Jayadeva’s era devotion emphasized emotion instead (Mishra 1998. this is one of the reasons that the cow is a symbol of the Divine for the Hindu. the power which He possesses by virtue of His ultimate nature. which symbolizes the abundance of God’s creation. i. the enjoyer and the enjoyed. In this respect the following explanation is of special relevance (Dasgupta 1969. Jiva-sakti or the power through which all the beings are produced…. and Krishna. the spiritual world is made meaningful not through philosophy but through emotion. thus. Incidentally. Thus. the Svarupa-sakti. the prefix go/gow denotes the cow. the active and qualified God. 123): The Ultimate Being … may be conceived in three of its states. and without the reality of the enjoyed He cannot realize His own nature…. Why then the apparent separation of Radha from Krsna? It is for the self-realization of Krsna. the cowherd. 99). In this regard. either as the unqualified Brahman. Whereas originally the canonical and classical Sanskrit texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Mahabharata laid emphasis on the intellectual tradition in devotionalism. In the terms gopi and Govinda. represent the connection between the gopi (literally cowherdess. corporeal experience of God. God has within His nature two aspects. Vrndavana (the cosmos). symbolizing man) and Govinda (literally the cowherd Krishna. or as the Paramatman.
the foregoing general characteristics of Bhakti literature of his time. through physical discipline. may be read both as a medium of transformation and as a symbolic expression of “sacred” love. In light of the above explanation.” “simple. who were Bhaktas of Krishna as the Avatara of Vishnu. Consequently. In the Indian tradition. “Vaishnava poets of Bengal” refers particularly to religious poets of Bengal like Jayadeva.Unveiling The Garden of Love tion and eroticism is a close one. similar to Ar. 16 In seeking authoritative support. It remains to be seen. Furthermore. the categories of Bhaktism have been simplified to be convenient for our purposes. however. according to sahaja yoga and tantric doctrine. as both constitute expressions of the Bhakta’s love for God—as may be observed from the text of Govinda—the depiction of “profane” love. as well as reflects. whether Jayadeva’s Govinda conforms to. the sahajjiyas attributed their secret. Central to their doctrine is the 40 . whereby prema derives not from suppression. Jayadeva’s religious denomination is Vaishnava.15 In fact.” “spontaneous. had a considerable influence upon the literature of the Vaishnava poets of Bengal. In turn.16 the yogin or practitioner seeks. 115). of kama. kama. panth. tariqa) of Bengal Vaishnavism. the Sahaja sect. However. his spiritual affiliation is Bhaktism. and the particular sect is Sahaja. “unconventional” yogic/tantric practices to great Vaishnava poets and thinkers. original state. Bhakti expression was characterized by a wide variety of social and ideological traits. and the forms of Bhakti or devotion in Hinduism may be broadly characterized by different but overlapping characteristics and practices of individual Bhakti sects.” These qualities refer to man’s spiritual goal. both types of love are considered different ends of a spectrum. 1969. including those of Jayadeva. Sahaja literally means “easy. the Sahajjiya Bhaktas yielded a large body of literature. prema. Thus the two are not antinomical but homologous. followers of a mystical path (Sk. the literary representation of the poets is couched in enigmatic language and paradoxical style. have identified Jayadeva as one of its exponents along with other illustrious figures such as Gosvami and Caitanya (Dasgupta. Their devotional poems especially. comprehensible only to adepts and the initiated. Thus. but sublimation. 15 Akin to the difference between the profane Eros and the sacred Caritas/Agape Love in the Judeo-Christian traditions. In another sense. which is the return to his real.
be it at the social. the expressions in the two texts are governed and regulated by their individual conventions and poetics. or at any level. the sacrality of the texts is true for a particular community control of the sex-pleasure so as to transform it into transcendental bliss. the soul. In this context. Thus the Vaishnava Sahajjiya practices refer to the Bhakta’s path of synthesis between the dichotomies and polarities of kama (carnal desire) and prema (pure love).Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature to perfect himself by attaining the state of sahaja. it is of interest and importance to enquire by what different methods they have respectively attained to them. In Hindu mysticism this is also seen as the synthesis between sexual and transcendental bliss. Bhaktism encapsulates the principle that all truth underlying the macrocosm of the universe as a whole is contained in the microcosm of the human body. E. the infinite … but…. depending on the individual sect or mystical affiliation. Wilson’s view (1974) quoted as an epigraph to this chapter relates to this principle.” and thus the sahajjiya is the spiritual aspirant who has attained or entered this middle. Naturally then. the idea. The extract of C.. In this context. or between the Shiva-Shakti Principle. the invisible. All of these hierarchies of being or stages have may be related to the literary and poetic expression in the text of Govinda. Literary Expression of the Mystical Experience It is a fact that different cultures are structured such that difference in outward form is actively and dynamically maintained by each community. a balance of the left side (ida/ali) with the right side (pingala/kali). within the bodily cakras or centers of vital energy. The difference arises mainly from religion. in the susumna. but this may lead to a considerable difference in the mode of expression. or middle (vertebral column). 112-115). sahaja means “the middle way. both of body and mind. He says: All the arts strive to express the same thing. Towards this aim the body has to be harmonized by achieving. being from different literary traditions. See Dasgupta (1969. which is at the same time conducive to the health. or between the renunciate and the man of the world. or perfected state. etc. or religious. Similarly. in the context of the different religious traditions. 41 . the spirit.
it is the man-woman love relationship that is most often explored and exploited as a poetic device to conjure the Divinehuman connection. In portraying love for God. shared by diverse cultures. this refers ultimately to Love of the highest level (ishq in Persian and prema in Sanskrit). the poison and the antidote. To elaborate: apart from the portrayal of the relationship of love being mutually intense. The former involves sexual desire as an end in itself. 42 . is both the problem and the solution. In both the Persian and Indian traditions. such a breach becomes the established prerequisite and the norm of poetic expression. it often involves the breach or infringement of usual social norms and standards of decorum of a community. the point of departure and of return. As the focal point of our study. and expressed directly or indirectly in their literary works. union with the beloved. This kind of depiction is a particularly common defining characteristic of mystical poetry. Of all the dimensions and aspects of human love.e. a difference is maintained between the types of love. This is the principle expressed symbolically through the portrayal of human love. For all these reasons. or means towards a selfless and intense state appropriate for spiritual transformation of the devotee. rather than a means to an end. such as parentchild or sibling love. or man. A further defining characteristic of the kind of love portrayed is that the object of desire.Unveiling The Garden of Love only. there are also some broad characteristics that are inclusive in nature.. and overwhelming in nature.17 It constitutes for the mystic the end. namely. it is not the ordinary man-woman love relationship that is depicted. A major element that is shared in mystical and poetic expression is the portrayal of human love to represent Divine Love. Moreover. namely the love between Creator and creature. however. the portrayal of worldly 17 This principle of Love sets mysticism apart from religion. reciprocal. i. In Hindu terms kama and prema form opposite ends of a spectrum. This characteristic also explains the occurrence of erotic portrayal and language in mystical expression. this Love is regarded as the governing principle of the universe. however. Furthermore. but the kind that knows no laws. whereas the latter involves sexual desire as a platform. Notwithstanding the exclusive nature of outward form. depicted customarily in a garden setting. which is generally based on the principle of reward and punishment. and not so outside it.
43 . leaving no region uncharted. the sorrows of separation. the spiritual quality inherent in music offers the possibility of fulfilling the human spiritual thirst . is purposefully employed to evoke and stimulate particular emotions. that of union and separation. a possible spiritual interpretation of this theme is the necessity and significance of the portrayal of the state of estrangement of the human soul from the Divine. the pains of doubt and jealousy. At the literary or phenomenal level. the bitterness of love betrayed. effects. In the dynamics of author-audience participation. with both texts upholding the Divine as the point of departure and return. the grief that comes with loss—Nizami maps the whole of the mysterious world of love.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature love is intentionally employed as the most appropriate medium for representing the complex array of human emotions and experiences pertaining to Divine Love. A further device employed in the depiction of love in both the Persian and Indian mystical traditions is the utilization of sensual. and functions as an ontological platform. Music. and sentiments on the part of the audience. this response is evoked by 18 In the foreword to his translation. this device of evocation maximizes the poem’s effect. the lovers’ agony of separation from each other is the poison. In fact. the thrill of mutual affection. may be considered in elaborating this point.” The lightness of heart that falling in love can bring. is unreservedly and positively empathetic towards the writer’s expression . however. attitudes. particularly auditory. and all manner of musical effects such as rhythm and repetition. the themes common to both Layla and Govinda. That is. on the part of the reader. and the ecstasy of their reunion its only antidote. with reference to Nizami’s portrayal in Layla. therefore. namely one which. In his words: 18 [The] striking originality lies in his masterful psychological portrayal of the complexity of human emotions when faced with the “love that knows no laws. it obtains a particular state of being. in the context of the traditional milieu. This is directly because in the traditional worldview. In this respect. This has been put across convincingly by Colin Turner. a translator of the original Persian text. But beyond the phenomenality of this interpretation. “Layla and Majnun: The Classic Love Story of Persian Literature” (2002).
As has been mentioned in the beginning of this chapter. In considering the relation between poetry and religion. which carries connotations of “to 19 In Sanskrit referred to as sahrdaya. Acts. leader of the Sufi Nimatullahi tariqa. 44 . An interesting and significant fact is that the Persian word for garden. the garden has been idealized in different ways by different societies. quoted in Mishra (1998. is that of Divine protection and deliverance. and may be interpreted in relation to context and metatext. and serve to illuminate or intensify the mystery of non-verifiable dimensions of Divine Realities. Again. objective. or gnosis (NSOED). Furthermore. however. by taking into account the fact that “each religion is universal by virtue of its essence. phenomena ostensibly display differences which hold true only for a particular culture or community. the connection between art and religion becomes evident. Sk. The former are fluid in meaning because they are individual.”19 In this context. According to Nurbakhsh. the connection of the meaning of “protection” with “garden” can be found in the Hebrew meaning of the word for garden. a major difference between purely literary symbols and religious symbols has to be maintained. conjuring celestial images (Ar. Attributes. means both garden and paradise. or the Essence. The commonality in most traditions is usually the setting of an idyllic. audience and writer share a universe of discourse. “a man whose heart is at one with the author’s. A further shared form of expression in mysticism is the concept of gardens as a setting.swargah). and immutable. Paradise symbolizes the station of theophanies. 19). it is possible to reconcile the outward truths with the inward principles inherent in the texts. subjective. The commonly-held significance of the garden.” See Greenblatt (1990. specific. 55). whereas the latter are collective. or suggest new meaning and usage within the framework of verifiable realities. with art functioning as a medium of expression of a particular religious tradition in attaining a special knowledge of the spiritual mysteries. in the sense that the spectator does not think of itself merely as an audience but as a “community of believers. earthly garden. Consequently. and particular by reason of its form” (Shah-Kazemi 1999. From earliest till present times. firdausi.Unveiling The Garden of Love all art upon an audience. 15). gan (and bagan in Bengali). jannah. whether of effects.
Layla came with some friends into the garden.” the “nightingale” and the “maidens in the garden of paradise” (or houris) are distinctly Arabic-Islamic. who encounters the depths of love. Yet it reminds us that Layla and Majnun can be anyone who falls in love. wondrous. mating on mango shoots Shaken as bees seek honey scents of opening buds…. Crying sounds of cuckoos. the setting for the episodes of union and reunion of the lovers in Layla is that of a beautiful garden. who experiences love and becomes aware that love is the embodiment of a special attribute beyond compare. Thus the setting of the garden plays a parallel role in the texts. 45 . whereas the entire depiction of Govinda is set against “Brindaban forest. Although in Govinda the actual location is the forest. and of immense worth (Baharuddin 1992.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature shade. and on the topmost branch the nightingale was sitting. On one such happy day. She planted the rose-bush. the rose lifted her head out of her calyx towards the bird.” an extant location with established connotations of paradise in the Hindu tradition (referred to in the Bhagavad Gita as Goloka Vrindavana). while below. sighing like Majnun. xxiii-xxiv).” in the way a tree offers shade from the sun and shelter from the rain (Stein 1993. There are elements in these examples that convey its specific milieu: the “rose. Consequently. like Layla…. Brindaban forest is washed by meandering Jumna river waters. The following excerpts of garden imagery from Layla are self-evident: She was the most beautiful garden and Majnun was a torch of longing. This is amply demonstrated by the following verses (I:33. he watered it with his tears…. 38). I:36) of “The First Song”: Budding mango trees tremble from the embrace of rising vines. In every plane tree the ringdoves cooed their love-stories. when the roses were in full bloom. to enjoy themselves among the beautiful flowers like the maidens in the garden of paradise. the garden is central to the rich imagery of wild nature.
Again. the garden is a sexual symbol and a metaphor for woman’s sexual arousal and desire. 43). mango leaves and branches are an indispensable part of Hindu marriages.” earthly gardens have a relative reality. This is the particular context in which the phrase “Garden of Love” in the title of this work is understood.20 regularly occurring in juxtaposition with lovers and their union. particularly in the Song of Songs. which in turn signify a Divine Reality. For this reason. the “real. although the setting is distinctly Indian in details such as the “Jumna river” and “asoka branches. with the religious dimension. an absolute Reality. Furthermore. the mango tree is a symbol of fertility and regeneration. it is indeed appropriate that the love between man and woman is depicted within a garden setting. the earthly gardens signifying a worldly reality. The beauty and bounty of nature provides the perfect setting for love in Govinda. and the sacred gardens. in the Hebraic tradition. is thus apparent: it represents a refuge from the world. 46 . echoes of Majnun as the “torch of longing” in the garden in Layla are echoed in images of “flames” in the following verse in Govinda (II:20): Wind from a lakeside garden Coaxing buds on new asoka branches Into clusters of scarlet flowers Is only fanning the flames to burn me. Based on the foregoing connections between the garden and love and its consummation. For example. In other words. The connection of the gardens. In this context gardens function symbolically in referring to particular existential realities. and the context in which it attempts an 20 In the Hindu tradition. It is both protecting (a masculine attribute) and protected (a feminine attribute). this is explicitly stated (Stein 1993. especially—typical of the Indian convention—mango trees. the lush natural surroundings convey the sense of pleasure the lovers have in each other.Unveiling The Garden of Love Trees figure prominently in this setting. as the setting of the love stories. Furthermore.” at the same time they remind us that the union of the lovers is not bound to a particular time or place. in many Eastern cultures. In both the above examples. There is also another significance to this concept of the garden.
The Stages of Unio Mystica Unio Mystica. The particulars of each spiritual stage or phase will be outlined in the ensuing discussion. is arrived at through a process of transformation.” To recapitulate the general points about commonalities in modes of expression and its relation to the examination and comparison of the texts in hand. The relevant stages may be regarded as a cyclical projection of man’s spiritual potentialities. together with the equivalences in viewpoint of the stages within the Persian and Indian traditions. This may shed light on questions such as: Do Layla and Govinda have an adequately spiritual interpretation in the first place? And: Is the spiritual interpretation appropriate and sufficient for attesting to commonalities between the Persian and Indian traditions? And beyond that: Does this give room to verify the Traditionalist perspective of the transcendent unity of religions? In the course of comparison and analysis.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature “unveiling” of the similarities and differences between the Persian and Indian “Gardens. The elucidation of this process in this section is partly an adaptation of the ideas and metaphysical categories formulated by Meister Eckhart and explained by Whitall N. or the ultimate point of identification with the Divine. as schematized below: Figure 2: Stages of Mystical Development and Spiritual States 47 . the issue to be addressed is the essential nature of the differences and similarities. Perry (1981) involving the stages and processes relevant to the development of the human soul on the mystic path. and of discovering the nature and the extent of the similarities and differences in the two texts. it is hoped these questions may be addressed.
that of “union” and “reunion.” However. although this state concerns the bliss of ignorance (or innocence of the worldly state) it is also the bliss of knowledge (referring to the proximity with Spirit). Thus. paradisiacal divinity in man. The process involves the crushing of the self or ego. the mystic path of the Sufi (turuq/suluk) or of the Bhakta (marga/panth) to the Beloved is depicted by the travails of the soul. “1” refers to the spiritual-causal plane of existence. “Separation” is contrary to union in that it deals with the “fall” of man from his divine state. the cycles are not on a level plane. In other words. or animus. this process is voluntary. or spiritus. “2” to the gross-material plane. indications of impending separation or covert references to a fall from this state are ubiquitous. but rather on higher or lower planes of existence. they differ qualitatively. in that “union” entails “descent. In Islamic terms. recurring experiences of separation and union. It is the primordial state of the soul. In mystico-poetic expression. referred to as jism or sarira in Islamic and Hindu terminology respectively. and “3” to the subtle-spiritual plane. and the severance of the self from its Center. Although the first and third stages. In this context it is penitential in nature and necessitates processes of reconstruction and purification at the material level of the self. namely. and in Hinduism with atman.” are placed at the same level in the diagram. a state of innocence and ignorance. a key characteristic of mystical poetry is the interweaving of expressions of both pleasure and pain. the process or journey is cyclical. this existential state is associated with spirit or ruh. This is the archetypal spiritual journey in which man undergoes consecutive. In whichever perspective they are viewed. “Union” refers to the state of initial union.” he moves closer to the ultimate state.” and “reunion. commonly referred to in Christian terms as “the dark night of the soul.” But each time he “dies” and is “reborn. and entails great trial and tribulation. Thus.” “separation. “union. for the mystic. In conveying the existential state of separation. or “death” and “life. the underlying motive of Love is not as means to an end (the reward of Heaven) but the end in itself (Love for Love’s sake). and reflects the original.Unveiling The Garden of Love In Figure 2. embarked upon by the sole motivation of Love (ishq or prema). three broad processes of mystical development are mentioned.” As indicated in the diagram.” In terms of existential states. or corpus. 48 .” whereas “reunion” entails “ascent.
The spiritual aspirant’s consciousness of his essential identity with the Ultimate involves the experiential awakening to a pre-existing condition of oneness or unity.” and denotes the state of union regained by the human soul after the experience of earthly realities. This power increasingly overwhelms the finite self with the Infinite. However. “I am the Truth.9: “Absolute knowledge of Brahman is to become Brahman. which enables the soul to regain perfection. Basically. and at the highest stage. Aham Brahmasmi. When this realization matures sufficiently. and to be in union with God. this innate power of the Ultimate. In this manner.Colors of Love: Some Ideals of Traditional Literature “Reunion. The process of conscious realization involves the awakening to the wholeness of the pre-existing and pre-eternal self or soul and grasping of. ana-al-Haqq. involving the experience of the aspirant in a direct and personal spiritual encounter. It is referred to as ma‘rifa in Islam and jnana/ samadhi in Hinduism. This refers to the stage of gnosis. and the veil of maya is rent.” or. Ultimate Reality. “I am Brahman. or absorption in Brahman and dissolution in Brahman (jivanmukti-moksha).21 in Bhakti terms. Poetic expression of the state of union regained is invariably marked by the paradox of “return” (to the origins) and “no return” (from the origins). it is different in that it is concerned not with the bliss of innocence.” This state is similar to the bliss of “union” in that it refers to the spiritual state. In mystical terms it involves a leaving behind of all attachments. is differentiated qualitatively from “union. or “separation. leading to a direct vision of. but that of intellectual penetration. or Enlightenment. the spiritual aspirant or Bhakta may rightly utter the startling assertion. and identification with. as a Sufi spontaneous utterance of realization (shathiyyat) has been expressed. penetration is not of the mind (al-‘aql/ manas) but of the heart (al-qalb/ buddhi). 21 Mundaka Upanishad 3:2. extinction in God and subsistence in God (al-fana’/al-baqa’) in Sufi terms. Each of the foregoing stages mentioned are not neat and discrete. but overlapping and recursive in nature.” as mentioned.” 49 .” Thus reunion refers to a spiritual return in which the soul realizes its true Self. The understanding of the series of narrative events in the texts in the following chapters is based upon these stages and principles.
compared. thorns of subsequent separation. and garden of final reunion may be properly recognized. 50 . and appreciated.Unveiling The Garden of Love hopefully the blossoms of initial union.
its name unknown. its magic great. This separation takes its toll. (Layla. on the banks of the Jumna river. begins with the young Krishna. The tale of Govinda. on the other hand. both texts are expressed in enigmatic language which can yield diverse levels of meaning and interpretation. They are. A common means is through the medium of stories. God of Triumph. where they enjoy infinite bliss in each other’s presence. I:19) As mentioned in the preceding chapter. Layla is rendered in lyrical prose and Govinda in narrative poetry. and his passionate encounter with one particular gopi. however. and pining for each other for the rest of their earthly lives. by Majnun’s consequent madness. Even though the original works are poems. Apart from the narrative aspect.CHAPTER THREE BLOOMS OF LOVE’S GARDEN: INITIAL UNION AND SEPARATION IN UNION Together they had inhaled the scent of a flower. and they are reunited in an idyllic encounter celebrated with promises of unconditional and enduring devotion to one another. conventions and ideals of traditional literary works convey a message by indirect means. Finally all is forgiven. Undergoing anguish. Radha is jealous of Krishna’s dalliances with countless other gopis and she leaves him in a rage. Triumph. and by Layla’s arranged marriage to Ibn Salam. Forced apart by family objections. the encounter of the lovers is drastically cut short. Like sunlight inciting lotuses to bloom. and both realize they cannot survive without each other. Hari! (Govinda. II:5) Exciting your Yadu kinsmen…. Radha. both lovers ultimately die. reunited eternally in Paradise. Divine Lover of human cowherdesses or gopis. It is possible to interpret this sort of expression through the 51 . Layla recounts the story of two human lovers who experience love at first sight. in translation. As this state of affairs is unheard-of and not tolerated by the community. the lovers are torn and tortured by the separation from each other. This is also true of the texts of Layla and Govinda. Thus. both texts convey a distinct story line or narrative.
the individual originating mystico-religious traditions of the texts. The two literary phenomena selected are. The State of Initial Union The nature. Specifically. particular features. or invoked through. Subsequently. Using this approach. or abstract elements such as atmosphere. and affords ample basis for interpretation and comparison. an appropriate external scene or depiction. one can study and compare the outer. A general setting creates the 52 . Moreover. or qualities of the depiction of the union of the lovers. Setting is a basic aspect of any literary work. and reference to. this study embarks on the analysis. To this end. Although basic. will be studied and compared. including physical and natural location. etc. and interpreted in the context of the individual cultural milieus of Layla and Govinda. namely. interpretation. which may be reflected by. environment includes the internal “landscape” of human emotions. the initial or primordial state of union. and sociocultural milieu portrayed in the work. historical period. as will be shown in this section. to derive their inherent. the first being the initial union and bliss of the lovers. facilitated by knowledge of. essential meaning. The discussion on this state deals with two different aspects. This chapter deals with the first of the three phases of mystical development put forward in the schematization. In this way. mood. tone. the setting and the characterization are understood in relation to the lovers and the nature of their love in union. and the second. and comparison of the many-hued garbs of the Layla-Majnun and Radha-Krishna love stories that bloom in the gardens of Layla and Govinda. it has an important role and function in enhancing a work. formal aspects of the texts. These involve their spiritual and mystical implications. will be examined from the standpoint of two literary elements mentioned.Unveiling The Garden of Love approach of hermeneutics. the discussion includes the techniques and devices employed by the individual authors in conveying their message. condition. setting and characterization. In this.. the element of separation in their union. or the “noumena” inherent in them. the study will proceed to the inward dimensions of these phenomena. The setting of a work involves the entire environment of a story. Environment also includes extra-physical. and following three chapters the outward meanings of literary “phenomena” that is.
the lovers dispense with the elements of “education” such as spelling and counting. Govinda is a song of one particular aspect of Krishna. that of a forest. we see that it begins in an opulent setting. The particular location where the lovers meet in Layla is a school. which affords them all the delights and pleasures of love. the arid. inhabited by “noble families of various tribes” (II:4) such as the families of the protagonists. “Their minds were freed from spelling by love’s spell” and. This may be an allusion to the origins of the folk tale in the Arabic context. the cowherd lover. The setting of Layla alternates between two main locations in an Arabized Persia of the twelfth century. and he is born in a palace. its magic great” (II:5). whereas that of Govinda is rural. Thus. The love story of Radha and Krishna takes place in an idyllic Indian forest in the season of spring.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union entire frame of the work. One is the opulent setting of palace and garden. The former is for the most part urban in character. In this world of initial union. the son is entrusted to “a learned man to whom distinguished Arabs took their children” (II:4). “The others learned to count―while they could tell that nothing ever counts but tenderness” (II:6). desert landscape. and the other.1 These textual facts may be read at a deeper level of understanding. the story of cowherd lovers is set against a corresponding natural scene. harsh. Their conduct is reflected by charming puns like. there appears to be an anomaly in the reference to “Arabs” rather than Persians. In Govinda. only the former is discussed. This locality may be construed as the world of Layla-Majnun. there is an observable difference from Layla : the setting of place in Layla is urban and rural. it is there that they “inhaled the scent of a flower. 277). as it represents the setting of the lovers’ initial meeting and union. Subsequently. in this chapter. In taking a step back from the point of the lovers’ meeting at school to the early life of Qays. its name unknown. whereas the latter constitutes a wilderness inhabited by wild beasts. Qays’ birthplace and noble family background may be construed as symbolizing the 1 In this Persian work. and specific settings are usually attached to various episodes of a plot (Myers 1989. His father is the ruler of a prosperous kingdom. and instead are immersed in “learning” about each other. However. 53 . Consequently. the entire setting of the union is rustic.
Unveiling The Garden of Love plenitude of man’s divine origin. As for Layla, apart from the information that she too is from a noble family, there are no details about her origins. This evokes a sense of mystery in connection with Layla, which contrasts with Qays. It allows the interpretation that there is no information about her origins because there is no origin. In other words, Layla symbolizes the uncreated, Divine Being of which there is no beginning, and no end. Furthermore, the “learned man,” denoting the school teacher to whom Qays is entrusted, is not merely a teacher in the secular understanding of instruction. Rather he represents the Shaykh or spiritual guide of the seeker. The Shaykh’s all-important role is to guide the pupil and deliver him into the spiritual life. This may be substantiated by the information that from the teacher Qays should learn “everything of use in this world” (II:4). There are two important aspects of spiritual import in this information. One, “everything” refers to the one thing that is “of use” in the mystic’s world, namely the spiritual life. And two, “in this world” refers to man’s earthly existence. In this existence the world is perceived as a learning experience. Consequently, it is represented as a school. Thus, there are two interpretations of the school setting. The first is that the initial union of the lover with the Beloved occurs in a primordial setting, meaning in a world which is still in its primary, pure state. The second is that the spiritual guide shows the seeker or the initiate, in the subsequent material world, the spiritual path as the way to regain this original state. Thus the “Fall” of Qays represents the spiritual aspirant’s worldly existence. Turning to the case of precise location in Govinda, the lovers’ initial physical union takes place in “Brindaban forest … washed by meandering Jumna river waters” (I:33). Here, their “secret passions” triumph, and here, Krishna, fatigued from sexual union with Radha, rests (I:17):
… on the soft slope of Sri’s breast…. Fondling wanton forest garlands.
This depiction, similar to Layla, paints a world in which none but the lovers exist. Although this is not directly stated, as it is in Layla, it may be inferred from the notable absence of any other character at this point in time. The only other characters in the work, the gopis, emerge after the separation occurs between Radha and Krishna. 54
Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union Similarly, although it is not directly stated in Govinda, as in Layla, that they are in a paradise, the idyllic depiction of Brindaban forest conveys that, like Layla and Majnun, Radha and Krishna are in a natural, paradisiacal environment, namely, Brindaban.2 The opening lines of the poem evoke a sense of darkness through interwoven, natural images in each successive line, as may be observed from the highlighted words in the following extract of the opening verse (I:1):
Clouds thicken the sky. Tamala3 trees darken the forest. The night frightens him…. Passing trees in thickets on the way, Until secret passions of Radha and Madhava Triumph on the Jumna riverbank.
In this manner, the darkness of the setting unfolds in a contracting succession of concentric circles, to convey the lovers’ union as a secret, hidden occurrence. This notion may be schematized as follows:
Clouds Clouds thicken the sky. Tamala trees darken the forest. The night frightens him. . . . Passing trees in thickets on the way, Until secret passions of Radha and Madhava Triumph on the Jumna riverbank. Tamala trees The night thickets secret passions of Radha-Madhava
Figure 3.1: Schematization of Physical Space in the Union of Govinda
2 3
In the Bhagavad Gita, Brindaban is referred to as Goloka Vrndavana the realm of cows, Brindaban) and Krsnaloka (the realm of Krsna). The tamala is a large, shady, flowering tree with a dark bark. Its flowers are used for incantation rites, puja, and are believed to grant enjoyment and salvation. Its shade is proverbial, believed to give as much comfort as a mother’s womb. See Miller (1984, 216). This association with the womb is also evocative of the return to primordial origins.
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Unveiling The Garden of Love This presentation of setting may be related to a spiritual perspective of the lovers’ union, referring to the mystery of the primordial state of union with the Divine. The inward movement towards the secret union of the lovers resembles the archetypal mandala in Hindu mysticism. The word mandala in Sanskrit is a compound of manda, which means “essence,” and the suffix -la, meaning “container” or “possessor.” Thus, “a container of essence” or “sphere of the essence.” From this etymology, the mandala shares with the depiction in Govinda, a common characteristic of a circle, having a center or axis and directional headings. As a cosmological symbol, the mandala is a place where microcosm and macrocosm unite, a place where the inner world, or the Self, and the outer world, or the Universe, come together in the body. Thus the body represents the entire universe. In this context, the mandala signifies union or harmony of Self and Universe, the inner world and outer world. Thus, the mandala is a visual, diagrammatic representation of the universe or macrocosm, which is conventionally used as the focal point for meditation. The goal of this concentration or focus is to be ceaselessly centered on the innermost, which is the highest, level of one’s being. At the microcosmic level, centers of energy, referred to as cakras, inhere in the human body Meditation involves the repetition of a mantra or invocation of Divine Names. Basically the word mantra comprises the root man-, or mind, and -tra, which combines the notions of “tranquility” and its outcome, “freedom.” In many religious traditions the Holy Name is kept secret—an underlying principle being, that which is sacred is secret. In the Hindu tradition, the secrecy of the Holy Name is found in the guidelines concerning a Vedic invocation, the Gayatri Mantra, or mother of all mantras. This mantra is believed to have been revealed only in part, for to reveal all would unleash unbounded power, and be too overwhelming for the uninitiated. It is in this context that in the guru sampradaya, or tradition of the spiritual guide, the guru utters a specific mantra in the ears of the initiate, appropriate to the individual’s status or station, signifying revelation of the Holy Name to one who has qualified as an adept.
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Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union There is a complementary aspect of the mantra, namely, of contemplation which involves a yantra,4 or mechanism. The yantra is a sacred tool of contemplation on the Transcendent, Absolute Brahman. Thus it is an icon which, like “all other visible symbols, establishes a bridge from the sensible to the spiritual” (Schuon 1984, 72). The basis of meditation as explained in the Bhagavad Gita, in which Arjuna asks Krishna, “How should I meditate on You? In what various forms are You to be contemplated, O Blessed Lord?” (10:17), is in Krishna’s answer, “I am the Self O Gudakesa,5 seated in the heart of all creatures. I am the Beginning, the Middle, and the End of all beings” (10:21). On this basis, the mantra-yantra is the vehicle which carries the devotee on the path to jivan mukti, liberation-while-living. Seen in the above context, the circles conveying the lovers’ union evoke the mandala at the macrocosmic level, which in turn, correspond with microcosmic levels of the human consciousness of the lover. Thus the “Triumph” or secret consummation of the love of Radha-Krishna may be interpreted as a union of the highest order, one that achieves the ultimate destination, paramam gatim. Within the schema of the setting represented in the above diagram, mention of the Jumna river as the site of the union is especially significant. The site represents the element water, which is a major symbol in most religious traditions. In Hinduism it is an archetype of purity, and purification. In bhumi loka, the earthly realm, water is used for religious purification. The source of the Ganga-Jumna rivers is said to be in swarga loka, the heavenly realm,6 and thus the water of the earthly Jumna not only symbolizes, but is in itself, purity and sanctification. Water also has a rejuvenating and transforming power. In this context, the river banks of Jumna evoke a transcendental atmosphere, and the union of Radha-Krishna is perceived as a rejuvenating, spiritual “triumph.” In Layla, the setting of the union of the lovers is characterized by exclusivity. In projecting this characteristic, a virtual garden is evoked through images of garden and nature, and sustained by analo4 5 6
The yantra is a geometric design that functions as an aid to meditation.
Meaning, “one who has conquered the darkness.” See Swami Prabhupada (1971, 519). Or, Goloka Vrndavana and Krsnaloka, as mentioned earlier.
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. “they went on … enjoying the sweet scent” (II:5). they provide an ample basis for constructing a similar pattern. Similarly.2: Schematization of Physical Space in the Union of Layla Although the elements of physical space do not appear in a single paragraph and in sequence as they do in Govinda. “enjoying their paradise” (III:7). where the lovers. Based on the above depiction. . the cakra. Arabia the school other pupils the paradisal garden the secret love of Layla-Majnun . Another floral metaphor goes. . The school constitutes their world which becomes transformed by their love into a garden of paradise. . . the mandalic interpretation of the union in Govinda may be applied to Layla in an identical context. “Together they had inhaled the scent of a flower” (II:5). the principle of contemplation and meditation. enjoying their paradise . Although it differs phenomenally in setting.Unveiling The Garden of Love gies and comparisons between the characters and their surroundings. emerges. his fellow pupils/companions at school . . . It is said of Layla that “even the milk she drank turned into the color of roses on her lips and cheeks” (II:5). it is said of Majnun that he was a “carefully protected flower in the happy garden of childhood” (I:3). This conveys that their relationship excludes everyone and everything else. as long as no one has noticed. the arabesque design. drink “the wine of oblivion” (II:7). the father sent the boy to school. . While in Govinda the schema of the union evokes the three doctrines of Hindu mysticism. and yantra-mantra in Layla it may be related to three corresponding Sufi doctrines. . . the latifa or seven stages or centers. Thus. the existence of the lovers is contained within an exclusive garden in which. hidden occurrence. among the Bedouin in Arabia . This pattern may be illustrated by the following diagram. and fikr-zikr. . 58 . the mandala. a similar pattern of concentric circles of the lovers’ union as a secret. as they “turned their backs on the world” (I:7). They are. the secret code of signs and glances Figure 3. namely.
arabesque pattern. This pattern is a reflection of the cosmos. and He knows infinitely all things” (Quran LVII:3). “He is the First (al-Awwal) and the Last (al-Akhir). through religious formulas and repetition of the Divine Names. in Islam the 99 Most Beautiful Names of Allah are revealed. the essence of which is strikingly reminiscent of the verse of the Bhagavad Gita quoted above. Further. The relevance of the above practices and processes to the lovers in union in Layla may be seen from the following description of the lovers’ state of complete concentration and absorption upon each other in the garden (II:5): … (they) drank by day and dreamed by night. The contemplation may be upon a graphic representation of the cosmos by means of a geometric. 132n). Each of these seven stages signifies a special relationship between the seven centers of the body and the seven Prophets. whereas his essential Name is hidden from those without proper initiation (Ardalan & Bakhtiar 1973.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union The Sufi initiate strives for attainment of a rigorous balance between the human body or microcosm and the universe. or remembrance of God. the journey of the Sufi involves contemplation or fikr. 132n). In a manner similar to the Bhakta. 59 . This process basically occurs through seven latifa. The arabesque thus relates metaphysically to the Quranic verse. thus forming a “mental itinerary” for the contemplative mind (Ardalan & Bakhtiar 1973. It envisions the Garden of Paradise. this contemplation is facilitated by the practice of zikr. Thus the possible significance of the fact that Qays first sets eyes on Layla at school “when he was seven years old” (I:3). Similar to the Hindu tradition. hierarchical stages or spheres or centers (Ardalan & Bakhtiar 1973. 30). Their eyes became blind and their ears deaf to the school and the world. the Manifest (al-Zahir) and the Hidden (al-Batin). This is signalled by the number seven. The balance is “needed to visualize inwardly what one sensibly feels and to feel inwardly what one visually sees” (Ardalan & Bakhtiar 1973. and the cosmic processes within all things. is that he is at a particular level of consciousness and thus qualified to begin the journey to God. and the more they drank the deeper they became immersed in each other. 30). or macrocosm. which in many spiritual traditions is an auspicious number.
(emphasis mine). The celebration and commemoration that prevails in the above description is sustained in the depiction of Qays flourishing in his growing years: “Playful and joyful. To strangers he was a generous host and in all his enterprises he succeeded as if good luck were part of him. … respected like a caliph. as can be seen from the emphasized words in the description. a Sayyid.…he who otherwise possessed everything he desired…. In Layla. as the stone is part of the fruit…. of what occurs in the immediate human environment following the birth of Qays (I:2): … the happy father opened wide the door of his treasury. This is apparent from the diction in portraying both bounty and magnanimity in relation to his father. No other country flourished like his and Zephyr carried the sweet scent of his glory to the farthest horizons. he grew year by year. when the meeting of the lovers takes place. elements in the depiction of the setting reflect and correspond to these qualities through descriptions of a similar tenor. The above passages are heavily laden with images of plenitude. The setting may be understood in relation to a particular feature. namely the quality of plenitude. Every other word in the above passage evokes an atmosphere of plenitude. Everyone was to share his happiness and the great event was celebrated with shouts of joy and words of blessing. He had a kind heart for the poor and for them his purse was always open. Accordingly. Qays is from a family background of wealth and nobility. as has been pointed out. Success and merit made him a Sultan of the Arabs and his wealth equalled that of Korah. a carefully protected flower in the happy garden of childhood” (I:3). who ruled over the Banu Amir.Unveiling The Garden of Love in a manner suggestive of the deep contemplation and practice of remembrance of the Sufi. reflecting Bhakti and Sufi notions of union with God. who is (I:1): … a great lord. it may be said that the texts illustrate corresponding and equivalent representations of the setting of union. the floral 60 . From the foregoing comparison therefore. Consequently.
. An attempt will be made to address this point of difference in the following paragraphs. a golden orange. However. separation. smell. so the sun. Further. and so on. in both works. the separation of the lovers occurs primarily in a contrasting desert setting that is bare and harsh. as mentioned earlier. Taken together. i. In Layla. in Govinda. forces of nature reinforce the effect of the lovers in a state of union. Plenitude in terms of material riches in Layla is apparently lacking in Govinda. etc. hear. appropriate to the condition of separation.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union imagery and abundance is continued: “How happy this first flowering of love for Qays and Layla!” (III:6). From the foregoing arguments and examples. lush setting.e. a commonality in the setting in Layla and Govinda is that the state of union is characterized by plenitude. what is lacking in terms of material riches is replaced by the portrayal of natural richness. thickets. The imagery is fashioned from elements like trees. a point of difference between the setting of the first stage of union and the next stage. Furthermore. the “fierce eagle Garuda” (I:20). As seen in the quotations provided earlier in regard to location. these nature images in the depiction allow the reader to virtually see. rivers. there is a sense of fullness in their love—”A bearer had come and filled their cups to the brim” (II:5)—evoking a quality of superabundance. garlands.” “night birds” (I:23). and sustained by liberal references to natural elements such as “the wild Himalayan goose on lakes” (I:18). there is also a sense of superabundance in the physical union of Radha and Krishna. there is no change in setting. Every day she grew more beautiful.… So Layla also shone forth in her morning. touch. This may be explained by the fact that. in a visibly integral way (III:7): Just as Joseph came out of his pit. ascends every morning from the hem of the horizon like a precious toy in the sky. a verdant forest setting in Govinda. “sunlight inciting lotuses to bloom” (I:19). projected in recurring images of nature. these sensory images convey a super-sensory state of being. and separation occurs in the same. “the fresh rain clouds. 61 . and taste the abundance. Nevertheless. In keeping with this portrayal of the lovers. In this connection it is interesting to mention briefly here. the entire setting of Govinda is rustic.
In the words of John Herlihy. involving primordial humans and an avatara. the human soul longing for the Divine. Thus the story follows the logic of the doctrine of Krishna and Divine intervention. or the longing of man for restoration to his Divine origin. meaning it belongs to a particular time and place. on earth as it is in Heaven.e.7 or primordial man (2003): affirms the Divine Principle in the human form by virtue of his being made “in the image” (imago Dei)8 of a Divine Being…. Layla symbolizes the Divine Beloved. meaning man or person. He could see things directly … and he symbolically walked with God. this phenomenon has a symbolic and mystical significance.… and he was not enclosed in the alternative ‘flesh or spirit’” (Schuon 2003). This means that although Bhaktism and esoterism are phenomena of the Iron Age or Kali Yuga. In the same vein. the worldly and the spiritual. to borrow a Christian expression. and the Hindi/Urdu aadmi. and Majnun. namely the twelfth century. i. In this way. projected and manifested in the earthly domain. in Hindu myths the Sanskrit term devi is thus applied to Radha in relation to her “divine” status. However. In contrast. 8 In a similar context. For the Sufi. Thus man embodies primordial perfection and divinity. and the perception of her as a “deity. the love story of Radha and Krishna in Govinda is set in primordial times. at the literal level the phenomenon of the human characters concerns a male madly and recklessly in love with a female. have an equivalent semantic significance as Adam. the love story in Layla is of two separate orders.Unveiling The Garden of Love The question of setting may be related to the issue of historical and ahistorical realities. 7 In Sanskrit. On this basis. the love story in Govinda represents and participates in a reality of the Golden Age. It is noted that the setting in Layla has a historical reality. representing an ahistoric and mythic reality. Adi (purusha) meaning First or Foremost (man).” 62 . and for the human. Adamic. an Arabized-Islamized Persia that is consistent with the time of production of Nizami’s text. “Primordial man saw God everywhere. This is the particular context in which the setting of Govinda is understood. his human nature expressed totality and completeness…. the “Brindaban” referred to is one and the same as the celestial Goloka Vrindavana. it is. Dwapara Yuga.
it may also be understood in two ways: a direct and literal manner. and how they convey the idea of initial union. In subsequent descriptions. In their characterization. studied from various aspects of characterization. The former is defined as a designation. Layla is introduced as follows (II:5): The name of this miracle of creation was Layla. The love relations of Layla-Majnun and Radha-Krishna. 44): the presentation of fictitious people whose composite physical descriptions. The characters in question are identified both by appellations and by epithets. with ravens weaving their wings around it” (II:4). and associations with “dark. and reference to her hair 63 . may shed light on its essential significance. the names. its literal meaning in the second. Instrumental to this are. but which contain universal significance. “her face was a torch. the physical attributes. Layla conjures up a mystery. In this introduction. such as. and a title. the literal meaning. With reference to the above definition of characterization. and the actions of both pairs of lovers from the individual texts. the reference to her as a miracle in the first sentence. a name.” “night. her looks are associated with images of light and darkness.” and “hair”.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union And thus. as well as an anagogic and symbolic manner. like Layla. motives. whereas the latter as a word or phrase expressing a quality or attribute regarded as characteristic of the person mentioned (NSOED). attitudes. the qualities. The ensuing discussion is confined to the particular forms of reference that reflect and convey the state of initial union of the lovers. and actions are lifelike enough for the reader to accept as representing real people…. as well as the literary implications relating to the male and female protagonists of Layla and Govinda in the state of initial union can be better understood. The proper selection and the particularization of detail make for characters that are specific. are of particular interest. This involves (Myers 1989. Does not “Layl” mean “night” in Arabic? And dark as the night was the color of her hair. Characterization is one of the most important means by which a literary writer projects certain ideas into a work. starting with the female protagonists.
It is associated with radhas. and descriptions of. the association with the religious context is to be found in the Shahadah. 56). Layla in the text. because night symbolizes Unity and Oneness or union in the Sufi tradition. and is reflected in. This monotheistic element is reflected in the particularity and the singularity of reference to Layla as a symbol of the Divine Beloved. in the spiritual context. This form of reference to her may be interpreted as representative of epitomizing the nature of the union of the lovers: each reflects. la-ilah. Layla’s name has a phonetic resemblance to the first segment of the attestation. All of these interpretations suggest that the name Radha has a dimension of fulfilling or of complementing something else. Secondly. his moon” (V:14). and into. This fact has important implications at the religious or exoteric level.Unveiling The Garden of Love as “under the dark shadow of her hair” (II:4). the other. “night” is an epithet justly bestowed on Layla. “there is no god but God” reflects the characteristic monotheism of Islam. It is interesting that although there occur many indirect or elliptical references to. In other words. Another aspect of Layla is in reference to the moon in the examples. a common noun referring to a woman as “beloved” and “desired. and “Layla. “They kept the new moon hidden from the fool” (III:9). Besides. It also indicates that their relationship is a union of mutuality and complementarity. as well as at the spiritual or esoteric level. Firstly. although she is referred to in several ways. something that cannot be easily perceived or apprehended. the only real Being. that is.” and “perfection. the foremost profession of faith in the Islamic religious tradition. Thus the mystical formulation of the Shahadah is “There is nothing existent save God” (Schimmel 1982.” and most scholarly interpretations indicate something or someone that “fulfills a need” (Miller 1984. This point about annihilation and non-existence will be taken up further in reference to the discussion on Majnun in subsequent paragraphs. the physical description of Layla constructs a sense of the mysterious. All of these expressions emphasize and deepen the sense of mystery.” Others suggest that it means “satisfaction. Speculations of scholars trace the Sanskrit word radha to Vedic and Puranic origins. The attestation La ilaha illa’Llah. Radha. In this 64 . Unity involves the annihilation of the mystic’s “being” before. 22). As to the name of the female protagonist in Govinda. and “dark as the night was the color of her hair” (II:5). the focus is on one name. she has only one name.
In other words. In short. Radha in the state of union may be contextualized as fulfilling Krishna’s needs. If reason asked him to avoid his love. moonlight is a reflection of sunlight. Qays found no peace…. Qays exists only in Layla. or in the darkness of night. These elements of the moon may be applied to Qays and the state of his unity with Layla. It is also important to remember that although the moon is always there. so too. it is said that he “looked like the moon … and his parents gave him the name of Qays” (I:3). 65 . Therefore. of Layla. The above quotation can be interpreted as. it should be pointed out that the name of “Majnun.” and his entailing characteristic of madness. the discussion on the state of original union between the lovers only considers the name of Qays. When Qays is born. This is indicated in the expressions “Qays’ soul was a mirror for Layla’s beauty” (III:8). The association of this name with separation can be substantiated by the mention in Layla that (I:8): … his heart was no longer at one with his reason. he is referred to by the name Qays when the state of initial union prevails. Stated 9 According to practitioners of the Sahajiyya-Vaishnava devotees of Bengal. emerges only after “Qays” is overwhelmed by the separation from Layla. In this connection it may be said that Qays is literally and metaphorically a reflection. which is reflected from the light of the sun. Just as the moon exists only at night. it is visible only as a nocturnal phenomenon. Away from her. and “The reins had slipped from the rider’s hand” (IV:10). or mirror. “his heart suddenly lost its balance” (II:9). and of complementing his perfection.9 As for the male protagonist in Layla. This has been taken further. which will be further discussed in the following paragraphs.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union regard. A particular attribute of the moon is its glow. but only Majnun. without Layla there is no Qays.” meaning “mad. These expressions obviously contrast with the nature of initial union. and by the name Majnun after separation occurs. Here it may be added that “Qays” literally means “moon” in Arabic. his heart fell ill with longing for her. This is underpinned by explicit statements such as. to say that Radha is none other than Krishna’s feminine aspect.
Krishna. without Layla. Krishna means “black” or “dark. Layla was sitting. 75). In turn. The characteristics of the connection of the lovers discussed above are strikingly encapsulated in a passage describing Qays’ attempts to steal a glimpse of Layla (V:14): The curtain was withdrawn and in the entrance of the tent unveiled in the light of day. his moon. their own pain and love. the term to denote the cowherd caste. so that the Divine Spirit can dwell in it (Schimmel 1982. and they recognized in the mirror of each other’s face their own fear. Qays becomes a non-entity (and assumes the character of Majnun). the necessary state of annihilation in the material life required of the mystic in order to gain eternal life. he personifies the “loss of discerning intellect through the overwhelming power of Love” (Schimmel 1982. The heart has to be cleaned and emptied. the moon cannot be perceived. by contrast. 66 .” This explains the “Dark Lord” in the translation of the English version of Govinda used for this study. just as without the darkness.” Thus it means “song of the cowherd. although the foremost one is Krishna. Majnun sighed deeply. it refers to annihilation and non-existence of the self mentioned previously in relation to the mystical formulation of the Shahadah. If Layla as the symbol of the Divine Beloved is referred to by only one name. The particular community in Govinda. This state is fana’. the divine figure and male protagonist in Govinda. n87). Layla. The mystical interpretation of Majnun’s nonentity on one level. or cowherdesses. On another level. The literal meaning of gita is “song. although limited to the protagonists and the gopis. is referred to by numerous names. Now Layla saw him. clearly visible against the dark interior. is that as the lover whose heart was no longer at one with his reason. is apparently rustic. 234. The understanding of the title of Govinda may shed some light in this direction. gopendra is derived from gopa and gopi. It would be interesting and challenging to reconcile this difference as will be attempted in the ensuing discussion. Scholars suggest that the word govinda originates from gopendra.Unveiling The Garden of Love differently.” whereas govinda is “cowherd.” Besides.
These particular meanings and associations of the name of Krishna exhibit a close parallel to the meanings and associations of the name of Layla. Like a speck of dust caught on the crescent moon” (I:7). but also between Qays and Radha. which interestingly enough appears as an entry in the Oxford Dictionary. meaning cow. it is conventional to represent the relationship between the Lord and His congregation in cattle and livestock imagery. NSOED. The term gopi represents the topos in the Hindu tradition in specific relation to “the cowherdesses of Brindaban forest who were the female companions of Krishna. the human entity in the human-divine relationship. would become dark-skinned.” a definition of gopi. In this context. the syllable go means “universe. The terms of reference to the lovers in union in Govinda are particularly interesting. This point of similarity between the two pairs of lovers is spelled out in Krishna’s plea to Radha in the line: “Let your moon face lure my nightbird eyes” (I:23).” and da means “to give. Krishna is associated also with the moon.” Thus govinda is “One who gives joy to the universe” (Hariharananda 2003). who is the Dark Lord. The parallel associations exist not only between the names of Layla and Krishna. the cowherd Krishna. At the same time. Cf. On a different level of interpretation.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union meaning the male and female cowherd respectively. 67 .” and described as “like the Arabian moon” (II:4). Apart from the literal meaning. In this regard.” vin means “joy. are associated with the moon. means “moon. representing the devotee. meaning “night. is associated with both the night and the moon. represents the unmanifest and unknowable Brahman.” just as Radha. symbolizing the human soul. Layla. or darkness and light. In major religious traditions of the world. darkness and light. Qays. both Qays and Radha. Krishna is associated with both the night and the moon. Thus. Stated differently. Thus the representa10 Both terms originate from the word gow. Similarly. or a mysterious entity. Krishna is the Dark Lord who is portrayed as the cowherd lover in the poem. continually exposed to the sun in tending his herd. Hence another of Krishna’s epithets is Gopal. the words “dark” and “cowherd” would naturally have a close relationship because it is entirely probable that a cowherd.10 In this context. and light: “The earth clings (to him)…. is described as “moon-face” (I:23). darkness is associated with the unseen or unmanifest.
the devotee is symbolized by Radha and her companions who are cowherdesses.” the focus is not only on the religious devotion of the servant to the Lord. referring to Radha or the devotee. no matter by what name He is called. the herd and the herder. although Bhakti literally means “devotion.e. in Govinda the devotee is represented by gopi. selfless devotion of pure love. The difference is that whereas the master-servant relationship represents a religious view of the Divine-human connection. epitomized in the epithet “Govinda. “cowherdess” to the female. gives room for extrapolation because it indicates that the cowherd and the cowherdess are in a relation of equal standing. However. the cow is understood as symbolic of the senses. It means that in the state of union. “Cow” indicates the singular form. Further.12 The cow is specifically associated with Krishna. between lover and Beloved.” and referred to in Vedic texts as Tam ekam govindam. the reference is to Krishna alone.” Therefore it represents a mystical and spiritual viewpoint. Govinda is an expression of Vaishnava Bhakti. and “herd” the plural. meaning cowherdess.11 Similarly in the Hindu tradition.13 This may be substantiated by the 11 12 13 In Christianity. i. 68 . In other words. Within its milieu. “cowherd” refers to the male gender. the reference is to the Shepherd (Jesus) and His flock (the followers). and “herder” to the neuter. This notion of equality can be applied to the union of Radha and Krishna. prema. Since the Lord is the cowherd. meaning “You are Govinda. Thus. This will be further validated from expressions in subsequent parts of the discussion. the spiritual movement of “Devotion to Vishnu-Krishna. one representation of the Divine entity. the cowherd-cowherdess relationship represents a mystical view. and Govinda is the object of all human pleasure. Thus.” In this context. Thus. as lover and Beloved. or the herd. one would assume that the human entity or worshipper would be represented by “herd” (plural reference) or “cow” (singular reference). and not Lord and serf. The term gopi. the pleasure of the senses and the cows. Radha and Krishna are equal. nor Master and servant. the entity of herder/Divinity is represented by Krishna. the cowherd. there is only one cowherd in Govinda. but primarily the mystical. rather than by the cow.Unveiling The Garden of Love tion reflects two complementary entities.
Consistent with the conditions of the deluge in this ancient myth. References to the awesome aspect are found in the verses of extolment or hymns. Krishna assumes the form of a giant fish (Miller 1984. There are manifold references to this power. his beautiful aspect. but also as the cosmic power of Kali Yuga. In line with this view. Krishna is referred to by an epithet (I:5-14). Dark Age.” In this context.” and refers to the uncreated. two aspects of Krishna are apparent: one. the serpent appears as an archetype of evil and destruction as often represented in the major religious traditions of the world. Other evidences of Krishna’s power and triumph over Kali are: “Recalling Hari’s feet is elixir against fevers of this dark time” (XII:19) and “he calms my fear of dark time” (II:8). which alludes to man’s salvation from the deluge by Krishna. triumphs over the Dark Age. which expresses his awesome aspect. the Dark Age (Miller 1977. referred to as “the venomous serpent Kaliya. The word Kali.” and -shna derives from Vishnu. the Dark Age is portrayed as the “venomous serpent.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union terminology of parity applied to the Radha-Krishna relationship in the text. An example may be found in the lines of “The First Song. and the other. Thus the name Krishna incorporates both creation and the uncreated aspect of the Ultimate Reality. Krishna embodies both the immanent and the transcendent aspects of God.” which is a hymn to Krishna as avatara at the beginning of the poem (I:19): You defeat the venomous serpent Kaliya. in contrast to Hari as the Divine archetype of salvation. Vish. Within the Hindu religious tradition.” (Minasarira). preserving energy of Brahman. In this verse the particular time/age of Krishna’s triumph is Kali Yuga. which is consistent with the mystical viewpoint.in Sanskrit refers to “creation. One is “form of the Fish. Krishna is represented not only as the Lover. Krishna.in this instance refers to the context of kala as time. or the Beloved. In this context. referring to the present age. These aspects are apparent in Govinda. These verses vividly portray his “ten incarnate forms” (I:16). Indeed. Kri.” an archetype of evil and destruction. in Govinda. as Hari or Enlightenment.means “allpervader. 23). as well as darkness. in the Hindu religious context. … Triumph. God of Triumph. 69 . In each form. In a different interpretation of Krishna’s name. Hari! Here.
which is a derivative of madhu. Krishna in Govinda. Krishna is also Divine Beloved. In this context. his physical encounter with Radha in Brindaban. both in terms of being Almighty. Whereas the singularity of the name of Layla clearly reflects the strictly monotheistic conception of God in Islam. representing the Divine in Layla. Here again. This is the element of “monotheism” for the Vaishnava Bhakta. the Divine-human connection is that of BrahmanVishnu-Rama-Perfection prevailing over man-beast-demon-imperfection.Unveiling The Garden of Love 21). 70 . “honey. and being the One God. the phenomenon of the singularity of the name of Layla. Another epithet of Krishna is “form of Rama” (Ramasarira). or elixir of life. Thus. the force of evil that threatens the world. He is referred to by the name Madhava. Rama’s purpose is to destroy the demon (in man). in invoking a particular aspect of Krishna’s supremacy has an esoteric interpretation that is consistent with the Age in which the avatara appears. Thus. represented by Ravana. or creation. may be reconciled with the many names of the Divine. or the eternal connection of God and man.” Honey is commonly associated with nectar. In other words. as illustrated by the following lines (V:7): Madhava still waits for you In Love’s most sacred thicket. The multiplicity of names and forms signifies unbounded Divine qualities and powers. which in turn represents an agent of immortality. or Perfection in Man. The relevance of the incarnations to the state of union between Krishna and Radha may be stated as follows: Krishna represents the projection or descent of God’s Presence into the material world. Based on the above discussion. each of the epithets mentioned (I:16). Thus Madhava is immortality. Krishna is Supreme. It is this factor that has often been the source of a misconstrued understanding as polytheism in Hinduism. the motif of man’s salvation through Divine intervention is apparent. and the identification of Krishna by his various names and forms has the special function of expressing the durability and sustainability of the divine-human connection. characterized by his beautiful and bountiful aspects in the depiction of initial union. of which Radha is a part. the many names of Krishna refer to his many forms or aspects in Hinduism. Apart from the awesome aspect of avataric destroyer.
There is a profusion of evidence in the beginning of the work to indicate that both the lovers are exceedingly attractive. Thus Krishna is enlightenment.” with “eyes like those of a gazelle. bearing honey.” a face like “a lamp. In both cases the names Madhava and Hari suggest that the union of Radha-Krishna epitomizes the relation between man and God. in a depiction of outstanding merit.” and “equipped with lustrous eyes” (II:4). Furthermore it is stated that “the boy’s beauty grew to perfection.” “as slender as a cypress tree. From the start. For example. the reflected manifestation of that beauty in man. Another epithet.” and is associated with illumination in the line “Seeing Hari light the deep thicket” (XI:13).Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union Where you perfected love together. These recurring expressions present images of beauty in Layla. Similarly. The beauty of the characters of Layla and Majnun symbolize the mystery of Divine Beauty. beauty is a keynote of the portrayal of the protagonists in the state of union. This is indeed appropriate to the context of the state of earthly union being portrayed.” and that “people told of his beauty like a fairy tale” (I:3). Qays’ smile is likened to “a rose whose petals have opened overnight. meaning “springtime. such as “a jewel such as seldom seen. at this point of the narrative. Divine Majesty. or rather a torch. which is the opposite and harmonizing aspect of jamal. It is interesting to note that. and Qays. in the lines (IX:2): Hari comes when spring winds.” has obvious associations of renewal and regeneration. Layla is described in detailed and recurring metaphors of beauty. Thus. What greater pleasure exists in the world. In fact. a relation which is characterized by the qualities of eternity and enlightenment. Layla represents the beautiful aspect of God. the aspect of jalal. jamal in the Sufi tradition. because the dual aspects of jamal and jalal are particularly applicable to the earthly realities and the human condition of separa71 . blow. is not mentioned. like a diamond which transforms the darkness of the world into sheer light” (I:2). which in turns evokes a sense of the everlasting or eternal. Hari also means “light. In the depiction of union in Layla. it is explicitly stated that “everyday she grew more beautiful” (III:7). friend? the name illustrates the close association with spring. Hari.
As an incarnation of the transcendent Brahman. the presentation differs from Govinda. such that in man’s perception of his connection to God the physical and the spiritual states are not dichotomized. Thus although the earthly existence is determined by the doctrine of karma. which includes Islam. there is a vertical movement from God to man. In this context the earthly presence of the avatara means that the divine and human realities are also not dichotomized. In this regard. This aspect of restoration is expressed in Govinda as (I:21): Watching with long omniscient lotus-petal eyes You free us from bonds of existence. the avatara incarnates from age to age (Bhagavad Gita IV:9).14 the Bhakta of the right disposition may experience a sensual knowledge of the avatara in his human existence.Unveiling The Garden of Love tion. Thus when harmony is threatened. in which Krishna descends to man. so shall you reap. In a nutshell. the dual aspects of jamal and jalal work together upon the lover in the earthly state. In the Christian tradition this is illustrated by the maxim: As you sow. The reason for the difference may be ascribed to the fact that the concept of avatara exists in the Hindu religious tradition. and His instrumental reconstruction and restoration of the original. distinguishes the Divine from the earthly state. Both the awesome and the beautiful aspects of Krishna are present in the depiction of union. This fall is a prefiguration of the separation of man from the Divine or Paradisiacal state. In the Hindu tradition evil or disharmony in man’s earthly existence is a precondition of the avatara’s descent. the doctrine of the “Fall” of man in the Semitic traditions. 72 . divine nature of man. as a precondition to the seeking and regaining of his primordial union. “Heavily falls he who has never had a fall before” (II:5). Krishna assumes form. harmony and balance in creation. whereas the state of primordial union relates primarily to the Divine realities. In contrast. whereas it does not in the Islamic tradition. “to make him die to him14 Karma is the cosmic law of cause and effect that upholds dharma. This is expressed in Layla as. Preserving life in the world’s three realms In the Islamic tradition.
Vishnu. it may be inferred that the seeker. or the Sufi. In contrast. The following lines of Majnun’s verses allude to this idea (XLVI:156): Two riddles to the world we represent.15 This consubstantial quality of the avatara is commonly mistaken for substantiality. meaning. The similarities and differences of the two traditions in the expression of the mystical connection in these instances may be summed up as follows: On the one hand. united in essence. and Shiva. the union is of a consubstantial nature. One answer each the other’s deep lament. 31). there is a vertical movement from the Divine to the human. On the other. the similarity between the Sufi and the Bhakta lies in the underlying principle of vertical or Divine descent. in Bhaktism. One radiant light envelops me and you. and its reduction to worship of the human form. united in substance and essence. This is confirmed in the Bhagavad Gita: “Fools deride Me when I descend in the human form. meaning. down here is forced apart. as Brahma. 26). But if our parting severs us in two. As from another world though blocked and barred What there is one. consubstantiality does not incorporate idolatry as understood in popular Hinduism.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union self and gain a new life in God” (Schimmel 1982. They do not know My transcendental nature and My supreme dominion over all that be” (9:11). Here again. The mistake is the source of the denigration of the concept of avatara. As argued previously in relation to the many names and forms of Krishna. the notion of consubstantiality relates to the Trinity of the Father. From this verse. the difference lies in the conception of the human-Divine connection: in Sufism. whereas in Hinduism it refers to Krishna embodying the ternary aspects of the Supreme Brahman. and the Holy Ghost. may experience the existential state of unity in which “the uncreated Divine Spirit descends into the created spirit of the lover” (Schimmel 1982. the union of the Divine and human Spirit is of an essential nature. 73 . 15 In Christian theology. wherein both the Beauty and Majesty of God descends upon man. the Son.
Rather than expressing the physical attributes of Krishna.Unveiling The Garden of Love In the initial depiction of union. In other words. and the association with the night in particular. then these descriptions express his beauty. namely the reference to the lotus. or immanence. the focus is on His nature. The lotus reflects the intimate interaction between the lovers in that it deals with the paradigm of transformation or alchemy of Krishna’s (God) effect upon Radha (the human soul). with regard to his physical appearance. constitute abstractions. there is also little description of her physical appearance in the initial depiction of union. and that his eyes are “night birds” (I:23). 16 This will be dealt with at length at the level of inward meaning. references to the lotus in association with Krishna are particularly worthy of note: “Nails on (his) soft lotus hands. The element of beauty in general. If his arts of seduction arouse you…. or material aspect of his nature. are points of similarity with Layla mentioned in a previous discussion. These examples share a common factor. there is little articulation of the physical appearance of Krishna. In this context. 74 . or metaphysical aspect of his nature. incorporeal lotus of the Self. both the information that he is “Moved by deep compassion” (I:13). true to the context of his erotic play with the cowherdesses in Brindaban forest (Miller 1984. An exception is in the lines: tender-limbed Radha wandered Like a flowering creeper in the forest wilderness. On the other hand. the expression “If remembering Hari enriches your heart.” (I:4). and the description “The sun’s jewel light encircles you as you break the bond of existence” (I:18). couched in the floral image of the corporeal bloom dwells the Divine image of the multifaceted. suggests his sexual prowess. This element may be associated with the essence. This element may be associated with the substantial. On one hand. As for Radha.16 This particular set of examples may also be seen in the context of union.” and “water (that) falls from lotus toenails to purify creatures” (I:8. 23). they refer to the aspect of the transformation of human existence. except for the direct statement that his “beauty is fresh as rain clouds” (I:23). 9). If the avataric epithets in the earlier paragraphs deal with the awesome aspect of Krishna. however. With regard to Krishna.
In brief. all the time. but seeks “Krishna in his many haunts. meaning “vivifier. while the name “Radha. The creeper’s physical incapacity is combined with its strong tendency to survive. In spite of human frailties. the reference to Sri’s “moon face” conveys that she is lustrous and luminous. It is significant that in the depiction of initial union. Hari! she is identified by the epithet “Sri.” In this context. and Radha’s likeness to a “flowering creeper” distinguishes her from other creepers. This reference identifies the Bhakta or seeker (as opposed to other humans) as one who possesses the potential to flower and blossom forth in their spiritual aspirations. The word “wandered” evokes the forlorn and bewildered nature of the seeker. “Tender-limbed” refers to her heart that is pliant and yielding. The image of the creeper conveys a vivid suggestion of the nature of the human-divine relationship. so equally. man has no existence without divine support. The example suggests the complementarity of Divine Grace and human will.” as previously explained. The second line. This has been expressed eloquently as “Where there is a Way there is a Will” (Connaughton 2003-4). the only other description of Radha’s appearance draws a likeness of her to the moon. Just as the creeper requires an upright support to survive and thrive. one has to seek in order to find that which is everywhere.” The “many haunts” suggest Krishna’s omnipresence.” yet “seeks” or relentlessly pursues Krishna. man has certain qualities to surmount this deficiency. Incidentally this quality of luminosity is reminiscent of Layla’s 75 . indicates her opposite and harmonizing position in relation to Krishna. and multitudinous forms.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union Seeking Krishna in his many haunts. and thus a metaphor of light. The analogy of the tender-limbed Radha who wanders like a flowering creeper may be seen as the keynote of the mystical quest. God of Triumph. although limited in form. This is confirmed by the expression that Radha does not give up the quest easily. Triumph. constitutes the “dense description and complex ideas” mentioned previously with regard to content in the Miller quotation. In the lines (I:23): Your eyes are night birds drinking from Sri’s moon face. just as Radha is “tender-limbed.” identified with Savitri.
the characteristic of the young to be completely self-absorbed in whatever they are involved in. indications of time employed in reference to her. II:4). Radha is the object of Krishna’s admiration. and associated with the moon and light. associated with the night and darkness. and the expressions “They were children and did not realize…. are the indicators. Sri is also a variant form of reference to Sakti which represents Prakrti. in the expression “when he had reached his first decennium” (I:3).” (II:5). there are covert and overt indications of the ages of Qays and Layla.” which “began to shimmer on his tulip cheeks. Besides. 76 . In this instance. light or illumination. such as “Layla shone forth in her morning” (III:7) and “the new moon” (III:9). “He was drowned … before he knew that there was such a thing” and “He had already given his heart … before he understood what he was giving away” (II:5). several forms of reference to Qays give clues about his age. and “new” in the second. As for Layla. is a perfect foil for Krishna. The identification of the lovers by the epithets Sri and Hari convey the divine nature of the union. the indication that she is of tender age is given by the reference to her as “the young gazelle” (III:9). whereas Hari is a variant form of reference to Purusha. In this instance. An aspect of the characterization which is significant in the initial stage of union is the age of the protagonists. and “the children did not notice…. at seven years. it is mentioned that his beauty drew the attention of all when he was ten years old. Qays’ age. function as metaphors of youth. the divine masculine energies which “triumph” or prevail. he is referred to repeatedly as “the boy” (I:3.Unveiling The Garden of Love “lustrous eyes” (II:5).” Further. and as “young Qays” (II:5). by which the “God of Triumph” prevails. The fact that Layla and Majnun are still at school. the divine feminine energies.” (III:6). God and man. For example. is suggested in these expressions. confirm this explicitly. Moreover. In these lines. implies that neither of them is a grown-up. Purusha-Prakrti are prefigurations of Hari and Sri. the element of darkness in Krishna is complemented in the next line by the epithet Hari. the metaphors of light and darkness highlight and complement each other with regard to both the lovers. Furthermore. at the beginning of the narrative. This is reinforced by the quality of innocence that is typical of children’s behavior. In Layla. is given in the reference to “the violet-colored down of his first beard. the words “morning” in the first example. In these instances. Moreover. represented in the lines.
Radha is older than the male. “this first flowering of love” (III:6). This accentuates the image of primordiality in the portrayal of love in union. as depicted. Furthermore. lack of experience. on inward meaning. Stated differently. compared to the explicit information that Qays goes to school and first sees Layla when “he was seven years old” (I:3). It may be noted that. and. the images of nature are consistent with youth. compared to Majnun as a symbol of man who is temporal. These figurative and metaphorical forms of expression allow the interpretation that the lovers are young. which in turn reflects the stage of primordiality. confirmation that Radha is a mature female may be drawn from the reference to “the soft slope of her breast” (I:25). Divine character. Similarly in Govinda. From this expression.” This means that in spite of being wives of other men. then it is consistent with the idea of her as a symbol of the Divine that is eternal. Thus it may be established that the school symbolizes the original union of the protagonists through its association with innocence.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union The images of youth concerning the characters are set against images of nature concerning time. there is an allusion to the Edenic state in the reference to “their naked love” (III:8). compared to the eternity of God. In Govinda. Radha and the gopis are represented as parakiya. the references to time are reflections of the age and nature of their relationship. In expressions such as “the moon after fourteen days” (I:3). If Layla is older than Majnun. and “the young day donned his morning coat” (V:13). This means that she is of marriageable age. Krishna. the mystical journey (Braginsky 2004). man’s lifespan is minute. it is possible that Layla is older than him. In comparative 77 . we find that whenever they hear the “Sweet notes from his alluring flute echo nectar from his lips” (II:2) they abandon home and hearth in a frenzy of intoxication. and a woman capable of the passionate sexual encounters with Krishna. not long after the separation. the gopis are inexorably attracted to Krishna. An interesting speculation and interpretation may be made in this regard at a deeper level of significance. In Hindu myths. Layla is married off to someone else. human character. and the youth of the lovers reflects a primordial state of union. it can be inferred that she is physically or bodily well-endowed. In other words. immaturity of the “self” which attains its maturity only after the stage of separation. that is. and knowledge. the female. Finally. meaning “a woman who belongs to another.
Qays’ development “remained a secret. and the primordial connection of adi purusha. In addressing various literal and literary aspects of expressions regarding the depiction of union between the lovers in both texts. Similarly. in the expression “the night frightens him” (I:1). This may also be verified from the textual depiction of their initial union. The youth of Krishna reflects his association with man in his primordial state. In Layla the element of secrecy is augured by the fact that even as a child. In discussing the nature of the love relation.” with Krishna is similar to the Islamic concept of the connection between Adamic/Edenic man and Allah.e. The second involves concealment. namely the quality of exclusivity. as has been illustrated in relation to the point about the equality of status between the lover and the Beloved. goodness. just like Layla. literally “first. In the tradition. In Hindu terminology it is the meeting of atma with Paramatma. indicates that he is a child. which refers to the lovers’ attempts to keep their love from discovery. referring to the fact that the union of the lovers is hidden from others. or foremost. and all the characteristics that are attributed to Krishna the child. hidden from every 78 . Radha is another man’s wife. In this play there is neither man nor woman. and joy. The third is incontinence. it has become apparent that the nature of their love is characterized by certain qualities like perfection. This is a topos that the Hindu audience is familiar with. just like Qays. Radha. The first is privacy. is older.” who is Krishna’s fosterfather orders Radha to “take him home” (I:1) meaning that Krishna is entrusted to a grown-up. With regard to Krishna. i. and Krishna is a child. “Nanda. pleasure. Radha.Unveiling The Garden of Love terms. it is accepted in the Hindu religious tradition that Krishna’s existence in the material world was approximately 3500 years ago. and this entails revelation. and that the period of his life among the gopis occurs when he is ten years old. it is of relevance to take into account another aspect of the relation. innocence. Primordial man is attributed with qualities of beatitude. spontaneity. Furthermore. the pleasurable focus and concentration of the child protagonist is identical to that of a child enjoying play with his reflection in the mirror. man. freedom. whereas Krishna is a young adolescent. and another man’s wife. the relationship is one of reciprocity and mutuality. The exclusivity of the union is illustrated by the element of secrecy. Krishna’s fear of the dark. meaning that the secret cannot be contained. This element has three motifs.
the very glances which once concealed their love. to hide their longing for each other. (IV:6) 79 . as strikingly illustrated by the expression: “Did the others understand what they saw? Could they decipher the secret code of signs and glances?” (III:7). and the Majnun in him emerges. the lovers try to (III:8): … mend the torn veil. This is the point where they become separated from each other. In this regard.” Subsequently. in the period of union with Layla. it may be asked how the lovers’ secret fares by comparison. without Majnun.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union eye. indications of the secret nature of their trysts are copious in the text: I reach the lonely forest hut where he secretly lies at night. (II:15) She secretly draws you with deer musk to resemble the god of love. In the opening verse it is apparent that the initial union takes place in seclusion (I:1): Until secret passions of Radha and Madhava Triumph on the Jumna riverbank. in Govinda. As a belated measure of caution. It reduces Qays to Majnun. (II:11) I murmur like a cuckoo. but without success. In other words. As narrated. to tears. However. and Layla. the secret is known only to themselves. In fact. now reveal it. to protect their naked love from the world. later on. he masters love’s secret rite. to tame their glances and to seal their lips. he loses his reason. Layla would “drop the curtain and shed lonely tears” (III:10). their love reaches a point when it seems almost inevitable that (III:8): Their eyes and lips could now no longer shield The tender secret which each glance revealed. When the point is reached that Qays is no longer able to contain his love. even in the midst of others.
Seeming to flaunt its guilt In betraying secret paths Of adulterous women. at this point it is the adversary. Consequently.” In this instance. the secret is revealed. 80 . (V:8) Apart from similarity with regard to seclusion. night was an ally.” and the women’s betrayal of their spouses. friend! Hide in a cloak of night! (V:11) Two lovers meeting in darkness…. the lovers are separated (VII:2): Lonely Radha Cried her pain aloud In pitiful sobbing. When once. Light not only betrays the secret. is instrumental to the “betrayal” (VII:1): As night came The moon displayed cratered stains. but also “flaunts” it. the “guilt” is two-fold: the moon’s betrayal of “secret paths. the following lines show that nature too. While in the above lines the revealers of the secret are possibly human. dressed for love’s delight. however. protection. Instrumental to this exposure are “familiar voices” (V:18): When familiar voices reveal That they ventured into the dark. and moonlight the traitor. when the secret is revealed. and the cover of darkness. displaying “cratered stains. (V:18) In these examples from Govinda there are obvious parallels with Layla with regard to the symbolic connection of darkness and secrecy with union. there is also similarity in attempts to preserve the secret under the cover of darkness Go to the darkened thicket. Despite attempts to conceal their love by meeting in darkness.Unveiling The Garden of Love He ventures in secret to savor your passion.
” On the other hand. a thing beyond human knowledge or comprehension. union and separation are preconditions of each other. is secret” points to the close relation of “secret” with mystery and ineffability. a riddle. depending on its context. there is a close etymological relation between the word “secret” and “mystery.” Musterion is the origin of mustikos. “that which is sacred. meaning “secret thing or ceremony. “initiated person. 17 The mention of “ends with separation” here has a relative meaning. it may be seen as an “end” in the context of “the end of the beginning (union). the word “mystic” is defined as (NSOED): A religious belief based on divine revelation. a puzzle. there emerges a parallel pattern in Layla and Govinda with regard to the notion of exclusivity. esp. the nature of the human-divine union is an unfathomable mystery. and ends with the consequential separation of the lovers. At one level. and thus regarded as a secret.17 This pattern of secrecy and concealment may be given several interpretations in spiritual terms. Radha “cried her pain aloud” for all to see. or the beginning of the end. 81 . meaning “secret. The difference is that whereas Layla weeps in silence and seclusion.” The Latin word mysterium is a derivative of the Greek musterion. An ancient saying.” Depending on the point of view. it may be seen as a “beginning. In these instances.” Thus the English word “mystic” is a derivative of these words and concepts. results in exposure of the secret.” in the context of “the beginning of the end (separation). as circularity of movement is a defining characteristic of the mystical process. a person or thing not understood. Thus separation is both a beginning and an end. The concealment of the union begins with initial success. The definition of “mystic” in the general and literal sense is (NSOED): a hidden or secret thing. an enigma. a doctrine of faith involving difficulties which human reason is incapable of solving. And the obvious phonetic similarity in the words “sacred” and “secret” cannot be missed in supporting this view. it may refer either to the end of the beginning. However in the religious and spiritual sense. just as Layla weeps alone on being parted from Qays. Similarly. On the one hand. continues with cracks in the wall.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union Radha is left lonely and sobbing. This definition entails that the secret is one to which only the initiated are admitted.” and mustes. However.
” and so the secret is impossible to be contained despite all caution and prudence.Unveiling The Garden of Love Based on this understanding. and (XVI:50): … his eyes betrayed his feelings. such as (III:8): Like the musk-deer. relating to man’s primordial state of total innocence and the soul’s divine state of perfection. however. This idea is represented by the phenomenon of incontinence. Furthermore. conscious of his origin. love. but “shows” it (VII:22): Her rapt face shows the passion her lips feel kissing him With deer musk he draws the form of a stag on the moon. like the sun.” as quoted before (VII:1). concealment.” or God.18 Thus. and inspired to return to this original state. no force can conceal it. the depiction of the union of the lovers in both the texts may be said to originate from the metaphysical dimension. and he repeated smilingly “Layla…. 18 In relation to the Hindu doctrine of detachment. nothing but Layla. as the lotus leaf is untouched by water” (5:11). that man becomes aware of himself. there is a direct indication that the moon is instrumental in the disclosure of the secret of “adulterous women. the human experience is expressed as “being in the world. is not affected by sinful action. betrayed by its scent.” The Bhagavad Gita says: “One who performs his duty without attachment.” In Govinda. Furthermore. as the adage goes. as occurs in both texts. and of living amongst “the others” (III:7) and the “familiar voices” (V:18) in the world. Radha does not conceal her passion. it penetrates clouds. but not of it. “truth will out. and betrayal of the secret of the union of the lovers. As indirect clarification Layla expresses this notion in metaphors of betrayal. and revelation. as the “truth” relates to “the Truth. as a step in the direction of accessing this worldly experience it is necessary for the secret to be revealed. Particularly. surrendering the results unto the Supreme God. It is through the earthly and material experience. cannot hide. 82 .
Again. which finally and inevitably causes them to become “deeply intoxicated by their dreams” (III:8). with “the moon. Thus. In the beginning. both are light metaphors. both texts evoke betrayal through display of irrepressible emotions. In the Sufi tradition.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union The remarkable similarity of imagery in the above examples may be noted here.” The above quotations from both texts indicate the lovers’ experience of a state of drunkenness. In Layla.” in Govinda this is suggested: it is mentioned that Krishna is “drinking” from Radha’s “moon-face. with regard to incontinence.” In fact. the drunkenness experienced is none other than the first. in a metaphor of cup-bearer and drunkenness.” whereas Radha’s “rapt face shows the passion. The pair of lovers are captivated by each other. this irrepressibility is associated with the sun “that penetrates clouds” and in Govinda. musk or scent. In Layla.” Again. has mystical symbolism. is that of intoxication. is an image or reflection of the “drinker. 81). In other words. which is the Divine Beloved (Schimmel 1982. from which flows “such overwhelming sweetness” (II:5). it is said that the lovers were “drinking the wine of oblivion” (III:7). and become “drunk” in each other as they “drank by day and dreamed by night. Further. Stated differently. it indicates that Radha. Majnun’s “eyes betrayed his feelings. intoxication is specified as being caused by “drinking. it is explicitly introduced. A final characteristic associated with the nature of the initial union of Layla and Majnun that will be dealt with. This notion is initially suggested by a description of Layla’s mouth. Further. in association with the moon.” The word “drinking” evokes the element of drunkenness or intoxication as a consequence of the bliss of union. the musk-deer leaves a fragrant trace. which may indicate the way to the source of the fragrance.” In both traditions. If in the initial stage of union in Layla. Further on. When others look at them. the exclusivity of the love is facilitated by secrecy. Furthermore. “Could they 83 . whereas the deer and stag in Hinduism symbolize both sexual and spiritual union. the Truth is Illumination. reference is made to the “musk-deer” whereas in Govinda it is to “deer musk. becomes deeply drunk indeed” (II:5).” Here. the notion of primordiality is presented through the information that “He who is drunk for the first time. the expression is parallel in the texts in conveying that the truth is brought to light. the more they “drank the deeper they became immersed in each other” (II:6).
In Govinda. and the lovers lose the paradise of their early love. and mention that “the wine of oblivion” (III:7) has overtaken them. refers to the lack of their ability to contain. she asks (VII:11): Is he roaming blindly near the dark forest? Or does my lover’s anguished mind so tangle the path That he cannot come into this thicket of vines And sweet swamp reeds where we promised to meet? In this verse. as Radha struggles to understand why Krishna stays away from her. or conceal their love: “Like the musk-deer. In the words of Khan (1997. incontinence. Ahmad Ghazali (d. xx): In his book of profound meditations on ‘ishq. it has been suggested that it is not the parents’ interference that causes their separation. it penetrates clouds” (III:8). betrayed by its scent. like the sun. In this regard. Indirectly. The latter effect. his mind is so “anguished” that it “tangles” the path such that he cannot find her. there is reference to the fact that “their eyes became blind and their ears deaf to the school and the world” (II:6). This means that all but themselves are excluded from the secret. and “roaming blindly. They are afflicted by blindness and incontinence. be maintained. just as a person is without full control of his faculties as an effect of alcohol. but the effects of the intoxication of love upon Qays. the Sawanih. When secrecy is not. 1126) suggests that it was not family politics but Majnun’s inability to remain conscious in the presence of Layla that kept the tragic lovers apart. It is interesting that the human character (Radha) assumes that it is the divine figure 84 . exclusivity is no longer possible. and to the “blind happiness” (III:7) of Qays. However. In Layla. Radha assumes that Krishna is keeping away from her.Unveiling The Garden of Love decipher the secret code of signs and glances?” (III:7). love. there is a diminishing of clarity and awareness. The former refers to the lovers’ state of awareness of their surroundings. or cannot. so too are the lovers unable to control the effects of their intoxication with each other. Thus the effect of intoxication on the lovers is two-fold.” Furthermore. cannot hide. both the conditions of blindness and incontinence are expressed. “Was not a shadow already falling … even if the children did not notice it?” (III:6).
and secondly to how that transgression is presented. and memorable way. As the following discussion shows. In this scenario. and arranged marriages as the common practice.” the metaphor of intoxication is used to represent the similarity between the two states or conditions. Similarly. But because the condition of being “in-love” is so similar to the condition of being “intoxicated. This point will be taken up in a different section. True enough. albeit within the mold of the individual literary traditions. the drinking of wine is strictly forbidden in the Islamic religious tradition. after separation has occurred. Thus mystical intoxication is not from the wine of the grape but rather from the pre-eternal wine of love (Schimmel 1982. With regard to the issue of cultural conventions. 78). the symbolism of intoxication is popular in mystical expression. The “extraordinariness” in this instance refers firstly to what the particular form of transgression is. the transgression of norms. Consequently.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union (Krishna) who cannot find her. the loss of awareness of one’s immediate environment. a love affair prior to marriage is aberrant. In a later part of the story. For this reason too. extraordinary. there cannot be portrayal of “drinking” or “drunkenness” in a positive light. of “the sweet scent” (II:5). The norms of PersianIslamic society dictated highly restricted social interactions between men and women. for the mystic “the goal of love is loss of awareness of all but God” (Schimmel 1982. by falling in love. Both authors project the love story in a unique. an illicit love affair and intoxication. For this reason. for the ordinary person. this is spelled out as (V:14): 85 . the transgression is presented in different ways. Thus the literary depiction presents a transgression of cultural norms as a means to convey the extraordinariness of the love affair. rather than the other way around. Just as intoxication means. of “their dreams” (III:8). Qays and Layla are falling into a scandalous madness (Brians 2001). In fact. namely. “love played a much larger role in fantasy than in real life” (Brians 2001). Layla and Majnun engage in a real-life love affair. Two elements which constitute transgression of social norms in Layla are. and so on. 9). In spite of this. one may observe the presentation of a common element in both works. in literary expression the drunkenness of the lovers in Layla is not due to wine of the grape but to the wine “of oblivion” (III:7).
possible only in loving someone who belongs to another. the rules of morality no longer have a place in her clandestine rendezvous with Krishna on the banks of the Jumna on a moonlit night in spring. In Govinda. In this attitude and interpretation. It is the pain of separation that. that from the mystical understanding. 56-57): The relationship of Krishna to the gopis is beyond ordinary standards of morality…. As for Krishna. However. In this regard. has its own implications within its individual cultural context. the portrayal and evocation of such a love necessitates the element of separation. There are two elements in this view. The first is that the prema of the Bhakta is not an ordinary love of desire and self-gratification. to be emulated by the Bhakta…. there is a close parallel to the Sufi tradition regarding the goal of love being the loss of awareness of all but God. the parakiya woman. the intense desire for the satisfaction of the beloved. Majnun had not touched the wine. for the Vaishnava. one that seeks only the satisfaction of the beloved. which is the characteristic. Each sort of transgression. mitigate the transgression. on the other hand. and adultery in the latter. This is frowned upon in any culture. and yet indulges in amorous dalliances with other men’s wives. draws interest away from worldly concerns and leads to the meditation on Krishna and leads to attainment of him (Dimock 1966. a love affair and drunkenness in the former. i. The second is that. but on the contrary.e. The phenomenon of social transgression in both Layla and Govinda may thus be explained in light of the mystical viewpoint. This is also the view of Dimock (1966. the contravention of norms 86 . and the resultant constant dwelling of the minds of the gopis on Krishna. 56-57). yet he was drunk with its sweet smell…. only parakiya results in the prema.Unveiling The Garden of Love Layla held in her hand the glass of wine scented with musk. the extraordinariness of the love is expressed by the particular transgression of adultery. But for Radha. he is the upholder of “the holy Veda” (I:5). it is possible that the point made by the poet is that their union is indeed something beyond the realm of the ordinary and the commonplace. possible only in parakiya. more so within a traditional setting. is their salvation. The pain of separation.
In literary terms. “a bitter taste mingled with the sweet scent of his love” (III:7). and the discussion on it is necessarily short. “A small crack appeared in his blind happiness. mesmerized by her beauty. attempt to “mend the torn veil” (III:8). owing to the fact that it constitutes a minor and imperceptible proportion of the depiction of love in union. This is a common practice in artistic expression that has also been utilized to the same end in mystical expression. the reader is informed that by doing so. to hear the reproaches. Separation in Union In ending this chapter on the many facets of love and the lovers in union. and realizing their blindness. when the total exclusivity of the lovers’ union ceases. This element has been left to the end. Despite the forebodings. it is followed by a foreshadowing regarding the extent of the lovers’ condition: “heavily falls he who has never had a fall before” (II:5). namely the element of separation in union. as the following discussion attempts to show. “How happy this first flowering of love for Qays and Layla!”. Nevertheless. how87 . Another wrong move! In the same paragraph. it has an important significance. the young lovers rashly “turned their backs on the world” (III:7). but it was too late” (III:7). the discussion will address a vital component of the portrayal of initial union. the derision. Despite their attempts. however. the first hint of separation is given when the lovers “became drunk” (II:5). When this happens. Following this turn of events. Juxtaposed with expression of the height of the lovers’ bliss. A subsequent hint is given in Qays’ reaction when he notices that he is no longer alone with Layla. the spell of initial perfection is broken. the lovers awaken to “the pointing fingers. comes another foreshadowing: “Can such happiness last?” “Was not a shadow already falling over their radiance … what did they know about the ways and laws of this world?” (III:6).Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union evokes the same response. the lovers made it easy “for their enemies to set their traps” (III:7). begin to stare at her. When his companions. This quotation gives a clear indication of both impending disaster and the lovers’ youth and innocence. he had a foreboding of what was to come. When this happens. the intensity of passion that can be expressed by a portrayal of forbidden love has a far greater impact than that evoked by a permitted or lawful one. the whisperings…” (III:8). In the case of Layla. That is. namely a sense of the extraordinary and the supernormal.
mentioned as “secret passions … Triumph…. something that is sporadic. the secret is revealed and Qays’ heart “suddenly lost its balance” (III:9). In the case of Govinda. In short.e. Jayadeva projects himself as unrivalled “king of bards” (I:2). 3 out of the first 25 verses deal with union per se. i. in which Radha wanders in the wilderness seeking Krishna. they fail to conceal their love. physical separation. similar mention has been made of the coverage of actual union. to the past. as has been discussed before. something that is constant. As has been shown in the diagram on “real time” devoted to the portrayal on initial union. As has been explained earlier. “remembering” implies something forgotten.” In this phrase. when the poet claims in the present tense in verse 3 that “only Jayadeva divines the pure design of words” this is followed in verse 4 by the phrase. whereas the element of separation exists intrinsically throughout the narrative prior to actual. In verse 2. In the first instance.” Furthermore. From the above expressions. the author is saying that union occurred in the past. In short. Between verse 1. in which union between the lovers is mentioned. Jayadeva and Krishna. approximately three out of the six pages following their first meeting deal with union per se. there are two objects of extolment. It is pertinent to pose the question at this point: what is the purpose of liberally intermingling the verses of the lovers’ union with the verses of extolment. “if remembering Hari enriches your heart. and he assumes the task of calling back that past. prior to the portrayal of separation? A possible assumption is that it serves to present the possibility and the reality of separation in a subtle and imperceptible manner. as “When Krishna loved Sri. as it proves impossible to stem the tide of their overwhelming love. Thus. i. This assumption may be substantiated by the following argument. Whereas the union of the lovers in verse 1 is in the present tense. i. As a result. this technique of manipulation of tenses 88 . of the past. That is when Qays becomes Majnun. and verse 26.e. Both these examples show that the account of the union has shifted from the present.e. there are only two other verses specifying union (verses 17 and 25).” it is referred to in the past tense in verse 2. it is apparent that the account of the initial stage of union between the lovers in Layla is riddled with foreshadowing and anticipation of impending separation.Unveiling The Garden of Love ever. there is a subtle modification of tenses in words and phrases.
Vamanarupa (Dwarf form). Gita Govinda by Sri Jayadeva” (2000). Apart from the form. Ramasarira (Perfect Man). These roles are encapsulated and listed in verse 16. Miller (1984. Sukararupa (Boar form). Balarama (plowman). Cf. which is similar to the technique of foreshadowing in Layla. In the second instance. Krishna.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union in Govinda functions as a reminder of separation. 19-20). referring to the descent that occurs as a direct result of disruption in the cosmic principle of dharma. the extolment of Krishna immediately following the extolment of Jayadeva. This notion of chaos and salvation is expressed as (I:5): In seas that rage as the aeon of chaos collapses You keep the holy Veda like a ship straight on course. known as the Dasavatara stotra. Buddhasarira (Buddha). These examples indicate the metaphysical view of union and separation. All of these verses in homage to Krishna have an important relation to the account of the state of initial union. Parasurama (Priest). refers to a particular aspect and form of Krishna. as (I:14): You raise your sword like a fiery meteor Slashing barbarian hordes to death. And the pain of existence is eased. all of the avataras have an inward or esoteric interpretation. in a final example. In your ten incarnate forms!” (I:16). Kacchaparupa (Tortoise form). which constitutes an invocation. and “Dasavatara Stotra. This is because each mention of the avatara’s descent (referring to union) has direct reference to man’s salvation in the event of chaos (referring to separation). and Kalkisarira (the form of the final avatara). the effect of these verses in Govinda is similar to the effect of the expressions of foreThe ten epithets of Krishna in this hymn in the original Sanskrit version are Minasarira (Fish form). and further as (I:10): You wash evil from the world in a flood of warriors’ blood. and. as indicated by lines such as “Homage to you. Naraharirupa (Man-lion form). Each of the 10 verses (5-14).19 or hymn of the ten avataras. refers to Krishna’s roles as avatara. In this manner. 19 89 .
From the above discussion. the duality is implicit in the following extract (II:5): He was drowned in the ocean of love before he knew that there was such a thing. It is in this context that the title of the chapter refers to both union and separation as “blooms. As Qays gives his heart away to Layla. The duality inhering in the initial union is also reflected in relevant expressions in the text of the works. and his reinstatement to it through Divine intervention. He had already given his heart to Layla before he understood what he was giving away…. The second reason that separation is considered vital to union in the initial stage is that. in the mystical view. the word “drowned” implies the ignorance and innocence of his bliss.” though qualitatively varied. the following verse has a similar phenomenon (I:25): On the soft slope of her breast. the reader is reminded of the past occurrences of the separation of man from his divine state.Unveiling The Garden of Love shadowing in Layla. 90 . For this reason. In Govinda. In other words. or move. As has been discussed. by interspersing the verses on union with verses on the avatara. the traveler forward. And Layla? She fared no better. In Layla. In the case of Layla. it is the element required to propel. it may be seen that the element of separation is vital to the portrayal of initial union. Without this element. the ultimate destination of final union cannot be reached. the impending separation is indicated by constant reminders or foreshadowing. The first is that the initial stage of union is to be distinguished from the final stage of union by the quality of innocence and inexperience of the lovers. the separation has been portrayed in both texts as an integral part of initial union. that this is a depiction of the soul in the primordial existential state of unity with the Divine Beloved. separation is the catalyst for spiritual development and expansion. The esoteric interpretation of this has also been given. In Govinda. the lovers are young and completely lack awareness of themselves and their surroundings. and its disastrous consequences. of love’s gardens. Its importance may be ascribed to two main reasons.
and relating to impending chaos. predominates. However. A foreshadowing lies in the mention of Krishna as “Madhu’s killer. If. whereas in the latter there is none. extolment. 91 . It should be mentioned that the initial stage of union is distinct from the final stage of union in that in the former there is the element of separation. as it does in the poetic expression of most mystical traditions.Blooms of Love’s Garden: Initial Union and Separation in Union The saffroned chest of Madhu’s killer Is stained with red marks of passion And sweat from fatigue of tumultuous loving. There is a marked difference in some of the ways in which the two mystical traditions of Sufism and Bhaktism portray the element of separation in initial union.” again a reference to his avataric function. and constantly held in tension in both texts.” suggest the condition of separation in which man’s passionate nature. the similarity is that the reference to separation is oblique and covert in both texts. as the last chapter of analysis will demonstrate. the following two chapters will endeavor to extricate the thorns from a subsequent stage. Furthermore the reference to the stain of “red marks of passion. the paradigms of union and separation are inextricably linked. in the process of discussion in this chapter the blooms in the garden of love have been gathered from the initial stage of union. It represents the primary element in Layla and Govinda. The fact is that the all-important element of separation has been portrayed extensively in both texts. the latter. The former employs foreshadowing. that of separation. rajas. Thus.
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shown to incorporate a hint of the two opposing elements of perfection and potential imperfection. VII:4) In Chapter 2. it also has elements of connectedness. whereas the occasional awareness of fusion and harmony 93 . Chapter 3 dealt with the initial union of Layla-Majnun and Radha-Krishna as a literary expression of the first or initial level of the mystic process. this involves three main processes. its point still lodges inside and causes pain. advancing to subsequent separation. and culminating in return or reunion. Accordingly. as well as the complex and imperfect state. the discussion of the state of separation of the lovers will proceed on a similar pattern of development. beginning from initial or primordial union. In dealing with the subsequent stage of the mystic journey in this chapter. indicated by the imminence of separation. as will be demonstrated. is one of fragmentation and disconnectedness. Yet. (Layla. This is a similar pattern of development as the initial state of union. To recapitulate. the element of disconnectedness manifests as pain and suffering endured by the lovers. The State of Separation The state of separation. the notion of the development of the human soul on the mystic path was introduced as a series of levels in relation to man’s spiritual potentialities. It was observed that the depiction conveys both the simple and perfect state epitomized by the bliss of union. XXXIX:124-25) He pierced my heart with arrows of love Whom can I seek for refuge here? (Govinda.CHAPTER FOUR THORNS OF LOVE’S GARDENS: LONGING AND PAIN OF SEPARATION …another rider came to me and drove a thorn right into my heart. In the state of separation.
Considering the great lengths of the authors’ portrayal of this element. a similar illustration of the real and the illusory is evoked in an instance related to the search for the lost Majnun (IX:30-31): … however anxiously they searched for him. As the title of this chapter. “perhaps … wild animals have torn him to pieces. just as connectedness does not necessarily mean being in physical contact. a hidden treasure. “Who knows. in the individual “gardens” of love. this alternating feature plays a significant role in problematizing the concept of “separation. he was not to be found…. as this stage exhibits the phenomenon of connectedness and disconnectedness combined.” The problem in the garden of “thorns” stems from the issue of “the real” and “illusory. or water. This means that the experience of disconnectedness is not confined to being physically apart. however. thirsty desert traveler. is both real and illusory. This means that the two elements mentioned do not form apparently discrete conditions in Layla and Govinda. The expressions of pain in separation are constantly and unexpectedly substituted and interspersed by expressions of pleasure. he had gone to a hiding-place in the wilderness. whereas the following chapter will deal with the element of connection in separation. through the recollection and mention of union.… yet his grief provided him with a free passage.” This may be illustrated by the metaphor of the mirage: to a lone. but on the contrary. and with the intention of providing due attention to its importance. a relatively large space has been allotted to its understanding and comparison. The present chapter will be confined to a discussion of the element of disconnection in separation.Unveiling The Garden of Love represents connectedness. There he was living alone. yet cannot be certain of its reality. are strung in a seamless fusion. or even worse has happened to him. liberating him from 94 . understood as a reference to the spiritual path. Furthermore. is along somewhat artificial lines. In fact. an oasis. Both the experiences of “disconnectedness” and “connectedness” referred to go beyond the physical and outward spatio-temporal dimensions. and the quotations from each text at the beginning of the chapter suggest. As before. the longing and pain endured by the respective pairs of lovers are characteristics of the “thorns” or trials. This division. the state of separation will be dealt with in two individual chapters. But Majnun was not dead.” Whereupon the youth’s kinsmen and companions raised wailings and lamentations as if they were mourning the dead. In Layla.” they said. He “sees” it.
When he saw the lonely figure crouching in solitude. death by life (“Majnun was not dead”).” Furthermore. the real with the illusory. But again. a Bedouin … (was) walking along the same path. pleasure with pain. The context of setting in Layla is related to aridness (the desert).Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation the fetters of selfishness…. constructed upon pain: of loss. However the questions remain: is the “lonely figure” real or illusory? Is the negative illusory? Is the positive real? Is Majnun absent or present? and so on. (emphasis mine) In this quotation. lotus pools. Thus the lover finds both pain and pleasure in a delightful mirage. moonlight. But precisely through pain. emerges almost concurrently: loss is compensated by discovery (“he saw the lonely figure”). he suspected a mirage…. but similarity in the subtext. absence with presence. In a description of the lonely Radha (IV:21): Her heart suffers strange slow suffocation In mirages of sandalbalm. wilderness. On one hand is negativity. On the other. lamentation. death. whereas in Govinda it is plenitude (the forest). or pleasure. or pleasure (“sandalbalm. there appear differences in context. and so on. Thus gain is a reward of pain. the issue centers on the attitude of “as if. from the comparison of the mirage image. wilderness with treasure (“he was living alone. may be illustrated with reference to Govinda. pain (“slow suffocation”). her pain is apparent in the first line. the positive exists concurrently with the negative. similar questions about what is real and illusory arise from this example: which is real. a hidden treasure”). 95 . fetters with freedom (“grief provided him with a free passage”). Similarly the mirage. loneliness.” italicized above. After a time. the “mirage” of pleasure emerges. A painful encounter is readily endured simply because it has the presence of the beloved as its object. although occurring in a different context. in the second line. lotus pools”)? These examples represent the marked ambivalence in Layla and Govinda in relation to the experience of “separation. the positive. The subtext is that in both. moonlight.
… On the way back he crawled” (IV:11). deals with some “thorns” or phenomena of separation in the individual texts. it is Majnun’s frenzied. For example. situations. selected expressions. And so he appears this time in broad daylight. Like 96 . And again: “on his way to her he ran fast. His numerous journeys are amply illustrated. Layla.” which has been earlier defined as a condition of madness. and on the other. in which Radha is “seeking Krishna in his many haunts” (I:26). and away from. In Govinda it takes the form of a search in which she goes back and forth from her former meeting places with Krishna. And yet. namely motion. Majnun displays the “wild imprudence. as “… so far he had only come by night. This poses stimulating and challenging questions about the “real” nature of the state of separation. In the course of Majnun’s attempts to see his beloved. caution is thrown to the winds. therefore.… but now he could bear it no longer … he had to see her” (V:13). and guards of Layla’s tribe “block the way against the disturber of the peace” (V:15). and from afar” (V:15). In the former. the poignancy of Majnun’s utter frustration and the futility of his attempts cannot be missed.… each day. These frantic oscillations of Majnun share a similar pattern with Radha’s movements. especially at the onset of separation. the ghosts of his vain hopes chased him out into the desert” (IV:11). A natural consequence of his recklessness is that these “secret sorties” are soon discovered. This chapter. The occurrence of motion or movement shows correspondences in Layla and Govinda. through ambiguity and ambivalence of expression. his journeys are referred to repeatedly. afraid of guards and spies. and depending upon perspective or approach. his attempts to see his beloved are “brief. repeated passage towards. at one point (IV:11).Unveiling The Garden of Love The Pain of Separation Thus the condition of “separation” is problematized. and madness. In all of these instances. and possibilities relevant to the opposing elements in the state of separation will be presented and clarified in the course of this chapter and the next. In this. For this reason. On one hand the intensity of his yearning to see Layla will not let him rest. They are “filled with a deadly pain. kissed Layla’s threshold … and returned” (IV:10). he becomes increasingly desperate. questions. In the same event it is repeated: “swift as the north wind he flew along. In his desperation. “near the tent of his beloved” (V:13). ran away” (V:15). each time he reaches her tent. “Majnun.
this phenomenon may be seen as evidence of the fragmentation and imperfection of the lovers as a result of separation. It is important to note that the search for Krishna is conveyed in the refrains of a song. Majnun “suffered because he could not find the treasure for which he was searching” (IX:31). In this context. The narrative also informs that this search for “The god of love increased her ordeal” (I:26). The search for the beloved in association with motion is a lone and futile endeavor at this point.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation Majnun. her “trembling eyes search for him” (II:11). Whom can I seek for refuge here? (italics mine) 97 . In Layla. Besides. I would still find her” (XVI:51). her desperation is expressed in a death-wish (VII:5): Death is better than living in my barren body. A parallel may be drawn with the spiritual fervor and intensity required of the seeker of the spiritual life. she is so physically vulnerable that (VII:8): Even a garland strikes at the heart of my fragile body…. deep inside the rock. In repeated laments of seeking and not finding Krishna. for she seeks but does not find. Why do I blankly endure love’s desolating fire? From the illustration of the back-and-forth movement in both the texts. i. Yet the great tenacity and persistence of the lover is notable in both Layla and Govinda. “Whom can I seek for refuge here?” (VII:5). This she expresses repeatedly as. Consequently. her search is equally futile.e. Looking for “Krishna in his many haunts” (I:26). a different location appropriate to the setting of Govinda. although it is not to the same location. Radha goes “at night to depths of the forest” (VII:4). at this point the search is equally futile in both cases. Radha is portrayed as a frail and forsaken creature seeking the sanctuary of Krishna’s presence. just as Majnun retreats to the desert. the ordeal of Radha’s search is as equally desperate as Majnun’s. However. Radha’s search too is relentless. And yet he does not relinquish the search. Similarly. in Govinda. He declares: “My eyes search only for you” (XLI:134) and vows that “even if she were a spark. As long as she does not find the safe haven she seeks. she too retreats.
or difference. 10): the stable unit of sound and meaning in the song. it necessarily involves brevity of expression and of time setting. In the case of Layla the movement is presented chronologically in a series of events occurring over a period of time. Thus. between the texts in the back-andforth movement concerns form. In 1 In the original version. 10). repeated in eight out of the ten verses of “The Thirteenth Song” deserves special attention. However in Govinda. the refrains in Govinda are part of a composite pattern (Miller 1984. one poem often comprising thousands of verses. 98 . with Layla. the time setting of Govinda involves a span of several hours.Unveiling The Garden of Love The refrain (italicized above). In this span. A refrain unifies a song. prabandha). Govinda is a song. and appropriate to the economics of expression of the poetic genre. The role of the refrain is explained as (Miller 1984. Thus the course of events spans several years. the genre of mathnawi is also practically unrestricted. The contrast. They are comprised. The basis for this contrasting expression may be generic. Thus. and is explained as follows: Layla is a prose work in which length of text is not a principal consideration. the repetitive refrain (dhruvapada) provides a rhythmic effect. or the course of one day. Majnun’s movements are effectively portrayed through many separate events. of three interdependent units serving different functions: the narrative (which conveys the message). Its content provides a context for the descriptive details of the couplets and intensifies their meaning…. An effective portrayal of Radha’s movements is therefore dependent upon intensity of expression. like all other refrains throughout the text. Of special concern to the study is that the refrain provides an interesting literary contrast. and the singer/ poet’s identification with the song (which portrays his affinity/participation). all refrains in Govinda characterize the poem as a “cycle of songs” (padavali. as well as similarity. In contrast.1 Therefore. Based on the classical Indian tradition of music. the movement occurs in a refrain at a particular point in time. As a literary device. the description (which fulfils the aesthetics). the fictional time-span and the form of expression is not restricted.
” “downward. similarity lies with the pattern of motion. an equal effect to that in Layla is achieved through refrains.” the “upward” or the “inward” direction. including “everything that distracts the heart from God. and so on. As the examples demonstrate. I am easy to obtain. of development. there is also similarity of content. sarira). 83). Just as in Layla there is repeated movement towards and away from the beloved. 110). That includes of course. at all levels of being. the renunciate (tyagi) who achieves detachment from all desire is the pure Bhakta. libidinous. in this case referring to the linear or cyclic movement present in both texts. nor does he seek salvation or liberation from material entanglement. A pure devotee “does not desire anything … he only wants to please the Supreme Lord” (Prabhupada 1971. animal-like” (Wilber 1996. These “lower. 84). The movement demonstrated by the examples may be seen as generating spirals. or circles within circles. and necessary stage in the process of development. which symbolize the struggles endured in the lovers’ journeys.” and “outward” tendencies are associated with the body. important. These circles. which says: “For one who remembers Me without deviation. even to renounce the thought of renunciation. the “lower” stages of development are. qualifying as a symptom of madness in both the lovers. “instinctual. The similarity lies firstly with the repetitive quality. Similarly in Bhakti-yoga. Thus. giving up the hope for heavenly reward or the fear of Hell” (Schimmel 1975. or the ego. or the self (jism.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation this case. or substance. in psychological terms. 424). progress comes from renunciation of attachments (zuhd). or form. This is confirmed by the verse in the Bhagavad Gita (8:14). so too is this element present in Govinda. Although the stage of separation is beset with struggles. the Bhakta does not desire promotion to heavenly realms. In this context. While there is a difference between these texts with regard to form. because of his constant engagement in devotional service”. the frenzied movement. O son of Prtha. Only when there is a break from these tendencies can the spiritual journey progress in the “higher. rather than through repetition of events. impulsive. In Sufism. is a step in this direction. Secondly. The basis of this understanding is that this mad struggle is “not a loss of 99 . in spiritual terms it is seen as a positive. suggest “lower” levels of consciousness/awareness (Wilber 1996. This phenomenon of cyclic process is readily associated with the symbolic and spiritual viewpoint.
95). long strands of hair falling over the shoulders and the hollow cheeks. he is crouching among wild beasts. The isolation is so overwhelming that “one would not wish anybody to find himself … so deserted. or beginning of growth. and lonely. the beloved. Majnun degenerates not only physically but in the level of his humanity. such as the human. for it includes many dimensions of life. Majnun retreats into a cave described as “A terrible spot. a place of anguish. it is obvious that the state of separation is quite comprehensive. Appropriate to the desert setting of Layla. When Nawfal. As if to set the seal on his anguish. but an intensification of consciousness” (Wilber 1996. the fragmentation of the lovers is not only a destructive process. a cave in the desert like a tomb. Majnun retreats to the wilderness. The creature was crouching against the side of the rock. Thus madness is a seed. and scattered the pearls of his tears into the tresses of darkness” (XXII:71). Furthermore the animal images in the above examples show a descension of Majnun into a 100 . Thus. The desolation and isolation of the setting in which such a process takes place in the texts is an important aspect of the search for the beloved. “He crept into a cave groaning like a lizard which has been bitten by a serpent. a savage or one of the dead maybe a demon? In this picture of Majnun. first finds him. Majnun’s loneliness is poignantly expressed by diverse references. but equally a constructive one. In other words. naked. In this setting.Unveiling The Garden of Love consciousness. Majnun is alone. and the “madness” of Majnun and Radha are an intensification of consciousness directed at the object of devotion. In this place. and the most important factor in the seeker’s life. so bleak and harrowing that it made the heart quail” (XXX:94). Was it an animal or a human being. appearing to be hardly human (XVI:48): (Nawfal) … stared towards the grotto. the warrior who later helps Majnun. wasted. where he noticed a living being such as he had never encountered before…. for example. the mountains. There has to be a breaking down before there can be a building up. and the worldly. arms and legs severely scratched by thorns. The beloved forms a magnetic center. and the cave. right in the flames of Hell” (XXX:93). the social.
the contrast suggests that discord and disharmony prevail at both the micro. In these examples. as Majnun himself utters (XXIV:75): Dying from thirst. or at the level of Majnun’s person. for Krishna is not in these places. her search here is fruitless.g. These elements are reflected in the location. the Milky Way seemed to flow across this celestial Egypt while Majnun. The parallel relates to the quality of remoteness. namely that of the “bower” or “thicket. VII:5) quoted elsewhere. in a general forest setting. and again. Her great expectations are marked by her “barren disgust. it may be seen that at the microcosmic level. looked up to the sky like a bird with clipped wings. and the sky symbolizing infinitude.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation sub-human state. or lower state. The contrast is between Majnun symbolizing finitude. Radha goes to a specific location.” This presents a relationship between the microcosm and the macrocosm. In a similar vein.” Besides. and echoed by nature (XXIII:73): Foaming like the waters of the Nile. an arbor (NSOED). 101 . both of Majnun and the sky. and “The sweet spring night torments (her) loneliness” (VII:6).…?” (VII:28) and similar expressions (e. “The lonely moon (is) … wan in love’s desolation” (VII:21). the desolation is reflected in elemental forces. However. “Why does barren disgust haunt my bower of branches. secluded place of foliage. similar to Layla. there is an association with “the sky” which he searches “in vain. I search the sky in vain Too late the cloud that brings the saving rain. there is a stark contrast between what Radha hopes to find. the reference to “the Milky Way” conjures up the vast firmament at night.” Each of these terms refers to an enclosed. the retreat has two elements: darkness and isolation. Similarly. which is both a parallel and a contrast.and macrocosmic levels. In the first case. and what she encounters. This is conveyed in the expressions. Furthermore. From the above examples. associated with the psyche. associated with the body. as if nature too participates in Radha’s solitude. in the second expression. For example. left alone. darkness and isolation occur at the microcosmic and macrocosmic scales in Govinda. In the first expression.
and Majnun’s retreat into the dark cave in Layla.Unveiling The Garden of Love A final parallel may be drawn between the texts from the following verse (IV:10): Suffering your desertion. it may be said that all of the foregoing examples from Layla and Govinda are phenomenally different but similar in principle. but a subtle psychological analysis of every thought as well as uninterrupted spiritual training” of even the secret motions of the soul and the heart (Schimmel 1975. or base faculties. On the other hand. These conditions in the search of the individual lovers may be associated with man’s lower nature. the similarity is firstly the factor of withdrawal in both. and indicative of.” Thus the elements of zoanthropy and lycanthropy mentioned are present in both the lovers. for it has all the relevant constituent elements as has been explained. represents an important universal symbol. 54). the process of purification and transformation. Finally. the thicket is interpreted as an appropriate substitute. From this example it may be seen that just as Majnun degenerates into a “creature” and an “animal. the contrast is that in Govinda the location is sylvan and fertile. In general therefore. prominently featured both in Layla and in Govinda.” so too Radha “takes form as a whining doe. She takes form as a whining doe And turns Love into Death Disguised as a tiger hunting prey. There is contrast as well as similarity between Radha’s search for seclusion in Govinda. the withdrawal is not only microcosmic. and secondly that both the bower and the cave represent places of seclusion. The ensuing discussion will highlight and compare some 102 . On the one hand. The element of seclusion and retreat. the descriptions of Majnun and Radha are parallel in demonstrating elements of the animal-like condition mentioned in relation to the psychological state.” and disguises “as a tiger hunting prey. namely the symbol of the cave. Thirdly. and desolation. whereas in Layla it is dry and arid. Although there is no cave as understood literally in Govinda. darkness. but also macrocosmic in both texts. This training is associated with. The constant fight of the “seeker of the path of God.” involves not just “the relentless fight against man’s lower nature.
However. like every other important symbol. But. on the other hand. and “heart” will refer to the effect of separation on the lovers. location. whereas in Govinda. or spiritual center of the world. and the heart are closely interrelated and overlapping. the cave. The symbol of the mountain. fragmentation. i. nature as the source of life and vitality. The mountain setting of the cave is expressed. Radha grapples with “The wondrous mystery of Krishna’s sexual play in Brindaban forest” (I:45). The presentation of the withdrawal or retreat shows obvious points of correspondence between Layla and Govinda in terms of setting. only the term “cave” will mean both cave and thicket.e. the verticality of the mountain is representative of the interconnectedness of divinity and humanity. and explain its spiritual significance according to the relevant mystical traditions. the forest is looked upon in a similar way. These may be represented schematically as in Figure 4 below: In Layla mountain cave heart In Govinda forest thicket heart Significance the setting for retreat the location of retreat the effect of separation: disconnection. in Layla as “the mountains echoed his mourning songs” (LI:171). In the same light. this chapter will deal with the symbolism only to the extent of its relevance to the portrayal of the state of separation. and defeat Figure 4: Elements of Correspondence in the Retreat For discussion and comparison of the symbolic and spiritual significance of the above correspondences. and effect. namely the aspects of isolation and disconnectedness. for example. Thus the forest is both a symbol of 103 . only the term “mountain” will be applied to refer to both mountain and forest.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation points of this symbol. particularly in the Hindu culture. and of the axis mundi. it is a meeting of opposites.2 An inverse and complementary aspect of these representations 2 Incidentally. of movement upwards. the term “lover” will designate both Radha and Majnun. In symbolic terms. on the one hand.
3 Equivalent with the Greek. the typical Indian image of the yogi in lotus posture. the Sanskrit term for “cave” provides a basis to illustrate the symbolic and spiritual meaning of the cave. in deep meditation. 103). as commonly acknowledged in the spiritual life. As has been discussed.Unveiling The Garden of Love is that the mountain is also a reminder of disconnectedness and downward movement.” It is also found in reference to Guha. and the ascetic state of the lovers in separation. 7). the isolation.” Cf. is physically evocative of both the mountain and the cave. and of inaccessibility and isolation. “crypt. The relationship of the mountain to the cave corresponds to the relationship of the setting to the location of the retreat. development “at first brings great suffering to the aspirant. 145). 145). “confidential subject. This meaning may be applied to the idea that the Truth is revealed to the elect. the root gup means “to guard” or “hide. Sahi (1980). separation is necessary for transformation. In the myth. the term guha. 148). meaning “cave” may be extended to guh-yam. In the context of separation. in the spiritual realities. and which is not externally manifested (Guénon 1995. From the root guh. Guénon (1995.” Thus gupta relates to everything which is of a secret character. Cf.” and “born of the secret place” (Sahi 1980. in mystical traditions.” and from this. In this connection. a child symbol in Hindu mythology. gup-ta. Mysticism symbolizes this transformation in terms of alchemy. Guha signifies “making visible the invisible. the trees of the forest. “secret. 148). and the English. “apparent destruction is really a transformation” (Guénon 1995. kruptos. The above aspects of the cave characterize it as a spiritual center. the idea of transformation.3 meaning “secret. Thus. the cave (the location) “is … a place that is essentially hidden and closed off” (Guénon 1995. not happiness” (Yatiswarananda 1989. Besides. In similar vein. namely. in contrast with the mountain (the setting) which is visible. Thus. the mountain as the setting of the cave highlights and emphasizes the downward spiral. represent verticality and upward/downward movement. in secrecy of initiation. Generally. The prominence of the cave in the period of separation may also be seen in a different but related context. with the branches turning upwards and the roots downwards. 104 . the science of transmuting asceticism (isolation) and eroticism (wild nature/growth).” synonymous with “cave” and “burial place.” and gu-udha.” “mysterious. This is because.
It may be noted here that in the search for the beloved. emerge. the positivity and negativity of a particular incident or event is ambivalent. Emerging means suffering (away from protection). It gives access. and re-enter the cave. the cave also represents an image of the world. This may be likened to moving between the lower or higher human states. while gold represented the original nature of man. trials and struggles are blessings in disguise. and at the same time a means of protection from pain and sorrow. 144). the symbol of the cave as an image of the world shows that adversity and advantage are two sides of the same coin in the material world. the symbolism of the cave corresponds both microcosmically (the mental and physical condition of the lovers) and macrocosmically (as reflected in the elements) to the portrayal of the cave in the texts. This is displayed in the texts. In connection with Majnun and Radha (as symbolizing the human soul). in alternating moods of pleasure and pain in the duration of separation from the beloved. Thus. because without them the beloved (the Divine Beloved) would not be attained. This is an indication that “the truth” is relative in the material realities. where both Majnun and Radha retreat into. barren depth to which the seeker descends in the struggle with the worst ordeals. the lead or other base metal that was to be transmuted into gold was only a symbol—a very adequate one—of the human soul sunk in the darkness and chaos of the passions. Thus. Besides being a symbol of transformation to the divine state. 105 . not only to subterranean or infernal regions. Burckhardt has explained this as follows (1987. depending on perspective. In this way.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation base metals into gold. but also to super-terrestrial domains (Burckhardt 1987. the cave is at once a forbidding. or pleasure (rejuvenated as a result of finding refuge). Entering the cave means purification (by seclusion). 180): For true alchemy. In other words. or pain (as a result of being disconnected from the lover). This motion may be interpreted as indication of spiritual progression or regression. or the garden of earthly life. in which even the body is ennobled and transfigured by the life of the spirit. the movement in and out of the cave is reminiscent of both an upward and downward spiral motion.
has the same root as the Sanskrit hrd or hrdaya. For example. and kor. as well as a spiritual center 106 . In addition. the words for heart correspond to the denotation of the cave as a place enclosed within the mountain (Guénon 1995. Furthermore. which is a physical center of the body. written with the letter heth. The heart. The connection between the two is indicated by various linguistic terms to denote “heart. the importance of which should not be overestimated. Egyptian. expressed as the Divine-human unity. in Latin. the same root exists in related languages. Guénon points out that.” On this matter. are related to the image of the womb. signifies cave. there is further correspondence in the Semitic-Hamitic languages. The heart is also parallel to the image of the cave as a point of spiritual beginning and development.Unveiling The Garden of Love The close relationship between the symbolism of the cave and the symbolism of the heart mentioned earlier. Thus. the principles of beginning and originating associated with initiation (Latin initiato). firstly. and the German herz. 147): there is a point of language to be considered. According to Guénon. 147-48). is the organ of intuition. In other words. which is at the center of the mountain and a spiritual center is an equivalent of the heart. in Hebrew. the cave. the similarity in different languages referred to above is that “heart” in English (Arabic al-qalb). Secondly. the second. literally and symbolically. Guénon’s opinion is that (1995. but which is curious nevertheless … and more so in that in the different languages the similar roots which denote the heart are to be found. In this sense. the Egyptian word hor means heart. The first linguistic group is of the IndoAryan source. and Horus refers to the “Heart of the World” or spiritual center.” evoke the mystic initiatic rites as “a truth only within the scope of the restricted/elite” (Guénon 1995. it is ker or kardion in Greek. or human origins. the third. The characteristics of secrecy in relation to the terms denoting “heart. signifies mountain. the fourth Latin. the word hor. Finally. that there is a phonetic convergence between diverse linguistic origins for the words referring to a notion or principle of limit. European. and the final. 147-48). The beginning is associated with the primordial condition. Hebrew. whereas written with the letter he. Furthermore. and envelopment. enclosure. may now be taken up.
they exhibit a similar structure in the portrayal of retreat and seclusion. In this context. and the heart in Layla and Govinda correspond to the textual equivalences of these words in the texts. it is interesting that although the texts are from cultural traditions involving linguistic. the cave. the “thorns” suffered by separation from the beloved are also expressed by madness. From such definitions it is surmised that the condition may be identified by a wide range of indications or “symptoms. and lycanthropy. At the outward level.” Here the moon is the mirror of perfection. uncontrollable rage. a form of madness in which a person believes himself or herself to be an animal and behaves accordingly. transformation involving madness may also be seen as a manifestation of variations of zoanthropy. the yearning for a return to the primordial condition originates in the heart (Guénon 1995. As a spiritual center. madness is associated with mental illness. the whole phenomenon of seclusion may be understood as a metaphor of primordiality. 114). Thus it may be seen that the relations between the symbolism of the mountain. “the madman. it may be recalled that in Govinda.” If the moon is seen as a mirror of perfection. Thus the lunar association and the lunatic aspect of the lover are seen as two sides of the same coin. Apart from the phenomenon of motion. in the sense of imminent separation. the 107 . This is manifested in the texts as the lovers’ intense yearning and quest for the beloved.” at the physical. In terms of the psyche. imprudence or wild foolishness. and even ecstasy (NSOED). The phenomenon of transformation from sanity to madness may be interpreted at various levels. However. There are a wealth of expressions conveying the most immediate. geographical. and religious diversity. the “moon” transforms into Majnun. and for refuge in the seclusion of the cave. Radha’s delirious folly in rushing to meet her beloved is witnessed by a moon with “cratered stains.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation in one’s being. then the madman may be seen as representative of imperfection. it is difficult to extricate these aspects or levels of madness entirely from one another. outward effect of separation on Majnun. emotional. Qays. and the “cratered stains” on it indicate imperfection i. In this regard. as will become apparent. frenzy. Definitions of lunacy or madness include various aspects of mental illness. mental. It is interesting that a direct connection between the moon and madness has often been established: the lunar affects the lunatic. On a similar basis of understanding.e. and spiritual levels.
At the same time. or ego is necessary as a prerequisite for spiritual reconstruction. 150). Finally. or a negative or egocentric tendency of the soul (al-nafs. are necessary for spiritual development. this involves an alchemical change in the life of the mystic that is total and comprehensive. as opposed to the spirit (ruh. i. they may be associated with man’s degeneration. spiritual level. it signifies transformation. each of these aspects of transformation mentioned are apparent in the portrayal of both Majnun and Radha in the state of separation. she is “Like dew from lotuses with broken stems … Radhika suffers in your desertion” (IV:14). Secondly. 82-99).Unveiling The Garden of Love mythical transformation of a person into a wolf (Wilber 1996. or the intellect (aql.” As will be demonstrated from specific examples in the ensuing discussion. it relates to the animal-soul (al-nafs al-hayawaniyyah). however. i. “the reins had slipped from the rider’s hand” (IV:10). and ultimately. These phenomena may be understood at another level. In mystical terms. Firstly. It requires a transformation so total that it resembles a 108 . for transformation to occur.e. an aspect of the condition of madness is ecstasy. Thus. A prerequisite of spiritual realization is transformation of the nature and substance of the aspirant. which may be associated with “divine madness. and symbolically as a shedding of all pretence and deception. it is said of Majnun that “Suffering has broken him and his mind has become sick” (XXIV:125). Generally. Both forms of “breakage” involve a severance. buddhi) (Burckhardt 1973. It may be surmised from this statement that his suffering is so intense that he slips into the condition of “madness. As for Radha. from worldly considerations and constraints. realization. This phenomenon may also be understood from a mystical viewpoint in two ways. The phenomenon of the lover being “broken” or fragmented by separation may be seen as a manifestation of imperfection. or a separation.” This is implicitly conveyed in the expression. In Layla. as mentioned in the definition of madness. Majnun literally falls apart. there has to be a complete “break” with the previous forms and ways of one’s existence. atma). At a deeper. jivan). upon being separated or “forced apart” (XLVI:156) from Layla. maturity. Consciousness of both the positive and the negative tendencies. as a metaphor of man’s primordial purity. a total “break” or annihilation of the self. that she is “Broken by her passion’s intensity” (IX:1).e. This image of being “broken” is illustrated by an expression further on in Govinda.
It may be observed that in moving out of human interaction. However. “paying no attention to roads and directions” (VII:20). Similarly. his family. His beloved. a Majnun stripped of all outer coverings. The deterioration of Majnun’s condition is described as: “the bridge between the two banks had fallen in” (VI:15). In being separated from Krishna. and virtually actualizes a return to the essence. The bridge “fallen in” may be understood both as physical access being denied. nudity expresses. As mentioned earlier in relation to Majnun’s degeneration. Broken are my name. As Majnun says (VII:21-22): An outcast I have become. This transformation may occur through an ongoing struggle. and for ever lengthening spells … wandering aimlessly” (VI:15). In this context. thus to the celestial state (Schuon 2003). where are they? No path leads back to them and none to my beloved. the origin. Generally in symbolism.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation “death” of the old self. broken is the drum which once spread the good news. At this point Majnun takes to the mountains all alone. the expression “His hair fell unkempt about his face” (VII:21). as he runs on trackless wastes. like glass smashed on a rock. The loss of contact and loss of sanity is manifested by a corresponding loss of garments. as well as an indication of sanity slipping away. the picture of dishevelment of Radha is painted in images of hair and flowers. depicts Majnun as being in a state of disarray. and my ears now hear only the drumbeat of separation. In these circumstances he moves away from all human interaction. outcast madman. This phenomenon of the tangled hair 109 . my reputation. Thus the naked Majnun completes the picture of a homeless. Majnun also moves out of the norms of human behaviour. seen as a process of purification. When he “beat his head with his fists and rent his garment from top to bottom” (VII:20) the last vestiges of his sanity are also shed. Radha too suffers. the archetype. and his tribe are abandoned. it is useful to compare her condition with the physical “symptoms” of Majnun’s madness. and “Tangles of flowers lie wilted in her loosened hair” (VII:13). Her hair is “a tangle of wilted flowers” (II:15). roaming around “more and more often. the “thorns” encountered by the lovers’ struggle are perceived as representing this process. although she is not explicitly labelled as suffering from madness. Family and home.
Krishna is present in “the lonely forest hut.Unveiling The Garden of Love of the “mad lover” in both Layla and Govinda presents an interesting correspondence. bring Kesi’s sublime tormentor to revel with me! I’ve gone mad waiting for his fickle love to change. In “The Sixth Song.” His presence is made more real because she hears him laughing “in a mood of passion. the implication of mental instability is powerfully conveyed in a number of ways through contradiction. and the dialectic of the real and the illusory. 114).” Radha’s longing and yearning is voiced as (II:11): I reach the lonely forest hut where he secretly lies at night. To the rational eye. 443). Although the last view is culturally specific to the Indian context. 110 . there is a direct contradiction in the substance or content of the first 4 The metaphor of the mirage. The portrayal of Radha as the “mad” lover is made explicit by her own words. it is symptomatic of psychic disorder.” In other words. “he lies secretly at night. but for the insightful eye. This establishes her experience of his presence as virtual. italicized) she pleads with her friend to bring Krishna to her. is directly relevant to this example. cited as a classic example of the “dialectical suspension between likeness and disparity” (Chenu 1983. Thus this inner experience is given expression in the symbol of tangled hair (Mohanados 1997. as an obvious “veiling” element here. Friend. In this imaginary meeting. in the couplet that follows (above. unkempt hair is a display of the chaotic and the disordered. according to her. 443).” Here. At the superficial level. My trembling eyes search for him as he laughs in a mood of passion. divine power. However. “it is a clarion call to be non-fragmented and holistic and an invitation for re-balancing of the masculine and feminine elements of life” (Mohanados 1997. the experience is “real. or connected to. in which she fantasizes about making love to Krishna. the first two lines represent a visualization of a secret rendezvous. it may be said that both texts use the symbolism to display a state of mind of the lover as possessed by. (italics mine) In the above verse. Firstly.4 In the above instance.” because it is sensory: she senses (hears) his presence. for Radha.
the epithet is a reference to Kesin. however.5 Because the reference typifies disorder and confusion.” also called the “meanest of horses. Thus. Radha’s plaintive cry rises to a crescendo in this refrain. which pull him in all directions. and reflects a mental imbalance. This element of contradiction upsets the equilibrium between what is real and what is not. 111 . In Sanskrit. it turns out that he is “really. Thus he is the sickness and the salve. Thus. and reflects Radha’s “unbalanced” state of mind. Apart from contradiction. expressed in Hindu philosophy by the notion of vishaamrita. The juxtaposition of the semantically opposing words “sublime” and “tormentor” constitutes an oxymoron. the spiritual wayfarer constantly battles to gain mastery over the senses. “poison” or “draught of death. the reference to “Kesi” is a significant metaphor of contradiction. a similarity in content or principle emerges between the Sanskrit notion of visha-amrita (mortality-immortality). and the senses to wild horses. all characteristic elements of mental instability. In the first couplet. the mythical “demon horse. though different in form of expression. paradox. This brings us to an opposition in symbolic articulation.” or “actually” present for Radha. repeated eight times. and the supreme object of her love. in the second. which emphasizes the depth of her trauma. the body is referred to as a chariot. Secondly. or “draught of immortality” (Guénon 1995.” is considered as the antithesis of amrita. insensible.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation and second couplets. the reference to Krishna with the expression “sublime tormentor” is another form of contradiction. Finally. 228).” or “actually” absent. However. the intensification is mounted by the second couplet which is a refrain. This condition involves the corruption of the moral or mental faculties. the poison and the remedy. which may be applied to the earlier discussion of Majnun in the context of madness and sanity. Closely related to the condition of mental instability is the condition of intoxication or inebriation. Thus. as her experience of longing and unfulfilled yearning drives her to madness. At the highest level. and the Persian notion of ganj-ranj (treasure-pain). this points to Krishna as the supreme cause of Radha’s transgression. and conflict. and includes making a person stupid. the word visha. it conveys a powerful effect of inconsistency. or disordered in intellect with a drug or alcoholic 5 In the Hindu scriptures. Krishna is “really.” In the Bhagavad Gita.
he is “drunk with longing and confused by feverish hope” (V:13). ends on the same theme of intoxication. This Song. For example. he is a man who has taken leave of his senses as in the description. robbed of his senses” (XXXIX:126). in a figurative sense. 112 . “like a man whom wine has driven to raving madness and then cut down. means intoxication. Majnun epitomizes the “wanderer who did not see where he was going. All of these aspects fulfill the negative sense of the definition of intoxication. Basically. compared to the vast number of 6 The Sanskrit root mada. there are similarities as well as differences. This is seen in the lines describing her as “drunk on honey buzz soft tones!” (XI:18). In Govinda. the references to the concept of intoxication in Govinda are far more limited in quantity. in which the refrain occurs in 8 out of the 14 verses. it is interesting that the definition of “intoxication” also refers. Furthermore. there is also an association with wine in the instance when Krishna entreats her to drink the wine of love (X:2): Abandon your baseless pride! Love’s fire burns my heart Bring wine in your lotus mouth! The above instance is a refrain which occurs repeatedly in “The Nineteenth Song” when Krishna finally approaches Radha. Furthermore. This mythical reference originating from the Puranas is associated with the illustrious Queen Madalasa who cheated Death. the outward condition is understood to be negative. In this condition.Unveiling The Garden of Love liquor (NSOED). as it amounts to being destabilized and decentered from “normality. However. drunk with the wafting scent of love” (XXVIII:88). Radha too has her fair share of the malady of intoxication. like Madalasa” (X:14). there is an obvious aspect of negativity pertaining to the intoxication of Majnun in Layla. as will be illustrated in a separate discussion. or any intoxicating liquid.” In this context. the mind (NSOED). This particular sense of the word may be positive in a specific context. In terms of differences. with the description of Radha’s eyes as “lazy with wine. to the action or power of exhilarating. firstly. or exciting.6 In comparing the expressions of intoxication in Govinda and Layla.
” This is the inner significance of Majnun losing his mind. the central concept of Sufism. 113 . which is eventually understood as “the extinction of the ignorance of our essential identity with the only Real. or God. The “madness” of man on the spiritual quest is a “divine madness.” “cup (-bearer). love for God is proved and matured (Schimmel 1982. Thus the esoteric understanding of intoxication is the ecstasy of attaining the Divine. In fact the intoxicating soma juice figures prominently in Vedic ritual sacrifices. This aspect of the definition is concordant with the spiritual implications of madness. the representative deity of the beatitude. As previously mentioned.” Soma is defined as the plant which yielded the mystic wine for the Vedic sacrifice.” “wine. in the mystical sense it is “the loss of awareness of all but God” (Schimmel 1982. as discussed previously.7 This difference may be attributed to genre.” and “intoxicated. alcohol is not a taboo as it is in the case of Layla.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation references in Layla. the real becomes annihilated and the Real becomes manifest. In other words. there appears to be little negativity to the concept in Govinda. The above view of madness includes the unitive experience. It is no 7 8 A total of 75 occurrences of words related to intoxication were identified in Layla. the definition of intoxication also refers to the exhilaration of the mind. and through constant suffering and pain. whereas the references are negative as well as positive in Layla. the divine delight of being. in which the self is obliterated and displaced by the Self. and of Islam in general. This difference may be explained from a cultural basis. The words are: “drink(ing). 9). and intoxication. apart from the apparent effects of wine. See “Glossary of Sanskrit Terms in Integral Yoga Literature” (2004). Here again. This experience points to tawhid. Through this loss. Whereas in the ordinary sense. Secondly. the wine itself represents the intoxication of ananda. 127). the state of intoxication temporarily eliminates man’s mental and rational capabilities.” or a state of “God-intoxication. there is difference in form but similarity in substance.” “drunk. The repetition and intensification provided by the refrain in Govinda may be seen as a qualitative compensation for the large number of references in Layla. Soma is the Lord of this wine of delight and immortality. the similarity in expression between the texts is the obvious emphasis given to the concept of intoxication.8 On the other hand. and elation to excitement beyond the bounds of sobriety (NSOED). mental struggle. In the Indian cultural background of Govinda.
In this regard. but also the powers of reasoning. nor created. Thus her privation is very much like Majnun’s in destitution at all levels. yet its affliction is complete glory. or reasoned out” (Vivekananda 2001a. loneliness. More specifically. Secondly it includes the idea of “self-naughting as a prelude to self-realization” (in Sivaraman 1995. the condition of both these characters corresponds at the spiritual level. it is apparent that she confronts pain. Karpanya is firstly “a sense of total poverty or nothingness of oneself in relation to what one strives after” (in Sivaraman 1995. 16-17). faqr is “an ocean of affliction. by constant “fermentation” through repeated tribulation. According to him. in this respect. but a lifting of the veils of ignorance” (Schimmel 1975. develops until it becomes purified. “the human soul can mature only through suffering” (Schimmel 1982. 137). Thirdly it refers to the state of total identification and unity. She takes form as a whining doe And turns Love into Death. The pain and privation of Majnun and Radha may be viewed in this context. isolation.” In this way. 2001. or “affliction is the fastest steed to bring man to perfection” (Schimmel 1982. 427). and even association with death. the soul. just as pure wine is obtained through the fermentation of grape juice. the extent of Radha’s privation and affliction is graphically described in the following verse (IV:10): Her house becomes a wild jungle. 7). Her band of loving friends a snare. Thus. Junayd praised poverty. 282). The Bhakti concept of karpanya corresponds to the condition of faqr in Sufism.Unveiling The Garden of Love longer a unity of will. In this context. faqr. constant purification. nor creator … where there is neither I nor thou. in which “there is neither creation. In Sufi poetry. Sighs fan her burning pain To flames that rage like forest fire. In every line of the above verse. it is said that the self “comes face to face with facts which it could never have sensed. 137). nor relation” (Vivekananda. This is applicable to Radha in the context of her “noth114 . Thus the human mind is able to transcend not only the limitations of the senses. nor object. Suffering your desertion. Moreover. 427). where there is neither subject.
and fragmentation. the following chapter will have a taste of its flowers and fruits. In summarizing the focus of examination in this chapter. and wholeness.” it is also a vital and dynamic process. From the perspective of metaphysical and cosmological realities which are cyclic in nature. This feature has been interpreted and understood in mystical terms as representing “the arc of descent. several points may be noted. bliss. if this chapter has been concerned with the prick of thorns in the garden of love. There are parallels in the transformation or metamorphosis of the human lovers from the state of divine perfection to the state of human imperfection. to the perfect state. There is correspondence and equivalence in the “thorns” of separation and the different aspects of “madness” and their symbolic and spiritual significance. illustrated in the verse quoted.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Longing and Pain of Separation ingness” without Krishna. Expressed in the language of the garden. although imperfection is regarded as a “fall. however. worldly comforts.” Yet. It is a state that can only be obtained through renunciation of sense attachments. As it occurs in Govinda. Having said that. the fire of her desire for Krishna. Basically. both Qays and Radha have moved from perfection. agony. all these human needs of Radha’s are subsequently burned up in “flames that rage like forest fire” (IV:10). descent is a requisite for the possibility of ascent. and material pleasures. attention will be turned in the next chapter to aspects of the state of separation which constitute that vital. it has also been pointed out that the state of separation does not solely involve or portray imperfection and fragmentation. dynamic “ascent” mentioned. 115 . to imperfection. or return. Towards supporting this opinion.
.
he calms my fear of dark time. or substance” (NSOED). “fusion” is effected through various means and measures which enable the lovers to extricate themselves briefly from spatiotemporal limitations. 117 . XIV:43) Meeting me under a flowering tree.” as well as “thorns” and “confusion.… (Govinda. This renders separation as a state of flux. this state of flux changes from pain and suffering to pleasure and delight.” namely the “negative” and the “positive” aspects. In the texts. Stated differently. This is the paradox intimated in the title of this chapter. “confusion” is a blurring of boundaries by which connection with the beloved is actually or virtually effected.CHAPTER FIVE THORNS OF LOVE’S GARDENS: FUSION AND CONFUSION IN SEPARATION Layla was trying to find comfort in the garden.…? (Layla. it is because of separation that union occurs. or from fear and loneliness to comfort and companionship. which is the condition of fusion and connectedness.” It suggests that fusion and pleasure is brought into being by confusion and pain. The phenomenon of intermittent change between connectedness and disconnectedness is amply incorporated into the portrayal of separation in both the texts under consideration. which is defined as “continuous succession of changes of condition. however. that the experience of connectedness essentially remains a condition of the state of separation. referring to separation as both “love’s gardens” and “fusion. composition. To illustrate.… perhaps it could show her the way to that other garden. The “negative” aspect has been extensively illustrated and analyzed in the previous chapter as being a condition of fragmentation and disconnectedness between lover and beloved. It is important to bear in mind. In other words. This chapter resumes the discussion by focusing on the “positive” aspect. II:8) It has been mentioned in chapter 4 that in Layla and Govinda there are two opposite and contrasting phenomena in the portrayal of “separation.
Finally. fusion and confusion may be expressed as a binary relationship between tranquility and turmoil. the mystical journey 118 . as complementary aspects of a phenomenon. in this chapter. Therefore. Expressed symbolically. It takes the presence of pain to bring Majnun and Radha to a sharp consciousness of the absence of pleasure. is seen as an endless. the “thorns” as well as the “flowers” should be considered. In spiritual terms. it is acknowledged that mystical symbols are by nature paradoxical. it represents the raison d’etre of mysticism. viewed as “thorns” in chapter 4 will. Thus. this process corresponds to an awakening to the turmoil of material realities followed by the tranquility of the awareness of that Eternal. of an occasional glimpse of the flowers. and the literary language of mystics always displays a focus on the process or “path. selected phenomena. seasonal. depending on the perspective from which a phenomenon is approached. then subsequently. pain is necessary as a vital process of spiritual development. or cyclic. The texts illustrate this truth.” rather than on the purpose or “goal. be viewed as “flowers. keeping us out. in order to represent the reality of the “garden of love” in a comprehensive and holistic manner. Furthermore.” To illustrate the subjectivity assumed in this regard. it is accepted that qualities are subjective. Firstly. “other garden. but rather. or being immersed in. opposite and contrasting aspects inherent in mystical symbols are not necessarily seen as positive or negative qualities. of the pain of thorns again.” the Firdaus of the Sufi and the Goloka of the Bhakta. worldly concerns once again. In garden terminology. and finally sinking down to. pattern. This involves an experience. That is to say. This journey or path that is characteristic of the mystic process. This is articulated in Layla as “… what today we mistake for a padlock.Unveiling The Garden of Love Based on the above explanation.” Fusion and Confusion A point to be noted is the perspective of subjectivity adopted in dealing with symbols of pleasure and pain or fusion and confusion. In this sense. the analogy of the thorn itself may be used: it takes a thorn (or any sharp point) to remove a thorn (another sharp point). only the “thorns” of suffering and pain can remove the “thorns” of impurity and ignorance. of the thorns of the garden. firstly. we may tomorrow find to be the key that lets us in” (I:2). and finally. it is between flowers and thorns. In fact.
In this context. (Govinda.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation requires the faculty of discernment and discrimination involved in recognizing the difference between “the padlock” and “the key. narrated as “she looked at it as an ornament framing the image of the beloved. fusion refers to the end.e. On the above understanding. My heart recalls Hari here in his love dance…. Besides this. for man. union. and the objective. it is by recollection of “Hari here in his love dance. perhaps it could show her the way to that other garden. i. the reference to “time” and “quickly” refer to temporal dimensions.” In this context. 127). XIV:43) In Govinda Meeting me under a flowering tree.” The extracts of corresponding passages from Layla and Govinda quoted at the beginning of this chapter may be referred to in illustrating the subjectivity of expression. “confusion” is seen essentially as “an operative means.” Thus. “the garden” is the means to “show her the way. In Govinda. whereas confusion refers to the means of transcending physical realities. an attempt will be made to discover the nature and extent of similarity and contrast between Layla and 119 . The full passages are as follows: In Layla Layla was trying to find comfort in the garden. II:8) Figure 5. of reintegration in his Divine Origin” (Lings 1975.” In this verse. the “meeting” “under a flowering tree” is the means. The objective is for “delighting me deeply” and to “calm my fear of dark time. it is through Layla’s perception of the garden. of transcending spatial and temporal limitations are mentioned indirectly. In both cases. he calms my fear of dark time.1: Transcending Limitations in the Garden In these expressions the means. as has been done for all other phenomena in previous chapters. In Layla. this chapter will examine the means by which comfort and delight are experienced and expressed within the state of separation.” The objective is to “find comfort” and to reach “the garden of paradise. Delighting me deeply by quickly glancing looks at my heart.” In Govinda. In Layla. the garden of paradise? (Layla. the reference to “garden” and “the way” suggest spatial dimensions. she looked at it as an ornament framing the image of the beloved. the limitations are transcended in the mind.
The heart that is broken is seeking to be repaired and restored. there are pairs of human elements involved in the seclusion. firstly.Unveiling The Garden of Love Govinda in this regard. namely elements of nature: 120 . The second human element is the “heart” of the matter of seclusion. The first pair is the lovers. It is convenient to compare the portrayal of seclusion in Layla and Govinda according to. These physically vast and strong elements of nature afford. Located within the context of the wilderness. Radha and Majnun respectively. Further. In the first component the same phenomena of seclusion and madness previously presented as “thorns” of separation will now be presented as “flowers” of union. as well as in the symbolic and spiritual significance of expressions. The next component delves into the phenomena of dance. and song as found in Layla and Govinda. Another pair of natural elements is the cave and the thicket respectively. representing the body or the self which is shattered by separation and seeking shelter inside this fortified seclusion. besides expressing the phenomenon of seclusion. music. and subsequently. and symbolize. firstly. It will be argued that each of these elements mentioned. Each represents the “wilderness” or location of isolation. Pleasure in Separation There are elements of nature as well as human elements in the texts which relate to the portrayal of seclusion. A pair of natural elements expressing the phenomenon of seclusion is the mountain in Layla and the forest in Govinda. The discussion will comprise two major components. represents a means of fusion. The following table provides corresponding expressions associated with the first pair. and secondly. the two human elements. these elements fortify the seclusion as well as accentuate it. protection and refuge. the two natural elements. which is the psychological condition of the lover. phenomena which were presented in the previous chapter. phenomena which have not been previously discussed.
Radha. Brindaban forest is washed by meandering Jumna river waters…. 121 .” and “caves and ravines.2: Elements of Nature in the Portrayal of Seclusion In the table. did Majnun leave….Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation Element Mountain/ Forest In Layla the wilderness became Majnun’s only refuge. Thus he identifies with them. to the caves and ravines of Najd.… seemingly one with the rocks. When spring’s mood is rich. ( I:27) Revel in wild luxury on the sweet thicket floor! Your laughing face begs ardently for his love. like the wild basil clinging to them. returning. Hari roams here To dance with young women. enter Madhava’s intimate world! (XI:14) Cave/ Thicket Figure 5. fragmented Majnun is drawn to these places because they are the means to become whole again. friend. He appeared. and repeatedly returns to them.” It is explicitly expressed that he “restlessly … roamed” in the “wilderness.” This conveys that he is “seemingly one” with these elements.” Furthermore. like a fleeting shadow. Only when a new day climbed the mountaintops…. By the same token. (XXXIII:103) In Govinda …mango trees tremble from the embrace of rising vines. the ruggedness of the terrain seems to echo Majnun’s “wild desperation.” the “steep rocks. it is as if this is the only way of achieving connectedness with his beloved. A cruel time for deserted lovers. There is a dual implication in this. tearing his heart asunder in wild desperation…. the first and second examples from Layla directly illustrate Majnun’s identification with the “mountain” and the “cave. (XXXIV:103) So Majnun lamented. At the same time these elements represent places of refuge and hiding. Restlessly he roamed through its gorges and climbed steep rocks which no human being had explored before.” the “gorges. It is as if the broken. On the one hand the wilderness spells danger and isolation.
94). and “the night’s cherished cloak.Unveiling The Garden of Love The mystical symbolism of the above phenomenon may be explained as follows. is representative of spontaneity and regeneration in nature. Thus the spiritual retreat represents dual aspects: renunciation and acceptance. 95). The tone of separation is emphasized by the fact that Radha “begs ardently for his love” (XI:14) for she has “languished too long” (XI:20). On the other hand. The cave to which Majnun retreats represents the spiritual retreat (khalwa) of the Sufi. and suggestive of the creative and sexual activity of pravrtti dharma. In the Hindu tradition the forest and the thicket. the possibility of union between Radha and Krishna is portrayed in the repeated exhortations to Radha to “enter Madhava’s (Krishna) intimate world. This is supported by nature images which function as symbols of regeneration: “seeds of ripe pomegranate” (XI:19) and “tangles of new shoots” (XI:20) in “a bright retreat heaped with flowers” (XI:16) and “sandal-forest winds” (XI:17) beckon Radha to “revel in wild luxury on the sweet thicket floor” (XI:14). The site of the prospective union “in the thicket buried in darkness” (XI:10) of Brindaban forest conjures a place of dark seclusion.” under the supervision of a living spiritual guide. which may be explained as follows. The retreat is devoted to “the remembrance of God and the forgetting of the self. and acceptance relates to the authority of the shaykh and the remembrance of God. who used to retreat to caves in the mountains. 94). by their remoteness and isolation symbolize sannyasa. or shaykh (Bakhtiar 1976. the Sufi retreats to an isolated cell or location of solitude in nature (Bakhtiar 1976. and nivrtti dharma. through practice of the difficult austerities mentioned. however. This juxtaposition of union and separation is indicative of a paradoxical principle of renunciation and acceptance in Hindu mysticism. the wildness of growth associated with the forest.” in “Blissful Krishna” (XI:121). the path of the renunciate.” and “dark lotus wreaths” (XI:11) reflect this mood. or trees. the khalwa is looked upon as an aid to achieving “a state of permanent inward retreat” (Bakhtiar 1976. This is evi122 . Renunciation applies to the self and the world. At the same time. In most Sufi orders. and involves strict disciplines such as fasts and extended periods of invocation. This state is struggled for. without Krishna. In adherence to the Traditions of the Prophet. In Govinda. or the ascetic state. man-in-the-world. which is left behind. a mood of solitude and darkness evokes a sense of separation .
only renunciation and retreat from the world is valued because it signifies transcendence and otherworldliness. Pravrtti means moving onwards. 44). In this sense.” while pravrtti is part of the process of creation. asceticism or renunciation. The symbolism is based on the notion of worldly experience as a necessary process of spiritual development.” is linguistically related to the Latin term vertere. See Mishra (1998. and repose. Furthermore. In Mishra’s explanation (1998. the thicket in Govinda. nature symbolizes the source of life and vitality. 145). 43). worldly experience. similar to the cave in Layla. associated with the “real” or physical. cessation. Nivrtti means return. are one and the same in the process of being reborn (Sahi 1980. progress.1 1 This is divergent from the orthodox view in exoteric Hinduism. coming forth. or the “Real. In this understanding. the Sanskrit root vrt. Thus … it would follow that the state of nivrtti is seen as a precondition for union with the “eternal Brahman. advance.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation dent from the references to the richness of “spring’s mood” (I:27) and the invitation to “revel in wild luxury” (XI:14). In this context. rest. 153). inactivity. “a rebirth. The Bhakta’s view of the worldly and the spiritual life is that these represent two necessary and interrelated stages of God-realization. or spiritual existence.” referring to the transcendence of material realities. the central meaning of the tree is both birth and life. active life (Mishra 1998. In religious terms. 44-45). is essential to nivrtti (Mishra 1998. represents both a point of departure and return. activity. in which eroticism and ascetism are mutually exclusive categories. and its etymological relation to the notion of nivrtti and pravrtti. 123 . In this context. or rather. This becomes more obvious by reference to the Sanskrit root word vrt. Thus. or abstinence from worldly acts. Thus. meaning “to turn. and thus. the forest and thicket have erotic undertones. we may legitimately conclude that the words are etymologically related to “extrovert” (literally “turning outwards”) and “introvert” (literally “turning inwards”). which also requires a dying” (Sahi 1980. 43). and eroticism or vitality of growth. pravrtti. the importance of the secular to the spiritual life is that the association with worldly life is to learn of the difference between that and the spiritual life.
Thus in the primordial. and also of upward movement (Guénon 1995. In this context. Vedic age when primordial man was true to his original nature. the mountain and the forest are symbols of authority. 124 . 153). renowned as an expression of Vaishnava Bhaktism. This anomaly naturally exists in the text of Govinda. as well as with pristine innocence. these natural elements symbolize primordiality. the trees that comprise the forest) in Govinda represent cosmological symbols. after all. the mountain and the tree represent both a meeting point between heaven and earth and a center of the universe. the mountain in Layla and the forest (or more precisely. In this regard. Besides. in Mishra (1998. the particular avatara of “dark time” referred to in the quotation at the beginning of this chapter. 145). permanence. Thus. the close connection of Majnun and Radha with nature points to the possibility of a return to man’s primordial origins or union with the Divine. and strength. both are associated with age and maturity. separation is necessary for transformation. “apparent destruction is really a transformation” (Guénon 1995. As has been illustrated in chapter 4 in relation to the withdrawal of the 2 See Hazariprasad Dvedi’s Madhyakalin dharma sadhana. They may be viewed as “a ladder reaching from the ground to touch the sky” (Sahi 1980. utmost importance was placed on transcendence and other-worldliness. Indian scholars agree that the redeeming feature of this age is Bhakti.” the Kali Yuga (meaning “dark time” or “age of darkness”). in the spiritual realities. their verticality acts as a reminder of the interconnectedness of the divine and the human. Aside from spiritual symbolism.Unveiling The Garden of Love This is one of the ways that the “anomaly” of erotic expression in spiritual texts may be resolved. they represent established axial symbols. in relation to their splendor. The cave and the thicket within the mountain and the forest respectively. is appropriate to the present age of “decay. may also be related to the notion of transformation as a positive aspect of separation. As has been discussed. 208n). 221). the religion of love and devotion. which is. Thus. Thus. In this context. it must be remembered that Divine revelation and redemption is appropriate to its particular spatio-temporal context. And finally. Whereas Bhaktism. or axis mundi.2 This agent of redemption is Krishna. In this connection. In this connection.
the touchstone refers to a criterion that serves to test the genuineness or value of something. according to Sufism). In order to “test the gold of love” in the context of devotion (bhakti) as a means of spiritual development. Apart from the inward and outward movement. transformation is symbolically expressed in terms of alchemy. This association with the touchstone and its function of testing. Figuratively. This motion may be interpreted as an indication of spiritual progression or regression. Making a touchstone To test the gold of love. is specifically expressed by the following verse in Govinda (XI:12): Night spreads darkness as dense As tamala leaves. 180): For true alchemy. according to Bhaktism) or return (to the primordial state.” or the transmutation of baser metals into gold. Thus. in which even the body is ennobled and transfigured by the life of the spirit. in the material realities. and is closely associated with “alchemy. as an 125 . depending on perspective. the cave also represents an image of the world. and the death-wish articulated by both Majnun and Radha. parting involves a transformation in the nature of a movement from one existential plane into another higher existential plane. or the garden of earthly life.e. in the spiritual life the “call” of the highest ideals necessitates a parting of ways. the “touchstone” is a mineral used for testing the quality of gold and silver. In other words. Literally. spiral motion. Besides transformation (to the divine state. Burckhardt has explained the notion of alchemy and transmutation as follows (1987. i. the lead or other base metal that was to be transmuted into gold was only a symbol—a very adequate one—of the human soul sunk in the darkness and chaos of the passions. the positivity or negativity of a particular incident or event is ambivalent. In mysticism. it is also reminiscent of an upward. or downward. The movement to and from the cave symbolizes a quest for the beloved.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation characters from community and social norms. Thus. a death of the worldly life and a birth into the spiritual life. while gold represented the original nature of man.
This is displayed in the texts. the elements represent a point of movement from being disconnected. 144). or pleasure (rejuvenation as a result of finding refuge). the cave is “the complete image of the world. different elements of nature are involved in each text. the cave is at once a forbidding. or decentered. In summary of this point. and at the same time. The foregoing discussion has illustrated different means employed by the writers to express a similar idea. Firstly. and his connection with the divine. it may be said that the connection in Layla and Govinda between the natural elements and the lover corresponds to various spiritual realities. or quali126 . namely the mountain and the cave in Layla and the forest and the thicket in Govinda. By extension. however. where both Majnun and Radha retreat into. reflecting all states without exception” (Guénon 1995. whereas the connectedness between Radha and Krishna is explicit. Thus. trials and struggles are blessings in disguise because without these experiences the beloved (or the Divine Beloved) would not be attained. emerge. The similarity of the idea is that in both texts. Secondly. In general. both texts express that fusion is obtained through seclusion. a means of protection from pain and sorrow. Emerging means suffering (torn out from protection). or centered. or pain as a result of being fragmented. such surrender obtains the possibility of. Majnun’s connectedness with these elements is implied. the portrayal of the cave in Layla corresponds to this symbolism in Govinda. This may be likened to moving between the lower or higher existential states. In this context. In this context. On this basis. Thirdly. signify human pliancy. to being connected. and re-enter the cave. the symbol of the cave shows that adversity and advantage are two sides of the same coin. but also to super-terrestrial domains (Guénon 1995. the identification with the spiritual centers and the solace it offers. 144). in alternating moods of pleasure and pain in the period of separation from the beloved. It gives access not only to subterranean or infernal regions. Secondly. Firstly.Unveiling The Garden of Love image of the world. the cave may be seen as a means of spiritualizing life. In connection with Majnun and Radha (or the human soul). each of the elements mentioned represent man’s spiritual centers. the natural elements represent a point of refuge and means of connection. or submission to divine authority. Entering the cave means purification (obtaining refuge). barren depth to which they descend in the struggle with their worst ordeals.
or the Self. Tamala-flower clusters on their ears. this is tantamount to a return to man’s primordial state. the ensuing consideration focuses on the human element as psychological symbols. and more specifically. made senseless by desire? Understand: … I have risen above all that. is the beloved. my longing purged of low desire. In essence. and “he had lost 127 . a slave of my senses.” The references to these two aspects may be related to the metaphysical notions of fana’. Dark lotus wreaths on their heads. the state of the heart of the lover.3 below shows corresponding quotations from each text to illustrate the psychological condition of the lover. the following Figure 5. he has “risen above” to a higher station. Element Majnun/ Radha In Layla Who do you think I am? A drunkard? A lovesick fool. (XLVIII:161) In Govinda Night is putting black kohl on their eyes. the wilderness does not just signify that man is alone and lonely. Again. For this purpose. and subsequently baqa’. that which is sacred is secret. fusion with the divine is conveyed by seclusion. subsistence in the Divine Beloved. My soul is purified from the darkness of lust.” In effect this is a shedding of the human. Leaf designs of musk on their breasts. You imagine that you see me. Love is the essence of my being…. I am the King of Love in majesty. union with the divine. In every thicket. my mind freed from shame. but I no longer exist: what remains. annihilation of the self. (XI:11) Figure 5. worldly “self. friend. Thus. as he has become “purified” from “desire” and “the teeming bazaar of the senses. The night’s dark cherished cloak Embraces limbs of beautiful adulteresses Whose hearts rush to meet their lovers.” On the other. On the one hand. he has been “broken up” and “lost his heart.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation fication for. The former idea is also expressed as “I no longer exist” (XLVIII:161). I have broken up the teeming bazaar of the senses in my body. As mentioned.3: The Heart of the Lover The quotations from Layla convey two opposing aspects of Majnun’s condition. While the discussion thus far has considered the elements of nature as cosmological symbols.
and explicitly by mention of “breasts” and “limbs” of “adulteresses. Thus it enhances sight as well as beauty. Latin muscus. and the possibility of achieving this state may be discerned from the expression. medicinal. and with the cosmetic function that it is used as ornamentation. 4 Sanskrit muska. and reception or acceptance (associated with pleasure). is the beloved” (XLVIII:161). However. 159): those very mystical elements that are essential for Indian devotional verse. as well as rebuilding and rejuvenation.4 an aromatic aphrodisiac that arouses sexual desire. kollurion and in Latin collyrium (NSOED). this possibility is only achievable through purification of the heart.” “black. In its patterned intensity—the triumphant heaping of image upon image. sensuousness compounded by lushness of phrase—the passage has the power to transcend what seems banal.” “kohl. 128 .” “tamala.” applicable to Radha. he would find himself again” (VI:16). and cosmetic application for the eyes. In Persian misk.” Again. It is also symbolic of a physical and mental healing. Majnun’s progress. conveyed by words like “night.” Furthermore. Its association with medicinal properties is that it is used for healing.”3 “eyes. “if he could only win her.” “cloak. the examples relating to the lover and the heart suggest physical and emotional fusion. 3 Referring to a black. in the forest. In Govinda. whereas the latter is indicated by the expression. “in every thicket. is conveyed by complementary metaphors of rejection (associated with pain). and image upon image of darkness that symbolizes union. associated with the shape of the musk-bag of the musk-deer.” and “dark. at night. however. The wealth of poetic diction in this regard is apparent from recurring images of darkness. meaning scrotum. this phrase strongly evokes fusion. or path to spiritual maturity. these images are consistent with the erotic and sexual overtones of lovers meeting. In Greek. It is against this setting and atmosphere that “hearts rush to meet their lovers. The first example indicates physical fusion through descriptions of physical elements.” The erotic images are reinforced implicitly by reference to musk.Unveiling The Garden of Love … himself” (XXI:69). Thus. These images have been aptly described as acquiring (Mishra 1998. “what remains. expressed as “the fire scorching his heart” (IV:10).
it is a means 5 A method of liberating the soul according to an orthodox esoteric system of Indian philosophy expounded by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras. In this verse. which includes the sexual drive. On the other hand. or sexual energy withdrawn from the worldly drive and redirected to the divine energy center.” and strives “to reach your distant form.” “utters her pain. It is the basis of instinctive. This energy is associated with kama. The first has been illustrated. cause him to remain within the physical realm. Radha may be viewed in metaphors of “breakage” and “repair. 129 . subconscious desire. or inward directed. and emotional conditions and behavioral traits involving the heart or feelings are introduced. first. and second. The first. convey the view of the spiritual quest in Hindu mysticism.” and “lying dejected” and “fearing. energies that are channeled into desire for the Divine (prema) belong to the realm of the ascetic. this same mood is maintained. Furthermore. whereas the second may be explained on the basis of the Hindu mystical doctrine of cakras. pleasure and pain. or most basic cakra (muladhara) is of a centrifugal.” “collapses. tendencies. nature.” The former is illustrated through expressions like “laments. instinctual. The doctrine also refers to a hierarchy of existential states of man’s inner being. in Govinda too. there are alternating conditions of rejection and acceptance in the heart of the lover. “She evokes you in deep meditation. and the means to control these energies (pranayama). a worldly person’s energies that are directed to worldly desires (kama). The two examples from Govinda.” Thus. the faculty of the intellect. divine.5 This refers to the seven centers of psychic energy in the human body. This view relates to the complementarity of. and “doorway” to super-consciousness. which eloquently and powerfully demonstrate the human and psychological elements. It is the basis of intuitive. human. The highest.” “cries.” At the same time. and liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). This involves sexual continence.” “trembles. Control achieves deliverance into the spiritual life (jivanmukti). or outward directed. eroticism and asceticism. or ultimate cakra (sahasrara) is of a centripetal. This channeling is a means of transforming and spiritualizing human life. nature. tendencies. This energy is associated with buddhi. Thus. except that physical elements are reduced.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation In the next example related to the heart.
” and not the body.7 it has a close phonetic resemblance and semantic relation to hrd or heart. The above implications are woven into the lines of the verses under consideration. 67). to take shelter. it is mentioned that Radha “evokes” Krishna through “deep meditation.” In this regard. See Swami Vivekananda (2002. This escalates to the spiritual level of “deep meditation. that “rush to meet their lovers. 68). but “in fantasy. associated with anahata cakra. as in aashri. but “virtual” or psychological. The nature of the fusion is not “actual” or physical.Unveiling The Garden of Love of achieving liberation. the Bhakta views “sexuality (as) … either sacred or subhuman” (Schuon 1976. hari means light or illumination. Furthermore. The example shows that her motivations originate from the physical “embraces. To begin with.” It is made explicit that Radha “clings” to him not literally. it is argued that the fusion explicitly and implicitly conveyed in these examples refers to spiritual fusion. if there is union. The notion of chastity also extends to thought. The sanctified nature of this union is unequivocally 6 This is why chastity is a hallmark of the spiritual giants of Hindu mystical orders. and Khrista.” Radha’s moves and motivations correspond to the various cakras that relate to human or natural love (prakrta). Krishna is not physically present. 130 . and super-consciousness. and divine or supra-natural love (aprakrta). it takes place in a sacred context. In the first place. she develops from motivations of the physical (sarira) to the emotional (manas) and ultimately to the intellect (buddhi). and the heart. or Divine union. 7 Also. Thus. and deed.” associated with the sahasrara cakra. In other words. Apart from the name. On this basis.6 In this light. This view of transforming and spiritualizing the lower human tendencies to higher realms is another basis of reconciling the paradox of eroticism-asceticism. referring to Christ the Savior. whereby she transcends distance and connects with the “distant form” of Krishna.” associated with muladhara cakra. The portrayal of fusion is through juxtaposition of sexual overtones and mental undertones. Subsequently “her pain” involves the emotions. It may be noted that the “embraces” spoken of are not physical because this line is immediately followed by the information that it is the “hearts. word. and sexual activity. pronounced hri. the choice of the epithet “Hari” in reference to Krishna is significant.
Firstly. 149-50. In Layla. In ending the discussion. the word “Love” in capitals signifies that it is of a Divine nature. Majnun says. they refer to one and the same idea. the other by water. the thicket is qualified by the adjective “most sacred.4: A Mandalic Perspective of Seclusion 8 Adapted and modified from Guénon (1995. whereas Radha is burned by “flames that rage like forest fire” (IV:9). the phenomenon of seclusion may be viewed in terms of the Hindu mandala and the arabesque pattern of the Islamic artistic tradition. namely purification. the lover undergoes “fire scorching his heart” (IV:10). see figures 13 and 14). and secondly. One is cleansed by fire. these are different and opposite forms of expression. your grace has changed me into pure water” (XXXVIII:117). 131 . On the level of physical realities.” It is interesting to note the different expressions of purification of the heart in the corresponding pair of examples quoted. they are reconstructed in the following table:8 In Layla the universe of separation mountain / forest cave / thicket Majnun / Radha the heart of the lover In Govinda Figure 5. the second is “water” in Layla and “fire” in Govinda. To illustrate the portrayals of seclusion as they occur in the individual texts. “I was earth. whereas in Govinda. as it is chanted in subsequent verses that “Madhava still waits for you in Love’s most sacred thicket” (V:7). she is “washed by meandering Jumna river waters” (I:33). In another pair of expressions elsewhere in the works. dark and heavy. the elements are transposed. but at the essential level.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation confirmed. If the first pair of expressions is “fire” in Layla as opposed to “water” in Govinda.
Briefly. represented by the triangles. both at the outward and inward levels of meaning. Thus the corresponding elements in Layla and Govinda represent the spatial and psychological journey traversed by Majnun and Radha. which is the objective of the quest. or outward-bound. Each of the elements expresses a symbolic significance of life. are Majnun. Within that. In this sense. death. and centrifugal. is the universe of the lovers in separation.Unveiling The Garden of Love The diagram represents the portrayal of seclusion in terms of successive spatial and psychological elements corresponding to the positions and conditions of Majnun and Radha. The foregoing discussion of the phenomenon of seclusion at both the literal and symbolic levels has revealed several factors. In turn. at the center is located the hidden heart of the individual characters undergoing the process of purification. moving through its theophany and back to Unity. as a reflection of the cosmos and cosmic processes within all things. as has been explained. and the reintegration of the many into the One. the permanence of Paradise as an idea and its impermanence as a temporal reality. The outermost element. or inward-bound. are the mountain and forest respectively. it is obvious that there are convergences and divergences between Layla and Govinda in the individual portrayals of separation. the fragmented human characters seeking wholeness. Thus pleasure and pain. just as the mandalic symbol moves the seeker closer to the Beloved. 132 . Within it. represented by the circles. so the individual portrayals of seclusion show the individual lover’s progress in quest of the beloved. these elements correspond to the spiritual conditions of the mystic quest. the inverted triangles refer to the cave in Layla and the forest in Govinda. represented by the shape of explosions. Furthermore. Presented thus. seclusion involves both pleasure and pain. depending on the ability of the lover to transcend limitations and boundaries. and Radha. beginning with Unity. the particular elements named in the diagram may be perceived as representing similar centripetal. patterns in the individual texts. The following explanation of the mandala encapsulates this notion succinctly (Bakhtiar 1976:87): The mandala. To the mystic it evokes the surrender to Self. works through numbers and geometry. and spiritual rebirth. It recapitulates at one and the same time. Finally. Within these elements.
Characteristic of all other forms of symbolic expression. this deals firstly with the phenomenon of “artistic” forms of expression which relate to forms of sacred art. they represent artistic and symbolic means of achieving union with the beloved. led by the shaykh and accompanied by singing. The rites create an atmosphere 9 Specifically it is associated with the Whirling Dervishes of the Mevlevi Order. Three elements that express the significance of the role of art in both texts are dance. or separation. the “universe of separation” mentioned in the diagram is one and the same as the “universe of union. and he is universally considered the whirling dervish par excellence (Schimmel 1979. has an important mystical significance. the Sufi spiritual master. in English. darwis. as someone “who is at the door to enlightenment” (Friedlander 1975. 88). or retracing of the spiritual lineage. dervish—literally means “the sill of the door. seclusion. Thirdly.9 In most Sufi orders.” it has now been shown that it also belongs to “ascent. or musical prelude. and inextricably linked. the gatherings of dervishes. as will be explained subsequently. 15). which. recitation of the silsila. played on the ney. Rumi is one of the most outspoken Sufis on the importance of dance. adapted in Turkish—in Malay. the three elements mentioned are conveyed in interrelated. and song. They are referred to as sacred art because.” In this way. expressions in the texts. ultimately become identical. music.” The discussion in the remaining part of the chapter represents a focus on phenomena and symbols of ascent or union in separation that have not been presented in the previous chapter. the sama’ represents a spiritual gathering. a reed flute. and dhikr.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation which appear to be a relation of polarity. with the sama’. The Persian word darwish.” The term is commonly used to refer to the Sufi. The dervish is closely identified. just as previously seclusion was viewed as part of a “descent. as the discussion will illustrate. and with the shaykh. and implicitly linked. In other words. As mentioned at the outset. However. they will be discussed individually to facilitate discussion. as the followers of Mawlana (“our master”) Jalal al-Din Rumi are known. or measured recitation of the Divine Names. The mystical ritual performance in the gathering is in some form of dance. One of the most prominent elements which sets the mood for the performance of the dance is the peshrev. works as a path of return to the original state. 133 . otherwise referred to as fusion or union.
the cosmic dance will begin. split asunder under the impact of overwhelming revelations. this view of dance supports the understanding of Majnun’s madness and its effects in a positive light as presented earlier. 88): Wherever God manifests Himself. 89). “Majnun was her slave and a dervish dancing before her” (V:14) certain inferences can be drawn about the nature of their relations. Incidentally. In the expression.Unveiling The Garden of Love which elevates the participant to a spiritual and ecstatic state. At one level. However. If the Sufi is regarded as being at 134 . means for Rumi that it performed a dance of ecstasy during which the mountain unriveted itself and attained annihilation and was scattered piecemeal in the Divine Presence. For the Sufi. The dancing movement symbolizes Divine Presence in that “the dancing which takes man out of himself. 88). just as man is annihilated in God as a result of his dance. In this context. some points of the symbolism of the sama’ may be noted. makes him die to his lower attributes. as well as symbolically expressing the connection of the soul with God. it points to a master-slave relationship in which Layla is the master and Majnun her willing slave. Thus dance is connected to the stations of fana’ and baqa’ of the spiritual aspirant. This has been explained by Schimmel as follows (1979. Mount Sinai. the dervish is associated with dance in the context of union. both implicitly and explicitly. To understand better the significance of dance in this context. and grants him life in a higher sphere” (Schimmel 1979. the significance may be understood on a different level. It also expresses the abject humility of the believer before the majesty of his Maker. In Layla. in view of the context of union in which this expression occurs. which personifies the perfection of the primordial human state. This is a common form of religious expression to describe the Creator-creature relationship. the mystical dance represents a ritual of rebirth for it takes the lover into the Divine Presence. The first reference to the dervish is introduced in the initial stage of the union of Layla and Majnun. the nature of all mystical poetry is indicated in the statement that they are “born in the throes of rhythmical movement” (Schimmel 1979. The description of the “dancing” Majnun expresses his ecstasy in the presence of his beloved.
The dancers move in a horizontal spinning motion around the circle. “I was a hidden treasure and wanted to be known. who reflects the Divine Grace bestowed upon the Prophet. 135 . The rites of the dance involve the arrangement of disciples in a circle around the shaykh.” may be interpreted. These notions are conveyed in Majnun’s reaction to a message from Layla (XXXIX:126): Without a word he kept staring at his hands. For Majnun. hundreds of times. The hands are extended. which held the sealed message….Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation “the sill of the door. the right palm upwards and the left downwards. their hands linked. Layla. symbolizes the Divine Beloved. The sender of the message. symbolizing the dancer as a visible channel of baraka. in the person of Muhammad. The “sealed message” symbolizes contact from the Divine to the human. Was it not a gift more precious to him than all the treasures of the world? Suddenly … he began to dance. This symbolizes the movement of the planets around the sun. Again and again. This symbolizes the point of contact between the worldly and the Divine realms. but contested by others. the “gift more precious than … treasures” echoes the saying in the Prophetic Tradition.10 The spiritual master. ever faster. 88). turning like a whirling top. ever wilder. In the same connection. This is the context in which the expression in Layla. Seal of the Prophets. Thus the dancer is an axial symbol. Furthermore. so I created the world. the shaykh represents the qutb or axis of his followers. kuntu kanzan makhfiyan…. is to guide the initiate in the journey to God. He leapt high into the air. Divine Grace. as well as the role of man as vicegerent of God on earth. as well as the Divine Beloved. the spinning is vertical.” his dance is compared to a “window that opens towards the heavens” (Schimmel 1979.”11 This relates to manifestation and the Divine wish to 10 11 The ensuing explanation of the symbolism of the rituals of the sama’ is based on Bakhtiar (1976). There are correspondences in this passage with the foregoing explanation of the dance. This hadith is popular among the Sufis. Majnun’s dancing around Layla in the example quoted resembles the dance of the sama’. trod out the dance of fate. “The seven planets. whose position in the center signifies his position of spiritual leader. In this sense.
who was executed for his proclamations of identity with God. in one of his poems. Rumi says. “comparable to white moths whirling around the central candle. Am I not famous as your slave?” (XLI:133). 89). or tombs and worldly attachments. the khirqa. and thus when light makes its full appearance. ever lives in God” (Bakhtiar 1976. Majnun entreats her (XXV:77-78). Here again.” the spiritual body (Schimmel 1979. a part of which is “the dance of the dust particles. A semblance of this notion may be discerned from the following expression of Majnun’s sentiments. The garments of the dervishes are part of the symbolism of the sama’. 88). for to him. 88). “Who knows Love’s mazy circling. as echoed in Majnun’s words.… only your grace can change my darkness to light and lift me out of the black night of my fate into your eternal day. In Bakhtiar’s words. The greatest Muslim mystics have experienced the bliss of union through dance. So I am dead to myself. the lover is inexorably drawn to the Beloved. They are the archetypal symbols of Sufism for the stations of fana’ and baqa’. 136 . “I am but the whirling dust which envelops you…. At the beginning. Do not let me lose my way and perish. the atoms. But during the dance. danced in his chains on the way to execution. “death in love meant union with the beloved” (Bakhtiar 1976. Majnun’s whirling represents the spirit’s spiraling journey to Divine union. Spinning also signifies cosmic harmony.” signifying the “dress of resurrection. which was quoted previously in relation to purification (XXXVIII:117-118): I was earth. Like the attraction of the dust to the sun. your grace has changed me into pure water. It is said that Mansur al-Hallaj. or as we may translate it into a modern concept. the metaphors of darkness and light echo the significance of black and white mentioned in relation to the dance. 89). “Existence is light. the coats are discarded and the whirling continues in white robes. which are attracted by the sun and dance around it” (Schimmel 1979. 90). This image has been mirrored in Layla in the episode of Majnun’s encounter with the widow who was leading a dervish in chains. all things disappear” (1976.Unveiling The Garden of Love be known. or long black coat is worn. 90). dark and heavy. dharra. representing “the dark earthly existence” (Schimmel 1979. Finally.
let it endure. Majnun recited his love poems. circumambulation around the Kaaba. in the hope that it would cure his “madness. and. among other acts. “Invisible candle of my soul.” whereas the relevance to Hallaj’s dance is in Majnun voluntarily dancing in chains.” banged head and body against the stones. the pilgrim’s visit to the Holy Land of Mecca. It also symbolizes the Divine Essence. in spite of his chains. For mystics like Rumi and Hafiz the Kaaba is not a physical place but a spiritual plane representing the station of Union. instead of asking to be “cured” of his “madness. while the Black Stone within it represents the human spiritual essence (Bakhtiar 1976. in all the godliness of thy divine nature and all the perfection of thy kingdom: let my love grow stronger. Furthermore. God’s sanctuary in Mecca. where the whole world prays for God’s blessing and help. I am one of those unhappy men with a disturbed mind…. In Layla. Why not we? However. ubiquitous in Sufi poetry. do not torture the night-moth fluttering around you” (IV:12). Majnun’s pilgrimage is portrayed in an episode in which Majnun’s father takes him to the Holy Land. This allegory. employs the dance as a mystical means. the sacred center of the Muslim universe. Pilgrimage involves. standing before the Kaaba. I beseech thee. representing the house of Allah. finds expression in Layla as part of Majnun’s laments of separation from Layla. My life shall be sacrificed 137 . The whirling also symbolizes the attempt to return to one’s center. and “He hurried along … like a butterfly rushing through the darkness towards the flame which it seeks to encircle” (XVV:76). even if I perish…. this is signified by the fifth tenet. cried out “Layla … Layla…. In Islam. my God.” Majnun wishes for it to be intensified (VIII:27-28): I ask thee. Thus it is a symbolic representation of intimacy.… Is not the Caaba the Altar of heaven and earth.” … their thoughts finally converged on the Caaba. depicting the moth that circles the flame and is consumed by it.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation Relieve this man of his chains and put them on me. The reference to the circular dance of the God-intoxicated mystic is in the phrase “danced around like a drunken madman. 47). Hallaj’s renowned allegory of the Moth and Candle. danced around like a drunken madman.
or between rituals and inner enlightenment. In this connection it is interesting to enquire whether there are equivalent forms of expression in Govinda which may be understood on the basis of its essential significance.” “be sacrificed. is immediately followed by mention of Krishna’s dance. as Radha looks for Krishna. like a candle. and spinning. dance has been observed to be closely associated with the dervish and the master. oh my God. the close connection between dance and the attainment of the Divine Beloved may be established. none of my days shall ever be free of this pain. Rather than a cure. and make my love a hundred times as great as it was and is! Here Majnun speaks literally to the Divine about his relation with Layla. and to what extent—if at all—it is permitted (Schimmel 1982. In Majnun’s condition of separation in Layla. Majnun’s circumambulation around the Kaaba. However. In this way.” and so on. experienced entirely in terms of its esoteric significance. In this regard. and his whirling around Layla. Let me love. This may be understood as the Sufi’s petition to merge with the Divine Essence.” “burned. outward aspect) and the swarupam (essence. the moth circling the flame. renunciation and purification. “the planets rotating around the sun. Majnun’s prayer is to “perish. mainly in relation to music. The fact that the reference to the dance 138 . These elements are inextricably linked to the motion of circling. all evoke union with the Divine. 89). love for love’s sake. atoms circling their nuclei” (Schimmel 1979. as commonly known. inward significance) of God in Hinduism. his wish is to be naughted. Thus. the basis of the divide in the approach to the connection with God lies between the exoteric and the esoteric observance. often meets with objection from the exoteric authorities in Islam. my blood shall be spilled freely for her. The idea of dance as a medium of union with Krishna is conveyed in many instances in Govinda. 220n). rotating. so there is a difference in understanding the rupam (form. It may be mentioned that the participation of the Sufi in the sama’. From this perspective. and though I burn for her painfully. it is interesting that just as there is a difference in the zahir (outward) and batin (inward) aspects of Islam. as ritual and as a discipline. In effect. the pilgrim’s circumambulation around the Kaaba.Unveiling The Garden of Love for her beauty. are echoed in the symbolism of the dance. The verse depicting commencement of separation.
Besides. and collectively form a semi-circle. Similarly. is also associated with the circle. the peacock plumes are individually of a rounded shape. My heart recalls Hari here in his love dance. another association with the circle. The lines are (I:27): When spring’s mood is rich. has the effect of heightening her longing for him. in another song (II:3). there is an explicit mention of “circle. A cruel time for deserted lovers. the image of the circle and the semi-circle.” Separation from Krishna. the word “reflect” means both “think” and “mirror. is also a symbol of immortality. this notion is repeated.” Secondly. as well as explicit mention of “Hari” coming “to dance with young women. specifically by its repetitive nature. the motif on the peacock plumes resembles an eye. mocking me. In the phrase. besides being Krishna’s vaahana. This is suggested by the last line. Hari roams here To dance with young women.” a time of renewal and rejuvenation. Incidentally.” which refers to the luminous corona surrounding the moon. with both the elements of union and separation. Playing seductively. dance is associated both with union and with separation. Union is implied by the “rich mood” of “spring. In this refrain. the cre12 The reflective nature of the moon symbolizes the mind’s faculty of reflection. or mount.12 Also. and is thus associated with the circle. which he forces Radha to endure.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation occurs in the refrain.” evokes the mandala. illustrating the significance of the peacock in Hindu symbolism. A rainbow colors the fine cloth on his cloud-dark body. repeatedly introduced in this song in association with the “love dance. A circle of peacock plumes caressed by moonlight crowns his hair. the peacock.” 139 . The “playing” and “laughing” is juxtaposed with “mocking” as a means of heightening the experience. contextualizes dance within a ritualistic framework. laughing. Furthermore. “a circle of peacock plumes. friend.” there are multiple references to the circle. Thirdly. The “plumes caressed by moonlight crowns his hair. Firstly. The reference to dancing with Hari in this context implies that the dance is a means of overcoming separation.
Finally. With beating palms and ringing bangles echoing his flute’s low tone. Japa is the Hindu mystical practice of inner concentration of the faculties upon the Ultimate Being or Reality. A final example substantiates the association of the circle with the ritual of the love dance in Govinda (I:43). from its close association with rain. Thus all of the expressions mentioned associate the dance intimately with circles. 111-112n). the rainbow. and “rainbow” has a semi-circular form. The refrains from the two songs mentioned above may also be associated with the practice of japa. firstly. 140 . which also suggests a circular motion. or the elect. by its meaning of calling back. recollection. Furthermore.Unveiling The Garden of Love ative function of the moon is related to the cycle of nature (Sahi 1980. and secondly they imply the “inner circle” of devotees. the words “crowns” and “hair” are related to the head. This rite of concentration offers the possibility of a more abstract approach to the divine being. In this regard it may be observed that. given paramount importance among devotees of the swarupam. the circles express an enveloping and enfolding mandala. Hari revels here as the crowd of charming girls Revels in seducing him to play. 263). which possesses a circular pattern. the word “recalls” in the next line is associated with the circle semantically. Krishna is referred to by the epithet Hari. relates to the symbolism of the descent of celestial influences into the terrestrial world (Guénon 1995. Firstly. it is apparent that there is an equivalence with the Sufi practice of dhikr mentioned in relation to the sama’. the last two lines are repeated eight times as a refrain. a specific form related to invocation. or circleswithin-circles. The rainbow is generally considered as symbolizing the union of heaven and earth. which worships him as a deity. or repetition of the Divine Name. compared to the rupam-oriented worship of Krishna. Implicit in this imagery is the notion of union and connection. and its association of return. Secondly. Besides. and through an image (McGregor 1973. invocation. the epithet is repeated in each verse to resemble a mantra. In addition. referring to the initiated spiritual aspirants. which is circular. in reference to the unqualified Supreme Being. 94). Hari praises a girl drunk from dancing in the rite of love. and its relation to the love dance of the gopis. From this explanation of japa.
namely its pattern of circularity.” “echoing” the tune of his flute. The first is its position at the level of Goloka Vrndavana. tempo. Brindaban. This has been expressed in Govinda. repetition is evoked by “beating palms” or clapping. reflects the heavenly garden. Images of circularity are evoked by Hari dancing. in another verse of the song mentioned in connection with the refrains. and “ringing bangles” are semantically associated with the circle. Besides. All of the foregoing examples discussed display a common characteristic with the form of the sama’. as “Vines of his great 141 . 64): the reason He dances lies in His own nature. is cosmic creativity and activity. and cadence customarily associated with dance.” as it is in Layla.108 gopis had a Krishna to herself. or raslila in the mythology of Krishna. the refrain just quoted reflects Krishna’s joy in reveling with his creation. The second level of understanding the raslila is related to its setting. the Vaishnava term for the heavenly realm. 59). lila. According to myth. 48) to meet the gopis. or the Eternal Garden. and joy. In the words of Coomaraswamy (1985. In this context.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation In these lines. and play of Krishna. grace. The central motif of dance in this context. There are three levels of understanding the symbology of this dance in relation to Krishna. all his gestures are … spontaneous and purposeless—for His being is beyond the realm of purposes. spontaneity. The earthly garden in which Vishnu manifests himself as the avatara of salvation. Thus. The “love dance” referred to in Govinda represents a specific circular dance called the rasa krida. It reflects the divine joy. Krishna is the embodiment of plenitude. but multiplied himself so that each of the 16. In Vaishnava scriptures Krishna is described as “coming down from the top of the mountain dancing” (Rupa 1932. akin to the Dance of Shiva Nataraja (Coomaraswamy 1985. just “to play” (I:43): Hari revels here as the crowd of charming girls Revels in seducing him to play. Vrndavana. “dancing” is closely associated with “drunk. surrounded by “charming girls. Krishna danced collectively with the gopis. Thus the verse comes alive with a circular rhythm.
the Bhaktas of today participate in bhajana. The esoteric meaning of their constant and intense love for Krishna is that it is transformed into a spiritual and blissful devotion to a transcendent Brahman. he calms my fear of dark time. 142 .” which is associated with spring and immortality. a form of congregational worship (Singer 1966. Thus the notion of “God’s rhythmical dance of creation and his ongoing pulse in the preservation of the world” (Kinsely 1979. has a theological meaning. the gopis represent the human soul in search of salvation. a series of songs are sung. and includes praise of the guru. Salvation is referred to here by various means. Meeting me under a flowering tree. It is juxtaposed with “dark time” or mortality. symbolizing the presence of Hari (Singer 1966. Part of the ritual is the invocation of Krishna.” which he “breaks. of his separation from them. Thus the sense in which these expressions may be understood is that Krishna “dances to maintain the life of the cosmos and to give release to those who seek Him” (Kinsely 1979. Transported to a state of ecstasy in the Divine presence. There are specific references to this aspect of salvation in association with the raslila. “flowering tree. traced back through his lineage to Krishna as the Godhead. Thus. This practice. 7). 90). of his “sporting” with them in the woods. During the bhajana. Through the raslila the devotees participate in the Divine Presence. that is.Unveiling The Garden of Love throbbing arms circle a thousand cowherdesses” (II:5). particularly the cantos of Govinda. 7) is apparent at this level in Govinda. Again. It is a churning dance. for example. in which the devotees dance in a circle around a lighted ritual lamp. Firstly. 552) the dance has a “choreography” and “script. My heart recalls Hari here in his love dance. The third level of understanding the raslila is its position as a mystical rite of the Bhakta in a re-enactment of the raslila with the gopis in Brindaban.” which tells the story of the gopis’ infatuation with Krishna. To celebrate Krishna’s play among the gopis. the gopis danced in a rotatory motion around Krishna. is juxtaposed with the “dark night. and Krishna “calms my fear” of this. as (II:5) Jewel rays from his hands and feet and chest break the dark night…. the words “recalls” and “dance” represent images of circularity. “jewel rays” or light. and of their final reunion. suggests renewal. 90). According to Norvin Hein (1993.” Similarly. naturally. in the next line.
Inwardly. 128-29). secondly. 130n). has stipulated that (Coomaraswamy 1985. In Vaishnava doctrine there is also the belief that all souls are female and that Vishnu/Krishna is the only male (Hein 1993. 131). considering the extent of struggle involved to observe and achieve such “restraint. a poet of 14th century India.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation the total passion with which the ideal devotee must surrender the self to God. In other words. “the love of the human soul for the Lord Supreme may only be that of the highest order” (Hein 1993. “the stages of human love reflect the stations of spiritual development … illicit love becomes the very type of salvation” (Coomaraswamy 1985. Chandidas. 143 . who.… lies salvation. firstly. personal God) with each individual.” it is not surprising that “one such is hardly to be found in a million” (Coomaraswamy 1985. This secret love must find expression in secret: but she must not yield to desire. the infinite capacity of Divine Love.… the woman … will sacrifice all for love. and thirdly that devotees are related to one another through their relation in God. yet never fall. and yet she must never actually drink of forbidden waters: she must not be shaken by pleasure or pain…. the portrayal of Radha in Govinda precisely mirrors the following precepts of Indian poetic expression. endurance. Thus only the right disposition. The circular dance in which Krishna has multiplied himself symbolizes. love-mad. symbolizing union with the Divine. and spirit of the seeker qualifies him as the “elect” or the “adept” as the spiritual aspirant is referred to. His relation of Istam (sole. Realistically. but outwardly she will appear indifferent. 131): The lovers must refuse each other nothing. It indicates that the mystic path may be traveled only by those of extraordinary mettle. In the comparison between the Sufi and Bhakti doctrines and rites there are correlations and correspondences in terms of both outward practice and inner principles. sacrifices reputation and home and security in her ruinous devotion to a paramour” (1993. Thus just as the singular love of a woman for her lover is very much more intense and constant than any other sort of love in the world. In this restraint. “the straying Hindu wife. In relation to the woman involved in illicit love. 128). may be likened to Radha. The foregoing arguments have established dance as a mystical rite. She must cast herself freely into the sea of contempt. In this connection. 52).
Another artistic form of expression. that the Persian ney. or rather. In this context. It is no surprise then. There is a paradoxical aspect of the flute that makes it an extraordinary instrument. Thus dance is not only a means of unification. who is worshipped as the symbol of cosmic vitality. Basically. form of “sacred art” that is closely related to the dance in terms of mystical significance. and the Indian vamsam or flute figures prominently in both Sufism and Bhaktism. is a tool of meditation and symbol of peace and tranquility that is dedicated to forge the body-mind. 72): This is His dance. Pan. as a specific means of expressing the human connection with God. is music.13 13 The explanation in this paragraph draws largely from an article entitled “The Paradox of the Shakuhachi” (2003) by an unnamed author. but also of identification. whether fashioned from the reed or the bamboo. Everywhere is God: that Everywhere is the heart. the Greek god of the forest. Its deepest significance is felt when it is realized that it takes place within the heart and the self. or shakuhachi. as a particularly apt medium for expressing the lament of the soul in pain of separation. The flute in its various forms. Coomaraswamy’s words in this regard. the most outstanding shared characteristic being the motif of circularity. states of divine being (Maertens. end this discussion on the mystical significance of dance in Layla and Govinda (Coomaraswamy 1985. 2003). and enhances its relevance to mystical symbolism. “the simplicity of the flute evokes spiritual simplicity and primordiality. 144 . The associations with both the forms of dance mentioned show that they represent a means for the lover to connect with the beloved. plays the magical reed-pipe that stirs an echo in all things. the dance represents the creation of a sacred space within which the dancer is able to achieve a sense of wholeness. whether of organized or shamanic religious traditions. The Japanese Zen pipe.Unveiling The Garden of Love This has found literary expression in Layla and Govinda. and manifests in the poetic expression of these traditions. the flute. has come to be universally recognized in mysticism. resembling a mandala. of the self to the Self. namely. The ensuing discussion will focus on one form of music in the texts. Thus dance has an ontological function.
Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation Although its form is utterly simple, yet in the hands of a master musician it can produce an inconceivably broad range of musical sounds. It can move from pure, simple notes, to complex and expressive tones. In this regard it is interesting to note that according to authorities on flute music, at certain notes it is difficult to identify the difference between the flute sound and the human voice. Besides, the music of the flute can be both intensely melancholic and plaintive, and sprightly and enchanting. In these respects, the flute lends itself readily to mystical symbolism. In Sufi literature, the poet’s identification with nature in relation to the flute is apparent. In this connection the ney, or reed flute, being crafted of natural material, from a mere hollow stick “with minimum adulteration” (Kinsley 1979, 95), is an apt form of expressing identification with nature. Furthermore, the process of the reed being cut from its reed-bed and crafted to produce music has a symbolism of great depth. It expresses the reed as the self or the soul. The severing of the reed from its bed represents the separation of the soul from its real, eternal home, which is the presence of God. The haunting music of the flute reflects the awareness of this separation enveloping the self, and expressing its plaintive cry of pain. Thus Rumi’s classic poem, the Mathnawi, mentioned in the first chapter, starts with the lament of the reed complaining of being “shred and shred” by the pain of separation from the Beloved. In Layla, too, the reed is mentioned in a similar context. Expressions such as “the swaying reed has become a flute of sadness” (XXXIX:122), and “a reed sounding the melody of lost love” (XLV:150), convey loss, pain, and separation. However, as the paradox of separation has been repeatedly been shown to be, separation and union are indivisible. Thus besides expressing loss and pain, the ney also symbolizes a message from the beloved (Nurbakhsh 1984, 171). Specifically, it represents a call to the beloved. This idea is discernible in Majnun’s message to Layla (XXIV:75):
Do not delay, lest you should find me dead. Caught by the wolf, the lamb hears all too late The shepherd’s flute lament its cruel fate.
145
Unveiling The Garden of Love In this context, the message may be interpreted as a call of help for Divine guidance and salvation. Thus, this example portrays not separation, but the prospect and possibility of union. The dual symbolism of the ney has been well-explained by an authority (Nurbakhsh 1984, 171):
This term symbolizes the human heart and soul, which has two sides, one facing the world of divine unity and the love of divine essence, and the other facing the world of multiplicity and the domain of sensory experience. In the first case, the supersensory lights of the divine realm are conducted through the windows of the senses and the psychological faculties to the visible world. Thence, the spiritual longing and restless love hidden in the synthesis of body and spirit stirs to motion, drawing the heart away from its natural inclinations, back to its original realm, beckoning with plaintive strains….
In the above quotation, a difference is maintained between “natural” and “original” inclinations of the heart, the former referring to bodily or worldly tendencies, as opposed to spiritual and divine tendencies. Thus the ney is seen as the instrument of remembrance, sounding a clarion call to the soul for return to its real origins. In the context of the “two sides” mentioned, the awareness of sadness, loss, and separation is the other side of joy, gain, and union. Such an awareness leads the soul towards an awakening of “the real,” or Divine Essence, and away from “the unreal,” or sensory experience. As was mentioned in passing with regard to the sama’, it is in this connection that the significance of the ney with dance is understood. In the dance of death and rebirth, the music of the ney symbolizes both a death to the sensory world and a rebirth into the supersensory realm. As Majnun cries, “My memory is blank, the gale has blown away all I possessed…. I am no longer the man I was,…!” (XXXI:98). The symbolism of the ney has another context related to union. The method of producing sound from this instrument is by blowing into it. However, in playing the flute, blowing requires great powers of breath control to obtain the subtle differences in note, pitch, and tone.14 In mysticism, breath and its control is important to spiritual practice in attaining superconscious states. The expression “the gale
14
“The Paradox of the Shakuhachi” (2003).
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Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation has blown away” (emphasis mine) in the example just quoted in the above paragraph indicates this relation. Besides, there are numerous other expressions in Layla which represent the relevance of breath and blowing. The examples below speak of breath as a means of transcending separation. Of Layla it is said that her eyes (XXVII:87):
… looked only for Majnun, or for a sign from him. Might not a breath of wind bring a speck of dust from his mountain cave?
Whereas of Majnun it is said (IV:12):
He is seeking your breath in the blowing of the wind and tells his grief to the earth. Send him a breath of air as a sign that you are thinking of him.
These expressions evidence a reciprocation and mutuality in the communication of the lovers. In the first instance, it is Layla relying on “a breath of wind” to connect with Majnun. In the second however, it is Majnun, “seeking your breath.” Further, in the following example (XXXIX:119),
It was … one of those mornings which waft a scent of paradise over the world, as if its breeze were the breath of the Messiah awakening the dead.
breath is associated with life, salvation, and return. In each of the three foregoing examples, “breath” may be associated with the sound from the flute. The esoteric interpretation of breath blown into the flute expresses the Divine act of creation. It is said that in creating from Himself all creatures, God blew His own soul only to humans. Thus, the ney symbolizes “the body of man, the breath blown into it, the Spirit, and the sound that issues from it, the voice of God.”15 Moreover, like the flute, the human is also an instrument. Man becomes God’s voice, God’s mirror, and ascends and reunites with God (2003). This relates to the story of creation that starts with the command of the Almighty Spirit, Kun faya Kun, “Be! and so it is!” To be, and being, or existence, is the start of the circle of descent, and
15
“The First Eighteen Verses of Rumi’s Masnevi” (2003).
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Unveiling The Garden of Love subsequently the ascent towards becoming perfected man, which the Whirling Dance ceremony represents. The general rule is that everything in the universe tends towards its origin. Man, “in the vicinity of his Beloved, was watered with His spiritual light, as was the reed of the ney once watered by a stream or a lake” (2003). Thus, when he succeeds in obtaining spiritual water, he can be green and fresh, i.e. attain eternal joy. This association between breath and renewal or eternal life is reflected in many expressions in Layla. The following are examples:
You are my soul’s life-giving breath. (XXXI:97) … and now with every breath, with every sigh, (he) feels the stream of life slowly returning. (XXV:76) What is human life … take it as a breath of air merging into eternity. (XLIV:148)
These lines, evoking life, recreation, and time, express the Sufi view that the universe is being re-created at every moment. In the words of Bakhtiar, “At every moment what appears to be a time-connected universe returns to God. There is continuous, instantaneous expansion and contraction” (1976, 117). And further, as Toshihiko Izutsu expresses it, people who do not perceive this are in confusion because they do not know the constant renewal of things with each Divine Breath (Bakhtiar 1976, 117). From the above accounts and examples it is evident that together, both the instrument and its music are a medium by which the human soul can approach the Divine. From the simple, rudimentary form in its bed of rushes, to the complex, accomplished music of the flute, the reed-flute is associated on many levels with steps that lead from separation to return, from an “immature,” material man to an awakening for spiritual food, to salvation, or unification with God. Thus, the flute represents the paradox of the two sides of the coin. In this connection, the word “cleave” may be cited as expressing this paradox particularly well, because it means both “to join together” and “to break apart” (NSOED). The references to the flute in Govinda are apparently different from their occurrence in Layla in that they are associated solely with 148
Thus. rather he “plays your name” on the flute. The meaning here is parallel to the Sufi interpretation that the sound of the flute represents the voice of the human soul. represent overtones of union. symbolizing sanctification. in association with the “sweet reed flute. calls the name of Radha. Krishna waits in wildflower garlands.” he “cherishes. by blowing on the flute.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation Krishna and the bliss of his sport. as mentioned in the explanation in relation to the expressions in Layla. He plays your name to call you on his sweet reed flute. The third corresponding element is that of hope and salvation associated with the flute. There are several elements of correspondence in this verse with the esoteric interpretation of expressions in Layla in relation to the flute. in Layla the call is from the human to the Divine whereas in Govinda it is from the Divine to the human. The first is associated with water. Besides. In the example. The flute is conspicuous as an instrument of alliance. or God. implying that the sound of the flute will be recognized and identified by Radha as a “call” from Krishna. It represents water. Krishna’s flute makes sprightly music. The contexts are different in that. For example.” he 149 . and the last two lines explicitly related to Krishna as bedecked with “wildflower garlands” and awaiting Radha on the banks of the Jumna. the mention of “pollen” on “your fragile body” is suggestive of fusion and fruition. He cherishes breeze-blown pollen that touched your fragile body. In woods on the wind-swept Jumna bank. Thus the flute is associated with the spiritual stream that is instrumental in the achievement of eternal joy. the following verse (V:9). the expressions “breeze-blown” and “wind-swept” reinforce the relation to breath. Krishna “plays.” Krishna. This element corresponds with the Sufi association of the reed with streams and the fact that it flourishes in its home. and speak primarily of joy and union. in the reference to “Jumna” in Govinda.” conveys an idyllic lovers’ tryst. Krishna does not call Radha by name. But in both cases the flute is the medium of the call and instrumental in establishing connection between the lovers. In this respect. which is sacred to the Hindu. or the human soul. The second element of correspondence is that the sound of the flute is representative of a “call. be they Divine or human.
personal devotion. but potential. The beckoning of the “enchanting flute” is so irresistible that the gopis are mesmerized into leaving not only their homes and husbands. Krishna is “sweet” and “alluring. and unreserved self-giving (Maertens 2003). His restless eyes glance. but morals and conventions. beckoning all to join him in the forest. the sound of Krishna’s flute is particularly associated with the Divine “call. extraordinary by their extremeness of love. and illustrate Divine receptivity and reciprocation. earrings play at his cheeks. All of these suggest that he anticipates union. In Vaishnava symbolism. On the one hand. Not only is it the most beautiful sound imaginable. it imparts the essence of Krsna’s intoxicating nature … it … echoes throughout Vrndavana. In another example from Govinda. 95). 4). the event or episode of union is conveyed not as actual. Because the possibility of union originates from the context of separation. “the hearts that are ready to vibrate and leap up at his call” (Maertens 2003). The esoteric interpretation is that it symbolizes the irresistible call of the souls of men back to their Creator (Kinsley 1979. by its association with 150 .Unveiling The Garden of Love “waits. By extension. associated with Krishna’s role of avatara. but embodiments of a spiritual passion. Krsna’s flute is an extension of his beauty.” and he ornaments himself.” It beckons. 95). in both cases. just as without descent there cannot be ascent. The gopis are the chosen ones who hear this call. it may be concluded that the essential meaning conveyed in the examples of both texts is that without separation there cannot be union. My heart recalls Hari here in his love dance. It has been explained in this regard that the gopis are not ordinary people. The final correspondence is that. rules and regulations. Playing seductively. this indicates the prospect of Divine redemption. mocking me. laughing. in answer to it. The one is always latent in the other (Dimock 1991. the lure of Krishna’s flute is expressed as (II:2): Sweet notes from his alluring flute echo nectar from his lips. his head sways.” This has been expressed by Kinsley as (1979.” on the other he is “laughing” and “mocking.
103): It is time. to scamper in play. It asks nothing but surrender … and participation in its magic world. to join his symphony of joy. even modesty. when Krishna comes to dance with them. to realize every dream that one has ever dreamed in his world of infinite possibility.” the symbol of immortality. laws. It is important to note that the gopis are not loose. and the “cowherd girls” are driven to distraction. friend.” to break down all resistance of the ego. Krishna’s flute incites the world to dance….… Tender buds bloom into laughter as creatures abandon modesty. Thus.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation “nectar. it is interesting to observe that the refer151 . Kinsley has described this power as follows (1979. but virtuous women. love trysts. In the myth of Krishna the flute breaks through all the propriety and reserve of the gopis. “It is the love of the human soul for the divine in a mystical relationship unsullied by institutions and authorities. this immortality is an extension of God’s lips and breath. it proclaims. to frolic in the forest. And. as in Layla. they dance in abandon. Krisna is the master magician … and his wand is his flute. If the flute is associated with Krishna. forgetting all but Krishna. of the self. Friend. as the previous examples have shown. Thus it may be seen that music has the power to transcend bounds. In fact. unsullied even by language” (Maertens 2003). and the possibility of union with him. The effect of Krishna’s flute is that the cowherdesses are powerless to resist. restrictions. as may be seen in the following verse (I:46): And beautiful cowherd girls wildly Wind him in their bodies. Hari roams here To dance with young women. the music is capable of exciting desire. “jarred loose from their self-control” (Maertens 2003). even nature laughs at their frenzy (I:3): When spring’s mood is rich. in spring young Hari plays Like erotic mood incarnate. And. Yet at the same time it “plays.
and not her. She is lost. This shows she is still in a state of ignorance. Here the diction reinforces her suffering.” come to meet her. through her denial and self-delusion. As her source of “refuge” is lost. rather than “cannot. The love tryst is to take place among the “forest reeds” and the “sweet swamp reeds” and thus the reeds are associated with union. she is unable to understand that the cause lies with her. Radha’s ignorance. and not him.” She does not admit that he will not. Due to her ignorance. Thus the reeds are associated with separation. even in his heart. unfulfilled trysts. she is lost. This leads to the second element in these examples. Two elements are noticeable here.Unveiling The Garden of Love ences to “reeds” are often associated with Radha. unwilling to take responsibility for the loss (VII:11): Or does my lover’s anguished mind so tangle the path That he cannot come into this thicket of vines And sweet swamp reeds where we promised to meet? In asking herself what the reason for his absence could be. the first being that the reeds are associated with both union and separation. Based on this understanding. Radha waits (VII:9): … among countless forest reeds. “even in his heart. she deludes herself that it is Krishna. The reference to him by the epithet “Madhu’s killer” seems to indicate that the waiting in vain is killing her.” “tangled path. as evident from his erotic dalliances with other gopis among the reeds (I:42): 152 .” Alas. as she laments that he does not “recall” her. Whom can I seek for refuge here? as she suffers the pangs of loneliness without Krishna. she vacillates. and lingering in separation. Madhu’s killer does not recall me. the images of “forest.” evoke the obscuration and obstacles that stand in the way. who is “anguished” and Krishna whose path is “so tangled. the call of Krishna’s flute does not reach Radha’s heart.” and “swamp. It is possible to reach Krishna. In another example. caused by her ego. However. the esoteric interpretation is that union is only possible when the “tangles” of the ego have been unwound.
The world is maya. but that man. In fact it is also evident that it is not only possible to “pull” him. All the categories mentioned in both texts express the spiritual dimension in equal measure as well as serve as a medium for expressing the connection of the lover with that spiritual dimension while in the state of “disconnection” from it. the reeds are more closely associated with the human characters. a girl Pulls his silk cloth toward a thicket of reeds with her hand. The study and comparison of the portrayal of “the arts” in the texts has shown a high degree of correspondence between Layla and Govinda. attains him. In becoming matured and perfected. only the gopi who loves Krishna selflessly. Only when the time is “ripe” does the lover meet the Beloved. but that he waits in great expectation among the reeds (VI:1): In a clump of reeds on the Jumna riverbank Where Madhava waited helplessly. in relation to spiritual development and preparedness for the Divine vision: It is not that God is far from man. it is because he is everywhere. Secondly.” whereas the flute is related to the “finished product. the divine spark of the human soul finds realization. This indicates what has been mentioned earlier. Thus. compared to the flutemusic. Reeling under the burden of ardent love.Thorns of Love’s Gardens: Fusion and Confusion in Separation Eager for the art of his love on the Jumna riverbank. This means that the categories discussed function integrally as different points of a spectrum in taking the lover beyond his or her material realities and bounds. as illustrated by Radha. the illusion of ignorance.” 153 . As a means of transcending separation. Thus. In this regard. but man has to avail himself of it. is unconscious of God’s presence. it may be observed that on the whole. which covers the Divine. the correspondence is at the level of quality. the reed may be related to the idea of “raw material.… The esoteric interpretation is that Divine help is available. the correspondence is firstly at the level of different categories of art. due to ignorance. Finally. “the arts” in both the texts qualify to be deemed as “sacred art. which is seen as an extension of the Divine Player.” Only when the reed has “matured” does it become the music. If Krishna is not there in the reeds.
it has been shown that the lovers have. been intoxicated by the flowers of the garden of love. and tasted the sweetness of its fruits. Therefore. In the previous chapters. to use garden terminology. it must be noted that from a spiritual viewpoint.Unveiling The Garden of Love This chapter has addressed the issue of union in separation. the means is the end. pierced by its bitter thorns. these have been fleeting glimpses of the garden from behind the veil of maya. However. the next chapter will attempt to lift the veil in order to reveal the eternal perfumes of “that other Garden” portrayed in Layla and Govinda. or the means of connection with the beloved in the state of disconnection. However. 154 .
CHAPTER SIX THE GARDENER AND THE GARDEN: RETURN AND UNION REGAINED The garden was greener than an emerald. The delineation of these processes was presented schematically in chapter 2 as being both linear and cyclical in nature. XI:16) From the discussion in previous chapters. From the starting point of initial union. the beloved is. or by the emotional. in fact. a disclaimer is necessary as to what is considered as “the end. and whether. it is to be noted that the ultimate or final goal of the entire process is both a point of return and a point of no return.” As has been demonstrated. psychological. absent or present. (Layla. in terms of the “end. Consequently. As was explained. they are linear in terms of being successive in a spatio-temporal context. This phenom155 . (Govinda.” Return and the End Before embarking on an analysis of the final stage. or a return to the state of union. this final chapter of analysis and comparison will witness the wheel coming full circle. and cyclical in terms of their repetitive and recursive character. and spiritual faculties. Previously. mental. In this context. the parameters of the physical or corporeal connection of the lovers have been expanded by incorporeal means. in both works the evocation of the lover’s presence is so strong that it is often difficult to ascertain as to when. On the point of cyclic nature. the journey of the lovers and the path they have traveled lend themselves easily to the analogy of the circle or wheel. however. LIV:175) Revel in a bright retreat heaped with flowers! Your tender body is flowering. the wheel turned a subsequent downward curve into despondence and disconnection. and shone with infinite light. the division between the “actual” separation and “actual” union is significantly blurred. and a consequent and simultaneous upward curve of joy and connection.
and thirdly the similarities and differences between the expressions in the texts. As such. the worldly to the spiritual. should be established. These will become apparent in the course of the discussion in this chapter. or condition. preceding and introducing one that is more important” (NSOED).” In Govinda.Unveiling The Garden of Love enon is reminiscent of Rumi’s classic expression of the Absolute. namely. the content or substance of the depiction of reunion. which more often than not belong to both separation and union. The justification for considering these points as marking the ending is guided by the substance of the narration. the discussion of union and separation has been so far based on artificial divisions merely to facilitate the consideration and illustration of selected events and expressions. In this 156 . In light of such a phenomenon. in Layla the extract being considered represents slightly less than 3% of the whole text. “The Twenty-Fourth Song. the diction in the “ending” in both cases is dense with symbolic significance relating to a Return. Statistically. namely as the “prelude.” when Radha literally stands before Krishna at the entrance of the thicket. action.” and the “center. whereas in Govinda. In this regard. In general it is based on the final point of transition from the corporeal to the incorporeal. However. it is relevant to consider the portrayal in the texts in the usual way. or an Absence that is Present.” as far as the discussion in this chapter is concerned.” “Prelude” is taken to mean “preliminary performance. and subsequently.” the “reunion. it is considered from the last two verses of the “Twentieth Song” to the end of the work.” the “core. the saga of love in both Layla and Govinda is dealt with in different sections. as well as principles of the respective mystico-religious traditions. the spiritual implications. A notable feature about the “ending” is its marked brevity. and subsequently. will be considered as the “ending. which are an account of Majnun’s final moments before death. Death and Transition In the case of Layla. constituting about 15%. it is higher. as will be illustrated. the depiction of the lovers in the dream of the character referred to as Zayd. To facilitate discussion of the ending. the last two chapters of the text. as a Presence that is Absent. the parameters of what constitutes the reunion or “ending. or the mundane to the supra-mundane realm. the overt expression of their sexual union in the closing verses.
A noteworthy feature of the passage is the highly figurative and analogical language. while the “core” refers to a particular quality of this reunion. The juxtaposition of the phrases “dragged his body” and “to Layla’s tomb” in the first sentence constitutes an analogy between the living and the dead.” In the final sentence. but a “body. the likeness of Majnun to “an ant exhausted unto death” and “a serpent writhing in its death-throes” again con157 .” a term commonly used to refer to a corpse. the first feature of the prelude is the account of Majnun’s last journey to Layla’s tomb. a serpent writhing in its death-throes. He is no longer pictured as a person. The images of darkness and death continue in the same vein in the sentence that follows. Soon Majnun’s boat was to weigh anchor for his journey into the night. In the next sentence. the deathlike image of Majnun is reflected in the elements of nature. It is as if he is dispersed into. or a living man. The following passage (LII:172): Once more he dragged his body to Layla’s tomb. In other words. When he arrived evening had fallen. in the metaphor of the boat on a “journey into the night. and merged with. Finally. the elements. and in fact there is no clear textual demarcation as to the precise point that one ends and the other begins. there is a correspondence between the state of Majnun and Layla.” “fallen.” and “darkening” conjure images of darkness and death. “center” refers to a specific point of the core that represents a key element to the whole ending. twitching for the last time. The words “evening. From this passage it may be seen that the journey to Layla’s tomb is the prelude to his ultimate journey: death. The association of his arrival at the tomb with the “ocean of the sky” expresses the microcosm of his body on a macrocosmic scale. Again.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained context. He resembled an ant exhausted unto death. In Layla. represents an introduction to Majnun’s death. Prelude: At the Sill of the Door There are several features in the prelude which will be discussed individually. By “reunion” is meant the depiction of the lovers’ reunification. it should be borne in mind that such divisions are entirely artificial. darkening the ocean of the sky. the prelude is considered as contributory to the “ending” or Return.
it is the Divine or spiritual life that is the destination of the journey. 84). in which Majnun is “alive” but also “dead. It is reminiscent of the hadith often quoted by the Sufis. and that he is practically dead. his soul is trapped within the “tomb” of the body. That is to say. “die before ye die” (Schimmel 1982. from the association of the world of the living with the world of the dead. the prelude. referring to the idea of spiritual death and return. it may be said that the site of the tomb of Layla is. so Majnun’s soul is enclosed in his body. Thus. in the esoteric view the symbol of the tomb. at the outward level. and a rebirth into the Hidden (Bakhtiar 1976. or death. al-Mumit. This idea is echoed in the two Divine names which complement each other. is the complement of the womb. This expresses the Sufi awareness of the truth “that death in love means union with the beloved” (Schimmel 1979. It represents the place of his “hidden treasure. the fact that there is still life in Majnun. the point is that Layla’s soul is not there. or the human soul. 158 . This sentence particularly expresses the notion of transition at two levels. and cannot be united with hers. 132). death for Majnun means freedom and rejuvenation. and secondly. However. and a deliverance into the spiritual. 132). “He who kills. In this context. or in the Manifest. in which the orientation is towards emptiness and total receptivity. firstly by the association of the human with the animal world. as the tomb is that of Layla. Generally.” In this respect there is another analogy between Layla and Majnun. Thus Majnun’s presence and his condition at Layla’s tomb at the last point before death indicates this orientation. so long as Majnun’s body is alive. representing the Divine Essence. it may be asserted that for Majnun. 89).” evokes this notion which involves a death in life. Just as her body is enclosed in the tomb.” and al-Muhyi. Thus.Unveiling The Garden of Love veys strong overtures of death. eternal life. the passage is heavily laden with symbolic and anagogic significance. Furthermore. but returned to its original Home. As has been explained previously. transitory life. and the doctrine of annihilation and resurrection. a sacred space. the whole passage demarcates Majnun’s transition in corporeal terms from life to death. for Majnun. or life. in which death is viewed as the passage to union with the Beloved. has strong mystical overtones. mutu qabla an tamutu. Finally. “He who bestows life” (Schimmel 1982. a death to the worldly. At the inward level of interpretation. In the prelude.
The word “anchor” in relation to the “boat” is also significant. a point clung to. a ground of confidence. This suggests the personal mi’raj of the Sufi that is inspired by the famous mi’raj of the Prophet. metaphysical “beyond. which might take him. the reference to God by His Beautiful Names. when according to the Koran. The reference to the “ocean of the sky. Stated differently. 61). The body is the vessel. to the heights of the transcendent God. On this basis. the Prophet’s journey occurred on the Night of Ascent. or lead him finally into the depths of the ocean of his own soul.” directly evokes the heavens. as well as the transforming power of water (Schimmel 1982. security.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained The depiction of Majnun’s condition in life as parallel to Layla’s state of death reflects the human soul at the point of identification with the Divine Essence. al-Akhir. it may be assumed that this “night” prefigures Majnun’s ultimate sight of his beloved. Figuratively “anchor” refers to “a firm hold. or the incorporeal. This understanding establishes the Divine as the point of departure and return. the related symbolism of water. and all else between. In the context of this statement. in the sense of moorings. 418).” which is the body. as follows: … the journey of the soul. As the word “night” is synonymous with “Layla. the depiction shows that the physical dimension of his being merges into the metaphysical dimension. 79). Thus the journey referred to in this passage may be understood as reflecting the journey of the spiritual traveler. etc. the night journey of heavenly ascension. This may be substantiated by several expressions in the passage. al-Awwal or origin. or vehicle of the soul. al-Zahir. in imitation of the Prophet’s mi’raj. laylat al-mi’raj. the ocean is associated with the “boat. also emerge in this reference. Besides.” (NSOED). Further.” The ocean is a well-known mystical symbol. Thus the “boat” is a bridge between worlds.” the “journey into the night” may be understood as a journey into the Divine. by which it will cross the ocean of life. representing the Divine Essence. signifying the extensiveness and inclusiveness of Divinity. and the ocean. the Prophet was taken by the archangel Gabriel from Mecca to Jerusalem and from there ascended to the highest heaven and drew nigh to the Divine Presence Itself (Nasr 1991. expressed by Schimmel (1982. Furthermore. to find the beloved there. the drop. or return. the Outward 159 . representing the human soul.
in the understanding that “death” refers to body. and wrist bands. In the mundane sense. are particularly relevant. Also. it is interesting to compare how Radha fares at this stage of her journey’s end.” In fact. if at the outward level of meaning the representation of Majnun’s transition is from life to death. the present development of the sighting of Krishna. Radha’s point of contact with Krishna begins with her arrival at the entrance to the thicket within which Krishna dwells. death is temporary. in relation to the phenomenon of Radha momentarily stopping short 160 . he is at this point bodily or physically present before her. and death is permanent. If at this point it is affirmed that Majnun is at the “sill of the door” of illumination. this prelude to the “end” may be more appropriately referred to as the “beginning of the end. first from the outward level and subsequently at the inward level. This event represents the first aspect of the prelude to ultimate union in Govinda. Various phenomena about this verse that may be observed. The point of contact referred to begins as follows (XI:13): Seeing Hari light the deep thicket With brilliant jewel necklaces. armlets. A golden rope belt. it represents another mystical paradox. contrasts with her character in the past. Thus. the Inward or Hidden. Incidentally. the inverse relation between the physical and metaphysical realities is apparent. But spiritually. she “modestly” stops short at the “entrance. in Radha.” and “hunting. Thus. a pendant. and al-Batin. because prior to this event she has been constantly depicted as relentlessly “preying. and life is permanent. and “life” to the soul or spirit. An apparent element is that Radha actually “sees” Hari.Unveiling The Garden of Love or Manifest.” Hari.” In this nomenclature. an interesting cross-cultural parallel may be drawn. Radha modestly stopped at the entrance….” her “quarry. In this context. or transition.” “haunting. Her present action is considered contrary to her character. these developments are indications of change. at the inner level it is from death to eternal life. Besides. Contrary to her previous “incorporeal” experiences of his presence. life is temporary. it is “the beginning. Thus. and her sudden modesty.” as stated in the last line. as the wheel turns.
Radha’s first sight or vision of her beloved after the long night of separation is a glittering. In the first line.1 In this context. “Seeing Hari light the deep thicket. even Radha’s modesty left in shame” (XI:33). In physical terms.” From the inventory of his numerous jewelry. the form of Hari is in correspondence with the attribute of his name. while Gabriel had to remain outside. armlets. Finally. and where Radha sees him. just as Layla’s tomb represents sacred space to Majnun. As mentioned. 184). as prelude or introduction to ultimate union. “Muhammad entered the Divine Presence alone. a pendant. evoked by the collocation of “deep” and “thicket.” In the couplet that follows. “Graced by arrows of Love.” contrasts with darkness. Her action of stopping at the entrance to the thicket within which Krishna dwells symbolizes that in the presence of the Beloved. 161 . Sufi poets stop at the threshold of Love. the old Radha. All that Radha knows. is left behind.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained at the entrance. This loss of modesty is ontological. the symbol of the Intellect which must stop at the threshold of Love” (1982. and sees. and described as “deep. represents a sacred space to Radha. this interpretation may be confirmed by the expression. That is why he becomes. The collocation of the epithet “Hari” (illumination) and “light. the Intellect or buddhi.” Krishna is the source of that light which emanates from the “thicket. They are like Gabriel. Whereas in the miracle of the mi’raj. Radha resembles the Sufis. and wrist bands.” In this line. In this context. She is able to see the Divinity shining through the human body complex. 9). for later Sufi poets like Rumi. The next obvious point about the verse are the apparent images of light and illumination. symbol of the Intellect. dazzling Hari materialized in all his splendor and majesty. the thicket is associated with darkness. Thus. This condition exemplifies the feeling that “the goal of love is loss of awareness of all but God” (Schimmel 1982. symbolizing that there is nothing left of the old Radha or consciousness of the body-self. it 1 In the words of Schimmel. takes place in the thicket. the thicket in which Krishna dwells. the Prophet Muhammad alone entered the Divine Presence. “With brilliant jewel necklaces.” conjuring an atmosphere of mystery and secrecy. Furthermore. is the Divine Presence within. it should be noted from the lines quoted that this event. a golden rope belt. light and darkness are juxtaposed.… or (his) wings would get burnt…. Hari is depicted as bedecked with ornaments.
” it is stated that “Kesava dressed elaborately” and “Radha dressed in gleaming ornaments” (XI:1). An interesting connection may be established between Krishna’s willingness and Radha’s hesitation. so far it is questionable that Radha is actually overcome by “modesty” as stated. the horse-demon.Unveiling The Garden of Love may be said that Hari within the thicket symbolizes the heart within the body. 32). the truth of truths” (Lings 1981. in epic and Puranic literature Kesava is the killer of Kesin. Instead. “The Eleventh Part. and its replacement with the Self. As the veil of maya is lifted. Esoterically this is the removal of the ego or self. Thus the lines foreshadow the reunion by reference to both the beautiful and awesome aspects of Krishna. it expresses “the sudden unveiling of what is. Radha beholds Truth itself. 295): The eternal theme of the interaction of love and beauty forms the continuum beneath the delicate melodies…. ornamentation symbolizes mystical union. The choice of the epithet. This is something that can be accomplished only by an 162 . the spiritual significance of ornamentation and decoration is that it indicates beauty. she attains oneness with the Beloved. in the opening lines of the final sequence in Govinda. Radha finds him within her own heart. for man. Krishna’s long hair is associated with his irresistible beauty and charm. And in mysticism the synonymy between Beauty and Truth is universal. or yoga. Thus it is assumed that Krishna’s ornamentation displays his willingness for the ultimate union. In other words. underscores the role of ornamentation. and based on the portrayal of her character and personality. At the outward level. with Radha. Besides. Thus. expressing the connection between beauty and truth. it is likely that she is fulfilling a poetic convention: the requirement that the woman-in-love rush to meet her paramour with all incumbent constraints. ornamentation symbolizes the connection with Truth. Sure enough. In seeking all over Brindaban forest. In Indian religio-poetic expression. Kesava (“long-haired one”). Thus the passage indicates that in beholding Krishna in the thicket. as if veils were taken off the meaning and again replaced by new veils of different color. When Radha’s ego is completely effaced. Schimmel’s words. she gazes at Ultimate Reality. are particularly applicable in this regard (1975. Each time one reads (the words) they disclose a new aspect. For her.
at both the outward and inward levels. Radha is in a state of preparedness for ultimate union with her Beloved. both Krishna and Radha are ready for union with each other.” Instead. Long desertion won’t tear at her heart. under any circumstances. At an inward level. It closely corresponds with 2 Omkarananda Ashram (2003). but the difference between them is that. The possibility of alchemical transformation is noticeable in Govinda in a previous sequence on the state of Radha in separation. Radha displays this discipline. In conveying her agony over Krishna’s dalliance with other gopis. Wildflower-garlanded Krishna Caresses her.2 Thus. Therefore. Hatha yoga is defined as “union with the Supreme via discipline” (emphasis mine). but omnipresent. an elect.” In these lines it is significant that Krishna’s color is likened to “rain-heavy thunderheads” and “black touchstone. in holding back. the verse immediately preceding the account of the prelude in Govinda may be seen as the final point of Radha’s transition and transformation. In fact. it is particularly hatha yoga that prevails upon Radha in this instance.” Thus. Krishna’s preparedness is manifest. the poet Jayadeva sings (VII:35): His color deepens like rain-heavy thunderheads. In any case. whereas hers is concealed.” Both expressions evoke darkness and the mystery of the unmanifest aspect of Krishna. This means that she has become an adept. 163 . It suggests that though seemingly absent he is not only present. As pointed out in the Coomaraswamy quotation in chapter 5 in this regard. the lines portend that she has reached a point of transition. the requirement is that she should not.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained adept. it is pointed out here that the “long desertion won’t tear at her heart. friend. His bright cloth shines gold on black touchstone…. although it is true that the prospect of yoga. Contrary to what Radha fears. or union. display the turmoil and tempest of her real emotions. and by extension. This awareness is the key to alchemical transformation. of which he is the “black touchstone. Krishna “caresses her. is evoked by Krishna’s readiness.
kacca Radha. Hari represents both darkness and light because he is the unmanifest. tied to the world. it is necessary to digress briefly. for the substance “glass.” phonetically resembles the word kaaca. However. it is observed that there is juxtaposition and contrast as well as contradiction and paradox in the images conveyed: light and darkness. the term pakka. both majesty and beauty. illustrated earlier in this chapter. flashes like glass. The English definition. and not the glass. in order to observe the Hindu mystical paradigm of kaaca-pakka. Hari reveals Himself as the supreme Personality. she “has come far. the hidden and the manifest. meaning “raw.” Returning to the verse of the “sighting” of Krishna. embodied in the dazzling.” The “raw” soul. in the esoteric understanding these phenomena are characteristic of mystical symbolism. Thus. represented by the expression “like seeds of ripe pomegranate” (XI:19) in reference to Radha at the ending of Govinda. by allowing Radha to “see” him. In the presence of the supreme Alchemist.e. The physical likeness of “ripe pomegranate” seeds to the ruby is obvious here. transcendent Brahman. Purushottama. as Krishna says. in all His mystic opulence. Thus. Radha is transmuted from base.” The seeker becomes the seer.” and its illustration. are complementary and not contrastive. as well as the immanent. the quality of this jewel is interesting. whereas the “ripe” soul has the brilliance of a jewel. In this respect. meaning ripe or cooked. bejeweled avatara who enticingly awaits Radha. a woman) of great worth or beauty” (NSOED). she has transformed alchemically into the “desired” “jewel. Furthermore.” and thus is now pakka. readiness and hesitation. At this point. Even more interesting. A sentence in Layla echoes this precise notion: “Our hero desired the jewel” (I:2). and the one referring to alchemy just considered. and therefore. But beyond the apparent similarity.Unveiling The Garden of Love the alchemical transformation of Majnun. i. the present association of the ripe pomegranate with Radha represents the complementary aspect of the previous. Divine descent. it represents “the red form of the philosopher’s stone” (NSOED). in terms of alchemy. worldly “metal” into spiritual “gold. The Sanskrit term. Both these aspects of the ruby are consonant with the Sanskrit usage and associations. as has been demonstrated repeatedly. or “raw and ripe. kacca. as “a rare and valuable precious stone.” may also refer figuratively to “a person (esp. refers to the expert or spiritual adept. 164 .
experience of the Divine Presence. or rather the “Aumnipotence” and the “Aumnipresence” of the Brahman. “wild animals surrounded the grave” as “guardians” “protecting” it.” The second is that.8). The account of the event conveys that “for a long time no one knew” that he was dead. “Death had completed his work so well that no one felt fear or disgust. was washed clean” 3 See Bhagavad Gita. This depiction of Radha has a corresponding depiction in the experience of Majnun. the faculty of the Third Eye. Thus. perhaps for “as much as a year. which is set apart from ordinary death in various ways.” and only when his remains become dust.” do the animals depart. and of his resplendence in the prelude to ultimate yoga in Govinda. then the Divine serves. I give you Divine sight. Furthermore. the Visvarupa Darsana episode in the Bhagavad Gita is a prefiguration of the phenomenon of Radha’s sighting of Krishna. Stated differently. 11. The philosophical principle behind Krishna’s revelation of his Universal Form is the Omnipotence. “But you cannot see Me with these eyes of yours. human effort and Divine Grace are mutual. The white shell. its pearl vanished. as nothing in the created world can be found parallel to the Divine Essence. it is referred to as “the riddle” and described as. Thus. As Krishna says in the Bhagavad Gita. “even beasts which feed on carrion did not touch him. behold My Supreme Yoga” (11. Thus in light of these circumstances of his death. it is represented by the phenomenon of Majnun’s death. In this context. immediate.10-12. In Layla. of her yogic prowess. One is that the physical condition of his body does not deteriorate. The foregoing discussion on the “sighting” of Krishna in the prelude in Govinda has shown Radha’s direct. as ordinarily happens. this gift is acquired by human perfection through yogic practice and bestowed through Divine Grace. and are “returned to earth.3 In the case of Arjuna. unless he has the gift of Cosmic Vision. It is only Cosmic Vision granted by Krishna that enables Arjuna to see Him. or in Hindu terminology. 165 .The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained The dazzling depiction of Krishna is strongly suggestive of the episode in the Bhagavad Gita where Arjuna experiences the Visvarupa Darsana. Arjuna cannot “behold” what is revealed with ordinary sight. or the revealing of Krishna’s Universal Form. first the human deserves. though in different circumstances.
realized in Majnun. At another level. reference is made to “the houris of paradise. The description directly and indirectly conveys that the garden referred to is none other than the Eternal Garden. the inward level of interpretation yields a different understanding. it must be recalled that the narrative of Majnun in death is ended by the poem and has already been discussed in relation to the depiction of the resurrection and reunion of the lovers. the reference to the “shell.” Besides. a blue empyrean in every meadow” (LIV:175). Thus it may be interpreted as expressing the mutuality of the human-Divine connection. points to the close connection between the two aspects of the self. Each one of the aspects mentioned in relation to Majnun’s death is extraordinary. and differs outwardly in terms of the setting and mode of expression. “in the world above. The former conveys the experience implicitly. the setting of the reunion is portrayed as a garden. In this context. Reunion: Celestial and Sexual Encounters In Layla. whereas the “pearl” refers to Layla. and “the pearl. in “this spiritual abode” there is. At one level. the “shell” refers to Majnun. “seeing is believing” may 166 . and even miraculous. It corresponds essentially. This indicates Majnun’s death as a manifestation of the work of the Divine Hand. it is made explicit.” suggesting the body. there appears to be no likeness in this depiction of Majnun to Radha’s experience of proximity with God.” which constitutes a transition. and the original. Thus death has “washed clean” the worldly existence of self.Unveiling The Garden of Love (LIII:174). or the Divine aspect. meaning Garden of Paradise.” In this context. or Gulistan-i-Iram. Further.” suggesting the soul. “to the seeing eye. in the two texts. However.” are reunited in “a many-splendored garden” (LIV:175). the setting is at Layla’s tomb. It is interesting that all this is visible only to the “seeing eye. in terms of the experience. The foregoing arguments show that the experience of proximity with the Divine corresponds. Finally. The final sentence of the description is an indication of Majnun’s proximity with the Divine Presence. whereas in Govinda it is in the thicket. In Layla. divine Self has emerged. whereas in the latter. At the surface level. as well as differs. this sentence is strongly reminiscent of the hadith of the hidden treasure. the common adage. The lovers. or the human aspect. referred to as “that pair of unsated souls. The “fabled garden of Iram” refers to the Persian Bagh-e-Iram.
or personality of Layla and Majnun. Paradise. Further. leaves no doubt that the reunion takes place at a higher level of reality. are part of a spiritual ethos. but the fused. In this phrase. and specifically found within the prophetic tradition (Bakhtiar 1976. the “seen” as well as the “unseen” are part of the spiritual reality.” In other words. Firstly. or ru’ya. Therefore. mystical dreams. the lovers. 116). Secondly.” There are two significant elements in this fact. the reference to “twin” indicates intimacy and inseparability.The second important feature about the dream is that it is “seen” by Zayd. Thus. 167 . or group (NSOED). namely. In consideration of such circumstances. “seen” in this “light. phenomenal world and the world of intelligible noumena” (Bakhtiar 1976. indication of his extraordinary poetic capacity conveys the spiritual position of the bard4 as a point of con4 The term is associated with primordial cultures and oral traditions.” referring to the highest heaven. he exposed Layla and Majnun’s affaire de coeur to the admiration of the world…. the sky. initially referred to as “the unsated souls” (LIV:175) in the prelude. Accordingly. Thus the mystical dream points to the alam al-mithal. the reference to “light” no longer applies to the separate. Firstly. and inspiration. Stringing together their candid verses with sensitivity. It is derived from the Gaelic/Celtic bard. From the following passage. Besides. which exists between the sensible. gallant Zayd never abandoned the grave of our twin fountains of light. but higher level of reality.” Majnun has arrived at his ultimate destination. in Sufism. cosmic space. gross substance. only if there is capacity can one see. it may be observed that Zayd is no ordinary man (LIV:174-175): Sweet. and figuratively meaning an exalted region. Zayd’s exalted personality and his actions at the service of the lovers is extolled. 116). visions. a closer examination of some of the prominent features of the reunion is important.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained be transposed to “believing is seeing. Zayd’s dream of the lovers in Paradise is real at a different. subtle. The first feature is that it is conveyed in the dream of a character referred to as “Zayd. In other words. “the world of symbols and similitudes. referring to “an ancient Celtic order of minstrel-poets. In his sleep an angel revealed to Zayd…. are consequently referred to as “the twin fountains of light” in the reunion. realm. spiritual essence of the characters. “the empyrean.
also associate Zayd with the religious context of Islam. “How is it with thee this morning. so now it was plain and manifest to him. Thirdly. besides setting him apart from the ordinary man. the dream is “revealed” to him by an “angel. And finally. Story XV. literally meaning “witness. it is associated with the Koranic reference to the Prophet as a Messenger of God.” (NSOED). the vision of Zaid in the Mathnavi occurs in a context that is remarkably similar to Zayd’s celestial vision of the Garden in Layla: 5 At dawn the Prophet said to Zaid. Zaid answered that he had seen the eight heavens and the seven hells. or shahid. In the first instance. as a token that he had really been there in the spirit. As. “O Nabi we have sent you as a witness” (XXXIII:45). the name is phonetically related to zahid. recording historical evens. Counsels of Reserve given by the Prophet to his Freedman Zaid” (2003).” All these points. Furthermore. and transmitter of.” The Prophet again urged Zaid to deliver to him a present from that celestial region. Rumi refers to a “Zaid” in exalted terms in Story XV. “If the garden of faith has bloomed. “Thy faithful slave am I. on the day of judgment it will be manifest to all men whether a soul belongs to the saved or to the lost. Zayd is a historical figure within the Prophet’s circle. in the verse. The italicized words have similar implications as “the seeing eye” discussed earlier in relation to Zayd’s extraordinary stature. the character of Zayd in Layla may be associated with Sufism in specific reference to the Mathnawi of Rumi. he is of a rare capacity. Finally.” an affair of the heart. his account is not just of any event. in being the only witness to. reinforce this contention. the position of Zayd in the Islamic tradition. 168 .” As illustrated by the following extract. In the second.” Thus. but an “affaire de couer.Unveiling The Garden of Love tact between the human and divine realities. He went on to ask the Prophet if he should publish this secret knowledge of his to all men…. In this reference. as well as its semantic implications. traditional lore. as well as the who composed and sang verses celebrating the achievements of chiefs and warriors. show a token of it. “Counsels of Reserve given by the Prophet to his Freedman Zaid. whether bound to heaven or hell…. Fourthly. and the destinies of all men. etc.” Again he said. the reunion to the world. O pure disciple?” He replied. 5 See “Book I.
the repetition occurs within phrases. with running springs (88:12). gardens with fruits of all kinds (36:57). in terms of quantity as well as quality. Secondly. sensual imagery employed in reference to the “many-splendored garden” (LIV:175). Thus. Like all gemstones. … in his sleep an angel revealed to Zayd a luminous. and credibility in the spiritual viewpoint. the light of the “emerald” is also dual.” making it innumerable and immeasurable. A major feature is the rich. There was … a shining lamp in every flower petal. and pleasant shades (36:55). it not only reflects. some features of the description of the setting of the reunion may be examined in terms of their metaphysical content. There are not only many flowers. Night of Power. as the foregoing arguments have tried to establish. 179). many-splendored garden. referring to the night of the Revelation of the Koran. It is said that on this occasion.6 The passage in Layla. Firstly. authenticity. as italicized. but also emits its own light (Brians 2001). the dream of Zayd possesses reality. 169 . essential Koranic themes are evoked by the descriptions of the garden in Layla. similar to the promise of Heaven in the Sura al-Fajr of the Koran (89:30).… The garden was greener that (sic) an emerald. Apart from the circumstances of the dream. such as the four rivers of paradise (47:15). To illustrate: in the phrase “a shining lamp in every flower petal. the repetition is in terms of quantity. Thus.… two angelic beauties were seated in this place of pleasure. peace and security (15:46). 14). In the shade of a solar rose. Thus in these two cases. Besides. “shone with infinite light.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained latent capacity of all men to “see” at the level of super-consciousness. and shone with infinite light…. Incidentally.” a multitude of lamps is evoked. which shone with 6 Quoted in Barakat (2003. the pious were blessed with the vision of the divine light in the night sky (Schimmel 1975. The multiples are escalated in the phrase. but also many petals in each flower. conveys multiple images of radiance and brightness. the line in which the emerald is mentioned evokes the Laylat al-Qadr. there is repetition of the same image by a variety of different words and phrases associated with light.… in raiments of light.
This call has been represented in many art forms which function as the source of remembrance and evocation (Bakhtiar 1976. In this epic. Finally. this pair of examples conveys multiplicity in terms of quality. Apart from visual images.” This form of varied repetition is a particular technique of Persian writing. 77). as if seeking the Way of Return. 75). Classical Persian music is inspired by songs recorded in the memories of experts. In terms of its lyrical quality. Thus the words of description are reminiscent of the call of return. in accordance with the Sufi perspective of the language of the birds. in which repeated patterns and rhythms construct elaborate designs on an object of decoration. After a long period of dormancy during the Safavid dynasty. and then joining in a kiss. “music is seen as the resonance of eternal harmony” (Schimmel 1975. Farid ad-Din ‘Attar gave classical form to the ancient idea of the “soul bird” in his Mantiq at-Tair. there are taste and tactile images. In reference to the “solar rose. or king of birds lives (Schimmel 1982. Thus. emerald light. as in the phrase “pressing their lips to their wine cups. See Zahed Sheikholeslami (1997). This elevates the words and associations of light in the description to the level of sacred art. guided by the hoopoe or hudhud. there are olfactory images. 7 The association with “Zand” emphasizes the supremacy of music in the Persian context.Unveiling The Garden of Love a luminous. the dove is always asking the way towards the Friend by calling ku ku. 170 . and based on technical milestones which recognize the beauty of its repertoire. thirty birds. which is unparalleled in its brightness. perform the difficult journey to Mount Qaf. This reference may be seen as a litany. which is the essence of the Koran.” construct an image of unbounded pleasure and matchless enjoyment. piled one upon the other in describing “this place of pleasure. Persian music was revitalized during the Zand dynasty. In this context. 75).”7 In this connection. 52). passed on from generation to generation. All of these images of the senses. as in “Minstrels plucked their strings as doves cooed the melody of Zand. “Where? Where?” (Schimmel 1982.” the association is with the light of the sun. The allusion to doves in the phrase “as doves cooed” indicates return. the description resembles the arabesque pattern in Islamic art. where the Simurg. conveyed in metaphors of perfume: “night opened its pouch and scattered musk over the day.” and auditory images. through the Word.
The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained Apart from the sensual images in the description, there is also treasure imagery. Symbolic expressions in this regard are plentiful, conveyed repeatedly in related words such as “fortune,” “filigree,” “ornamenting,” “emerald,” “cups,” “rubies,” “treasured,” “gem.” Thus the passage conveys the “hidden Treasure” of the Divine phrase, which Majnun has not only found, but also “known.” This illustrates the paradigm of ganj-ranj, relating to the human-Divine connection mentioned previously. As anticipated, pain has ultimately turned into gain. In this respect, it is clear that at this point of Majnun’s existence, the Hidden is also the Manifest. It has been mentioned, and maintained, that the correspondence between cultures in expressing the human-Divine encounter exists at the esoteric or essential level. In this regard, the circumstances featured and discussed so far in relation to the reunion in Layla may be compared with that of Govinda, initially to find out if they correspond, and if so, subsequently to determine the nature and extent of the correspondence. The question may be asked, which phenomenon in the portrayal of “the end” in Govinda can possibly be regarded as equivalent to the celestial vision of Zayd confirming the reunion of the lovers in Paradise? As there is no trace of such a dream in Govinda, one might turn in the direction of a qualitative equivalent for a possible answer. In other words, the answer may lie in a noumenal, rather than a phenomenal, correspondence in expression. Thus, as the extraordinary, the supra-mundane, and the metaphysical elements of the portrayal of reunion in Layla have been illustrated, these aspects may be sought in the portrayal in Govinda. In terms of an extraordinary experience, it may be argued that the sexual union explicitly portrayed in Govinda is equivalent to the dream in Layla. In several religious traditions of the world, mysticism has turned to human sexual images and metaphors to convey symbolically the connection with the Divine. In this respect, however, the depiction in Govinda is both real and symbolic. However, the forms of expression utilized in conveying this connection are appropriate for the purpose of establishing that the celestial vision and the sexual encounter are equivalent experiences, totally different as they may be in appearance. One prominent point of correspondence deals with “sight.” The dream or vision involves seeing and perception at a higher level of 171
Unveiling The Garden of Love reality just as does the sexual encounter. In fact, the notion of sight, dwelt upon a great deal in the closing episode, lends itself readily to this idea.8 The effect of Radha’s “look” and the role of the “glance” is of particular interest in this regard. The Hindu notion of darshan, involving vision, applies to any aesthetic or artistic experience. But in this case it also involves mental and auditive perceptions. Krishna is described as “a slave bought with Sri’s flashing glance,” illustrating the exceptional nature of the “glance.” The expression, implying that the feminine, darting look seldom fails to hit its mark, seems to encapsulate woman at her most artful, and thus most powerful. On the part of Radha, the effect of seeing Krishna is (XI:23):
Her restless eyes were on Govinda With mixed alarm and bliss As she entered his place….
Thus the “meeting” of eyes may be considered as part of the “foreplay,” which sets the tone for the bodily encounter of the lovers. In Hindu thought, the eye expresses a myriad of symbolic meanings. Particularly, there is a curious link between feminine sexual power and the power of seeing (Sahi 1980, 176):
We find that in the sex-play between feminine nature (prakrti) and masculine (purusa) the play of eyes is essential. Repeatedly in Hindu love poetry the meeting of the eyes is spoken of as a sort of sexual contact. Thus the downcast eyes of the woman stress the form of the yoni, while the open eyes of the man represents the lingam.9
In folklore, the eye has a magical correspondence with the sun in its power to burn or pierce what it gazes at (Sahi 1980, 178). In this context, the relation between the eye and the sun represents “a natural attraction between corresponding forms. An eye is attracted to another eye” (Sahi 1980, 178). Besides (Sahi 1980, 178):
8
Using the MonoConc Program, a concordance of words related to “see” was generated. There is a high ratio of occurrences. In about 4 pages of the ending, there is a total of 27 occurrences. The words included are “see,” “eyes,” and “glance,” and their variants and inflections.
9
The italicized terms refer to the female and male genitals respectively.
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The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained
The eye represents evolved consciousness, emergence … the dividing power in man to distinguish vision through division, and this power is absorbed back into the unitive experience of being.
Thus, the moments of eye contact between the lovers proceed to have the ultimate, desired effect. The unitive experience referred to in the above quotation may be directly illustrated in this regard. The following verse in relation to sight is pregnant with undertones of union, and correlation (XII:1):
Seeing the mood in Radha’s heart, Hari spoke to his love; Her eyes were fixed On his bed of buds and tender shoots.
At one level, it is possible to identify correlates. One pair is that of sight, related to Krishna’s “seeing” and “her eyes.” Another pair is of response, related to action. Being Divine, Krishna can “see” “the mood in Radha’s heart.” Incidentally, this expression echoes the Koranic verse, “and We know what his soul whispers within him, and We are nearer to him than the jugular vein” (50:16). The human complement to the Divine seeing is Radha’s “eyes,” “fixed on his bed of buds and tender shoots.” At a deeper level, “sight” is instrumental to change. At the moment of sight, “Hari spoke” whereas all this time he did not. Furthermore, the words in reference to Radha, “Your tender body is flowering” (XI:16), speak of the change: the spiritual bud has blossomed. Thus sight constitutes a dynamic force in the transformational process of Radha, taking her beyond her physical self to “see” the Reality of Krishna’s “intimate world.” This precise notion is suggested by the verse (XI:32):
Her eyes transgressed their bounds, Straining to reach beyond her ears, They fell on him with trembling pupils. When Radha’s eyes met her lover, Heavy tears of joy Fell like streaming sweat.
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Unveiling The Garden of Love In this respect, it may be said that both the sight and the experience of Radha “reach beyond” and “transgress” the ordinary level of human existence. The “joy” in this example, and the “bliss” in a previous one, both resulting from “sight,” suggest that Radha has arrived at the level of Sat-Chit-Ananda, Truth-Consciousness-Bliss. The sexual consummation in reunion may thus be understood in this context. As Jayadeva sings: “Worship Hari in your heart and consummate his favor!” Apart from “sight” in relation to the characters, there are various other elements confirming a correspondence between the texts in this regard. One relates to the role and personality of the bard or poet, or the “seer” in traditional culture. The character of Zayd in Layla was amply demonstrated to be extraordinary in this respect. Again, an equivalence may be drawn in Govinda with the participation of Jayadeva in the encounter of reunion. The expressions of the active participation of Jayadeva in the prelude are cast in the same vein, in the reunion. The following verse occurs as part of the aftermath, or “after-play” of sexual union (XII:19):
Make your heart sympathetic to Jayadeva’s splendid speech! Recalling Hari’s feet is elixir against fevers of this dark time. She told the joyful Yadu hero, playing to delight her heart.
On the possibility of a dual reference to “Jayadeva,” two interpretations have been given (Miller 1984, 23). The first is that it refers to Krishna, since in the literal sense, jaya means “victory” or “triumph,” and deva, “the shining one,” refers to God. The epithet occurs in this context elsewhere in a chant as “Triumph, God of Triumph, Hari!” (I:17). The second interpretation is that it refers to the author of Govinda. In this reference, the poet assumes tremendous importance. Firstly, his name and thus, participation, is implicitly inscribed into the climax of the text. Secondly, this importance is explicitly spelt out in the lines. They convey that the poet is instrumental in effecting a pliancy in the heart of the lover. Expressions of the condition of pliancy abound elsewhere. For example in the following expressions,
Your tender body is flowering. (XI:16)
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As explained earlier. All show that master-poet Jayadeva’s soul Is in perfect tune with Krishna. human needs. the poet’s role in the verse is particularized as that of the mystic-seer. the story deals with a humanized avatar and a divinized human being. and needing protection. My heart fervently pleads! Krishna.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained Let my place be ravaged by your tender feet! (XII:2) “tender” is used in the sense of fragile. in Govinda. In other words. the love relation is described as an affair of the heart. concurrently there is a developmental or progressive aspect in these references.” The flowering of the spiritual potentialities ravages and naughts the earthly. As mentioned before. In this respect. this is possible in the Hindu context where the material and the spirit are not dichotomized. Let blissful men of wisdom purify the world By singing his Gitagovinda. Accordingly. the sexual encounter is spiritualized and Radha is divinized. his meditation on Vishnu. as in the prelude. as if implying that the tender quality is the path to both “flowering” and “ravaging. Here again. Parts of a concluding verse of Govinda relating to “vision” once again confirm a correspondence (XII:21): His musical skill. human and Divine. so too does Govinda. “reality” and Reality.” “erotic” and mystic. And this is echoed in the poignant. Particularly. it is a prerequisite of reaching the spiritual destination. His graceful play in these poems. Be yielding to me forever. His vision of reality in the erotic mood.” the poet implies that his song can lift the veil of mystery concealing the connection between sight and “vision. himself demonstrates this important quality of “yielding” and surrender for the spiritual traveler. In this regard. the hyperbolic and anagogic elements of the poet’s role are present. Yet. tender plea of Krishna (X:4):. in pointing out the power of “His musical skill” and “graceful play in these poems. 175 . Another illustration of equivalence in expression is that in the vision Layla. entailing a purification and “polish” of the heart. the Supreme Teacher.
the role of Jayadeva may be seen as equivalent to that of Zayd in Layla in many respects. it is interesting to note that. sahaja.Unveiling The Garden of Love Based on the above discussion. in life and this world. Just as the angel reveals the vision of reunion to Zayd.” and ultimately the supreme realm. Jayadeva’s “meditation on Vishnu” associates him with the spiritual sky. effected through undying Love. devaloka. similar to Jayadeva’s exhortation in Govinda.” his “soul” can reach the transcendent world of Brahman to which “blissful men of wisdom” can go.” The lovers are in different circumstances in the individual texts. In this connection. which have been pointed out in relation to the discussion on Layla: 176 . the following verses. presented in relation to the portrayal of reunion. and to the transmission of knowledge. share the attributes of repetition and recurrence. in the context of its primordial setting. Brahmaloka. Zayd.” it is narrated in Layla that with the death of Majnun. Furthermore. which is the original. It is interesting to find that. literally “realm of the gods. although Jayadeva sets the final encounter in the material world he conveys that to all intents and purposes the material world is a shadow or reflection of the spiritual world and its Divine archetypes. the images of the sense are also similar in nature. relating to sight and light have been dealt with at length. “Let blissful men of wisdom purify the world. the encounter is entirely natural. The visual images. attains the “vision of reality. Both Jayadeva and Zayd are witnesses to the reunion of the lovers. Whereas Zayd’s vision is associated with the alam al-mithal. A further point of correspondence relates to the sensual imagery in Layla.” Thus. Jayadeva’s “skill. besides being similar in form. through chants (italicized).” Thus Jayadeva assumes the role of seer in much the same context as that ascribed to the saint. there were “strangers of pure heart mourning the lovers. For example. Being “in perfect tune with Krishna. quoted here in the sequence they appear in Govinda. and the latter in death and “the world above. and through varied erotic imagery and symbolism (highlighted). the former. “by singing his Gitagovinda. primordial state of man.” etc.” Yet both involve purification of the heart by man. the expressions share the association with the various senses and levels of being. Furthermore.
but an entire “forest” of it. In this sense. Finally. “sandal” refers to the aromatic sandalwood.1: Relation of Expressions to Human Senses and Levels The verses do not need individual explication as they are self-evident in the case of correspondence. 177 . enter Madhava’s intimate world! Revel where swarming bees drunk on honey buzz soft tones! Your emotion is rich in the mood of love. which has aphrodisiac properties. the word may be associated with the discharge of semen. in the expression. However. Next. another sense is of “sudden bursts of feeling or action” (NSOED). enter Madhava’s intimate world! Revel in a thick bed of red petals plucked as offerings! Strings of pearls are quivering on your rounded breasts. Radha. reference is made not just to a piece of sandalwood. particular mention may be made concerning one phrase that combines duplication with eroticism. This expression is pregnant with poetic and mystic possibilities. Although the word “gusting” is generally associated with wind. enter Madhava’s intimate world! sense taste tactile visual tactile level emotional physical visual physical olfactory auditory physical emotional auditory emotional Figure 6. Radha. enter Madhava’s intimate world! Revel in the fragrant chill of gusting sandalforest winds! Your sensual singing captures the mood. enter Madhava’s intimate world! Revel in a bright retreat heaped with flowers! Your tender body is flowering. Radha. Radha. Radha. Thus the phrase is brimming with the quality of bounty.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained Verse Revel in wild luxury on the sweet thicket floor! Your laughing face begs ardently for his love. and in the Indian tradition is associated with sexual stimulation. “gusting sandal-forest” (XI:17). the association of the forest with eroticism is well established. Besides.
expresses the union in qualitatively elevated terms.” as anticipated in the prelude. and poetical framework. Thirdly. mythical. The words “Revel in the fragrant chill of gusting sandal-forest winds!” express firstly. the undertones of sexual congress in the phrase “gusting sandal-forest” relate to union with the divine. and raised to the level of a mystical connection.” The extract in Layla is as follows (LIV:176): These two friends are one. the physical encounter of sexual union in Govinda may—seen in the above light—be equated to the metaphysical encounter of celestial vision in Layla. Contextualized within the religious. the “winds” are associated with the breath of God. This is the 178 . Thus “core” refers to an extract or passage of verse being considered. There are several points in this extract worth observing. the quantity. So it will be until eternity….” They will be discussed in reference to a particular extract from each of the texts. like unpierced rubies they treasured their fidelity affectionately. The analogy of the circle and the point may be applied to describe the difference between the core the center. in the context pointed out in chapter 5. He is Majnun. In the world. And in the search for an equivalent of the dream of Zayd. it may be seen that the portrayal of reunion corresponds in the individual texts on several points. but found no rest and could not attain their heart’s desire.” relating it to the celebration of the joy of reunion. Both constitute elements of Return to the “original state. And she is Layla. Finally. the mystical aspect may be revealed. Here they suffer grief no more. suggested by abundance at the literal level. The first is that the lovers “are one. and “center” to a particular expression in each of the extracts. Core and Center: The Original State Two different elements which crown the ending episodes of Layla and Govinda are referred to as “core” and “center. However. Secondly. as perfume is a well-known mystical symbol. “fragrance” evokes a heavenly aura. the king of the world in right action. eternal companions. the moon among idols in compassion.Unveiling The Garden of Love The foregoing explanation of this phrase deals with literary technique and symbolism. the notion of “revel. Thus at a deeper level. in examining further the sentence in which the phrase occurs.
and the depiction of union discussed in Chapter 3. there is contrast between “the world. However. and “compassion” on the other. and infinite. Her hips were still. and “here. She launched a bold offensive Above him And triumphed over her lover.” in which the lovers had “no rest” and “could not attain” what they desired. the verse on the sexual union of Radha and Krishna may be regarded as the “core” of the reunion. Thus it constitutes a representation of the “mystic embrace” or Unio Mystica. there is movement from “the world” to “here. it should be noted that there is a specific difference between this depiction of re-union.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained metaphor of the drop merged into the ocean. Her eyes were closed. Majnun has proceeded. the act 179 . the state of “oneness” that Majnun returns to.” the “reunion” has no such reference or association. Whereas the “union” was riddled with undertones and forebodings of “separation. Thirdly. to the original state in the Garden of Paradise. Her chest was heaving. These observations constitute an explicit confirmation that in Layla. eternal. In this regard. That is. Why does a mood of manly force Succeed for women in love? In these lines. is seen as the ultimate or supreme station of the Sufi.” which is from a lower to a higher existential plane. there are attributes of mutuality and complementarity in the reunion. Therefore.” where “grief (is) no more. the act of sexual congress is regarded as the ultimate act of physical union. or returned. the point of no return. firstly. Secondly. Her vine-like arm was slack. this state just described “will be until eternity. It is interesting to find out if there is an equivalent crowning episode in Govinda. in this “oneness” is “right action” on the one hand.” Finally.” This last expression is the point of the reunion which is perfect. In the mystical perspective. The following lines of the verse in question substantiate this observation (XII:10): Displaying her passion In loveplay as the battle began. Fourthly.
expressed by the notions of sthira buddhi and brahmani sthitah. This is conveyed by images of war. the contrast is not between worlds in Govinda. The contrast pointed out in Layla in relation to “the world” and “here” has an equivalent in Govinda.” and “manly force” over Krishna. Thus the lovers in Govinda are one in terms of body. Her … arm was slack…. conveyed in the expressions. is also present in Govinda. On these points. or substance. it appears that the union in Govinda is depicted in metaphors of opposition and confrontation. and the transformation is complete. which is the third point noted in Layla. the state of “eternity” of the lovers is considered as the “center” in Layla. “her hips were still. the nature of the interaction between the lovers in Layla appears to differ for the present case. However.Unveiling The Garden of Love of procreation is symbolic in emulating the original act of Creation. the contrast between “grief” and “eternity” in Layla is matched by the contrast between “bold offensive” and “stillness” in Govinda. However.” Furthermore. The former 180 .” her “bold offensive.” her “triumph. whereas the “stillness” represents the “center” in Govinda. The movement may also be seen in terms of change.” Moreover. Whereas in Layla there is mutuality and complementarity. The spiritual significance of the expressions “succeed” and “triumph” is that Radha moves from kacca or raw to pakka or ripe. what is also apparent about “battle” is that it is in fact a “battle” of love. meaning “situated” and “steady. but between Radha’s active state and state of stillness. whereas in the latter it is incorporeal. and “loveplay. Her eyes were closed. in reference to Radha’s “battle. the move is in becoming the active party.represents the ultimate goal in Hindu mysticism. it corresponds to the principle of complementarity and mutuality expressed in Layla.” or merging.” In this sense. Secondly. the Sanskrit phoneme sthi. from the employment of feminine guile to an assumption of “manly force” in the masculine role. hesitating at the entrance of the thicket. The element of movement from one state to another. or essence. whereas the lovers in Layla are “one” in terms of spirit. However. The word “still” is possibly etymologically related with the Sanskrit root sthir. The depiction in the former is corporeal. From the passive Radha. “displaying her passion” and taking the lead or initiative “above him” in the “battle” of love. both convey the same notion of “one-ness. The spiritual novice ultimately becomes the accomplished expert. beyond the literal level of interpretation.
the Cosmic Person. Thus. or intellect. beyond the phenomenal reality of the active. getting what is unpleasant. In this context. and sexual self is essentially the incorporeal. Radha is essentially the same Supreme Soul that Krishna manifests in his Universal Form. Thus she is more than “man” and “human. and the element of “stillness” predominates in Govinda. eternal. which means: Established in Brahman. In this understanding. The latter. masculine quality of Radha’s “bold offensive. There is articulation before. Instead.” and uttama.” and “manly force. whereas the remaining three parts transcend to a region beyond. essentially corresponding to Supreme Bliss. and omniscient.” and what appears to be a depiction of the corporeal. It is noticeable that there is no speech or any form of articulation by the lovers in either Layla or Govinda.10 pure sentience. Both these elements have an underlying similarity in that they evoke the idea of no movement or change. meaning “established in the Transcendent.” “triumph. 435). the Supreme Man. with firm understanding and with no delusion. the knower of Brahman rejoices not. the former encompasses the notion of time standing still. Thus Radha’s stillness in the bliss of sexual union with Krishna goes beyond mere sense pleasure.” 181 .The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained term refers to the person of steadied wisdom. whereas in 10 Combined form of purusha. but during this episode none of the characters speak. the expressions of Govinda quoted above echo confirmation of the verse of brahmani sthitah in the Bhagavad Gita (V:20). which is comparable to attaining Brahman-hood (Sivaraman 1995. changeless.” refers to the Perfected Man. Purushottama (Sivaraman 1995. this point. and in the case of Govinda. 433). nonactive recipient or enjoyer … pervading the world with only a fourth of himself.” lies the noumenal Reality of Perfected Man. A final point of equivalence between the expression of the “center” in the individual texts concludes the comparison. after. sensual. “supreme. or the attainment of the Bliss of Brahman. the element of “eternity” predominates in Layla. At the outward level. and spiritual Self. “male. getting what is pleasant and grieves not. at the center. super-sensory.
This voice is none other than the voice of the Self. its ineffability. This chapter. the core. lends itself to the motif of the mandala. In each portrayal. It has also shown that “progress” is none other than “return” to the Garden of Love. involving the physical 182 . dealing with “the end. it denotes physical stillness. from the existential plane of the body to that of the soul. The former. The similarity between them originates from an esoteric understanding. this system relates to the different dimensions and levels of being. the prelude. common motifs of mystical union. the absence of speech and the presence of timelessness. xiii). In the Traditionalist perspective. and the inherent metaphysical aspects in both. and subsistence in the immediate presence of the Gardener. the reunion. namely. As has been explained previously. the lover has undergone the ultimate alchemy.Unveiling The Garden of Love the latter. this experience is expressed as one that “cannot be situated in time or space” (Schuon 1984. The return is like an arc curving backwards to its point of departure. although this classification is characteristically a fluid one.” The difference lies in the modes of portrayal and levels of reality of each case. The course of this change has been dealt with in the context of various elements. Thus. whereas the latter is a physical encounter. and the center. being a dream encounter. The Wheels Come Full Circle The ending of the affaire de couer. The lover is eloquent in quest of love. 21). are consistent with the notion of the “Center.” is of much the same essence as Jayadeva’s account of Radha “seeing” Krishna in the thicket in “Brindaban forest. and “defies visualization or even consistent description” (Smith 1984. inner voice be heard. has demonstrated the wheel of spiritual progress come full circle. namely. The fundamental nature of the account of the reunion of Layla and Majnun in the “fabled garden” in Zayd’s account of his “dream.” which involves the transition of the lover to the ultimate stage of mystical union. and universal. when related to developments in the period of separation.” The phenomenon of silence is indicative of a pivotal. belongs to the non-physical reality. from the circle to the center. The elements discussed in relation to the episode of “the end” in the narrative correspond roughly to Patanjali’s philosophical system of Yoga. from the human to the divine. but in the Presence of Love becomes silent. only in total and absolute stillness can the silent. or affair of the heart. aspect of the mystic experience. Another aspect of the silence is that.
In this context. to illustrate this correspondence: 183 . the intellect (citta).The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained body (sarira). and the human being or microcosm. and actualized in the sensible. which are possibilities contained within the Absolute or Divine Essence. the mind (manas). and the Self (atman). these mandalic levels of spiritual development correspond to different points of the ending in both Layla and Govinda. 13). This may be represented diagrammatically as follows: In Layla In Govinda tomb the search Paradise eternity dream 1. the textual depiction corresponds essentially with the hierarchy of emanation. which has been mentioned above in the Hindu context of the mandala. Divine emanation is a two-fold process. These levels are in consonance with to the seven cakras of the human microcosm. the intelligible and the sensible (Bakhtiar 1976. Prelude 5. The universe or macrocosm. The following representation has been adapted from Bakhtiar (1976. 13). 13). Core 3. each representing a higher or deeper point in the centripetal progress to the point of identification with the Center. Separation stillness sexual union Brindaban thicket the search Figure 6. may be also seen in light of the Islamic doctrine of Divine emanation. Beginning with the stage of separation from the Beloved. contain hierarchically both the intelligible and sensible existences. conceived as centers or spheres. These levels of existence are reflections of the Archetypes. Reunion 4. phenomenal world (Bakhtiar 1976. According to the Sufi understanding. Center 2. the senses (indriya).2: Levels of Spiritual Development The above representation of the textual depiction of the ending.
5.4: Hierarchies of Being At the level of the macrocosm. Thus. 50). represented in the respective hierarchical levels of being or centers of consciousness. are as follows: Level 1. Where Gardens Congregate Based on the foregoing discussion and comparison. outward and textual differences and divergences in the individual depictions increasingly lead to equivalences and correspondences at the inward level of understanding. Macrocosm Hahut: Essential Nature of God Lahut: Divine Creative Nature Jabarut: World of Archetypes Malakut: World of Symbols Nasut: Human Nature Microcosm Essence Spirit Heart Soul Body Textual depiction Center Core Reunion Prelude Journey Figure 6. one finds ample evidence 184 . 3. “the Garden of Eden is both center and summit of the earthly state” (Lings 1981. the “Center” is analogous to the “Essence” of the microcosm.3: Hierarchies of Emanation Parallels in the textual depiction. it may be concluded that in the episodes of the ending of Layla and Govinda. 2. From the textual depiction. 4.Unveiling The Garden of Love 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Macrocosm Microcosm Textual depiction Figure 6.
This formulation has been expressed by mystics of both traditions. etc. none but God. 20th century Bhakta and carrier of the message of ancient Vedanta to the modern world. reflecting the Hindu mystical utterance. the lovers are remembered as “Layla Majnun. and the subsistence in. and affirmation of. in surrendering its identity. In the Sufi tradition. as Majnun’s words do. They echo the famous shathiyyat of Mansur alHallaj.” is mirrored in Radha’s words. Ana’l-Haqq. in the Garden of Love. Hallaj was put to death for the apparently heretical ferment of this utterance. In no small measure. aham Brahmasmi. the drop. 294). come to be synonymous with Love. a contemporary Sufi Master and eminent Traditionalist. One is enough for both” (XXXIV:104). 30). “one name is better than two. In this chapter on the ending in the individual texts. thou art all” (1926. “I am Brahman. 185 . echoes this refrain: “When thou hast naught. these forms of reference reflect the extent of integration and assimilation of the two into one. When thou art naught. In both cases. thou hast all. the myths of the lovers in Brindaban are always referred to as the “Radha Krishna myths. and in diverse cultures. “I am the Absolute Truth” (Schimmel 1982.11 These forms of reference have.” Whereas in the Bhakti tradition. the popular forms of reference to the archetypal lovers in their individual spiritual traditions attest to the formulation of oneness. and their mention is immediately associated with the fragrance of the Garden of Love. The words of Swami Vivekananda. Madhu’s foe” (VI:5). The high degree of correspondence in literary phenomena that has emerged 11 Hindu names/surnames like Radhakrishnan and Lakshminarayan thus epitomize the archetypal integration. reflect the Sufi secret of the unity of man and God. through the ages. his immediate consciousness of the complete annihilation and negation of the self. male and female. In this regard. and the complete balance and harmony of opposites. the exposition has dealt with the depiction of ultimate union. Majnun’s words. Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din. or the Return. the saga of two ends. human and divine.” rather than “Layla and Majnun.The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained that. and that of One begins. but in fact the words point out.” In fact. says that “Universal Man realizes eternally in the Truth that he is nothing and yet that He is Everything” (1982. 19). becomes the ocean. “I am Krishna. An identical phenomenon.” and not the “Radha and Krishna myths.
Unveiling The Garden of Love suggests parallels at the esoteric level between the two different mystico-religious traditions. The close correspondence of the ending in the texts is not astonishing in light of the Traditionalist perspective of the “transcendent unity of religions” formulated by Schuon. The nearer one gets to the Center the less are the differences. This perspective does not at all point to a sentimental idea of humanity as an “amorphous agglomerate,” in which the world’s peoples are only “superficially” and “accidentally” different (Oldmeadow 2000, 69). Rather, humankind is “divided into several distinct branches, each with its own peculiar traits, which determine its receptivities to truth and shape its apprehensions of reality” (Oldmeadow 2000, 69). This idea has been expressed by Schuon as (1969, 66-67):
Essentially all religions include decisive truths and mediators and miracles, but the disposition of these elements, the play of their proportions, can vary according to the conditions of the revelation and of the human receptacles of the revelation.
In closing, it is relevant to recall here the cyclic or cosmic relationship of Hinduism with Islam. The sanatana dharma of Hinduism, as a Primordial Tradition, appears to have correspondences with the alhikmah al-khalidah of Islam, as the Last Revelation (Schuon 1984, 89). The etymological implications of the Latin word religare, “to bind,” and its English derivative “religion” are significant in this context. In verbal variants, the English prefix “re-” denotes repetition, often with the added sense of a return to an earlier state (NSOED), e.g. “re-build” or “re-establish.” Furthermore, the root “lig-” refers to a bond or something that holds two things together, as seen in derivative nouns like “ligament” and “ligation” (NSOED). Thus, more than being a belief system or pious attachment, the word “religion” is primarily a bind that obtains renewal or return, and further, that holds man to God (NSOED). This sense of the English word is in remarkable consonance with the Sanskrit word dharma, in the term sanatana dharma, which is the equivalent of “Hinduism” in English. The accord lies in the root dhar which means to bind or hold to something that returns harmony or union with the Supreme Brahman (Sriddharanandaji 1997). These words in different languages, referring to the same end, are in concordance with the Traditional view of religion. In this context, it may be said that that the Persian gardens of Layla and the 186
The Gardener and the Garden: Return and Union Regained Indian forests of Govinda converge and congregate at the “heart” of the “gardens of love.” As Sri Ramakrishna, the 19th century Bengali mystic-Bhakta par excellence sang in ecstasy, mann karo na desa-desi, “The heart speaks not of nation, nor nationality.”
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CHAPTER SEVEN THE GARDEN UNVEILED: PRESERVING DIVERSITY, OBSERVING UNITY
You tell us different names, but it is He whom you mean —A. Schimmel
In the contemporary context, the teachings of a tradition are considered authentic and authoritative only if they are verified by, and cited from, recorded or historical texts. However, it should be remembered that tradition also represents ahistorical realities because it originates from beyond recorded history. Thus, a great part of mystical teaching is oral and even anonymous (Abu Bakr 1988, 9). Sourced from living traditions, their truths have been passed down from Master to disciple, through generations (Abu Bakr 1988, 9). The same principle of transmission applies to traditional art, including literature. In the case of Layla and Govinda, in the Persian tradition, thousands of ghazels are credited to Nizami and the legend of Layla-Majnun (Gelpke 1997, xi); similarly Jayadeva’s songs and verses on the Radha-Krishna myths have been a source of religious inspiration in the Indian tradition (Miller 1984, ix). While the traditional view adheres to the power of the spoken word, in the modern context, power has transferred to the written or printed word. Whatever the case, words possess inherent meaning and power. Therefore, this work has been directed at unveiling the power inherent in “the words” of the English translations of Layla and Govinda. Regardless of whether they are reductions or amplifications, or are removed in time and space from their original milieus, it is possible to discover what spiritual truths lie beyond literary expression. This objective has been enabled by a hermeneutical approach in the search for “orginary actions and their purposes” (Md. Salleh 1995, 11).
189
Form includes language. The stories also offer insights into several ways in which two different mystical traditions have sought to define and interpret reality. Tracing the stories of love through its treatment in two different literary traditions of the same period offers insights into the common literary heritage of these traditions. That is. Secondly. in comparing elements pertaining to the depiction of human love. seem to be equally 190 Correspondence and Convergence . Common motifs in the love stories allow an understanding of them as parables of the spiritual journey. the nature and extent of the similarities and differences have never been inquired into before. elemental. and enigmatic. The conclusions which have emerged in this regard are summed up in the ensuing paragraphs. each represents its own tradition and spatio-temporal milieu. This correspondence involves both form and substance. Some motifs which have been dealt with. it is found that both Layla and Govinda adhere faithfully to their respective underlying socio-cultural norms and literary conventions.Unveiling The Garden of Love This work has presented something not attempted before. such as being lost and found again. apart from literary phenomena. there is equivalence and correspondence at the level of literary phenomena. while at the same time exhibiting common values. Besides. They are diverse forms. there is a relatively high degree of correspondence in the mystical significance of expressions. each from its own distinct “garden. and thus has a mythical and archetypal quality. yet share symbolic significance. and Govinda according to the Hindu-Bhakti tradition of India. The inherent spiritual dimensions and essential truths that are veiled and concealed by literary expression have been unveiled and revealed in the light of underlying spiritual principles of two different mystico-religious traditions of the 12th century. between the texts in question. Beyond the comparison of the substance of the texts. In this respect. of dream and vision. namely a comparative study of symbolic expressions of the spiritual quest of the Sufi and the Bhakta. This has been done with the basic objective of discovering equivalences of expression at both the literary and the mystical levels. as understood in Layla and Govinda.” The diction employed by both poets is largely primordial. the overwhelming beauty of characters and setting. of pain and betrayal. Firstly. Layla has been understood on the basis of the Islamic-Sufi tradition of Persia. through which both works yield “jewels” of great beauty and profundity.
The convergence may be illustrated axiomatically as follows: Primordial Tradition sanatana dharma Doctrine of Nirguna Brahman Bhaktism: Nirguna-Saguna Brahman Krishna avatara as Love Incarnate Exemplified by Govinda Polytheism popular religion 333. unify the story. but no two Revelations 191 . the texts are seen as reaffirmations of perennial principles. whereas Lings expresses this as. vis-a-vis meta-textual elements. Observing Unity important in both the mystical traditions from the way they recur.1: Convergence of Textual and Meta-textual Elements In the diagram. 26). “The Divinity manifests Its Personal aspect through each particular Revelation and its supreme Impersonality through the diversity of the forms of Its Word” (1984. the distinction occurs at the level of origins and the exoteric dimension. and illustrate the station of the spiritual wayfarer (Stokes 2004). both present an account of principles of “ascension” which are at the same time in consonance with principles of “descension. there is an interesting convergence that emerges from consideration of textual elements. Finally. In Schuon’s words. The phenomenal likenesses in the texts refer to “textual elements” while the diversity in origin and religious traditions refer to the “meta-textual elements” in them.000.” In the context of such correspondences. “There is only one water. as propounded by the Traditionalists.108 “gods” The Final Revelation al-hikmah al-khalidah Doctrine of Supreme Impersonality Sufism: Transcendental-Immanent God Personal Relationship of Love with God Exemplified by Layla Monotheism shari‘ah One God O R I G I N S ESOTERISM EXOTERISM Figure 7. or belief and practice. In relation to the principle of cyclical progression. This esoteric dimension shares a unity of principles. an intersection occurs at the level of mysticism.The Garden Unveiled: Preserving Diversity. While the chronological and geographical origins are diverse. which has a diversity of forms.
15). Each religious tradition represents the vehicle for man to contact divinity.” as has often been erroneously expressed about mysticism (Lings 1981.Unveiling The Garden of Love are outwardly the same” (1981. 12). In simplistic terms. and in Govinda the basis is God as Deity. In this sense. which served to confirm its authority. the Primordial Tradition returns to its pristine perfection. the texts tend to confirm that mysticism is not “free from the shackles of religion. religion. and the latter on Forms. 60n). both Hinduism and Islam are “living” traditions which have continued with this adherence up to the present time. there is a consistency between the texts with regard to religion as the Way of Return to an Ultimate Reality. which is tangential to the objective of the research. the religion in the former centers on Names.1 Embedded in the correspondence of textual expression is the relationship between the first and the last “bridge” or “ligament” of God and man. doctrines. Both Layla and Govinda attest to this inward unity and outward diversity. In the context of the above understanding. As the religion of sanatana dharma comes “full circle” in the religion of the last Revelation. As elucidated by Braginsky (1993. both literary works bring to light the bridge to ultimate Union. Both represent a formalized and concretized conception of an Ultimate Reality. a bridge built on the respective religious foundations of Hinduism and Islam. “spiritual realization is inconceivable … (unless) one is in conformity with the religious ambiance of the spiritual means in question” (1984. In this regard. Thus. both tacitly convey a deeply ingrained and strict adherence to revealed Truths incorporating methods. In Layla the basis is God with Divine Attributes. is the textual indication of the emphasis of mysticism upon formal religion. Rather.” 192 . In this sense. and the sacred language. As Schuon has fittingly remarked. 1 This phenomenon about traditional literary expression may be accounted for by the symbiotic connection of art. the last finding. The language itself was often considered sacred. by divinizing himself. The religious Canon not only determined the principal elements of … literatures. it also provided the latter which (sic) a means of expression—the language of the Canon…. 74-76): “The central position and the role of the structuring principle both in the ancient and in medieval ideological milieu belonged to religion…. and disciplines.
” These phenomena offer infinite. This means that the exposition of the “lover” has been of a generalized nature. may be studied and compared in terms of potential mystical content. legends.” the connection with wild animals or feral nature. Kalidasa and Shakespeare. Observing Unity The Way Forward On the basis of the findings derived. There is a huge potential for reclaiming this awareness through the discovery of traditions in relation to their artistic expression.The Garden Unveiled: Preserving Diversity. and myths like the Indian Ramayana and Mahabharata and the Greek Odyssey and Iliad. are possible pairs for comparison. the That which should not be forsaken. Especially in the context of current global conflicts of identity based on religion. and fascinating prospects for study and comparison as spiritual symbols. these literary works have stood the test of time in their applicability and pertinence. the perfume of words in symbolic gardens draws one to that which lies beyond words. an awareness of “the other” through the study of literary expression would bring to light the bedrock of shared values and principles of diverse peoples of the world. each a treasure trove of its own cultural tradition. works of great writers from the East and the West like Basho and Blake. challenging. or in depth. and light. water. Besides. the present study suggests that other comparative studies on antiquated works may be useful in uncovering the treasure inherent in the wisdom of the past. These are. may be stemmed by a revitalized interest and awareness that has almost vanished. Though originating from medieval times and exhibiting a traditional worldview. covering of a wide variety of symbols. of man’s true nature and origins. the present study suggests avenues for further study in various directions. to name a few. 193 . The present study has pointed out equivalences and correspondences in literary and mystical symbolism in a horizontal manner. Ultimately. the spiritual symbolism of elemental motifs like earth. The current tide of accepting all that is modern and technology-based. In this light. and rejecting as obsolete all that is ancient and spiritual. Many specific and significant features and phenomena in the texts remain to be studied in a vertical manner. or the diverse nature of reciprocation of the “beloved. The ancient epics. the role of the “friend” or “companion.
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1997 . But it is He whom you mean Annemarie Schimmel. Nightingales Under the Snow.Epilogue There is no love but for the First Beloved You tell us different names.
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133. 146. 133. 48. 35. 48. love poem. usually consisting of hundreds of lines. 17. 44. 133 dhikr: measured recitation of Divine Names. 108. 134. 84 jism: body. self. 127. or narrative verse. 189 hadith: saying of the Prophet. 140 fana’: annihilation of the self. 166 ishq: divine love. 49. 24. Also the name of Rumi’s famous poetical work. 127. 39. 134. 135. 160 darwish: one who is at the door to Enlightenment. 27. 24 ney: reed flute. 168 nafs: soul. 66. essence. 147. 42.108 baqa’: subsistence in the Divine. the negative or egocentric tendency of the soul. 108 nazira: artistic revision or response to earlier poetic works. 145. 25 Laylat al-qadr: the “Night of Power” or “Night of Descent.” referring to the night of the revelation of the Koran. 59. esoteric. 145. 133 ruh: spirit. 169 Laylat al-mi‘raj: the “Night of Ascent. 25.GLOSSARY OF PERSIAN/ARABIC AND SANSKRIT TERMS Persian/Arabic Terms ‘alam al-mithal: the world of similitudes and symbols. 49. 138. 148 peshrev: musical prelude. 99 khirqa: long black coat worn by the dervish. romantic. 136 laila: night.” when the Prophet was taken by the archangel Gabriel from Mecca to Jerusalem and from there ascended to the highest heaven and drew nigh to the Divine Presence Itself. nafs al-hayawaniyyah: the animal soul. 158. 98. 144. 159 malaikat: angels. 25. 33. 136 faqr: spiritual poverty. 114 firdaus: paradise. 49. 15. 24. 136 batin: inward. 23. 176 ‘aql: the intellect. 48. 38 mathnawi: rhymed poems. 167. 108 197 . 118 ghazel: Persian ode. employed for heroic.
40. 86. 49. 49. 30. 146 Shahadah: divinely revealed testification. 73. 49 198 . 140. immortality. 41. 38. 185. 34. 78. 176.Unveiling The Garden of Love sama’: spiritual concert of the dervish/Sufi. 72. 66. 37. 49. 138. 56. 17. epithet of Krishna. 190. manifest. 124. 70. 90. 73. 187. 89. 68. 185. 38. 70. 67. 70. 39. 7. 133. 133. 104 guru: spiritual guide. 135. 185. 150. 37. 91. 140 jiva/jivan: soul. 99. 21. and harmony. 118. 114. 86. 72. 19. 151. 123. 142. 141. 141. 190 bhakti: selfless devotion. 191 Brahman: the Absolute. 69. 32. 152. 118. 72. 54. 138. 191. 27. 37. 135 Shari‘ah: the Divine Law which is rooted in the Koran and Hadith. 125. 62. passim guha: cave. 33. 45. 22. 69. 172 deva: “the shining one. 191 tawhid: oneness of God. 108 jnana: Divine knowledge. 5. 39. 143. 73. 36. 180. 150. 163 Goloka: heavenly realm. 55. 36. order. 142 bhakta: devotee. 75. 39. 140. 48. 159 zuhd: renunciation of attachments. 186. 113 ta’wil: to cause to return to origin (spiritual hermeneutics). 89. brahmavidya: supreme science (of interpretation). 57. 122. 72. 130. amrita: nectar. 9 darshan(a): vision. 108 avatara: divine descent (embodiment of divine attributes). 141 govinda: divine cowherd. 144. 37. 73. 68. 51. 57. 35. 122. 39. Islamic credo. 134. 142 Istam: personal loving God. 191. 40. 54. 18. 123. 77. 153. 67. 143 japa(m): measured recitation of the mantra. 78. 64. 142. 164. 99. 186. 66 shaykh: honorific form of address for Sufi spiritual master. 165. 62. 59. 192 gopi: cowherdess. 142. 41. 136. 164. 60. 181. 38. 8. 36. 59. 191 bhajan: devotional song. 38. 99 Sanskrit Terms advaita vedanta: Hindu doctrine of non-duality. 111 atma: spirit. 38. 174 dharma: a divinely ordained natural law. 57. 62. 9 zahir: outward. 124. 141. 124.”deity. 40.
self. 35 sruti: revealed knowledge. dalliance with the gopis. 49. 140 saguna Brahman: manifest. 38. 32. 28. 48. 40. 191 prakrti: the feminine aspect of divinity. 78. 129 nirguna Brahman: the unmanifest. 124 kama: profane or worldly love. 56. 36. 70. 99. including metaphysical terms in English. to join. 140 maya: the veil of ignorance. 162. immanent attributes of Brahman. This on-line Dictionary of Spiritual Terms provides extensive definitions. 32. 76. 76. 124. 138. 172 prema: sacred or divine love. 99. 181 raga: musical mode for evoking certain emotions and responses. 152. 163. 38. 38. 129 mukti: liberation (in life). 114 lila: Krishna’s sport. 48. 143. 113. 176 sahajjiya: a spiritual aspirant who has attained the middle or perfected state. 30. 130. inward significance. 153. 69. 86. 39. outward aspect. 41 smrti: intuitive knowledge. 62. 42. springtime. 40. 36. 41 sahrdaya: participant or kindred spirit. 40. 57. 35 swarupam: essence. 99 Vaishnava: worshipper of Vishnu/Krishna. 57. 44 sarira: body. 41. 129 purusha: the masculine aspect of divinity. to unite.Glossary of Persian/Arabic and Sanskrit Terms Kali-Yuga: the Dark Age. 150 vamsam: flute. 42. 165. 70. 141 madhu: honey. 91. 138. 141 rupam: form. 182 For a glossary of all key foreign words used in books published by World Wisdom. 65. 38.DictionaryofSpiritualTerms. transcendent. 199 . 185 mantra: chant or incantation of Holy Names. 38. consult: www. 41. 154. 15. 22. 141. 191 sahaja: the middle or perfected spiritual path. 41. and attributeless aspect of Brahman. 129 karpanya: spiritual poverty. 58. 17 ragakavya: drama customarily performed to the accompaniment of song. 40. 37. 68. dance. 68. 39. and music. 39. 140 tyagi: renunciate. 86. 38. 129. 40. 144 yoga: to yoke. 62. 49. 162 moksha: liberation (in death). 183 shakti: feminine principle/energy. 40. 41. examples and related terms in other languages.org. 17 raslila/rasa krida: Krishna’s circular love dance with the gopis. 49.
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Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West. 209 . and has since been increasingly involved in publishing at home and abroad. Samad Said’s Masterpiece in Translation (2006) has been highly commended by Malaysian National Laureates and the academic book publishers council of Malaysia. His other works include Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions. obtaining a First Class Honors degree in history. and continued graduate studies in Comparative Literature at the same institution. She retired as Senior Lecturer in Comparative Literature and Comparative Religion in 2006. HARRY OLDMEADOW is Coordinator of Philosophy and Religious Studies in the Department of Arts. among others. Sacred Web: Journal of Tradition & Modernity. Penang. One of her books. and Malaysian Branch of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Tenggara: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. politics. she is involved in graduate training workshops. In 1980 he completed a Masters dissertation on the work of the renowned perennialist author Frithjof Schuon and the other principal traditionalist writers.BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES LALITA SINHA is the daughter of migrant Bengali parents. Dr. This study was awarded the University of Sydney Medal for excellence in research and was eventually published under the title Traditionalism: Religion in the Light of the Perennial Philosophy. The Other Salina: A. Malaysia. Australia. and literature at the Australian National University. Lalita Sinha was born in Pahang. He studied history. She studied world literatures at Universiti Sains Malaysia. The Betrayal of Tradition: Essays on the Spiritual Crisis of Modernity. Her essays have been published in various journals. Bendigo. He currently resides with his wife and younger son on a small property outside Bendigo. Sinha served with Universiti Sains Malaysia for more than three decades. La Trobe University. Currently. literary translation as well as lectures and publications on literature and mysticism. and A Christian Pilgrim in India: The Spiritual Journey of Swami Abhishiktananda (Henri Le Saux).
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edited by Rama P. edited by Reza Shah-Kazemi and Emma Clark. edited by William C. by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy. by Harry Oldmeadow. 2005 A Buddhist Spectrum: Contributions to Buddhist-Christian Dialogue. 2003 Every Branch in Me: Essays on the Meaning of Man. Fundamentalism. Faiths. 2005 Borderlands of the Spirit: Reflections on a Sacred Science of Mind. edited by Harry Oldmeadow. 2003 The Essential Ananda K. edited by John Herlihy. Coomaraswamy. by John Herlihy. by Harry Oldmeadow. 2009 The Essential René Guénon.Titles in the Perennial Philosophy Series by World Wisdom A Christian Pilgrim in India: The Spiritual Journey of Swami Abhishiktananda (Henri Le Saux). edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Katherine O’Brien. Coomaraswamy. edited by William Stoddart. 2009 The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr. 2006 The Essential Titus Burckhardt: Reflections on Sacred Art. edited by Barry McDonald. 2002 Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought? The Traditional View of Art. 2004 . Lumbard.B. and Civilizations. 2006 Islam. by Marco Pallis. and the Betrayal of Tradition: Essays by Western Muslim Scholars. 2007 The Essential Sophia. by Arvind Sharma. 2004 The Essential Martin Lings. 2007 A Guide to Hindu Spirituality. Chittick. 2008 The Betrayal of Tradition: Essays on the Spiritual Crisis of Modernity. edited by Joseph E. 2004 Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions.
2004 Science and the Myth of Progress. edited by Alfred Bloom. edited by Mateus Soares de Azevedo. 2004 Of the Land and the Spirit: The Essential Lord Northbourne on Ecology and Religion. edited by Joseph A. edited by Jean-Louis Michon and Roger Gaetani. by Joseph E. 2007 Living in Amida’s Universal Vow: Essays in Shin Buddhism. 2003 Seeing God Everywhere: Essays on Nature and the Sacred.Light From the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West. edited by Martin Lings and Clinton Minnaar. 2007 Sufism: Love & Wisdom. 2003 Singing the Way: Insights in Poetry and Spiritual Transformation. 2008 Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East. 2005 The Spiritual Legacy of the North American Indian: Commemorative Edition. edited by Barry McDonald. Brown. 2008 Returning to the Essential: Selected Writings of Jean Biès. edited by James S. translated by Deborah Weiss-Dutilh. Fitzgerald. edited by Harry Oldmeadow. Zarandi. edited by Mehrdad M. 2007 Ye Shall Know the Truth: Christianity and the Perennial Philosophy. 2006 The Underlying Religion: An Introduction to the Perennial Philosophy. 2002 Remembering in a World of Forgetting: Thoughts on Tradition and Postmodernism. by William Stoddart. Cutsinger. by Patrick Laude. 2005 .
2005 Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East.B Lumbard. Chittick. 2007 Understanding Islam.Titles on Islam by World Wisdom Art of Islam: Illustrated. interpreted by Shaykh Tosun Bayrak. by Frithjof Schuon. 2003 Paths to Transcendence: According to Shankara. 2002 The Path of Muhammad: A Book on Islamic Morals and Ethics by Imam Birgivi. 2004 The Mystics of Islam. 2008 Introduction to Sufi Doctrine. 2006 Sufism: Veil and Quintessence. 2008 The Sufi Doctrine of Rumi: Illustrated Edition by William C. Nicholson. by Reza Shah-Kazemi. 2009 Christianity/Islam: Perspectives on Esoteric Ecumenism. 2006 A Spirit of Tolerance: The Inspiring Life of Tierno Bokar. 2008 Introduction to Traditional Islam: Illustrated. edited by Judith and Michael Oren Fitzgerald. by Jean-Louis Michon. edited by Joseph E. by Frithjof Schuon. edited by James S. and Meister Eckhart. Cutsinger. 2008 Islam. edited by Jean-Louis Michon and Roger Gaetani. 2005 Sufism: Love and Wisdom. and the Betrayal of Tradition: Essays by Western Muslim Scholars. Ibn Arabi. by Amadou Hampaté Bâ. 1998 Universal Spirit of Islam: From the Koran and Hadith. by Frithjof Schuon. by Titus Burckhardt. Fundamentalism. by Titus Burckhardt. 2006 . by Reynold A.
by A. by Reza Shah-Kazemi. by Arvind Sharma. 2008 The Essential Śri Anandamayi Ma: Life and Teachings of a 20th Century Indian Saint. Sankaracharya of Kanchi. 2004 A Guide to Hindu Spirituality. compiled by Susunaga Weeraperuma. 2003 Paths to Transcendence: According to Shankara. 2006 Timeless in Time: Sri Ramana Maharshi. translated by Swami Sri Ramanananda Saraswathi. Natarajan. 2009 . translated by Swami Sri Ramanananda Saraswathi. 2008 Lamp of Non-Dual Knowledge & Cream of Liberation: Two Jewels of Indian Wisdom. 2002 Unveiling the Garden of Love: Mystical Symbolism in Layla Majnun & Gitagovinda. 2005 The Essential Vedānta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedānta. 2007 The Essential Swami Ramdas: Commemorative Edition. edited by Eliot Deutsch and Rohit Dalvi. Ibn Arabi & Meister Eckhart.Titles on Hinduism by World Wisdom A Christian Pilgrim in India: The Spiritual Journey of Swami Abhishiktananda (Henri Le Saux) by Harry Oldmeadow. by Alexander Lipski and Śri Anandamayi Ma. by Lalita Sinha.R. 2006 Introduction to Hindu Dharma: Illustrated by the Jagadguru His Holiness Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal. 2006 Tripura Rahasya: The Secret of the Supreme Goddess.
Comparative Mysticism Can Love provide the key to Reality? Epic love poems often share common thematic elements —love in union. [ is book] offers a very pleasing blend of real scholarship and metaphysical insight. University of London Lalita Sinha served as Senior Lecturer in Comparative Literature and Comparative Religion at Universiti Sains Malaysia for more than three decades. Salleh Yaapar. masterful and impressive scholarship. She has successfully ‘revealed’ the spiritual intelligence inherent in both texts. and love in reunion. in juxtaposing two traditions. She currently lives in Penang. endowed with a literary intuition and an understanding of complicated issues related to the mystical interpretation of literary works…. analysis.” —Harry Oldmeadow. Khan.” —Muhammad Haji Salleh. Malaysia.95 US .” —Md. Dr. Leiden University “Comprehensive and very well structured. love in separation. Bendigo.” —Vladimir Braginsky. Poet Laureate of Malaysia “ is book combines a hermeneutical approach. Sinha moves from intellectual wonder to a soulfilled admiration…. author of Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions “ is is an impressive study…. interpretation. School of Oriental and African Studies. is book investigates common threads and shared symbolism between the literary masterpieces e Story of Layla Majnun (written by Nizami in the Islamic Sufi tradition) and Gita Govinda (written by Jayadeva in the Hindu Bhaktic tradition). It is also an invitation to a richer spiritual life in which we might yet once again find the First Beloved. University of Toronto “Lalita Sinha is undoubtedly a talented and thoughtful scholar. Trinity College.” —Abrahim H. and insightful reading. European Chair of Malay Studies. “ e comparison of the two texts is more than the sum of the two parts…. La Trobe University. World Wisdom $ 19. It is rich and penetrating…. [ is book] is an original work of considerable theoretical and descriptive value that forms a distinct contribution to such fields of knowledge as comparative literature and comparative religion.
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Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview. | https://www.scribd.com/document/90511174/Lalita-Sinha-Unveiling-the-Garden-of-Love-Mystical-Symbolism-in-Layla-Majnun-Gita-Govinda | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 78,908 | 61.43 |
Drawing Simple Rectangles in PIL
Quick Color Checks
When I found myself doing analysis on color using
numpy, I kept getting turned around and having trouble conceptualizing the color representation for the R, G, B values I was seeing.
PIL makes this really easy to do. All you have to do is call
Image.new() and specify the
color parameter accordingly.
from PIL import Image rect = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(200, 200), color=(0, 74, 127)) rect
Layering in More Colors
If we wanted to look at more colors than one at a time, we could probably leverage some
matplotlib “span” method, or use the built-in tools that
PIL provides.
Specifically, we’ll leverage the
ImageDraw.Draw object, which takes an existing
Image object.
from PIL import ImageDraw
drawer = ImageDraw.Draw(rect)
Which gives us access to a ton of simple drawing utillities.
print([x for x in dir(drawer) if x[0] != '_'])
['arc', 'bitmap', 'chord', 'draw', 'ellipse', 'fill', 'font', 'fontmode', 'getfont', 'im', 'ink', 'line', 'mode', 'multiline_text', 'multiline_textsize', 'palette', 'pieslice', 'point', 'polygon', 'rectangle', 'shape', 'text', 'textsize']
Note how we leverage the
rectangle() method below.
def draw_rectangle(color_list): ''' Make a long rectangle, composed of the colors detailed in color_list, a list of (R, G, B) tuples ''' n = len(color_list) im = Image.new('RGBA', (100*n, 100)) draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) for idx, color in enumerate(color_list): # ensure that numbers are all ints color = tuple([int(x) for x in color]) # draw the colors by array-indexing draw.rectangle([(100*idx, 0), (100*(idx+1), 100*(idx+1))], fill=tuple(color)) return im
neapolitan = ([161, 91, 65], [252, 192, 181], [251, 233, 209]) draw_rectangle(neapolitan)
| https://napsterinblue.github.io/notes/python/images/rectangles/ | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 276 | 56.15 |
The option typeclass inspired by scala's implementation and Haskell's Maybe monad. Option is a composable and more expressive alternative to things that may be null on absence of value.
Tested with Dart 0.4.7
import 'package:option/option.dart'; main() { final some = new Some(42); final inner = some.get(); final mapped = some.map((n) => n / 2); final toSome = some.flatMap((n) => new Some(12)); final toNone = some.flatMap((n) => new None<num>()); final passed = some.filter((n) => (n % 2) == 0); final failed = some.filter((n) => (n % 2) != 0); final none = new None(); final alt1 = none.getOrElse(42); final alt2 = none.orElse(() => new Some(33)); final alt3 = none.orElse(new Some(32)); print('secret to all ${some.getOrElse(12)}'); }
Add this to your package's pubspec.yaml file:
dependencies: option: ^0.3.2
You can install packages from the command line:
with pub:
$ pub get
Alternatively, your editor might support
pub get.
Check the docs for your editor to learn more.
Now in your Dart code, you can use:
import 'package:option/option.dart'; | https://pub.dartlang.org/packages/option/versions/0.3.2 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 176 | 64.47 |
Often a problem that needs to be tackled is so large or complex that we need a group of experts not just a single one to tackle it. Linux, for example, is such a complex system that building it took hundreds of experts.
What if we could harness the decision-making power and the subject matter expertise of many experts and use it in Data Science? There is such a technique called Random Forests which uses collective decision-making to improve on the outcome possible with a single decision maker. In this approach each software "expert" uses a tree-based algorithm to do their bit and then a collection of such trees is used to compute or evolve a model that is better than the output of any one expert.
First let's understand how the individual tree-based decision making works.
Consider a pool of college applicants applying to Super Exclusive Institute Of Tech. The average SAT score for admission has historically been 2,200. And the average GPA 4.9. We are given the application info on 1,000 applicants. We are asked to create a model that will allow us to predict students most likely to be admitted. How do we go about doing this?
One approach would be to first divide the applicants into those that have SAT score over 2,200 and then call this the "more likely" group. Then to further test for the GPA in this group and split it into two based on GPA less than or equal to 4.9 vs GPA over 4.9. We call the former subgroup "most likely" and the latter a "high maybe".
Then we do the same thing to the group with SAT score below 2,200 calling the high GPA subgroup a "maybe", and the low GPA subgroup a "probably not". This seems reasonable but there are a number of questions that arise.
A decision tree uses the intrinsic structure of the data to make these splits.
This graphic from Wikipedia [1] represents intrinsic structure of the "Titanic" dataset, data on the survivors of the Titanic disater.
The information in a decision tree format. The numbers next to each node are the probability of survival and the % of the observations that were assigned to (classified as) the category represented by this node. Each left branch corresponds to a "yes" answer, the right one a "no". Each green node represents "survived", each red one "did not survive".
The number of spouses or siblings aboard is recorded as "sibsp".
As is well known you had a much smaller chance of surviving if you were male and in the less expensive berths. You had a much greater chance of surviving if you were an infant or female and in the most expensive berths.
The science of Decision Trees quantifies all this using measures called Information Gain and Entropy. Essentially we want to have just the right amount of splits so that we don't keep splitting a group once we have the "best" split. So how do we know when one way to split is better than another. Obviously if one split leads to a clean partition into 'admit' vs. 'reject' then it's good. But what if we split on say essay scores right at the top. We might get groups that have wide variation in GPA, STA in both halves. So we really haven't improved our ability to predict much because both groups seem equally mixed.
This kind of variation in a set indicates a higher "entropy" while a set with all identical members has very low or zero "entropy". So, when we split a set we want the halves to be more distinct from each other and the members in the group to be more like each other -- i.e. we want entropy to go down as we keep splitting. So if we use an approach that doesn't reduce the entropy by much it is probably not a good attribute or a good value to split on.
If we take a Decision Tree that has been created and we reverse the process, then when we combine two nodes, we will increase entropy or variation as groups get combined, The gain in entropy is called Information Gain. So the best splits are those which give the best Information Gain when reversed.
This is all very loose but has a strong mathematical foundation that is used to construct the modeling software that creates such "decision tree" models.
When given a set of samples with many attributes, a decision tree model will identify the attributes that are best to split on and the values of those attributes that we should use to do the splitting. It will then print out a number of parameters, including number of attributes used to split, which ones, and Information Gain,... etc.
So how does modeling software decide the best tree? It tries every one and compares Information Gain for each and then picks the best one.
Decision Trees present a simple clean conceptual model to understand classification by an iterative procedure. However, in practice, a single Decision Tree is not very useful for real world problems involving a large number of variables and moderate to large sized data.
For this we need heavy artillery. A group of "experts" constituting a Random Forest.
But what is an "expert" in this scenario?
If we consider our "expert" to have in their head a decision tree modeler and we assemble say 100 such experts, then, loosely speaking, we have the makings of a Random Forest. We want a collection of experts to decide our result, expecting that the result will be much better than a single one. So we will need some way to decide how to collate and sort through the "opinions".
If you recall the Olympic Gymnastic competitions or diving competitions where a panel of judges scores a participant, you might remember that the top and bottom scores are dropped and the rest are averaged. A Random Forest algorithm uses such techniques to eliminate some of the opinions but might randomly drop some percentage and then rerun the "competition", doing this each time and then averaging the result after say 100 such trials.
Well for one, they are more accurate, as mathematicaly provable. But also because, when we have 10s or 100s of attributes Random Forests are able to surface the most significant ones and use these in their modeling without any extra effort on our part. So what's the catch? This comes at some computational cost so our model may run for many minutes instead of a few seconds even with a few thousand samples, since orders of magnitude more calculations are being done. However there are many more benefits for this one cost.
Random Forests are much more tolerant of missing values, bad data, and outliers, and can handle mixed data types, numerical and categorical.
We will explore a rich data set generated from the accelerometer and gyroscope of mobile phones, and use it to understand various activities of the user - such as sitting, standing, walking etc., based on particular combinations of the data attributes. Our data has more than 500 such attributes and the data is also messy and rich so this is a good candiadte for combining domain knowledge with the power of Random Forests in the exploration and analysis to follow.
from IPython.core.display import HTML def css_styling(): styles = open("../styles/custom.css", "r").read() return HTML(styles) css_styling() | http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/nborwankar/LearnDataScience/blob/master/notebooks/C1.%20Random%20Forests%20-%20Overview.ipynb | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 1,256 | 69.72 |
table of contents
other versions
- buster 4.16-2
- buster-backports 5.04-1~bpo10+1
- testing 5.04-1
- unstable 5.04-1
other languages
other sections
NAME¶strcmp, strncmp - compare two strings
SYNOPSIS¶
#include <string.h>
int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
DESCRIPTION¶The strcmp() function compares the two strings s1 and s2. The locale is not taken into account (for a locale-aware comparison, see strcoll(3)). It returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if s1 is found, respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than s2.
The strncmp() function is similar, except it compares only the first (at most) n bytes of s1 and s2. | https://manpages.debian.org/unstable/manpages-dev/strcmp.3.en.html | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 129 | 67.45 |
I have data of timedeltas which looks like this:
time_delta = '+414 00:45:41.004000'
So, these values are strings and they are of the format
ddd hh:mm:ss.f. I now want to get this deltas to seconds. I tried to use
.total_seconds() but it did not work.
How could I achieve what I am trying to do?
Answer
If you always assume the same input format, you can build a function as below (result to be checked with a simple case) :
import datetime as dt def parseTimeDelta(time_delta_str): splitted = time_delta_str.split(' ') day_part = int(splitted[0][1:]) time_part = dt.datetime.strptime(splitted[1], "%H:%M:%S.%f") delta = dt.timedelta(days=day_part, hours=time_part.hour, minutes=time_part.minute, seconds=time_part.second,microseconds=time_part.microsecond) return delta.total_seconds() time_delta = '+414 00:45:41.004000' parseTimeDelta(time_delta) | https://www.tutorialguruji.com/python/how-to-get-timedelta-in-seconds-from-a-string-example-414-004541-004000/ | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 137 | 62.04 |
issue collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status solved by installing libmariadbclient
Search Criteria
Package Details: ccnet 6.0.2-1
Dependencies (3)
- ccnet-server
- libmariadbclient (libmysqlclient, libmysqlclient55, libmysqlclient56) (make)
- vala (vala-git, vala0.26) (make)
Required by (2)
Sources (2)
- ccnet-v6.0.2-server.tar.gz
- libccnet.pc.patch
Latest Comments
quej commented on 2016-05-12 07:24
Mechanix commented on 2016-04-26 17:33
I have some issues building the seafile client.
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:532: recipe for target 'ccnet-server' failed
make[3]: *** [ccnet-server] Error 1
make[3]: Leaving directory '/tmp/yaourt-tmp-user/aur-ccnet/src/ccnet-5.1.1-server/net/server'
Makefile:393: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed
make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory '/tmp/yaourt-tmp-user/aur-ccnet/src/ccnet-5.1.1-server/net'
Makefile:500: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/tmp/yaourt-tmp-user/aur-ccnet/src/ccnet-5.1.1-server'
Makefile:409: recipe for target 'all' failed
make: *** [all] Error 2
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in build().
Aborting...
==> ERROR: Makepkg was unable to build ccnet.
==> Restart building ccnet ? [y/N]
Does somebody have a hint how to fix this? Thank you
simontunnat commented on 2015-10-29 16:24
Could someone please take over the seafile packages as maintainer.
I just can't find the time to maintain them.
calrama commented on 2015-09-29 12:48
I am unwilling to wait any longer, so the package is now orphaned. I advise anyone willing to pick this up to pick up the whole seafile dependency tree, as it would otherwise become tedious to maintain.
calrama commented on 2015-09-29 12:47
I am unwilling to wait any longer, so the package is not orphaned. I advise anyone willing to pick this up to pick up the whole seafile dependency tree, as it would otherwise become tedious to maintain.
calrama commented on 2015-09-05 15:38
This is the last upstream-based package update from me. Since I have received mail from one from person interested in maintaining, I will not orphan the packages just yet, but in the next couple of days.
calrama commented on 2015-08-10 01:36
(if for some reason the new AUR does not have that functionality, email me the list of packages you want me to remove you as co-maintainer from).
calrama commented on 2015-08-10 01:35
.
barchiesi commented on 2015-08-08 12:43
I wouldn't mind taking some of those from you, particularly the seafile-*
calrama commented on 2015-08-07 19:01.
If possible, I would like to hand over the following packages over to a single maintainer, since they comprise a dependency graph:
libevhtp-seafile, libsearpc, ccnet, seafile-shared, seafile-client, seafile-client-cli, seafile-server
calrama commented on 2015-06-12 09:32
Initial AUR4 import at seafile version 4.2.4.
calrama commented on 2015-06-12 09:32
Initial AUR4 import.
markusk commented on 2015-05-31 21:56
checksum "COPYRIGHT" fails!
breadz commented on 2015-05-30 09:41
The COPYRIGHT file was updated recently.
The new sha256sum is:
c07aeccf581c255e60acbddcc6af90290e0d6354e6ec0ee1987b82845d3d57ac
calrama commented on 2015-01-31 18:52
@RunasSudo: Thanks, I overlooked ccnet when I fixed the option in libsearpc. Should work since earlier today.
RunasSudo commented on 2015-01-30 23:33
Package still fails to build. Removing the options line per @daroczig's suggestion works.
senorsmile commented on 2015-01-19 05:04
as daroczig mentioned, there's an error building this.
options=
needs to be
options=()
to be valid bash.
daroczig commented on 2015-01-02 13:59
The last PKGBUILD fails with: ==> ERROR: options array contains unknown option ''
Removing the empty "options" line from the PKGBUILD resolves this issue.
rumpelsepp commented on 2014-06-25 05:34
Please rebuild with mkaurball. thanks!
aclindsa commented on 2014-04-12 02:52
I have orphaned this package and other seafile dependencies because I haven't used them for quite some time and no longer have the time or motivation to properly maintain them. I have not been able to find a maintainer to take over, but trust that if the package is truly useful someone will take over where I left off.
pulb commented on 2014-04-11 18:20
Correction: python2 is also required at runtime.
pulb commented on 2014-04-11 15:25
Please either remove the python module from the build config (the demo module isnt required as well btw) or add 'python2>=2.6' to the build dependencies.
jprjr commented on 2014-03-21 12:54
aclindsa: Thanks!
aclindsa commented on 2014-03-21 01:48
jprjr: I've added it as a dependency and to the package configuration.
jprjr commented on 2014-03-20 16:05
Hi there - ccnet has an LDAP component, but I don't believe it's enabled in your PKGBUILD. Can you enable that?
fatmike commented on 2014-03-13 12:57
v2.1.1.tar.gz failes the sha256sum check
aclindsa commented on 2014-02-20 14:45
BunBum: No worries - It *is* confusing that they don't tag their releases with their own release number!
BunBum commented on 2014-02-20 14:41
Oh sorry, I didn't saw that. Than you can revert the outdated flag.
aclindsa commented on 2014-02-20 14:19
BunBum: This package is not out of date. The tag you're referring to corresponds to the seafile version which this ccnet version works with. If you check the PKGBUILD, you will see that ccnet 1.4.0 is actually already using the v2.1.1 tag from their repository.
BunBum commented on 2014-02-20 14:10
On GitHub there is a v2.1.1 tag
aclindsa commented on 2014-01-10 13:46
BunBum: Updated - thanks for testing it!
BunBum commented on 2014-01-10 12:13
As with python2-djblets: it compiled successfully and I could install it ;-)
aclindsa commented on 2014-01-10 11:54
BunBum: As with python2-djblets, please confirm that you have tested building and installing this on your Raspberry Pi and I will add the flag.
BunBum commented on 2014-01-10 09:01
Please add "armv6h" compatibility so that we can use this package on the Raspberry Pi
aclindsa commented on 2013-11-10 04:08
calrama: I honestly can't remember why I initially added it, I suspect based on the directions at. I've removed it.
calrama commented on 2013-11-09 16:03
One quick question: Why is the package "libmysqlclient" in makedepends? I could not find such a package in either the normal repos, or in the AUR, but the package builds just fine.
aclindsa commented on 2013-11-09 13:50
chabotsi: I believe you're right - I've overlooked that dependency for a while now. I've updated the package.
chabotsi commented on 2013-11-09 13:30
looks like `libevent` is missing in the dependancies list, isn’t it ?
aclindsa commented on 2013-11-08 12:33
calrama: Thanks, and updated.
calrama commented on 2013-11-08 09:25
ccnet version 1.3.7 is out under the tag "v2.0.7"
petelewis commented on 2013-11-03 09:54
asclindsa: you're absolutely right. I had a corrupted download. Ha, the checksum was just doing its job :-)
(This probably reflects the fact that over the last few years I've had more non-matching sums from incorrect AUR packages than corrupted downloads. I wonder what that says...)
Thanks and sorry for the noise.
aclindsa commented on 2013-11-01 18:01
petelewis: I just double-checked and doing the following, I get a matching sum:
$ wget; sha256sum v2.0.5.tar.gz
139a801daf225a277c04c9e2bf43bf2d617d81c33a6b6e651de18fe223586eb3 v2.0.5.tar.gz
Will you double-check that your download didn't get corrupted and let me know if you're still having issues?
petelewis commented on 2013-11-01 15:48
Thanks for that. But now the SHA256 seems to be wrong...
aclindsa commented on 2013-10-31 23:58
Sandnabba: It appears something is wrong with -lpthread so I added it manually as a flag when configuring (not sure why it built successfully for me the first time - autotools scare me sometimes). It should work for you now.
Sandnabba commented on 2013-10-31 13:59
I get the following error when I try to build it:
/usr/bin/ld: ccnet-db.o: undefined reference to symbol 'pthread_setspecific@@GLIBC_2.2.5'
/usr/bin/ld: note: 'pthread_setspecific@@GLIBC_2.2.5' is defined in DSO /usr/lib/libpthread.so.0 so try adding it to the linker command line
/usr/lib/libpthread.so.0: could not read symbols: Invalid operation
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:514: recipe for target 'ccnet-server' failed
make[3]: *** [ccnet-server] Error 1
Any ideas?
aclindsa commented on 2013-10-30 11:38
calrama: Thanks, I updated the package. This looks to be very helpful for seafile packagers.
calrama commented on 2013-10-30 11:18
The developers of seafile/ccnet seem to have been convinced to provide clean version tags from now on, rendering seperate source tarballs obsolete, as github presents tags as source tarballs. Additionally, ccnet's version has been updated to 1.3.6. If you are interested, you can read the full issue here:
I have uploaded a fully working updated PKGBUILD for ccnet 1.3.6 to pastebin with an expiration time of one month:
kevincox commented on 2013-07-04 01:12
Adding "armv6h" to the "arch" variable allows for use on arm devices such as the raspberry pi.
aclindsa commented on 2013-06-13 03:18
ddanier: Apparently they've updated their license to GPLv3 with some special exceptions. I've updated the hash.
ddanier commented on 2013-06-12 20:14
COPYRIGHT file seems to have changed as sha256 does not validate.
peplin commented on 2013-04-05 14:22
I just commented on this in the libsearpc package as well, but the call to prepare() at the top of build() is causing problems with pacman >= 4.1 because the patch is applied twice. The second time it detects that it's already been applied and you're either given the option to reverse the patch (bad) or skip it, which causes the entire install to fail.
aclindsa commented on 2013-04-04 18:37
If you look at the compilation command-line you pasted here, you'll see "/home/hugo/tmp/seafile/libsearpc/pkg/libsearpc/" is getting wrongly pre-fixed to the auto-configured include path (which is why json-glib.h can't be found). This is what my patch fixes.
aclindsa commented on 2013-04-04 18:35
hobarrera: This is the consequence of compiling libsearpc without the patch we've been talking about there. Re-compile libsearpc with the patch applied, install that package, and re-try this.
hobarrera commented on 2013-04-04 18:28
Build fails:
libtool: compile: gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.. -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I../include -I../include/ccnet -I../lib -I../include -DG_LOG_DOMAIN=\"Ccnet\" -pthread -I/home/hugo/tmp/seafile/libsearpc/pkg/libsearpc//usr/include -I/home/hugo/tmp/seafile/libsearpc/pkg/libsearpc//usr/include/searpc -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -Wall -DCCNET_LIB -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -MT libccnet_la-libccnet_utils.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libccnet_la-libccnet_utils.Tpo -c libccnet_utils.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/libccnet_la-libccnet_utils.o
libccnet_utils.c:42:33: fatal error: json-glib/json-glib.h: No such file or directory
#include <json-glib/json-glib.h>
^
compilation terminated.
aclindsa commented on 2013-04-04 11:51
hobarrera: After looking into it, the patch *is* necessary. Without it, auto-configuration does not work properly for packages which have build requirements on ccnet (i.e. those build scripts will look for header files at the build path, not the installed path).
aclindsa commented on 2013-04-04 11:50
hobarrera: After looking into it, the patch *is* necessary. Without it, auto-configuration does not work properly for packages which have build requirements on libsearpc (i.e. those build scripts will look for header files at the build path, not the installed path).
hobarrera commented on 2013-04-04 10:57
patch does not seem to be necessary.
calrama commented on 2013-03-07 13:37
Awesome, thanks!
aclindsa commented on 2013-03-07 12:26
calrama: All three new versions build and install just fine on my box, but I haven't had time to test them for functionality.
calrama commented on 2013-03-07 11:10
Hey, latest seafile version is 1.5.3, please update. Same for libsearpc
calrama commented on 2013-03-07 11:09
Hey, latest seafile version is 1.5.3, please update
aclindsa commented on 2013-02-26 14:26
calrama: Okay, I updated them all. Let me know if you run into any more problems.
calrama commented on 2013-02-26 12:41
Could you change the "make" to "make -j1", please?
Sadly building with more than one jobs results in errors.
This also holds for the "seafile" and "libsearpc" packages.
calrama commented on 2013-02-26 12:39
Could you change the "make" to "make -j1", please?
Sadly building with more than one jobs results in errors.
This may also be the case for libsearpc, but I've not yet tried building it with more than one job.
aclindsa commented on 2013-02-23 15:33
calrama: Hrm, this is the second or third time they've moved their source downloads. I've updated this package, as well as the others needed to install seafile.
calrama commented on 2013-02-22 18:49
The source (seafile-latest.tar.gt) cannot be downloaded (Server refused connection). Change to as mentioned in their wiki ()?
calrama commented on 2013-02-22 18:42
The source (seafile-latest.tar.gt) cannot be downloaded (Server refused connection). And when using the alternate googlecode version it cannot be compiled. | https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ccnet/?comments=all | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 2,384 | 57.37 |
Quoth Paul Prescod <paul at prescod.net>: | Donn Cave wrote: |>|> Dog barks //Io |>|> Dog.barks() #Python |> |>... |> |> So, how odd that anyone would think of putting the function |> AFTER the object. Did this come from Forth or something? | | Dog is not just the object. It is also the namespace that "barks" comes | from. Both the computer and the human need to know the namespace before | they can interpret the meaning of the string "barks" so it seems natural | to me that it should come first. This is especially true in languages | like Python and IO where two objects of even the same type could have | different name->method mappings. If as a human I need to know the namespace of a function to understand it, am I going to be confounded if a function defined in SGMLParser appears to be invoked on an instance of HTMLParser? Well, honestly that kind of thing can sometimes be a source of frustration, but in principle we prefer to consider it a virtue of the system, right? Taking the "feed" function there, for example - parser.feed(data) In principle, it already could be one of HTMLParser.feed SGMLParser.feed ParserBase.feed object.feed and this is fine, we're not supposed to have a problem with it. But if the feed function had been outside this hierarchy, we would be writing instead feed(parser, data) Why isn't that a violation of the object abstraction? Simply make it generic and let the above notation serve in either case, and you don't have to know the implementation in order to use it. Now I'll admit that this level of abstraction does pose a problem with scope and legibility, and that might have to be addressed. My point though is that we already accept this problem as a cost of doing OO business, so it's kind of surprising to me that OO languages invariably stop there, instead of going all the way. They'll proudly declare that `everything is an object', but don't wonder about the distinction between functions and methods. Once you get far enough down the path that you have `languages like Python and IO', you have some semantics that would be an awkward fit here. Two objects of the same could have different name->method mappings, indeed. But it's far from obvious that this is even a good thing, let alone the obvious evolution of OOP. Donn Cave, donn at drizzle.com | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2004-February/285925.html | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 413 | 70.23 |
There) [lightweight] writing out log files
b) [heavyweight] using a full-fledged relational database
The data that you end up scraping usually has some structure. E.g.: a table. Log files have the drawback of being purely string based and unable to capture the structure within the data. Full-fledged relational databases have the drawback of needing setup, design and maintenance. Using SQLite to store your data, lies somewhere between the two extreme options. SQLite is a flat file database that needs no extra setup. But it still affords us the convenience of querying the data with SQL commands. In this post, we show you an example of scraping data from an HTML table and storing it in a SQLite table.
NOTE: We want to emphasize that using SQLite is just one option. Whether it suits you or not depends on your specific situation.
What is SQLite?
SQLite is a server-less, lightweight, disk-based relational database management system that does not require any installation. The absence of any intermediate server allows it to be embedded in any application or, in our case, a test. The different data type values stored in the database can be accessed through a variant of the SQL query language. Click here to know more about SQL data types
Setup
Getting setup with SQLite is easy. Python versions 2.5 and above ship a module called sqlite3 by default. So you need to do nothing extra. To test if you have the sqlite3 module, try this statement in a Python interpreter
import sqlite3. If you get no import errors, you are all set.
Working with SQLite
Any module that lets you connect to a database exposes a few standard operations like creating and connecting to a database, adding a table, inserting rows, updating rows, fetching/selecting data, closing a connection, etc. In the remainder of this post, I’ll show you how to perform these operations with sqlite3.
To use the sqlite3 module a connection object has to be created. You can do that like this:
db_name can be any name you like. In case there is no database, one is created.
Once we have the connection object, a cursor object has to be created. The cursor object is the one that executes the SQL commands.
Now that we have a cursor object, we can begin executing SQL commands. Let’s try creating a table in a SQLite database, insert values from the Tutorial Page and later fetch a value from the table.
Create a table:
The
cursor_obj.execute("CREATE TABLE %s%s"%(table_name,tuple(table_header))) command creates a new table. The
connection_obj.commit() and
connection_obj.close()saves and closes the database.
Insert values into the table:
The
cursor_obj.execute("INSERT INTO %s VALUES (?,?,?,?)"%table_name,tuple(values)) is used to insert values into the table. A placeholder
(?) is used in the execute statements.Use
? as a placeholder wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values.It is preffered over the usual python string formatters. It helps you avoid SQL injection attacks. Once the table is created and the values are inserted into the table the
connection_obj.commit() command is used to save the changes and
connection_obj.close() is used to close the connection.
Fetch value form the table:
The execute statement
cursor_obj.execute("SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s=? "%(required_key,table_name,key),(value,)) searches through the table to find a value corresponding to the condition. The
fetchone() command is used to fetch a single value from the table whereas the
fetchall() can be used to fetch all the values from the table.
Putting it all together:
NOTE: To make this a class and reduce the repeated code, you can take a look at the example we have in our MongoDB tutorial
When you run this file your output would look like this,
There you have it, a getting started guide to the sqlite3 module in Python and a detailed example on how to implement it with tests.
If you liked this article, learn more about Qxf2’s testing services for startups.
References:
1. SQLite3- Official documentation : SQLite3
2. TutorialsPoint : SQLite Python Tutorial
3. Python Central: introduction-to-sqlite-in-python | https://qxf2.com/blog/sqlite-getting-started-guide/ | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 701 | 66.74 |
Building a report from a log file (or collection of log files) typically requires:
- A representation of the events I'm interested in
- A predicate for determining whether the line is an event (
String -> Bool)
- Converting the line into an event (
String -> Event)
- Folding the results into a single report (
[Event] -> Report)
In this example, I wanted to parse my dpkg logs (/var/log/dpkg.log) to see how many times I've upgraded packages on Ubuntu. Firstly I defined a type to represent an upgrade event:
type Package = String
data Upgrade = Upgrade { packageName :: Package
, updateTime :: UTCTime }
instance Show Upgrade where
show a = show (updateTime a) ++
":" ++ show (packageName a)
instance Show Upgradeis similar to
deriving Show, but allows you to customize how the object will be converted to a string.
Next step is to get a predicate and to parse the lines. I decided to combine these into one function and return
Maybe Upgradeto indicate success / failure. I used the Date.Time modules to parse the data and time. The parsing is terrible but suffices for now as I'm just trying to get an idea of where I need to generalize. Note to self read (and ideally understand!) Monadic Parsing Combinators [PDF] and associated Haskell module.
getTime :: String -> UTCTime
getTime = fromJust . parseTime defaultTimeLocale timeFormat
getPackageName :: String -> String
getPackageName = takeWhile (not . Char.isSpace)
-- Poor mans parsing.
parseLine :: String -> Maybe Upgrade
parseLine s
| isInfixOf " upgrade " s = Just
(Upgrade
(takeWhile (not . Char.isSpace) (drop 28 s))
(getTime (take 20 s)))
| otherwise = Nothing
All I need to do now is a combining action to perform with foldl. For this I've defined a report of type
Map Day [Package]which represents an association between a day and all the names of the packages updated on that day.
processFile :: FilePath -> IO([Upgrade])
processFile s = do
a <- readFile s
return (Maybe.mapMaybe parseLine (lines a))
type Report = Map Day [Package]
combine :: [Upgrade] -> Report
combine = foldl addToReport Map.empty
addToReport :: Report -> Upgrade -> Report
addToReport r p = Map.insert day packages r where
day = utctDay (updateTime p)
initVal = Map.findWithDefault [] day r
packages = packageName p:initVal
reportFile :: FilePath -> IO()
reportFile f = do
a <- processFile f
print (combine a)
return ()
Hurrah, so now I get output in the right format and I can see that I really shouldn't have added some of the Firefox 3.5 bleeding edge repositories to my Ubuntu upgrade paths. Upgrading Firefox (or Shiretoko) every few days is a bad thing. D'oh!
The next stage for me to understand is how I can generalize this. What I really want to develop next is a simple pluggable framework. It seems that I need to generalize at least the following bits:
- Parsing a line into a type T
- Combining [T] to produce a single report | http://www.fatvat.co.uk/2009/09/parsing-logs-with-haskell.html | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 461 | 54.22 |
digitalmars.D - dmd/src/dmd/arraytypes.h ?
- Gregor Richards <Richards codu.org> Apr 26 2006
- Walter Bright <newshound digitalmars.com> Apr 26 2006
I've been attempting to iteratively patch GDC up to DMD-154 (not sure if I actually can, but I can certainly try!), but I ran into an issue. At DMD-150, DMD apparently gained a file called arraytypes.h, but this file isn't included in the source archive. It's #included by several .c files. I'm fairly sure that it's supposed to be there (that is, it's a frontend file, etc), and it probably just wasn't added to some script. Long story short: Walter (or anyone else with access): Can you add dmd/arraytypes.h to the source as distributed in DMD? Or if I'm mistaken and it's not supposed to be included, explain briefly its purpose and interface? Thanks for any response! - Gregor Richards PS: I'm not positive that arraytypes.h is the only issue, but it blocked compilation and I didn't try to manually trace all dependencies, so I don't know what else might come up.
Apr 26 2006
Gregor Richards wrote:Long story short: Walter (or anyone else with access): Can you add dmd/arraytypes.h to the source as distributed in DMD? Or if I'm mistaken and it's not supposed to be included, explain briefly its purpose and interface?
Sure. Here it is, for now: ----------------------------// Copyright (c) 2006 by Digital Mars // All Rights Reserved // written by Walter Bright // // License for redistribution is by either the Artistic License // in artistic.txt, or the GNU General Public License in gnu.txt. // See the included readme.txt for details. #ifndef DMD_ARRAYTYPES_H #define DMD_ARRAYTYPES_H #ifdef __DMC__ #pragma once #endif /* __DMC__ */ #include "root.h" struct Expression; struct Statement; struct BaseClass; struct TemplateParameter; struct TemplateParameters : Array { }; struct Expressions : Array { }; struct Statements : Array { }; struct BaseClasses : Array { }; struct ClassDeclarations : Array { }; struct Dsymbols : Array { }; struct Objects : Array { }; #endif
Apr 26 2006 | http://www.digitalmars.com/d/archives/digitalmars/D/37097.html | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 332 | 58.28 |
The number of steps
Time Limit: 1000ms Memory limit: 65536K 有疑问？点这里^_^
题目描述
Mary stands in a strange maze, the maze looks like a triangle（the first layer have one room，the second layer have two rooms，the third layer have three rooms …）. Now she stands at the top point(the first layer), and the KEY of this maze is in the lowest layer’s leftmost room. Known that each room can only access to its left room and lower left and lower right rooms .If a room doesn’t have its left room, the probability of going to the lower left room and lower right room are a and b (a + b = 1 ). If a room only has it’s left room, the probability of going to the room is 1. If a room has its lower left, lower right rooms and its left room, the probability of going to each room are c, d, e (c + d + e = 1). Now , Mary wants to know how many steps she needs to reach the KEY. Dear friend, can you tell Mary the expected number of steps required to reach the KEY?
输入
输出
示例输入
3 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 0
示例输出
3.41
迷失在幽谷中的鸟儿，独自飞翔在这偌大的天地间，却不知自己该飞往何方…
#include <iostream> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> using namespace std; double dp[100][100]; int n; double a,b,c,d,e; int main() { while(cin>>n&&n) { cin>>a>>b>>c>>d>>e; memset(dp,0,sizeof(dp)); for(int i=2; i<=n; i++) dp[n][i]+=dp[n][i-1]+1;//处理最后一行 for(int i=n-1; i>=1; i--) //从倒数第二行开始处理 { dp[i][1]+=a*(dp[i+1][1]+1)+b*(dp[i+1][2]+1);//处理每一行的第一列 for(int j=2; j<=n; j++) dp[i][j]+=c*(dp[i+1][j]+1)+d*(dp[i+1][j+1]+1)+e*(dp[i][j-1]+1);//处理每一行的除了第一列以外的其它列 } printf("%.2lf\n",dp[1][1]); } return 0; } | https://blog.csdn.net/qq_28954601/article/details/51192989 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | refinedweb | 332 | 79.8 |
The structure of my package is given below
package_test main.py __init__.py folder_1 test_1.py __init__.py
The
main.py contains something
from folder_1.test_1 import params if __name__ == "__main__": ... ... X, y = dataset model = LASSO(**params) ...
I want to import
X, y to the
test_1.py file. The
test_1.py file contains
from package_test.main import X, y ... ... def func(): ... ... return param params = func()
I am running the program from the parent folder (from my desktop)
khali@akkas:~/Desktop$ python3 package_test/main.py --dataset=dataset1
But I am getting an error
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'package_test'
Could you tell me how can I solve this issue? | https://discuss.python.org/t/how-to-do-absolute-import-a-parent-folder-from-the-child-folder/9667 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 107 | 71.41 |
From: "Mark Evans" <lists at UltimateG.com> > David and Eric, > > I have little to add in a technical sense, except > > Compilers > > Comeau C++ can handle *very* advanced C++, and costs only $50. > One of the best C++ compilers available. Thanks, I have it already, but Greg's installation instructions are such a pain to deal with that I haven't had time to install it. Fortunately, the tru64 CXX Ralf is testing with is using the same EDG front-end, so it really doesn't matter if I set up Comeau here. > > Almost as good by a hair, FREE, but not quite Boost-capable yet; > will be once Walter gets the namespace support up to > the very latest STL standards (couple months?); can serve > as a fast back-end for Comeau. The virtue of DM is ultra > high compilation speed and code optimization. Comeau doesn't need a fast back-end. It needs a fast front end ;-) Anyway, I don't think I can invest in supporting a relatively unpopular compiler which doesn't support namespaces well. At least, not right now. ----------------------------------------------------------- David Abrahams * Boost Consulting dave at boost-consulting.com * | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2002-September/001770.html | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 191 | 73.37 |
7.2. Networks Using Blocks (VGG)¶
While AlexNet proved that deep convolutional neural networks can achieve good results, it didn’t offer a general template to guide subsequent researchers in designing new networks. In the following sections, we will introduce several heuristic concepts commonly used to design deep networks.
Progress in this field mirrors that in chip design where engineers went from placing transistors to logical elements to logic blocks. Similarly, the design of neural nework architectures had grown progressively more abstract, with researchers moving from thinking in terms of individual neurons to whole layers, and now to blocks, repeating patterns of layers.
The idea of using blocks first emerged from the Visual Geometry Group (VGG) at Oxford University. In their eponymously-named VGG network, It’s easy to implemented these repeated structures in code with any modern deep learning framework by using loops and subroutines.
7.2.1. VGG Blocks¶
The basic building block of classic convolutional networks is a sequence
of the following layers: (i) a convolutional layer (with padding to
maintain the resolution), (ii) a nonlinearity such as a ReLu, One VGG
block consistis of a sequence of convolutional layers, followed by a max
pooling layer for spatial downsampling. In the original VSS paper,
Simonyan and Ziserman, 2014
employed convolutions with \(3\times3\) kernels and
\(2 \times 2\) max pooling with stride of \(2\) (halving the
resolution after each block). In the code below, we define a function
called
vgg_block to implement one VGG block. The function takes two
arguments corresponding to the number of convolutional layers
num_convs and the number of output channels
num_channels.
import sys sys.path.insert(0, '..') import d2
7.2.2. VGG Network¶
Like AlexNet and LeNet, the VGG Network can be partitioned into two
parts: the first consiting mostly of convolutional and pooling layers
and a second consisting of fully-connected layers. The convolutional
portion of the net connects several
vgg_block modules in succession.
Below, the variable
conv_arch consists of a list of tuples (one per
block), where each contains two values: the number of convolutional
layers and the number of output channels, which are precisely the
arguments requires to call the
vgg_block function. The
fully-connected module is identical to that covered in AlexNet.
The original VGG network had 5 convolutional blocks, among which the first two have one convolutional layer each and the latter three contain two convolutional layers each. The first block has 64 output channels and each subsequent block doubles the number of output channels, until that number reaches \(512\). Since this network uses \(8\) convolutional layers and \(3\) fully-connected layers, it is often called VGG-11.
conv_arch = ((1, 64), (1, 128), (2, 256), (2, 512), (2, 512))
The following code implements VGG-11. This is a simple matter of
executing a for loop over
conv_arch. you can see, we halve height and width at each block, finally reaching a height and width of 7 before flattening the representations for processing by the fully-connected layer.
7.2.3. Model Training¶
Since VGG-11 is more computationally-heavy than AlexNet we construct a network with a smaller number of channels. This is more than sufficient for training on Fashion-MNIST.
ratio = 4 small_conv_arch = [(pair[0], pair[1] // ratio) for pair in conv_arch] net = vgg(small_conv_arch)
Apart from using a slightly larger learning rate, the model training process is similar to that of AlexNet in the last section.
lr, num_epochs, batch_size, ctx = 0.05, 5, 128, d2l.try_gpu() net.initialize 0.9825, train acc 0.648, test acc 0.855, time 37.8 sec epoch 2, loss 0.4106, train acc 0.850, test acc 0.878, time 36.2 sec epoch 3, loss 0.3355, train acc 0.878, test acc 0.888, time 36.2 sec epoch 4, loss 0.2940, train acc 0.893, test acc 0.905, time 36.2 sec epoch 5, loss 0.2642, train acc 0.904, test acc 0.910, time 36.4 sec
7.2.
7.2.5. Exercises. | https://www.d2l.ai/chapter_convolutional-modern/vgg.html | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 671 | 58.08 |
Tuesday, 9 April, at 23:43:
>On Mon, Apr 8, 2013 at 11:32 PM, Andrej N. Gritsenko <andrej@...> wrote:
>>?
Completely OK! Thank you very much!
>>>>.
Let's see. The ambiguous names are:
a) fm_thumbnail_result_cancel() - fm_thumbnail_loader_cancel() is nowhere
used;
b) fm_thumbnail_result_get_*() - fm_thumbnail_loader_get_*() are nowhere
used.
And the whole fm_thumbnail_loader_* namespace is used only in those
fm-thumbnail-loader.[hc] files and nowhere else, so there could be no
name clashes! And file name fm-thumbnail-loader.[hc] suggests it defines
namespaces fm_thumbnail_loader_* and FmThumbnailLoader*, isn't it?
?
I still prefer to have single unified fm_thumbnail_loader_* namespace
instead of two - fm_thumbnail_loader_* and fm_thumbnail_result_*. Also it
may be reasonable to change FmThumbnailResult into FmThumbnailLoader and
have namespaces unified to exclude any possible misunderstandings. Does
that look reasonable for you too?
With | https://sourceforge.net/p/pcmanfm/mailman/message/30703642/ | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 129 | 59.4 |
Capturing Human Intelligence - ApprovalTests is an open source assertion/verification library to aid unit testing.
It is compatible with JUnit 3, 4 & 5 and TestNG.
The jars can be used from JDK 1.7 on up until JDK 14.
Approval Tests can be used for verifying objects that require more than a simple assert. They also come prepackaged with utilities for some common java scenarios including
The best way to get started is download and open the Starter Project.
It is a maven project and can be imported into any editor.
It's on Maven Central, search for 'approvaltests'. If you're using Maven, add this to your pom file:
<dependency> <groupId>com.approvaltests</groupId> <artifactId>approvaltests</artifactId> <version>9.1.0</version> </dependency>
or download the jars from maven central repository
You can watch a bunch of short videos on getting started and using ApprovalTests in Java at youtube.
Note: There are a lot of videos about ApprovalTests in .Net They are equally useful for understanding the concepts despite being in a different programming language.
If you prefer auditory learning, you might enjoy the following podcast (Note: Some of these talk about the .net side)
ApprovalTests eats it own dogfood, so the best examples are in the source code itself.
None the less, Here's a quick look
public class SampleArrayTest { @Test public void testList() { String[] names = {"Llewellyn", "James", "Dan", "Jason", "Katrina"}; Arrays.sort(names); Approvals.verifyAll("", names); } }
Will Produce a File
SampleTest.TestList.received.txt
[0] = Dan [1] = James [2] = Jason [3] = Katrina [4] = Llewellyn
Simply rename this to SampleTest.testList.approved.txt and the test will now pass.
The
*.approved.* files must be checked into source your source control.
This can be an issue with git as it will change the line endings.
The suggested fix is to add
*.approved.* binary to your
.gitattributes
twitter: @LlewellynFalco or #ApprovalTests
The suggested way to contribute to ApprovalTests is to pair with Llewellyn
However, if you are set on forking please read these notes | https://www.programcreek.com/java-api-examples/?project_name=approvals%2FApprovalTests.Java | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 334 | 66.74 |
Pyalpm¶
Pyalpm is a Python module that provides native bindings libalpm to interact with Arch Linux package databases.
Contents:
Basic Usage¶
The easiest way to get access to a pacman database is by means of the handle object. To obtain a handle object, you need to initialize it with a rootdir parameter (i.e., the –root path parameter in pacman) and a database location (i.e., a –dbpath parameter):
from pyalpm import Handle handle = Handle(".", "/var/lib/pacman") localdb = handle.get_localdb()
The above code sample will provide you with a localdb object, that you can use to query, for example, package information:
coreutils = localdb.get_pkg("coreutils")
The call to get_pkg will provide you with the package passed as the name (in this case, “coreutils”), you can query information about the package using this reference.
print(coreutils.packager) # 'John Doe <johndoe@archlinux.org>' print(coreutils.licenses) # ['GPL3'] print(coreutils.version) # '8.30-1'
You can see what other properties belong to the package object by looking at the Package page.
A Handle object can also provide a sync database to you:
import pyalpm from pyalpm import Handle handle = Handle('.', '/var/lib/pacman/') core = handle.register_syncdb("core", pyalpm.SIG_DATABASE)
The parameters required in this case are a database name (“core”) and a flag to indicate the type of PGP level of verification that should be done on the database. You can read more about the second flag in the SIG section of this manual.
A syncdb is similar to a localdb (they are, in fact, both DB objects), but some minor differences such as the installed size being 0 (as the packages are not installed yet) and the download size of packages not being necessarilly 0 (as the packages may have not been downloaded yet).
You can use the syncdb to, for example, search for packages:
core.search("linux.*") # a bunch of packages with linux in their name linux = core.get_pkg("linux") print(linux.download_size) # around 70 megabytes | https://pyalpm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pyalpm/pyalpm.html | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 326 | 55.54 |
Building with Gatsby
24th Sepetember, 2018
As a freelance developer I have been in a fortunate position of having small but regular work but now with an aim to grow my business further I felt it was time to address the one thing that I lacked and that was my online presence; or lack of; when it came to my own website. It was also an opportunity to try new things, new ways of working and new frameworks and move away from ASP.NET MVC 4 that I had invested many hours with over for the past ten years and seen grow up from its initial conception way back in 2002.
I also had to dust off my design skills and reacquaint myself with prototyping software. This, like the development also saw me shift my skills away from Adobe Photoshop to use Adobe Illustrator and then at the latter stages Adobe XD.
Design process
I started the process of building my new site at the design and prototyping stage, although I have heard of great things with the Sketch app, this is currently only available for MacOS, so as a Windows user I decided to adopt Adobe Illustrator instead.
Using Adobe Illustrator I first designed the initial home page, creating separate artboards for each viewport size, this was easy to do, requiring me to copy across the elements from one artboard to the other and then adjusting the necessary components to work with the reduced width. I found this new prototyping and design process easier, more flexible and more efficient to use rather than the old days of using Adobe Photoshop. It also had the added advantage of having the various elements ready and waiting for export as SVG assets which all modern browsers now support.
With the home page designed I turned my attention designing the other pages that would make up the new website and this saw me shift away from using Adobe Illustrator, instead looking to use Adobe XD with its promise of going from concept to prototype faster. It’s an all-in-one UX/UI solution for designing websites, mobile apps, and more. It has a relatively easy learning curve which allowed me to quickly put together the other pages that I required. The design process for the other pages went incredibly fast and I feel moving forwards I will adopt Adobe XD from the beginning using Adobe Illustrator solely for asset creation.
Development stage
With the design stage now complete I turned my attention to the development, I knew I wanted to move away from using the Microsoft web architecture of ASP.NET and their Visual Studio IDE. Instead adopting Visual Studio Code which is a free open-source Microsoft developed source code editor for Windows, Linux and macOS. This has become a popular tool for web development due to its ease of use, extensive array of plugins and being cross platform.
With this as one of my requirements I had to choose what language and framework I would build my new site with. Having recently been reading up on the use of static site generators like Jekyll, Hugo and Gatsby and as my site wouldn’t be heavily dynamic I knew building my site with a framework like ASP.NET Core 2 would be overkill. As I would be responsible for content updates I could also take advantage of not requiring a content management system. However knowing that there are options available if this did become a requirement also helped me to commit to build my site with a static site generator. Static sites load pages and content much more quickly than dynamic sites, with dynamic sites needing multiple back and forth calls to a server in order to fully render. Furthermore displaying a web page, a static site by its very nature simply has to render static content requiring far fewer calls to a server as well as not requiring any server side code. This therefore is less overhead and a big gain in performance.
I quickly decided on using Gatsby () as my static site generator of choice as it employs some of the latest web technologies such as React to create static PWAs (progression web apps). It also utilises GraphQL at build time to retrieve data and content from data sources including Markdown documents and content management systems.
My first hurdle was getting to grips with a completely new way of developing a website, being both new to React and Gatsby but I quickly managed to get to grips with the core structure of a Gatsby site. After installing their command line interface it was an easy task to create, develop and build a site. I started from one of their minimal predefined templates but there is a growing number of templates to choose from including templates that will set up the core structure if using a CMS like Contentful. As Gatsby uses React I quickly found out that everything was built with components which took me a while to get my head around but now feels natural and allows for many benefits including React’s approach to DOM rendering. As an example, here’s a simple index page component that utilises a reusable Header and Footer.
import React from "react";
import Header from "../components/header";
import Footer from "../components/footer";
export default () => (
<div>
<Header className="Home Page">
<p>
<strong>Index page</strong>
</p>
</Header>
<p>Welcome to the index page and my GatsbyJS playground</p>
<Footer />
</div>
);
Challenge: JavaScript
My second hurdle to overcome was understanding how Gatsby and React handle client side JavaScript especially as a Gatsby site is a progressive single page web app. I found my initial prototype JavaScript either failed to load or was called in the wrong places. Working my way through both the Gatsby tutorial and their supporting documentation I quickly discovered the best way to integrate client side JavaScript was to embed it into a component. As an example my Google map script used to reference a separate JavaScript file but now the JavaScript code has been moved into a reusable Map React component reducing page load times.
With Gatsby fast becoming an enjoyable way to develop a website I turned by attention to two more new skills that I would require, GraphQL and Markdown. GraphQL was initially developed by Facebook but now publicly released and is a more efficient, powerful and flexible alternative to REST by allowing clients to define the structure of the data required. Markdown on the other hand is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax and is designed so that it can be converted to HTML or any other format. Using both GraphQL and Markdown allows the site to be content driven with pages being saved as a Markdown document and GraphQL used at build time to retrieve these documents and build out the necessary pages. As an example the GraphQL query to retrieve blog posts for the Blog index page can be seen below.
query blogPages {
allMarkdownRemark(
filter: { frontmatter: { layout: { eq: "Blog" } } }
sort: { fields: [frontmatter___date], order: DESC }) {
edges {
node {
frontmatter {
title
}
fields {
slug
}
excerpt(pruneLength: 500)
}
}
}
}
The GraphQL query above simply retrieves all Markdown documents, checks they are a blog post and not a portfolio case study by using a filter. It then orders the blog posts by date using a sort before retrieving the title, slug url and excerpt for display on the index page. As this is all done at build time to create static pages it eliminates the need for server side round trips meaning the site loads up faster and requiring far few resources.
With GraphQL used to query and fetch Markdown documents the final requirement was to write some content in Markdown. The Markdown syntax is user friendly and easy to learn, an example Markdown document is shown below and the syntax available at.
The one issue I faced with Markdown is the ability to tailor it to fit my page design, it worked great for the work page but I wanted a little more flexibility for a blog post as I wanted to separate images and code into their own containers. I decided for this first release to use a Markdown document for just the blog index page and then create a specific static page for each blog post if needed. I’m sure in time once I have more experience in both Gatsby, GraphQL and Markdown that I could achieve a fully flexible page design using just Markdown especially if used in conjuction with a content management system like Contentful.
Global deployment, continuous integration, and automatic HTTPS
With the development complete I turned my attention on hosting the site and had heard good things about Netlify especially when it came to continuous integration. As a newly converted user of the command line I was pleasantly surprised to see how easy it was to commit my changes to BitBucket and have these changes automatically published on the live site; no more need for ftp software. Netlify also simplifies HTTPS certificate generation by utilising Let’s Encrypt; all of that for free using their free tier.
In conclusion
With the design, development and hosting of my new site I now have skills in Adobe XD, Gatsby, Git, GraphQL, Markdown and Netlify. The build process for my site went incredibly fast and came together in as little as a month. I’m really excited with the future of using Gatsby as one of my new development frameworks and already plan to use it on my next project where it suits. | https://www.neilrudd.co.uk/building-with-gatsby/ | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 1,599 | 51.82 |
Programming on a UNIX environment generally involves the use of command line tools: vim/emacs, git, grep, sed, screen/tmux, and so on. What is really nice about these tools is that they do only one thing, but do it well. Now, what about people not wanting to learn shell commands? And sometimes (sometimes), graphical interfaces are more convenient.
An IDE is an integrated development environment. What people think about this “environment” is generally a bloated program (*cough* eclipse *cough*). But what if the environment is not one big application, but several small programs? The small programs can interact a little together through D-Bus, if needed.
Let’s take a few examples.
Specialized text editors
To have a good user experience, the text editor should be smart enough to know the language used (C, C++, Python, Vala, LaTeX, etc.) and implement features specifically for the language. A few examples:
- Code completion;
- Switching between the call of a function to its definition;
- Have an overview of the file (the list of functions, or the structure of a LaTeX document).
Having only one text editor for several types of tasks (C and LaTeX for instance) is not convenient. It works with vim or emacs, but at the cost of passing lots of time in the configuration files. If a graphical application have thousands of settings, we end up with something worse than eclipse. No, instead, there should be one text editor for each task. And one another general-purpose text editor that don’t include specialized features.
This is not just about settings. With a single text editor for all tasks, the UI must be generic enough for the plugins, but they will always be restrictions. On the other hand, with an independent application, the UI can be exactly what is needed: not too generic nor too restrictive.
The common features between all those specialized text editors can be shared in a library. A project is to make the gedit source code more reusable. It would have been a nice GSoC for me (see this draft proposal for more details), but instead I work on GtkSourceView, which is also nice.
git
Working on a git repository can be a bit difficult at the beginning. A graphical application that implements the basic features can be useful for some people. But it doesn’t need to be available in the same program as the text editor!
Creating a commit, navigating through the repository history, pull, push, changing branches, … have nothing to do in a text editor, in my opinion. There are some things that can be useful in the text editor though: if there is an integrated file browser, we can mark the modified/added/removed files. And in the margin of the text content, we can mark the modified sections.
Search and replace
The search and replace in a text editor can be limited at one file at a time. The search and replace entries can be shown in the top-right corner of the file, with a little button to show and hide the replace entry.
The search and replace in multiple files is another beast. Integrating it nicely in the text editor is a difficult task. Generally the developer choose a dialog window, because it is the best available option, but it partially hides the file contents…
Why not a small application that do only that? It would roughly select a directory, and search in all files in this directory. The text editor can have a menu item “Advanced search and replace” that would launch the small program with some parameters. The advantage of this small program is that the UI is really better, since it doesn’t have all the text editor features.
When we replace some text, sometimes we want to do small modifications afterwards. But normally, the specialized text editor features would not be needed in the small search and replace application.
The specialized text editors would already have features to edit several files at once. For example, when we change the name of a function, all the calls to the function can be renamed too, and adjusting automatically the indentation of the parameters (should be doable).
Conclusion
The general idea is to have small programs with a clean and simple UI, which don’t require lots of configuration, and that work well together. Ideally, they should Just Work™, like other GNOME applications.
The command line provides nothing that you asked for. have you ever tried KDevelop – that has excellent support for php , c++, c, python. plugin integration for git/cvs/svn, debugger integration, cmake/makefile projects.
Kile – that has excellent support for TeX family
or QtCreator, that has excellent support for C/C++?
If you are with the gtk family there’s Anjuta, but don’t be a Qt hater and try them, I know a bunch of ‘c++/kde’ haters that actually use KDevelop.
As a user, I use Vim to code in C, and LaTeXila for LaTeX. (LaTeXila is based on GtkSourceView, like gedit). And for all the rest: command line tools.
But I would like to have a great C/GObject (graphical or not) IDE: for the boilerplate, indenting correctly function prototypes and parameters with the GNOME conventions, etc.
It’s not really an IDE if there’s no graphical debugger!
I didn’t talk about the debugger, but it’s the same idea as for git: use another program. Nemiver for example (for a graphical debugger).
Nemiver is a nice start, but if I have to open my source code in more than one program that’s a deal breaker.
Agreed… the debugger needs to be closely tied to the editor, so you can trace through to find the problem, then edit it immediately from within the debug mode – particularly if you have some ability to hot-deploy your code changes.
While I prefer Emacs, your choice of calling Eclipse bloated is kind of misplaced. Eclipse is highly modular and it’s up to the user to make it bloated. If you think the default target platform is bloated you are free to put together a less bloated one if there are features you don’t use, that way they will not be loaded at all and will result in faster startup and smaller memory footprint. What version of eclipse you download from doesn’t really matter. Every one of them can become another one buy simply loading additional or fewer modules, it’s just that they come in one package preconfigured… one might argue that there could be one with even less features. is what you want to read up on… it’s a pretty nice design choice actuallt, even if it can become bloated if you decide to load half the world.
Eclipse is _one_ application doing lots of different things, with different modes, IIRC: editing mode, debugger mode, tutorial mode, etc. There is a plugin to use a VCS (svn, git), etc.
Here the idea is not to have one big application, but several smaller ones. The “Rich Client Platform” is just some reusable code. A git submodule or a library is the same.
Yep, just like different processes in an operating system communicating with each other via a well established API. The only difference is that the “outer shell” is a virtual machine instead of a non virtual one.
Also, to clear out the nomenclature a bit. What you refer to as ‘modes’ here are ‘plugins’ as well that you may decide not to load (or even have to have on your file system) with your own target platform. Even the project/file explorer on the side is a completely optional component just as nautilus and the KDE equivalent is optional in Linux, both probably considered bloat by tiling wm users. Everything you see except the window borders are ‘plugins’, or rather components. Bare bone ‘Eclipse’ is just an empty house, but then I guess it’s not really Eclipse any longer. I do agree that the default Eclipse will require a machine fit for a developer, but when you utilize the same feature set in separate processes, you’re likely to reach a similar total cpu/memory footprint. Personally however, I prefer as said Emacs, together with a nice terminal and small composable utilities, but I just have to stop pointless bashing of Eclipse / Java due to misunderstanding since it’s all too common.
No, instead, there should be one text editor for each task. And one another general-purpose text editor that don’t include specialized features.
Oh, hell, no. That’s a horrible idea, because you just know that every single one of those editors is going to behave slightly differently. It’s bad enough using non-core plugins on Eclipse, where you’ve no idea whether a given plugin is going to pay attention to the settings used by others – certain key bindings might not work in the Python editor, the Perl editor ignores the “show line numbers” setting used by every other editor, etc.
Really, I want a single editing component, that’s smart enough to adapt to the content I’m dealing with – including complex cases like a page of mixed PHP and HTML, with embedded javascript. I want to just do my job, without having to worry about inconsistent editor behaviour…
With only one text editor that can be used for all the tasks, the settings are more complicated. You will need a profile feature, for example, to have a profile for each task. A profile would contain all the common settings of the text editor (indentation style, text wrapping, right margin, plugins enabled, etc).
With separate applications for each task, we generally don’t need a profile feature. But all applications would behave similarly, because they would use the same libraries (GtkSourceView, libgedit).
Currently gedit is a general-purpose text editor, with small plugins for various tasks, but also with big plugins that transform gedit as an IDE. The gedit UI must be generic enough for the plugins, but they will always be restrictions. With an independent application, the UI can be exactly what is needed: not too generic nor too restrictive.
I don’t want all the applications to behave “similarly” – I want them to behave absolutely 100% identically, except to the extent that variation is required for different content. To that end, what you refer to as a profile is exactly what I want – a single editor, with some sort of extension mechanism to provide additional behaviour appropriate to the current content.
Again, I repeat the example of mixed content. I don’t want separate HTML and Javascript editors – I often have both in the same file, so I want a single editor that’s smart enough to provide HTML assistance when I’m in the HTML sections, and Javascript assistance when in the Javascript sections. And that’s the simplified version, because the HTML page might actually be a JSP or PHP page, or some other kind of templating framework, requiring awareness not only of the local content, but also of functions and data structures in other files in yet other languages.
Now, I’m not saying this is all possible in any current IDE – but to work productively, I want it to come as close as possible (Eclipse does a reasonable job of mixed-content support, for its standard languages at least). But your proposal is going in very much the opposite direction…
A specialized text editor can support multiple languages, if they are used together. It is one “task”. Writing a LaTeX document is one task, writing a web site in PHP/HTML/JavaScript is another task. I don’t want to use the same application for both tasks.
Generally one task = one language. But for web development, this isn’t the case.
Actually, XML editing would be the best example. I want consistent behaviour for all XML content, regardless of what that content is. But I also need some adaptation to the content – providing autocompletion and validation based on a declared namespace if one exists, but also recognising when the document is something more than just generic content – e.g an Ant build file, with no standard namespace, but behaviour that can be inferred from integration with Ant, or a JSF page where the value of attributes can be autocompleted and validated against Java code – and providing fast navigation from #{object.property} in the XML to the getProperty() method in a Java file. Bonus points if it’s smart enough to cope with the method actually being in a JVM language other than Java (Groovy, Scala, etc).
This is all basic functionality for an IDE like Eclipse, even if it breaks down a little with additional language plugins that don’t integrate as well. Separating those components further could only be a backward step for me…
There can be some interaction between two applications, through D-Bus for example. If the interactions become too complex, it’s better to integrate the two features in the same application.
If you often use language B when you use language A, it makes sense to support both languages in the same text editor. It is just one “task”.
My blog post was just some thoughts. I’m sure it doesn’t work for all tasks. But I think it’s better to have different text editors for completely different languages (e.g. LaTeX and C).
Sure… I just wanted to emphasize that while separate applications might be the traditional UNIX way, it’s not always the better way.
The downside to building things out of loosely coupled components is that it’s often hard to get a good user experience. The limits on integration quickly become obvious to their user – that their XML editor has no awareness that the content is anything more than just XML tags, that their HTML editor is of no help in writing an onclick() handler because that’s the javascript editor’s job.
So you are looking for a non-integrated Integrated Development Environment? Sorry, but you do sound a lot like a vim/emacs user that never worked with an IDE! Vim is *not* an IDE, neither is Emacs. Those are just really powerful text editors.
I want to search for occurences of symbols, not strings of letters! I want to rename a certain variable ‘i’, and do not want to replace all the letters ‘i’ found in one directory. To do this you need to understand the code, which is the feature that distinguishes an IDE from a text editor.
All editors need access to that code model to do proper syntax highlighting, refactoring features (e.g. rename this variable), etc. That is why editors tend to be built into an IDE: To get all the information from the code model. Or would you want to transport all the data over dbus?
You should really try using an IDE for a while: It is soooo much nicer than using any text editor!
In the blog post, I’ve given examples about what you describe, that’s why I use the term “specialized text editor”.
You didn’t understand the point of the blog post: the “environment” of an IDE can be something different than a bloated application. It can be several smaller applications communicating through D-Bus. I think this way can be worth exploring, and there are already small applications in GNOME for various programming tasks: gedit, Nemiver and gitg, for examples. They currently don’t communicate together AFAIK, but it would be possible with D-Bus.
The thing is, what an IDE provides is a lot more than just “specialised text editors” – it provides a bunch of well-integrated tools.
For whatever languages you’re using, you’ve got a good editor that’s not just syntax-aware, but hooked into the build system – so it knows what libraries and functions you’ve got access to for the purposes of autocomplete, interactive compile-checking, powerful refactoring tools. The same “editor” is used in the debugger, so you can trace through to find the problem and fix it in the same editor window, maybe even hot-deploying it without restarting the application. And that editor’s also used to integrate with the version-control system, so you can do syntax-aware comparisons, and when resolving merge conflicts, you’ve got all the same benefits of the editor, telling you whether your code compiles or not. Running unit-tests is integrated. Getting code-coverage reports is integrated.
This really is a big deal in terms of developing productively…
You are talking about some tools that work (mostly) independent and can share some state via DBus. This implies that you have a background using vim, emacs or a similar primitive tool. Nobody else reduces an IDE to an “editor, VCS and debugger all rolled into one”:-)
What makes an IDE is that a code model that allows it to *understand* the code you write. The code model tends to be a rather biggish (oven more that 1GiB, sometimes significantly more) and complex data structure.
The integration part of the IDE comes (largely) from everything using this data: Text editors use it to do syntax highlighting, suggest methods and variables, etc. That is way better than what e.g. gedit does or any stand-alone text editor: Those tend to be based on very limited understanding of the code, most of the time using regexps, sometimes together with ctags or similar techniques.
The code model allows for advanced things like refactoring code: Renaming of variables, moving functions from one file to another (adjusting #includes while doing that), etc.
Some things like version control can indeed be “bolted on”, but e.g. in Qt Creator even the text editor for commits is connected to the code model (autocompletion of class names, etc.).
To repeat: In my book an IDE is made up of a set of tools that share one code model and work on it. Since the code model is a big and complex data structure it does not lend itself for sharing via DBus. That makes your suggestion impractical in my understanding.
DBus also adds complexity: You need to write a DBus spec and keep a whole lot of (standalone) apps up to that spec. That is a whole lot more complicated than writing a monolithic IDE… the monolithic Linux kernel is already here, while the more “distributed” Gnu Hurd is still a while off. I am pretty sure classic IDEs would run similar circles around your DBus-IDE.
PS: How is a set of stand-alone applications less bloated than one application with plugins, assuming both provide the same functionality? | https://blogs.gnome.org/swilmet/2013/07/03/developing-graphical-ides-the-unix-way/ | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | refinedweb | 3,130 | 60.85 |
Natural language processing - often abbreviated NLP - is the field of machine learning focused on writing code that allows computers to understand natural human language.
NLP combines linguistics, computer programming, and machine learning helps computers read and understand human language.
In this tutorial, you will learn how to build natural language processing models in Python. You’ll also learn how to perform text preprocessing in Python, and why preprocessing is such an important part of natural language processing.
Table of Contents
You can skip to a specific section of Python natural language processing tutorial using the table of contents below:
- Install The Python Natural Language Toolkit
- The Identifier and Data Set We Will Use In This Tutorial
- Examining Our Data Set
- The Libraries You Will Need In This Tutorial
- Exploratory Data Analysis
- Text Preprocessing for Natural Language Processing Models
- Removing Punctuation
- Removing Stop Words
- Performing Text Preprocessing On A Sample Message
- Building A Text Preprocessing Function
- Tokenizing Our Data Set
- Vectorizing The Data Set
- Testing Our Bag Of Words Transformation
- Building A Bag Of Words Matrix
- Normalizing the Frequency and Unit Length of the Bag Of Words Matrix
- Building our TF-IDF Matrix
- Training Our Natural Language Processing Model
- Making Predictions With Our Natural Language Processing Model
- Splitting Our Data Into Training Data and Test Data
- Building Our Data Pipeline
- Training Our Data Pipeline
- Making Predictions With Our Data Pipeline
- Measuring The Performance Of Our Data Pipeline
- The Full Code For This Tutorial
- Final Thoughts
Install The Python Natural Language Toolkit
Unlike the other Python packages we have used so far in this course, the Natural Language Toolkit does not come installed by default.
If you installed Python using the Anaconda distribution, you can install the Natural Language Toolkit with the following command in your terminal:
conda install nltk
If you installed Python using
pip or another tool, you can install
nltk with the following command in your terminal:
pip install nltk
With that out of the way, let’s continue building our natural language processing model.
The Identifier and Data Set We Will Use In This Tutorial
This tutorial will use natural language processing to build a spam filter. To do this, we will be using the
stopwords identifier that is included with the
nltk library.
To start, open up a Jupyter Notebook. You’ll want to first import the
nltk library into your Jupyter Notebook with the following command:
import nltk
Next, you will want to trigger the
nltk download shell with the following statement:
nltk.download_shell()
This will trigger an interactive shell environment that looks like this:
In this shell you will need to type
d then
Enter to specify that you’re downloading a package.
From there, type in the
stopwords identifier for the corpus that we are trying to download, and hit
Enter again.
Pressing
q and
Enter once this is completed will close the interactive
nltk shell.
Here is an image of what this should look like when you are done:
Our identifier has been imported. Our next step is to import our data set.
The data set we’ll be using is the SMS Spam Collection Data Set made available from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. This data set is a collection of 5,574 SMS messages that have tagged as being either legitimate or spam.
The first step of importing this data set is downloading the file that contains the data. Click here to download it as a zip file. You’ll want to click on the zip file after it downloads to decompress the actual file - which is called
SMSSpamCollection.
Next, move this
SMSSpamCollection file into the same folder as your Jupyter Notebook.
Lastly, run the following command:
data = [line.rstrip() for line in open('SMSSpamCollection')]
This will create a Python list where every item in the list is a different SMS message form the SMS Spam Collection Data Set.
Examining Our Data Set
We now have a Python list named
data that contains more than 5000 text messages.
Let’s examining the text message with index
10 by using the
data[10] command. It generates:
"ham\tI'm gonna be home soon and i don't want to talk about this stuff anymore tonight, k? I've cried enough today."
This message starts with
ham to indicate that it is not a spam message. In case you’re not familiar, spam and ham and often used as opposites of each other.
Next the message contains
\t, which implies a tab. The contents of the actual text message round out the remainder of the list item.
These tab separators indicate that our data set is stored inside of a tab-separated value file. This means that it is easy to read the data set into a pandas DataFrame!
Before that, though, we’ll need to import various libraries we’ll need in our script. Let’s handle that next.
The Libraries You Will Need In This Tutorial
This tutorial will make use of a number of open-source Python libraries, including NumPy and pandas.
Here is a general suite of imports you should run before proceeding through the remainder of this article:
import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns %matplotlib inline
Now that we’ve imported our data libraries, we can now reconfigure the SMS Spam Collection Data Set into a pandas DataFrame in our Python script.
You can do this using the following statement:
data_frame = pd.read_csv('SMSSpamCollection', sep = '\t', names = ['type', 'message'])
Let’s now explore the data set by performing some exploratory data analysis.
Exploratory Data Analysis
Exploratory data analysis is the process of learning about a data set by calculating summary statistics and creating data visualizations.
It is an important part of any machine learning process.
Let’s learn more about the SMS Spam Collection Data Set by using some basic exploratory data analysis techniques.
Counting the Unique Messages In The Data Set
Running the
describe method on our pandas DataFrame will generate the following output:
The
describe method is an excellent tool for learning more about a data set.
In this case, the most interesting takeaway from using the describe method is that the number of unique messages in the data set is smaller than the number of total messages in the data set. This implies that there are duplicate messages - likely basic messages like
Yes and
No.
Examining The Differences Between
ham and
spam Messages
We can combine the pandas
groupby method with the
describe method to get a sense of the differences between the
ham and
spam categories. Here’s what happens when you do this:
As you can see, the most common
ham message is
Sorry, I'll call later. The most common
spam message starts with
Please call our customer service representative.
We now have a basic sense of the structure of the data within our SMS Spam Collection Data Set. Let’s move on to selection the features for our machine learning algorithm in the next section.
Feature Engineering & Visualizing Message Length
Feature engineering - which is the process of deciding which factors to use in training your model - is an extremely important part of building natural language processing models.
The better you understand your data set, the more likely you are to be equipped to select its best features.
To start, let’s add a new column to our DataFrame that contains the length of each text message in the data set:
data_frame['message length'] = data_frame['message'].apply(len)
Now that we have data on the length of each message, we can generate a plot of the distribution of message lengths using
seaborn with the following statement:
sns.distplot(data_frame['message length'])
This generates the following data visualization:
This data set seems to be bimodal in nature, which means it has two peaks when presented in a histogram. This might suggest that there are two
average points - one for
spam messages and one for
ham messages!
Let’s investigate this by creating separate subplots for both
spam and
ham messages:
data_frame.hist(column='message length', by='type', figsize=(13,5))
This generates:
While this image is far from the most aesthetically appealing visualization we have created in this course, it does show that the two data sets have meaningfully different distributions of message length.
More specifically ,spam messages ten to be longer (they have a higher mean) and ham messages have far more dispersion.
Text Preprocessing for Natural Language Processing Models
Since the data set we are working with in this tutorial comes in the form of strings, then the classification algorithms that we have used so far in this course (like logistic regression or k-nearest neighbors) cannot be used right away.
We need to perform a process called
text preprocessing to address this.
Removing Punctuation
Text preprocessing allows you to transform text into numerical formats. More specifically, we often transform documents in a corpus into a bag of words, just like we did with
black dog and
brown dog earlier in this course!
One of the first steps of text preprocessing is to remove punctuation - like
!,
., or
? - from every document in our corpus.
To do this, we will be relying on Python’s
string library. Import this library into your script with the following statement:
import string
This
string library contains a Python string called
string.punctuation which lists every character that is considered to be punctuation. Here’s the string:
!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>[email protected][\\]^_`{|}~
We’ll use this
string.punctuation object shortly to remove these punctuation characters from every document in our corpus.-
Removing Stop Words
Another important step of text preprocessing is the removal of
stop words, which are non-meaningful words like
the or
a. The
stopwords identifier that we imported from the
nltk library earlier in this tutorial will be very useful for this.
We’ll need to start our stop words removal process by importing the
stopwords object from
nltk.corpus with the following statement:
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
This
stopwords object that we’ve just imported is a Python class instance. It is not yet an actual list of stopwords.
We must call the
words method on this object and pass in our desired language to get a list of stopwords, like this:
stopwords_list = stopwords.words('english')
This new
stopwords_list variable is a Python list where each element in the list is a string that is considered to be a stop word.
Performing Text Preprocessing On A Sample Message
Let’s now perform our first two text preprocessing techniques - the removal of punctuation and stop words - on a sample message.
Here’s the message we’ll be using:
sample_message = 'This is a sample message! It has punctuation...will we be able to remove it?'
First, let’s remove its punctuation. We’ll use Python list comprehension combined with the
join method to do this.
Here’s the full statement:
message_without_punctuation = ''.join([char for char in sample_message if char not in string.punctuation])
This new
message_without_punctuation variable now stores the following value:
'This is a sample message It has punctuation will we be able to remove it'
As you can see, we have successfully removed punctuation from our sample message. Let’s use a similar technique to remove stop words from the message;
cleaned_message = ' '.join([word for word in message_without_punctuation.split() if word.lower() not in stopwords_list])
This
cleaned_message variable now stores the following string:
'sample message punctuation able remove'
This string has been cleaned of both punctuation and stop words.
Let’s now formalize all of this logic into a Python function. We can then apply the function to every document in our SMS Spam Collection Data Set.
Building A Text Preprocessing Function
Let’s begin by creating an empty function named
preprocessor that accepts a string named
def preprocessor(message):
Next let’s write a useful docstring that explains the functionality of
preprocessor:
def preprocessor(message): """ This function accepts a SMS message and performs two main actions: 1. Removes punctuation from the SMS message 2. Removes stop words (defined by the nltk library) from the SMS message The function returns a Python list. """
Now let’s add the punctuation and stop words removal functionality that we explored in the last section:')]
Now that the function has been defined, let’s test the
preprocessor function on our
sample_message by running the following statement:
preprocessor(sample_message)
This returns:
['sample', 'message', 'punctuation', 'able', 'remove']
It looks like our
preprocessor function is working as intended! We can now move on to applying this function to every document in our corpus.
Tokenizing Our Data Set
The action of applying a preprocessing algorithm to every document in a corpus is sometimes called
tokenizing. In this section, we will tokenize the SMS messages inthe SMS Spam Collection Data Set.
To do this, we will use Python’s
apply method. Here’s the statement to do this:
data_frame['message'] = data_frame['message'].apply(preprocessor)
Note that given the size of the data set and the complexity of this function, this statement may take several seconds to complete in your Jupyter Notebook.
This tokenization step is actually included in the model we’ll be using to create our bags of words later on in this tutorial, so you’ll want to comment out this step and re-import your data set.
Said differently, this step was presented only to help you better understand what’s happening under the hood in this natural language processing machine learning model.
Vectorizing The Data Set
The next step in our text preprocessing is to
vectorize the data set, which is a fancy term that simply means transforming each message in the dataset into a bag of words.
We’ll do this in three steps:
- Counting the number of times that each words appears in each method
- Normalizing the frequency so that more frequent words get lower relative weight (this is called inverse document frequency)
- Normalize the vectors to their unit length, which will allows us to compare messages with different numbers of characters in them
We will be using
scikit-learn’s
CountVectorizer model to do this. This model converts documents within a corpus to a matrix of token counts. Note that since there are so many text messages in our data set and peoples’ vocabularies are highly varied, there will be many entries of
0 in the token count matrix.
Let’s begin by importing the
CountVectorizer model:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
Next, let’s create an instance of the
CountVectorizer class and call it
bag_of_words_builder.
The
CountVectorizer model takes in a number of arguments, but we can simplify our bag of words creation greatly by just passing in the argument
analyzer = preprocessor, which tells the model to create the bags of words based on the
preprocessor function we created earlier.
Lastly, we will call the
fit method on this model and pass in the pandas Series
data_frame['message'].
Here is the full statement:
bag_of_words_builder = CountVectorizer(analyzer = preprocessor).fit(data_frame['message'])
Let’s see how many words are in our bag of words with the following statement:
len(bag_of_words_builder.vocabulary_)
This returns
11427, which is the number of unique words in our corpus.
Testing Our Bag Of Words Transformation
Let’s test our bag of words transformation by applying it to the first message in the data set. To do this, first grab the first message and assign it to a variable called
first_message:
first_message = data_frame['message'][0]
Next, you should call the
transform method on the
bag_of_words_builder model and pass in
first_message within an array, like this:
first_bag_of_words = bag_of_words_builder.transform([first_message])
We have successfully created our first bag of words! Printing this object reveals that it looks like this:
(0, 1111) 1 (0, 1484) 1 (0, 2061) 1 (0, 4654) 1 (0, 5218) 1 (0, 5219) 1 (0, 5770) 1 (0, 6218) 1 (0, 6907) 1 (0, 6938) 1 (0, 7556) 1 (0, 7669) 1 (0, 8338) 1 (0, 8919) 1 (0, 10967) 1 (0, 11165) 1
Each entry corresponds to a word, and the number beside it shows how many times that word appears in the message. The fact that every entry in this bag of words is
1 shows that there are no duplicated words in this SMS message.
To see which words correspond to each numerical index, call the
bag_of_words_builder.get_feature_names method and pass in the index you’re curious about.
For example, the last word in this bag of words has index
11165. You can print the corresponding word with the following statement:
print(bag_of_words_builder.get_feature_names()[11165])
This prints
world, which is indeed in the SMS message. Nice!
Building A Bag Of Words Matrix
Let’s now apply the
transform method to every message in our data set to create a matrix that contains a bag of words for every message in the data set.
bag_of_words_matrix = bag_of_words_builder.transform(data_frame['message'])
This command is fairly computationally intensive, so it may take some time to run to completion.
Normalizing the Frequency and Unit Length of the Bag Of Words Matrix
We will now normalize the frequency and unit length of each bag of words within our bag of words matrix using the TD-IDF methods described in our last section.
To do this, we will be relying on the
TfidfTransformer class available from
scikit-learn. Let’s start by importing it:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfTransformer
Now let’s create an instance of this class and fit it to our bag of words matrix:
tfidf_builder = TfidfTransformer().fit(bag_of_words_matrix)
Now let’s see what happens when we use this TF-IDF model to transform the bag of words generated from the first message in our data set.
first_message_tfidf = tfidf_builder.transform(first_bag_of_words)
Printing this
first_message_tfidf variable generates the following output:
(0, 11165) 0.23026685592418913 (0, 10967) 0.19073428545061483 (0, 8919) 0.24704652376837993 (0, 8338) 0.17046869292195632 (0, 7669) 0.26403384065473806 (0, 7556) 0.31253856260694546 (0, 6938) 0.1834692413608692 (0, 6907) 0.15158474664662352 (0, 6218) 0.18915557732842803 (0, 5770) 0.24984711892976424 (0, 5219) 0.26870593862526665 (0, 5218) 0.29835184088197164 (0, 4654) 0.31253856260694546 (0, 2061) 0.24203960256420656 (0, 1484) 0.31253856260694546 (0, 1111) 0.2882862016308418
These numbers can be interpreted as the relative weight of each word (represented as its bag of word index) relative to all the documents in the corpus.
Building our TF-IDF Matrix
Using techniques similar to those used in the last section, we will now calculate TF-IDF values for every message in our bag of words matrix.
Here is the statement to do this:
tfidf_matrix = tfidf_builder.transform(bag_of_words_matrix)
After about 2500 words of text preprocessing, we are now ready to finally start training our natural language processing model! This shows the importance of data cleaning compared to the actual machine learning techniques used in the field of natural language processing.
Training Our Natural Language Processing Model
For reasons that are outside the scope of this tutorial, it makes sense to use a multinomial naive Bayes’ Theorem model to train our natural language processing model.
To start, we will want to import this model class from
scikit-learn with the following command:
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
Now let’s create an instance of this model and fit it to our
tfidf_matrix variable. You will also want to pass in the labels front he original data set, which are stored in the pandas Series
data_frame['type']:
spam_detector = MultinomialNB().fit(tfidf_matrix, data_frame['type'])
Making Predictions With Our Natural Language Processing Model
Let’s now use our natural language processing model to make predictions about whether an SMS message qualifies as
spam or
ham. More specifically, let’s make a prediction about whether the first message in the data set is
spam or
ham.
We can do this by passing in the TF-IDF value for the message into a
predict method called on the
spam_detector object we just created, like this:
spam_detector.predict(first_message_tfidf)[0]
This returns
ham, which shows that the message we’re examining is not spam.
You may have noticed that so far, we have not split our data set into training data and test data. The reason for this is that I wanted you to have a thorough understanding of natural language processing techniques before adding in this important step.
The rest of this tutorial will focus on how to train and test a formal natural language processing model using training data and test data.
Splitting Our Data Into Training Data and Test Data
Just like we did in our machine learning tutorial, we will now split our data set into test data and training data.
We’ll use
scikit-learn’s
train_test_split method to do this. Let’s start by importing it:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
Next, we can create our training data and test data with the following statement:
x_training_data, x_test_data, y_training_data, y_test_data = train_test_split(data_frame['message'], data_frame['type'], test_size = 0.3)
Now that we have divided our data, we have two choices:
- Perform the same text preprocessing techniques on each of the data splits
- Use
scikit-learn’s data pipeline feature
We will be using the second choice in this tutorial.
Building Our Data Pipeline
A data pipeline allows us to perform numerous steps on a data set with very little complexity. This will make more sense as we build our data pipeline in this section.
To start, we will need to import the
Pipeline class from
scikit-learn:
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
We’ll need to create an instance of this
Pipeline object next. Let’s give it the creative name of
pipeline:
pipeline = Pipeline()
This
pipeline variable will hold our data pipeline, which is a list of tuples where each tuple is a transformation that should be made on the data set. Let’s start by adding an empty list inside of the
Pipeline class declaration:
pipeline = Pipeline([])
Now we can add our first tuple.
Each tuple within a data pipeline has two elements:
- The name of the step within the data pipeline
- The operation that should be performed on each data point for that step of the pipeline
Our first step will be to use the
CountVectorizer(analyzer=preprocessor) model on each element. We will call this step
create_bow, since it’s purpose is to create a bag of words. Here’s what this tuple looks like:
('create_bow', CountVectorizer(analyzer=preprocessor))
And here’s what this tuple looks like when nested inside of the data pipeline:
pipeline = Pipeline([ ('create_bow', CountVectorizer(analyzer=preprocessor)) ])
Similarly, here’s how we can create tuples to calculate our TD-IDF matrix and calculate our predictions using the multinational Bayes’ Theorem model:
pipeline = Pipeline([ ('create_bow', CountVectorizer(analyzer=preprocessor)), ('calculate_tfidf', TfidfTransformer()), ('make_prediction', MultinomialNB()) ])
Our data pipeline is done!
This data pipeline behaves similarly to the other machine learning models we have explored in this course. We need to train it on our training data then we can use it to make predictions on our test data and verify its performance using a
classification_report and a
confusion_matrix.
Training Our Data Pipeline
Let’s train our data pipeline. To do this, call the
fit method on it and pass in our
x_training_data and
y_training_data variables, like this:
pipeline.fit(x_training_data, y_training_data)
Making Predictions With Our Data Pipeline
Making predictions on our test data with our data pipeline is very straightforward.
Call the
predict method on the
pipeline object and pass in
x_test_data:
predictions = pipeline.predict(x_test_data)
Measuring The Performance Of Our Data Pipeline
We’ll measure the performance of our data pipeline in a similar way that we measured the performance of our other classification algorithms earlier in this course: by using the
classification_report and
confusion_matrix functions.
Let’s start by importing both of these functions:
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
Now let’s generate a
classification_report:
classification_report(y_test_data, predictions)
This generates:
precision recall f1-score support ham 0.95 1.00 0.98 1436 spam 1.00 0.69 0.82 236 accuracy 0.96 1672 macro avg 0.98 0.85 0.90 1672 weighted avg 0.96 0.96 0.95 1672
As you can tell from this
classification_report, this model performs very well on the test data. Its precision is high for both
Now let’s generate a
confusion_matrix:
confusion_matrix(y_test_data, predictions)
This generates:
array([[1436, 0], [ 73, 163]])
Again, this matrix shows good performance. Of special importance is the complete lack of any false positives in the test data’s predictions.
The Full Code For This Tutorial
You can view the full code for this tutorial in this GitHub repository. It is also pasted below for your reference:
#Import the stopwords identifier import nltk nltk.download_shell() #Import the data set data = [line.rstrip() for line in open('SMSSpamCollection')] #Run our data imports import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns %matplotlib inline #Create our DataFrame data_frame = pd.read_csv('SMSSpamCollection', sep = '\t', names = ['type', 'message']) #Exploratory Data Analysis data_frame.describe() data_frame.groupby('type').describe() data_frame['message length'] = data_frame['message'].apply(len) sns.distplot(data_frame['message length']) data_frame.hist(column='message length', by='type', figsize=(13,5)) #Text preprocessing import string from nltk.corpus import stopwords stopwords_list = stopwords.words('english') #Example of text preprocessing sample_message = 'This is a sample message! It has punctuation... will we be able to remove it?' message_without_punctuation = ''.join([char for char in sample_message if char not in string.punctuation]) cleaned_message = ' '.join([word for word in message_without_punctuation.split() if word.lower() not in stopwords_list]) #Building a text preprocessing function')] #Testing the function preprocessor(sample_message) #Tokenizing the data set # data_frame['message'] = data_frame['message'].apply(preprocessor) #Vectorizing the data set from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer bag_of_words_builder = CountVectorizer(analyzer = preprocessor).fit(data_frame['message']) len(bag_of_words_builder.vocabulary_) #Testing our bag of words transformation first_message = data_frame['message'][0] # print(first_message) first_bag_of_words = bag_of_words_builder.transform([first_message]) # print(first_bag_of_words) # print(bag_of_words_builder.get_feature_names()[11165]) #Creating a bag of words matrix bag_of_words_matrix = bag_of_words_builder.transform(data_frame['message']) #Importing the TD-IDF class from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfTransformer #Calculating a TF-IDF value tfidf_builder = TfidfTransformer().fit(bag_of_words_matrix) first_message_tfidf = tfidf_builder.transform(first_bag_of_words) # print(first_message_tfidf) #Building the TF-IDF matrix tfidf_matrix = tfidf_builder.transform(bag_of_words_matrix) #Import the multinomial naive bayes theorem class from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB #Training the model spam_detector = MultinomialNB().fit(tfidf_matrix, data_frame['type']) #Making predictions print("THE PREDICTION:" + spam_detector.predict(first_message_tfidf)[0]) #Splitting our data into training data and test data from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_training_data, x_test_data, y_training_data, y_test_data = train_test_split(data_frame['message'], data_frame['type'], test_size = 0.3) #Build our data pipeline from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline pipeline = Pipeline([ ('create_bow', CountVectorizer(analyzer=preprocessor)), ('calculate_tfidf', TfidfTransformer()), ('make_prediction', MultinomialNB()) ]) #Fit the pipeline and make predictions pipeline.fit(x_training_data, y_training_data) predictions = pipeline.predict(x_test_data) #Measure the performance of our natural language processing algorithm from sklearn.metrics import classification_report from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix classification_report(y_test_data, predictions) confusion_matrix(y_test_data, predictions)
Final Thoughts
In this tutorial, you learned how to build natural language processing models in Python.
Here is a brief summary of what you learned:
- How to install
nltkon your local machine and import it into your Python script
- How to use the
download_shell()method to download the
stopwordsidentifier
- Learned about the importance of feature engineering and how to use exploratory data analysis to identify possible features (like
message length) in a data set
- How to perform text preprocessing for a natural language processing model, including the process required to create a bag of words for each message in the SMS Spam Detection Data Set
- How to calculate TD-IDF scores
- How to build a data pipeline and make predictions with it | https://nickmccullum.com/python-machine-learning/natural-language-processing-python/ | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 4,601 | 53.1 |
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