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text stringlengths 454 608k	url stringlengths 17 896	dump stringclasses 91 values	source stringclasses 1 value	word_count int64 101 114k	flesch_reading_ease float64 50 104
100th PyMOTW · 1 min read This week’s article on pydoc article on pydoc is the 100th PyMOTW episode. Whew! To coincide with the coverage of pydoc, I have also enhanced the command line script motw that shows the module of the week article for a given module. The plain text output is now generated using the docutils rst-to-text converter (instead of using the rst source as plain text). The pydoc pager is used to display the text, so long articles no longer scroll off of the screen right away. There is also a motw() function available as a built-in after you import PyMOTW. That means you can use motw(module_name) from within the interactive interpreter just like from the command line. Enjoy!	https://doughellmann.com/posts/100th-pymotw/	CC-MAIN-2021-10	refinedweb	126	67.89
On Jun 27, 2006, at 3:25 PM, Jason Dillon wrote: > Can someone briefly explain what the point of CAR files are? > > They appears to be compiled plan.xml or something... but why do we > need this? Why not deploy the plan.xml and then let any processing > happen inside of the server... and eliminate the need for any build- > tiime custom CAR mucky muck? I'm not real enthusiastic about debating this at length right now, but I strongly object to removing the concept of car files. I'm not thrilled with replaicing the seriailzed gbean content with xml but don't object. I do object to requiring any builders to be running in a server in order to start any modules. The idea behind car files is to convert any kind of input configuration info into a basic format that requires no thought to load and run. Starting with the plan.xml at runtime will require making sure somehow that any builders needed to interpret the plan are started. Right now this is restricted to XmlAttributeBuilders and XmlReferenceBuilders but the patch I'm working on for pluggable jacc will introduce the possibility of using any namespace driven builder to interpret pretty much arbitrary content. thanks david jencks > > --jason	http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/geronimo-dev/200606.mbox/%3C82DD1409-7188-4A18-A57A-FA747DCF8D9B@yahoo.com%3E	CC-MAIN-2014-42	refinedweb	210	74.69
Tips for Beginners on how to write on Spring in 2017 The goal of this article is to show that creating Web applications in Java, moreover – on the Spring Framework is not pain and painful ripping through web.xml, persistence.XML, beans.xml and picking up the application as a house of cards in pieces, but quite Fast and comfortable process. The audience is beginning developers, developers in other languages, well, those who saw Spring at it’s not the best of times. Introduction - In this article, we’ll look at what modern day Spring includes, how to set up a local environment for developing Web applications, and create a simple web application that takes data from the database and renders the HTML page and JSON. What is Spring? To start a couple of words, what is Spring. Currently, the term “Spring” often refers to a whole family of projects. For the most part, they are developed and supervised by Pivotal and the community. The key (but not all) Spring family projects are: Spring Framework (or Spring Core) - The kernel of the platform provides basic tools for creating applications – managing components (beans), implementing dependencies, MVC framework, transactions, basic access to the database. Basically, these are low-level components and abstractions. In fact, it is implicitly used by all other components. Spring MVC (part of the Spring Framework) - It is worth mentioning separately. We will talk mainly about web applications. Operates with concepts of controllers, query mappings, various HTTP abstractions, and so on. With Spring MVC, normal template engines such as Thymeleaf, Freemaker, Mustache are integrated, plus there is third-party integration with a bunch of others. So there’s no need to write horrors like JSP or JSF. Spring Data - Access to data: relational and nonrelational databases, KV storage, etc. Spring Cloud - A lot of use for the micro service architecture – service discovery, tracing and diagnostics, query balancers, circuit breakers, routers, etc. Spring Security - Authorization and authentication, access to data, methods, etc. OAuth, LDAP, and a bunch of different providers. Spring Integration - Data processing from different sources. If you want to take an FTP file every hour, split it into strings, which you then filter, and then send to some queue – it’s to Spring Integration. A typical web application will most likely include a set of Spring MVC, Data, Security. Below we will see how this all works together. It’s worth noting Spring Boot – it’s a cherry on the cake (and some think it’s the cake itself), which avoids all the horror of the XML configuration. Boot allows you to quickly create and configure (ie, configure dependencies between components) application, package it into an executable self-contained artifact. This is the link that brings together a set of components in the finished application. A couple of things you need to know about Spring Boot: - It does not use code generation. From the code that is generated, only the main method is present. If you are looking for a utility for generating applications, it’s more like JHipster - Does not use XML for configuration. Everything is configured through annotations - Use auto-configurations to the maximum. If you add a dependency on Mongo and do not specify where to connect – Boot will try localhost: 27017 - The convention over configuration is used. For most configurations, you do not need to configure anything - It is easy to push aside and “close” the configuration by default. For example, if you specify a host in the settings to connect to Mongo, it will automatically override localhost Setting up the Environment In order to create a simple application, know how to create a Maven project from scratch, how to configure plugins to create a JAR, what are the layouts in JAR, how to configure Surefire to run tests, how to install and run locally Tomcat, and even more so, How DispatcherServlet works – absolutely not necessary. A modern Spring application is created in two steps: - We go to Spring Initializr. Spring Initializr allows you to “type” in your application the right components, which then Spring Boot (it is automatically included in all projects created on Initialize) will be put together. As a development environment, anything is suitable, for example, free IntelliJ IDEA CE works great – just import the created pom.xml (Maven) or build.Gradle (Gradle) file into the IDE. It’s worth mentioning the Spring Boot component called DevTools. It solves the problem of the local development cycle, which previously looked like: - Collect WAR locally - Put it into a Very Strong Enterprise Application Server on a test server, because setting up the OEAC locally requires an incredible skill - To drink a cup of coffee, i.е. OKEAS restart application at best in a few minutes - Copy stack error rate - Go to step 1 In those ancient times, even the saying was born that Spring is a DSL for converting XML configurations into stacks. With the included Spring Boot DevTools, the development cycle is reduced to: - Run the application via the green triangle in IDEA DevTools will automatically check changes in the compiled code or templates, and very quickly reload (hot reload) only the “combat” part of the application (like a demon, if you are familiar with the world of node.js). Moreover, DevTools include integration with Live Reload and after installing the extension in the browser, it is enough to compile the project into IDEA so that it automatically updates in the browser. Development Okay, it’s time to get down to the practical part. So, our goal is to create a web application that gives a welcome page, accesses it with its own API, get JSON with the data from the database and print it to the table. New Project - First, go to start.spring.io and create a project with Web dependencies, DevTools, JPA (access to relational databases), H2 (simple in-memory database), Mustache (template engine). The generated pom.xml is imported into the IDEA. All, the application is ready to be launched! You can run it from the command line with the ./mvnw spring-boot: run a command or directly from the IDEA by running the main method. Yes, application servers, containers, and deployment are not needed. More precisely, the container is needed – only it is provided and configured by Spring Boot – using Embedded Tomcat Controller So, our next step is to create a controller and return the “home” page. The controller code looks as simple as expected: @Controller public class IndexController { @GetMapping("/") public ModelAndView index() { Map<String, String> model = new HashMap<>(); model.put("name", "Alexey"); return new ModelAndView("index", model); } } A couple of things that are worth paying attention to. - The method returns ModelAndView – Spring knows that you need to take the index.html view from the resources/templates folder (this is the default convention) and pass the model - The model in our case is just a dictionary, but it can be a strictly-typed model (object) too With Kotlin this would look even better and easier, but this will require the introduction of a large number of new concepts at once – language, framework. It is better to start small. - The class marked as @Controller is automatically registered in the MVC router, and using the @ (Get \| Post \| Put \| Patch) Mapping annotations, you can register different paths. All files from the resources/static/directory are considered static, where you can store CSS and pictures. Template We use the Mustache (Handlebar) syntax, so the template is very similar to normal HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <body> <h1>Welcome to Spring, {{ name }}</h1> </body> </html> After compiling the project (⌘/Ctrl + F9) – you can go directly to and see the created page. Access to the Database - First, we describe our subject area. We will collect visitor statistics – every time someone comes to the main page, we will write it to the database. The model looks utterly primitive: @Entity public class Visit { @Id @GeneratedValue public Long id; public String description; } Foreseeing the series of comments “As without getters and setters” and “Where is equals / hashCode” – these elements are missed deliberately to simplify the code. Completely monstrous error in the design of Java that makes writing this nonsense (getters and comparison methods) is, of course, a separate conversation. Kotlin, by the way, solves this problem. - We again use annotations very actively – this time from Spring Data (more precisely, JPA is a dense specification for accessing data). This class describes a model with two fields, one of which is generated automatically. This class will automatically create a data model (table) in the database. Now for this model, it’s time to create a repository. This is even easier than the controller. @Repository public interface VisitsRepository extends CrudRepository<Visit, Long> { } Everything, the repository can be used to work with the database – read and write records. The attentive reader should have a WTF detector – what is going on here? We define the interface and suddenly it starts working with the database? It’s like that. Thanks to the magic of Spring Boot and Spring Data under the hood, the following happens: - Seeing in the dependencies H2 (built-in database), Boot automatically configures the DataSource (this is the key component for connecting to the database) so that the application can work with this database - Spring Data searches for all CrudRepository heirs and automatically generates default implementations for them, which include the basic repository methods, such as find one, find all, save etc. - Spring automatically configures the layer to access the data – JPA (more precisely, its implementation of Hibernate) - Thanks to the annotation @Repository, this component becomes available in our application (and we use it in a couple of minutes) To use the repository in the controller, we will use the dependency injection mechanism provided by the Spring Framework. To do this, strangely enough, you just need to declare the dependency in our controller. @Controller public class IndexController { final VisitsRepository visitsRepository; public IndexController(VisitsRepository visitsRepository) { this.visitsRepository = visitsRepository; } ... } Seeing in our constructor a parameter of type VisitRepository, Spring will find the Spring Data repository created and pass it to the constructor. Now you can write to the database in the controller method. @GetMapping("/") public ModelAndView index() { Map<String, String> model = new HashMap<>(); model.put("name", "Alexey"); Visit visit = new Visit(); visit.description = String.format("Visited at %s", LocalDateTime.now()); visitsRepository.save(visit); return new ModelAndView("index", model); } REST Controller - The next step is to return all records from the database in JSON format so that they can be read on the client later. For REST in Spring, there is a separate controller type called @RestController, the code of which is not much different from the usual controller. @RestController @RequestMapping("/api") public class ApiController { final VisitsRepository visitsRepository; public ApiController(VisitsRepository visitsRepository) { this.visitsRepository = visitsRepository; } @GetMapping("/visits") public Iterable<Visit> getVisits() { return visitsRepository.findAll(); } } Pay attention to: - This time we define the “prefix” for all controller methods using the basic @RequestMapping - Dependency implementation works exactly the same as for normal controllers (as well as for everything in Spring) - The method now returns not the template name, but the model. Spring automatically converts this to an array of JSON objects - We use the persistence model for serialization in JSON, which in general is not the best practice Now when requesting (precompiling the project and giving DevTools an update to the application), we get JSON with the required data. Client code - Let’s leave it outside the scope of this article, an example can be seen in the source code. The purpose of this code is to demonstrate exclusively how to get JSON data from the server, integration with client frameworks React, Angular etc are intentionally left outside the scope of this article. Testing Spring also provides powerful tools for Integration and Unit testing applications. Example code that the controller checks: @Test public void indexControllerShouldReturnHtmlPage() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/")) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andExpect(content().string(containsString("Welcome to Spring"))); } - Using abstractions like MockMvc, you can easily test the external interface of the application, while still having access to its insides. For example, you can completely replace the application components with Moki (stubs). Similarly, for API tests there is a set of helpers for checking JsonPath expressions. @Test public void apiControllerShouldReturnVisits() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/")); mockMvc.perform(get("/api/visits")) .andExpect(jsonPath("$.*.description", iterableWithSize(1))); } Testing in Spring is still a separate topic, so we will not dwell heavily on this now. Deployment To assemble and run our application in production there are several options. - Configure the resulting JAR (or even WAR) into a servlet container, for example, Tomcat. This is not the easiest way, it should only be selected if you already have a working servlet container or application server. - Use the magic of Spring Boot. The JAR file collected using the Spring Boot plug-in (which is automatically added to projects created through Spring Initializr) is completely self-contained. Thus, the build and launch of the application look like: - ./mvnw package - java -jar ./target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar - To deploy this JAR file, you do not need anything other than Java (JRE) installed. This is the so-called fat JAR – it includes both the built-in servlet container (Tomcat by default) and the framework, and all dependency libraries. As a matter of fact, it is the only artifact of the de-attribute, it can simply be copied to the target server and run there. Moreover, the file can be made “executable” and run it simply from the command line (Java, of course, is still necessary). Based on this file, you can easily create a Docker image or install it as a daemon. Conclusion - It turned out, nevertheless, very concisely – but to lay even the easiest introductory course on Spring in the framework of one article is not very simple. I hope this will help someone to take the first steps in the Spring, and even though understand his fundamental concepts. - As you notice, the word “Magic Spring” sounded many times in the text of the article. In fact, this is a very “magic” framework – even looking at the very tip of the iceberg, we’ve already seen that Spring does a lot of things in the background. This is both a plus and a minus of the framework. - Plus, there is no doubt that many complex things (very many) can be made a single annotation or an addiction. - Minus is a hidden difficulty – to solve some complex problems, to force the framework to work in extreme cases or to understand all the subtleties and aspects you need to know it well. To make the “know” phase as simple as possible, Spring has excellent documentation, a huge community, and clean sources that can be read. If you place Spring on Rich Hickey’s scale, he (Spring) will undoubtedly fall into easy, but certainly not simple. But for a modern enterprise (and not just an enterprise), it gives incredible opportunities to get a production-ready application very quickly and concentrate on the logic of the application, rather than the infrastructure around. References - Source code for GitHub - The main site Spring with a bunch of different guides spring.io - Official Spring Framework documentation	https://www.smartspate.com/tips-beginners-write-spring-2017/	CC-MAIN-2019-30	refinedweb	2,532	51.78
Manipulate Audio File in Python With 6 Powerful Tips Introduction Dealing with audio files may not be that common to a Python enthusiast, but sometimes you may wonder if you are able to manipulate audio files in Python for your personal interest. For instance, if you really like some music, and you want to edit some parts of it and save into your phone, so that you can listen it during your study or outdoor exercise without skipping those annoying ads. In this post, I would be introducing you a simple yet useful library for you to manipulate audio file in Python code. Prerequisites: You need to install Pydub in your working environment, below is the installation command via pip (click for more tips): pip install pydub The library has the dependency to ffmpeg in order to support most of the audio file formats, so you may use the below command to install if you do not have it yet: pip install ffmpeg Download Video from YouTube As I am going to use a funny video from YouTube for the later demonstration, I would need install another library – youtube_dl to download the video into my local folder: pip install youtube_dl Below is the command to download the video from YouTube with the given URL and the output file name. You can also use -f to specify the file format if the original video has multiple format: youtube-dl " -o "hongshaorou.mp4" You may see the below output messages from your terminal, and the final output file will be saved to your current directory: Now let’s import pydub and use this video to explore what we can do with this library. from pydub import AudioSegment import os Extract Sound From A Video File To load a video file, we can use the from_file function from the AudioSegment module: base_dir = r"c:\sounds" sound = AudioSegment.from_file(os.path.join(base_dir, "hongshaorou.mp4")) There are also other functions such as from_mp3, from_wav or from_ogg etc., depending on what type of audio files you want to read. With the export function, you can easily convert the video file into another format: sound.export(os.path.join(base_dir, "hsr.mp3"), format="mp3") There are some more parameters you can use to specify the metadata when you save the file, e.g.: sound.export(os.path.join(base_dir, "hsr.mp3"), format="mp3", bitrate="192k", tags={"album": "chinese cuisine", "artist": "not sure"}, cover= os.path.join(base_dir,"hongshaorou.jpeg")) And you can also retrieve the meta info as per below: from pydub.utils import mediainfo mediainfo('hsr3.mp3') Split/Cut Audio Clips With the AudioSegment object, you can cut the audio file like slicing a list by specifying the starting point and ending point in milliseconds. For instance, to cut our audio file from 1:18 to 1:33 and save it to mp3: first_cut_point = (160 + 18) 1000 last_cut_point = (160 + 33) 1000 sound_clip = sound[first_cut_point:last_cut_point] sound_clip.export(os.path.join(base_dir, "hsr.mp3"), format="mp3") Increase/Reduce Sound Volume You can make the sound louder or quieter by adding/subtracting the decibels as per below: #increase volume by 10dB for the first 2 seconds sound_clip_1 = sound_clip[:2000] + 10 #reduce volume by 5dB for the last 3 seconds sound_clip_2 = sound_clip[-3000:] - 5 #combine multiple sound clips final_clip = sound_clip_1 + sound_clip[2000:-3000] + sound_clip_2 Play Sound In Python If you are running the code in Jupyter Lab, you can simply execute the final_clip and see how the result sounds like: Otherwise you use the playback module to play the sound as per below: from pydub.playback import play play(final_clip) Adding Silence In The Sound Silence can be added to your sound clip as per below: #Adding 1 second silence before the sound clip AudioSegment.silent(duration=1000) + sound_clip[:5000] Overlay Audio Onto Another Audio The overlay function allows you to overlay one AudioSegment to another AudioSegment object. For instance: sound_clip[5000:10000].overlay(final_clip[:5000]) There are some more useful functions for editing audio files, you can see full API document from here. Conclusion In this article, we have reviewed through a few very useful functions in the pydub library which allows you to manipulate audio file such as converting audio formats, combining, splitting or editing sound clips. With these tips, you shall be able to create your own sound clips in a few lines of Python code. In this post, we have also used the youtube-dl library which allows you to download the video from YouTube and some other video streaming website. You may refer to this reddit discussion if you are wondering whether this is legal. But I believe it should be alright if you just use for your personal exploration on the Python programming.	https://www.codeforests.com/2021/10/02/manipulate-audio-file-in-python/	CC-MAIN-2022-21	refinedweb	793	51.62
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? BAB 21 KUMPULAN SOAL-SOAL A. SOAL RAYON A SOAL SPMB REGIONAL I TAHUN 2005 Text I Motion sickness comes in many forms, not just sickness. Ninety percent of the human race is susceptible to motion sickness of one kind or another. Some people become sick when they sit in the backseat of a car; others cannot read or look at a map in any kind of moving vehicle. People get motion sickness on airplanes, motorcycles, amusement park rides, and even on camels! Scientists have learned that motion sickness occurs when the brain is trying to make sense of situation and there are too many conflicting messages. While the eyes are sending one message, the ears are sending a message about balance. The skin and bone joint, sensitive to air pressure send another message. Many people who have experienced violent motion sickness try to avoid travel. But that is not always possible. So, travelers should employ some well-known strategies to avoid getting sick. The most useful strategy concerns food: eat a light meal before traveling and bring along a packet of plain soda crackers to snack on regularly. Avoid alcoholic and carbonated beverages, high-fat foods, and spices. Care in choosing the location of your seat is another important strategy. In a car, sit at the front and keep your eyes fixed on the horizon. People who still got sick after trying these strategies can try medical help. Some rely on over-the counter medications, although some of them can make you sleepy. Others use simple ginger capsules to settle their stomach. A large number of travelers use pressure bands on their wrists. It is not clear how these bands work, but they do prevent motion sickness. 1. A suitable title for the text is … . (A) Motion Sickness (B) Inability to Avoid Motion Sickness (C) Effect of Motion Sickness (D) The Worst Kind of Motion Sickness (E) Susceptibility to Motion Sickness 2. A person who gets motion sickness because of … . (A) sitting in vehicles (B) reading a book while traveling (C) waiting for the airplane to come (D) the conflicting messages received by the brain (E) watching rides in the amusement park Halaman 96 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 3. Victims of motion sickness can reduce the chance of becoming sick by doing the following, except … . (A) avoiding spicy food (B) eating a light meal before traveling (C) consuming high-fat food (D) taking the back seat in a car (E) not consuming alcohol 4. From the text we may conclude that … . (A) basically everyone tends to get sick when they are traveling (B) there is no definite solution to the problem of motion sickness (C) medical help is the best way to cure motion sickness (D) there are so many ways for people to stop getting motion sickness (E) motion sickness can be overcome by any drug prescribed by a doctor 5. The meaning of „over-the-counter medication‟ is bought … . (A) outside drugstore (B) in small grocery stores (C) only in drugstores (D) by paying cash (E) without prescription Text II In the process of trying to discover the various causes of such accidents, an investigator considers factors related to the time of day. He collects information on the number of accidents occurring during the various working hours of the day, and by using statistical methods he is able to show that the accident rate increases during the morning and also during the afternoon. Further statistical studies then reveal some of the major contributing factors involved in these accidents. 6. Which of the following would best begin the paragraph above? (A) So far there has not been enough information about people having accidents at work site. (B) An industrial firm is concerned about the large number of accidents occurring in a plant. (C) Investigators have found out that accidents in a plant never occur in the evening. (D) The result of an investigation shows that accidents in a plant never occur in the evening. (E) Statistics play a very important role in eliminating the causes of accidents in a plant. 7. The topic of the above paragraph is … (A) the investigation of causes of accidents (B) The role of statistic for investigators Halaman 97 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (C) working hours and types of accidents (D) contributions of investigators in a company (E) major accidents in the working hours Text III Traditional nineteenth-century education is usually associated with the image of a stern teacher standing in front of a blackboard in a oneroom schoolhouse, teaching only the three R‟s of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and demanding rote (mechanical repetition) learning in atmosphere of silence and restraint. Accurate or not, that image conflict sharply with modern reality. Today, the typical public school offers students a diversity of subject areas, a plethora educational material, and a variety of activities from creative dramatic to journalism. The modern school complex contains an array of educational facilities. Within the classroom setting, students are encouraged to speak up and engage in guided discussion. In fact, articulate speech and debate are desirable skills. Children are encouraged to interrelate on class projects that are independent of teacher……………. 8. The topic of the text is … . (A) traditional nineteenth century education (B) the freedom of students to choose from a variety of subjects (C) the role of the teachers in education (D) the difference between traditional and modern education (E) the teaching of reading, writing and arithmetic 9. Which of the following would be the best end the text? (A) There has been a change in the teacher‟s attitude in the past few years. (B) Traditional and modern education tends to make students independent. (C) The development in education, the modern one is less strict. (D) It is the task of modern education to make children creative Text IV The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely „not ill‟ and someone who is in excellent health and paying attention to the body‟s special needs. Both types have ….10…been called „well‟. In recent years, …11…, some health practitioners …12… to apply the terms well and wellness only to those people who are actively striving to maintain and to improve their health. People who are well concern with nutrition and exercise, and they make point of …13… their body‟s condition – for example through …..14… breast self-examinations or blood pressure checkups. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active ….15… for all matters pertaining to their health. Even, people who have a physical disease or handicaps may be „well‟, in this Halaman 98 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA new sense if they make an …16… to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. „Wellness‟ may perhaps best …17… not a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. 10.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 11.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 12.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 13.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 14.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 15.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 16.(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) simple simply simplify simplified simplicity furthermore nevertheless therefore moreover however begin began have begun are beginning who began seeing watching keeping monitoring caring regular usual standard ordinary customary respond response responding responsive responsibility effort program achievement exercise diet 17.(A) to be viewed (B) being viewed (C) be viewed Halaman 99 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) is viewed (E) to be viewing 18.„What has the donated money been used for?” „….a school for the needy.‟ (A) We set up (B) Setting up (C) It is set up (D) In setting up (E) Sets up 19.As my friend won the first prize for a scientific writing competition. I sent him a card saying;‟…….. .‟ (A) Congratulation! I knew you could do it. (B) Wow, I didn‟t know you could write! (C) Was it hard writing for a competition? (D) That‟s good. But you could do better next time. (E) Were there many participants in the competition? 20.„Look at the beautifully carved doors of that house.‟ „Well, in fact it is the house ….. .‟ (A) which I was born (B) I was born in this house (C) In which I was born (D) I was born there (E) where was I born 21.He did not pass his oral examination because he was either nervous …. (A) or he did not prepare himself well (B) also the preparation was not good (C) or not well prepared (D) but he was not well prepared 22. Interested in developing tourism in Indonesia, …. . (A) the government cooperate with related education centers (B) there is cooperation between the government and related education centers (C) the establishment of cooperation between government and related education centers as been realized (D) cooperation between the government and education centers has been established (E) It is necessary to establish cooperation between the government and related education centers 23. „How can you determine student‟s ability in writing?‟ „For a start, … a five –hundred-word essay.‟ (A) the students write (B) the students are writing (C) have the students to write Halaman 100 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) the students have written (E) have the students write 24. „There is nothing interesting on TV.‟ „…… .‟ (A) How about movies? (B) Let‟s go to the movies then (C) We have go to the movies (D) Would you mind going to the movies? (E) Well, I‟d like movies. „What is going to happen to the children who have become orphans due to the tsunami disaster?‟ „Don‟t worry, they … .‟ (A) will take care of (B) will have been taken care of (C) will have taken care of (D) will be taken care of (E) will be taking care of 25. SOAL REGIONAL I TAHUN 2003 Text I Nobody actually wants to hurt, the feelings of others but as business becomes ever more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark. In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. This can be a demanding task and, in a crowded room, may require great efforts if the farthest hand is to be reached. Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries – including Germany, Belgium, and Italy. But Northern European, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness. In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food, but the way you behave as you eat. Something are just not done. In France it is good manners to raise questions of business over the main course. Business has its place; after cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something – something that is , other than the business deal which you are continually thinking about. In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don‟t worry it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts. Halaman 101 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Doctor or Frau Directktorrin might cause serious offence. It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess. These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business the product of price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a lighthearted comment over the wine served. Good manners are admired but they can also make or break the deal. 1. The topic of the text is … . (A) managers in International business. (B) Different meanings of handshaking (C) How to address business colleagues (D) Business customs in Europe (E) How to behave during business meals 2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about handshaking? (A) It is un common in conducting business in Europe (B) In Scandinavian countries people are not expected to shake hands (C) Unlike Englishmen, Germans show friendliness by shaking hands. (D) In France, it is considered impolite not to shake hands. (E) In England, handshaking is not very popular. 3. As business has become more international, … . (A) all managers should behave in th same way. (B) It is easy for people to make mistakes (C) Countries should maintain their different customs (D) It is important to have a standardized custom (E) Business dealing are based on many y new customs 4. A noticeable cultural difference in one of the European countries is …. (A) talking about business over lunch (B) discussing food at business dinner (C) addressing people by their titles (D) complaining about different customs (E) showing hospitality to business associates Halaman 102 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 5. A businessman might fail in doing business overseas because he … (A) ignores the culture of the host county (B) does not speak the language of his counterpart (C) knows too much about the other culture (D) insist on the acceptance of his product price (E) adapt himself to the cultural environment Text II Good ideas often start with a silly question. Bill Bowerman was making breakfast one day. As he stood there making a waffle for his son, he wondered what would happen if he poured rubber into his waffle iron. So, he tried it and the result looked something like the bottom of most sports shoes we see today. Still, when he took this idea to several existing shoe companies he was literally laughed at. In fact, every single company turned him down. Though rather disappointed, Bowerman was determined and went on to form his own company, making NIKE athletic shoes. 6. The text tells us about… . (A) how meaningless silly questions really are (B) what Bowerman‟s son did for the Nike shoes (C) the process of making waffles for breakfast (D) the unexpected result of Bowerman‟s experiment (E) the first production of the bottom of sports shoes 7. It can be concluded from the text that … . (A) inventions often occur during breakfast (B) Nike shoes are the first sport shoes (C) Bowerman did all the household chores (D) A waffle iron became a tool in making (E) curiosity can lead to a great invention Text III In the last few thousand years many civilizations have risen to a high level of development and then collapsed. As far as we know none of them had such a sophisticated technology as we developed, but nevertheless they produced remarkable and long lasting artifacts, such as the great pyramids and the sphinx of Egypt, the arch at Ctesiphon and the extra-ordinary stone constructions of Middle America. The civilization of Knossos in Crete even had plumbing on the third floor. Some of these civilizations were destroyed by barbarian inventions, others by earthquakes, fires or other disasters and some in Mexico apparently collapsed purely of the irreversible growth of top heavy bureaucracy. In all of them, however, their collapse has had a central case, which was the run down or degeneration of the overall motivation, spirit, or ethos of the social system. Halaman 103 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 8. The general reason for the collapse of all these ancient civilizations is … . (A) their inferior technology (B) barbarian invasions (C) the growth of the bureaucracy (D) natural disasters (E) the degeneration of the social system 9. The topic of the paragraph is … . (A) the development of world civilization (B) sophisticated technology in ancient civilization (C) the fate of civilization in ancient times (D) examples of some ancient advanced civilization (E) the differences in world civilizations Text IV Most people who have a sweet tooth consume the equivalent of 20 teaspoons of sugar a day. For the …10…person, there‟s nothing wrong with sugar by itself, unless for the sweet foods in your daily diet are keeping you from eating and drinking the ..11… foods you need. … 12…for people whoa are trying to lose weight or have to watch their blood sugar because of diabetes, too much sugar can be a problem. That is why artificial sweeteners can come in handy. These low calorie sweeteners, report International Food Formation Council, are …13.. to use, provide sweetness without calories, and provide a choice of sweet food. The…14... artificial sweeteners include acesulfame potassium, astarpame, sucralose, d-tagatose and saccharin. 10. (A) sensitive (B) unhealthy (C) average (D) special (E) common 11. (A) nutrient (B) nutrition (C) nutritionist (D) nutritious (E) nutritiously 12. (A) and (B) But (C) So (D) As (E) Thus 13. (A) safe (B) good (C) harmful Halaman 104 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) applicable (E) careful 14. (A) approve (B) approval (C) approving (D) approved (E) approvingly 15. Either the management or the education system of our Institute … to be reviewed to increase the number of graduates next year. (A) that needs (B) to need (C) needs (D) needing (E) they need 16. „Did you get the cheap second-hand computer advertised in the newspaper?” „No luck. It … when I called them.‟ (A) had been sold (B) has been sold (C) is being sold (D) were sold (E) is sold 17. All new students at this university are required … an English proficiency test. (A) taking (B) having to take (C) take (D) will take (E) to take 18. As I was talking to client when my phone rang, I had … . (A) to answer the call (B) answering the call (C) asked to answer the call (D) answered the call (E) my secretary answer the call 19. „I‟d like to book three standard rooms for next week, please.‟ „I‟m sorry, Sir. Our hotel … until the end of the month.‟ (A) it is fully booked (B) we book it fully (C) is fully booked (D) booking it fully (E) to be fully booked Halaman 105 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 20. „I‟ve lost a lot of money by investing it in your friend‟s business.‟ “I‟m sorry, you … about his business.‟ (A) had better consult me (B) should have consulted me (C) would rather consult me (D) must have consulted me (E) ought to consult me 21. „What can we do to improve our employees‟ skills?‟ „….. them more training is the first what we can do.‟ (A) Giving (B) We give (C) To give (D) To be given (E) It is giving 22. Impressed by the performance of the new student, … . (A) he became the chairman of the class (B) the class needed him as chairman (C) a chairman of the class was appointed (D) the teacher appointed him a chairman of the class (E) the class had a new energetic chairman 23. „Had the company been fair in giving bonuses, the employees would not have gone on strike.‟ From the above sentence we may conclude that … . (A) the employees are still going on strike (B) the company gave the employees fair bonuses (C) the employees were not given bonuses at all (D) the company has lost many employees (E) the employees were very dissatisfied 24. Neither the hotel facilities … ensure a comfortable stay for the guests. (A) and also its services (B) nor its services (C) and not its hotel services (D) or its hotel services (E) both its hotel services 25. Mr. Sulaiman is a prominent figure among Indonesian scientists; moreover, people know him as … person. (A) an arrogant (B) a strict (C) a proud (D) a tough (E) a sociable Halaman 106 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA SOAL REGIONAL I TAHUN 2002 Text I Three months ago, Mariza Castro left Honduras. Today, she is in the United Stated, and she has a job. Castro works. Castro works behind the counter at McDonald‟s. Speed is an important part of the work life. Fast-food counter workers are expected to serve customers in less than a minute. At McDonald‟s they say, „Work fast or you don‟t last.‟ Are McDonald‟s workers lucky to have their jobs? Or are they being exploited? The answer depends on who you talk to. McDonald does many good things. For example, no other company hires more young people than McDonald‟s. More than half of its workers are under 20 years old. McDonald‟s also has good record of hiring minority workers. Thirteen percent of its workers are black. This is better than any other U.S company. But the burger house has its critics as well. They pay bothered Edward Roddriguez. He worked fo r nearly a year at Los Angeles McDonald‟s. During that time he got only 10-cent raise. „I used to joke that working for McDonald‟s is the closest thing to slave labor in the U.S. today,‟ he says. Today, most McDonald‟s pay about $5.00 an hour. They hire new workers constantly. The restaurant has no other choice because 70 percent of its workers quit or are fired every year. But McDonald‟s also gets its share of praise. Its best workers move up quickly. Just talk to 17-year-old Ameer Abdur Razaaq of Harlem, New York City. They call me “Young Crew Chief around my Block,” he says. „Where else can I go at my age and be in charge of this many people?” He sees the job as the first step in his career. However, most McDonald‟s crew members never make it to manager because the job pressure is so intense and the reward so few. As one worker put it, ‟They expect a lot and they don‟t pay you much.‟ 1. What should young people who start working at McDonald‟s expect? (A) To get a good salary raise every year. (B) To serve customers in relaxed way. (C) To have a good start in making career. (D) To be paid s relatively low salary. (E) To work in a friendly environment 2. Who are referred to as minority workers? (A) McDonald‟s, l is better than any other. (B) Black people and immigrants. (C) Uneducated workers (D) All American Citizens. (E) Unskilled workers 3. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE according to the text? (A) McDonald‟s is better than any other US company (B) It is difficult for workers to become McDonald‟s managers. Halaman 107 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (C) McDonald‟s can be unfair to its workers. (D) Most employees do not stay long working for McDonald‟s (E) McDonald‟s hires employees but doesn‟t reward them properly 4. We can infer that one of the most important factors in hiring employees at McDonald‟s is _________ . (A) experience (B) citizenship (C) creativity (D) age (E) leadership 5. We may conclude that the text ______ . (A) mainly criticizes employees working for McDonald‟s. (B) is taken from chapter of a book on marketing (C) examines the employment situation at McDonald‟s (D) server as a promotion to attract employees (E) describes why McDonald‟s becomes so popular among youngsters Text II The government published a report yesterday saying that we need to eat more healthily – more fruit and vegetables, less fat and sugar. So, that means fewer burgers, chips and fried food as well as cutting down on sweet things. We went into central London yesterday at lunch time and asked people what they thought about it. “It‟s got nothing to do with the government what I eat,‟ says Paul Keel, a building worker, and Dorothy Matthews, a teacher, as they ate a beefburger and chips washed down with strawberry milkshake. Tim Kennor, however, welcomes the government‟s advice. Then, we asked the Simpson‟s restaurant‟s manager about it. „I don‟t think people believe all these reports anymore. What they say is good for you in June, they say bad in July. People have stopped taking notice. We serve what we‟ve always served. Almost all of it is fattening.‟ 6. The topic of the text is ____ . (A) people‟s reactions to suggestions on healthy eating habits (B) eating a healthy lunch in Central London (C) the government‟s report on people‟s unhealthy eating habits (D) fattening foods served at the Simpson‟s restaurant (E) the advantages of eating fruit and vegetables 7. What does the restaurant manager think of the report? (A) People don‟t understand the advice given (B) The government‟s advice is inconsistent. (C) People are more concerned about losing weight (D) Fattening foods are more delicious (E) People will welcome the government‟s advice. Halaman 108 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text III Joe Dogeness received a business degree from a well-known university in 1986 and took a job with a large company. His career got off to a good start. By 1992, his salary was $38,000, and he was in charge of a five-person analysis team. Joe was not happy with his career progress, however. Although his salary was satisfactory, his level of responsibility was only slightly greater than it had been during his first year or two in the company. He had been stuck in a staff job at the home office for six years and felt that he would like a change. He requested a transfer to a linemarketing job. He was told that he was too valuable in his current job to be transferred. He was overpaid for a lower level line position, and too inexperienced to be promoted to a middle-or upper-level-line position. 8. Joe couldn‟t be prmoted to a higher position because (A) he was in charge of a five-person team (B) he was slightly irresponsible (C) he got off to a good position (D) he was needed in his present position (E) he did not have enough experience 9. Why was he unhappy? (A) He was unqualified (B) He wanted to have a better salary (C) His job was no longer challenging (D) His work took long hours. (E) He had too much responsibility Text IV Ecosystem have a structure consisting of producers, consumers, and decomposers. The producers are the green plants which use light energy …10… living matter from non living matter in the environment, while the consumers are all the animals which directly or indirectly …11.. the green plants. The decomposers, …12, are the bacteria and fungi that change the dead organic material back into simple raw material which can then be used again by the producers. This structure, which is …13.. to maintain the flow of energy and nutrients through the system, consists of the interactions between hundreds or even thousands of …14.. kinds of plants, animals, and microbes which grow, reproduce and die in never-ending cycle. 10. (A) to produce (B) produce (C) producer (D) produced (E) producing Halaman 109 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 11. (A) take care of (B) consist of (C) provide with (D) come from (E) feed on 12. (A) therefore (B) similarly (C) nevertheless (D) in addition (E) on the other hand 13. (A) necessary (B) additional (C) productive (D) specific (E) dependent 14. (A) differ (B) differentiate (C) difference (D) different (E) differential 15. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment for future generations by protecting the ozone layer, purifying the air and …trees that have been cut down. (A) they will replant (B) in planting (C) to replant (D) replanting (E) should replant 16. „Is my car ready?‟ „I‟m sorry, … because we didn‟t get the spare parts until today.‟ (A) we have fixed it (B) it is still fixing (C) still being fixed (D) we still fixed it (E) it is still being fixed 17. When I go shopping in the city centre, I never drive my car … I won‟t have the problem of finding a parking space. (A) so that (B) however (C) furthermore (D) even though (E) while Halaman 110 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 18. „Does Anto know that Mirna had an accident yesterday?” „I don‟t think so. We … as soon as we were informed. (A) may have told him (B) should have told him (C) had to tell him (D) must have told him (E) had better tell him 19. Can you pick me up around 2.00 pm tomorrow?‟ „I‟m sorry I can‟t …then.‟ (A) am teaching (B) will be teaching (C) have been teaching (D) have taught (E) will teach 20. …. That her mother was taken to hospital when she came home from school, she dropped her schoolbag and then burst into tears. (A) She knew (B) Known (C) Knowing (D) To know (E) Being known 21. The hardest thing most mountaineers are facing during their climbing expedition … they have difficulty breathing due to the lack of oxygen to the air. (A) that is (B) which is (C) it is (D) is that (E) that is 22. „When are you going to tell your sister to tell the good news?” „When she …from her business trip.‟ (A) will be returning (B) is going to return (C) returns (D) was returning (E) had returned 23. „If the company had appreciated Tony‟s success in increasing its market share, he would not think of leaving the company.‟ From the above sentence we may conclude that … (A) Tony has left the company (B) Tony is hunting for another job now (C) Tony has been promoted (D) Tony is successful in his career. (E) Tony will always stay in the same company Halaman 111 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. „Radio says that most of the streets in Jakarta are flooded at the moment.‟ „I‟m not surprised ; we … so much rain for a week now.‟ (A) had (B) have had (C) have (D) are having (E) had had 25. Hoping to get better income,… . (A) an offer to work in Medan was accepted by Odie (B) Odie was offered a job in Medan (C) A new post in Medan was accepted by Odie (D) Odie accepted an offer to work in Medan (E) A company offered Odie a job in Medan SOAL RAYON A TAHUN 2001 Text I Most large companies do not know how to make the best use of clever people. Employees who criticize the old ways of doing things and want to try out new ideas are disliked both by their colleagues and by their bosses. Comments like „They wouldn‟t listen to me‟ or ‟I kept presenting new product ideas. Only to hear nothing‟ are typical of many a manager who become an entrepreneur. All of this causes frustration, which can quickly lead to boredom. Often, middle managers start to think: „ only another 30 more years of working my way to retirement.‟ At this point, they want to find away out. They need to get away from a job that is no longer attractive. So they decide to set up on their own. But they need something else, too: the challenge of taking risks. They like people who climb a mountain by the most dangerous route. Entrepreneurial types need to try out new things without knowing whether they will succeed or fail. They also want to prove that they can make it without big company support. As well as motivation, most successful entrepreneurs have a number of personal characteristics in common. The first is selfconfidence, the feeling of certainty that you have got the skills, knowledge and energy to build up your own business. There is also stubbornness, the determination to prove to the boss who rejected your ideas that they were good ideas which can be made to work. Possessing this quality means that you won‟t give up: you have to make your ideas work. 1. The main information of the text is about _____ (A) why a manager prefect to set up his own business (B) how large companies treat their managers (C) when a manager wants to retire from the company Halaman 112 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) what kind of new ideas a manager gives to his company (E) why a manager thinks it is important to criticize the company 2. Many managers like to become an entrepreneur because _____ (A) they will no longer obey the company rules (B) they get frustrated of being criticized (C) their new ideas are rejected by their superiors (D) they have been managers for thirty years (E) they dislike their colleagues and bosses 3. We may conclude that a manager who becomes an entrepreneur is a person who _____ (A) wants to have a large income (B) likes to climb high mountains (C) does not need any support from others (D) dares to take the risks of failure (E) always makes changes to the environment 4. An entrepreneur is expected to be all of the following EXCEPT _____ (A) motivated (B) confident (C) determined (D) ambitious (E) hesitant 5. „only to hear nothing‟ in line 2 means to be ____ (A) silenced (B) ignored (C) isolated (D) distributed (E) excused Text II it self. This was not the case five years ago when the country was only 75-80% self-sufficient in food. Although isolated pockets of hunger still remain, the World Bank nowadays gives Cameroon money to sustain, not to achieve, self-sufficiency in food production. 6. The text tells us about _____ (A) West African countries (B) Cameroon‟s ability to feed its people (C) Major foodstuffs in West Africa Halaman 113 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) Cameroon‟s food production (E) Food self-sufficiency 7. Which of the following statement is TRUE about Cameroon ? (A) The world Bank financially supporton has succeeded in its food production because of the fertility of its soil. Text III Continued progress in advanced technology is not necessary. Already the technical progress in our world has caused severe pollution in the air and in the water. Although the technical progress is that many inventions whish were developed for good caused are now also used for powerful weapons or have been found to have serious side effects. For example, pesticide put inside particle boards. 8. The author‟s 9. Advanced technology has made people‟s lives more comfortable; nevertheless _____ (A) it is causing a lot of damage to the environment (B) many inventions were developed for good causes (C) it helps people to kill termites through pesticides (D) many people are no longer unemployed (E) it si useful and beneficial to people Halaman 114 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text IV Many countries realize the dangers of smoking and have tried to ban cigarette advertisements completely so that children never see them, or at least reduce smoking advertisements so that they are not widespread. But these __10__ are often not successful; on the whole, they have not restricted cigarette advertising. Through their activities, US cigarette companies __11__ these laws even if they obey the wording of the laws. There are a number of ways in whish these companies violate the spirit of laws __12 to protect young people from cigarettes. __13_ some companies don‟t advertise their cigarettes; but they give them away free. Even more potentially harmful is the involvement of cigarette companies in sports events. They __14_ to be promoting a sports events when, in fact, they are selling cigarettes. 10. (A) intentions (B) demands (C) interruptions (D) suggestions (E) controls 11. (A) violate (B) consider (C) omit (D) complicate (E) investigate 12. (A) to intend (B) intention (C) intentional (D) intended (E) intending 13. (A) Such as (B) In conclusion (C) For example (D) In addition (E) Compared to 14. (A) to appear (B) appear (C) appearance (D) appeared (E) apparent 15. All new students at this university are required _____ an English proficiency test (A) taking (B) having to take (C) take Halaman 115 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) will take (E) to take 16. „Whose car is that?‟ „You mean the one _____ in front of the bookstore‟. (A) parking (B) it parks (C) to be parked (D) parked (E) to park 17. _____ for five years in the marketing department, I feel well qualified to apply for the job of marketing manager advertised in the newspaper. (A) Worked (B) Having worked (C) Have worked (D) I have worked (E) To work 18. „While living in Bogor , we always went to school on foot.‟ This means that we _____ on foot while we were living in Bogor. (A) go to school (B) are going to school (C) used to go school (D) are used to going to school (E) liked going to school 19. She did not tell me where _____ after classes. (A) she would go (B) she will go (C) she would have gone (D) will she go (E) would she go 20. „Mom, why do you insist on my wearing a jacket ?‟ „_____ I‟m sure it‟s going to be very cold outside‟. (A) Until (B) Since (C) Although (D) So that (E) Because of 21. Halaman 116 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 22. „I spilled some ink on my coat.‟ „You must _____ at the laundry immediately (A) clean it (B) have cleaned it (C) have to clean it (D) have to be cleaned it (E) have it cleaned 23. „The hotel is suffering a great loss.‟ „Yes, only ten percent of their rooms _____ (A) being occupied (B) occupied (C) is occupied (D) are occupied (E) they are occupied 24. „Why aren‟t you driving your own car ?‟. ‟It _____ (A) has sold (B) has to sell (C) has been selling (D) has been sold (E) has to be sold 25. „Who is Ismail Marzuki ?‟ „Well, he‟s the composer _____ people consider one of the greatest in Indonesia.‟ (A) whom (B) to whom (C) with whom (D) who (E) of whom 26. „Paula fell asleep in class this morning.‟ „She _____ late last night.‟ (A) must stay up (B) must have stayed up (C) would stay up (D) should have stayed up (E) ought to stay up 27. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders; _____ it may harm non-smokers. (A) consequently (B) however (C) in addition (D) nevertheless (E) otherwise Halaman 117 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 28. „After she had already signed a year‟s rent for the house, she found another that she liked much better. From the above sentence we may conclude that _____ (A) she had to stay. 29. _____ but he also goes to school in the evenings. (A) Not only Tono works in the mornings (B) Only Tono does not work in the mornings (C) Not only does Tono work in the mornings. (D) Tono does not work in the mornings only (E) Tono works not only in the mornings. 30. „Had the company been fair in giving bonuses, the employees would not have gone on strike.‟ From the above sentence we may conclude that _____ (A) the employees are still going on strike (B) the company has given the employees fair bonuses (C) the employees were not given bonuses at all (D) the company has lost many employees (E) the employees were quite dissatisfied. UMPTN RAYON A TAHUN 2000 Text I There are three separate sources of hazard in the process of supplying energy by nuclear power. The radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture scientist have invented. very likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. Nevertheless, it can happen. Halaman 118 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Separately, these three types of risks are not a great cause for concern. On the whole though, the probability of disaster is still high. 1. The whole text tells us about… (A) the danger of transporting radioactive materials (B) the way to make radioactive wastes not dangerous for people (C) the potential dangers in supplying energy by nuclear power (D) the accidents caused by nuclear power stations (E) people‟s objections to the establishment of nuclear stations 2. What makes the transport of radioactive materials dangerous for people‟s lives? (A) the road (B) the containers (C) the rail (D) the power station (E) the heavily populated areas 3. Which of the following statements is true about radioactive wastes? (A) there will be no more danger when radioactive wastes are buried underground (B) there is no chance of saving people‟s lives from radioactive wastes (C) radioactive wastes become non radioactive when they are sunk in the sea (D) only earthquakes can change radioactive wastes into non radioactive wastes (E) natural disasters may cause very serious leaks in buried containers of radioactive wastes 4. We may conclude from the third paragraph that the problem of accidental exposure is caused by… (A) human error (B) an earthquake (C) radioactive wastes (D) hazards (E) bad design of the nuclear station 5. In spite of the problems which are likely to occur in supplying energy by nuclear power, the writer thinks that… (A) people will strongly object to it (B) the probability of disaster is high (C) hazards should be rigidly controlled (D) it‟s worth conducting nuclear programs (E) there is a great cause for concern Halaman 119 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text II Among the various effects of air pollution, climatic changes. 1. The main information about the paragraph is… A. the danger of air pollution B. the slow climatic change C. the effects of air pollution D. wastes emitted by air pollution E. complaints about air pollution 2. What is the main idea of the paragraph? A. The effect of air pollution on people‟s lives can be direct and indirect. B. People are not directly affected by the damage of plant and animals. C. People complain about all the pollutants in the air D. Climatic change does not immediately have an effect on people‟s lives. E. Complaints by individuals have been made to pollution agencies Text III Both the sun and the moon appear larger when they are rising or setting, although there is no real difference in the distance they are from the earth. This perceptional phenomenon, known as the “Moon illusion,” has been studied over the years. Various explanations, including the muscle strain for the person looking up and the comparison of the moon with other things on the horizon that make it appear larger, have been disputed by scientists, but thus far there is no widely accepted explanation of the phenomenon. 3. What is the topic of the passage? A. Perceived sizes of the sun and moon B. Comparison of objects on the horizon C. Perceptions of distance D. The rising and the setting of the sun and the moon E. The “Moon illusion” 4. Which of the following statements is true about the “Moon illusion”? A. Through various experiments scientists discovered the causes of “Moon illusion”. B. Although the phenomenon has been studied for years, scientists don‟t agree about its cause. Halaman 120 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. The already known distance of the sun and moon from the earth explains the “Moon illusion.” D. All the answers to the question of what causes the phenomenon are the same. E. Scientists do not think that the mystery of the “Moon illusion” can be solved Text IV In canning, heat can be used to destroy bacteria and halt enzyme activity in food. Bacterial … (10) from external sources is prevented by sealing the food in a can. The can is then heated to a temperature ….(11) to sterilize the contents. The length of time and the temperature….(12) to ensure sterilization depend on the product and on the type of bacteria to be destroyed. It is important that the contents of the can are heated…..(13). An experimental check can be made on the exact temperature in any part of a sample can …(14) it is being heated by inserting a thermocouple into the can. 5. A. influence B. effect C. contamination 6. A. regular B. convenient C. operative 7. A. require B. requirement C. requisite 8. A. unity B. uniform C. uniformity 9. A. while B. because C. whereas 10. D. excess E. infectiousness D. sufficient E. complete D. requisition E. required D. uniformly E. uniformed D. since E. so that The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful…. a balanced and healthful diet. A. to keep D. they keep B. kept E. for keeping C. keeping All the members of the Parliament applauded…. The president was walking to his seat. A. so that D. as soon as B. although E. while C. even if Halaman 121 11. BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 12. ….. a skillful photographer, a person should have both manual skill and a good eye for detail. A. Becoming B. He can become C. To become D. When he becomes E. Having become „You look tired. Why don‟t you take a rest?‟ „I wish…. ; I still have to finish this report.‟ A. I would be able D. I could B. I can E. I had been able C. I will be able „Several hotels in this region are closing down.‟ „That‟s because tourism it self….since last year.‟ A. is declining B. declined C. has been declining D. was declining E. had declined „Does Anto know that Mirna had an accident yesterday?‟ „I don‟t think so. We …as soon as we knew it.‟ A. may have told him B. should have told him C. had to tell him D. must have told him E. had better tell him „What has made these tourist resorts so unattractive now?‟ „The poor maintenance of….facilities.‟ A. it D. they B. their E. theirs C. its Hanny became the focus of attention when she wore a colorful dress and….a t my birthday party A. her behavior is foolish B. was a fool C. behaved foolishly 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Halaman 122 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. her foolishness E. her foolish behavior 19. „Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?‟ „Yes, ….. to the headquarters of Garuda.‟ A. they are faxed B. has faxed C. the victims fax D. it has been faxed E. we fax it „When did the guests come yesterday?‟ „When she…. cooking.‟ A. had just finished B. is finishing C. was finished D. has finished E. finishes „You seem to be waiting for something these days.‟ „That‟s true; I‟m waiting….. for an interview.‟ A. called D. calling B. to call E. to be called C. be called „What‟s wrong with the computer, Widi? Can‟t you do anything about it?‟ „There appears to be an error in the computer program. I will have the matter dealt with immediately.‟ This means that Widi….. A. is going to fix it immediately B. asked his boss to deal with it C. is going to deal with the computer D. will ask someone to fix it for him E. has dealt with such a problem before 23. „Don‟t you think the bus driver is speeding?‟ „Yes, I‟m afraid he….the lives of the passengers.‟ A. endangered B. will endanger C. would have endangered D. endangers E. would endanger 20. 21. 22. Halaman 123 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. The books on this shelf, …. Are about child education, belong to my sister –in-law. A. which of most B. in which C. that of most D. most of which E. of which „How‟s the new restaurant?‟ „The food is good but….‟ A. the atmosphere of the restaurant is very easy B. it can be easily reached C. the service needs to be improved D. it is cheaper than any other restaurant E. its parking lot is considerably big 25. UMPTN 1999 RAYON A Text I In almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable fuel is a major problem. Rural communities depend largely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking and lighting needs. But kerosene is now priced out of reach of many people and wood, except in heavily forested areas, is in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of the working day and has resulted in widespread deforestation. Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is convenient to store and use. But burning dung destroys its value as fertilizer, thus depriving the soil of a much needed source of humus and nitrogen. Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack af adequate sanitation, improper waste disposal spreads disease, contaminates water sources and provides breeding ground for diseasecarrying insects. The problems of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources, and finding alternative sources of full may be unrelated. Their solutions, however, are not, as many countries experimenting with biogas technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the fermentation of organic matter. The process of anaerobic fermentation is a natural one, occurring whenever living matter decomposes. By keeping the matter – and the process- in a digester or biogas plant, the combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry that remains can be used on the land as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. 1. What are the two main problems mentioned in the text? A. Pollution and the high price of fuel B. Widespread deforestation and the use of dung Halaman 124 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. The lack of adequate fuel and hygienic conditions D. The lack of humus and nitrogen in the soil E. Contaminated water sources and rural areas 2. What is the text mainly about? A. Socio-economic problems in developing countries B. The process of producing biogas C. The effect of burning dung on the soil D. Biogas as a solution to many problems E. The disadvantages of using dung as fuel 3. The disadvantage of traditional fuels used in developing countries is that they---------A. reduce people‟s energy B. are difficult to extract C. make the soil poor D. do not meet people needs E. cause damage to the environment 4. The main factor causing the lack of adequate sanitation is---------A. the domestic use of biogas B. the great number of farm animals C. the pollution of water sources D. the badly-managed waste disposal E. the increase of disease-carrying insects 5. Why is the digested slurry of the fermented organic matter considered valuable? A. It improves the quality of the soil for agriculture B. It increases the export from developing countries C. It is considered a relatively cheap fertilizer D. It is the best fertilizer in the world E. It can be used as fuel for cocking Text II Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of the hurricane season in September : only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the water‟s speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour. 6. The passage mainly discusses A. the number of hurricanes in a year Halaman 125 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. the strength of hurricanes C. the weather in the North Atlantic D. hurricanes in a certain part of the world E. hurricanes and disasters of the world 7. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text? A. There are always hurricanes in the North Atlantic all the year round B. Extremely warm weather and high humidity can cause hurricanes C. Very strong winds are the result of hurricanes D. Hurricanes occur every month from May to November E. Tropical countries have a lot of intense hurricanes Text III There are many different causes of car accidents in the United States. Sometimes accidents are caused by bad weather. Ice or snow can make roads very dangerous. Accident also can result from problems with the car. Even a small problem like a flat tire can be serious. Bad roads are another cause of accidents. some accidents are caused by drinking too much alcohol. In fact, this is one of the most important causes of accidents. 8. What is the paragraph about? A. Problems with car engines B. Result of car accidents C. The frequency of car accidents D. Weather conditions in the US E. Car accident and their causes 9. Car accident in the US are caused by the following, except A. drunkard drivers B. bad roads C. unskilled drivers D. icy roads E. a flat tire Text IV How much living space does a person need? What happens when these (10) are not adequately met? Sociologists and psychologists are conducting experiments on rats to try (11) the effect of overcrowding on humans. Recent studies have shown that the behaviour of rats is greatly affected by space, they eat well, sleep well, and reproduce well. But if their living conditions become too crowded, their behaviour patterns and even their health change (12) . They cannot sleep and eat well, and signs of fear and tension become (13) . The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other (14) ,for rats, population and violence are directly related. Is this a natural law for human society as well? Is adequate space not only desirable but essential for human survival? Halaman 126 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 10.A. requirements B. influences C. problem D. resources E. possibilities 11.A. to emerge B. to propose C. to imagine D. to examine E. simplicity 12.A. to perceive B. perceptibly C. perceptive D. perceptible E. perception 13.A. tremendous B. registered C. concise D. absolute E. obvious 14.A. However B. yet C. Thus D. Moreover E. Finally 15.Different interpretations on the same event newspapers______ readers confused and angry. A. to make B. they make C. make D. it make E. makes by various 16.The work _____ computer requires well trained personnel. A. involved B. involve C. to be involved D. involves E. involving 17.Did I tell you about the girl ____ I met during the student demonstration last week? A. who B. whom C. whose Halaman 127 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. of which E. with whom 18.“You look so unhappy, Anton. What‟s the matter?” „My father ___his job‟ A. has just lost B. has been losing C. losing D. is losing E. loses 19.He asked me whether he _____my car to go to the party. A. can borrow D. may borrow B. might borrow E. would borrow C. ought to borrow 20.We were planning to open a new office in Surabaya, ______ the economic crisis forced us to postpone it. A. and B. or C. so D. but E. for 21.„What did Ali finally decide?‟ „______ his Master‟s degree in Australia‟ A. He can take B. His taking C. Taking D. Be taking E. To take 22.Have you already been told ____? A. if the Jazz Festival takes place B. when the Jazz Festival will take place C. whether the Jazz Festival takes place D. why does the Jazz Festival take place E. where does the Jazz Festival take place 23.I am still waiting _____ for an interview. A. to be called C. be calling B. be called D. to call E. called 24.„Why didn‟t you print your report at home?‟ „I ran out of ink for my printer. It‟s ___ expensive that I can‟t afford it‟ A. such B. very C. so D. such an E. very much Halaman 128 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 25.I could not find the museum you told me about. I _____ the wrong bus. A. must have taken B. should have taken C. should take D. would have taken E. ought to take 26.„When did you take the academic writing course?‟ „Last year, after I ____ Composition II‟ A. complete B. was completing C. to complete D. have completed E. had completed 27.„Let‟s go and have lunch‟ „I‟ll join you later. I had better not stop_____ on this report now‟ A. work D. working B. to work E. am working C. I‟ll three times in a row 29.„Why are you taking the car to the garage?‟ „______‟ A. I will check the brakes myself B. The brakes will be checked C. I will have checked the brakes D. I will have the brakes checked E. The brakes will have been checked 30.„If the plane had taken off on time, we wouldn‟t have been late for the opening of the seminar‟ This means that we were late because the flight _____ A. was delayed B. has to be delayed C. was going to be delayed D. had not been delayed E. was not delayed Halaman 129 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA UMPTN 1998 RAYON A Text I Whales are the largest animals‟s milk. They breathe through their lungs and hold their breath and the killer whales attack whales. And whales do not seem to fight among themselves. They usually live from 20 to 30 years. 1. The difference between whales and fish is that whales … A. do not have to come to the surface to get fresh air B. deliver their young like elephants do C. will die if they cannot get oxygen in the water D. are mammals that are cold blooded E. can easily breathe when they are under water 2. A suitable title for the text is … A. Large animals on earth B. Difference between whales and elephants C. Whales, the biggest animals on earth D. Similarity between fish and whales E. The life of whales in the oceans 3.-born baby whale may weight one-fiftieth of its mother Halaman 130 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 4. Whales occasionally live in warm waters … A. to get more food D. for fresh air B. for reproduction E. to feed their babies C. to avoid winter 5. From the text we may conclude that … A. a whale can eat both squid and plankton B. toothed whales chew their food before swallowing it C. the two types of whales live in different waters D. baleen whales swallow the water containing plankton E. each type of whale eats a specific kind of food Text II People manage to count even when they do not have names for numbers. Early men demonstrated numbers to each other by counting on their fingers, and some primitive tribes still do this. In fact, some tribes have names for only the numbers “one” and „two‟ and can only indicate higher numbers by pointing to a particular finger. In other tribes, the numbers do have names, but these names are directly connected with finger counting. 6. The text tells us about … A. early demonstrations of numbers B. the use of fingers in counting C. the importance of numbers D. primitive tribes E. various names for numbers 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? A. It was not necessary to have names for numbers in counting B. Only in earlier days did people use their fingers in counting C. There are tribes who only consider “one” and “two” important D. For some tribes, it is unusual to use fingers when counting E. The words “one” and “two” were unpopular among many tribes. Text III The United States and Mexico signed a peace treaty on February 2, 1848. Mexico had to give up much of its land to the U.S. The land included Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. The treaty signers did not know that James Marshall had just discovered gold in California 10 days earlier. Nobody knew this outside of the area near the Sacramento River. One year later, everybody knew. Halaman 131 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA In 1849 the world heard about the gold discovery. Gold fever brought thousands of people to California. We call the people who joined the gold rush „forty-niners‟. They all thoughts they could become rich quickly. They thought they could stay in California a short time and return home as wealthy people. 8. The main information of the text is about … A. a peace treaty between the U.S. and Mexico B. James Marshall, the gold miner C. The discovery of gold in California D. The gold rush in the United States E. The dream of the forty-niners to get rich quickly 9. From the text we may conclude that … A. Mexico regretted that it had to give up California to the U.S. B. James Marshall did not publicly announced his discovery C. a lot of „forty-niners‟ became rich within a very short time D. California became a place where many foreigners lived E. Mexico made great efforts to win California back. Text IV Today no one would deny the genius of Albert Einstein. ….,10 that was not always the case. In his youth, Einstein‟s parents and teachers …..11 him both undisciplined and dull. As a child, he was slow to talk, and his parents were …..12 he might be retarded. As an adolescent, he had difficulty adjusting to the strict discipline of the German high school, and his teachers were not pleased with his …..13. Not surprisingly, he found college little better than high school, and again he …..14 the appropriate academic discipline. In the end, he was able to graduate, but only with the help of a friend who kept him up-to-date on all his courses. 10.A. Since B. But C. So D. Because E. Therefore 11.A. declared B. determined C. predicted D. accused E. considered 12.A. hopeful B. amazed 13.A. success B. increase Halaman 132 C. expectant D. worried E. timid BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. advantage D. program E. progress 14.A. achieved B. served C. lacked D. wasted E. disrupted 15.At the beginning of the semester, each of the students … given a new timetable. A. he is C. are E. be B. they are D. is 16.„These are all government offices.‟ „ … is your father‟s? A. Which B. When C. Whose D. Why E. What 17.Due to the monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs … at the moment. A. increase B. is increasing C. increased D. was increasing E. will increase 18.… a few thousand dollars, he went on a tour Europe. A. Saved B. Have saved C. He has saved D. Having saved E. After he saves 19.Rudi broke his leg in an accident; therefore, … drive him to work. A. he doesn‟t have to ask Amir to B. he won‟t have to get anybody C. Amir has asked Rudi to D. Amir doesn‟t have to E. He will have Amir 20.„Harry could not pay his school fee because his father was unemployed.‟ „His rich uncle … him with his school fee.‟ A. may support Halaman 133 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. should have supported might support will have supported would rather support 21.… I can drive, I often ask my brother to drive me to the city. A. Since B. When C. Because D. Whether E. Although 22.… at two prestigious universities, Amanda has a hard time deciding which one to choose. A. Accepting B. She was accepted C. Accepted D. To be accepted E. She was accepting 23.The fact that he was put in prison for something that he had not done made his wife … A. cry C. cried E. crying B. to be crying D. to cry 24.… is a long holiday after passing your exam. A. You need B. Why you needed C. What you need D. It is needed E. Whether you need 25.„What are you looking for?‟ „My wallet; I don‟t know where I … it‟. A. have been putting B. am putting C. had put D. was putting E. have put 26.„Why does the baby next-door keep crying?‟ „As usual, it … by the babysitter.‟ A. is neglecting B. is neglected C. neglects D. is to be neglected E. is to neglect Halaman 134 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 27.There was so much noise next door. Our neighbor …from their vacation abroad. A. may come back B. would have come back C. is supposed to come back D. must have come back E. ought to come back 28.„Why do you have to stay at home tomorrow?‟ „ …. my little brother.‟ A. Takes care of B. Taking care of C. To take care of D. For taking care of E. I will take care of 29.The hotel provides good facilities; yet … A. the occupancy rate is very low B. foreign tourist like to stay there C. it is located on a beautiful beach D. on-the-job training is provided for the employees E. it is advertised in the yellow pages 30.„Why didn‟t you buy those shoes? You seemed to like them. „I would have if they had been cheaper.‟ The answer means ……. A. I did buy the shoes B. I was not against the price C. the shoes were too expensive D. I looked for a more expensive pair E. the shoes were a bargain UMPTN 1997 RAYON A Text I Measles, a childhood disease, has caused sufferings to mankind for thousands of years. However, the search for an effective measles vaccine lasted two hundred years and has finally ended in success. Now, for the first time, measles is a preventable disease. You may ask, „How is this important to children?‟ measles sounds like something far away from our experience. In reality, it is not. Like any other injury, damage to the Halaman 135 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA behaviour my cause brain damage C. In the USA children with brain damage have all been measles patients. D. Research findings show that pneumonia and ear disorders may cause measles E. Children who get measles will have pneumonia and ear disorders at the same time. 3. Which of the following is NOT an after effect of measles? A. Polio B. Ear disorders C. Personality changes D. Slow learning E. Pneumonia 4. „Or would be in an institution‟ (paragraph 3) The underlined words means : … A. an orphanage B. a hospital C. a rehabilitation centre D. a company E. a public school 5. One of the important findings of the research on measles is that … A. children who have measles may become difficult to handle of their behaviour B. in reality, there are no measles patients who get brain damage C. personality changes already occur at the time a child has measles D. measles can cause children to become physically handicapped E. measles is the first killer of childhood diseases in the word. Halaman 136 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text II Alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly attractive as the energy crisis becomes more severe. Solar heating systems, which use the sun‟s radiation as a source of energy, are a promising alternative energy source. Nuclear power plants are already in operation in several parts of the country. Government and private industry are even investigating the possibility of capturing the power of ocean waves and tides for conversion into usable energy. Coal is once again becoming an acceptable fuel as the nation searches for solutions to the energy shortage. Even garbage is seen as a potential source of energy. In some communities, garbage is burned to heat buildings and light city streets. 6. The main information of the text is about …. A. the interest in alternative energy sources B. potential solar heating systems C. the operation of nuclear power plants D. the search power energy from the sea E. the use of coal to replace oil 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about alternative sources of energy? A. garbage can be recycled into energy to run factories B. the crisis of alternative energy sources becomes more severe C. energy from the sun seems to be to potentially the best alternative D. coal is considered not suitable to replace oil E. private industries have succeeded in producing energy from ocean waves and tides Text III Often people who hold higher position in a given group overestimate their performance, while people in the lower levels of the group underestimate theirs. While this may not always be true, it does indicate that often the actual position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal confidence a person may have. Thus, members who hold high positions in a group or feel that they have an important part to play in the group will probably have more confidence in their own performance. 8. The topic of the text is … A. the role of leaders in a group B. self-confidence of group members C. different position in a group D. the relation between high position and self-confidence E. the attitudes of group members Halaman 137 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 9. From the text we may conclude that … A. if we left people know that they are an important part of the group, they will become more self-confidence B. people will get a higher position if they have great self-confidence C. if people have high position, they are confident that they perform better than others D. people who hold low position in a group often overestimate their performance E. if people are given high positions they will underestimate people of low position Text IV In an age of supersonic airliners, it is difficult to imagine that at the beginning of the twentieth century no one had ever flown in an aero plane. …..10, people were playing in balloons and airships. The airships was ….11 on the principle of the semi-rigid structure. In 1900 Ferdinand von zeppelin fitted a patrol engine to a rigid balloons. The craft was the first really …..12 airships. In 1919 an airships first carried passengers across the Atlantic, and in 1929 one traveled round the world. During this time the design of airship was constantly being …..13 and up to 1937 they …..14 thousands of passengers on regular transatlantic service for million of miles. 10.A. in addition B. Next. C. However D. Furthermore E. Consequently 11.A. located B. based C. supported D. decided E. originated 12. A. success B. succeed C. succeeded D. successful E. successfully 13.A. repaired B. encouraged C. recovered D. established E. improved 14.A. applied B. lifted Halaman 138 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. sent D. delivered E. carried 15.If he … more confident during the interview, he might have got the job he wanted. A. were B. would be C. could have been D. had been E. was being 16.My brother, who was not used to … a room with someone else, was quite unhappy when he couldn‟t have his own room in the dormitory. A. sharing B. share C. be sharing D. be shared E. being shared 17.My uncle doesn‟t earn much; … he can send his children to college. A. however C. therefore E. hence B. end D. so 18.I visited the university of California last year. That‟s the place … my brother is studying now. A. which B. when C. whose D. whom E. where 19.I wonder how old he is. He was Asti‟s classmate in 1985, so he … at least twenty-five now. A. will be B. should be C. must have been D. should have been E. shall be 20.The crowd has been waiting outside the hotel for hours just … a glimpse of the famous singer. A. getting C. get E. to get B. they get D. for getting 21.„When did you realize you had lost your purse? „When I … money to pay the bus fare.‟ A. was needing B. needed C. had needed Halaman 139 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. have needed E. am needing 22.Farmers in this area lack means of transport to move their products to the market. … vital role in the region‟s development has been neglected by the local government. A. Their B. The market‟s C. The farmer‟s D. Its E. The government‟s 23.„Ted, are you going to Tia‟s birthday party tomorrow evening?‟ „I don‟t think so. I … the dentist‟ A. am having to see B. have seen C. have to see D. had to see E. would have to see 24.The young mother cautiously tiptoed into the bedroom in order not to wake up… A. the sleeping children B. the children slept C. the children were sleeping D. the children sleeping E. the sleeping of the children 25.… Michael Douglas a good actor is his ability to play the role of different characters so well A. That makes B. Whether making C. What makes D. This is made E. In order to make 26.„Bambang looks very happy today.‟ „Don‟t you know he … to General Manager?‟ A. has promoted B. to be promoted C. being promoted D. has to promote E. has been promoted 27.„This English text on Biology is too difficult for me to read. „Well, you‟d better … A. translate it B. have it translated C. have to translate it D. have translated it Halaman 140 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. to translate it 28.Having switched off the lights, … A. it was the door he locked B. the door was locked C. this locked the door D. the door was locked behind him E. he locked the door 29.„There was such a long applause at the end of the play the performance repeatedly appeared on the stage, bowing.‟ From the above sentence we may conclude that … A. the players did not perform well B. the play was a great success better C. the viewers got bored of the play D. the play was a popular drama E. the players should have rehearsed 30.„The airline should have accepted the application of Agus, as experienced pilot.‟ This means that : … A. the airline hired Agus B. Agus refused to work for the airline C. The airline did not receive Agus application D. Agus was rejected by the airline E. The airline offered Agus a job UMPTN 1996 RAYON A Ultraviolet light means the invisible part of the spectrum beyond violet. This light has always been regarded as very useful because it is used to cure certain skin diseases, kill bacteria, detect counterfeit money, form vitamins. etc Along with the increasingly use of computers in financial activities, Ultraviolet light has been widely applied by bank to identify the signature of their customers in passbook. When a customer opens a new account with a bank , the teller always asks him to sign on a card placed in the signature will be left this can be used to computer with the signature on the customer's withdrawal slip under ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light certainly has many practical application, but it may also be harmful to human being. Halaman 141 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA It is high time to warn sun-worshippers in the quest for a bronzed look to be careful of excessive and uncontrolled exposure to the sun. 1. We may conclude that the main information of the text is about A. the advantages and disadvantages of ultraviolet light B. the use of ultraviolet light in business C. the application of ultraviolet rays on human being D. the effect of ultraviolet light to people's health E. the danger of ultraviolet light to people's health 2. Which of the following statements about ultraviolet light is TRUE according to the text? A. Ultraviolet is used by bank for computers B. The position of ultraviolet rays is above the spectrum. C. Skin diseases can only be caused by ultraviolet rays. D. Ultraviolet light, which is part of the spectrum, cannot be seen. E. Ultraviolet light is one of the existing vitamins 3. We may conclude that the writer's main purpose in writing the text is to … , A. encourage people to get the best advantages of ultraviolet rays B. explain that sunrays consist of violet and ultraviolet rays C. introduce the effective use of ultraviolet light in bank. D. warn people against the alarming dangers caused by sunrays E. ask people to avoid the use ultraviolet light as much as possible 4. We benefit from ultraviolet rays as they can A. sign customer passbook B. detect false signature C. cure a particular kind of cancer D. check customers deposits E. be a component in medicines 5. Ultraviolet rays may endanger people who A. take vitamins regularly B. stay indoor C. have skin cancer D. consume alcohol and tobacco E. like sun bathing Text II Hospitality is natural in my village. Guests arrive at any time of the day or night and they are always welcome . Nobody as why you come ? Or How long are going to stay ? They become a part of the family. The villagers are delighted to receive guests . They are fed, clothed and given presents. When guests arrive they are offered a pot of water to wash their hands, face and feet. Then they are given a mat or chair to sit on. Previously, sherbet was offered, but now it is the custom to give a cup of tea, depending on the time of the day. Guests are never asked. Have Halaman 142 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA you eaten? or Would you like something to eat or drink?. Food is placed before them and it is impolite for guests to refuse. Hospitably means giving yourself completely to guests and strangers. 6. What is the topic of the paragraph? A. Guests and strangers B. Hospitality and a village C. Rules of politeness D. Advice for guests E. The arrival of guests 7. What is the main idea of the text? A. In the writers village, guests are always received warmly B. Guests have to wash their hands, face and feet when they arrive C. The host never asks their visitors questions D. Guests are usually asked about the purpose of their visit E. It is impolite to refuse food and drink offered by the host. TEXT III Progress is gradually being made in the fight of cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any hope of long term survival . In the 1920s, the ratio was one in four. Currently, the ratio is down to one in three. The gain from one in four to one in three represent about 58.000 lives save each year. 8. What is the topic of the paragraph ? A. The danger of cancer B. Cancer victim C. The problem of cancer D. Progress in the fight of cancer E. The history of cancer 9. What is the main idea of the text? A. In the 1900s cancer patient had good hope of long term survival B. The progress in fighting cancer result in the increasing number of survivals C. There is progress in preventing people from getting cancer D. Currently, the gain from the fight against cancer is the survival of 58.000 lives E. The number of cancer victims has gradually increased TEXT IV No one knows who invented mechanical clocks. However the clock ….10 can be traced, back to Middle Ages in Europe . The earliest clocks were actually made by blacksmith . The main principles in design of these Halaman 143 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA clocks. ….11 are still use in mechanical clocks today, though modem clocks are so much more accurate. Early clocks had no dial, and …12 the time simply by striking a bell. The word clock, in fact, means bell. Before the invention of clocks, a man ….13 as a clock- jack use to ring a large bell in a castle or used monastery to tell everyone the time. This man was able to ….14 the time by means of a sundial or an hour glass containing sand. 10. A. Industry B. company C. fabrication D. installation E. procedure 11. A. moreover B. beside C. therefore D. however E. consequently 12. A. stated B. assumed C. predicted D. mentioned E. indicated 13. A. called B. known C. used D. noticed E. grow 14. A. estimate B. estimation C. estimator D. estimated E. estimating 15. …. his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exam. A. Unless B. Although C. Instead of D. Even though E. Despite 16. ' Could you please book me on the next flight to Mexico City ?" I'm sorry, sir. Our line ….to Mexico City A. will not fly B. has not been flying Halaman 144 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. did not fly D. wasn‟t able to fly E. doesn‟t fly 17. Having been defeated three times in a row. the boxer, decided to give up fighting. Means : A. He decided to give up fighting although he was defeated three times in a row 18. Being an out going person. Agam …. his time with friends on Saturday night than stay at home A. might be spending B. would rather spend C. ought to have spent D. could have spent E. had better spend 19. ….. she likes him very much, she always pretends to ignore him. A. Since B. Because C. Whereas D. Even though E. However 20. In her letter my friend said that she was looking forward ,,,,from me again. A. to hearing B. to hear C. hearing D. having heard E. to be heard 21. The original …. manuscript of the play is on display in the museum A. Written by hand B. writing hand C. hand – written D. hat is hand - written E. hand – writing 22. Do i have to go to the post office to get my package ? No. you can …. A. have delivered it Halaman 145 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. delivered it have it to be delivered have to delivered it have it delivered 23. Anita and I missed the morning flight, and this made …. late for our friend's wedding. A. his B. me C. them D. her E. us 24. If he had taken a computer course, it would have been easier for him to get a good job. This means that A. it wasn't easy to find a good job although he had taken a computer course B. he had taken a computer course , so it wasn't difficult a find a good job. C. even though had taken a computer course, it wasn't easy to find a good job D. he hadn't taken a computer course, so it wasn't easy to find a good job . E. he took a computer course, so that it would be easier to find a good job. 25. I have a problem with my thesis. ….. it ? A. Shall we discuss B. Did we use to discuss C. May we have discussed D. had we better discuss E. Would we rather discuss 26. Doctors agree …..patient should try to reduce taking medicine for slight headaches. A. whether B. which C. that D. how E. what 27. My parents advice my sister ….. to much money on clothes. A. do not spend B. not to spend C. did not spend D. not spending E. not spend Halaman 146 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 28. The progress of this class needs…… A. to be evaluated D. in evaluating B. evaluated E. be evaluated C. to evaluated 29. Sydney ….is more than three and a half million. is Australia's largest city A. whom the population B. that the population C. whether the population D. the population of it E. the population of which 30. Did you see the children when you came home this afternoon ? No, they … their teacher in prick A. visited B. had visited C. to visit D. were visiting E. would visited UMPTN 1995 RAYON A years without deterioration of the tubers. But recent findings suggests that cassava may be responsible for birth defects. It has other serious disadvantages. The tubers consist almost entirely of starch and are particularly low in protein so dependence of cassava leads to serious malnutrition. To make matters worse, some varieties, when grown under certain poisonous to people and livestock if eaten raw. These have to be well-prepared for consumption by consumption prolonged and repeated boiling. The new danger has emerged over the past few years in Nigeria. Doctors have begun to suspect that cassava, if eaten in large amounts during pregnancy, may cause deformities in the developing fetus; there appears to be a correlation between or other neuronal malformations in their babies. 1. The topic of the text is '....' A. cassava, the source of various kinds of meals B. the advantages and disadvantages of cassava Halaman 147 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. Characteristics of people consuming cassava D. The staple food of people in developing countries E. Malnutrition, the effect of eating cassava 2. People can rely on cassava in times of famine because .... A. cassava can grow in any climate throughout the year B. it can be manufactured into flour called tapioca C. the tubers can last for more than one year as long as they are not pulled out D. it is the most important food in many parts of the world E. it can be stored for a long time without being rotten 3. Which of the following statements is not true according to the text ? A. Farinha and garri are other name 4. It is likely that doctors will advise pregnant women not to eat too much cassava for fear that .... A. they will be deformed B. the fetus will not develop C. their bodies will become crippled D. their bodies blood will be poisoned E. their babies may have malformed brains 5. We may conclude that the writer .... A. suggests that cassava is a good alternative for staple food B. wants to tell people to stop eating cassava C. shows how people in developing countries live D. warns the readers of the danger of consuming too much cassava E. explains the effect of food shortages in developing countries 5. The increase in the sales of new cars ... expected to make traffic jams worse. A. is B. are C. be D. being E. to be 7. His shop was burnt down ... his car that parked nearly A. and either did B. also was C. but neither was D. so did E. and so was Halaman 148 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 8. "Who won the Ford Foundation scholarship?" "The high school student ... the City Council had chosen as the best student". A. he who B. whose C. whom D. which E. of which 9. ... is not known A. Can he involved in the trade of narcotics B. He is involved in the trade of narcotics C. Whether be is involved in the trade of narcotics D. When he is involved in the trade of narcotics E. Why is he involved in the trade of narcotics 10.My brother needs two ... to help him run the store A. mechanics B. carpenters C. instructors D. porters E. assistant 11.The way Professor Mattis teaches English not only keeps the students' interest .... A. and also increases their motivation B. but also increasing their motivation C. and he also increases their motivation D. but also increases their motivation E. and also to increases their motivation 12.The Thief ... into teachers room through this windows because there are footprints near the windows A. was to get B. may get C. would rather get D. must have got E. should get 13.Having given prescription to the patient, .... A. the medicine was taken regularly by the patient B. the doctor told the patient to take the medicine regularly C. the patient took the medicine regularly D. the medicine had to be taken regularly by the patient E. the patient was told to take the medicine 14.... a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour to Europe A. Saved D. Having saved B. Have saved E. after saves C. He has saved Halaman 149 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 15.The fact he was put into prison for something that he had not done made his wife .... A. cry C. cried E. crying B. to be crying D. to cry 16.If he hadn't been promoted, he'd have quit his job The underlined word means ..... A. he kept his job B. he would like to keep the job C. he had to quit his job D. he lost his job E. he didn't like to keep his job 17.When did you realize you had lost your purse? When I ... money to pay the conductor. A. was needing D. have needed B. needed E. am needing C. had needed 18.The original ... manuscript of the play is on display in the museum A. written by hand B. writing hand C. hand-written D. that is hand-written E. hand-writing 19.He told me a lot about the Philippines He ... there for a long time A. must have lived B. might be living C. ought to have lived D. should be living E. would have lived 20.Why didn't Didi want to go home? His mother ... him for causing the car accident A. would blame B. has blamed C. is blaming D. should be blaming E. would have blamed 21.Sarah's parents could not sleep until she came home This means that .... A. Although Sarah came home, her parents could not sleep B. Sarah did not come home until her parents had sleep C. before Sarah came home, her parents could not sleep D. when Sarah came home, her parent were sleeping E. he parents were still sleeping when Sarah came home Halaman 150 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 22.Andi you close the windows, please, I'm busy right now. I'm busy myself, but I ... anyway.' A. will close them B. will have to close them C. will have them closed D. will ask you to close them E. will have closed them 23.My uncle doesn't earn much : ... he can send his children to college A. however B. and C. therefore D. so E. hence 24.Which sentence is correctly punctuated He won an international award for his A. excellent, interesting, well-written, scientific, article B. excellent, interesting well-written, scientific, article C. excellent, interesting, well-written scientific, article D. excellent, interesting well-written scientific article E. excellent, interesting, well-written scientific article 25.The company's new product was ... advertised on TV A. nation B. national C. nationally D. nationalize E. nationalization 26.The thief denied ... the jewellery although the police forced him to admit it. A. steal B. stealing C. to steal D. in stealing E. stolen 27.Your son will be operated on tomorrow morning, He ... have a good rest tonight", the doctor said A. might B. may C. can D. must E. would rather 28."She is one of the ten best-dressed women in town." "Really?" A. Does she always dress herself so fashionably B. Does she dress herself so always fashionably Halaman 151 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. Does she always so fashionably dress herself D. Does she so fashionably always dress herself E. Does she dress herself so fashionably always 29.We are going on a long trip, so we must .... A. have checked the car B. have had the car checked C. to have the car checked D. have the car checked E. had the car checked 30.Little children are usually afraid of... by their mother A. left B. to leave C. being left D. leaving E. been left Halaman 152 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA PEMBAHASAN SOAL PAKET I 01. A Judul yang tepat untuk teks tersebut adalah Motion Sickness (mabuk kendaraan), karena sejak awal paragraf sudah dijelaskan mengenai motion sickness dalam berbagai bentuk, juga penyebabnya dan usaha-usaha yang dilakukan orang untuk menghindari motion sickness. 02. D Orang mabuk kendaraan karena otak berusaha memahami situasi dan terlalu banyak pesan yang diterima (paragraf 1 kalimat ke-5) 03. C/D Orang yang mabuk kendaraan dapat mengurangi kemungkinan menjadi semakin mabuk dengan cara menghindari makanan pedas (avoid ing spicy food), tidak mengkonsumsi alkohol ( not consuming alchohol), dalam mobil memilih duduk di depan (choosing sit at the front seat in a car), dan menghindari makanan tinggi lemak ( avoiding high-fat-food). Maka perkecualiannya adalah taking the back seat in a car dan consuming high fat-food. 04. B Kesimpulan untuk teks tersebut adalah tidak ada solusi yang pasti untuk mengatasi masalah mabuk kendaraan (tersirat di paragraf 2 dan 3). 05. E „over the counter medication‟ = obat bisa di beli tanpa resep dokter (without prescription) 06. A Kalimat yang tepat untuk mengawali tks itu adalah so far there has not been enough information about people having accidents at work site (selama ini tidak ada informasi yang cukup mengenai orang-orang yang mendapat kecelakaan di tempat kerja) karena kalimat-kalimat berikutnya menceritakan para peneliti informasi mengenai kecelakaan di tempat kerja. 07. E Topik paragraf tersebut adalah kecelakaan pada jam kerja. 08. D Topik teks tersebut adalah perbedaan antara pendidikan tradisional dan pendidikan modern. Pendidikan tradisional dijelaskan pada kalimat 1-2, sedangkan pendidikan modern dijelaskan pada kalimat 3-akhir. 09. D Kalimat yang tepat untuk mengakhiri paragraf itu adalah Unlike the traditional education, the modern one is less strict. Kalimat ini dipilih untuk Halaman 153 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA menegaskan perbedaan pendidikan tradisional dan pendidikan modern yang dijelaskan sebelumnya . 10. B Kata yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah adverb (simply : secara sederhana) karena salah satu fungsi adverb adalah menerangkan verb, yang mana verb dalam kalimat tu adalah have been called. - simple (adjective) : sederhana - simplify (verb): menyederhanakan - simplicity (noun): kesederhanaan. 11. C Konjungsi yang tepat adalah therefore (oleh sebab itu) karena kalimat tersebut menceritakan akibat dari kejadian sebelumnya. - furthermore : terlebih lagi - nevetheless : tetapi - moreover : terlebih lagi - however : tetapi 12. C Keterangan waktu in recent years (dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini) adalah keterangnan waktu untuk present perfect tense, maka verb yang tepat adalah have begun. 13. D Orang yang sehat memperhatikan nutrisi dan berolahraga, dan mereka memonitor (monitoring) kondisi tubuhnya,……. . - seeing: melihat - watching: menonton - keeping: menjaga - caring: mempedulikan 14. A Orang yang sehat memperhatikan nutrisi dan berolahraga, dan mereka memonitor kondisi tubuhnya, misalnya, dengan teratur (regular) memeriksa payudara sendiri atau memeriksa tekanan darah….. . - usual : biasa - standard : standar - ordinary : biasa - customary: biasa 15. B Kata active (adjective) berfungsi menerangkan kata benda. Kata benda yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah response (tanggapan). - respond (verb) : memberi tanggapan - responsive (adjective) : tanggap - responsibility (noun) : tanggung jawab Halaman 154 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 16. A make an effort : berusaha achievement : prestasi/pencapaian diet : makanan exercise : latihan 17. C Bentuk kata kerja pasif dengan menggunakan modal adalah modal + be + Verb3, jadi verb yang tepat yang mengikuti modal may adalah be viewed. 18. B Kata for pada used for adalah preposisi, yang mana preposisi selalu diikuti noun (kata benda) atau noun equivalent, antara lain adalah gerund (Verbing). 19. A Ungkapan yang tepat untuk memberi ucapan selamat atas kemenangan teman mendapatkan juara pertama menulis adalah : Congratulation! I knew you could do it. (Selamat! Aku tahu kamu bisa melakukannya.) 20. C It is the house in which I was born. Itulah rumah tempat aku dilahirkan. 21. D Corellative conjunction either …..or artinya adalah atau/salah satu menghubungkan dua struktur yang setara. Pada kalimat itu yang dihubungkan dengan either….or adalah nervous (complement) dengan kata yang juga berfungsi sebagai complement yaitu not well prepared. 22. A Pada kalimat yang diawali dengan frasa participle, pelaku pada induk kalimat harus sama dengan pelaku pada frasa participle. Arti frasa participle tersebut adalah Karena tertarik mengembangkan pariwisata di Indonesia, maka induk kalimat yang sesuai adalah pemerintah bekerjasama dengan pusat-pusat pendidikan terkait. 23. E „Bagaimana kamu menetukan kemampuan menulis siswa?‟ „Pertama-tama, suruh siswa menulis (have students write) essay lima ratus kata.‟ Untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek menyuruh orang lain melakukan sesuatu untuknya, gunakan kalimat causative. Pola kalimat causative have adalah : S + have + O (aktif) + verb1 24. B Kalimat yang tepat untuk menanggapi „Tidak ada acara menarik di TV‟ adalah “Kalau begitu mari kita ke bioskop.” (Let‟s go to the movie then.‟) Halaman 155 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 25. B „Apa yang akan terjadi dengan anak-anak yang menjadi yatim piatu karena bencana tsunami?‟ „Jangan kawatir, mereka akan dirawat (will be taken care of)‟ PAKET 2 01. C Topik wacana tersebut adalah tentang bagaimana cara menyapa kolega bisnis. Ini dijelaskan pada semua paragraf. 02. D Pernyataan yang tidak benar mengenai jabat tangan adalah Di Perancis, tidak berjabat tangan dianggap tidak sopan. Ini bertentangan dengan kalimat terakhir paragraf 2. 03. B Karena bisnis semakin mendunia, maka mudah bagi orang untuk berbuat kesalahan (kalimat pertama paragraf 1). 04. C Perbedaan budaya yang sangat tampak di salah satu negara Eropa adalah menyapa orang dengan gelarnya. Ini terjadi di negara Jerman (paragraf 6). 05. A Seorang bisnismen mungkin bisa gagal dalam melakukan bisnis di luar negeri karena ia mengabaikan budaya negara tuan rumah (paragraf terakhir). 06. D Topik wacana tersebut adalah tentang hasil experimen Bowerman yang tak terduga yaitu ditemukannya alas sepatu dari karet. 07. E Dari teks itu bisa disimpulkan bahwa keingintahuan bisa mengarah pada penemuan besar. 08. E Penyebab umum runtuhnya peradaban kuno adalah proses degenerasi sistem sosial (dinyatakan pada kalimat terakhir). 09. C Topik paragraf tersebut adalah musnahnya peradaban kuno, oleh proses alami maupun degenerasi sistem sosial. 10. E „Untuk orang pada umumnya (common)…….‟ Kalimat ini menyatakan kebiasaan umum, maka kata yang tepat untuk melengkapinya adalah common. Halaman 156 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA sensitive : peka unhealthy : tidak sehat average: rata-rata special : khusus 11. D Kata yang terletak antara determiner (the) dan noun (foods) pastilah adjective/kata sifat, maka kata tersebut adalah nutritious (bergizi). - nutrient (noun) : zat gizi - nutrition (noun) : ilmu gizi - nutritionist (noun) : ahli gizi 12. B Tetapi (but), untuk orang yang ingin menurunkan berat badan atau harus memantau gula darah karena diabetes, terlalu banyak gula bisa menjadi masalah. 13. A Gula rendah kalori, menurut International Food Information Council, aman (safe) digunakan. - good : baik - harmful : berbahaya - applicable : bisa dipakai 14. D Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi frasa the……artificial sweeteners adalah approved sehingga arti frasa tersebut adalah pemanis buatan yang disetujui. - approve (verb) : menyetujui - approval (noun): persetujuan - approving (adjective): yang menyetujui - approved (adjective): yang disetujui - approvingly (adverb): dengan gembira 15. C Verb setelah subjek yang digabungkan dengan either …or menyesuaikan dengan subjek setelah or. Subjek setelah or pada kalimat tersebut adalah the education sistem of our Insttitute (singular), maka verb yang dipakai adalah singular verb. 16. B „Apakah kamu mendapatkan komputer bekas yang murah yang diiklankan di koran?‟ „Tidak. Komputer itu sudah terjual (has been sold) ketika aku menelpon mereka.‟ 17. E Verb require harus diikuti to infinitive. Halaman 157 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 18. E Karena aku sedang berbicara pada klien ketika telepon berbunyi, aku menyuruh sekretarisku untuk mengangkatnya (had my secretary answer the call) causative have bentuk lampau 19. A „Saya pesan tiga kamar standar untuk minggu depan, ya.‟ „Maaf, Pak. Hotel kami sudah penuh dipesan (is fully booked) hingga akhir bulan.‟ 20. B „Saya kehilangan banyak uang dengan menginvestasikan uang di bisnis teman anda.‟ „Saya ikut prihatin, anda seharusnya berkonsultasi dengan saya (should have consulted me) tentang bisnisnya . 21. A „…..them more training‟ berfungsi sebagai subjek, maka kata yang tepat untuk melengkapinya adalah gerund (verb-ing), yaitu giving. 22. D Pelaku pada main clause harus sama dengan pelaku pada frasa participle. Arti frasa tersebut adalah karena terkesan dengan penampilan siswa baru itu (yang terkesan adalah guru), maka main clause yang tepat adalah guru menunjuknya menjadi ketua kelas (the teacher appointed him chairman of the class). 23.). 24. B neither berpasangan dengan nor 25. E „Pak Sulaiman adalah orang yang terkenal di kalangan ilmuwan Indonesia; disamping itu , orang tahu ia adalah orang yang berjiwa sosial (sociable). - arrogant : sombong - strict : ketat - proud : bangga/sombong - tough : keras PAKET 3 01. C Yang diharapkan anak-anak muda yang mulai bekerja di Mc Donald adalah memiliki awal karir yang bagus (paragraf 5 kalimat terakhir). Halaman 158 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 02. B Yang disebut pekerja minoritas adalah imigran kulit hitam (paragraf 3 kalimat ke-3) 03. A Pernyataan yang tidak benar menurut bacaan adalah Mc Donal lebih baik dari perusahaan –perusahaan di US lainnya, karena secara umum tidak ada yang menyebutkan Mc Donal lebih baik dari yang lainnya. Kalimat This is better than any other US company hanya untuk menunjukkan bahwa dalam merekrut kaum minoritas, prosentasenya lebih banyak. 04. D Bisa disimpulkan bahwa faktor penting dalam merekrut karyawan di Mc Donald adalah faktor umur. - experience : pengalaman - citizenship : kewarganegaraan - creativity : kreativitas - leadership : kepemimpinan 05. C Kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa teks tersebut adalah menerangkan situasi kerja di Mc Donald. 06. D Topik teks tersebut adalah reaksi masyarakat mengenai anjuran makan sehat yang disampaikan pemerintah. 07. B Tentang laporan itu, manager restaurant menganggap saran pemerintsh tidak konsisten (kalimat ke-7, 8 dan 9) 08. E Joe tidak bisa dipromosikan ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi karena ia tidak mempunyai pengalaman yang cukup (too inexperienced). 09. C Ia tidak senang karena pekerjaannya tak lagi menantang. 10. A Untuk menyatakan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive. 11. E ….sementara itu yang mengkonsumsi adalah binatang yang secara langsung maupun tak langsung memakan (feed on) tumbuhan hijau. - take care of : merawat - consist of : terdiri dari - come from : berasal - provide with : memberikan Halaman 159 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 12. E Sebaliknya (on the other hand) pengurai adalah bakteri dan fungi yang … . - nevertheless : tetapi - therefore : oleh karena itu - similarity : kesamaan - in addition : disamping itu 13. A Struktur ini, struktur yang penting (necessary) untuk menjaga aliran energi dan nutrisi melalui sistem, terdiri dari ….. - additional : bersifat tambahan - productive : produktif - specific : khusus - dependent : tergantung 14. D Kata yang berada diantara preposisi (of) dan noun (kinds) pastilah adjective, yaitu different (berbeda). - differ (verb) : berbeda - differentiate (verb) : membedakan - difference (noun) : perbedaan - differential (adjective) : yang berbeda 15. D Kata and menghubungkan struktur yang setara. Pada kalimat itu yang dihubungkan adalah gerund (protecting, purifying)maka setelah and juga harus gerund. 16. E „Mobil saya sudah siap?‟ „Maaf, mobil itu sedang diperbaiki (it still being fixed) karena baru hari ini kami mendapatkan suku cadang.‟ 17. A Ketika aku berbelanja di pusat kota, aku tidak pernah naik mobil, sehingga (so that) aku tidak mendapat maslah dalam mencari tempat parkir. - however : tetapi - furthermore : di samping itu - even though : walaupun - while : ketika 18. B „Apakah Anto tahu Mirna kecelakaan kemarin?‟ „Ake rasa tidak tahu. Kita seharusnya memberitahunya (should have told him) segera setelah kita mendapatkan kabar itu. 19. B „Apakah kamu bisa menjemputku sekitar jam 2 siang besok?‟ „Maaf tidak bisa. Aku sedang mengajar (will be teaching) pada saat itu.‟ Halaman 160 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang dilakukan di waktu mendatang, gunakan future continuous tense (will+be+verb-ing). 20. C Ketika mengetahui (knowing) bahwa ibunya dibawa ke rumah sakit saat ia pulang sekolah, ia menjatuhkan tasnya dan menangis. 21. D Hal terberat yang dihadapi banyak pendaki gunung adalah bahwa (is that) mereka sulit bernafas karena kekurangan oksigen. 22. C „ Kapan kamu akan memberitahu adikmu berita bagus itu?‟ „Ketika ia kembali (returns) dari perjalanan bisnisnya.‟ Kata kerja pada adverb clause yang menerangkan simple future tense adalah kata kerja simple present. 23. B „Jika perusahaan menghargai keberhasilan Tony dalam meningkatkan pemasaran, ia tidak akan berpikir meninggalkan perusahaan itu.‟ Makna kalimat ini adalah : Perusahaan tidak menghargai keberhasilan Tony, sehingga ia berpikir untuk meninggalkan perusahaan itu. Dengan kata lain: Tomy sedang mencari pekerjaan lain sekarang. 24. B Keterangan waktu for a week now menerangkan bentuk present perfect, jadi verb yang tepat adalah have had. 25. D Arti frasa participle itu adalah : Karena mengharapkan pendapatan yang lebih baik, maka main clause yang tepat adalah Odie menerima tawaran kerja di Medan. PAKET 4 01. A Informasi utama teks itu secara tersirat terdapt pada pernyatan: „employees who criticicize the old ways of doing things and want to try out new ideas are disliked both by their bosses. Comment like: „They wouldn‟t listen to metabolite „ or „ I kept presenting new product ideas, only to hear nothing‟ are typical of many managers who become an entrepreneur.‟ Inilah alasan mengapa seorang manager lebih suka membuat usahanya sendiri. 02. C Banyak manajer lebih suka menjadi pengusaha karena ide-idenya sering ditolak atasannya (kalimat ke-3 paragraf 1). Halaman 161 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 03. D Seorang manajer yang menjadi pengusaha adalah orang yang berni mengambil resiko kegagalan (kalimat ke-2 paragraf ke-2). 04. E Sifat yang diharapkan tidak dimiliki seorang pengusaha adalah ragu-ragu (hesitant). 05. B „only to hear nothing‟ : tidak dipedulikan = ignored - silenced : didiamkan - isolated : terpisah - distributed : dibagikan - excused: dimaafkan 06. B Teks itu bercerita tentang kemampuan Kamerun dalam menghidupi rakyatnya dengan cara swasembada pangan. 07. A Pernyataan yang benar mengenai Kamerun adalah Bank dunia memberi bantuan uang kepada negara Kamerun untuk melaukan swasembada pangan. 08. C Tujuan penulis teks ini adalah untuk menghentikan pengembangan teknologi maju (kalimat terakhir : we should delay the continued development of technology). 09. A Teknologi maju telah membuat kehidupan manusia lebih nyaman, tetapi menyebabkan banyak kerusakan lingkungan. 10. E Banyak negara yang menyadari bahaya merokok telah melarang iklan tayangan merokok agar tidak ditonton oleh anak-anak, paling tidak mengurangi penyebarluasan tayangan iklan rokok. Tetapi, pengawasannya (control) sering tidak berhasil. - intention : tujuan - demad : permintaan - interruption : interupsi - suggestion : saran 11. A Dalam kegiatannya, perusahaan rokok Amerika melanggar (violate) aturan ini meskipun mereka mematuhi mencatumkan kata-kata bahaya merokok. - consider : menganggap - omit : menghilangkan - complicate: mempersulit - investigate : menyelidiki Halaman 162 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 12. D Ada beberapa cara dimana perusahaan-perusahaan ini melanggar aturan yang ditujukan (intended) untuk melindungi kaum muda dari rokok. 13. C Sebagai contoh (for example) , beberapa perusahaan rokok tidak mengiklankan rokok; tetapi memberikannya gratis. - such as : seperti - in conclusion : kesimpulannya - in addition: disamping itu - compared to : dibandingkan dengan 14. B Mereka tampaknya (appear) mempromosikan … . - appearance : penampakan - apparent: nyata 15. C Verb require diikuti to infinitive 16. A „Mobil siapa itu?‟ „Maksudmu mobil yang diparkir (parked) di depan toko buku.‟ Kata parked di atas adalah past participle yang berfungsi sebagai adjective. 17. B Setelah bekerja (Having worked) selama lima tahun di bagian marketing, aku merasa sangat berkualifikasi untuk melamar sebagai manajer marketing yang diiklankan di koran. 18. C „Ketika tinggal di Bogor, kami biasa jalan kaki ke sekolah.‟ Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan lampau, gunakan used to+ verb1, jadi verb yang tepat adalah used to go. 19. A Karena kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat simple past tense, maka verb yang dipakai pada noun clause juga simple past, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah she would go. 20. B „Mam, kenapa mama bersikeras agar aku memakai jaket?‟ „Karena (since) aku yakin di luar sangat dingin.‟ - since : sejak/karena - until : hingga - although : walaupun - so that : sehingga - because of : karena (diikuti oleh noun ) Halaman 163 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 21. D „Aku tidak menemukan handphone di tasku.‟ „Kamu mungkin meninggalkannya (may have left it) di mobil. Ayo kita lihat!‟ 22. E „Aku menumpahkan tinta di jaket.‟ „Kamu harus mencucikannya (have it clean) di laundry segera.‟ 23. D „Hotel ini merugi banyak.‟ „Ya, hanya sepuluh persen kamarnya yang dihuni (are occupied). …percent of + countable noun + plural verb 24. D „Mengapa anda tidak mengendarai mobil sendiri?‟ „Mobil itu sudah dijual (has been sold).‟ 25. A „Siapa Ismail Marzuki?‟ „Beliau adalah komposer yang (whom) dianggap salah satu komposer besar di Indonesia.‟ Kata kerja consider tidak diikuti preprosisi sehingga kata whom tidak diawali dengan preposisi. 26. B „ Paula tertidur di kelas tadi pagi.‟ „Dia pasti begadang (must have stayed up) tadi malam.‟ 27. C Merokok bisa menyebabkan banyak penyakit dan gangguan pernafasan; disamping itu (in addition) merokok membahayakan orang yang tidak merokok. - consequently: oleh karena itu - however: tetapi - nevertheless : tetapi - otherwise : jika tidak 28. A „Setelah ia menandatangani sewa rumah selama setahun, ia menemukan rumah lain yang lebih ia suka.‟ Artinya ia terpaksa tinggal di rumah yang telah ia bayar sewanya. 29. C Not only berpasangan dengan but also. Not only…but also menggabungkan struktur yang setara. Pada kalimat itu but also diikuti dengan clause, maka setelah not only juga berbentuk clause. Karena not only mengawali clause, maka clause tersebut bersusun balik/inversi (auxiliary mendahului subjek). Halaman 164 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 30.). PAKET 5 01. C Teks tersebut menceritakan bahaya yang bisa ditimbulkan oleh pusat pembangkit tenaga nuklir (paragraf 3 dan 4) 02. B Yang membuat pengangkutan containernya yang tidak solid. bahan radioaktif berbahaya adalah 03. E Pernyataan yang benar tentang radioaktif adalah bencana alam bisa menyebabkan kebocoran kontainer yang berisi limbah radioaktif yang dikubur di tanah (kalimat terakhir paragraf 2). 04. B Bisa disimpulkan dari paragraf ke-3 bahwa penyebab kebocoran yang tibatiba adalah gempa bumi (kalimat terakhir paragraf 2). 05. D Meskipun masalah-masalah tersebut mungkin dapat terjadi dalam penggunaan energi nuklir, penulis berpikir bahwa program penggunaan energi nuklir dapat dilanjutkan (kalimat ke-2 paragraf 3) 06. A Informasi utama paragraf tersebut adalah dampak polusi udara . 07. A Main idea teks tersebut adalah dampak polusi udara pada kehidupan manusia baik langsung maupun tak langsung. 08. E Topik teks tersebut adalah moon illusion, yaitu tentang ukuran bulan. 09. B Pernyataan yang betul tentang moon illusion adalah : Meskipun fenomena tersebut telah dipelajari selama bertahun-tahun, ilmuwan tidak setuju dengan penyebabnya. Ini tersirat terdapat pada kalimat …have been disputed by scientists, but thus for thereis no widelyaccepted of the phenomenon. 10. C Kontaminasi (contamination) oleh bakteri Halaman 165 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA influence: pengaruh effect: pengaruh excess: akibat 11. B Kaleng kemudian dipanaskan pada suhu yang sesuai (convenient)…. - regular: rutin - operative: operatif - sufficient: cukup - complete: lengkap 12. E Lama waktu dan suhu yang dikehendaki (required)…. 13. D Isi kaleng dipanaskan secara seragam (uniformly)… - unity (noun) : kesatuan - uniform (noun): seragam - uniformity (noun): keseragaman 14. A Eksperimen dapat dilakukan pada suhu yang tepat terhadap bagian-bagian kaleng sampel ketika (while) kaleng itu dipanaskan… 15. A Untuk menyatakan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive. 16. E Semua anggota parlemen bertepuk tangan ketika berjalan menuju tempat duduknya. - so that: sehingga - although: walaupun - even if : walaupun - as soon as: segera setelah (while) presiden itu 17. C Untuk menjadi seorang fotografer yang terampil, seseorang harus …. . 18. D Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat present subjunctive, polanya adalah : S + wish + S + simple past : I wish I could 19. C Keterangan waktu since menerangkan present perfect continuous tense ( has/have + been + verb-ing). 20. B „Apakah Anto tahu Mirna kecelakaan kemarin?‟ „Aku kira tidak. Kita seharusnya memberitahunya (should have told him) segera setelah kita mengetahuinya. Halaman 166 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 21. A Karena pendapatannya tidak cukup untuk membiayai anak-anaknya seteah suaminya meninggal, wanita itu memutuskan bekerja di Arab Saudi. 22. E Karena meggantikan tourist resorts, maka possessive pronoun yang tepat adalah their. 23. C Kata hubung and menghubungkan struktur yang sama. Pada kalimat tersebut kata yang dihubungkan sebelum and adalah wore (verb2) , maka setelah and adalah behaved foolishly. 24. D Jumlah itu sudah di-fax (it has been faxed) ke kantor Garuda. 25. A „Kapan tamu itu datang kemarin?” „Ketika ia baru saja selesai memasak (had just finished cooking) 26. E Aku sedang menunggu untuk dipanggil (to be called) wawancara. 27. D I will have the matter dealt with immediately : Aku akan menyuru masalah itu diatasi (oleh orang lain) segera. 28. B „Menurutmu sopir bus itu mengebut?‟ „Ya. Aku kawatir ia akan membahayakan penumpangnya.‟ (will endanger)jiwa 29. D Buku-buku di rak ini, yang sebagian besar (most of which) tentang pendidkan anak, milik ipar saya. 30. C „Bagaimana restauran baru itu?‟ „Makanannya enak tetapi pelayanannya perlu ditingkatkan needs to be improved). (the service PAKET 6 1. C Dua masalah utama yang disebutkan pada bacaan adalah kurangnya bahan bakar (paragraf 1 dan 2) dan kondisi lingkungan yang tidak bersih (paragraf 3 dan 4). Halaman 167 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 2. E Teks tersebut terutama bercerita tentang kerugian-kerugian menggunakan kotoran hewan sebagai bahan bakar. 3. B Kerugian menggunakan bahan bakar tradisional adalah bahan bakar tersebut bisa merusak lingkungan (diceritakan di paragraf 2). 4. D Faktor utama yang menyebabkan kurangnya sanitasi adalah buruknya pengelolaan kotoran hewan. 5. A The disgested slurry of the fermented organic matter considered valuable because it improves the quality of the soil for agriculture (memperbaiki kualitas tanah untuk pertanian) 6. D Bacaan tersebut membahas tentang angin topan di belahan dunia tertentu (yaitu di Atlantik Utara) 7. B Pernyataan yang benar menurut teks adalah : cuaca yang sangat panas dan kelembaban tinggi bisa menyebabkan angin topan (kalimat terakhir paragraf 1). 8. E Paragraf tersebut tentang kecelakaan mobil dan penyebab-penyebabnya. 9. C Yang bukan merupakan penyebab kecelakaan mobil di US adalah pengendara yang tidak terampil (tidak disebutkan pada teks). 10.A Berapa banyak tempat tinggal yang dibutuhkan seseorang? Apa yang terjadi jika kebutuhan (requirement) ini tidak terpenuhi? ▪ influences: pengaruh ▪ problem : masalah ▪ resources: sumber-sumber ▪ possibolities: kemungkinan 11.D Pakar sosiologi dan psikologi sedang mengadakan eksperimen pada tikus untuk mencoba meneliti (examine) efek terlalu banyak orang pada manusia. ▪ to emerge:muncul ▪ to propose : mengusulkan ▪ to imagine: membayangkan Halaman 168 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 12.B Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja (change) yaitu adverb (perceptibly). ▪ to perceive (verb) ▪ perceptive (adjective) ▪ perception (noun) ▪ perceptible (adjective) 13.E Mereka tidak bisa tidur dan makan dengan baik, tanda-tanda ketakutan dan tegang menjadi jelas (obvious). ▪ tremendous: hebat ▪ registered: terdaftar ▪ concise: singkat ▪ absolute: mutlak 14.C Semakin sesak, semakin mereka cenderung saling menggigit dan bahkan membunuh satu sama lainnya sehingga (thus), untuk tikus, populasi dan kekerasan berhubungan langsung. ▪ however: tetapi ▪ yet: belum ▪ moreover: terlebih lagi ▪ finaly: akhirnya. 15.C Subjek kalimat itu adalah : Different interpretations (jamak), jadi verb yang tepat adalah make. 16.E Pekerjaan yang melibatkan (involving) memerlukan orang-orang yang sangat terlatih. 17.C „Apakah aku bercerita tentang gadis yang kutemui (whom I met)……‟ ▪ whom mengganti orang sebagai objek ▪ who mengganti orang sebagai subjek ▪ whose menggantikan kepemilikan ▪ which menggantikan benda 18.A „Kamu tampak sangat sedih, Anton. Ada apa?‟ „Ayahku baru saja kehilangan (has just lost).‟ 19.B Dia bertanya kepadaku apakah ia boleh meminjam (might borrow) mobilku ke pesta. Halaman 169 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 20.C Kita sedang merencanakan membuka kantor baru di Surabaya, tetapi (but) krisis ekonomi memaksa kita untuk menundanya. 21.E Decide diikuti to infinitive. 22.B Apakah kamu sudah diberitahu kapan festival jazz akan diadakan? 23.A Aku masih menunggu dipanggil (to be called) untuk wawancara. 24.C „Mengapa kamu tidak mencetak laporanmu di rumah?‟ „Aku kehabisan tinta printer. Tinta itu sangat mahal sehingga aku tak mampu membelinya.‟ So …..that adalah split conjunction yang artinya sangat …. Sehingga. 25.A Aku tidak bisa menemukan museum yang kau ceritakan. Aku pasti telah salah naik (must have taken the wrong bus ). Untuk menyatakan kepastian di waktu lampau, digunakan must have verb3. 26.E Verb yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah past perfect verb, yaitu had completed yang menyatakan telah menyelesaikan. 27.D Stop diikuti gerund. 28.B Arti kalimat itu adalah : Setelah ia dikalahkan tiga kali berturut-turut, petinju itu memutuskan berhenti bertarung. 29.D „Mengapa kamu membawa mobilmu ke bengkel?‟ „Aku akan menyuruh remnya diperiksa ( I will have the brakes checked).‟ 30.A Makna kalimat pengandaian tersebut adalah : Pesawat tidak terbang tepat waktu (penerbangan ditunda= was delayed), sehingga kami terlambat pada pembukaan seminar itu. PAKET 7 1. B Perbedaan paus dan ikan adalah bahwa paus melahirkan bayi seprti yang dilakukan oleh gajah (Kalimat ke-2 paragraf 1: Mereka mamalia, seperti sapi dan gajah.) Halaman 170 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 2. E Karena menceritakan tentang kehidupan paus di laut, maka judul yang poaling tepat untuk teks tersebut adalah : The life of whales in the oceans 3. E Pernyataan yang benar tentang paus adalah : bayi paus yang baru lahir mungkin memiliki berat seperlima berat ibunya (disimpulkan dari kalimat terakhir paragraf 1). 4. B Paus kadang-kadang hidup di air hangat untuk bereproduksi (kalimat kedua paragraf 3 : In winter some of them go to warm waters to breed (berkembangbiak) …..) 5. E Dari teks kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa tiap jenis paus makan jenis makanan tertentu. 6. B Teks tersebut tentang penggunaan jari untuk menghitung. 7. A Pernyataan yang benar menurut teks adalah : angka tidak perlu memiliki nama dalam berhitung (kalimat pertama) 8. D Informasi utama bacaan tersebut adalah terjadinya gold rush di Amerika. 9. D Dari teks bisa disimpulkan bahwa California menjadi tempat tinggal bagi banyak orang asing (kalimat ke-2 paragraf 2) 10.B Kini tak seorang pun menolak bahwa Albert Eistein adalah orang yang jenius. Tetapi (but) hal itu bukanlah masalahnya. ▪ since: sejak, karena ▪ so: sehingga ▪ because: karena ▪ therefore: oleh karena itu 11.E Pada masa mudanya, orang tua dan guru Einstein menganggapnya (considered) tidak disiplin dan bodoh. ▪ declared : menyatakan ▪ determined: menentukan ▪ predicted: meramalkan ▪ accused: menuduh Halaman 171 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 12.D Sebagai anak, dia terlambat dan orang tuanya kawatir (worried) ia mungkin cacat mental. ▪ hopeful: berharap ▪ amazed: kagum ▪ expectant: berharap ▪ timid: pemalu 13.E Sebagai remaja ia kesulitan menyesuaikan diri dengan peraturan ketat yang diterapkan di sekolah menengah di Jerman, dan gurunya tidak menyukai perkembangannya (his progress). ▪ success: keberhasilan ▪ increase: peningkatan ▪ advantage: keuntungan 14.C Tidak mengherankan, ia merasa sekolah tinggi lebih baik daripada sekolah menengah, dan lagi-lagi ia ketinggalan (lacked) di bidang akademis. ▪ achieved: tercapai ▪ served: dilayani ▪ wasted: dihabiskan ▪ disrupted: diganggu 15.D Subjek kalimat itu adalah each of (tunggal), jadi verb yang tepat adalah is. 16.A „Semua ini adalah kantor pemerintah.‟ „Yang mana (Which) kantor ayahmu?‟ 17.B At the moment = sekarang ini adalah keterangan waktu untuk present continuous tense. 18.D Setelah menabung (Having saved) beberapa ribu dolar, ia pergi berwisata ke Eropa. 19.E Rudi patah kaki dalam suatu kecelakaan; sehingga, ia akan menyuruh Amir mengantarnya ke tempat kerja (he will have Amir drive him to work). 20.B „Hary tidak bisa membayar uang sekolah karena ayahnya menganggur.‟ „Pamannya yang kaya seharusnya membantunya (should have supported) dengan uang sekolahnya.‟ Halaman 172 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 21.E Meskipun (although) aku bisa menyetir, aku sering menyuruh saudaraku untuk mengantarku ke kota. ▪ since: sejak, karena ▪ when: ketika ▪ because: karena ▪ whether:apakah 22.C Karena diterima (Accepted) di dua universitas bergengsi, Amanda sulit menentukan yang mana yang harus ia pilih. Accepted adalah past participle. 23.A Kalimat tersebut menggunakan kata kerja causative make, maka verb setelah objek adalah verb1. 24.C Kalimat tersebut memerlukan subjek, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah What you need (subjek yang berbentuk noun clause, yang artinya: apa yang kau perlukan). 25.E „‟Apa yang kau cari?‟ „ Dompetku; aku tak tahu di mana aku telah meletakkannya (have put it).‟ 26.B „Mengapa bayi tetangga sebelah tetap menangis?‟ „Seperti biasa , ia ditelantarkan (is neglected) oleh babysitternya.‟ 27.D Tetangga sebelah sangat ribut. Tetangga kami pasti telah kembali (must have come back) dari liburan di luar negeri 28.C Untuk menyatakan tujuan, digunakan to infinitive. 29.A Hotel itu menyediakan fasilitas yang bagus; tetapi angka huniannya sangat rendah. 30.C „Mengapa kamu tidak membeli sepatu itu? Kamu tampak menyukainya.‟ „Aku akan membelinya jika harganya lebih murah.‟ Kalimat yang kedua adalah kalimat pengandaian yang artinya adalah : Aku tidak membelinya karena sepatu itu sangat mahal. Halaman 173 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA PAKET 8 1. C Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah : campak adalah penyakit serious yang banyak diabaikan di masa lalu. 2. E Pernyataan yang benar tentang campak adalah anak yang menderita campak akan menderita gangguan paru-paru dan telinga pada saat yang sama (paragraf 2, kalimat ke-4). 3. A Yang bukan merupakan akibat setelah menderita campak adalah polio (tidak disebutkan pada teks). 4. C Institution yang dimaksudkan bacaan tersebut adalah pusat rehabilitasi. 5. A Salah satu penemuan penting riset tentang campak adalah anak-anak yang menderita campak sulit mengendalikan tingkah lakunya (kalimat ke-5 paragraf 3) 6. A Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah ketertarikan pada sumber energi pengganti. 7. C Pernyataan yang benar tentang sumber energi pengganti adalah energi matahari tampaknya sangat potensial sebagai alternative terbaik (kalimat ke2) 8. D Topik teks tersebut adalah hubungan antara kedudukan tinggi dengan kepercayaan diri (lihat kalimat pertama) 9. A Dari teks kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa jika kita memberitahu orang bahwa mereka bagian dari kelompoknya, mereka akan lebih percaya diri. 10.B Di jaman pesawat supersonic, orang sulit membayangkan bahwa pada awal abad ke-20 tak seorangpun pernah terbang dengan kapal terbang. Kemudian (next) orang bermain balon dan kapal udara. in addition: di samping itu however: tetapi furthermore: disamping itu consequently: oleh karena itu Halaman 174 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 11.B Kapal udara berdasarkan pada (based on) prinsip struktur setengah keras. located: terletak supported: disangga decided:diputuskan originated: berasal 12.D Pesawat tersebut benar-benar kapal (successful) untuk pertamakalinya. success (noun) : keberhasilan succeed (verb) : berhasil successfully (adverb): dengan berhasil udara yang sangat berhasil 13.E Akhir-akhir ini, design kapal udara terus ditingkatkan (improved)..... repaired: diperbaiki encouraged: didorong recovered: sembuh established: didirikan 14.E ….dan hingga tahun1937 penumpang…. . applied : menggunakan lifted: megangkat sent : mengirimkan delivered: mengantarkan mereka mengangkut (carried) ribuan 15.D Verb pada if clause pada kalimat pengandaian tipe 3 adalah had+verb3. 16.A Saudaraku, yang tidak terbiasa berbagi (sharing) kamar dengan orang lain, sangat tidak senang ketika ia tidak memiliki kamar sendiri di asrama. To be used to diikuti gerund. 17.A Pamanku tidak berpendapatan besar; tetapi menyekolahkan anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi. therefore: oleh karena itu hence: maka (however) ia bisa 18.E Relative pronoun yang berfungsi untuk menggantikan tempat adalah where. 19.B Aku tidak tahu berapa umurnya. Ia adalah teman sekelas Asti pada tahu 1985, sehingga seharusnya (should be) paling tidak berumur dua puluh lima tahun. Halaman 175 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 20.E Orang-orang itu berkerumun menunggu di luar hotel selama beberapa jam hanya untuk melihat sekilas (to get glimpse) penyanyi terkenal itu Untuk menyatakan tujuan , digunakan to infinitive. 21.B „Kapan kamu menyadari kamu kehilangan dompet?‟ „Ketika aku memerlukan (needed) uang utyk membayar ongkos bus.‟ Karena terjadinya diwaktu lampau, maka verb yang tepat adalah verb2. 22.A Possessive pronoun yang teat adalah their karena menggantikan farmers (jamak). 23.C „Ted, apakah kamu akan pergi ke pesta ulang tahun Tia besok sore?‟ „Kupikir tidak. Aku harus ke (have to see) dokter gigi.‟ 24.A Ibu muda itu dengan hati-hati berjalan berjingkat-jingkat ke kamar tidur agar tidak membangunkan anak-anaknya yang sedang tidur (the sleeping children). 25.A Yang membuat (That makes) Michael Douglas menjadi aktor yang bagus adalah kemampuannya untuk memainkan peran berbagai karakter dengan cukup baik. 26.E „Bambang tampak sangat senang hari ini.‟ „Tidakkah kau tahu dia baru diangkat (has been promoted) menjadi General Manager?‟ 27.B „Teks Biologi berbahasa Inggris ini terlalu sulit kubaca.‟ „Kamu lebih baik menyuruh teks itu diterjemahkan (have the text translated). 28.E Setelah mematikan lampu, ia mengunci pintu (he locked the door). 29.B „Terjadi tepuk tangan yang lama di akhir pertunjukan drama sehingga para pemain berulangkali membungkukkan badan di panggung.‟ Dari kalimat itu bisa disimpulkan bahwa: pertunjukan drama itu sangat berhasil (the play was a great success better). 30.C „Perusahaan penerbangan itu seharusnya telah menerima lamaran Agus, sebagai pilot yang berpengalaman.‟ Halaman 176 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Kalimat tersebut bermakna: Perusahaan penerbangan tidak menerima lamaran Agus. PAKET 8 1. A Informasi utama pada teks tersebut adalah keuntungan dan kerugian sinar ultraviolet. 2. D Pernyataan yang benar tentang sinar ultraviolet adalah sinar ultraviolet , yang merupakan bagian dari spektrum, tidak bisa dilihat (dinyatakan di kalimat pertama, paragraf pertama). 3. D Bisa disimpulkan bahwa tujuan utama penulis dalam menulis teks adalah untuk mengingatkan orang akan bahaya yang ditimbulkan oleh sinar matahari. 4. B Kita mendapat keuntungan dari sinar ultraviolet karena sinar tersebut bisa mendeteksi tanda tangan palsu (tersirat dijelaskan di kalimat pertama paragraf 2). 5. E Sinar ultraviolet bisa membahayakan orang yang gemar mandi matahari (paragraf terakhir). 6. B Topik paragraf tersebut adalah keramahtamahan di desa. 7. A Main idea teks tersebut adalah : di desa penulis, tamu selalu diterima dengan hangat. 8. D Topik paragraf tersebut adalah perkembangan dalam merawat kanker. 9. B Main idea teks tersebut adalah perkembangan dalam melawan kanker meningkatkan jumlah orang yang bisa diselamatkan dari kanker. 10.A Tak seorangpun tahu siapa yang menemukan jam mekanik. Tetapi industri (industry) jam bisa dirunut, kembali pada abad pertengahan di Eropa. company: perusahaan fabrication: pemabrikan installation: pemasangan procedure: prosedur Halaman 177 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 11.D Jam yang pertama kali sebenarnya dibuat oleh pandai besi. Tetapi (however), prinsip-prinsip utama dalam menbuat jam ini masih digunakan pada jam mekanik sekarang ini, meskipun jam modern lebih akurat. moreover: terlebih lagi besides: di samping itu therefore: oleh karena itu consequently: oleh karena itu 12.E Jam tempo dulu tidak memiliki setelan, dan menunjukkan (indicate) waktu hanya dengan bunyi bel. stated: menyatakan assumed: menganggap predicted: meramalkan mentioned: menyebutkan 13.B Verb known diikuti as, artinya: dikenal sebagai called: dipanggil noticed: diperhatikan grown: ditanam used: digunakan 14.A Be able dikuti to infinitive. 15.E Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah kata yang berarti :walaupun , yaitu : despite. despite: walaupun, diikuti oleh noun phrase although: walaupun, diikuti clause instead of: sebagai pengganti unless: kecuali jika 16.E „Bisakah anda memesankan saya tiket penerbangan berikutnya ke Mexico?‟ „Maaf, Pak, penerbangan kami tidak terbang (doesn‟t fly) ke Mexico.‟ 17.B Arti kalimat itu adalah : setelah dikalahkan tiga kali berturut-turut, petinju itu memutuskan berhenti bertanding. 18.B Menjadi orang yang terkenal, Agam lebih suka menghabiskan (would rather spend) waktunya bersama teman-temannya pada sabtu malam daripada berada di rumah. Halaman 178 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 19.D Meskipun (even though) dia sangat menyukainya, ia selalu berpura-pura mengacuhkannya. since: sejak,karena because: karena however: tetapi whereas: sedangkan 20.A Looking forward to diikuti gerund (verb-ing) 21.C Naskah tulisan tangan (hand-written) asli drama itu dipamerkan di museum. Hand-written adalah past participle yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menerangkan noun manuscript . 22.E „Haruskah aku ke kantor pos untuk mengambil paket?‟ „Tidak. Kamu bisa menyuruh paket itu dikirimkan (have it delivered). 23.E Possessive pronoun untuk menggantikan Anita and I sebagai objek adalah us. 24.D „Jika ia kursus komputer, ia akan lebih mudah mendapatkan pekerjaan yang bagus.‟ Kalimat ini berarti: ia tidak kursus komputer, sehingga ia tidak mudah mendapatkan pekerjaan yang bagus. 25.A Aku mempunyai masalah dengan tesisku. mendiskusikannya (Shall we discuss it)? Shall bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan ajakan. Bagaimana kalau kita 26.C Para dokter setuju bahwa (that) pasien sebaiknya mengurangi pemakaian obat untuk sakit kepala ringan. - whether: apakah - which: yang mana - how: bagaimana - what: apa 27.B S + advice + O + to infinitive 28.A Untuk menyatakan : perkembangan kelas perlu dievaluasi digunakan pola kalimat : S (benda) + need + to be verb3 atau verb-ing. Maka verb yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah to be evaluated. Halaman 179 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 29.E Untuk mengetahui relative pronoun yang tepat untuk kalimat itu, perlu memecah kalimat itu menjadi dua, yaitu: 1. Sydney is Australia‟s largest city. 2. The population of Sidney is more than three and a half million. Melihat kata-kata yang digaris bawah, maka relative pronoun yang tepat adalah the population of which. 30.D „Apakah anda melihat anak-anak ketika kamu pulang tadi sore?‟ „Tidak, mereka sedang mengunjungi (were visiting) gurunya di Priok. PAKET 9 1. B Topik teks tersebut adalah keuntungan dan kerugian singkong. 2. C Orang dapat bergantung pada singkong ada saat kekurangan pangan Karena umbinya bisa bertahan selama lebih dari setahun selama tidak dicabut. (kalimat ke-4 paragraf 1). 3. A Pernyataan yang tidak benar menurut bacaan adalah : Farrina dan Garri adalah nama lain singkong. Ynag betul adalah : Farrina dan Garri adalah nama makanan yang berasal dari singkong (Klaimat ke-2, paragraf 1). 4. E Mungkin dokter akan menyarankan bahwa wanita hamil tidak boleh terlalu banyak makan singkong karena khawatir akan terjadi gangguan pembentukan janin (kalimat ke-2 paragraf 3). 5. D Kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa penulis mengingatkan pembaca akan bahaya mengkonsumsi terlalu banyak singkong (paragraf 3). 6. A Subjek kalimat itu adalah the increase (tunggal), sehingga verb yang tepat adalah is. 7. A Karena kalimat itu kalimat positif, maka struktur elip yang tepat menggunakan so. Karena kalimat itu adalah kalimat nominal simple past tense, maka auxiliary yang tepat adalah was.Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah and so was. 8. C “Siapa yang memenangkan beasiswa Ford Foundation?” “Siswa sekolah menengah yang dipilih Dewan Kota sebagai siswa terbaik.” Halaman 180 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (The high school student …the City Council had chosen as the best student). Kata-kata yang bergaris bawah dalam tanda kurung di atas adalah adjective clause yang awalnya adalah: The city council had chosen the high school student as the best student.) The high school student adalah orang sebagai objek, maka relative pronoun yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah whom yang berfungsi menggantikan orang sebagai objek. 9. C Yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah subjek. Melihat pilihan yang ada, maka disimpulkan bahwa subjek kalimat itu berupa noun clause, yang mana susunan noun clause adalah : Connector + S + V, yaitu : whether he is involved in the trade of narcotics 10.E assistant: pembantu mechanics: ahli mesin carpentes: tukang kayu instructors: instruktur porter: kuli angkut barang 11.B Not only berpasangan dengan but also, membentuk struktur paralel. Pada kalimat itu setelah not only adalah Verb+s, maka setelah but also juga verb+s. 12.D Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan atas kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau digunakan must+have + verb3. Kalimat itu berarti: Pencuri pasti telah masuk ruang guru melalui jendela ini karena ada jejak kaki di dekat jendela. 13.B Setelah memberikan resep kepada pasien, dokter menyuruh pasien untuk minum obat itu dengan teratur. (pelaku pada main clause harus sama dengan pelaku pada participial phrase). 14.D Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah present participle yang berarti setelah, yaitu : Having saved. 15.A Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat causative dengan causative verb-nya adalah make. Pola kalimat causative : S + make + O + V1, maka verb yang tepat adalah cry. 16.A Makna kalimat pengandaian itu adalah : Ia dipromosikan sehingga ia mempertahankan pekerjaannya (he kept his job.) Halaman 181 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 17.B Pertanyaan menggunakan verb lampau, maka jawaban atas pertanyaan itu menggunakan verb-2, yaitu needed. 18.C Naskah tulisan tangan (hand-written) asli drama itu dipamerkan di museum. Hand-written adalah past participle yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menerangkan noun manuscript. 19.A Ia banyak bercerita tentang Pilipina. Ia pasti telah tinggal (must have lived) di sana dalam waktu lama. 20.A “Mengapa Didi tidak mau pulang ke rumah?” “Ibunya akan menyalahkannya (would blame) karena ia menyebabkan kecelakaan mobil. 21.C Arti kalimat itu adalah : Orang tua Sarah tidak bisa tidur hingga ia pulang. Kalimat tersebut sama artinya dengan : sebelum Sarah pulang, orang tuanya tidak bisa tidur. 22.C “Andi, tutup jendela-jendelanya, ya. Aku sedang sibuk sekarang.” “Aku sendiri sibuk, tapi…..” Kalimat yang tepat untuk melengkapi dialog tersebut adalah kalimat causative, yang menyatakan bahwa subjek menyuruh orang lain melakukan sesuatu untuknya, yaitu: “ …..aku akan menyuruh jendela-jenela itu ditutup (I will have them closed).” 23.A Pamanku tidak berprnghasilan banyak, tetapi( however) ia bisa menyekolahkan anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi. 24.E Pada kalimat ini tanda koma digunakan untuk memisahkan adjective, yaitu setelah adjective excellent, dan interesting. 25.C Kata yang diperlukan diantara to be dan verb3 pada kalimat pasif adalah adverb, yaitu: nationally (secara nasional). 26.B Deny diikuti gerund (verb-ing). 27.B Anakmu akan dioperasi besok pagi. Kata dokter, ia harus (must) banyak istirahat. Halaman 182 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 28.A Susunan kata yang tepat untuk kalimat tanya ini adalah : Auxiliary + S + adverb of frequency + V + O + adverb (Does she always dress herself so fashionably?) 29.D Kita akan melakukan perjalanan jauh, maka kita harus menyuruh mobil kita diperiksa (have the car checked). kata-kata yang bergaris bawah adalah kalimat causative have yang menyatakan subjek menyuruh orang lain melakukan pekerjaan untuknya. 30.C Kata kerja setelah preposisi adalah Verb-ing. Of adalah preposisi, karena verb yang mengikutinya bermakna pasif, maka verb yang tepat adalah being left (ditinggalkan). Halaman 183 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. SOAL RAYON B REGIONAL II TAHUN 2004 Text I Scientist have discovered the bones of what may be the largest meat-eating dinosaur ever walk the earth. The discovery was made by a team of researcher from Argentina in Patagonia, a dessert on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. Besides the interesting fact that the dinosaur was huge and horrifying, it is even more astounding that the bones of a number of the dinosaur s were found together. This discovery challenges the prior theory that the biggest met eaters lived as loners and instead indicates that they may lived and hunted in packs. The Tyrannosaurus Rex lived in North America and was believed to hunt and lived alone. The newly discovered meat-eater appears to be related to the Gigannotosaurus family, being as closely related to it as a fox would be to a dog. It is actually not of the same family at all as the Tyrannosaurus Rex, being as different from it as a cat is from a dog. The fossilized remain indicate that the animals lived about 100 million years ago. With needle-shaped razor sharp teeth, they were larger than the Tyrannosaurus Rex, although their legs were slightly shorter, and their jaws were designed to be better able to cut the body of their prey pieces quickly and precisely. 1. The main information of the text is… . (A) the discovery made in Patagonia (B) the research on dinosaurs (C) the bones of dinosaurs (D) the types of dinosaurs (E) the meat-eating dinosaur 2. The researchers found the bones of a new type of dinosaur in … . (A) Argentina (B) North America (C) East Patagonia (D) The Andes forest (E) South America 3. Which of the following is TRUE about the newly discovered dinosaurs? (A) They are called Tyrannosaurus Rex (B) They liked living as loners (C) They are called Giganotosaurus (D) They used to live in groups (E) They were not as huge as other dinosaurs 4. The bones of the dinosaurs discovered recently shows that the newly-discovered dinosaurs … . Halaman 184 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) are closely related to those living in North America have the same bone structure as those of fox and dogs eat their prey in neat pieces due to the shapes of their jaws lived in hundred million years earlier than other dinosaurs belong to the same family and origin as Giganotosaurus 5. From the text we may conclude that … . (A) the jaws of dinosaurs were shaped the same (B) dinosaurs‟ characteristic and way of life are different (C) North America was the origin of all dinosaurs (D) Dinosaurs could not live together with their own kind (E) All dinosaurs have the same bones and the same height. Text II Nutrition messages can be very confusing. One minute you‟re advised to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables to get your essential vitamins and minerals and next, you‟re told that too many vitamins might actually be harmful. But wait! If you take vitamin supplement, you should be aware that very high intake s of some vitamins could be potentially harmful. If you eat a healthy , balanced diet, then there is no need for you to take supplements. Here are some of the effects that excessive intakes of some vitamins can have: too much vitamin A can cause nausea headache, blurred vision, on orange skin colour and possibly even liver damage. Over consumption of vitamin D can lead to loss of appetite, weakness, excessive thirst and other fat-soluble vitamins E and K can interfere with some blood clotting medications. We all know how good vitamin C can be for us but did you know that too much of it can cause nausea, diarrhea, and in severe cases, it can form kidney stones? High levels of vitamin B6 can also cause nerve damage. 6. The topic of the above paragraph is… . (A) the effects of vitamin supplements (B) confusing ideas about nutritious food (C) the harm of some vitamins to people (D) diseases caused by consuming vitamins (E) the effects of excessive intake of vitamins 7. Which of the following is the best thing for our health? (A) To eat fruit and vegetables only. (B) Not to consume any supplement (C) To have a diet balanced in nutrition (D) Not to take vitamins at all. (E) To take a daily, high dosage of vitamin C. Halaman 185 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text III Time is a very important commodity when you are a university student; there simply never seems to be enough of it to go around. You will need to attend classes, study, complete homework assignments, work on research, eat, sleep, perhaps hold down a part-time job, and maybe actually find time to relax for a moment or two. If you manage your time wisely, you will find that there is enough time to do all these things. One valuable tool in time management is to monitor how you spend your time for a week. Then, after you spend a week monitoring your time, you can evaluate what you have done with your time and learn to make the best use of it. During the week of personal time monitoring, you should divide each twenty-four hour day into fifteen minute blocks, so each day has ninety-six blocks of time. Then, write down how you spend each fifteen-minute period. At the end of a week, you will see just how much time you have spent productively and how much time you have not. 8. The author‟s purpose of writing this text is to show… . (A) how university students utilize their time (B) how to find out whether students know about time management (C) how short time is for a student to complete his tasks (D) how students can manage their time productively (E) how to divide our day into fifteen-minute blocks 9. University students never seem to have enough time to go around because … . (A) they have to attend classes and do their homework (B) they have to work part-time to pay their tuition fee (C) they are not able to manage their time properly (D) they have regularly monitored and evaluated their time (E) they do not write down how they spend each fifteen-minute period Text IV For several decades, the term „psychosomatic” has been in general use. It means mind-body ….(10)… .But the precise way the mind affects the body has not been clearly defined. As the result of recent research, …11…, it is possible to say that specific changes take place throughout the body as the result of human attitudes. Placebos- a ‟pill‟ that contain no medical ingredients but that often ….12….the same effect as genuine medication – provide ample proof that expectations can have an effect on the body chemistry. The explanation for this phenomenon is that the human mind can … 13…actual changes in body-chemistry as a result of what it believes. If, for example, a person believes that a certain medication …14… a substance that can accomplish a specific need, the body tends to move to that direction. 10. (A) relate (B) relatively Halaman 186 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (C) relationship (D) relative (E) related 11. (A) furthermore (B) however (C) moreover (D) therefore (E) in addition 12. (A) establishes (B) enhances (C) activates (D) productive (E) concludes 13. (A) create (B) creation (C) creative (D) created (E) creating 14. (A) follows (B) contains (C) excludes (D) defines (E) improves 15. This area is not feasible for transmigration because of its infertile soil and … . (A) it has dry climate (B) the climate is dry (C) because the climate is dry (D) the dryness of the climate (E) dry climate 16. „There‟s a letter starting that Ina has to leave for the U.S. next week.‟ „Well, she …. The news right away then.‟ (A) should tell (B) should have told (C) should be telling (D) should be told (E) should be telling 17. „Why don‟t you want Amir to be the team leader?‟ „Well, I don‟t like … people around!‟ (A) his ordering (B) why he orders (C) he is ordering Halaman 187 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) he orders (E) with his ordering 18. „Even though he has seen a doctor, I can see that his condition is not improving.‟ „…. a specialist then!‟ (A) Does he have (B) Isn‟t he seeing (C) Have him see (D) He has seen (E) He too has seen 19. „You were supposed to be here ten minutes ago.‟ „I … for a place to park.‟ (A) am looking (B) looked (C) have looked (D) look (E) was looking 20. „How was your test?‟ „Not very good. I …. much better if I had not misread the directions for the last section.‟ (A) might do (B) must have done (C) should do (D) could have done (E) would do 21. If Angga had chosen to play football instead of going with his friends on their motorbikes, he would not have got that terrible accident. From the above sentence we may conclude that now Angga is … . (A) enjoying the holiday (B) hospitalized (C) very tired (D) still at the football field (E) in Puncak 22. Many people in the world are against the construction of nuclear power plants in their neighbourhood for fear of the accidents that may harm their lives; nevertheless, … . (A) governments insist on using nuclear power as alternative energy (B) most recently established stations are closed (C) there is no future for nuclear power industry (D) people still prefer various traditional kinds of energy (E) nuclear energy has many disadvantages over traditional ones 23. „Why are your friends writing a petition to the headmaster?” „…… our canteen and sport facilities improved.‟ (A) Get Halaman 188 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (B) (C) (D) (E) Getting For getting Got To get 24. These tourists, ….are Japanese, were among crowd participating in the “dangdut” dance. (A) there are many (B) many of them (C) whose many (D) many of whom (E) they who 25. All the doctors in our hospital have their own practice room and each of them …. a nurse to assist him. (A) needs (B) they need (C) he needs (D) need (E) to need SPMB REGIONAL II TAHUN 2002 Text-I Fertilizer is any substance that can be added to soil to provide chemical elements essential for plant nutrition. Natural substances such as animal droppings and straw have been used as fertilizers for thousands of years, and lime has been used since the Romans introduced it during the Empire. It was not until the nineteenth century, in fact, that chemical fertilizers became popular. Today, both natural and synthetic fertilizers are available in a variety of forms. A complete fertilizer is usually marked with a formula consisting of three numbers, such as 4-8-2 or 3-6-4, which designate the percentage content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers are available in either solid or liquid form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules are popular because they are easy to store and apply. Recently, liquids have shown an increase in popularity, accounting for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used throughout the world. Formerly powders were also used, but these were found to be less convenient than either solids or liquids. Fertilizer have no harmful effects on the soil, the crop, or the consumer as long they are used according to recommendations based on the results of local research. Occasionally, however, farmers may use move fertilizer than necessary, damaging not only the crop but also the animals of humans that eat it. Accumulations of fertilizer in the water supply accelerate the growth of algae and, consequently, may disturb the natural cycle of life, contributing to the death of fish. Too much Halaman 189 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA fertilizer or grass can cause digestive disorders in cattle and in infants who drink cow‟s milk. 1. The topic of the text is …. A. natural and synthetic fertilizer B. the formula of complete fertilizers C. effects of fertilizers on the soil D. the solid and liquid forms of synthetic fertilizers E. the damage caused by using excessive fertilizers 2. The function of any fertilizer is …. A. to produce natural substances for plants B. to make chemical granules easy to store and apply C. to prevent the crop from being damaged D. to replace animal droppings and lime E. to provide rich nutrients to plants 3. In the formula 4-8-2, the content of …. A. phosphoric acid is twice as much as that of nitrogen B. nitrogen is much less than that of potash C. potash is greater than of nitrogen D. nitrogen is equal to that of potash and phosphoric acid E. phosphoric acid is half of that nitrogen 4. According to the text, which of the following statements is true about fertilizers? A. Today, farmers do not use animal dung to fertilize their plants. B. Throughout the world liquid fertilizers are more popular than solids. C. Using fertilizers in farming is a modern phenomenon. D. Farmers were introduced to synthetic fertilizers in the 1800 s. E. Powders are used as an alternative of solids and liquids. 5. Which of the following is not the result of using excessive fertilizers? A. Water creatures may die. B. The soil can yield the expected crop. C. Humans and animals may be intoxicated. D. The growth of algae in water may increase. E. Cow‟s milk may harm consumers. Text II The YHA (Youth Hostels Association) welcomes quests – young or old, individuals or groups. who need a wheelchair to get around or who have visual, hearing or other handicaps. We have many positive advantages to offer – above all friendly companionship and inexpensive accommodation at hostels throughout England and Wales, in the country-side, in cities, towns and on the coast. Halaman 190 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Of course there have to be some „ifs‟. We must be realistic. Only one of our hostels – Broad Haven on the Pembrokeshire coast – is specially designed to cater for handicapped people. Other hostels (castles, old mills, mansions, former schools, town houses and country cottages) vary greatly in such things as accessibility (particularly for wheelchair), the amount of ground floor accommodation available, the with of doorway and the number of downstairs toilets. 6. The topic of the text is …. A. the best youth hostels in the world B. the hostels operated by the YHA C. a special hostel for YHA staff members D. the types of buildings used as hostels E. the importance of hostels for the handicapped 7. What is „unusual‟ about the YHA is that it …. A. provides inexpensive accommodation B. is owned by a group of youngsters C. particularly locates its hostels on the coast. D. has a hostel for handicapped people E. has hostel with different types of architecture Text III About one hundred eighty million years ago, strange flying reptiles called pterosaurs first appeared on Earth. Some were smaller than sparrows but others may have been large than planes. Their wings, which were somewhat like the wings of bats, were made of thin, leathery skin stretched across slender bones. Of all, the dinosaurs, pterosaurs were the only ones that could fly. When pterosaurs died, some of them fell into lakes, marshes, or seas where their bodies were covered by layers of mud and earth. Slowly, over thousands of years, the earth around the bones and the space inside them filled with minerals and became hard, or fossilized. Scientists can now tell what pterosaurs looked like by examining these preserved skeletons. Because scientists can determine the age rocks in which fossils are found, they know when different types of pterosaurs lived. 8. The main information of the paragraph is about …. A. scientific methods in examining fossils B. the history of flying reptiles C. the unique size and ability of pterosaurs D. the importance of scientific study E. the only flying reptiles of the dinosaur family 9. Scientists can determine the age in which pterosaurs lived by …. A. examining layers of mud and earth Halaman 191 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. Text IV The term placebo is used to describe a pill that contains no medical ingredients but that often produces the same effect as real medicine. Placebos …(10)… ample proof that expectations can have an effect on body chemistry. Studies conducted over the past 25 years have shown that placebos …(11)… relieved symptoms in an average of 35 percent of patients tested. There symptoms …(12)… fever, severe post-operative pain, anginal plain, headache, and anxiety. The …(13)… for this strange phenomenon is that the human mind can create actual change in body chemistry as a result of what it believes. If, ….(14)…. a person believes that a certain medication contains a substance that can accomplish a specific need, the body tends to move in that direction. 10. A. discover D. maintain B. contain E. provide C. establish 11. A. satisfy B. satisfaction C. satisfying 12. A. include B. inclusion C. inclusive 13. A. solution B. discussion C. intention 14. A. for example B. in addition C. such as D. satisfactory E. satisfactorily comparing pterosaurs with animals alive today measuring the wingspans of pterosaurs studying the rocks around the pterosaur fossils analyzing the minerals that let to fossilization D. included E. including D. explanation E. addition D. in turn E. as well as 15. “What is a pediatrician?” “Oh, it‟s a doctor …. specialization is treating children.” A. whom D. that B. which E. whose C. who 16. The expensive treatment had been well researched, however, …. A. it cured the patient effectively B. it could comfort the patient C. it was not very effective D. it made the patient feel well E. it did not cause discomfort Halaman 192 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 17. “Does Anto know that Myrna had an accident yesterday?” “I don‟t thing so. We …. as soon as we were informed.” A. may have told him B. should have told him C. had to tell him D. must have told him E. had better tell him 18. They have worked hard to prevent excessive government spending protect environment, and …. A. provide quality education B. the provision of quality education C. providing quality education D. quality education is provided E. for providing quality education 19. “I wonder where my reading glasses are. Have you seen them?‟ “No, I haven‟t. You …. left them in the office.” A. should have D. could have B. must be having E. ought to have C. must be having 20. …. she was able to achieve what she had dreamed of. A. Carefully did she plan her future B. She planned her future carefully C. Her future was planned with care D. Her future was carefully planned E. Having planned her future carefully 21. “When are you going to tell your sister the good news?” “When she …. from her business trip. A. will be returning D. was returning B. is gong to return E. had returned C. returns 22. “If had known you needed a camera for your project, lent you mine”. „Oh ….. A. thanks a lot for the camera B. I didn‟t know you had a camera C. I‟ll borrow it from you then D. thanks, it‟s an excellent camera E. ‟ ll. soon return it. could have 23. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world‟s oxygen …. there. A. are being produced D. is produced B. are produced E. was produced C. is being produced Halaman 193 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. “ need to do some exercise to stay fit.” “Have you considered …. for one hour everyday?” A. walking D. to be walking B. you walk E. walk C. to walk 25. „Hari started learning to play chess when he was only five years old won his first national chess competition when he was ten‟. This means that Hari … to play chess very well by the time he was 10 years old. A. had learned D. would learn B. was learning E. has learned C. will have learned SOAL RAYON B TAHUN 2001 Text I During the 1980s unemployment and underemployment in some countries have been as high as 90%. Some countries do not produce enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing are unmet. Many of these countries look to the industrial processes of the developed nations for solutions to these problems. But the problems are not always solved this way. The industry of the developed nations is highly automated and very expensive. It provides fewer jobs than non automated industrial processes, and highly skilled workers are needed maintain and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, but many nations do not have necessary training institutions. Thus, the cost of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to receive vocational and professional training. Often, just to begin training, the students must first learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students their spend many years abroad, and some do not return home. All nations agree that science and technology should be shared. However, countries adopting the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look carefully at the costs. Many of these costs are hidden. Students from these nations should study the problems of the industrialized countries closely. With care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, but they benefits. 1. The topic of the text is _________ (A) the reasons why some countries do not produce enough food (B) industrialization of countries with a high rate of employment (C) the economic condition of less developed countries (D) problems in transferring advanced technology to developing countries Halaman 194 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (E) the efforts made by developed countries to eliminate unemployment in developing countries 2. Some developing countries want to take over industrial processes of developed countries because they _________ (A) look for financial aid to develop their economies (B) cannot meet their people‟s basic needs (C) need more people who master foreign languages (D) want to establish training institutions for their people (E) have to overcome problems caused by industrializations 3. The following are problems faced by developing countries in transferring advanced technology EXCEPT _________ (A) the lack of highly skilled labour (B) the development of human resources (C) the non-automated industrial processes (D) the maintenance and repair of equipment (E) the high cost of industrialization 4. Which of the following is TRUE about developing the countries‟ adoption of advanced technology? (A) Not every developing country has the means to adopt advanced technology. (B) Vocational and professional training should be done domestically. (C) More job opportunities will be created when adopting advanced technology. (D) The problem of poverty can be solved by adopting industrial processes. (E) Advanced technology decreases the rate of unemployment in developing countries. 5. It is important for people who get training in developed countries to study the problems of industrialized countries in order _________ (A) be able to overcome those problems in their countries (B) take home the problems of science and technology (C) reveal all hidden costs which may cause problems (D) reduce the high cost of science and technology transfer (E) get the real advantages from the adopted technology Text II Children love cartoons, and they can sit for hours watching them. For this reason, Sunday morning television offers one cartoon program after another. However, given the age of the viewing audience, these programs communicate a disturbing message : they suggest that the world in one big battlefield with warfare which is the primary activity of human and aliens alike. In cartoon after cartoon, animated characters Halaman 195 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA shoot, boom, and blow one another up. The message is that warfare is fun, without any serious or damaging effects. And that message is further reinforced by the commercial interruptions which are designed to sell everything from play thanks to toy grenades. 6. The main idea of this paragraph is _________ (A) children love cartoon on Sunday morning (B) cartoons give children a mistaken view of the world (C) children spend too much time watching cartoon (D) television offers the children too many cartoons (E) children love the animated characters in cartoons 7. From the paragraph we can conclude that the writer _________ (A) is concerned about the effect of all TV programs on children (B) objects to the violence shown in cartoon films (C) thinks that too many commercials interrupt television programs (D) is worried about the warfare that is going on in the world (E) suggests that children should not be allowed to watch television Text III As there is not enough land, food or work for all the people on earth, living underwater will help solve these problems. But how will we breathe underwater ? Just as our lungs take in oxygen from the water. However, it is dangerous for man to breathe in ordinary sea-water because there not enough oxygen for him. Scientists have then come up with some solutions. One is to set up large tents on the sea-bed and then to pump in enough oxygen which will not be able to escape to other part of the sea. Another is to wear diving gear equipped with a tank of oxygen. In fact, American scientists have already invented artificial gills – an organ with which a fish breathes – which enable man to stay underwater for sometime. 8. The text tells us about how to _________ (A) live underwater (B) wear diving gear (C) invent artificial gills (D) set up tents on the sea-bed (E) design oxygen tanks 9. There should be supporting devices to enable people to stay underwater because _________ (A) people underwater need a place to live (B) it is the task of the scientists to invent them (C) people will have to protect themselves from danger (D) there is not enough oxygen underwater Halaman 196 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (E) they will make people breathe like a fish Text IV At least one-quarter of the medicines we buy in the developed world have their ___(10)___ in tropical forest plants. Many such medicines are still ___(11)___ much more cheaply by isolation from the plant than by synthetic processes, and in fact, many cannot be synthesized at all. Morphine, quinine, ipecac, atropine, caffeine, and nicotine are all wellknown derivatives of tropical forest plants. Over a thousand ___(12)___ of tropical forest plants are believed to be potentially effective ___(13)___ cancer. One such plant, Rosy Periwinkle, a herb of the tropical forest edge, has already provided two drugs that have ___(14)___ the chances of recovery for children with leukemia. 10. (A) origin (B) original (C) originate (D) originality (E) originating 11. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 12. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 13. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 14. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) bought received produced invented created species system quantities series cluster toward on over against with heightened increased stretched extended enlarged 15. „Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house ?‟ „Yes, we know the house needs ________, but we love the surrounding.‟ (A) to repair (B) to be repairing Halaman 197 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (C) repairing (D) repaired (E) be repaired 16. The news on the local radio stations as well as in the newspapers ________ that the riots have spread to other places in the city. (A) to be confirmed (B) is confirmed (C) confirm (D) are confirmed (E) confirms 17. „While living in Bogor, we always went to school on foot.‟ This means that we ________ on foot while we were living in Bogor. (A) go to school (B) are going to school (C) used to go to school (D) are used to going to school (E) liked going to school 18. „When I arrived at his office at 3.00, Indra was not there.‟ „Well, he ________ early.‟ (A) should go home (B) must have gone home (C) might go home (D) would have gone home (E) had better go home 19. „People are concerned about the depletion of energy sources. However, they should not forget another important thing.' „You mean ________ our environment?‟ (A) should protect (B) it is protecting (C) they protect (D) having to protect (E) protected 20. I ________ all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed it. (A) have looked (B) was looking (C) looked (D) am looking (E) have been looking 21. „I can‟t find my hand phone in my bag !‟ „Well, you ______ in the car. Let‟s take a look !‟ (A) may have to leave it (B) had to leave it (C) should have left it Halaman 198 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA (D) may have left it (E) must leave it 22. „I‟ve heard that your daughter is going to climb Mount Semeru for the second time.‟ „That‟s right. I don‟t understand ________ to do it.‟ (A) why does she want (B) that she wants (C) why she wants (D) does she want (E) what she wants 23. Trying to smuggle drugs into the country, the criminals were caught by customs officials at the airport. The underlined words mean : „________ to smuggle drugs into country.‟ (A) When the criminals were trying (B) Although the customs officials have tried (C) Before the smuggle tried (D) Because the customs officials were trying (E) Until the criminals were trying 24. This is the latest news about the kidnapping of the richest businessman in town ________ we received a few minute ago. (A) whom (B) of which (C) where (D) whose (E) which 25. „I don‟t think you can translate the whole book by yourself.‟ „You‟re right. I‟d like to ________ a part of it for me.‟ (A) have your translate (B) you have translated (C) have translated for you (D) you have to translate (E) have been translating 26. Now that he has moved to my town, we can see each other regularly. The underlined words mean: „________ to my town, we can see each other regularly.‟ (A) Before he has moved (B) Because he has moved (C) Although he has moved (D) Provided that he has moved (E) In the meantime he has moved Halaman 199 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 27. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders; ________, it may harm non- smokers. (A) consequently (B) however (C) in addition (D) nevertheless (E) otherwise 28. „If I hadn‟t booked in advance, I would have had difficulties in getting good accommodation at a reasonable price.‟ This sentence means: ________. (A) It was difficult to get a room although I had a reservation (B) I found a room in advance but it wasn‟t comfortable (C) The room I got was good but rather expensive (D) I was lucky to get a good room without reservation (E) I got a good room and I didn‟t have to pay much 29. „What do you think about the location of our new restaurant?‟ „Excellent, ________ in the centre of the town.‟ (A) which location is strategical (B) locating it strategically (C) it is strategically located (D) that is a strategical location (E) the strategical location 30. Parliament members were troubled not only by the present political condition ________ (A) but the current socio-economic condition is also bad (B) and so is the current socio-economic condition (C) besides the current socio-economic condition is bad (D) but also by the current socio-economic condition (E) as well as the current socio-economic condition UMPTN RAYON B Tahun 2000 Text I Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years one popular theory propones that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly became colder, fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for the dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of the dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was caused directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in the climate. Halaman 200 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Today, there is new evidence for the theory that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but that they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as was no sun form any, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaur‟s amounts of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world. This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 million years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found. The element iridium is very uncommon, in fact, rare, on the earth. It is an element, however, that is more often found in space. Scientists speculate that this iridium was brought to earth 65 million years ago when a comet of asteroid hit the earth. The comet or asteroid theory explains two things : (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65 – million – year – old layer s of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientist continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out. 1. The main information of the text is about…. A. the climatic change theory B. the era of dinosaurs 65 million years ago C. the asteroid theory D. different theories on the extinction of dinosaurs E. the iridium element theory 2. Which of the following statements is true about the climatic theory? A. Scientists believe that the climatic change happened 6 5 million years ago. B. The change in climate critically reduced the food supply for the dinosaurs. C. At the time of the dinosaurs, all animals were vegetarians. D. The disappearance of dinosaurs affected the climatic change. E. The cold weather made animals living at that time unable to survive Halaman 201 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 3. The asteroid theory states that…. A. the dust cloud originating from the fallen comet killed all organisms on earth B. the effect of an asteroid hitting the earth developed gradually C. the spread of the dust cloud on earth darkened the earth for years D. the dinosaurs were killed by the asteroid hitting the earth 65 million year ago E. most vegetation died because of the dust cloud severing the whole earth 4. Which of the following statements is true about the iridium element? A. It is believed that it originated in space. B. It is an element found in the bones of dinosaurs C. it came after the comet hit the earth. D. It existed only 65 million years ago E. It is an element commonly found on earth. 5. From the text we may conclude that…. A. modern scientists believe in the asteroid theory B. the new evidence for a new theory has recently been found C. there is no agreement among scientists about the two theories D. scientists have accepted the truth of both theories E. both theories have been combined to become scientifically acceptable Text II Scientist believe that the earth‟s original atmosphere probably consisted of ammonia and methane. Perhaps, 20 million year sago the atmosphere evolved into something resembling the modern composition of 78 percent nitrogen, 20 percent oxygen, and a variety of other gases. One factor that was instrumental in causing the change in the atmosphere was the evolution of plant life; oxygen is part of the modern day atmosphere because of plant live and the process of photosynthesis that goes along with it. 6. The topic of the passage is…. A. the static atmosphere B. the change in the atmosphere C. the earth‟s original atmosphere D. the process of photosynthesis E. the evolution of plant life Halaman 202 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 7. Changes in the earth‟s atmosphere took place because of the following except A. the changing composition of gases B. the development in plant life C. the earth‟s original atmosphere D. the process of photosynthesis E. the evolution of the ecosystem Text III The most popular festival in Japan takes place from 1 sd – 3rd January, and is called Ganjitsu, which means „the beginning of the year.‟ People believe that good or bad luck in the first few days of the year represents the luck you will have for the rest of the year. Ganjitsu is celebrated by ceremonial housecleaning feasting and by the exchanging of visits and presents. Most people put up special decorations at the entrance to their houses to keep out evil spirits. The main decoration is a sacred rope decorated with ferns, oranges and lobster. All of these things are thought to bring good fortune, prosperity and long life. Finally, no celebration is complete without mochi cake and zoni soup. Both the cake and the soup are made from traditional recipes. 8. The topic of the above paragraph is… A. keeping out evil spirits in Japan B. good and bad luck in Japan C. popular Japanese celebrations D. the Ganjitsu festival E. Japanese cake and soup 9. Japanese believe that their fate in a particular year depends on…. A. their good or bad luck in the first days of the year B. how they celebrate the Ganjitsu festival C. whether they succeed in keeping their homes free from evil spirits D. how they decorate their houses with all the required items E. whether their mochi cake an d zoni soup follow the traditional recipes Text IV ….. (10) most people know that the success of a television show is measured by its ratings, few know exactly how shows are rated, First, a rating company ….(11) meters in a few thousand representative homes in a particular area…..(12) the television set in one of these homes is turned o n, the meter records the day, time and the channel. The meter then ….(13) sends this information to the rating company‟s headquarters. A computer at the headquarters tallies all of the Halaman 203 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA information from all the homes in the area….(14), the computers prints rating sheet that shows how many homes watch each show and which shows are them most popular. 10. A. Although B. However C. Since 11. A. induces B. installs C. introspects 12. A. Thus B. Until C. When D. Nevertheless E. Because D. invites E. interprets D. Unless E. Since 13. A. electronic B. electrical C. electricity 14. A. Finally B. Eventually C. Subsequently D. electronically E. electronical D. Recently E. Gradually 15. Despite criticisms from political opponents, the new president continues his…. Abroad to appeal to foreign countries to invest in Indonesia A. to travel D. be traveling B. traveled E. to be traveled C. traveling 16. „What is the most worrying effect of the economic crisis?‟ „………children are deprived of nutritious food necessary for their physical and intellectual development.‟ A. Why D. Which B. That E. When C. What 17. We allowed the children to watch their favorite TV program yesterday, only after they…. doing their school assignments A. were finishing D. would finish B. have finished E. had finished C. finish 18. „The curtains of my room need washing.‟ „Well, go to the laundry and….‟ A. wash them B. they are washed C. it should wash them Halaman 204 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. have them washed E. make them wash 19. „Several hotels in this region are closing down.‟ „That‟s because tourism itself…..since last year.‟ A. is declining B. declined C. has been declining D. was declining E. had declined 20. „Why are you so late?‟ „We had to stop on the way…..some gasoline.‟ A. to buy D. we had to buy B. we bought E. buying C. must buy 21. Being a government official, he does not earn much but he…. A. lives in poverty B. is very dedicated C. is never happy D. is not satisfied E. is frequently absent 22. „What has made these tourist resorts so unattractive now?‟ „The poor maintenance of….facilities.‟ A. it C. its E. theirs B. their D. they 23. „Was John accepted at Astra?‟ „He might have been; I haven‟t seen him around for some time.‟ From the above sentence we may conclude that he…. A. refuses to work for Astra B. is not working for Astra C. is still unemployed D. was certainly accepted E. was probably accepted 24. Having finished their exam,….. A. the books must be returned to the library B. the library requires the books to be returned C. the library requires students to return the books D. the students must return the books to the library E. it is required that students return the books to the library 25. To face the globalization era in 2020, improvement in all sectors of the economy…… A. highly necessitated Halaman 205 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. is highly necessary the necessity is very high are necessarily high are highly necessitated 26. „You seem to be waiting for something these days.‟ „That‟s true; I‟m waiting…. for an interview.‟ A. called D. calling B. to call E. to be called C. be called 27. …..there people have died of cholera, the old people of the village refused to get an injection against it. A. Although D. Since B. However E. Despite C. In spite of 28. Tini‟s frequent absences from school and….f or almost all subjects are caused by her addiction to narcotics A. she has bad grades B. her grades that are bad C. her bad grades D. that her grades are bad E. all her grades are bad 29. The books on this shelf, …. Are about child education, belong to my sister – in – law. A. which of most D. most of which B. in which E. of which C. that of most 30. The man hit by a car yesterday would have died if the doctors had not immediately operated on him. From the above sentence, we may conclude that….. A. the man will be immediately operated on B. the man is still alive C. it‟s too late to save the man D. the man died after the operation E. the doctors did not operate on him UMPTN 1999 RAYON B Text I Though some foods, such as rice, wheat and other cereals, can be ripened and then stored for years before they deteriorate, other foods, such as meat and fish, normally deteriorate quickly. Generally, if food is to be eaten weeks or months after it has been killed or harvested, the processes of decay must be halted by treating the food in a way which Halaman 206 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA does not make it unpalatable. But no single method of preservation is suitable for all types of food. The traditional methods of drying, smoking, salting or pickling foods were widely used long before it was known why these methods were effective. It is now known that the processes of decay are accelerated by enzymes already present in the food cells and by bacteria or other microorganisms which may be already present or may come from external sources. To preserve food from decay, it is necessary either to destroy the bacteria or to create an environment in which bacteria cannot multiply and enzymes are inactivated. Bacteria can be destroyed by heat and be inactivated by depriving them of moisture. Enzymes can be inactivated by cold or by reducing the moisture content. The moisture content of food can be reduced by drying it in the sun or by other means. Meat or fish suspended over a smoking fire is partly dried and the smoke also has bactericidal properties. But to understand why salt and vinegar are effective preservatives, it is necessary to consider some physical principles. 1. The topic of the whole text is_____ A. food preservation B. the processes of decay C. the enzymes in food cells D. the best method of drying meat E. the moisture content of food 2. What speeds up the processes of decay A. Moisture and heat B. Enzymes and heat C. Bacteria and moisture D. Enzymes and bacteria E. Moisture and enzymes 3. Smoke is used to preserve meat because it __________ A. improves the taste of meat B. reduces the number of food cells C. dries the meat and kills the bacteria D. promotes the growth of microorganisms E. accelerates the process of activating enzymes 4. ……the process of decay must be halted by treating the food in a way which does not make it unpalatable (lines 3-5) The underlined words indicate that the food is treated in a way that can ____ A. keep the food fresh B. preserve the flavour of the food C. prevent the food from getting soft D. make the food taste much better E. store the food for later use Halaman 207 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 5. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about methods of preservation ? A. Our ancestors knew several methods of preservation B. Pickling vegetables is an old way of preservation C. Drying fish in the sun is a familiar method of preservation D. Traditional methods of preservation are very effective E. The only correct method of preservation for every kind of food is smoking Text II People are often surprised to learn just how long some varieties of trees can live. If asked to estimate the age of the oldest living trees, they often come up with guesses in the neighbourhood of two to three hundred years. The real answer is considerably larger than that, more than five thousand years. The tree that wins the prize for its considerable maturity is the bristlecone pine of California. This venerable pine predates wonders of the ancient word such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Hanging garden of Babylon. It is not nearly as tall as the giant redwood, which is also from California, and in fact it is actually not very tall compared with many other trees, often little more than five metres in height. This relatively short height may be one of the factors that aid the bristlecone pine in living to a ripe old age – high winds and inclement weather cannot easily reach the shorter trees and cause damage. An additional factor that contributes to the long life of the bristlecone pine is that it has a high percentage of resin, which prevents rot from developing in the tree trunk and branches. 6. The topic of the passage is ______ A. the size of the bristlecone pine B. three-hundred-year-old forests C. the wonders of the ancient world D. the oldest living tree E. the big trees in the world 7. The following contribute to the age of the bristlecone pine, except _ A. its short height B. its large amount of resin C. its ability to resist rotting D. its strong trunk E. its effect on the weather Text III Underlying all the complications of translation is the fundamental fact that languages differ a lot. In fact, so different are they that some insist that one cannot communicate in one language what has been said Halaman 208 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA originally in another. Nevertheless, as linguists and anthropologists have discovered, that which unites mankind is much greater than that which divides, and hence there is, even in case of very different languages and cultures, a basis for communication. This common core of human experience and the releasable modes of speaking about it do not, however, eliminate the striking and fundamental differences between languages. Moreover, the differences seem to be not only far more numerous than similarities, but also to provide many more obstacles to understanding than the similarities are able to clear away. 8. What is the paragraph about ? A. The differences between languages B. The effects of translation on languages C. The problems faced in translation D. The differences and similarities of languages E. The absence of similarities between languages 9. What is the main information of the paragraph ? A. Culture is the basis of communication B. Translating is complicated because languages differ from one another C. Differences between languages are not important in translation D. What has been said in one language cannot be repeated in another language E. Linguists and anthropologists have important roles in translation Text IV The ideals that children hold have important implications for their school experiences. Children who ____9 the value of hard work and responsibility and who attach importance to education are likely to have higher academic achievement and fewer _____10 problems than those who do not have these ideals. They are also less likely to drop out of school. Such children are more likely to use their out-of-school time in ways that reinforce learning. ____11, high school students who believe in hard work, responsibility and the value of ____12 spend about 3 more hours a week on homework than do other students. This is a ____ 13 difference since the average students spend only about 5 hours a week doing homework. 10. A. B. C. D. E. believe in agree with practise in trust in comply with Halaman 209 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 11. A. discipline B. disciplinal E. disciplinary 12. A. Such as B. For example E. Eventually 13. A. entertainment B. exercises E. economy 14. A. signify B. significance C. signified C. disciplinarian D. disciplinable C. Therefore D. Consequently C. experiment D. education C. significant D. signification 15. I am looking forward to _____ a salary raise next month. A. get C. getting E. got B. be getting D. have got 16. The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon, ____ very few people know which ones they are. A. but C. as E. so B. or D. for 17.The manager was frustrated when he learnt of the _____ results of the training course. A. disappointment D. disappointed B. disappointing E. disappointingly C. disappoint 18.„As a student, I always had instant noodles for breakfast.‟ This means that I _________for breakfast. A. am having instant noodles B. like to have instant noodles C. am used to having instant noodles D. have instant noodles E. used to have instant noodles 19.He asked me whether he _____my car to go to the party. A. can borrow D. may borrow B. might borrow E. would borrow C. ought to borrow 20 „What makes you so had about the current reform movement in Indonesia ?” „______ bad effect on Indonesia‟s economy.‟ A. It C. Its E. One‟s B. People‟s D. Their 21.I didn‟t know there was a test yesterday. Halaman 210 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA You ______ me about it. A. would have told D. could tell B. should tell E. should have told C. might have told 22._____ is a beautiful island rich in culture has been confirmed by tourist from around the world. A. Bali C. If Bali E. How Bali B. Whether Bali D. That Bali 23.I am still waiting _______ for an interview. A. to be called B. be called C. be calling D. to call E. called 24.„What is Iwan‟s decision concerning his house ?‟ “________” it before putting it up for sale‟ A. His renovating B. For renovating C. Be renovated D. Renovated E. To renovate 25.The books on this shelf, ________ are about child education, belong to my sister-in-law A. which of most B. in which C. that of most D. most of which E. of which 26.Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ____________ my car A. would not lend him B. did not lend him C. had not lent him D. would not have lent him E. will not lend him 27._______Andy seldom attends classes, he is always one of the best students in class. A. Whenever B. Since C. Because D. Although Halaman 211 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E..„If fixed the light in the bathroom yesterday, but it went out again today.” „Why don‟t you have an electrician ______ it.‟ A. checking B. checked C. to check D. check E. checks 30.„Several hotels in this region are closing down.‟ „That‟s because tourism itself _____ since last year.‟ A. is declining B. had declined C. declined D. was declining E. has been declining UMPTN 1998 RAYON B Text I Because today‟s people are living longer than ever, more psychologists and social workers have begun to study ways of care giving to improve care of the elderly. They have found that all caregivers share a common characteristic. They believe that they are the best person for the job, for different reasons. One caregiver said that she had always been close to her mother. Another caregiver was the oldest child, and another was the youngest child. Regardless of the reason, the caregivers all left that they could do the job better than anyone else. Social workers interviewed caregivers to find out why they took on the responsibility of caring for an elderly, dependent relative. They discovered three basic reasons. Many caregivers believed that they had Halaman 212 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA an elderly, dependent relative. They discovered three basic reasons. Many caregivers believed that they had an obligation to help their relative. Some stated that helping others made them feel more useful. Others hoped that by helping someone now, they would deserve care when they became old and dependent. arouse confidence in others and ask for help from others. Brothers and sisters are often willing to help, but they may not know what to do. 1. Psychologists are interested in examining care giving to the elderly because … A. their families are too busy to care for them B. people‟s life-span is longer now C. their condition is monitored by social workers D. they have, in practice, been neglected E. there are not enough homes for the elderly 2. The caregivers mentioned in the text are … A. psychologists B. charitable people C. social workers D. homes for the elderly E. members of the family 3. Caregivers are willing to take care of the elderly because of the following reasons, except …. A. they feel to be the best persons to look after them B. they expect that they won‟t be neglected when they grow old C. they are the closest relatives the elderly have D. they are the only relatives of the dependent elderly E. they are happy to be able to do something for others 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? A. Caring for the elderly can be easily accomplished without much energy B. Social workers do not interfere with the arrangement of taking care of the elderly C. Caring for the elderly gives mutual satisfaction D. Social workers decide whether the elderly live with relatives or in a nursing home Halaman 213 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. Caregivers know exactly what they want to do with the elderly 5. „Regardless of the reason‟ in line 5 means : … A. without any reason B. if the reason is not known C. considering the reason D. whatever the reason is E. to emphasize the reason Text II Human beings, convinced of their superiority over the animal kingdom, are seldom disturbed about the pain and death they bring to other species. For example, South American birds, desired by zoos, pet shops, and private collections, are frequently packed into small boxes and flown to foreign countries. Many of the birds, however, do not survive the trip but instead die of suffocation. And birds are not the only victims. Hunters in search of baby orang utans shoot the mothers who are hiding in treetops and wait for the babies to fall to the ground. Many of the babies cannot be caught and fall to their death. Seals, prized for their skins, which make lovely winter coats, are brutally slaughtered by hunters who club and skin them almost immediately. Sometimes the seals are skinned alive because a hunter was not skilful with his club. 6. What is the topic of the text? A. The superiority of human beings B. Cruelty to animals C. Animals in captivity D. Animals in zoos E. Cruel human beings 7. What is the main information of the text? A. Human beings often cause death and a lot of pain to animals B. People are superior to animals because they are much stronger C. Many animals are sold to zoos and collectors at great profits D. Wild animals often die when they are transported abroad E. Hunters often kill wild animals to enable them to catch their babies Text III Scientists and doctors say that about 34 million Americans are too fat. Why is this? One cause is the kind of food Americans eat. Many Americans like „fast food‟. Halaman 214 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA often have machines to do a lot of the work. Some Americans are also too heavy because of health problems. But for most of those 34 million Americans, the problems is the American lifestyle. 8. The text tells us about … A. what Americans eat B. American fast foods C. Health problems in America D. The American lifestyle E. Why many Americans are too fat 9. From the text we may conclude that … A. high-tech machines are an advantage to the health of Americans B. snacks are included in the regular meals of Americans C. sixty-six million Americans do not consume fast foods D. eating little snacks is the cause of major health problems E. many Americans are fat because of the way they live. Text IV Lunar eclipses have always fascinated people. Some study eclipses as an ….10 phenomenon; others just enjoy observing their beauty, ….11, in ancient times, lunar eclipses were mysterious, frightening, and …..12. In the past, people believed that eclipses were bad omens, or …..13, and this superstition has often affected historical events. For instance, a lunar eclipse was ……14 responsible for the fall of Constantinople in 1453. 10. A. astronomy B. astrology E. asteroid 11. A. Therefore B. However E. In spite of 12. A. unpredictable B. controllable E. manageable 13. A. wishes B. signs 14. A. generally B. suddenly E. centrally C. astronomical D. astronautics C. Consequently D. Because C. easible D impossible C. forecasts D. prayers C. fortunately D. partly E. orders 15. One of the problems faced by foreign businessmen … the frequent changing of regulations. Halaman 215 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA A. are B. is being C. be D. is E. to be 16. „Rita has just missed the plane to Medan‟ „She … at the airport at least two hours before departure.‟ A. was C. should have been B. should be D. has to be C. e. must have been 17. We called the committee to ask whether the competition … to begin that afternoon. A. was scheduled B. to schedule C. was scheduling D. to be scheduled E. was to schedule 18. … a few thousand dollars, he went on a tour to Europe. A. Saved D. Having saved B. Have saved E. After the saves C. He has saved 19. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously, … he would not be accepted. A. but B. and C. so D. for E. or 20. The reason why I am here is … you fill in the forms for the scholarship. A. help C. helping B. to help D. I will help E. I am helping 21. Painted at the beginning of the 19th century, … A. the artist became world famous B. the art critics considered it a classic C. the people couldn‟t understand abstract art D. the museum purchased it for its collection E. the painting was very valuable 22. Teenager delinquency, … people are now complaining, has become a popular topic discussed among psychologists. A. whom that C. whom E. which B. in which D. about which 23. The fact that he was put in prison for something that he had not done made his wife. A. cry C. cried E. crying B. to be crying D. to cry Halaman 216 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. „What do reporters usually ask the authorities nowadays?‟ „… Indonesia will soon be able to overcome its economic problems very soon.‟ A. Whether D. Why B. In case E. That C. Where 25. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to … by the well-to-do in getting the daily basic necessities. A. support D. supported B. supporting E. be supporting C. being supported 26. „Anwar was promoted president of your company last week, wasn‟t he?‟ „I‟m glad he was; he … in this company for years.‟ A. had worked B. has been working C. was working D. would work E. worked 27. „There was so much noise next door. Our neighbour … from their vacation abroad. A. may come back B. would have come back C. is supposed to come back D. must have come back E. ought to come back 28. She … the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off. A. am only wearing B. was only wearing C. had only wearing D. have only been wearing E. only wore 29. „This cake is delicious, is it home-made?‟ „You know it isn‟t, … A. I baked it myself B. Lucy asked me to bake it C. It was I who baked it D. I had Lucy bake it E. I had to bake it 30. If our school had been able to get enough sponsors for our marching band, we would have participated in the festival in March. We may conclude that … A. the donated funds were insufficient Halaman 217 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. there were many donors we were not able to go we succeeded in getting a trophy we refused to take part UMPTN 1997 RAYON B Text I Adults have some advantage on education. Adults learners often know exactly what they need to learn. Because they have the experience of life, they know what knowledge will be useful to them and what will not. If they cannot do their jobs well, they have experienced the loss of income or of job opportunities caused by a lack of vocational training. Adults have usually accumulated a wealth of experience of life in general that can help them in learning. They have more practical, everyday experience that can help them understand what they learn in school. Feng Lian, for example, is a textile plant supervisor in Shanghai, China. She graduated from secondary school, but she did not learn much in school about electricity and how it is used in factories. Now she must supervise the electrical systems. She is going to a night class that will teach her what she needs to know. She already has many questions about the subject and is ready and eager to learn. If she does succeed in her night class, she can get an even better job. Michael Johnson owns a small construction business in California. Like many other US citizens, he did not really learn to read or write in school and dropped out of school when he was fourteen years old. Michael was smart, and he was good at building and at using machines. He was very successful as a construction worker and eventually started his own business. His wife helped him read and write what he needed, and he learned how to hide his inability from others. Finally, at the age of thirty-eight, Michael is going back to school to a special program to learn how to read and write. He is learning very quickly, partly because he is smart and partly because he knows how important reading and writing are to his work. 1. The text tells us about … A. the experience of adults in learning B. problems of adults in education C. the life experience of adults people D. illiteracy among adult workers E. the advantage of being an adult learner 2. Adults know what they have to learn because … A. without having vocational training they will be jobless B. they have experienced their own particular problems in their lives C. nobody can force them to get a particular education Halaman 218 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. illiteracy makes them realize what they cannot do in their jobs E. they are old enough to decide what to do with their wealth 3. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about Michael Johnson? A. Though he is a successful construction worker, he is illiterate B. He was one of the many American boys who dropped out of school C. He knew how to read and write after he was married D. He went back to school when he realized the necessity of it E. His educational background helped him to become a successful businessman 4. Which of the following is TRUE about vocational training? A. It gives adults more change to get a job B. It contributes to their understanding of what learning means C. Without it, adults will never be able to get a job D. It enables adults to accumulate a wealth of experience of life E. Only workers with vocational training can earn money 5. Feng Lian goes to a night school in order to … A. become a supervisor of a textile plant in Shanghai B. be able to answer questions about electricity C. learn about the electrical systems in factories D. continue her study in college E. know how to install electricity in factories Text II Television is the most popular form of entertainment in any household. People of all ages use this medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day. Thus, television has had a tremendous influence on its viewers, especially children. Scientists now say that children can be adversely affected by constantly watching television. This is due to the fact that they participate less in physical activities, spend less time reading and studying, and see a world of violence that can effect their own feelings of security. 6. The text tells us about … A. the bad effect of television on children B. television, the best entertainer in our lives C. scientists research on the popularity of television D. viewers tremendous influence on television E. the average time people spent watching television 7. … that children can be adversely affected by constantly watching television means that … Halaman 219 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA A. B. C. D. E. Text III Nature has provided natural means to soothe the mind and the body. Herbal remedies for sleeplessness have been used for centuries. Valerian root, for example, lessens irritability and excitement in the nervous system by rebuilding frayed nerve endings. Skullcap produces a peacefully drowsy feeling and restful sleep. A cup of chamomile tea is also a sleep producer and is a delicious break from stimulating hot caffeine drinks at night. Other valuable herbs for relaxing include hp, yellow jasmine, and lady slipper. Herbs also offer the advantage of containing important vitamins and minerals, which further increase their benefit to your general mental and physical health. 8. What is this paragraph about? A. Sleeplessness B. Herbal remedies C. Reducing sleeplessness D. Rebuilding frayed nerve endings E. Nature and natural means 9. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about herbs? A. People suffer from sleeplessness in spite of the use of various herbal remedies B. Skullcaps and chamomile are herbs that have been used for centuries C. There are many herbs that helps us to relax D. Herbs have been used successfully for a long time E. Herbs are important because they contain important vitamins and mineral. children are not interested in violent scenes television influences children to do physical exercise children are encouraged to read a lot television makes children reluctant to study children learn a lot of positive things for television Text IV Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point, they feel that the world‟s land, water, and energy ….10 will not be able to support many more people. This view, however, is often in …..11 to the traditions and beliefs of many people. …….12, conflicts often exist between government policies ….13 birth control and people'‟ practices. Looking at three ….14 countries, India, China, and Kenya, we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with. 10.A. assets Halaman 220 C. conditions BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. supplies E. demands 11.A. agreement B. counterpart E. approval 12.A. Consequently B. In addition E. Nevertheless 13. A. due to B. regarding E. caused by 14. A. specification B. specify C. specifically D. specifying E. specific 15.“It‟s hot in here; the air-conditioner is not working.” “I think it only needs …” A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. clean E. be cleaned 16.My uncle doesn‟t earn much; … he can send his children to college. A. however C. therefore E. hence B. and D. so 17.Yanto was a young writer … novel won the first prize in the national competition. A. when B. which C. whom D. who E. whose 18.I usually take a walk early in the morning … some fresh air. A. getting D. I get B. get E. be getting C. to get 19.“I‟m having trouble with my computer again. I‟ve done everything I can but it doesn‟t work properly.” “Why don‟t you have Darmo … it?” A. to fix Halaman 221 D. alternatives C. contribution D. opposition C. Otherwise D. Moreover C. resulting in D. referring BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. fixing he fixed fix e. fixed 20.In the next poetry-reading contest, each of the contestants … expected to be more critical and more accurate in pronunciation. A. is B. are C. they are D. to be E. e. being 21.“Harry arrived home very late last night, but he said he went straight home from work.” “He must … in a traffic jam.” A. caught B. be catching C. have been caught D. have caught E. be caught 22.“When did you realize you had lost your purse?” “When I … money to pay the bus fare.” A. was needing B. needed C. had needed D. have needed E. am needing 23.Slowly and carefully the police entered the dense forest … the robbers‟ hiding place. A. surround B. which surrounding C. surrounding D. is surrounding E. surrounds 24.… Michael Douglas a good actor is that he can play the role of different characters so well A. That makes B. Whether making C. What makes D. This is made E. In order to make 25.He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant. From the above statement we may conclude that … A. he has worked hard to own the restaurant B. he has been the owner for years C. he is very proud of his restaurant Halaman 222 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. he is just an ordinary employee E. he is a successful businessman 26.Dina bought a cassette player last week and she … to music ever since. A. has been listening B. was listening C. would have listened D. will be listening E. listened 27.“Rini can speak French now.” “She must have learnt it from her mother.” From this dialog we can conclude that … A. Rini went to France to study French B. Rini‟s mother can speak French C. Rini had to learn French D. Rini‟s mother forced Rini to learn French E. Rini was unwilling to learn French 28.The director wants the result of the research … at the regional meeting. A. to present B. to be presenting C. is to present D. to be presented E. to have presented 29.Having switched off the lights, … A. it was the door he locked B. the door was locked C. this locked the door D. the door was locked behind him E. he locked the door 30.Had he flown to Madura, instead to taking the train, he would have seen the bull race. We may conclude that … A. the bull race was cancelled B. he came in time for the bull race C. bull races frightened him D. he found the bull race exciting E. he was not present at the bull race UMPTN 1996 RAYON B Text I What will man be like in the future in 5000 or even 50.000 years from now ? We can only makes a guess. of course, but we can be sure that he Halaman 223 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA. A gain in the modern world we use our brain a great deal. Even so we still make use of only about 20 % of the brain's capacity. As time goes on, however , we shall have to use our brains more and more – and eventually we shall need larger ones ! This is likely to bring about a physical change too. The head. in particular the forehead, will grow larger. Nowadays our eyes are in constant use . In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man's eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand we the course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then both sexes are likely to be bald! Perhaps all this gives the impression the future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at ! This may be true , all the same , in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotional similar to our own. 1. The writer's main intention in the above text is to explain to the reader A. how man has changed over the centuries B. how uncertain the world will be in the future C. why people's life will change in the future D. when man's physical evaluation started in the past E. what he thinks the future man will look like 2. According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE about man ? A. Within a decade, man has become three inches taller B. modern people are using the full capacity of the their brains. C. It takes a few decades for man to become taller D. It can be expected that future man will be taller E. The development of man's brains doesn't effect his physical development 3. The phrase " on the other hand " in line 14 shows A. Similarity B. Result C. Contrast D. Reason Halaman 224 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. Purpose 4. The writer imagines that future man will be entirely bald because A. there will be no different in sex B. The human body has no use for hair C. being bald will be the fashion of the future D. evolution makes the appearance of men and women more similar E. future man will not be interested in having hair 5. From the description of future man, it can be concluded that he A. is an entirely different creature from today's man B. is still a human being but behaves differently. C. is physically much stronger than today 's man D. has thought and emotions comparable to ours E. is physically similar to earlier human being Text II.. 6. What is the topic paragraph A. Fresh water B. How to improve agriculture C. Problem faced by Saudi Arabia D. Reason of water storage E. the shortage fresh water in Saudi Arabia 7. What is the main idea of the text? A. Fresh water is one of the most critical natural recourses of a country B. Several efforts are being made in Saudi Arabia to get fresh water C. Water supply in Saudi Arabia is provided by removing the salt from sea water. D. Many areas in Saudi Arabia are in habitable due to the lack of fresh water E. Agriculture in Saudi Arabia is difficult and costly Text III In recent years, Brazil has greatly increase is Gross National Product (GNP). Several culture have caused this change. First, Brazil has a favourable climate, abundant useful land, an excellent coastline, and many other recourses. Second, it has a large number of workers Halaman 225 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA available for employment in industry. Finally Brazilian business and economic planners have encouraged investment. 8. What is the topic of the paragraph ? A. the factors leading to Brazil's increase in its GNP B. Brazil's advantageous physical conditions C. The change in Brazil's GNP D. The policy of economic planners in Brazil E. The number of workers in Brazil's industry 9. What is the main idea of the text ? A. Brazil's industry has grown rapidly, because of the large number of human resources B. Brazil's physical characteristics have contributed to the increase in Brazil's GNP C. Brazilian needs a lot more investment to promote economic growth D. There are three factors that have caused a rapid increase in Brazil's GNP E. Brazil GNP has greatly changed the face of Brazil's economy. Text IV Almost half of the earth's population lives in tropical forest environment which cover an estimated 2000 million hectares, mostly in the sloping world. The management of these forest is a matter of great …10 for the countries in which they are ….11, for not only do they provide timber for lumber and paper but also will their unique diversity of plants life serve as a renewable source of food medicines and fuel ….12 they are wisely harvest . Forest also helps to regulate the quality and flow of water, an ….13 factor development. They are the home farmers and hunters, and yield many ….14 which are use both by the local people and needed by city dwellers. 10.A. attraction B. intention E. reaction 11.A. situation B. removed E. placed 12. A. as B. for E. or 13.A. enormous B. efficient E. essential Halaman 226 C. initiative D. importance C. laid D. discovered C. if D. so C. entire D. external BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 14.A. producers B. product E. productive C. productively D. productivity 15. You ….. the gathering : some old friends of ours were there. A. should attend B. can attend C. should have attended D. might have attended E. must attend 16. " I hear your son is going hiking again." Oh yes, I just don't understand ….. so much" A. why he likes it B. he likes it C. that he likes it D. why does he like it E. does he like it 17. ' Could you tell your brother to meet me at the library tomorrow ? sure , I …. him A. am telling C. be telling B. will tell D. will be telling E. would have told 18. ….- she likes him very much she always pretend to ignore him A. Since C. Whereas B. Because D. Even though E. However 19. Komodos … to be descended from dinosaurs. A. they believe C. believed B. to believe D. to be believe E. are believed 20. " Is everybody graduated from SMA I invited to the party?" "Well, the party is exclusively for those …" A. they graduated in 1990. B. were 1990 graduates C. to whom are 1990 graduates D. who graduated in 1990 E. the 1990 graduation 21. The original …. manuscript of the play is on display in the museum . A. written by hand D. that is hand written B. writing hand E. hand writing C. hand written 22. Having sent his letter of application ........ Halaman 227 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA A. B. C. D. E. the company was expected to send a quick reply Bimo expected to get a quick reply a quick reply was expected from the company they expect the company to send a quick reply it was expected that the company would send a quick reply 23. "It is surprising that he was not seriously hurt even though he was thrown off his motorbike." He…. good helmet at the time" A. must have worn B. has to wear C. should have worn D. might wear E. ought to have worn 24. Anita and I missed the morning flight, and this made …. late for our friend's wedding. A. his C. them E. us B. me D. her 25. „What does this song remind you of ?‟ „…. with my first date' A. Dance C. Dancing B. To dance D. To be dancing E. Dance 26. My parents advise my sister …. too much money on clothes. A. do not spend D. not spending B. no to spend E. not spend C. did not spend 27. John is a very lazy student: Besides …. A. he is good in extra curricular activities B. he always does his homework C. he prefers studying until late at night D. he never pays attention in class E. he sometime practices English 28. Why does the secretary have to work overtime ? Her boss… the letter A. has retyped B. has been retyping C. has her retype D. has to retype E. wants to retype 29.' Halaman 228 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. Even before the new coach came, our football team has always won E. Ever since the new coach came, out football team has always been defeated 30. If they had known that flood was coming, they wouldn't have stayed in their house ." means : A. They knew that the flood was coming; they wouldn't have stayed in their house . B. They decided to stay in their house although the flood was coming. C. They couldn‟t stay in their house because they knew that the flood was coming D. They didn't know that the flood was coming ;therefore, they stayed in their house E. They didn't want to stay in their house because they knew the flood was coming UMPTN 1995 RAYON B Text 1 In the Summer of 1984, almost two billion television viewers were able to watch the summer Olympics from Los Angles, " live via satellite beamed the Olympics around the world, most viewers watched the events without stopping to think about how this form of instant communication works, or how it may affect their lives now and in the future in both positive and negative ways. The advantages of telecommunication systems for the rapid and efficient, transmission of information to and from their home and around the world have been described by communication experts. They see the development of these systems as first step toward eliminating political and geographic boundaries by making every kind off human knowledge available to all. However , the possible disadvantages of this new technology have usually been ignored. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily, but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy. If personal information is stored in computers, then it may be easily transmitted via satellite to anyone who can pay for the service. Other futurists worry that telecommunication systems may isolate people from each other. They say that when people are able to shop from their homes, do their banking without leaving the house, watch movies they want on their television, as well as get information they need, then there will not be as much contact between people. The isolation may have a very destructive effect on social relations. It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us. We can Halaman 229 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA prevent this from happening by carefully monitoring the new technology. As one communication expert says, "We must remember that technology alone is not the answer ... It is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success." 1. The main information of the text is about ... A. the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles B. the development of telecommunication systems C. the disagreement on the use of telecommunication satellites D. the advantages and disadvantages of telecommunication systems E. predictions on the advantages of telecommunication systems 2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the text? Telecommunication systems may be an important tool in ... A. improving political relations between countries B. changing personal information for somebody else's benefit C. making information available to people in the world D. enabling people to watch events happening in other countries E. transmitting information from one place to another 3. It has been predicted that telecommunication systems may ... A. force people not to leave their house B. cause banks to go out of business C. isolate people from their own families D. threaten human relations E. keep people from watching movies 4. A serious effect of telecommunication technology on people's life is ... A. the fear of harm to one's private life B. the transmission of information via satellite C. the rapid use of information available D. the chance of having a means of communication at home E. the concern over expensive telecommunication services 5. We may conclude that the application of new technology will create many negative effects, UNLESS ... A. we realize that it is of great importance to us B. it is combined with another new technology C. we are carefully monitored by the system D. it is not influenced by our intelligence E. we know how to control that technology 6. She wanted the children to come to the dinning room, so that ... can have dinner together. A. she C. you E. all B. we D. they 7. Since the tourist had a map, he knew ... A. where was the bus terminal B. whether the bus terminal was there Halaman 230 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. where the bus terminal was D. the bus terminal was where E. was the bus terminal there 8. "Did you buy the computer?" "No, but I would have if my father ..." A. had given me the money B. would give me the money C. would have given me the money D. gave me the money E. was giving me the money 9. 'I'll go to the post office as soon as I finish wrapping your package." This means that ... A. I have to go to the post office then wrap your package B. after wrapping your package, I'll go to the post office C. while going to the post office, I'll wrap your package D. I still have to wrap your package when I return from the post office E. I'll wrap your package on the way to the post office. 10. My brother needs two ... to help him run the store. A. mechanics C. Instructors B. carpenters D. porters E. assistants 11. "Why is November 1994 important in the history of Indonesia?" "It was the month ... the APEC conference was held." A. which D. when B. where E. by which C. hat 12. Ati has beautiful plants in her garden, but they all seem to be dying. I am sure that she ... A. seldom has them watered B. has asked somebody to water them C. never has to water them D. has been watering them E. he always watered them 13. "What is your plan for this weekend?" "I ... my brother." A. will have visited D. visited B. have visited E. will visit C. will have been visiting 14. ... a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour to Europe. A. Saved B. Have Saved C. He has saved Halaman 231 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. Having saved E. After he saves 15. Coming home late last night ... A. a man was seen running away into the darkness B. in the darkness there was a man running away C. we saw a man running away into the darkness D. the running away of a man into the darkness was seen E. there was a man running into the darkness 16. Narto and I will wait at the corner until you ... with the car A. are coming D. came B. come E. will come C. will be coming 17. His car, ... from the back, crashed into a very deep ravine. A. hit D. hitting B. to hit E. to be hitting C. to be hit 18. She had not slept the night before; nevertheless, ... A. she could not lead the marching band B. she was too tired to lead the marching band C. she had trouble leading the marching band D. she led the marching band energetically E. she did not want to lead the marching band 19. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ... there for a long time A. must have lived B. might be living C. ought to have lived D. should be living E. would have lived 20. They have considered ... down the factory because of continuous losses. A. to close C. in closing E. closing B. they close D. closed 21. Which sentence is correctly punctuated? A. The three, most popular composers of classical music, according to the poll, are Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. B. The three most popular composers of classical music according to the poll : are Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven C. The three most popular composers, of classical music, according to the poll are, Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. D. The three most popular composers of classical music, according to the poll, are Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. Halaman 232 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. The three most popular composers of classical music, according to the poll are Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. 22. The traffic regulations in the United States are different from those in Indonesia. In the US, you ... drive on the right side of the road. A. can C. must E. could B. may D. would rather 23. He hasn't got enough experience ... principal of our school. A. promoted B. to be promoted C. being promoted D. be promoted E. he will be promoted 24. "May I borrow your magazine?" "I'm sorry, my sister ... it". A. is still reading B. has been reading C. will still read D. still read E. still reads 25. The company's new product was ... advertised on TV. A. nation D. nationalize B. national E. nationalization C. nationally 26. Adi is usually punctual, but we have been waiting for him for an hour now; he ... in the traffic jam. A. had better not be trapped B. should be trapped C. must be trapped D. may have been trapped E. used to be trapped 27. I think you‟d better tell the truth before somebody else ... A. can C. had E. does B. tells D. did 28. "Why is he so happy today?" , "..." A. He has been given an increase just salary B. He has just been given an increase in salary C. He has been just given an increase in salary D. He has been given just an increase in salary E. just he has been given an increase in salary 29.We are going on a long trip, so we must .... A. have checked the car Halaman 233 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. have had the car checked to have the car checked have the car checked had the car checked. 30. The flower were judged for their unusual colour, pleasant fragrance and … A. attractively shaped B. attractive shapes C. shaped D. attractive, shapely E. shapely and attractive PEMBAHASAN SOAL KUNCI DAN PEMBAHASAN SOAL-SOAL UMPTN/SPMB RAYON B SPMB 2004 (REGIONAL II) 1. A. Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah penemuan di Patagonia 2. E Para peneliti menemukan tulang-tulang jenis dinosaurus baru di Amerika Selatan (kalimat kedua ,paragraf 1 yang berarti: temuan itu ditemukan oleh tim peneliti dari Argentina dan Amerika Utara di Patagonia, gurun di lereng timur pegunungan Andes, di Amerika Selatan). 3. D Pernyataan yang benar mengenai dinosaurus yang baru ditemukan adalah mereka pernah hidup berkelompok. Ini dinyatakan di paragraf 4. C Tulang dinosaurus yang ditemukan sekarang ini menunjukkan bahwa dinosaurus yang baru ditemukan memakan mangsanya dengan potonganpotongan yang rapi. Ini disebabkan oleh bentuk rahang mereka (paragraf 3) 5. B. Dari teks bisa disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik dinosaurus dan cara hidup mereka berbeda. 6. E Halaman 234 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Topik dari paragraf di atas adalah efek dari mengkonsumsi vitamin yang berlebihan. 7. C Yang terbaik bagi kesehatan kita adalah makan dengan gizi yang seimbang. 8. D Tujuan penulis teks ini adalah menunjukkan bagaimana siswa bisa mengatur waktu mereka secara produktif. 9. C Mahasiswa tampaknya tak punya cukup waktu untuk jalan-jalan karena mereka tidak bisa mengatur waktu mereka dengan baik. 10. C Kata yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah kata benda, yaitu relationship (hubungan). - relate (verb) - relatively (adverb): secara relative - relative (adjective) : relatif - related (kata sifat) : terkait dengan 11. B Tetapi (however) cara tepat pikiran mempengaruhi tubuh belum didefinisikan secara jelas. - furthermore: terlebih lagi - moreover : terlebih lagi - therefore: oleh karena itu - in addition: disamping itu 12. D Placebo- pil yang tidak mengandung ramuan obat tapi yang sering menghasilkan (produce) efek yang sama seperti obat sesungguhnya- …… - establish: mendirikan - enhance: mempertinggi activate: mengaktifkan conclude: menyimpulkan 13. A Penjelasan fenomena ini adalah bahwa pikiran manusia dapat menciptakan (create) perubahan yang nyata atas apa yang ia percaya. Modal (can) diikuti verb1. 14. B Sebagai contoh jika seseorang percaya bahwa obat tertentu mengandung (contains) zat yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan tertentu, tubuh cenderung bergerak ke arah itu. - follows: mengikuti - exclude: mengeluarkan Halaman 235 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA define: mendefinisikan improve: meningkatkan 15. E „and‟ menghbungkan struktur yang sama/paralel. Pada kalimat tersebut sebelum and adalah noun phrase (its fertile soil), maka setelahnya juga harus noun phrase, yaitu: dry climate. 16. B Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang seharusnya dilakukan di waktu sekarang, gunakan should+verb1. Kalimat itu berarti: „Ada surat yang menyatakan bahwa Ina harus berangkat ke U.S minggu depan.‟ „Baik, dia sebaiknya diberitahu (should be told) segera.‟ 17. A „Mengapa kamu tidak ingin Amir menjadi pemimpin team?‟ „Aku tidak suka cara dia memerintah (his ordering) orang-orang.‟ Ordering pada his ordering adalah Gerund setelah possessive adjective. 18. C „Meskipun ia telah ke dokter, aku melihat koondisinya tidak membaik.‟ „Suruh ia ke dokter spesialist.‟ (Have him see a specilist then! 19. E Kamu diharapkan di sini 10 menit yang lalu. Kamu di mana?” „Aku sedang mencari tempat untuk parkir.‟ Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan di waktu lampau, gunakan past continuous tense (was/were +V-ing) 20. D „Bagaimana tesmu?‟ „Tidak begitu bagus. Aku sebenarnya bisa mengerjakan (could have done) lebih baik jika aku tidak salah membaca petunjuk pada bagian akhir. Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe 3, jadi verb pada main clause adalah modal+have+verb3. 21. B „Jika Angga terpilih untuk bermain sepakbola dan tidak pergi ke Puncak dengan teman-temannya naik motor, ia tidak akan mendapat kecelakaan.‟ Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe 3, dan kenyataannya adalah Angga tidak terpilih untuk bermain sepakbola maka ia pergi ke Puncak dengan teman-temannya naik motor, dan mendapat kecelakaan. Ini berarti sekarang ia dirawat di rumah sakit (He is hospitalized). 22. A. Banyak orang di dunia ini menentang pembangunan gedung tenaga nuklir di lingkungan mereka karena takut bahaya yang akan mengancam jiwa mereka; tetapi, pemerintah tetap bersikeras menggunakan tenaga nuklir sebagai energi alternative. Halaman 236 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 23. E „ Mengapa teman-temanmu menulis petisi untuk kepala sekolah?‟ „Agar kantin dan fasilitas olahraga kita diperbaiki.‟ Untuk menyatakan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive. 24. B Turis-turis , yang sebagian ( many of them) adalah orang Jepang, berdesakan ikut menari „dangdut.‟ 25. A Subject each diikuti singular verb (needs). SPMB 2002 1. A Topik teks tersebut adalah pupuk alami dan pupuk buatan. Pernyataan tersebut bisa ditemukan di paragraf ke-1 dan dijelaskan lebih banyak di paragraf ke-2 dan ke-3. 2. E Fungsi semua pupuk adalah memberikan nutrisi yang banyak pada tanaman. Pernyataan ini tersirat terdapat di kalimat pertama paragraf ke-1. 3. A Pada formula 4-8-2 (nitrogen-phosphoric acid- potash), phosphoric acid dua kali lebih besar dibanding nitrogen. kandungan 4. B Menurut teks pernyataan yang benar mengenai pupuk adalah di seluruh dunia pupuk cair lebih populer dibanding pupuk padat (kalimat ke-3, paragraf ke-3). 5. B Yang BUKAN merupakan hasil penggunaan pupuk yang berlebihan adalah tanah bisa menghasilkan hasil panen yang diharapkan. 6. B Topik teks tersebut adalah hostel yang dioperasikan oleh YHA 7. D Yang „tidak biasa‟ tentang YHA adalah YHA memiliki hostel khusus untuk orang cacat (paragraf ke-1). 8. B Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah tentang sejarah hewan reptil yang bisa terbang (pterosaur). 9. D Ilmuwan dapat menentukan tahun ketika pterosaur hidup dengan meneliti bebatuan di sekitar fosil pterosaur (paragraf ke-2 kalimat terakhir). Halaman 237 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 10. E Placebo memberikan bukti yang cukup bahwa harapan-harapan dapat berefek pada kimia tubuh. - discover : menemukan - contain :berisi/mengandung - establish : mendirikan - maintain : memelihara - provide : memberikan 11. E Berbagai studi yang dilakukan lebih dari 25 tahun menunjukkan bahwa placebo secara memuaskan dapat mengurangi berbagai gejala yang diderita oleh kurang lebih 35 pasien yang diteliti. - satisfy (verb) : memuaskan - satisfaction (noun) : kepuasan - satisfying (adjective) : memuaskan - satisfactory (adjective) : memuaskan - satisfactorily (adverb) : secara memuaskan 12. A Gejala-gejala ini termasuk demam, rasa sakit setelah operasi, kejangkejang, sakit kepala, dan kecemasan. - include (verb): termasuk - inclusion (noun): pencantuman - inclusive (adjective): sampai dengan 13. D Penjelasan fenomena ini adalah bahwa pikiran manusia bisa menciptakan perubahan yang nyata pada kimia tubuh dengan apa yang mereka yakini. - solution : pemecahan - discussion : pembahasan - intention : tujuan - explanation : penjelasan - addition : tambahan 14. A Sebagai contoh jika seseorang yakin bahwa obat tertentu mengandung zat yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan tertentu tubuhnya cenderung bergerak ke arah itu (mengikuti apa yang ia yakini). - for example : sebagai contoh - in addition : disamping itu - such as : seperti - as well as : dan juga 15. C Perawatan yang mahal telah diteliti dengan baik; tetapi perawatan itu tidak efektif. 16. B Halaman 238 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Untuk menyatakan hal yang seharusnya sudah dilakukan di waktu lampau (saran yang tak terlaksana), gunakan should + have + Verb3. Jadi pernyataan yang tepat yang diucapkan pembicara kedua adalah „Aku rasa Anton tidak tahu. Kita seharusnya memberitahunya segera setelah kita mendapat informasi itu.‟ 17. E Relative pronoun yang digunakan untk menggantikan kepemilikan adalah whose. Kalimat itu berarti : Dokter anak adalah dokter yang keahliannya adalah mengobati anak-anak. 18. A Konjungsi and menghubungkan struktur yang sama. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan and pada kalimat itu adalah verb1 (prevent, protect), jadi kata setelah and adalah verb1 (provide). 19. E Frase yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah participial phrase. Jadi arti kalimat itu adalah setelah merencanakan masa depannya dengan seksama, ia bisa meraih apa yang ia impikan. 20. D Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan di waktu lampau, digunakan may/might/could + have + verb3. Jadi arti kalimat itu adalah kamu mugkin meninggalkannya di kantor. 21. C Keterangan waktu untuk simple future dapat berupa kausa simple present. Maka verb untuk kalimat itu adalah returns. 22. D. Kalimat pengandaian tersebut berarti bahwa orang pertama tidak tahu kalau orang kedua memerlukan kamera sehingga ia tidak meminjaminya. Kalimat yang tepat yang diucapkan orang kedua adalah aku tidak tahu kalau kamu mempunyai kamera. 23. A Kata kerja consider harus diikuti gerund (walking). 24. D .... percent of + uncountable noun + singular verb - oxygen uncountable noun - jadi verb yang tepat adalah is produced (dihasilkan) - yang dipakai adalah verb bentuk present karena kalimat itu menyatakan kebenaran umum 25. A Hari mulai belajar bermain catur ketika ia berumur lima tahun dan menang dala kompetisi catur nasional ketika ia berumur sepuluh tahun. Dengan kata lain Hari telah belajar bermain catur dengan baik menjelang ia berumur Halaman 239 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA sepuluh tahun. Verb yang tepat berbentuk past perfect tense (had + verb 3 ) yang dipakai untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sudah lebih dulu terjadi (belajar bermain catur) sebelum peristiwa lain muncul (menang kompetisi) di waktu lampau. UMPTN 2001 rayon B 1. C. Topik dari teks tersebut adalah: masalah-masalah dalam mentransfer teknologi maju ke negara-negara yang sedang berkembang.. Masalahmasalah tersebut banyak dijelaskan di paragraf ke-2 dan ke-3. 2. B Beberapa negara yang sedang berkembang ingin mengambil alih proses industri dari negara-negara maju karena mereka tidak bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pokok warga negaranya. 3. C Masalah yang TIDAK dihadapi negara berkembang dalam mentransfer teknologi maju proses industri yang non- automatis. 4. A Pernyataan yang benar mengenai adopsi teknologi maju oleh negaranegara berkembang adalah tidak semua negara berkembang memiliki sarana untuk mengadopsi teknologi maju. Hal ini secara tersirat dijelaskan di paragraf ke-3. 5. E Orang yang mendapatkan pelatihan di negara maju perlu mempelajari masalah-masalah negara industri agar mendapat keuntungan yang nyata dari teknologi yang diadopsi. Hal ini dijelaskan di kalimat ke-3 dan ke-4 dari paragraf ke-3. 6. B Main idea dari paragraf tersebut adalah film kartun memberikan pandangan yang salah tentang dunia pada anak-anak. 7. B Dari paragraf di atas, kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa pengarang keberatan dengan kekerasan yang ditampilkan pada film-film kartun. Hal ini tersirat dinyatakan pada kalimat ke-5. 8. A Teks tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan di dalam air. 9. D Halaman 240 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Harus ada peralatan tambahan untuk membuat orang bisa tinggal dalam air karena di sana kekurangan oksigen. 10. A Sedikitnya seperempat obat yang kita beli berasal (have their origin) dari tumbuhan hutan tropis. Kata setelah possessive pronoun (their) adalah kata benda/noun. Kata benda yang tepat untuk kalimat itu adalah origin. - origin (noun) : asal - original ( adjective) : asli - originate (verb) : berasal - originality (noun) : keaslian 11. C Obat-obatan tersebut masih lebih murah dibuat dengan cara pemisahan tumbuhan dibanding dengan proses sintetis, …. . - bought : dibeli - received : diterima - produced : dibuat/dihasilkan - invented : ditemukan - created : diciptakan 12. A Lebih dari seribu spesies tumbuhan hutan tropis diyakini … . - species : spesies - system : sistem - quantities : jumlah - series : serangkaian - clusters : kelompok 13. D Lebih dari seribu spesies tumbuhan hutan tropis diyakini sangat efektif untuk melawan kanker. - toward : ke arah - on : pada - over : di atas - against : melawan - with : dengan 14. B Salah satu tumbuhan tersebut, yaitu Rossy Periwinkle, tumbuhan obat yang tumbuh di tepi hutan tropis, telah menghasilkan dua obat yang telah meningkatkan peluang sembuh bagi anak-anak penderita leukemia. - heightened : mempertinggi - increased : meningkatkan - streched : meregangkan - extended : memperlama - enlarged : memperbesar 15. C Subject (benda) + need + Verb-ing/ to be Verb3 Halaman 241 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Pola kalimat di atas adalah pola kalimat untuk bentuk pasif setelah need. Jadi kalimat itu berarti kita tahu rumah itu perlu diperbaiki, tetapi kita menyukai lingkungan sekitarnya. 16. B Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau, digunakan must + have + verb3. Pembicara kedua menyimpulkan perkataan pembicara pertama yang mengatakan,„Ketika aku tiba di kantornya pada jam 3.00, Indra tidak ada di sana.‟ Kesimpulannya adalah ia pasti sudah pulang (must have gone home) terlebih dulu. 17. E Subject kalimat itu adalah the news (Uncountable nouns), maka verb untuk kalimat itu adalah singular verb (confirms). Arti kalimat tersebut adalah Berita di radio lokal dan di koran-koran menegaskan bahwa kerusuhan telah menyebar ke tempat-tempat lain di kota tersebut. 18. C Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di waktu lampau, digunakan used to + verb1 . Jadi kalimat itu berarti kami biasa jalan kaki ke sekolah ketika kami tinggal di Bogor. 19. A Orang mengkawatirkan kurangnya sumber energi. Tetapi mereka sebaiknya tidak lupa untuk melindungi (to protect) lingkungan. Untuk menyatakan tujuan, digunakan to infinitive 20. B Aku sedang mencari (was looking) kamusku ke semua tempat ketika tibatiba aku teringat bahwa saudaraku telah meminjamnya. Bentuk past continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing ) digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau. 21. D Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan di waktu lampau, digunakan may/might + have + verb3 . 22. A Present participle bisa bermakna karena, ketika, setelah, atau yang me/ber .Present participle pada kalimat tersebut berarti ketika. Jadi arti kalimat tersebut adalah ketika mencoba menyelundupkan obat-obatan ke negara tersebut, penjahat- penjahat itu ditangkap oleh petugas bea cukai di bandara. 23. E Relative pronoun yang tepat untuk kalimat di atas adalah which karena berfungsi menggantikan benda the latest news. 24. C Halaman 242 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA „Aku mendengar bahwa putrimu akan mendaki gunung Semeru untuk kedua kalinya.‟ „Ya benar. Aku tidak mengerti mengapa ia ingin (why she wants) melakukanya .‟ 25. A Pembicara kedua ingin menyuruh pembicara pertama untuk menerjemahkan sebagian buku itu. Kalimat yang diucapkan pembicara kedua adalah kalimat kausatif dengan menggunakan have. Pola kalimat kausatif have : Subject + have + Object (aktif) + Verb1 UMPTN 2000 RAYON B 1. D Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah berbagai teori tentang punahnya dinosaurus. 2. B Pernyataan yang benar mengenai teori iklim adalah perubahan iklim mengurangi persediaan makanan dinsaurus )(kalimat terakhir paragraf 1). 3. B Teori asteroid meyatakan bahwa efek asteroid yang menghatam bumi lambat laun semakin terasa. 4. A Pernyataan yang benar tentang elemen iridium adalah elemen ini berasal dari angkasa (kalimat ke-2 paragraf 4). 5. C Dari teks bisa disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada kesepakatan di kalngan ilmuwan mengenai kedua teori ini (paragraf terakhir). 6. B Topik bacaan tersebut adalah perubahan pada atmosfer. 7. E Perubahan pada atmosfer bumi terjadi karena evolusi ekosistem (Kalimat ketiga). 8. D Topik bacaan tersebut adalah Ganjitsu festival karena festival ini dijelaskan panjang lebar. 9. A Orang Jepang percaya bahwa nasib mereka pada suatu tahun tergantung pada nasib baik atau buruk pada hari-hari pertama tahun tersebut. Halaman 243 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 10. A Meskipun (although) banyak orang tahu bahwa keberhasilan suatu tayangan TV diukur dengan ratingnya, sedikit orang tahu bagaimana … . 11. B Pertama-tama perusahaan rating menginstal (installs) …. - induces : menginduksi - introspect: introspeksi - invites: mengundang - interpret: menginterpretasikan. 12. C Pertama-tama perusahaan rating menginstal meteran di beberapa ribu rumah yang representative di daerah tertentu ketika (when) televisi di rumah-rumah tersebut menyala. 13. D kata untuk menerangkan kata kerja (sends) adalah kata keterangan (electronically) 14. A Komputer di perusahaan itu menapung semua informasi dari rumah-rumah di daerah tersebut . Akhirnya (finally) komputer mencetak lembar rating yang …. 15. C Kata yang mengikuti possessive adjective (his) adalah noun atau noun equivalent (kata yang dibendakan), yaitu gerund (verb-ing). 16. B „The most worrying efect of economic crisis is (that) children are deprived of nutritious food necessary for their physical and intelectual development.‟ 17. E Kami mengijinkan anak-anak menonton acara TV kesukaan mereka, hanya setelah mereka selesai (had finished) mengerjakan tugas sekolah mereka. 18. D „Gordin kamarku perlu dicuci.‟ „Pergilah ke laundry dan suruh gordin-gordin itu dicuci (have them washed). 19. C Keterangan waktu since menerangkan bentuk present perfect continuous (has/have + been + verb-ing). 20. A „Mengapa kalian sangat terlambat?‟ „Kami harus berhenti di jalan untuk membeli (to buy ) bensin.‟ Halaman 244 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 21. B „Menjadi pegawai negeri , ia tidak bergaji banyak tetapi ia sangat dihargai.‟ 22. B Possessive pronoun untuk menggantikan tourist resorts adalah their . 23. E might = mungkin = probably 24. D Setelah selesai ujian, siswa harus mengembalikan buku ke perpustakaan. 25. B Untuk menghadapi era globalisasi tahun 2020, perbaikan di semua sektor ekonomi sangat perlu (is highly necessary). 26. E Aku menunggu dipanggil (to be called) wawancara. 27. A Meskipun (although) di sana banyak orang meninggal karena kolera, orangorang tua di desa itu menolak disuntik. - however: tetapi - in spite of : walaupun (diikuti noun) - despite : walaupun (diikuti noun) 28. C Paralel structure ; struktur sebelum dan sesudah kata hubung harus sama. Jadi : Tini‟s frequent absences from school (noun phrase) and her bad grades of almost all subjects (noun phrase) …. . 29. D Buku-buku di rak ini, yang sebagian besar (most of which) tentang pendidikan anak, milik ipar saya. 30. B Orang yang tertabrak mobil itu akan mati jika dokter tidak segera mengoperasinya. Dengan kata lain: Orang yang tertabrak mobil itu tidak mati karena dokter segera mengoperasinya. UMPTN 1999 RAYON B 1.A Topik dari teks tersebut adalah pengawetan makanan. 2.D Halaman 245 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Yang mempercepat proses pembusukan adalah enzim dan bakteri (kalimat ke-2, paragraf ke-2). Speed up = accelerate : mempercepat. 3.C Asap digunakan untuk mengawetkan daging karena asap mengeringkan daging dan membunuh bakteri (kalimat ke-2, paragraf ke-3). 4.B …. proses pembusukan harus dihambat dengan mengolah makanan dengan tidak merusak rasa makanan tersebut. Kata-kata yang bergaris bawah sama artinya dengan menjaga/melindungi rasa makanan. 5.E Pernyataan yang tidak benar mengenai metode pengawetan makanan adalah satu-satunya metode yang benar dalam mengawetkan makanan adalah pengasapan. 6.D Topik dari bacaan tersebut adalah pohon tertua. 7.E Yang tidak mendukung usia bristlecone pine adalah dampak pohon itu pada cuaca. 8.C Paragraf tersebut menceritakan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi dalam menerjemahkan. 9.B Informasi utama paragraf tersebut adalah menerjemahkan adalah pekerjaan yang sulit karena bahasa berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya. 10.A Anak-anak yang percaya pada nilai kerja keras dan tanggung jawab serta mengerti pentingnya pendidikan mungkin akan mendapat kan prestasi akademik yang lebih tinggi dan ….. . - believe in : percaya pada - agree with : setuju dengan - practise in : berlatih - trust : mempercayai - comply with : mengeluh dengan 11.E Anak-anak yang percaya pada nilai kerja keras dan tanggung jawab serta mengerti pentingnya pendidikan mungkin akan mendapatkan prestasi akademik yang lebih tinggi dan memiliki sedikit masalah disipliner dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak memiliki nilai-nilai idealisme tersebut. - disciplinary (adjective) : disipliner - discipline (noun) : disiplin Halaman 246 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA disciplinarian (noun) orang yang disiplin. 12 … . - such as : seperti - for example : sebagai contoh - therefore : oleh karena itu - consequently : oleh karena itu - eventually : akhirnya 13 pendidikan menghabiskan waktu untuk mengerjakan PR rata-rata 3 jam lebih banyak dalam seminggu daripada siswasiswa lainnya. - entertainment : hiburan - economy : ekonomi - exercise : latihan - experiment : percobaan - education : pendidikan 14.C Ini adalah perbedaan yang penting karena rata-rata siswa hanya menghabiskan waktu 5 jam seminggu untuk mengerjakan PR. - signify (verb) : mementingkan - significance (noun) : signifikansi - significant (adjective) : penting 15.C Look forward to harus diikuti gerund, jadi kata yang tepat setelah itu adalah getting. 16.A Konjungsi yang tepat untuk kalimat itu adalah but. Arti kalimat itu adalah : Pemerintah sedang merencanakan untuk meliquidasi beberapa bank segera, tetapi sangat sedikit orang yang tahu yang mana bank-bank tersebut . 17.B Kata yang diperlukan untuk menerangkan noun (result) adalah adjective. Adjective bisa berupa participle (past/present). Manajer itu frustrasi ketika mempelajari hasil kursus training yang mengecewakan. - disappointment (noun) : kekecewaan - disppointing (adjective) : mengecewakan - disappoint (verb) : mengecewakan - disappointed (adjective) : kecewa - disappointingly (adverb) : dengan kecewa Halaman 247 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 18.D Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan diwaktu lampau, digunakan used to + Verb1. 19.E Dia bertanya kepadaku apakah dia boleh (may) meminjam mobilku untuk ke pesta. 20.C „ Apa yang membuatmu sedih tentang gerakan reformasi di Indonesia?‟ „Efek buruknya pada ekonomi Indonesia.‟ Efek buruk yang dimaksud adalah efek buruk gerakan reformasi. Possessive pronoun untuk menggantikan kepemilikan oleh suatu benda (reformation movement) adalah its. 21.E „Aku tidak tahu ada tes kemarin.‟ „Kamu seharusnya telah memberitahuku tentang hal itu.‟ Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang seharusnya sudah dilakukan di waktu lampau, gunakan : should + have + Verb3. Sedangkan modal lainnya: - would have told : akan telah memberitahu (bentuk ini biasanya diikuti oleh if clause) - should tell : seharusnya memberitahu (present) - might have told : (mungkin telah memberitahu) - could tell : dapat memberitahu (past) 22.D “…..adalah pulau yang indah dan kaya dengan kebudayaan telah diakui oleh turis di seluruh dunia.” Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah Bahwa Bali (That Bali). Jadi subjek kalimat itu berupa noun clause (that clause), yaitu: That Bali is a beautiful island and rich in culture 23.A “Aku sedang menunggu ….. untuk wawancara.” Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah dipanggil (to be called). 24.E „Apa keputusan Iwan mengenai rumahnya?‟ „…… rumah itu sebelum menjualnya.‟ Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah merenovasi(to renovate). 25. D Kalimat itu berasal dari dua kalimat, yaitu: - The books on this shelf belong to my sister-in-law. - Most of the books are about child education. Halaman 248 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Dari kalimat yang ke-2 bisa disimpulkan bahwa relative pronoun yang tepat adalah most of which.Jadi arti kalimat itu adalah Buku-buku yang ada di rak ini, yang sebagian besar tentang pendidikan anak, adalah milik ipar saya. 26. D Kalimat : Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I …. my car adalah kalimat conditinal type 3 tanpa if dalam bentuk kalimat inversi. Pola kalimat conditional type-3 adalah: If + S + past perfect, S + would + have + Verb 3. Jadi kalimat tersebut menjadi : Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I would not have lent him my car (Seandainya aku tahu Tim adalah pengemudi yang buruk, aku tidak akan meminjamkan mobilku.) 27.D Arti kalimat itu adalah: ….Andi jarang masuk kelas, dia selalu menjadi siswa yang terbaik di kelas. Konjungsi yang tepat untuk kalimat itu adalah Although (Walaupun). 28.B Arti kalimat itu adalah : Setelah dikalahkan tiga kali, petinju itu menghentikan pertarungan. Kalimat ini sama artinya dengan : When he decided to give up fighting, he was defeated three times in a row (Ketika ia memutuskan berhenti bertarung, ia telah dikalahkan tiga kali.) 29.D „Aku memperbaiki lampu kamar mandi kemarin, tetapi lampu itu mati lagi sekarang.‟ „Coba kamu menyuruh tukang listrik memeriksanya.‟ Kalimat ke-2 mengandung makna kausatif yaitu subjek menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukan pekerjaan untuknya. Pola kalimat kausatif adalah: S + have + O(aktif) + Verb 1. Jadi verb yang tepat adalah check. 30. E Keterangan waktu since menerangkan bentuk present perfect continuous (has/have + been + V-ing) UMPTN 1998 RAYON B 1. B Ahli psikologi tertarik meneliti perawatan pada manula karena orang-orang sekarang berumur lebih panjang daripada orang-orang sebelumnya (kalimat pertama paragraf pertama.) 2.B Caregiver yang disebutkan pada teks adalah charitable people (orang-orang yang berjiwa sosial). Ini tersirat diceritakan di paragraf ke-1. Halaman 249 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 3. C Caregiver bersedia merawat manula karena beberapa alasan kecuali : Mereka adalah famili terdekat dari manula yang mereka rawat. 4. E Caregiver tahu betul apa yang harus mereka lakukan dalam merawat manula. 5. D Regardless of the reason = whatever the reason is = apapu alasannya. 6.B Topik teks tersebut adalah kekejaman terhadap binatang. 7.A Informasi utama teks tersebut adalah manusia sering menyebabkan kematian dan rasa sakit pada binatang. 8. D Teks tersebut tentang gaya hidup orang Amerika. 9. E Dari teks tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa banyak orang Amerika yang gemuk karena cara hidup mereka. 10. C Gerhana bulan selalu menarik bagi banyak orang. Beberapa orang mempelajari gerhana sebagai fenomena astronomi (astronomical phenomena) ; ….Dipilih astronomical (adjective) karena kata yang diterangkan adalah phenomena (noun). - astronomy :ilmu perbintangan (noun) - astrology: ilmu nujum perbintangan (noun) - astronautics: astronautika (noun) - asteroid : asteroida (noun) 11. B Orang-orang yang lain hanya melihat keindahannya,tetapi (however) pada jaman dahulu , gerhana bulan adalah misterius, ……………. - therefore : oleh karena itu - consequently : oleh karena itu - in spite of : meskipun - Because : karena 12. A …..pada jaman dahulu, gerhana bulan adalah misterius, menakutkan, dan tidak dapat diramalkan (unpredictable). - controllable : dapat dikendalikan - impossible: tidak mungkin - manageable: bisa diatur Halaman 250 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 13. B Di jaman dulu, orang percaya bahwa gerhana adalah pertanda (signs) buruk, dan tahayul ini seringkali mempengaruhi peristiwa-peristiwa bersejarah. - wishes: harapan/keinginan - forecasts: ramalan - prayers: doa - orders: perintah 14. D Sebagai contoh, gerhana bulan dianggap ada kaitannya dengan jatuhnya Constantinopel tahun 1453. - generally: pada umumnya - suddenly: tiba-tiba - fortunatelly: untungnya - partly: sebagian - centrally: secara sentral 15. D Kata kerja yang tepat yang diperlukan untuk kalimat itu adalah is, karena subjek kalimat itu tunggal, yaitu One 16. C „Rita baru saja ketinggalan pesawat ke Medan.‟ „Ia seharusnya telah berada (should have been) di airport paling tidak dua jam sebelum keberangkatan.‟ Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang seharusnya dilakukan di waktu lampau, gunakan should + have + verb3. 17. A Kami memanggil panitia untuk menanyakan apakah pertandingan dijadwalkan (was scheduled) mulai sore itu. Noun clause di atas menggunakan kata simple past tense-passive (was + verb3). 18. D Setelah menabung (Having saved) beberapa ribu dolar, ia berwisata ke Eropa. Having saved adalah present participle yang merupakan bentuk singkat dari After he had saved. 19. C Aku menyuruh Tomy untuk mengikuti tes penerimaan dengan serius, atau (or) ia tidak akan diterima. 20. B Alasan mengapa aku di sini adalah untuk membantu (to help) kamu mengisi formulir beasiswa. Untuk mengungkapkan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive. 21. E Halaman 251 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Karena dilukis pada awal abad 19, lukisan itu sangat bernilai. Dalam kalimat ini harus ada kesesuaian antara yang melakukan kegiatan pada frase participle dengan subjek pada main clause. 22. D Kalimat itu awalnya berasal dari dua kalimat, yaitu: - Teenager delinguency has become a popular topic discussed among psychologists. - People are now complaining about teenager delinguency. - Relative pronoun yang tepat untuk menggantikan teenager delinguency adalah which. Karena verb complaining diikuti dengan preposisi about, maka kata about disertakan sebelum which, sehingga menjadi about which. 23. A That clause pada kalimat itu menggunakan kata kerja kausatif made, yang mana pola kalimat dengan kata kerja kausatif make adalah : S + make + O (aktif) + Verb1, jadi verb yang tepat adalah cry. 24. A Jika pertanyaan itu dijawab dengan kalimat lengkap maka jawabannya adalah : reporters usually ask whether Indonesia will soon be able to overcome its economic problems very soon. Connector yang tepat adalah whether, dan arti kalimat itu adalah : Reporter biasanya bertanya apakah Indonesia akan segera dapat mengatasi masalah-masalah ekonominya segera. 25. C Look forward to diikuti V-ing, dan V-ing yang tepat adalah yang berbentuk pasif, yaitu being supported. Arti kalimat itu adalah : Menghadapi saat-saat sulit, orang yang berpenghasilan rendah berharap dibantu oleh orang kaya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. 26. B Keterangan continuous. waktu for years menerangkan bentuk present perfect 27. D „Ada suara-suara di sebelah.Tetangga sebelah pasti sudah kembali dari berlibur.‟ Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan atas kegiatan di waktu lampau, gunakan: must + have + V3. 28. Dia hanya memakai (had only been wearing) sepatu itu selama lima menit ketika salah satu haknya copot. Verb yang tepat adalah past perfect continuous (had+been+V-ing), karena ada keterangan waktu for five minutes dan when+simple past tense. 29. D Halaman 252 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA „Kue ini enak. Kue ini buatan sendiri?‟ „Bukan, …. . Dari dialog tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa orang kedua menyuruh orang lain untuk membuatnya. Kalimat yang tepat adalah I had Lucy bake it (Aku menyuruh Lucy membuatnya). 30. A Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pengandaian type-3, yang artinya: Jika sekolah kita bisa mendapat sponsor yang cukup untuk marching band kita, kita bisa ikut festival di bulan Maret. Makna kalimat tersebut adalah sekolah kita tidak mendapat sponsor yang cukup sehingga kita tidak bisa mengikuti festival di bulan Maret. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah : The donated funds were insufficient (Dana bantuan tidak mencukupi). UMPTN 1997 RAYON B 1. E Teks tersebut menceritakan keuntungan menjadi pembelajar deasa 2. B Orang dewasa tahu bahwa apa yang harus mereka pelajari karena mereka telah mengalami sendiri masalah-masalah tertentu dalam kehidupan mereka (paragraf 1, kalimat ke-2). 3. A Pernyataan yang tidak benar mengenai Michael Johnson adalah meskipun ia menjadi orang berhasil di bidang konstruksi, ia buta huruf. 4. A Pernyataan yang benar mengenai pelatihan kejuruan adalah Pelatihan tersebut membantu mereka mendapatkan kesempatan yang lebih banyak untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan (Kalimat ke-3, paragraf 1) 5. B Feng Lian mengikuti sekolah malam agar bisa mejawab pertanyaanpertanyaan seputar listrik (paragraf 2, kalimat ke-3 dan ke-4) 6. A Teks tersebut bercerita tentang efek buruk televisi pada anak-anak. 7. D ….bahwa anak-anak bisa dirugikan dengan selalu menonton televisi berarti bahwa televisi membuat anak enggan untuk belajar (kalimat terakhir: ….spend less time reading and studying…) 8. B Paragraf tersebut adalah tentang pengobatan herbal (dengan tumbuhtumbuhan) 9. A Halaman 253 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Pernyataan yang tidak benar tentang tanaman obat adalah orang menderita sulit tidur meskipun mengkonsumsi berbagai ramuan herbal. 10. B. Banyak pejabat pemerintah mulai menyadari bahwa pertumbuhan penduduk tengah mencapai titik krisis, mereka merasa bahwa persediaan (supply0 tanah, air, dan energi di dunia, tidak akan bisa menanggung orang lebih banyak orang. - asset: kekayaan - condition: kondisi - alternatives: pengganti - demands: permintaan 11. D Tetapi pandangan ini seringkali bertentangan dengan (in opposition to) tradisi dan kepercayaan banyak orang. - agreement: persetujuan - counterpart: perimbangan - contribution: bantuan - approval: persetujuan 12. A Tetapi pandangan ini seringkali bertentangan dengan tradisi dan kepercayaan banyak orang. Oleh karena itu (consequenlty) konflik sering muncul …. - in addition: disamping itu - otherwise: jika tidak - Moreover: di samping itu - Nevertheless: tetapi 13. B Oleh karena itu konflik sering muncul pada kebijaksanaan pemerintah berkaitan dengan (regarding) mengendalikan kelahiran dan … . 14. E Yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah specific karena berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda countries. - specification (noun) : spesifikasi - specify (verb) : membuat spesifikasi specifically(9adverb): secara khusus specification (noun): spesifikasi 15. B „Di sini panas; AC-nya tidak hidup.‟ „Aku pikir AC itu hanya perlu dibersihkan (cleaning) Bentuk pasif setelah need : S + need + V-ing atau to be V3 16. A Halaman 254 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Pamanku berpenghasilan tidak banyak ; tetapi (however) menyekolahkan anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi. ia bisa 17. E Yanto adalah penulis muda yang novelnya (whose novel) mendapat juara pertama dalam lomba nasional. Relative pronoun untuk menggantikan kepemilikan adalah whose. 18. C Aku biasanya jalan-jalan pagi untuk mendapatkan (to get) udara segar. Untuk menyatakan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive. 19. D „ Aku ada masalah lagi dengan komputer. Aku telah mencoba memperbaiki tapi komputer itu tidak dapat bekerja.” „Mengapa kamu tidak menyuruh Darmo memperbaiki (fix) nya? Kalimat kedua mengandung makna kausatif. Pola kalimat kausatif adalah : S + have + O(aktif) + V1 20. A Pada lomba baca puisi mendatang, masing-masing peserta diharapkan lebih kritis dan akurat dalam pengucapan. Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pasif. Pola kalimat pasif adalah : S + to be + V3. To be yang tepat untuk kalimat itu adalah are karena subjeknya tunggal (each). 21. D „ Hary tiba di rumah larut malam, tapi ia mengatakan bahwa ia langsung pulang dari kantor ke rumah.‟ „Ia pasti terjebak dalam kemacetan lalu lintas.‟ Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan atas kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau, gunakan must+have+ verb3. 22. B „Kapan kamu menyadari kamu kehilangan dompet?‟ „ Ketika aku memerlukan (needed) uang untuk membayar ongkos bus.‟ Kejadian itu terjadi di waktu lampau sehingga kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja simple past tense. 23. C „Dengan pelan dan hati-hati polisi memasuki hutan rimba yang mengelilingi (surrounding) tempat persembunyian para perampok. Kata surrounding di atas adalah present participle. 24.A Yang membuat (That makes) Michael Douglas menjadi aktor yang bagus adalah ia dapat memainkan peran berbagai karakter dengan sangat baik. Halaman 255 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 25.D Ia memerintah orang-orang di sekelilingnya seolah-olah ia pemilik restauran itu. Makna dari kalimat ini adalah : Ia bukan pemiliok restauran itu atau ia hanya pegawai biasa. 26.A Keterangan waktu ever since (sejak saat itu) menerangkan peristiwa yang dimulai pada saat lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung (present perfect continuous tense) 27.B „Rini dapat berbahasa Perancis sekarang.‟ „Ia pasti belajar bahasa itu dari ibunya.‟ Dari dialog itu bisa disimpulkan bahwa ibu Rini bisa berbahasa Perancis. 28. D Direktur itu ingin hasil penelitian dipresentasikan (to be presented) pada rapat daerah. 29. E Setelah mematikan lampu, ia mengunci pintu (he locked the door). Pelaku pada participial phrase harus sama dengan pelaku pada main clause. 30. E Seandainya ia naik pesawat ke Madura, dan tidak naik kereta api, ia akan melihat karapan sapi. Makna kalimat ini ialah ia naik kereta api ke Madura sehingga ia ketinggalan melihat karapan sapi. Jadi jwaban yang tepat adalah he was not present in the bull race. UMPTN 1996 (RAYON B) 1. E Tujuan utama pengarang pada teks tersebut adalah menceritakan apa yang ia pikirkan tentang seperti apa manusia masa depan. 2. D Pernyataan yang benar tentang manusia adalah diperkirakan manusia masa depan akan lebih tinggi. 3. C On the other hand (sebaliknya) menunjukkan hal yang berlawanan /contrast - similarity: kesamaan - result: hasil - reason: alasan - purpose: tujuan 4. B Halaman 256 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Penulis membayangkan bahwa manusia masa depan akan botak seluruhnya karena rambut tak lagi berguna (kalimat pertama paragraf ke-6). 5. A Dari deskripsi manusia masa depan, bisa disimpulkan bahwa manusia tersebut sangat berbeda dengan manusia sekarang. 6. C Topik teks tersebut adalah masalah yang dihadapi oleh Saudi Arabia yaitu masalah air bersih. 7. B Main idea teks tersebut adalah beberapa usaha yang dilakukan oleh Saudi Arabia untuk mendapatkan air bersih. 8. A Topik teks tersebut adalah faktor-faktor penyebab meningkatnya GNP Brasil. 9. D Main idea teks tersebut adalah ada tiga faktor yang menyebabkan GNP Brazil meningkat dengan cepat. 10.D Pengelolaan hutan-hutan ini adalah sesuatu yang sangat penting (great importance) … . - initiative : inisiatif - intention: tujuan - reaction: reaksi - attraction: pertunjukkan/atraksi 11.A Pengelolaan hutan-hutan ini adalah sesuatu yang sangat penting bagi negara-negara di mana hutan-hutan itu berada (terletak)…. - laid : terletak - removed: pindah - discovered: ditemukan - placed: ditempatkan 12.C …. Karena hutan-hutan itu tak hanya menyediakan kayu untuk bahan bangunan atau kertas, tetapi juga tempat di mana beragam tumbuhan tumbuh yang berfungsi sebagai sumber makanan, obat-obatan, dan bahan bakar yang bisa diperbaharui jika (if) mereka dipanen secara bijak. 13.E Hutan juga membentu mengatur kualitas dan aliran air, faktor penting (essential) …… 14.B …. dan menghasilkan berbagai produk (product) yang digunakan oleh… . Halaman 257 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA producer : penghasil/produsen productively: secara produktif productivity: produktivitas productive: produktif 15.C Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang seharusnya dilakukan di waktu lampau, gunakan: should+ have + verb3. Kalimat itu berarti: Kamu seharusnya menghadiri pertemuan itu: beberapa teman lama kita ada di sana. 16.A „‟Kudengar anakmu akan pergi hiking lagi.‟ „ Ya, Aku tidak mengerti kenapa ia sangat menyukainya (why he likes it so much).‟ Kata-kata yang bergaris bawah adalah objek yang berbentuk klausa. Susunan noun clause adalah : connector + S + V. (verb/kata bantu tidak boleh mendahului Subjek karena bukan kalimat tanya). 17.B Untuk menyatakan kehendak/willingness akan dilakukannya suatu kegiatan, gunakan : will + verb1 18.D Meskipun (Although ) ia sangat menyukainya,ia mengacuhkannya. 19.E Komodo diyakini (are believed) sebagai keturunan dinosaurus. pura-pura 20.D „Apakah setiap lulusan SMA 1 diundang ke pesta? „ Pesta dikhususkan untuk mereka yang lulus tahun 1990 (who graduated in 1990) 21.C Naskah asli tulisan tangan (hand written) dari drama itu dipamerkan di museum. 22.B Setelah mengirimkan surat lamarannya, Bimo berharap segera mendapat balasan. (Pelaku pada main clause harus sama dengan pelaku pada participial phrase) 23.A „Sangat mengherankan bahwa ia tidak terluka parah meskipun ia terlempar dari sepeda motornya.‟ „Ia pasti memakai helm pada saat itu.‟ Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan atas peristiwa di waktu lampau, gunakan must+have+ verb3. 24.E Halaman 258 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Personal pronoun sebagai objek untuk menggantikan Anita and I us. adalah 25.C Jika pertanyaan itu dijawab dengan kalimat lengkap, maka jawabannya adalah : This song reminds me of dancing with my first date. Kata kerja setelah preposisi harus ditambah –ing. 26.B Kata kerja advise diikuti to infinitive 27.D John adalah siswa yang sangat malas; Disamping itu ia tidak pernah memperhatikan di kelas. 28.C Kalimat tersebut adalah mengandung makna kausatif. Pola kalimat kausatif : S + have + O (aktif) + V1 : Her boss has her retype the letter. (Bossnya menyuruhnya mengetik kembali surat itu.) 29.A Dengan kata lain kalimat itu berarti: Tim sepakbola kita bisa menang setelah kita mendapat pelatih baru. 30.D Jika mereka tahu bahwa banjir akan datang, mereka tidak akan berada dalam rumah. Artinya: Mereka tidak tahu banjir datang, sehingga mereka berada di dalam rumah. UMPTN 1995 RAYON B 1. D Informasi utama bacaan tersebut adalah keuntungan dan kerugian sistem komunikasi. 2. B Pernyataan yang tidak benar menurut teks itu adalah sistem komunikasi adalah alat yang penting untuk mengubah informasi pribadi untuk kepentingan seseorang. 3. D Telah diramalkan bahwa sistem komunikasi mungkin bisa mengancam hubungan antar manusia (kalimat pertama , paragraf ke-3). 4. A Dampak buruk teknologi komunikasi pada kehidupan manusia adalah kekawatiran akan adanya bahaya yang mengancam kehidupan pribadi seseorang (kalimat pertama paragraf ke-3). Halaman 259 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 5. E Kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa aplikasi teknologi baru akan menciptakan dampak negatif, kecuali jika kita tahu bagaimana mengendalikan teknologi itu (kalimat terakhir, paragraf terakhir) 6. D Ia ingin anak-anaknya ke ruang makan, sehingga mereka (they) bisa makan malam bersama. 7. C Karena turis itu mempunyai peta, ia tahu dimana terminal bus berada (where the bus terminal was) 8. A Jawaban orang kedua pada dialog tersebut menggunakan kalimat pengandaian tipe-3 (yaitu : I would have (bought)…. ) maka verb pada if clause adalah had+verb3. 9. B „Aku akan ke kantor pos segera setelah aku selesai membungkus paketmu.‟ Kalimat ini berarti: „Setelah membungkus paketmu, aku akan ke kantor pos.‟ 10. E Ibu memerlukan dua asisten (assistants) untuk menjalankan tokonya. - mechanics : mekanik - carpenters: tukang kayu - instructors: instruktur - porters: kuli angkut barang 11. D “Mengapa November 1994 penting bagi sejarah Indonesia?‟ „Karena bulan itu adalah bulan ketika (when) konferensi APEC diadakan.‟ - which: yang/yang mana berfungsi menggantikan benda - where:dimana berfungsi menggantikan tempat - that: yang berfungsi menggantikan orang sebagai subjek atau objek, dan menggantikan benda - by which: yang/yang mana berfungsi menggantikan benda 12. A „Ati mempunyai tanaman yang indah di kebunnya, tetapi tanaman-tanaman tersebut tampak layu‟ Kesimpulan untuk kali ini adalah Aku yakin ia jarang menyuruh orang untuk menyiraminya (she seldom has the plants watered). 13. E Untuk menyatakan rencana, gunakan will+ verb1 14. D Halaman 260 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Setelah menabung Eropa. (Having saved) beberapa juta rupiah, ia berlibur ke 15. C Pelaku pada frase participle harus sama dengan pelaku pada main clause. Frase tersebut berarti: Ketika pulang larut malam tadi malam, maka main clause yang tepat adalah kami melihat seorang laki-laki berlari ke tempat yang gelap. 16. B Tense adverbial clause yang menerangkan kalimat simple future, adalah simple present tense. Jadi kata kerja yang dipakai pada adverbial clause tersebut adalah come. 17. A Mobilnya, ditabrak (hit) dari belakang, jatuh ke dalam jurang yang dalam. Bentuk pertama, kedua, dan ketiga dari hit adalah sama. 18. D Dia tidak tidur malam sebelumnya; namun demikian ia bisa memimpin marching band dengan penuh semangat. 19. A Ia bercerita banyak tentang Pilipina padaku. Ia pasti telah tinggal (must have lived) lama di sana. Must + have + verb3 dugunakan untuk membuat kesimpulan atas kegiatan di waktu lampau. 20. E consider harus diikuti gerund (V-ing) 21. E Pembubuhan tanda baca yang betul terdapat di kalimat ini: The three most popular composers of classical music, according to the poll are Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. 22. C Peraturan lalu lintas di US berbeda dengan peraturan lalu lintas di Indonesia. Di US, anda harus (must) mengendarai di sebelah kanan. 23. B Ia tidak mempunyai cukup pengalaman untuk dipromosikan sebagai kepala sekolah kita. 24. A “Bolehkah aku meminjam majalahmu?” “Maaf, saudaraku sedang membacanya ( is still reading it).” 25. C Produk baru perusahaan itu diiklankan secara national (nationally) di TV. - nationally ( adverb) : secara national Halaman 261 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA nation (noun) : negara national (adjective) : nasional nationalize (verb) : menasionalkan nationalization (noun) : nasionalisasi 26. C Adi biasanya tepat waktu, tetapi kami telah menunggunya selama satu jam; dia pasti terjebak (must be trapped) di kemacetan lalu lintas. Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan atas suatu kegiatan yang terjadi saat sekarang, gunakan : must + verb1 27. E Aku rasa kamu sebaiknya mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya sebelum orang lain mengatakannya (does). Auxiliary does dipakai di kalimat ini unutk menghindari pengulangan penggunaan kata kerja tell. 28. B “Mengapa ia begitu bahagia hari ini?” “Dia baru saja diberi kenaikan gaji. “(He has just been given an increase in salary.) 29. D Kita akan melakukan perjalanan sehingga kita harus memeriksakan mobil (have the car checked). 30. B And menghubungkan struktur yang sama. Pada kalimat itu sebelum and adalah noun phrase (pleasant fragrance), maka setelah and juga harus noun phrase (attractive shapes). SOAL RAYON C / REGIONAL III UMPTN RAYON C Tahun 2000 Text 1 : Health officials who made checks at cemeteries discovered that cemeteries had become one of the main causes for the spread of dengue fever in urban areas. They were shocked to find a lot of aedes Halaman 262 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA mosquitoes breeding in cemeteries. The aedes mosquito spreads Dengue Hemorrh dengue fever. Sadly it was the death of a caretaker of a cemetery that promoted the officials to investigate the surroundings near his house. This. 1. The main information of the text is about… A. the causes of DHF in urban areas B. the instructions of health officials C. cemeteries as the source of aedes mosquitoes D. the victims of DHF in Asian countries E. prevention and control of DHF 2. According to the text, all of the following sentences about DHF prevention and control are True, except : A. ordering people to throw away all the containers they have in their homes B. informing the general public about DHF C. fogging the houses in every neighborhood D. Eliminating possible breeding grounds of mosquitoes at graveyards. E. Giving talks to people in charge of graveyards. 3. Health officers felt the need to investigate cemeteries as a potential source of DHF because… A. cemeteries are commonly known as the breeding places of aedes mosquitoes B. many people visiting the 4. To prevent aedes mosquitoes from breeding in cemeteries, the government does not allow… A. Chinese, Malays and Indians to go to cemeteries B. People to bring flowers to the cemetery C. Talks about DHF to be conducted at cemeteries Halaman 263 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. Any container that holds water to be left at the graves E. Health officials to keep a check on cemetery visitors 5. “Fogging housing estates” in line 12 means… A. creating a dust cloud in the housing area B. blowing disinfectants around the house C. pumping smoke to the neighborhood D. cleaning the houses of DHF victims E. spraying housing areas with a special pesticide Text II The immune system serves three basic functions: to recognize foreign cells and attack them, to develop antibodies to recognize foreign invaders in the future, and to send while blood cells to the location of an injury to speed healing. Chronic stress can suppress the functioning of the immune system, so that just by being stressed for long periods of time, we can actually weaken our immune system and fall victim to an illness that we would normally fight off with ease. 6. The topic of the paragraph is…. A. the consequence of chronic stress B. the functions of the immune system C. the basic immune system D. the weakening of the immune system E. the development of antibodies 7. Which of the following is not true about the immune system? A. the immune system functions best when a person is under continuous pressure. B. After identifying foreign invaders in the body the immune system attacks them. C. There area three main functions of the immune system. D. When the immune system is weak a person can become ill easily. E. The main function of the immune system is to help the body in fighting an illness. Text III Dinosaurs are generally believed to have been very large animals and it‟s true that some of them were incredibly large. One dinosaur, believed to have been the largest dinosaur ever, is called Seismosaurus. Seismosaurus literally means “earth shaker.” This animal was between 100 and 120 feet long and weighed about 89 ton. To give you some idea of how big a seismosaurus was, let me tell you that and American football field is 300 feet along. Consider that the African elephant weighs between six and seven tons. This means that a seismosaurus was about Halaman 264 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 13 to 14 times heavier than an African elephant. It‟s not surprising that his name means “earth shaker “! 8. The topic of the paragraph is … A. The size of dinosaurs B. The characteristics of the seismosaurus C. The largest animal on earth D. The earth shaker E. The weight of the African elephant 9. According to the text, which of the following statements is not true about the seismosaurus? A. The seismosaurus was the largest animal ever living on earth. B. Because of its enormous Weight the seismosaurus is called the earth shaker. C. The length of the seismosaurus is about one-third that of an American football field. D. There was no other dinosaur larger than the seismosaurus. E. The steps of a seismosaurs seemed to shake the earth Text IV The romance languages of today came originally from Latin, which was the …. 10 language of the Roman Empire. As the Empire spread gradually across a great part of Europe, Latin was introduced everywhere as the official language of government and administration. Spoken Latin was consistent from one area to another in the early days of the Empire…..11 later, when the Empire began to fall apart, the Roman administrators began to disappear. Gradually, the Latin of each region began to develop in .…12 own way. Separated from each other by great distances and ….13 influenced by the speech of the local people, each area slowly developed its own….14 characteristics to the point where separate languages include the national languages : Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian. 10. A. natural B. basic C. official D. authorized E. fundamental 11. A. therefore B. In spite of C. moreover D. otherwise E. however 12. A. the Latin‟s B. its C. it D. her E. one‟s Halaman 265 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 13. A. nature B. natural C. naturalize D. naturalization E. naturally 14. A. distinctive B. distinctive C. distinction D. distinctively E. distinctiveness 15. „When are you going to tell your sister the good news?‟ „When she….. from her business trip.‟ A. will be returning B. is going to return C. returns D. is returning E. had returned 16. „Who was released from prison in Beijing?‟ „Wei Jingsheng,…. Political opponent.‟ A. is a leading D. he leads B. to be a leader E. a leading C. who is a leader 17. „How was the exam?‟ „It was not easy…. I am sure I can pass.‟ A. and C. or E. as B. but D. so 18. The burden of economic problems …. The majority of Indonesia people. A. have been frustrated B. deeply frustrate C. it is deeply frustrating D. has frustrated E. are frustrated 19. „Several hotels in this region are closing down.‟ „That‟s because tourism itself…. since last year‟ A. is declining B. declined C. has been declining D. was declining E. had declined 20. „I‟ve heard that Alex was fined $ 100 for littering when he was in Singapore.‟ Halaman 266 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA „Really? He …. That there is law against littering in public places.‟ A. might have known B. could have known C. ought not to have known D. should not have known E. must not have known 21. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him…. the bed before night fell. A. clear D. be clearing B. to clear E. to be cleared C. cleared 22. According to the latest issue of the journal of the American Medical association, … can reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death in men. A. fish being eaten every week B. if we eat fish once a week C. to eat weekly fish D. fish to be eaten weekly E. eating fish just once a week 23. „What has made these tourist resorts so unattractive now?‟ „The poor maintenance of….facilities.‟ A. it B. their C. its D. they E. theirs 24. The hotel provides good facilities, still, my wife… A. has enjoyed staying there B. has her friends move to this hotel C. has prolonged her stay there D. has so much to complain about E. has promoted its good services to others 25. „What do the employees exactly want?‟ „……‟ A. to get better working conditions B. Increasing worker‟s motivation C. Whether the number of employees should be reduced D. Greater responsibilities are given to them E. They get more training programs 26. „Tita are you going to see the dentist this afternoon?‟ „I wish I didn‟t have to.‟ We may conclude that…. to the dentist. A. she doesn‟t have to go B. she needs to go C. she is not going this afternoon Halaman 267 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. she is willing to go E. she has gone 27. „You seem to be waiting for something these days.‟ „That‟s true, I‟m waiting…. for an interview.‟ A. called D. calling B. to call E. to be called C. be called 28. The great number of unskilled labor and …. has made it difficult for the company‟s products to compete with those of other companies. A. there are no experienced managers B. nor are there experienced managers C. inexperienced managers D. neither are the managers experienced E. the managers are all inexperienced 29. The books on this shelf, …. are about child education, belong to my sister – in – law. A. which of most D. most of which B. in which E. of which C. that of most 30. „If I had known that you were in Bandung, I would have shown you some interesting places‟ „……..‟ A. Thank you for showing me around Bandung B. Thank you , I will really enjoy that C. I‟m sorry, I didn‟t have time to write you before I left for Bandung D. That‟s a good idea. I haven‟t had time to go around Bandung E. Yes, It was such an interesting trip UMPTN 1999 RAYON C Text 1 It is now known that tuberculosis is chiefly spread by droplet infection. It can also occur as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk from tubercular cows, where the pathogen penetrates the body through the alimentary canal. However, entry of the bacillus into the body is not necessarily followed by a clinical illness, the development of which depends on several other factors. Many people, for instance, seems to have a high natural resistance and although acquired immunity is not fully understood, it has been proved that if a person contracts and recovers from a primary tuberculosis infection, he is less likely to develop active tuberculosis on subsequent exposure to the tubercle bacillus than a patient who has not previously been infected. Tuberculosis has notoriously been associated with poverty, with poverty, with its accompanying malnutrition, overcrowding and stress, Halaman 268 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA and while the exact role of nutrition is uncertain, it seems that a diet based on cheap carbohydrate and a lack of protein and vitamins is another contributing factor. In addition, a condition such as diabetes mellitus also lead to increased risk of developing the disease, and statistic from certain mining areas in Africa show that sufferers of respiratory disorders, such as silicosis, are especially vulnerable to attacks of pulmonary tuberculosis. The introduction of mass immunization against tuberculosis by the use of BCG vaccine, and of mass radiography, where it is possible to screen large numbers of people for early signs of tuberculosis, has dramatically reduced the incidence of the disease in the last few decades 1. What is the main formation of the text ? A. The danger of drinking unpasteurized milk B. The diseases leading to the development of tuberculosis C. The effects of being infected by tuberculosis D. The parts of the world affected by tuberculosis E. The causes and prevention of tuberculosis 2. Tuberculosis is easily spread in poor countries because… A. people have no knowledge of good nutrition B. only food containing cheap carbohydrate is available C. people like to live together in crowded neighbourhoods D. people with malnutrition are easily affected E. there is still a great shortage of medical doctors The following may lead to the development of tuberculosis, except… A. poverty B. drinking milk C. a poor diet D. tubercle bacillus in the air E. respiratory illnesses „The disease‟ in line 16 refers to … A. diabetes mellitus B. a respiratory disorder C. silicosis D. tuberculosis E. a clinical illness From the text we may conclude that… A. it is hard to eradicate tuberculosis if many people are still living poverty B. over the last ten years the number of tuberculosis patients has decreased C. patients suffering from any other disease will easily get tuberculosis D. people can never be infected by tuberculosis if they eat nutritious food E. recovered patients are likely to develop active tuberculosis Halaman 269 3. 4. 5. BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Text II Just a few years ago, women like Dr.Al-Awadhi had to chose between a higher education and having a family. Naturally this was a very difficult choice. But now, many young men in countries like Kuwait want to marry educated women, and it is no disadvantage to a woman to be educated. Her marriage prospects may, in fact, be improved. However, she still may not be able to have a career after her marriage, particularly after children are born. This custom may change too before long as more and more educated women marry and have families. Women may demand to have careers. Also, developing countries may want to encourage all educated people, men and women, to contribute to the workforce. These countries may regard educated women as a rich natural resource 6. The topic of the text is … A. how to improve marriage prospects B. traditional and modern customs in Kuwait C. a difficult choice in a woman‟s life D. the changing role of in developing countries E. the marriage life of educated woman We may conclude that… A. educated career women are an asset to the country B. having children is more important for women than having a career C. there are disadvantages for women to work outside the house D. highly educated women are a threat to men E. a career women usually has an unhappy marriage 7. Text III In South Africa, researchers process sunflower oil to fuel diesel engines. An acid and a molecule are chemically combined to form an ester by removal of a water molecule. It is easy to do this : an acid is added to the oil, which is then heated to 30-400 for a few ours. The fuel mixture which is produced in this way possesses properties very similar to those of ordinary diesel fuel, but the mixture causes less exhaust smoke than diesel fuel, and can actually improve engine performance. In Brazil, researchers have carried out similar projects with processed vegetable oil. 8. The text is about … A. the process of producing fuel B. the importance of sunflower oil C. making diesel fuel from sunflower oil D. improving the performance of diesel engines E. Brazil‟s research on vegetable oil Halaman 270 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 9. Which of the following is not true according to the text ? A. The fuel produced from sunflower oil is actually better than common diesel fuel. B. The process of converting sunflower oil into fuel is quite complicated and expensive C. Vegetable oil might also be converted into fuel for diesel engines D. A diesel engine can perform better when fuel from sunflower oil is used E. Several countries are interested in developing an alternative fuel for diesel Text IV The technological revolution that will prevail for the remainder of this century will create jobs and professions that as little as five years ago were …. 10. These newly developed markets will demand of workers and understanding of …. 11… technical communications systems as well as an increased technical ….. 12. By the year 2001 basic skills that …. 13 were vital to business will be rendered obsolete. The most …. 14… trend in years to come will be the shift from formation – type jobs such as factory work, office typing, and general clerical works to information – type jobs such as programming, word processing, and supervising technical machinery 10.A. B. C. D. E. 11. A. B. C. D. E. gone absent ailing nonexistent perished creative distinguished sophisticated prominent extraordinary 12. A. expertise B. modification C. approach D. method E. analysis 13. A. eventually B. primarily 14. A. signify B. significant Halaman 271 C. earlier D. last E. once BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. signifying D. significance E. significantly 15.The lay-out plan of the Trade Fair, … the Project Manager was so concerned, turns out to be quite good. A. they involve B. involve C. involving D. while they involve E. involved 16.Surveys indicate that twenty-five percent of heart surgery … bypass operations may be unnecessary A. they involve B. involve C. involving D. while they involve E. involved 17. Wedding ceremonies differ from one ethic group to another. Each of our 27 provinces … own characteristic. A. has its D. it has B. they have E. have their C. have one‟s 18. „How do I get to Bogor from Jakarta ?‟ „Well, you can take either …‟ A. the bus and the train B. the bus or the train C. the bus as well as the train D. the bus and the train too E. the bus and also the train 19. He asked me whether he … my car to go to the party. A. can borrow D. may borrow B. might borrow E. would borrow C. ought to borrow 20. Whose book is this ? I‟d like to borrow it when nobody else … it A. read B. will read C. has read D. was reading E. is reading 21.„I tried to fix the TV but I wasn‟t very successful.‟ „Why don‟t you have a TV repairman …. it ? A. do B. to do Halaman 272 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. done D. for doing E. done 22.If it were not for your education, you … such a good position. A. will not have D. would not ha B. have not had E. had not had C. did not have 23.I‟m still waiting …. for an interview A. to be called B. be called C. be calling D. to call E. called 24.I regret …. the body trimmer advertised on TV because it doesn‟t work as expected. A. bought C. to buy E. buying B. I buy D. buy 25.„What does the announcement say ?‟ „…. should submit their progress report.‟ A. Whether students on scholarships B. Are students on scholarships C. If students on scholarships D. That students on scholarships E. When students on scholarships 26.„Did you see Anti when you were in Semarang?‟ “No. I didn‟t. I really didn‟t have the time …. Her. A. I visited B. visit C. to visit D. visiting E. for visiting 27.…. the Department or Religious Affairs has extended the registration date for the hajj pilgrimage, the number of pilgrims is smaller than that of last year. A. Although C. Because E. When B. Since D. As 28.„Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting‟ means ; … A. although he was defeated three times in a row, the decided to give up fighting. B. he decided to give up fighting after he had been defeated three times in a row Halaman 273 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA.While living in Bogor, we always went to school on foot. This means that we … on foot while we were living in Bogor. A. go to school B. are going to school C. used to go to school D. are used to going to school E. like going to school 30. UMPTN 1998 RAYON C Text I The fish are dying in the Adirondack lakes in northern New York Sate. Fishermen are worried. This used to be a favorite spot for sport fishing. But every year there are fewer fish. Some lakes – 6% of them – now have no fish at all. Scientists are beginning to get worried too. What is killing the fish? The cause of this is acid rain. Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused by factories that use burn coal or oil or gas. These factories send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories. Some of the unhealthy things in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away. This is what is happening in the Adirondacks. There are many factories in the Midwestern states. They are sending a lot of smoke into the air. The wind blows the smoke towards the eat. That means towards New York State and the Adirondack area. The rain in the Adirondacks is not natural and clean any more. It is full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidic. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice. It hurts when it gets in your eyes. It is dying in the Adirondacks. 1. The topic of the text is … A. the Adirondack lakes B. acid rain Halaman 274 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. air pollution D. fish killers E. factories in the Midwestern states 2. The problem that the writer points out in the text is that … A. fish has become scarce in the United States B. there are too many factories in the Midwestern States C. six percent of fish in the Adirondack lakes is dying D. the total catch of fish in the Adirondack lakes is decreasing E. many favorite sports for sport fishing have dried up 3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about acid rain? A. Acid rain kills all living things in the Adirondacks B. Acid rain causes air pollution in northern New York State C. Smoke emitted by factories creates poisonous acid rain D. Coal, oil or gas increase the level of poison in acid rain E. Acid rain carries a lot of smoke hundreds of miles away 4. The rain in the Adirondacks is harmful to the environment, because: A. the wind that blows from the Midwestern states sends a lot of smoke containing dangerous chemicals B. the rain comes from an area where air is badly polluted by factory wastes C. air pollution caused by factories burning coal, oil or gas has been a problem in the Adirondacks D. factories operating in the Adirondack area send polluted smoke high in the air and come down with the rain E. The Adirondack area is geographically located in one of the Midwestern states which is a center of industry 5. If water form an acidic lake gets into our eyes, it will ………., A. be like vinegar B. cause blindness C. clean them D. be like lemon juice E. hurt them Text II Over the year many different system of physical exercise designed to improve the health and appearance of the body have emerged. One of the best to come forth practise of “The Cobra”, a posture that imitates the arching head of that poisonous snake. “The Crow”, which resembles the headstand, is said to improve circulation and relieve tension. Halaman 275 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 6. What is the topic of the text? A. System of physical exercises B. Animal postures in Yoga C. Hatha Yoga postures D. Exercising body muscles E. Improving blood circulation 7. What is the main information of the text? A. Hatha Yoga postures exercise the whole body B. Yoga are used in Yoga exercise C. Yoga imitates the movements of animal D. Animal are an important element in Yoga exercise E. Yoga is the best system of physical exercise Text III If student are succeed in tomorrow‟s would, their must encourage them to have the desire to keep learning throughout their lives. For at least a decade now, experts have been telling us that to prosper in the future, countries need to make much better use of their human resources. This means not allowing people to stop learning at age 10 or 20 or 30. It means pushing skill-growth rates up rather than allowing children and adults to lose interest in learning. Although following this advice is not easy, we should keep the following in mind; if we do not go this route, vast number of people in the world may do poorly in a global market, while a few people do exceptionally well. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor will grow and grow …. until something explodes 8. The text is about …. A. important advice on education for better future B. the establishment of rules related to education C. an improvement in the development of human resources D. the result of a country‟s poor education E. people‟s obligation to have a life-time education 9. The writer believes that if countries allowed people to stop learning at the age of 30, …. A. there would be greater competition between the rich and the poor B. the number of poor people in the world increase C. the global market would be dominated by the rich D. the majority of people in the world would prosper E. the skill-growth rates would be immediately pushed up Text IV Halaman 276 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA It is true that there is not set amount of sleep a person must have each right to remain sharp. Sleeping ….10 vary among individuals in each age group. Some babies up to 20 hours a day while others are happy with far less. An average adult works best with seven or eight hours, …..11 some can function with as little as four hours and others seem to need ten or more, 12 . Show that people can …..13 to somewhat reduced sleeping schedules without ….14 adverse affects. But one thing is certain. If you don‟t get your quota, you become cranky n e. disturbances nervous and increasingly upset. 10.A. targets B. regulations C. opportunities D. requirement E. disturbances 11. A. B. C. D. E. in spite of although moreover unless so that 12. A. Assumptions B. Procedures C. Studies D. Analyses E. Processes 13. A. adapting B. adaptable C. adaptation D. adaptor E. adapt 14. A. noticeable B. notices C. noticeably D. notice E. noticed 15. Have you considered …. to an apartment closer to your office ? A. Move B. To move C. Moved D. Moving E. To be moving 16. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999… A. Needs to review B. Needs to be reviewed C. Needs reviews Halaman 277 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. Is needed to be reviewed E. It needs reviewing 17.The way he smiles and talks always _____ many girls. A. to attract C. attracts E. attract B. it attracts D. attracting 18.… a few thousand dollars, he went on a tour to Europe. A. Saved D. Having Saved B. Have saved E. After he saves C. He has saved 19. „So you have finished t typing those letters! When did you do it? When you _____ the meaning.‟ A. were attending D. attended B. attend E. had attended C. have attended 20.„Adi has a very bad cold.‟ I know, he ____ out until late last night.‟ A. couldn‟t have gone B. had better not C. shouldn‟t have gone D. could not go E. would have gone out 21.„The result of the English exam is very good.‟ „It is due to the newly …. teaching method.‟ A. to implement D. implemented B. implementing E. to be implemented C. it is implementing 22. „Do you know that Tanto had withdrawn his money from the bank just before it was liquidated?‟ „Oh yes, otherwise he ____ a great deal.‟ A. lost D. had lost B. would lose E. would have lost C. has lost 23.The fact that he was put in prison for something that he had not done made his wife …. A. cry B. to be crying C. cried D. to cry E. crying 24.The student are collecting money, food and clothes for the people….. houses were destroyed in the fire last week. A. who B. whom Halaman 278 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA C. whose D. that E. which 25.Noticing I had dropped my purse, _____ A. the bus conductor called after me B. I was called after by the bus conductor C. It was the bus conductor who called after me D. There was the bus conductor calling after me E. The bus conductor was called after me 26.Vera has recently been promoted to a top position in her company, although …. A. she has a master‟s degree in business B. she is relatively new in the company C. she has proved herself to be a good manager D. she has many years of experience E. she seem to have much self confidence 27.There was so much noise next door. Our neighbour … from their vacation abroad. A. may come back B. would have come back C. is supposed to come back D. must have come back E. ought to come back 28.„After I finished my article, I had it edited‟ This means that ….‟ A. I had edited my article B. My article would be edited C. somebody edited my article D. I was asked to edit my article E. I had to edit my article myself 29.„What does the announcement say? ….get their money back.‟ A. Depositors of the liquidated bank B. Will the depositors of the liquidated bank C. About depositors of the liquidated bank who will D. That the depositors of the liquidated bank will E. Which of the depositors of the liquidated bank will 30.People like to live in peaceful world; nevertheless,…. A. every conflict and disagreement should be avoided B. they try very hard to live in harmony C. co-ordination and co-operation are being conducted D. they come together to solve global problems E. there are still wars among many nations Halaman 279 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA UMPTN 1997 RAYON C Text I Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life. With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric power. Man has also modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways. However, man‟s changes to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results. Today, pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet. Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicle; smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialised areas and the surrounding areas of the countryside. The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy. The pollution of water is equally harmful. In the sea, pollution from oil is increasing and is killing enormous numbers of algae, fish, and birds. The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed. The same problem exists in rivers. Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless. Conservationist believe that it is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology in order to survive on earth. 1. The writer‟s main purpose in writing the text is to … A. show the advantages of modern technology B. explain why exhausts of cars are dangerous C. discuss how the tools of technology can improve man‟s way of life D. warn us against the harmful effects of air and water pollution E. point out how man has modified the face of the earth 2. According to the text, air pollution may occur in the following locations, except … A. the surroundings of industries B. big cities crowded with cars C. the countryside near factories D. the harbours where oil tankers anchor E. housing areas close to manufacturing plants 3. The first paragraph tells us about the effects of technology on … A. the history of man B. water reservoirs C. the physical features of the earth D. improvements in man‟s life E. the construction of railroads 4. According to the text, which of the following is the cause of water pollution? A. Oil refineries Halaman 280 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. Algae, fish, and birds Factory wastes Thousands of tons of gases Ecological balance 5. We may conclude that the writer is in favour of … A. restricting the growth of technology B. altering the ecological harmony of the sea C. modifying the face of the earth by building transport facilities D. preventing human beings from using technology E. killing fish and birds that pollute the sea Text II We are already using up our fossil fuel reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels took millions of years to create. They are our precious capital and can never be replaced. They should be preserved for purposes for which it is difficult to find alternatives. In future we will need to utilise our energy sources, and save our capital. By linking the same energy network which powers the weather and climate, we might be able to use the sun, wind, waves and tides to help satisfy our energy needs. These are renewable sources. They serve as new sources and will never run out. 6. The writer‟s intention to write the text is to explain about … A. fossil fuel reserves B. the creation of fossil fuels C. energy powering weather and climate D. renewable energy sources E. the running out of coal and oil 7. The advantage of renewable energy over fossil fuel energy is that renewable energy … A. is easy to produce B. is never exhausted C. requires less capital D. creates natural gas E. is found everywhere Text III Most Western European countries have a wide variety of political parties. Although having many choices available to the voting public is a sign of healthy democracy, it can also cause serious political philosophies and goals. Moreover, the presence of so many parties can lead to government instability because the cooperation of several different parties is often needed to form coalition governments. Halaman 281 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 8. In the above paragraph the writer wants to show the reader that … A. democracy is created in a country with many parties B. it is difficult for people to understand the philosophy of politics C. the presence of many parties in country will solve political problems D. stability will be achieved if a country has many political parties E. there are disadvantages of having many political parties in a country 9. What is needed to form a coalition government? A. Differences in political philosophies and goals of parties B. The agreement of different parties to work together C. An educated voting public in a democratic country D. The availability of only one party in a country E. A government which has a wide variety of political parties. Text IV A few years ago a shortage of natural gas drove prices sky high. Likewise, gasoline prices rose when demands … 10 … supplies. A large supply in the oil market drove prices back down. The … 11 … of supply and demand functioned according to textbook description in the case of oil, but the … 12 … is different in the current natural gas market. Natural gas consumers are finding their heating bills more of a burden than last year, … 13 … a dramatic increase in supplies. There is so much natural gas available that many suppliers are closing down their plants for lack of a market, and it is … 14 … that some suppliers are even burning off their surplus gas now. 10. A. weakened B. exceeded C. descended D. increased E. exaggerated 11. A. principal B. scale E. arrangement 12. A. situation B. period C. requirement D. influence E. environment 13. A. whereas B. therefore E. in spite of Halaman 282 C. subject D. law C. as long as D. in order to BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 14. A. predicted B. insured C. rumoured D. assumed E. hoped 15.“Why don‟t you ask your sister to come along with us to the movie?” “I did, but she … stay at home.” A. used to B. might C. can D. could E. e. would rather 16.I didn‟t hear the thunder during the storm last night because I … soundly. A. have been sleeping D. was sleeping B. and E. have slept C. am sleeping 17.My uncle doesn‟t earn much; … he can send his children to college. A. however C. therefore E. hence B. and D. so 18.The school master had the students … their lessons before the exam. A. to review B. reviewing C. review D. reviewed E. e. they review 19.She is trying to lose weight by drinking … beverages. A. artificially sweetened B. artificial sweets C. artificially sweetening D. sweetened by artificial sugar E. sweetened artificially 20.My friend Hasan is considering … school before finishing it because of financial reasons. A. he leaves B. about leaving C. he wants to leave D. in leaving E. leaving 21.“When did you realize you had lost your purse?” “When I … money to pay the bus fare.” Halaman 283 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA A. B. C. D. E. was needing needed had needed they needed e. have needed 22.The number of illiterate people in our country … drastically. A. to decrease B. decrease C. has decreased D. they decrease E. e. it decreases 23.That vase is such a beautiful antique that people were willing to pay a lot for it at the auction. From the above sentence we may conclude that A. people do not like antiques B. the vase is too expensive C. many people buy such a vase D. the vase is very precious E. it is a very modern vase 24.“I can‟t read this letter, I don‟t understand French at all”. “I don‟t either, but let‟s …” A. translate it B. have it translated C. to translate it D. have translated it E. have to translate 25.… Michael Douglas a good actor that he can play the role of different characters so well. A. That makes B. Whether making C. What makes D. This is made E. In order to make 26.The President Director agreed that the performance of the company has not been good these past few years. In fact, its organization … now for improvements. A. restructured B. is restructuring C. is to restructure D. is being restructured E. restructuring 27.There were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We … have bought them in advance. A. couldn‟t D. mustn‟t Halaman 284 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. shouldn‟t C. might not E. wouldn‟t 28.Having switched off the lights … A. it was the door he locked B. the door was locked C. this locked the door D. the door was locked behind him E. he locked the door 29.Students … will be awarded scholarships. A. who pass with excellent grades B. they pass with excellent grades C. they who pass with excellent grades D. pass with excellent grades E. to pass with excellent grades 30.Thank you for reminding me to send in my application forms … A. I wouldn‟t miss the deadline if you reminded me B. I wouldn‟t have missed the deadline if you had reminded me C. I will miss the deadline if you don‟t remind me D. I would have missed the deadline if you hadn‟t reminded me E. Had you reminded me, I wouldn‟t have missed the deadline UMPTN 1996 RAYON C Text I After rising steadily for almost a century, standards of education in the public schools of Europe and North college, the American education system is clearly in trouble ; European drop out rates, though lower than those of the U.S. are rising too. Various factors have been blamed for the apparent decline in educational standards . Some people say that over crowding and lack of discipline are major factors. Others maintain that subjects like art and drama have been over emphasised at the expense of more practical subjects. The negative influence of television is frequently mentioned as reason for growing illiteracy. Many teachers and principals, however, insist that problem is not falling standards but of rising expectations on the part of parents and employers. Whether or not standards in public school are actually falling, many parents feel that the only way to secure a good education for their children is to send them to private school, which generally have Halaman 285 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA smaller classes and stricter discipline . The popularity , of such schools, is growing steadily, despite the high tuition fees. In the United States, for example, eleven percent of all school children attend private school in France over sixteen per cent do so . 1. The text is about __ A. problem and current education systems B. rising dropout rates in America publish schools C. factor determining general education standards D. comparison between the American and European education system E. problem in education in European and American public schools 2. Which of the following statements about the education of children in public school is NOT TRUE according to the text ? A. Many children quit school B. Dropout lack basic knowledge of reading and writing . C. Public school should offer more practical subjects. D. Dropout rates are rising E. The dropout rate in Europe is lower than that in the U.S. 3. Which of the following is true to be a factor causing the decline in educational standards? A. Discipline in school is generally too strict. B. Teachers use too much television in class C. There are too many pupils in one class. D. Parent and employers expect too much from teachers 4. Private schools have become popular among parents, because A. they charge high tuition fees B. their educational system never has problems C. parents expectations for more practical subjects are met D. they think that private school provide better education E. their rate of dropout is lower than that in public schools. 5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text ? A. School authorities do not think that practical subject than public school do. Text II Halaman 286 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Bisonan Continent. 6. What is the topic of the paragraph ? A. The spread of Bison from China and Himalaya to North America. B. Types of Bisons belonging to the Bovidae family C. The effect of the intermingling of Asian and North American faunas. D. Places in the world where bisons lived. E. The rapid evolution of Bisons 7. What is the main idea of the text ? A. Bisons are relatively new comers in North America because they have lived in other parts of the worlds. B. The oldest known bison fossils have been found in China and the Himalaya foothill C. Bison belong to the Bovidae family, like domestic cattle and wild of Africa and Asia D. From Asia Bisons Spread over most of the Northern hemisphere and came to North Amnerica though the Bering strait E. Bisons came to North America when the faunas of Asia and North America intermingle driver's license. 8. What is the topic of the paragraph ? A. The necessity of driving a car B. The process of getting a driver's license C. Drivers in today's busy society Halaman 287 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA D. Learning to drive E. The special privilege of driving a car 9. What is the main idea of the text A. Driving a car is necessity in today's busy society B. Anyone who wants to drive must carry a driver's license . result. Today, pollution of the air and water is raising danger to the health of the planet. 10.A. divide B. constructed C. promoted D. identified E. altered 11.A. means B. media C. organs D. purpose E. Instruments 12.A.surrounded B. interrupted C. changed D. disturbed E. enlarged 13.A. Consequently B. How ever C. Besides D. Moreover E. Similarly !4. A. Benefit Halaman 288 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. beneficiary C. beneficial D. beneficially E. beneficent 15. You can break the ticket in advance, so that you …. queue up for it A. mustn't B. cannot C. may not D. shouldn't E. don't have to 16. 'where is my dictionary? It was on my desk. 'Perhaps somebody…..it A. takes B. has taken C. is taking D. had taken E. would take. We always try to avoid ….. preserved foods A. consuming B. to consume C. consumed D. we consume E. being consumed 20. These scholarships will be given to students ….. A. which passed the selection test B. whose selection test passed C. They passed the selection D. who have passed the selection test E. have passed the selection test Halaman 289 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 21. The original …..manuscript of the play is on display in the museum. A. written by hand B. writing hand C. hand - written D. is hand - written E. hand writing 22. Constructed from 3000 to 15000 is a fact not many smokers realize A. whether B. that C. if D. which E. when 24. Anita and I missed the morning flight and this made …. late for our friend's A. his B. me C. then D. her E. us 25.Do you think that at the moment some amazing experiments _____ by the university research biologists ? A. carried out B. to carry out C. are being carried out D. be carried be out E. they are carried out\ 26.My parents advised my sister…. too money on clothes A. do not spend B. not to spend C. did not spend D. not spending E. not spend 27.Since when hasn't she been feeling well ? Since she …. from Singapore. A. returned B. has returned C. was returning D. has returned Halaman 290 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. has been returning 28.I don‟t have much time to do all my household work. so I always A. help somebody B. have helped somebody C. have to help somebody D. have somebody help me E. to have me help somebody 29.The murder suspect wanted to tell police the truth …. they were afraid A. so B. never the less C. otherwise D. moreover E. therefore 30.Rudi would have lost his way in London if the hadn't been able to speak English Well `The above sentence means : …. A. Rudi got lost because his English was poor B. Although Rudi's English was good. he got lost C. As Rudi could not communicate in English. he got lost D. In spite of his poor English. Rudi. did not get lost E. Rudi did not get lost because his English was good UMPTN 1995 RAYON C Text I Paris is the capital of the European nation of France. It is also one of the most beautiful and most famous cities in the world. Paris is called the City of light. It is also an international fashion centre. What stylish women are wearing in Paris will be worn by woman all over the world. Paris is also a famous world center of education. For instance, it is the headquarters of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The Seine River divides the city into two parts. Thirty-two bridges cross this Seine river. The oldest and perhaps most well-known us the Pont Neuf, which was built in the sixteenth century. The Sorbonne, a famous university, is located on the left Bank (south side) of the river. The beautiful white church Sacre Coeur lives on the top group of people called the Parisii. They built a small village on the island in the middle of the Seine River about two thousand years ago. This island, called the Ile de la Cite, is Notre Dame is located. To day around eight million people live in the Paris area. Halaman 291 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 1. The topic of the text is .... A. France, European nation B. the city of Paris C. French culture D. the Seine River E. education in France. 2. Where is the Sacre Coeur located A. In the city of Light B. On the Southern side of the river C. Outside Paris D. Next to the Sorbonne University E. On the top of the mountain 3. According to the text which of the following statements is TRUE about Pont Neuf? A. Pont Neuf is one of the oldest universities B. Pont Neuf is located near Montmartre C. Pont Neuf separates the Sceine River from the city D. Pont Neuf is a bridge crossing the Seine River E. Pont Neuf is Located on the south side of the Seine 4. From the Text we know that Notre Dame is located ....] A. on the Left Bank B. near the Louvre C. on the right Bank D. outside the city of Paris E. on neither bank 5. Which of the following statements. Lie de la Cite used to be an island located in the middle of the Seine River 6. This is the picture of my mother ... I have ever taken A. whom B. of which C. where D. which E. whose 7. ... a car safety, it is essential to have good brakes A. Driving Halaman 292 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA B. C. D. E. That he drop To be driven We drive To drive 8. "Do I hear something?" "Yes, somebody ... at the door? A. knocks B. knocked C. is knocking D. has knocked E. was knocking 9. Land and houses are often the largest single investment that most A. will make families ever B. families will ever make C. will make ever families D. families make ever will E. ever families will make 10.My brother needs two ... to help him run the store A. mechanics B. carpenters C. instructors D. porters E. assistants 11."I haven't heard anything from Leni " ... "….. .” A. So have I B. I haven't also C. Either have I D. Neither have I E. Me, neither 12."I'm going to Dila's. I hope she's home" "She ... be there. I saw her studying in library ten minutes ago." A. mustn't B. might C. can't D. will E. ought to 13..... clothes can often be very time consuming. A. They buy B. To be buying C. In buying D. Man buys E. Buying 14.... a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour to Europe Halaman 293 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA A. B. C. D. E. Saved Have saved He has saved Having saved After he saves 15.Customs influence ... and how they prepare and serve the food A. people eat that B. people eat it C. what people eat D. that people eat E. people eating what 16.I heard Baron speak English, French, Dutch and even Japanese to tourists, he ... the best tourist guide in town A. should be B. must be C. had after be D. ought to be E. would rather be 17.Ruined by the earthquake,...... A. the village was left uninhabited B. the inhabitants left the village C. there were no in habitants in the village D. no inhabitants were found in the village E. finding inhabitants in the village 18."Why do those people look panic?' "Their semi-permanent houses ...." A. demolished B. are demolishing C. to be demolished D. to demolish E. are being demolished 19.He told me a lot about the Philippines He ... there for a long time A. must have lived B. might be living C. ought to have lived D. are being demolished E. would have lived 20.Left to ... rain forests sustain their ecological systems. A. those B. itself C. themselves D. ourselves Halaman 294 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA E. yourselves 21."Is your car new?" "No, I ... at my brother‟s garage." A. had only painted it B. only had it painted C. had to paint it only D. only it had painted E. had been asked to paint 22.Until Kartini opened a school, Indonesian women ... allowed to go to school A. have not been B. are not C. would not be D. had not been E. had been asked to paint it 23.which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated? A. The Headmaster warned the student, "pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month" B. The Headmaster warned the student : "pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month" C. The Headmaster warned the student, "pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month!" D. The Headmaster warned the student, pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month. E. The Headmaster warned the student, pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month! 24.The rain ... all day and night will surely flood the area A. fall D. to fall B. fallen E. falling C. fell 25 The company's new product was ... advertised on TV A. nation D. nationalise B. national E. nationalisation C. nationally 26."If all the students pass their final examination, the teacher will give a party for them at his house". It means…. A. there will possibly be a party B. there has been a party C. there is no party at all D. there was a party E. there has to be a party Halaman 295 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 27.My neighbour is an employee with a modest income ... his four children are all university students. A. consequently B. in addition C. otherwise D. moreover E. nevertheless 28 ... Christine Hakim a good actress is that she can play the roles of different characters so well A. that makes B. what makes C. whether making D. This is made E. In order to make 29 We are going on a long trip, so we must .... A. have checked the car B. have had the car checked C. to have the car checked D. have the car checked E. had the car checked 30.He was never interested in mathematics until he got a very good teacher. We may conclude that at present .... A. he likes mathematics B. he's trying to make mathematics interesting C. he hates mathematics D. he finds mathematics boring E. he avoids doing mathematics PEMBAHASAN SOAL RAYON C UMPTN 2000 1. C Informasi utama bacaan tersebut adalah makam sebagai sumber nyamuk aedes (terdapat pada kalimat pertama paragraf 1) 2. A Menurut teks tersebut kalimat yang SALAH mengenai pencegahan dan pengendalian DHF adalah : menyuruh warga untuk membuang semua wadah yang mereka punyai di rumah. Yang benar adalah : …throw all containers left at the graves as quickly as possible (kalimat pertama paragraf Halaman 296 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 3) yang artinya: membuang semua wadah yang tertinggal di makam secepat mungkin. 3. D Pegawai kesehatan merasa perlu menyelidiki makam sebagai sumber DHF karena orang yang bekerja di salah satu makam meninggal karena DHF (terdapat pada kalimat ke-4 paragraf 2) 4. D Untuk mencegah nyamuk aedes berkembang biak di makam, pemerintah tidak mengijinkan ada wadah yang menampung air ditinggalkan di makam (terdapat pada kalimat pertama paragraf 3). 5. E “Fogging house estates” berarti: penyemprotan lingkungan dengan pestisida tertentu. 6. B Topik teks tersebut adalah fungsi sistem imun karena paragraf tersebut membahas tentang tiga fungsi dasar sistem imun. 7. A Pernyataan yang TIDAK benar mengenai sistem imun adalah sistem imun berfungsi maksimal ketika orang berada di bawah tekanan yang terus menerus. Hal ini bertentangan dengan kalimat terakhir ( …by being stressed for long periods of time, we can actually weaken our imun system…). 8. B Topik paragraf seismosaurus. tersebut adalah binatang terbesar di bumi yaitu 9. E Pernyataan yang TIDAK benar tentang seismosaurus adalah : Langkah seismosaurus tampaknya mengguncangkan bumi (tidak disebutkan pada paragraf tersebut ) 10. C Bahasa Romawi , yang berasal dari Latin, kini menjadi bahasa resmi (official language) kekaisaran Romawi. - natural : alami - basic: dasar - authorized: diberi wewenang - fundamental: dasar 11. E Bahasa Latin tetap dipakai sebagai bahasa pergaulan di berbagai daerah di awal masa kekaisaran, tetapi (however) kemudian, ketika kekaisaran mulai jatuh, para pejabat Romawi mulai menghilang. - therefore: oleh karena itu Halaman 297 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA in spite of: walaupun moreover : terlebih lagi otherwise: jika tidak 12. B Lambat laun, orang Latin di tiap-tiap daerah mulai menggunakan caranya sendiri (one‟s own way). Karena menggantikan seseorang, maka possessive adjective yang tepat adalah one‟s. 13. E Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah adverb, yaitu naturally karena berfungsi untuk menerangkan verb influenced. 14. B Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kaimat tersebut adalah adjective yaitu distinctive karena berfungsi menerangkan noun characteristics. 15. C Kata kerja pada adverbial clause untuk menerangkan simple future adalah kata kerja simple present. Jadi verb yang tepat untuk adverbial clause tersebut adalah returns. 16. E „….political opponent‟ adalah noun phrase, jadi kata yang tepat untuk melengkapinya adalah a leading, sehingga arti noun phrase tersebut adalah lawan politik yang menonjol. 17. B „‟Bagaimana ujian kemarin?‟ „ Tidak mudah tetapi (but) aku yakin aku bisa lulus.‟ 18. D Subjek kalimat tersebut adalah the burden (singular), maka verb yang dipakai adalah singular verb, yaitu has frustrated. Arti kalimat itu adalah : Beban masalah-masalah ekonomi telah membuat sebagian besar orang Indonesia frustasi. 19. C Keterangan waktu since menerangkan bentuk present perfect continuous. 20. E „Kudengar Alex didenda $ 100 karena membuang sampah sembarangan ketika ia di Singapura.‟ „Benarkah? Dia pasti tidak tahu (must not have known) bahwa di sana ada peraturan yang melarang orang mengotori tempat umum.‟ 21. A Causative: S + have + O (aktif) + V1 (arti: Subjek menyuruh orang lain melakukan sesuatu) Halaman 298 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Arti kalimat tersebut adalah : Adikku meletakkan mainannya berserakan di tempat tidurku, maka aku menyuruhnya membersihkannya sebelum malam tiba. 22. E Kata yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah subjek, yaitu eating fish just once a week. Arti kalimat itu adalah : Menurut isu terbaru jurnal American Medical Assosiation, makan ikan sekali seminggu bisa mengurangi resiko kematian mendadak akibat jantung pada kaum pria. 23. B Possessive pronoun untuk meggantikan tourist resorts adalah their. 24. D Hotel ini menyediakan fasilitas yang bagus , tetapi, istriku masih banyak mengeluh. 25. A Untuk mengugkapkan tujuan , gunakan to infinitive 26. B Kalimat subjunctive : I wish I didn‟t have to (Aku berharap tidak perlu), faktanya adalah : Ia perlu ke dokter. 27. E „Kamu tampak sedang menunggu sesuatu akhir-akhir ini.‟ „Benar. Aku sedang menunggu dipanggil (to be called) untuk interview.‟ 28. C „And‟ menghubungkan struktur yang sama. Pada pada kalimat tersebut „and‟ menghubungkan noun phrase yaitu unskilled labour dan inexperienced managers 29. D Kalimat itu berasal dari dua kalimat yaitu: - The books on these shelf belong to my sister-in-law. - Most of the books are about child education. Dari dua kalimat tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa relative pronoun yang tepat untuk menggantikan most of the books adalah most of which. 30. C Makna dari kalimat pengandaian itu adalah : I didn‟t know that you were in Bandung so I didn‟t show you any interesting places (Aku tidak tahu kamu di Bandung sehingga aku tidak menunjukkan tempat-tempat menarik). Maka ungkapan yang tepat yang diucapkan pembicara kedua untuk menanggapi pernyataan itu adalah : „I‟m sorry. I didn‟t have time to write you before I left for Bandung.‟ (Maaf. Aku tidak sempat menulis surat untukmu sebelum aku ke Bandung.) Halaman 299 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA UMPTN 1999 1. E Informasi utama teks tersebut tuberculosis. adalah penyebab dan pencegahan 2. C Tuberculosis mudah menyebar di negara-negara miskin karena orang suka hidup bersama di lingkungan yang padat (paragraf 2). 3. B Yang tidak menyebabkan berkembangnya tuberculosis adalah minum susu. 4. D “The disease” adalah tuberculosis. 5. B Dari teks bisa disimpulkan bahwa selama lebih dari sepuluh tahun terakhir, jumlah pasien tuberculosis menurun (pada kalimat terakhir, paragraf terakhir). 6. D Topik teks tersebut adalah perubah peran wanita di negara-negara berkembang. 7. A Kesimpulannya adalah wanita karir yang berpendidkan adalah aset bagi negara tersebut . 8. C Teks tersebut adalah tentang membuat minyak diesel dari minyak bunga matahari. 9. A Pernyataan yang tidak benar menurut bacaan adalah :bahan bakar yang dihasilkan dari minyak bunga matahari sebenarnya lebih bsik daripada minyak diesel biasa (penyataan ini tidak disebutkan dalam teks) 10. C Revolusi teknologi yang terjadi pada penghujung abad ini akan menciptakan pekerjaan dan profesi yang sama sedikitnya dengan jumlah pekerjaan yang yang terjadi lima tahun yang lalu. 11. C Pasar yang baru berkembang ini akan memerlukan pekerja pemahaman sistem komunikasi teknik yang canggih (sophisticated). Halaman 300 dan BAHASA INGGRIS SMA extrardiary: luar biasa distinguished : dibedakan prominent : unggul 12. B Pasar yang baru berkembang ini akan memerlukan pekerja dan pemahaman sistem komunikasi teknik yang canggih juga perubahan (modification) teknik yang meningkat. - approach: pendekatan - method: metoda - analisis : analisis 13. E Menjelang tahun 2001 ketrampilan dasar yang dulu (once) sangat penting dalam … . - eventually akhirnya - primarily: terutama - earlier: sebelumnya - last: akhirnya. 14. B Kata yang diperlukan untuk merangkai kalimat tersebut adalah kata sifat, yaitu: significant (penting). - signify(verb) - significance (noun) - significantly (adverb) 15. Untuk mencari relative pronoun yang tepat pada kalimat itu, kita perlu memecah kalimat tersebut. Kalimat itu berasal dari dua kalimat sebagai berikut: - The lay-out plan of the Trade fair turns out to be quite good. (Rencana lay-out pameran dagang ternyata cukup bagus) - The project manager was so concerned about the lay-out plan. (Manajer proyek sangat kawatir dengan rencana lay-out tersebut). Dari kalimat kedua, bisa disimpulkan bahwa relative pronoun yang tepat adalah about which 16. C Survey menunjukkan bahwa dua puluh lima persen operasi jantung yang melibatkan (involving) operasi by pass mungkin tidak lagi perlu. 17. A Karena subjek kalimat tersebut singular (each) maka verb yang diperlukan juga singular, yaitu has dan possessive pronoun yang tepat adalah its. 18. B Correlative conjunction either berpasangan dengan or. 19. D Halaman 301 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Dia bertanya kepadaku apakah ia boleh meminjam (may borrow) mobilku untuk pergi ke pesta. 20. C Buku siapa ini? Aku akan meminjamnya ketika tidak ada orang lain yang sedang membacanya (is reading). 21. A „Aku telah mencoba membetulkan TV tetapi tidak berhasil.‟ „Mengapa kamu tidak menyuruh tukang Tv membetulkannya?‟ Kalimat kedua adalah kalimat causative have, maka verb yang setelah objek a Tv repairman adalah Verb1. 22. D Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe 2, maka verb pada main clause adalah would + verb1. 23. A Aku masih menunggu untuk dipanggil (to be called) interview. 24. E Regret bisa diikuti to infinitive (menyesal untuk) atau verb-ing (menyesal telah). Jawaban yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah Verb-ing, karena kalimat tersebut ingin mengungkapkan : “ Aku menyesal telah membeli body trimmer yang diiklankan di TV karena tidak bisa digunakan seperti yang diharapkan. 25. D Mengatakan bahwa … =say that … 26. C Untuk menyatakan tujuan, gunakan to infinitive 27. A Meskipun (although) Departemen agama telah memperpanjang tanggal pendaftaran naik haji, jumlah calon haji lebih kecil daripada jumlah tahun lalu. 28. B „”Having been defeated” = After he had been defeated (Setelah ia dikalahkan) 29. C Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di waktu lampau, gunakan : used to + verb1 30. D Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau, gunakan may/might + have + verb3 UMPTN 1998 Halaman 302 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 1. B Topik teks tersebut adalah hujan asam. 2. A Masalah yang ditunjukkan penulis pada teks itu adalah ikan menjadi jarang di Amerika. 3. C Asap yang dikeluarkan pabrik-pabrik menyebabkan hujan asam yang beracun (paragraf 2) 4. B Hujan di Adirondacks berbahaya bagi lingkungan karena hujan tersebut berasal dar daerah yang udaranya terpolusi limbah pabrik. 5. E Jika air dari danau berasam masuk ke mata , air tersebut akan menyebabkan sakit mata (paragraf 3 kalimat ke-6). 6. B Topik teks tersebut adalah postur binatang dala yoga. 7. C Informasi utama pad teks adalah Yoga meniru gerakan binatang. 8. E Teks tersebut tentang keharusan orang untuk menjalani pendidikan seumur hidup. 9. C Penulis percaya bahwa jika negara menyuruh orang berhenti belajar pada usia 30 tahun, pasar global akan didominasi orang kaya. 10. D Kebutuhan (requirement) tidur bervariasi pada tiap orang menurut umurnya. - target:: sasaran - opportunities: kesempatan - regulations: peraturan - disturbances: gangguan 11. B Rata-rata orang dewasa tidur selama tujuh atau delapan bulan, meskipun (although), beerapa orang cukup hanya dengan tidur selama empat jam …. . 12. C Beberapa studi (studies) menunjukkan bahwa … . 13. E Halaman 303 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa orang dapat terhadap …. . Can diikuti verb1. beradaptasi (adapt) 14. C Karena berfungsi untuk menerangkan adjective adverse maka kata yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi frase preposisi without ….. adverse affects adalah adverb, yaitu noticeably. 15. D Consider diikuti gerund (verb-ing) 16. B Karena kondisi keuangan sekarang ini, rencana anggaran untuk tahun 1998/1999 perlu ditinjau ulang (need to be reviewed). 17. C Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat simple present dan subjeknya adalah The way makaverb yang tepat adalah attracts. 18. D Setelah menabung ( Having saved) beberapa ribu dolar , dia pergiberlibur ke Eropa. 19. D „Jadi kamu sudah selesai mengetik surat-surat itu! mengetiknya? Ketika kamu menghadiri (attended) rapat ya.‟ Kapan kamu 20. C „Adi demam.‟ „Aku tahu, dia seharusnya tidak pergi (shouldn‟t have gone) hingga larut malam.‟ 21. D „Hasil ujian bahasa Inggris sangat bagus. Ini karena metode pengajaran yang baru diterapkan (the newly implemented method). 22. B „Tahukah kamu bahwa Tanto sudah menarik uangnya di bank sebelum bank itu dilikuidasi?‟ „Oh ya, jika tidak dia akan kehilangan (would lose) banyak uang. 23. A Kalimat tersebut memiliki kata kerja kausatif make. Pola kalimat kausatif dengan make adalah : S + make + O (aktif) + Verb1, jadi verb yang tepat adalah cry. 24. C Relative pronoun untuk menggantikan kepemilikan adalah whose. Halaman 304 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 25. A Melihat dompetku jatuh, kondektur bis mengejarku (the bus conductor called after me. 26. B Vera baru-baru ini dipromosikan ke posisi yang tinggi di perusahaannya, meskipun ia relatif baru di perusahaan tersebut. (she is relatively new in the company). 27. D Suara- suara terdengar dari sebelah. Tetangga kita pasti telah kembali (must have come back) dari liburan di luar negeri. 28. C Setelah aku menyelesaikan artikel, Aku menyuruh artikel itu diedit = Seseorang mengedit artikelku. 29. D (Pengumuman itu mengatakan ) bahwa para penabung bank yang dilikuidasi akan mendapatkan uangnya kembali. 30. E Orang suka hidup dalam kedamaian; tetapi masih terjadi perang di banyak negara. UMPTN 1997 1. D Tujuan pengarang dalam menulis teks tersebut adalah mengingatkan kita akan dampak polusi udara dn polusi air yang membahayakan. 2. D Menurut bacaan, polusi udara bisa terjadi di beberapa tempat, kecuali di pelabuhan tempat kilang minyak. Di tempat ini yang mungkinterjadi adalah polusi air. 3. C Paragraf 1 bercerita tentang efek teknologi pada sifat-sifat fisik bumi. 4. C Menurut teks, yang merupakan penyebab polusi air adalah limbah industri (paragraf 3). 5. A Kita bisa menyimpilkan bahwa penulis bermaksud membatasi pertumbuhan industri (paragraf terakhir pada : ….. limit the growth of technology…). 6. A Halaman 305 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Tujuan penulis dalam menulis teks tersebut untuk menerangkan cadangan bahan bakar fossil. 7. B Keuntungan energi yang bisa diperbaharui dibanding dengan energi bahan bakar fosil adalah energy yang bisa diperbaharui tidak pernah habis. (Kalimat terakhir : they serve as new sources and will nevr run out) 8. A Pada teks itu penulis ingin menunjukkan bawa demokrasi diciptaka di suatu negara dengan banya partai (Kalimat terakhir). 9. B Yang diperlukan untuk membentuk pemerintahan koalisi adalah kesepakatan partai-partai yang berbeda untuk membentuk pemerintahan koalisi (baris terakhir). 10. A Begitu pula, harga bensin naik ketika permintaan melebihi (exceed) penawaran. - weakened: melemahkan - descended: menurunkan - increased: meningkatkan - exaggerated: berlebihan 11. D Hukum (the law) penawaran dan permintaan hanya berlaku menurut buku teks… . 12. A Hukum penawaran dan permintaan hanya berlaku menurut buku teks dalam hal minyak tetapi situasinya (situation) berbeda di pasar gas alam. - period: periode - requirement: syarat - environment: lingkungan - influence: pengaruh 13. E Konsumen gas alam menemukan tagihannya lebih banyak dibanding tagihan tahun lalu, meskipun (in spite of) terjadi peningkatan penawaran. - therefore: oleh karena itu - whereas: sedangkan - as long as: selama - in order to : agar 14. C rumoured : dirumorkan predicted: diramalkan insured: diasuransikan Halaman 306 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA assumed: diasumsikan hoped: diharapkan 15. E „Aku sudah mengajak adikku tetapi ia lebih suka ( would rather) tinggal di rumah. 16. D Untuk menyatakan peristiw yang sedang terjadi aat lampau, gunakan past continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing). 17. A Pamanku tidak bergaji banyak tetapi anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi. (however) ia bisa menyekolahkan 18. C Verb yang tepat adalah Verb1 karena kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat kausatif have dengan objek aktif (the students). 19. A Ia sedang mencoba menurunkan berat badan denga minum minuman dengan pemanis buatan (artificially sweetened beverages). 20. E Consider diikuti gerund (verb-ing) 21. B „Kapan kamu meydari kamu kehilangan dompet?‟ „Ketika aku memerlukan ( needed) uang untuk membayar ongkos bus.‟ 22. C Verb yang mengikuti subjek the number adalah singular verb. 23. D Vas itu sangat kuno dan bagus sehingga banyak orang ingin membayar mahal di pelelangan. Dengan kata lain: Vas itu sangat berharga. Halaman 307 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. B Orang kedua pada dialog tersebut mengajak orang pertama untuk menyuruh orang lain menerjemakan teks itu, yaitu dengan kalimat kausatif: Let‟s have it translated. 25. A Yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah subjek yang berupa noun clause (that clause). 26. D Untuk menyatakan sedang di…., gunakan present continuous pasif 27. B Masih banyak tiket tersisa untuk konser. Kita seharusnya tidak membeli (shouldn‟t have bought) tiket itu jauh sebelumnya. 28. E Setelah mematikan lampu, ia mengunci pintu. 29. A Siswa yang lulus (who pass) dengan nilai bagus akan diberi beasiswa. 30. C Terimakasih telah kau ingatkan aku untuk mengirim surat lamaran. Aku akan melewati batas waktu jika kamu tidak mengingatkanku. UMPTN 1996 1. C Teks tersebut tentang faktor-faktor yang menentukan standar pendidikan negeri. 2. C Pernyataan yang TIDAK benar mengenai pendidikan anak di sekolah negeri adalah : sekolah negeri sebaiknya memberikan pelajaran yang lebih praktis. 3. C Faktor yang menyebabkan turunnya standar pendidikan adalah : terlalu banyak siswa di kelas. Kalimat kedua paragraf 2 : …people say that overcrowding and lack of discipline are the major factors. 4. D Sekolah – sekolah swasta menjadi populer di kalangan orang tua, karena mereka berpikir bahwa sekolah swasta memberikan pendidikan yang lebih baik (kalimat pertama paragraf terakhir). Halaman 308 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 5. A Pernyataan yang benar menurut teks adalah para guru merasa bahwa standar pendidikan di sekolah negeri tidak menurun (dinyatakan di kalimat terakhir paragraf 2) 6. A Topik paragraf tersebut adalah penyebaran Bison dari Cina dan Himalaya ke Amerika. 7. A Main idea dari teks tersebut bisa dilihat di kalimat pertama, yaitu Bison adalah pendatang baru di Amerika Utara karena sebelumnya mereka hidup di belahan dunia yang lain. 8. B Topik paragraf di atas adalah proses mendapatkan Surat Ijin Mengemudi karena menceritakan langkah-langkah untuk mendapatkan SIM 9. D Main idea teks tersebut adalah empat langkah untuk mendapatkan SIM adalah proses yang rumit. 10. E Dengan alat-alat teknologi, ia mengubah (altered) berbagai bentuk fisik bumi. - divide : mebagi - constructed : membangun - promoted : mempromosikan - identified : mengidentifikasi 11. D Ia mengubah hutan dan rawa menjadi tanah pertanian dan membuat danau dan waduk untuk tujuan (purpose) irigasi. - means : sarana - instrument : alat 12. C Manusia juga telah mengubah (changed) permukaan bumi dengan mengeringkan rawa dan membuat jalan raya dan rel menembus pegunungan. - surrounded : mengelilingi - interrupted : menginterupsi - disturbed : menggangu - enlarged : memperlebar 13. B Tetapi (However) perubahan lingkungan fisik oleh manusia tidak selalu menguntungkan. - consequently : oleh karena itu - Besides : disamping itu Halaman 309 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA Moreover : terlebih lagi Similarly : demikian pula 14. C Kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan kata benda (result) adalah kata sifat (beneficial: menguntungkan) - benefit : ahli waris - beneficiary : ahli waris - benefically : secara menguntungkan 15. E „Kamu bisa pesan tiket sebelumnya, sehingga kamu tidak perlu (don‟t have to) mengantri untuk mendapatkannya. 16. D „Di mana kamusku?‟ „Tadi di atas mejaku. Mungkin seseorang telah mengambilnya (had taken it).‟ 17. C Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang seharusnya telah dilakukan, gunakan should + have + V3. 18. D Meskipun (even though) ia sangat mencintai pria itu, ia pura-pura mengacuhkannya. - Since : sejak, karena - Because : karena - Whereas : sedangkan - However : tetapi 19. A Avoid diikuti gerund ( V-ing) 20. D Beasiswa ini akan diberikan pada siswa yang telah lulus ujian seleksi (who have passed test selection). 21. C Kata yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah past participle (hand-written : yang ditulis tangan) yang berfungsi menerangkan noun (manuscript) 22. A Dibangun dari tahun 3000 hingga 1500 SM, piramid merupakan makam bersejarah. 23. B Subjek kalimat itu adalah : …cigarrette smoke can be harmful. Subjek berupa noun clause/that, jadi kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi clause tersebut adalah that. Halaman 310 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 24. E Kata ganti orang sebagai objek untuk Anita and I adalah us. 25. C Pernahkah kamu berpikir bahwa sekarang ini beberapa experimen yang mengagumkan sedang dilakukan (are being carried out) oleh ahli riset biologi universitas ini? 26. B S + advise + O + to infinitive 27. A Clause setelah since selalu menggunakan verb simple past tense 28. D Aku tidak punya banyak waktu untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah tangga sendiri, sehingga aku selalu menyuruh seseorang membantuku (have somebody help me) 29. B Tersangka pembunuh ingin bercerita pada polisi hal yang sebenarnya tetapi (nevertheless) mereka takut. - so : sehingga - otherwise : jika tidak - moreover : terlebih lagi - therefore : oleh karena itu 30. E Rudi akan tersesat di London jika ia tidak bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lancar. Makna kalimat ini adalah : Rudi tidak tersesat karena bisa berbahasa Inggris dengan lancar. UMPTN 1995 1. B Karena bercerita tentang Paris, maka topik teks tersebut adalah kota Paris. 2. E Sacre Coeur terletak di puncak gunung (terdapat pada kalimat terakhir paragraf 3) 3. A Pernyataan yang benar tentang Pont Neuf adalah Pont Neuf adalah salah satu universitas tertua (dinyatakan di kalimat ke-2 paragraf 3). 4. E Dari teks kita tahu bahwa Notre Dame tidak terletak di pinggir sungai (tidak disebutkan pada teks). Halaman 311 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 5. A Pernyataan yang benar menurut teks adalah nama Paris berasal dari mana penduduk Ile de la Cite. Nama penduduk Ile de la Cite adalah Parisii (dijelaskan di alenia terakhir) 6. D Ini adalah foto yang (which) pernah diambil ibuku. Untuk menggantikan benda, digunakan relative pronoun which. 7. E Agar berkendara (to drive) mobil aman, kita perlu memiliki rem yang baik. Untuk menyatakan tujuan, digunakan to infinitive. 8. C „Apakah aku mendengar sesuatu?‟ „Ya, seseorang sedang mengetuk (is knocking) pintu.‟ Peristiwa mengetuk sedang terjadi sekarang, maka verb yang tepat berbentuk present continuous tense. 9. B Tanah dan rumah adalah satu-satunya investasi terbesar yang sebagian besar keluarga memilikinya (families will ever make). 10. E Saudaraku memerlukan dua pembantu untuk membantu menjalankan (assistant) toko. - mechanics: ahli mesin - carpenters: tukang kayu - porters: kuli angkut barang - instructors: pengajar 11. „Aku belum mendapat kabar dari Leni.” „Aku juga belum (Neither did I)‟ Struktur elip yang dipakai pada kalimat negative menggunakan neither atau either. Polanya adalah : S + auxiliary + not + either atau neither + auxiliary + S. 12. A „ Aku akan ke ruma Dila. Aku berharap dia ada di rumah.‟ „Dia pasti tidak (mustn‟t ) di sana. Aku melihatnya ada di perpustakaan sepuluh menit yang lalu.” 13. E Membeli (Buying) baju seringkali sangat memakan waktu. Buying pada kalimat tersebut adalah gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek 14. D Setelah (Having saved) a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour on Europe. Halaman 312 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 15. C Karena setelah and adalah noun clause, maka yang diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat itu adalah noun clause (struktur paralel). Susunan noun clause adalah : conector + S + V, yaitu : what people eat 16. C Untuk menyatakan kesimpulan di waktu sekarang, gunakan must + V1 (pasti). 17. A Karena rusak oleh gempa bumi, desa itu ditinggalkan oleh penghuninya (the village was left uninhabited). 18. E „Mengapa orang-orang itu panik?‟ „Rumah semi-permanen mereka demolished).‟ sedang dihancurkan (are being 19. A Untuk menyatakan kepastian di waktu lampau, digunakan : must+have+V3. Ia berbicara banyak tentang Pilipina. Ia pasti telah tinggal ( must have lived ) di sana lama. 20. A Biarkan hutan-hutan hujan itu (those) mempertahankan sistem ekologinya. 21. B „Apakah mobilmu baru?‟ „Tidak, aku hanya menyuruh mobil itu dicat (only had it painted) di bengkel kakak.‟ 22. D Verb yang dipakai untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa lampau (until Kartini opened a school), adalah verb past perfect, yaitu had + V3 (had not been). Arti kalimat itu adalah : Sebelum Kartini membuka sekolah, wanita Indonesia tidak diijinkan pergi ke sekolah. 23. C Sudah jelas 24. E Hujan yang turun (falling) sepanjang hari dan sepanjang malam pasti akan menyebabkan daerah itu banjir. 25. C S + to be + adverb + V3 - Nation (noun) negara - national (adjective) : nasional - nationally (adverb) : secara nasional Halaman 313 BAHASA INGGRIS SMA nationalize (verb) : menasionalkan nationalization (noun) : nasionalisasi 26. A “Jika semua siswa lulus ujian, guru akan mengadakan pesta untuk mereka di rumahnya.” Kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat pengandaian tipe I, yang menyatakan kemungkinan di waktu mendatang yang masih mungkin terjadi. Jadi arti kalimat itu adalah : Mungkin akan ada pesta. 27. E Tetanggaku adalah pegawai dengan gaji pas-pasan tetapi (nevertheless) ke empat menjadi mahasiswa universitas. - consequently : oleh sebab itu - in addition : disamping itu - otherwise: jika tidak - moreover: terlebih lagi 28. A Yang membuat (That makes) Christine Hakim mejadi artis yang bagus adalah ia bisa memerankan berbagai karakter dengan baik. 29. D Kita akan melakukan perjalana jauh, maka kita harus menyuruh mobil itu dicek ( have the car checked). 30. A Ia tak pernah tertarik dengan matematika sampai (sebelum) ia mendapat guru yang sangat bagus. Dari kalimat itu bisa disimpulkan bahwa sekarang ia menyukai matematika (karena sudah medapat guru yang bagus). Halaman 314	https://www.scribd.com/doc/111780388/Soal-Soal	CC-MAIN-2017-13	refinedweb	56,786	68.26
the question is; Write a program that prints out the memory addresses of each element in a two-dimensionalarray. Check to see if the values printed out make sense to you based on the way I explained it before. Below is the code I have done. I am having problems printing the "-" sign to keep formatting with the board when the user enter in different dimensions other than [4][4]. Code:#include <iostream> using namespace std; void printTable (int x, int y) { int *p_p_twoDimension = new int [y]; for (int i = 0; i < y; i++) { p_p_twoDimension[i] = new int [x]; } for (int i = 0; i < y; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < x; j++) { cout << &p_p_twoDimension[i][j]; if (j!= x - 1) { cout << " \| "; } } cout << endl; if (i!= y - 1) { for (int k = 0; k < (x10)+1; ++k) { cout << "-"; } cout << endl; } } } void freeTable (int p_p_twoDimension, int y) { for (int i=0; i < y; i++) { delete [] p_p_twoDimension; } } int main() { int x; int y; cout.flush() << "Please Enter the two dimensions you require" << endl; cin >> x >> y; int *p_p_twoDimension; printTable(x, y); freeTable(p_p_twoDimension, y); return 0; }	http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/157825-dynamic-memory-allocation-using-pointer-pointers.html	CC-MAIN-2015-22	refinedweb	184	66.57
Method swizzling in iOS swift What is method swizzling ?? — this was a question asked in an interview. I didn’t knew the answer back then. I googled it and found many articles about method swizzling. But, I couldn’t understand the proper use case of method swizzling. Michael Mavris’s article on method swizzling was simple and easy to understand. Read it here. Today, I was integrating FCM in my iOS app. I saw the same word method swizzling again in the firebase documentation. It said: So, its an important thing to know. Let’s understand what it is. What is method swizzling? Method swizzling is the process of changing the implementation of an existing selector at runtime. Simply speaking, we can change the functionality of a method at runtime. Note: This is an Objective-C runtime feature. For example: If you want to track the keys and values added to the UserDefaults and add a prefix string before all the keys, you can switch the implementation of the setValue:forKey method with your own method. So all the calls made to the setValue:forKey method will be routed to the new selector method. You can create the new key string with the prefix added and call the original implementation of setValue:forKey method with the new key. You will be confused whether it will end up in an infinite loop or not. But it will not. (Note: You can do the same by using a category in Objc or extension in swift. Just create a new method and call the super setValue:forKey method from this new method.But what if the imported third party libraries and frameworks use the setValue:forKey method directly. These libraries are not aware of the new custom method as well as our requirement of adding the prefix to the keys. This is when method swizzling comes to play). I took this example from the following article 👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻. Do read Michael Mavris’s article here before proceeding. Have a look at the stackoverflow post on how to do method swizzling in swift 3 and 4. How to do method swizzling in swift 4? Well, its easy: - Create a new method with your custom implementation for a method that you want to swizzle. - Get the class representation. - Get the old method selector reference. - Get the new method selector reference. - Ask the objective-C runtime to switch the selectors. - Take a deep breath and relax.!! 😂. Let’s swizzle!! Let’s create a swizzled method for description method of UIColor class. If you try to print a UIColor object ,it would print the RGBA value like this: print(UIColor.red) // prints UIExtendedSRGBColorSpace 1 0 0 1 We can print the colour because UIColor has a description method which will return the string representation of the colour. Let’s try to swizzle this method. import Foundationimport UIKitpublic extension UIColor {@objc func colorDescription() -> String {return "Printing rainbow colours."}private static let swizzleDesriptionImplementation: Void = {let instance: UIColor = UIColor.redlet aClass: AnyClass! = object_getClass(instance)let originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(aClass, #selector(description))let swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(aClass, #selector(colorDescription))if let originalMethod = originalMethod, let swizzledMethod = swizzledMethod { // switch implementation.. method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod)}}()public static func swizzleDesription() {_ = self.swizzleDesriptionImplementation}} The above code is pretty much self explanatory I believe. Now in my ViewController, I added the following code. override func viewDidLoad() {super.viewDidLoad()print(UIColor.red)print(UIColor.green)UIColor.swizzleDesription()print(“\nswizzled\n”)print(UIColor.red)print(UIColor.red)UIColor.swizzleDesription()print(“\nTrying to swizzle again\n”)print(UIColor.red)print(UIColor.red)} Output: UIExtendedSRGBColorSpace 1 0 0 1UIExtendedSRGBColorSpace 0 1 0 1swizzledPrinting rainbow colours.Printing rainbow colours.Trying to swizzle againPrinting rainbow colours.Printing rainbow colours. static members of Swift are implicitly lazy . That is the reason why swizzleDesriptionImplementation is not called again and swizzling was not happened for the second time. Enclosing all the operations that modify the methods in the lazy initialization block of a computed global constant ensures that the procedure will be performed only once (since initialization of these variables or constants uses dispatch_once behind the scenes). Drawbacks of method swizzling - If you are using swizzling any standard class methods, then better make sure that the swizzling is successful and your new swizzled method is getting called. If you are using some frameworks (ex: Firebase) which uses swizzling ,make sure that you are not swizzling some method that they already swizzled . If swizzling happens multiple times , either your code won’t work ,or the firebase (or any other framework swizzling the same method) won’t work. - When newer iOS versions are released, there are chances that the swizzling fails. You may have to cross check this every time. - If you are shipping a framework (ex: some analytics framework) which is used by hundreds of apps, better not to use swizzling in this case. In case if you want to use swizzling, please make sure that the app developer is aware of the swizzling that the framework does. Make sure that it is added to the documentation. - Swizzling inside a subclass will be a headace. unexpected things might happen. References: nshipster , uraimo, medium. Enjoy!! If you enjoyed reading this post, please share and give some clapps so others can find it 👏👏👏👏👏 !!!! You can follow me on Medium for fresh articles. Also, connect with me on LinkedIn. If you have any comment, question, or recommendation, feel free to post them in the comment section below!	https://medium.com/@abhimuralidharan/method-swizzling-in-ios-swift-1f38edaf984f	CC-MAIN-2019-47	refinedweb	903	59.3
Created on 2012-12-04 22:18 by larry, last changed 2014-01-14 22:56 by larry. This issue is now closed. This bug tracker entry is to track adding "Argument Clinic" to CPython trunk. Please see for more information. Sorry for the delay; this head cold is slowing me down. Here's the current state of Argument Clinic as a patch for review. I look forward to your comments! Can't you propose a PEP for this? I'd like to see the DSL officially discussed (or at least validated). It seems the clinic.txt DSL document should be proofread for proper/consistent use of argument/parameter (e.g. as described in the recently added ). To choose a couple random examples-- +Argument declaration \| type name = default +Argument flags \| flag flag2 flag3=value Shouldn't this be "Type declaration", etc? +Functions With Positional-Only Arguments +======================================== Positional-Only Parameters I second Antoine's request for a PEP. I'm not only concerned about the DSL: This approach may work for modules like posixmodule.c, where each function is largely a self-contained unit wrapping some API function. On the other hand, I don't want to imagine how _decimal.c will look like: There are > 100 functions that are closely related. Many of those functions are already generated by macros. I think that vertical space is a precious resource, so all docstrings (cruft as far as understanding the program is concerned) are in a header file. The clinic.py preprocessor would add at least 3000 lines to an already large module, tearing apart groups of functions that form logical units. Apologies for sounding negative, but IIRC this hasn't been brought up in the python-dev discussion at all.. What I don't understand is what advantage writing a PEP would bring. If you're worried that it needs discussion--okay, let's discuss it. Surely we can do that here? Or in python-dev? What's on your mind? Stefan: It sounds like Argument Clinic won't work well for _cdecimal, nor would any alternate DSL grammar work any better, really. But have no fear--I doubt anyone is going to force you to accept Argument-Clinic-ization of _cdecimal against your will. If you're comfortable maintaining the _cdecimal code without it, you certainly have my blessing. Though I do hope you'll add the data needed to generate Signature objects once we figure out what that looks like. Chris: clinic.txt is available for review as part of the patch I posted, please feel free to make your comments there. I could file a new patch with the two changes you already suggest if you prefer. (Though I'm not changing the name of the project to "Parameter Clinic"--the Monty Python reference is simply irresistible.) Finally, an admission. I wrote "Argument Clinic" thinking that the inspect.Signature Parameter objects had a per-Parameter docstring. Well, they don't. (I feel like an idiot.) So we could theoretically remove the per-parameter docstrings from the DSL. However, I'm pretty happy with the current structure of the DSL. My inclination therefore is to leave them in. (And who knows, maybe the Parameter object could grow a docstring.) Still, if you're going to propose changes to the DSL, I submit that removing the per-parameter docstring is wholly viable. >. My argument for requiring a PEP is that this change will not only affect the people maintaining the clinic code. It will affect everyone contributing and maintaining code in the CPython codebase. It's much more than "just an addition to the C API", it's a change in how CPython is developed. Writing and proposing a PEP brings public scrutiny in a much more visible, and also better-recorded, way than a bug entry on a tracker. Note that writing a PEP doesn't mean that there'll be a huge discussion about it. And you needn't post it on python-ideas, you can post it on python-dev instead. For what it's worth, I'm not as concerned with the process of the PEP, as having a single document we can review and discuss. (and, oh, I agree there isn't a bright line separating "this should get a PEP" from "this doesn't need a PEP") Here are some things that I'm interested in right now: 1) From what kind of data structure are signature objects generated? 2) Is there an easy way to do this manually? 3) Can at least part of the verboseness go into header files (virtually all compilers support "static inline" in header files)? 4) Why don't approaches work that look simpler on the surface, like ? 5) Are C contributors in general happy (or at least tolerate) the new verboseness? Sure, we can discuss 1) to 3) here. For recording objections or approaches that don't work (think FAQ "Why don't you just do X?") a PEP would be nice to have. If I'm the only one who is slightly bothered by the aesthetic and readability aspects, then 5) obviously need not be discussed. Most people, however, will probably find out about the change only once Python 3.4 is released. I disagree that the Clinic DSL is "verbose". Certainly I find it more succinct than what we do now. On the other hand, the syntax you proposed in the python-dev message you cite is insufficient to the task. Consider a function that takes a "char ". How might you want Python to convert the Python value into that char ? Should it only accept bytes? Should it accept bytes and Unicode? Should it accept objects exposing the buffer protocol? Do you want the length too? If you want the length, does that mean that you accept nulls inside the string? If it's Unicode, do you want to use a default encoding, or do you want to specify an encoding? Or do you want to specify your own conversion function? My solution for the above is to add "flags". Which is, semantically, the only important distinction between what you propose and Clinic's DSL. (That and the per-argument docstrings, which I already suggest are negotiable.) The remaining differences are that you want to cram everything onto one line, wheras Clinic's DSL spreads things over multiple lines. I suggest the latter is more readable, particularly when the number of arguments grows large.? Le dimanche 09 décembre 2012 à 19:20 +0000, Stefan Krah a écrit : > > If I'm the only one who is slightly bothered by the aesthetic and readability > aspects, then 5) obviously need not be discussed. You're not the only one. The vertical space argument also resonates with me, although I'm not sure how easy it would be to put the generated boilerplate into separate include files. The DSL is a bit weird, it doesn't seem to have consistent typography rules, some lines end with a colon, some lines don't, some assignment signs ("=") have spaces around them, some don't. What lines end with a colon? > What lines end with a colon? He probably means semicolon, for example: + int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD; + default=None > > What lines end with a colon? > > He probably means semicolon, for example: > > + int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD; > + default=None Oops, yes, sorry. Semicolon indeed. Ah. In that case, may I rewrite your critique as "[...] some lines may end with a semicolon, some lines may not, some assignment signs ("=") permit spaces around them, some don't.". I concede that this is inconsistent. If this inconsistency bothers you, I invite you to propose a different (and presumably more consistent) syntax for the DSL. I happen to think the current syntax has a motley "practicality beats purity" charm, but then I would, wouldn't I. >. The syntax being liberal sounds ok, but I think our coding style should be consistent. > I happen to think the current > syntax has a motley "practicality beats purity" charm, but then I > would, wouldn't I. Are we a motley crew? How Argument Clinic solves problems like #16490? Larry Hastings <report@bugs.python.org> wrote: > I disagree that the Clinic DSL is "verbose". Certainly I find it > more succinct than what we do now. I was referring to the total size of the generated output, not to the DSL. > On the other hand, the syntax you proposed in the python-dev message > you cite is insufficient to the task. [...] Actually this was Stefan Behnel's suggestion. Thanks for the explanation. >? No, the main problem is the amount of vertical space that's consumed. I've looked at os_access etc., and it seems that about 100 lines will be produced per function. The size of _decimal.c would go up from 5700 to something like 15000 lines. You can do similar math for posixmodule.c. Even with tools like ctags, I find code with a huge proportion of boilerplate harder to understand and to navigate. Also, I think that specifications of a declarative nature logically belong into header files, but currently I don't see a nice way to make that happen. doesn't the size of code setting up ParseTupleWithKeywords and checking the values afterwards bother you? that's the same thing only much less consistent. Gregory, I'm talking about the size of the total output of the tool, not about the size of the actual DSL parts: posixmodule.c: 11382 11514 +132 (2 functions) _cursesmodule.c: 3434 3499 +65 (1 function) zlibmodule.c: 1295 1336 +41 (1 function) _dbmmodule.c: 437 488 +51 (1 function) To this you have to add the proposed data structure for the signature information (one per function, if I understand correctly). For _decimal.c the situation is worse, since all docstrings are currently in a header file. So I think that my estimate of +100 lines per function is not exaggerated. do have one suggestion that might mitigate the problem for you. What if you put all the argument processing in a separate file (with .c or .h extension) and #include that in _decimal.c? You don't have to have the body for the impl function immediately after the DSL block; you could just have a semicolon there after the block and the C compiler would interpret it as a (redundant) declaration. You'd have to maintain declaring the impl yourself in _decimal.c, but I'm guessing you'd rather do that than have all the Clinic stuff blowing up _decimal.c.. Larry Hastings <report@bugs.python.org> wrote: >. Thanks for the offer. -- Currently I think that for me the easiest option is to add the signature information manually. So unless other people want this feature, I'd say don't bother implementing it. I'll ask again, do you plan to write a PEP to iron out the functional details? I don't think a tracker entry is the right format for this. Le vendredi 14 décembre 2012 à 07:21 +0000, Larry Hastings a écrit : > Larry Hastings added the comment: > > have no current plan to write a PEP. I don't know how to settle the difference of opinion here; the easiest thing would be if you convinced Guido we needed one. There's a bit of an impasse here on the PEP front. Guido said it wasn't needed. Antoine brings up the point that CPython developers will have to live with the result of this work so maybe something more easy to read and see in one place like a PEP would be valuable... That said, I think a lot of that has been done if you look at the clinic.txt file within the patch. That already contains the meat of what would go into a PEP. What more is required? I personally think we should iterate on this via checked in code in 3.4. >? PEPs are perceived as a hurdle. Regardless, clinic.txt would turn into one pretty easily so just doing it may be easiest. :) On Fri, Dec 14, 2012 at 12:11 PM, Antoine Pitrou <report@bugs.python.org>wrote: > > Antoine Pitrou added the comment: > > >? > > ---------- > > _______________________________________ > Python tracker <report@bugs.python.org> > <> > _______________________________________ > > That said, I think a lot of that has been done if you look at the > clinic.txt file within the patch. That already contains the meat of > what would go into a PEP. Certainly. A PEP doesn't have to be a 100% new text. First off, thanks for all the work so far. This has proven incredibly useful to me in a personal project. However, I think there needs to be some additional discussion of how to handle situations where the arguments passed to PyArg_ParseTuple require additional cleanup. As a prototypical example, I'll consider filename arguments. The Python docs recommend that filename arguments be handled with `O&` and PyUnicode_FSConverter. How can we handle this in clinic? 1. No special handling in clinic: /[clinic] foo -> None PyObject filename [clinic]/ ... foo_impl(PyObject self, PyObject filename) /[clinic end:.../ { char c_filename; PyObject b_filename; if (!PyUnicode_FSConverter(filename, &b_filename)) return NULL; c_filename = PyBytes_AsString(b_filename); // ... Py_DECREF(b_filename); } This offloads all of the processing to the impl function and leaves us no better off. Unacceptable. 2. Use PyObject and a converter option: /[clinic] foo -> None PyBytesObject filename converter=PyUnicode_FSConverter [clinic]/ ... foo_impl(PyObject self, PyBytesObject filename) /[clinic end:...]/ { char c_filename = PyBytes_AsString(filename); ... Py_DECREF(filename); } This is much more convenient, but the `_impl` function now steals the filename reference, which is unexpected (and confusing). 3. "The dream" Ideally `foo_impl` would have a signature like: static PyObject * foo_impl(PyObject self, char filename); And `foo` would be automatically generated as: static PyObject * foo(PyObject self, PyObject args, PyObject kwargs) { PyObject _ret; PyObject filename; static char _keywords[] = {"filename", NULL}; if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O&:foo", _keywords, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &filename)) return NULL; _ret = foo_impl(self, PyBytes_AsString(filename)); Py_DECREF(filename); return _ret; } It's not clear to me how one would extend the clinic syntax to support this. In particular, clinic would need to know: - The type of the intermediate object (i.e., PyObject * or PyBytesObject ). - The converter to use in PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords (i.e., PyUnicode_FSConverter) - The impl type (i.e, char ) - How to convert the intermediate object to the impl type (i.e., PyBytes_AsString(filename)). - How to cleanup in the end (i.e., Py_DECREF(filename)). This seems like too much data to encode in the clinic syntax. 4. Extend clinic to add a cleanup flag which would produce code like: /[clinic] foo PyBytesObject filename converter=PyUnicode_FSConverter cleanup=Py_DECREF [clinic]/ ... static PyObject foo(PyObject self, PyObject args, PyObject kwargs) { PyObject _ret; PyBytesObject filename; static char _keywords[] = {"filename", NULL}; if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O&:foo", _keywords, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &filename)) return NULL; _ret = foo_impl(self, filename); Py_DECREF(filename); return _ret; } static PyObject * foo_impl(PyObject self, PyBytesObject filename) /[clinic end:...]/ { char c_filename = PyBytes_AsString(filename); // ... } This seems like a relatively modest addition, which might also work for other cleanup functions like PyBuffer_Release. ---- Additionally, there are a few other bugs I've noticed: - The s and z* codes should be of type Py_buffer (and not Py_buffer ) - Since Py_buffer is a relatively large struct, zlib_decompress_impl should probably take a pointer to a Py_buffer. This, however, would likely require extending the clinic syntax. +1 for documenting the clinic DSL as a PEP. It's a bit too hard to find the rationale for toolchain changes like this when they're hidden away in tracker issues. It doesn't need to be an extended essay like most of the PEPs I write, it can be relatively short and sweet (consider the PEP that approved the addition of unittest.mock:) As Greg suggested, taking the current clinic.txt and publishing it as a "DSL for C API argument processing" PEP would get you most of the way there. Here's a proposal for an alternative without parameter docstrings and a different DSL (see os_stat.c). I guess it's easiest to present my thoughts in list form. Changes and rationale: ====================== Split docstring into function header and rest --------------------------------------------- - Since the docstrings aren't repeated, less vertical space is used. - The main part of the docstring can go into a header file. - It's (IMO) easier to compare the generated header (see OS_STAT_HEADER) to the specification in the comment. More formal DSL --------------- This is my personal opinion: The existing DSL is fine for a configuration file (think .hgrc), but I have trouble with it in the context of a C file. Most importantly, I'm unable to take in the required information at a single glance. So I propose to make the structure of the specification explicit. For me the result is more readable. Also, it's already pretty close to a formal grammar and can be optionally condensed into single lines. Logical grouping ---------------- The preprocessor comment, OS_STAT_HEADER and the os_stat() definition are close together and fit on a single screen. > Here's a proposal for an alternative without parameter docstrings and > a > different DSL (see os_stat.c). I guess it's easiest to present my > thoughts > in list form. It's a bit difficult to give an opinion without a more formal definition. For example it seems you are using REQUIRED and KEYWORD as opposites, but a required argument can also be a keyword argument. As for the docstring: I would like it better if I could avoid typing the cumbersome "\n\"s. As for the general parameter declaration syntax: I think it shouldn't be too verbose, otherwise it will quickly become tiring. (also I don't think it should be required to write "[preprocessor]" twice) > As for the docstring: I would like it better if I could avoid typing > the cumbersome "\n\"s. I agree with Stefan that the file is a lot more readable if the docstring is not repeated twice. It's unfortunate that C doesn't have a notion of a raw string (as opposed to C++11 with the new R"(...)" syntax) but I think it is something we'll have to live with. I would have expected that a good text editor would be able to convert a selected region into a C string, but I've never actually seen such a feature. In general I think we should aim for clarity in scope of the arguments in the DSL -- either by using curly-braces (a C construct) or indentation (a Python construct). To minimize the usage of vertical space, I'd like to see the DSL not require a blank line between arguments. In a project I worked on recently I ended up writing a parser to go through a list of C arguments and automatically produce the PyArg_ParseTuple / PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords lines. It's not as full featured as what we are looking for here, but it did have the benefit of minimizing the number of extra vertical lines. For example:: static PyObject w_rktime(PyObject self, PyObject args, PyObject kwargs) { /[kwargs rktime]/ darray u; meshdata msh; double dt; int nsteps=1; /[/kwargs]/ static char _keywords[] = {"u", "msh", "dt", "nsteps", NULL}; if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O&O&d\|i:rktime", _keywords, view_as_darray, &u, DgMeshData_Converter, &msh, &dt, &nsteps)) return NULL; /[checksum=...]/ ... } I could imagine extending such a syntax to allow custom converters and other extensions using comments:: path_t path = PATH_T_INITIALIZE("stat", 0, 1) /* converter = path_converter; default = None /; int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD / converter = OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER /; The biggest downside to this approach would be that the parser could not inject C code directly into the global scope -- instead it would be limited to producing #define lines. -Brad I'm not sure I correctly understand skrah's proposal. If I do, then (1) The first several lines ( "/ pymacro.h /" until "/ could go into a separate header file /" ) would not be written at all, and are just there to help reviewers understand. . (3) The human-maintained code would be the DSL between "/[preprocessor]" and "[preprocessor]/". . (5) The only C code written or maintained by a human (or another macro system) would be the last 5 lines (the system call, the path cleanup, and the return). If I'm wrong about the above assumptions, then I think your proposal is insufficiently ambitious. If I'm correct, then your proposal boils down to (1) Allow (require?) the function-level docstring to be defined somewhere else, possibly in another file. (2) Change the DSL (2a) Get rid of function flags? (Not sure this is workable) (2b) Replace the (previously proposed) parameter declarations with literal C code forming an array of [parameter kind, array-of-setup-instructions-and-or-magically-named-variable-settings] More flexibility in building the docstring is probably good. The other changes -- I'm not sure I see the advantage, except that it might simplify writing the thing as a C pre-processing macro. Jim Jewett <report@bugs.python.org> wrote: > (1) The first several lines ( "/ pymacro.h /" until "/ could go into a separate header file /" ) would not be written at all, and are just there to help reviewers understand. Yes, they should ultimately go into Include/pymacro.h. > . Yes, it's supposed to be the main part of the docstring. The docstring header containing the function signature would be autogenerated. > (3) The human-maintained code would be the DSL between "/[preprocessor]" and "[preprocessor]/". Yes. > . Yes, all that code would be generated by clinic.py. > (5) The only C code written or maintained by a human (or another macro system) would be the last 5 lines (the system call, the path cleanup, and the return). Correct. > If I'm correct, then your proposal boils down to > > (1) Allow (require?) the function-level docstring to be defined somewhere else, possibly in another file. Yes. > (2) Change the DSL > (2a) Get rid of function flags? (Not sure this is workable) I didn't intend to but you're right, they were missing. > (2b) Replace the (previously proposed) parameter declarations with literal C code forming an array of [parameter kind, array-of-setup-instructions-and-or-magically-named-variable-settings] Regarding the DSL: I wanted to change the syntax, not the functionality. Unfortunately, as Antoine pointed out, I didn't get it quite right. (2b): Perhaps I misunderstand, but the snippets of literal C code are also present in Larry's original: /[clinic] os.stat -> stat result path_t path = PATH_T_INITIALIZE("stat", 0, 1); required converter=path_converter int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD; default=None converter=OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER keyword-only int follow_symlinks = 1; default=True types=bool [clinic]/ The motivation for trying to change the DSL is that I'd like to see a) something that looks more like a C declaration, b) something that is easily compressible vertically and c) some visual hints that subdivide the declaration into sections. Stefan, would you be willing to write up your version as a PEP? (FWIW, I personally favour your suggested C'ish style for the preprocessor, since my brain would be in that mode anyway when hacking on C code) > I agree with Stefan that the file is a lot more readable if the > docstring > is not repeated twice. Couldn't the generated C docstring end up in a separate file? It's only a constant after all. It seems to me that one reason we don't give much love to C docstrings is that they're painful to edit, compared to Python docstrings. I would be willing to write an (alternative) PEP, but I'm not quite satisfied with my own proposal yet. Also, I'd need to understand the positional-only part better, but the _cursesmodule.c example does not seem to compile here. :) So, disregarding* the positional-only situation, I've been thinking about the os.stat example and what I want from the DSL: 1) We already have a partial DSL, namely "O&\|$O&p". This is concise, unambiguous and well understood. 2) "O&" denotes a custom converter function with a user specified type. For example, path_converter() has type [string, bytes, int] -> path_t, where [string, bytes, int] are the alternatives that path_converter() accepts. "p" can be seen as a default converter function with type bool -> int. 3) Specifying the kind (required, etc.) and the default values of arguments is most readable in the standard Python form: os.stat(path, , dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True) -> stat_result I've tried to come up with a declaration that merges 2) and 3), while reusing the existing conversion specifiers. It emphasizes the converter functions (which ultimately decide the static typing): /[preprocessor] # Declaration os.stat ( { path, path_converter : [string, bytes, int] -> path_t }, , { dir_fd=None, OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER : [int, None] -> int }, { follow_symlinks=True, "p" : bool -> int } ) -> stat_result # User code path_t path = PATH_T_INITIALIZE("stat", 0, 1); int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD; int follow_symlinks = 1; [preprocessor]/ The declaration should be read as follows: Declare os.stat as a function ... 1) taking the required argument "path", to which the user-supplied function path_converter() of type [string, bytes, int] -> path_t will be applied for conversion. 2) taking a keyword-only argument "dir_fd" with the default value None, to which the user-supplied function OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER() of type [int, None] -> int will be applied for conversion. 3) taking a keyword-only argument "follow_symlinks" with the default value True, to which the default converter "p" of type bool -> int will be applied for conversion. ... returning stat_result. The user code section could be type-checked against the declaration. What are the advantages? 1) The structure of the Python function is part of the declaration. 2) AFAICS, using the conversion specifiers directly eliminates the need for these flags: encoding, length, zeroes, bitwise, nullable, types, keyword-only, required, default, converter. 3) The converter-oriented statically typed spec forces the user to think about the types (a good thing IMO). 4) Due to the rigid structure (better) error messages should be easier to produce. If this sounds like a viable alternative, I can try to write a PEP. Stefan, that proposal definitely looks like it is worth writing up as a PEP to me. One thing that I particularly like about it is that it should be possible to pluck out the first element of the {} entries fairly easily in order to get the ordinary Python signature to feed to Cython or a "from string" constructor for signature objects. As far as the "positional-only" parameters problem goes, at one point Guido was kicking around the idea of allowing "/" as a separator in Python function declarations to indicate positional only arguments. So the signature of a function that didn't accept keyword arguments at all would look like: def addch(x, y, ch, attr, /): ... He eventually dropped it because positional only arguments (and the need to avoid colliding with arbitrary keyword arguments) are relatively rare in Python code, and using an inner function together with args is a reasonable way to get decent error messages. However, as a way of concisely indicating positional-only arguments in the signature of C* functions, the idea may be worth reconsidering. OK, I'll have a go at the PEP then. In addition to the proposed syntax in my previous mail, I'm going to suggest this alternative: /[preprocessor] # Declaration os.stat [PyOs_Stat] ( { path: [string, bytes, int] => path_converter => path_t }, , { dir_fd: [int, None] = None => OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER => int }, { follow_symlinks: bool = True => "p" => int } ) -> stat_result # User code path_t path = PATH_T_INITIALIZE("stat", 0, 1); int dir_fd = DEFAULT_DIR_FD; int follow_symlinks = 1; [preprocessor]/ It's a slight abuse of notation, since it looks like function composition. The advantage is that the LHS of the first arrow is a complete legal Python argument spec together with the type annotation. The construct should be viewed like a Unix pipe and be read somewhat like: Pass argument dir_fd of type [int, None], initialized to the default value None to function OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER, which yields a C int. Both versions carry precisely the same amount of information. I have no strong preference for either version, but perhaps other people do. Regarding the positional arguments with groups, I'm suggesting this construct for window.addch(): /[preprocessor] # Declaration window.addch [addch] ( { y: int => "i" => int }, { x: int => "i" => int }, { ch: int => "O" => PyObject * }, { attr: int => "l" => long } ) -> None WHERE groups = { [ch], [ch, attr], [y, x, ch], [y, x, ch, attr] } [preprocessor]/ The top part is largely the same as in the os.stat() example, the WHERE clause means: - If you pass a single argument, it will be interpreted as "ch" - If you pass two arguments, they will be interpreted as "ch, attr" [and so forth ...] > { path: [string, bytes, int] => path_converter => path_t }, > , > { dir_fd: [int, None] = None => OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER => int }, > { follow_symlinks: bool = True => "p" => int } Why not just: path: path_t * dir_fd: dir_fd_t = None => DEFAULT_DIR_FD follow_symlinks: bool = True => 1 ? And register types somewhere: clinic.register('path_t', restype='path_t', converter='path_converter', signature='[string, bytes, int]') clinic.register('dir_fd_t', restype='int', converter='OS_STAT_DIR_FD_CONVERTER', signature='[int, None]') clinic.register('bool', restype='int', converter='_PyBool_Converter', signature='bool') ... clinic.register('string', restype='PyObject ', converter='_PyUnicode_Converter', signature='string') clinic.register('buffer', restype='PyBuffer', converter='_PyBuffer_Converter', signature='buffer') ... clinic.register('int', restype='int', converter='_Py_int_Converter', signature='int') clinic.register('unsigned long', restype='unsigned long', converter='_Py_long_Converter', signature='int') If you use path_converter, then definitely input types are [string, bytes, int] and an output C type is path_t. You need only name all converters and register them. Serhiy Storchaka <report@bugs.python.org> wrote: > > { path: [string, bytes, int] => path_converter => path_t }, > > And register types somewhere: I must admit that I had a similar thought when I first heard about the project: If we're going through all this anyway, why not have a registry with signatures and type annotations for all functions? But since we're dealing with C files, intuitively I think it's better to stick to C conventions. Imagine that the preprocessor had full-blown C parser support, so we could declare: static int path_converter(/ [string, bytes, int] / PyObject o, void p) { Later we tell the preprocessor to generate a function taking an argument "path" of type [string, bytes, int] that will be passed on to path_converter(). In the absence of type inference, it feels natural to me to declare the type in both places. What is* a problem is that we need some discipline in case the type of path_converter() changes at some point, since the C compiler won't know about [string, bytes, int]. Okay, I have finally addressed all the comments so far. Changes described below are my patch #2. They're also checked in to . * Antoine, Nick, et al: I've converted clinic.txt into a PEP. I've already sent it to the PEP maintainer dudes. * Chris Jerdonek: I've taken a stab at clearing up "parameter" versus "argument". Please give it a fresh once-over (and let me know if I miscounted the angels dancing on the head of that pin :-p ). * Bradley Froehle: I've added an experimental(!) extension mechanism, exactly for path_t arguments. Please see Modules/posixmodule.c to see what it looks like. (I knew I'd have a use for the [python] sections someday!) * Antoine: I've implemented shunting the bulk of Argument Clinic's output into a separate file. Please see Modules/zlibmodule.c and Modules/zlibmodule_clinic.c for more. * Stefan Krah: I look forward to reading your PEP. Hopefully I've saved you some work in the rationale, if referring to mine works for you. I don't suppose we can get some decisions made and some code checked in before the PyCon sprints...? Argument Clinic is now PEP 436. A quick note about the extension mechanism. Currently the only way to extend PyArg_Parse* is via O&. Therefore, any extended type you add will use O&, and will have a "converter". So internally all I did was say "if the parameter has a converter, ignore the type and use the O& format unit". This may not be the perfect extension API, if we change Clinic to using some new yet-to-be-defined API for argument parsing. But I suspect it's pretty close. Extension types will need a conversion function from PyObject to their type, they'll need a way of defining the C default value, and they'll need a way of cleaning up afterwards, all of which I already do. So I guess I'm interested in feedback on the extension API too. I still can't see a reference to Cython in the PEP. Larry, I don't really mind adding a newly designed DSL for this, but regarding the implementation of the actual argument parser, could you at least add a short paragraph to the PEP that mentions it as worth being looked at? I mean, it already does all of this and generates optimised and streamlined code for fast unpacking of args and kwargs, although just from a typed Python function signature, not a full fledged DSL. I mean, you don't have to reuse that code, but it's certainly relevant to see how others have solved this. Years ago. As a rule I'm unlikely to mention things I haven't heard about. I've never used Cython, and I don't recall anyone mentioning this technology previously. Once skrah posts his alternative DSL proposal, I'll amend the PEP to discuss both these alternatives. Can you point me to documentation on this Cython feature? And, FWIW, the DSL was the interesting part for me. I'm hoping someone else will step up and write the shiny new fast argument parsing API. If it can be adapted out of existing working code, so much the better. I mentioned it in a couple of places during the discussion, you might just have missed them. The code that generates the unpacking C code starts here: and extends to here: As I said, Cython actually takes its signature information from normal Python signatures, which you can augment with type annotations in normal C style. So it's not really some fancy DSL behind it, just straight forward stuff like this: def func(a, int b, bytes c, unicode s, , bint flag=False): ... If you want to take a closer look, it's best to just write down a Python function and let Cython translate it for you to see the code that it generates for it. And it's based on Cython's type system, so argument type conversions use Cython's support for things like copying mappings into structs, for example, or optimised builtin types unboxing. > . write_clinic_file tells Clinic to start writing to the clinic file, which I think is best to do at the very top of the file. include_clinic_file spits out the #include, which you probably want near the bottom of the file, just before the static module declarations. You can't put the #include at the top because it may refer to typedefs declared further down. Antoine Pitrou <report@bugs.python.org> wrote: > >Antoine Pitrou added the comment: > >> . > >---------- >title: Integrate "Argument Clinic" specialized preprocessor into CPython trunk -> Integrate "Argument Clinic" specialized preprocessor into CPython trunk > >_______________________________________ >Python tracker <report@bugs.python.org> ><> >_______________________________________ I've started working on the alternative DSL PEP, but I hit a DSL-independent roadblock: The preprocessor passes copies of structs to the _impl functions, which could lead to subtle bugs. I pointed out a benign example on Rietveld, but in general I think this should not be done. So the question is whether to add another flag or symbol that determines if a pointer should be passed to the _impl function. Thanks for pointing that out! I've fixed it in my local branch, though I'm fooling around with some new syntax so I'm not ready to publish it yet. It's not a general problem, exactly; it's a problem with extension types. After just a little tweaking and refactoring, the extension interface now lets you override the behavior in a fine-grained way. So path_t is declared on the stack, but a pointer is passed in to the impl. Larry has requested privately that I send the counter proposal PEP and additional information, so here it is: I've send the PEP draft to Nick. The patch that I uploaded contains DSL examples, an ml-yacc grammar and token specifications. Two prototype tools are available. Usage: ./printsemant Tools/preprocess/testcases/posix_stat.c ./preprocess Tools/preprocess/testcases/posix_stat.c The first tool dumps the semantically checked parse tree to stdout, the second tool dumps the preprocessed .c file to stdout. These are prototypes* written in Standard ML, since I'm not familiar with the PLY toolchain. Known deficiencies: * The Python 'test' expression is not semantically checked. The syntax however is checked since it is part of the grammar. * The lexer does not handle triple quoted strings. * C declarations are parsed in a primitive way. The final implementation should utilize 'declarator' and 'init-declarator' from the C grammar. * The preprocess tool does not emit code for the left-and-right optional arguments case (addch.c). The printsemant tool can deal with this case. * Since the preprocess tool generates the output from the parse tree, the original indentation of the define block is lost. Stefan's draft is now published: Attached is a patch against current trunk merging Argument Clinic. I already got the go-ahead to merge (took a poll in python-dev, got lots of +1s), but I still wanted to post it here to let it soak a little, even only if it's just a day. Unless something amazing happens I plan to merge about 24 hours from now. Ladies and gentlemen, fire up your Rietvelds! Spelling corrections from Arfrever (thanks Arfrever!), and some eentsy teensy weentsy bugfixes from me. And with a dramatic new patch number just so everybody can keep it straight. Incorporated suggestions from Antoine and Berker Peksag. Thanks! This is awesome! Clinic adds too much visual garbage. Could we move all generated content into separated _clinic.h files? I played with that at one point. Guido suggested it was a bad idea. If you redirect stuff into a second file then you have way more points of failure--the files could get out sync, for example. I tend to agree. We could, however, change Clinic so it generated most of the junk at the bottom of the file, where you don't need to look at it. Or we could copy a page out of the PyPy playbook: generate a mandlebrot as a comment at column 0, then put the real text at column 80+. In the right editor you'd never see it again! In any case let's leave it for now. We can revisit it later once we've had a little more experience living with Clinic. > If you redirect stuff into a second file then you have way more points of failure--the files could get out sync, for example. Clinic can define a macro with a random value in a main file before including generated file and check this value by preprocessor in generated file. It will guard us from unintentional desynchronization. I have added a handful of nitpicks on Rietveld. > Or we could copy a page out of the PyPy playbook: generate a mandlebrot > as a comment at column 0, then put the real text at column 80+. In the > right editor you'd never see it again! That's only good if editing the file needs 3GB RAM. Incorporated a small change from Antoine and a ton of small changes from Serhiy. Thanks guys! New changeset 8fde1a2c94dc by Larry Hastings in branch 'default': Issue #16612: Add "Argument Clinic", a compile-time preprocessor Checked in. Thanks everybody! _curses and _curses_panel fail to build after this commit on koobs-freebsd10 buildslave, with some lovely clang warnings too. Attaching full log here. New changeset 47618b00405b by Serhiy Storchaka in branch 'default': Fix compilation of the curses module (broken by issue #16612). Here is a patch with yet some tiny changes (but they are too large for just comment). It corrects misleading docstrings of permute__option_groups() and simplifies rstrip_lines() and permute_optional_groups(). Fill free to apply those of them which look good to you. New changeset f35b3a86ade3 by Meador Inge in branch 'default': Fix minor bug in dict.__contains__ docstring. Meador Inge: In the future, please create new issues for these sorts of fixes. Will do, but in this case I didn't think a one character diff was worth it. If it's not worth a new issue, then you can check it in without citing an issue at all.	http://bugs.python.org/issue16612	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	6,722	64.71
#include <map> iterator begin(); const_iterator begin() const; The function begin() returns an iterator to the first element of the map. begin() should run in constant time. For example, the following code uses begin() to initialize an iterator that is used to traverse a list: map<string,int> stringCounts; string str; while( cin >> str ) stringCounts[str]++; map<string,int>::iterator iter; for( iter = stringCounts.begin(); iter != stringCounts.end(); iter++ ) { cout << "word: " << iter->first << ", count: " << iter->second << endl; } When given this input: here are some words and here are some more words ...the above code generates this output: word: and, count: 1 word: are, count: 2 word: here, count: 2 word: more, count: 1 word: some, count: 2 word: words, count: 2	http://idlebox.net/2008/apidocs/cppreference-20080420.zip/cppmap/all.html	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	120	57.61
Photoshop 2022 (Version 23.4.1) Crack Mega License Keygen Free Download [Win/Mac] (Updated 2022) Photoshop 2022 (Version 23.4.1) Crack + (LifeTime) Activation Code Download (Latest) Note Chapter 8 covers the following filter-based tools. * Brush. Brushes let you paint with the background, foreground, or both; you can also paint with the Adjustment Brush. The Brush settings let you select a range of pixels for your painting—as shown in Figure 8-1, you can use the Brush settings to choose the colors you want to paint with, the pressure of your finger, and the size of your brush. * Gradient. You can create a gradient layer that fades from one color to another, making it perfect for shadows, highlights, and so on. You can also change the direction of the color gradient (top to bottom or bottom to top). * Lasso. Lasso selects an object or area of an image. You can draw an outline that surrounds a selection, but it’s a better tool for non-professional images. * Magic Wand. 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Instead I want to make predictions with the model I trained. So I add in the model.summary() the last layer and I don’t have any values: model.add(Dense(1)) model.compile(loss=’mean_squared_error’, optimizer=’adam’) model.summary() If I understood correctly, the function model.predict just takes the weights from the last layer and multiplies it against the inputs, so I don’t get any outputs: model.predict(X_test_np) A: You are using adam optimizer, correct? If so, you are using mean squared error instead of mean absolute error, so you can use the loss=’mae’ parameter in the fit(..) function. About your second question, you can check your code again and you will see that you are just calling model.predict, but you forgot to add the outputs produced by the last layer into What’s New in the? Q: Java – Inherit from two classes at once, with different parent constructor Is there a way to inherit from two classes and have two different constructors in one class? The problem with the following code: public class BaseClass { public BaseClass(String name) { this.name = name; } private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } } public class ExtendedClass extends BaseClass { public ExtendedClass(String name, boolean active) { super(name); this.active = active; } protected boolean active; public void setActive(boolean active) { this.active = active; } public boolean getActive() { return active; } } and then for the usage: public class MainClass { public static void main(String[] args) { ExtendedClass class1 = new ExtendedClass(“hello”, false); ExtendedClass class2 = new ExtendedClass(“hello”, true); class1.setName(“Hi”); class2.setName(“Ho”); System.out.println(class1.getName()); System.out.println(class2.getName()); } } is that the only way to have two different constructors for an inheritance is to use two different constructors? Can I also use the same constructor for both, but with two different parameters? A: You can do this in several ways: Have only one constructor, and call the other one from it (or have the default constructor call the other one) Have two System Requirements: Ubuntu Linux Win8 64bit OS Intel Dual Core CPU 1.6 GHz or faster 2 GB Ram 20 GB Hard Drive Intel HD Graphics 4000 (if your using Ubuntu) 1.0 GB Available Space 1 GB Of Video Memory Optional: NVIDIA GeForce 9400M or better, AMD Radeon HD 6570 or better, or Intel HD 2000 or better or faster Also: must have Starfield by the creators ( to play the—-7sbahcaua4bk0afb7c9e.xn--p1ai/adobe-photoshop-2022-version-23-0-latest-2022/	https://www.kendamahouse.com/photoshop-2022-version-23-4-1-crack-mega-license-keygen-free-download-win-mac-updated-2022/	CC-MAIN-2022-40	refinedweb	1,050	62.17
Introduction. Why Use Generics? To provide context as to how generics reinforce strong typing and prevents runtime errors involving typecasting, let's take a look at a code snippet. Let's say you want to store a bunch of String variables in a list. Coding this without using generics would look like this: List stringList = new ArrayList(); stringList.add("Apple"); This code won't trigger any compile-time errors but most IDEs will warn you that the List that you've initialized is of a raw type and should be parameterized with a generic. IDE-s warn you of problems that can occur if you don't parameterize a list with a type. One is being able to add elements of any data type to the list. Lists will, by default, accept any Object type, which includes every single one of its subtypes: List stringList = new ArrayList(); stringList.add("Apple"); stringList.add(1); Adding two or more different types within the same collection violates the rules of type safety. This code will successfully compile but this definitely will cause a multitude of problems. For example, what happens if we try to loop through the list? Let's use an enhanced for loop: for (String string : stringList) { System.out.println(string); } We'll be greeted with a: Main.java:9: error: incompatible types: Object cannot be converted to String for (String string : stringList) { In fact, this isn't because we've put a String and Integer together. If we changed the example around and added two Strings: List stringList = new ArrayList(); stringList.add("Apple"); stringList.add("Orange"); for (String string : stringList) { System.out.println(string); } We'd still be greeted with: Main.java:9: error: incompatible types: Object cannot be converted to String for (String string : stringList) { This is because without any parametrization, the List only deals with Objects. You can technically circumvent this by using an Object in the enhanced for-loop: List stringList = new ArrayList(); stringList.add("Apple"); stringList.add(1); for (Object object : stringList) { System.out.println(object); } Which would print out: Apple 1 However, this is very much against intuition and isn't a real fix. This is just avoiding the underlying design problem in an unsustainable way. Another problem is the need to typecast whenever you access and assign elements within a list without generics. To assign new reference variables to the elements of the list, we must typecast them, since the get() method returns Objects: String str = (String) stringList.get(0); Integer num = (Integer) stringList.get(1); In this case, how will you be able to determine the type of each element during runtime, so you know which type to cast it to? There aren't many options and the ones at your disposal complicate things way out of proportion, like using try/ catch blocks to try and cast elements into some predefined types. Also, if you fail to cast the list element during assignment, it will display an error like this: Type mismatch: cannot convert from Object to Integer In OOP, explicit casting should be avoided as much as possible because it isn't a reliable solution for OOP-related problems. Lastly, because the List class is a subtype of Collection, it should have access to iterators using the Iterator object, the iterator() method, and for-each loops. If a collection is declared without generics, then you definitely won't be able to use any of these iterators, in a reasonable manner. This is why Java Generics came to be, and why they're an integral part of the Java ecosystem. Let's take a look at how to declare generic classes, and rewrite this example to utilize generics and avoid the issues we've just seen. Generic Classes and Objects Let's declare a class with a generic type. To specify a parameter type on a class or an object, we use the angle bracket symbols <> beside its name and assign a type for it inside the brackets. The syntax of declaring a generic class looks like this: public class Thing<T> { private T val; public Thing(T val) { this.val = val;} public T getVal() { return this.val; } public <T> void printVal(T val) { System.out.println("Generic Type" + val.getClass().getName()); } } Note: Generic types can NOT be assigned primitive data types such as int, char, long, double, or float. If you want to assign these data types, then use their wrapper classes instead. The letter T inside the angle brackets is called a type parameter. By convention, type parameters are single lettered (A-Z) and uppercase. Some other common type parameter names used are K (Key), V (Value), E (Element), and N (Number). Although you can, in theory, assign any variable name to a type parameter that follows Java's variable conventions, it is with good reason to follow the typical type parameter convention to differentiate a normal variable from a type parameter. The val is of a generic type. It can be a String, an Integer, or another object. Given the generic class Thing declared above, let's instantiate the class as a few different objects, of different types: public void callThing() { // Three implementations of the generic class Thing with 3 different data types Thing<Integer> thing1 = new Thing<>(1); Thing<String> thing2 = new Thing<>("String thing"); Thing<Double> thing3 = new Thing<>(3.5); System.out.println(thing1.getVal() + " " + thing2.getVal() + " " + thing3.getVal()); } Notice how we're not specifying the parameter type before the constructor calls. Java infers the type of the object during initialization so you won't need to retype it during the initialization. In this case, the type is already inferred from the variable declaration. This behavior is called type inference. If we inherited this class, in a class such as SubThing, we also wouldn't need to explicitly set the type when instantiating it as a Thing, since it'd infer the type from its parent class. You can specify it in both places, but it's just redundant: Thing<Integer> thing1 = new Thing<Integer>(1); Thing<String> thing2 = new Thing<String>("String thing"); Thing<Double> thing3 = new Thing<Double>(3.5); If we run the code, it'll result in: 1 String thing 3.5 Using generics allows type-safe abstraction without having to use typecasting which is much riskier in the long run. In a similar vein, the List constructor accepts a generic type: public interface List<E> extends Collection<E> { // ... } In our previous examples, we haven't specified a type, resulting in the List being a List of Objects. Now, let's rewrite the example from before: List<String> stringList = new ArrayList<>(); stringList.add("Apple"); stringList.add("Orange"); for (String string : stringList) { System.out.println(string); } This results in: Apple Orange Works like a charm! Again, we don't need to specify the type in the ArrayList() call, since it infers the type from the List<String> definition. The only case in which you'll have to specify the type after the constructor call is if you're taking advantage of the local variable type inference feature of Java 10+: var stringList = new ArrayList<String>(); stringList.add("Apple"); stringList.add("Orange"); This time around, since we're using the var keyword, which isn't type-safe itself, the ArrayList<>() call can't infer the type, and it'll simply default to an Object type if we don't specify it ourselves. Generic Methods Java supports method declarations with generic parameters and return types. Generic methods are declared exactly like normal methods but have the angle brackets notation before the return type. Let's declare a simple generic method that accepts 3 parameters, appends them in a list, and return it: public static <E> List<E> zipTogether(E element1, E element2, E element3) { List<E> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.addAll(Arrays.asList(element1, element2, element3)); return list; } Now, we can run this as: System.out.println(zipTogether(1, 2, 3)); Which results in: [1, 2, 3] But also, we can throw in other types: System.out.println(zipTogether("Zeus", "Athens", "Hades")); Which results in: [Zeus, Athens, Hades] Multiple types of parameters are also supported for objects and methods. If a method uses more than one type parameter, you can provide a list of all of them inside the diamond operator and separate each parameter using commas: // Methods with void return types are also compatible with generic methods public static <T, K, V> void printValues(T val1, K val2, V val3) { System.out.println(val1 + " " + val2 + " " + val3); } Here, you can get creative with what you pass in. Following the conventions, we'll pass in a type, key and value: printValues(new Thing("Employee"), 125, "David"); Which results in: Thing{val=Employee} 125 David Though, keep in mind that generic type parameters, that can be inferred, don't need to be declared in the generic declaration before the return type. To demonstrate, let's create another method that accepts 2 variables - a generic Map and a List that can exclusively contain String values: public <K, V> void sampleMethod(Map<K, V> map, List<String> lst) { // ... } Here, the K and V generic types are mapped to the Map<K, V> since they're inferred types. On the other hand, since the List<String> can only accept strings, there's no need to add the generic type to the <K, V> list. We've now covered generic classes, objects, and methods with one or more type parameters. What if we want to limit the extent of abstraction that a type parameter has? This limitation can be implemented using parameter binding. Bounded Type Parameters Parameter Binding allows the type parameter to be limited to an object and its subclasses. This allows you to enforce certain classes and their subtypes, while still having the flexibility and abstraction of using generic type parameters. To specify that a type parameter is bounded, we simply use the extends keyword on the type parameter - <N extends Number>. This makes sure that the type parameter N we supply to a class or method is of type Number. Let's declare a class, called InvoiceDetail, which accepts a type parameter, and make sure that that type parameter is of type Number. This way, the generic types we can use while instantiating the class are limited to numbers and floating-point decimals, as Number is the superclass of all classes involving integers, including the wrapper classes and primitive data types: class InvoiceDetail<N extends Number> { private String invoiceName; private N amount; private N discount; // Getters, setters, constructors... } Here, extends can mean two things - extends, in the case of classes, and implements in the case of interfaces. Since Number is an abstract class, it's used in the context of extending that class. By extending the type parameter N as a Number subclass, the instantiation of amount and discount are now limited to Number and its subtypes. Trying to set them to any other type will trigger a compile-time error. Let's try to erroneously assign String values, instead of a Number type: InvoiceDetail<String> invoice = new InvoiceDetail<>("Invoice Name", "50.99", ".10"); Since String isn't a subtype of Number, the compiler catches that and triggers an error: Bound mismatch: The type String is not a valid substitute for the bounded parameter <N extends Number> of the type InvoiceDetail<N> This is a great example of how using generics enforces type-safety. Additionally, a single type parameter can extend multiple classes and interfaces by using the & operator for the subsequently extended classes: public class SampleClass<E extends T1 & T2 & T3> { // ... } It's also worth noting that another great usage of bounded type parameters is in method declarations. For example, if you want to enforce that the types passed into a method conform to some interfaces, you can make sure that the type parameters extend a certain interface. A classic example of this is enforcing that two types are Comparable, if you're comparing them in a method such as: public static <T extends Comparable<T>> int compare(T t1, T t2) { return t1.compareTo(t2); } Here, using generics, we enforce that t1 and t2 are both Comparable, and that they can genuinely be compared with the compareTo() method. Knowing that Strings are comparable, and override the compareTo() method, we can comfortably use them here: System.out.println(compare("John", "Doe")); The code results in: 6 However, if we tried using a non- Comparable type, such as Thing, which doesn't implement the Comparable interface: System.out.println(compare(new Thing<String>("John"), new Thing<String>("Doe"))); Other than the IDE marking this line as erroneous, if we try running this code, it'll result in: java: method compare in class Main cannot be applied to given types; required: T,T found: Thing<java.lang.String>,Thing<java.lang.String> reason: inference variable T has incompatible bounds lower bounds: java.lang.Comparable<T> lower bounds: Thing<java.lang.String> In this case, since Comparable is an interface, the extends keyword actually enforces that the interface is implemented by T, not extended. Wildcards in Generics Wildcards are used to symbolize any class type, and are denoted by ?. In general, you'll want to use wildcards when you have potential incompatibilities between different instantiations of a generic type. There are three types of wildcards: upper-bounded, lower-bounded and unbounded. Choosing which approach you'll use is usually determined by the IN-OUT principle. The IN-OUT principle defines In-variables and Out-variables, which, in simpler terms, represent if a variable is used to provide data, or to serve in its output. For example, a sendEmail(String body, String recipient) method has an In-variable body and Out-variable recipient. The body variable provides data on the body of the email you'd like to send, while the recipient variable provides the email address you'd like to send it to. There are also mixed variables, which are used to both provide data, and then reference the result itself, in which case, you'll want to avoid using wildcards. Generally speaking, you'll want to define In-variables with upper bounded wildcards, using the extends keyword and Out-variables with lower bounded wildcards, using the super keyword. For In-variables that can be accessed through method of an object, you should prefer unbounded wildcards. Upper-Bounded Wildcards Upper-bound wildcards are used to provide a generic type that limits a variable to a class or an interface and all its subtypes. The name, upper-bounded refers to the fact that you bound the variable to an upper type - and all of it's subtypes. In a sense, upper-bounded variables are more relaxed than lower-bounded variables, since they allow for more types. They're declared using the wildcard operator ? followed by the keyword extends and the supertype class or interface (the upper bound of their type): <? extends SomeObject> Here, extends, again, means extends classes and implements interfaces. To recap, upper-bounded wildcards are typically used for objects that provide input to be consumed in-variables. Note: There's a distinct difference between Class<Generic> and Class<? extends Generic>. The former allows only the Generic type to be used. In the latter, all subtypes of Generic are also valid. Let's make an upper-type ( Employee) and its subclass ( Developer): public abstract class Employee { private int id; private String name; // Constructor, getters, setters } And: public class Developer extends Employee { private List<String> skillStack; // Constructor, getters and setters @Override public String toString() { return "Developer {" + "\nskillStack=" + skillStack + "\nname=" + super.getName() + "\nid=" + super.getId() + "\n}"; } } Now, let's make a simple printInfo() method, that accepts an upper-bounded list of Employee objects: public static void printInfo(List<? extends Employee> employeeList) { for (Employee e : employeeList) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } } The List of employees we supply is upper-bounded to Employee, which means we can chuck in any Employee instance, as well as its subclasses, such as Developer: List<Developer> devList = new ArrayList<>(); devList.add(new Developer(15, "David", new ArrayList<String>(List.of("Java", "Spring")))); devList.add(new Developer(25, "Rayven", new ArrayList<String>(List.of("Java", "Spring")))); printInfo(devList); This results in: Developer{ skillStack=[Java, Spring] name=David id=15 } Developer{ skillStack=[Java, Spring] name=Rayven id=25 } Lower-Bounded Wildcards Lower-bounded wildcards are the opposite of upper-bounded. This allows a generic type to be restricted to a class or interface and all its supertypes. Here, the class or interface is the lower bound: Declaring lower-bounded wildcards follows the same pattern as upper-bounded wildcards - a wildcard ( ?) followed by super and the supertype: <? super SomeObject> Based on the IN-OUT principle, lower-bounded wildcards are used for objects that are involved in the output of data. These objects are called out variables. Let's revisit the email functionality from before and make a hierarchy of classes: public class Email { private String email; // Constructor, getters, setters, toString() } Now, let's make a subclass for public class ValidEmail extends Email { // Constructor, getters, setters } We'll also want to have some utility class, such as MailSender to "send" emails and notify us of the results: public class MailSender { public String sendMail(String body, Object recipient) { return "Email sent to: " + recipient.toString(); } } Finally, let's write a method that accepts a body and recipients list and sends them the body, notifying us of the result: public static String sendMail(String body, List<? super ValidEmail> recipients) { MailSender mailSender = new MailSender(); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (Object o : recipients) { String result = mailSender.sendMail(body, o); sb.append(result+"\n"); } return sb.toString(); } Here, we've used a lower-bounded generic type of ValidEmail, which extends Email. So, we're free to create List<Email> recipients = new ArrayList<>(List.of( new Email("[email protected]"), new Email("[email protected]"))); String result = sendMail("Hello World!", recipients); System.out.println(result); This results in: Unbounded Wildcards Unbounded wildcards are wildcards without any form of binding. Simply put, they are wildcards that extend every single class starting from the base Object class. Unbounded wildcards are used when the Object class is the one being accessed or manipulated or if the method it's being used on does not access or manipulate using a type parameter. Otherwise, using unbounded wildcards will compromise the type safety of the method. To declare an unbounded wildcard, simply use the question mark operator encapsulated within angle brackets <?>. For example, we can have a List of any element: public void print(List<?> elements) { for(Object element : elements) { System.out.println(element); } } System.out.println() accepts any object, so we're good to go here. If the method were to copy an existing list into a new list, then upper-bounded wildcards are more favorable. Difference Between Bounded Wildcards and Bounded Type Parameters? You may have noticed the sections for bounded wildcards and bounded type parameters are separated but more or less have the same definition, and on the surface level look like they're interchangeable: <E extends Number> <? extends Number> So, what's the difference between these two approaches? There are several differences, in fact: - Bounded type parameters accept multiple extendsusing the &keyword while bounded wildcards only accept one single type to extend. - Bounded type parameters are only limited to upper-bounds. This means that you cannot use the superkeyword on bounded type parameters. - Bounded wildcards can only be used during instantiation. They can not be used for declaration (e.g. class declarations and constructor calls. A few examples of invalid use of wildcards are: class Example<? extends Object> {...} GenericObj<?> = new GenericObj<?>() GenericObj<? extends Object> = new GenericObj<? extends Object>() - Bounded wildcards should not be used as return types. This will not trigger any errors or exceptions but it forces unnecessary handling and typecasting which is completely against the type safety that generics achieves. - The operator ?can not be used as an actual parameter and can only be used as a generic parameter. For example: public <?> void printDisplay(? var) {}will fail during compilation, while public <E> void printDisplay(E var)compiles and runs successfully. Benefits of Using Generics Throughout the guide, we've covered the primary benefit of generics - to provide an additional layer of type safety for your program. Apart from that, generics offer many other benefits over code that doesn't use them. - Runtime errors involving types and casting are caught during compile time. The reason why typecasting should be avoided is that the compiler does not recognize casting exceptions during compile time. When used correctly, generics completely avoids the use of typecasting and subsequently avoids all the runtime exceptions that it might trigger. - Classes and methods are more reusable. With generics, classes and methods can be reused by different types without having to override methods or create a separate class. Conclusion Applying generics to your code will significantly improve code reusability, readability, and more importantly, type safety. In this guide, we've gone into what generics are, how you can apply them, the differences between approaches and when to choose which.	https://stackabuse.com/guide-to-understanding-generics-in-java/	CC-MAIN-2021-17	refinedweb	3,508	53.21
Introduction. Getting the source code for this tutorial I have committed the source files for this tutorial in SVN. - You can download the web app from: - You can download the client from: Note: Both are ItelliJ maven projects so you can directly import them to your intelliJ IDE or copy over the files manually to other; import java.io.Serializable; @XmlRootElement(name="Book") public class BookVO implements Serializable{ private long bookId; private String bookName; private String author; public long getBookId() { return bookId; } public void setBookId(long bucketId) { this.bookId = bookId; } public String getBookName() { return bookName; } public void setBookName(String bookName) { this.bookName = bookName; } public String getAuthor() { return author; } public void setAuthor(String author) { this.author = author; } } web.xml. <servlet> <servlet-name>CXFServlet</servlet-name> <display-name>CXF Servlet</display-name> <servlet-class> org.apache.cxf.transport.servlet.CXFServlet </servlet-class> <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>CXFServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> Now open your bean.xml and register your bookservice end point. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns=""-servlet.xml" /> <jaxws:endpoint . Why are you using a @Post to get the getBucket? It may b – getBook that’s not restful at all When we deploy the Apache CXF war file, all the SOAP and RESTful web services are listed. I want hide this listing of both the SOAP and RESTful web services. I tried for the configuration in cxf-servlet.xml mentioned in: But no success :( How can i achieve it ? Thanks . You saved my Day..!! hi Niraj , In client code, why you added these two lines of code couple of times??? mtHeader.setName(“content-type”); mtHeader.setValue(“application/x-www-form-urlencoded”); mtHeader.setName(“accept”); mtHeader.setValue(“application/xml”); Hi Ravi, The headers are different 1. Content_type – This is the mime type of data that the client is sending to the server. In this case it is form data. 2. Accept – This header is set by client and it tells the server what kind of data client is expecting. The sever can read this header and respond accordingly. Regards Niraj Thanks niraj. Hi Niraj, didn’t you forget to add the header after the first name-value pair? Something like that: Header mtHeader = new Header(); mtHeader.setName(“content-type”); mtHeader.setValue(“application/x-www-form-urlencoded”); mPost.addRequestHeader(mtHeader); mtHeader = new Header(); mtHeader.setName(“accept”); mtHeader.setValue(“application/xml”); //mtHeader.setValue(“application/json”); mPost.addRequestHeader(mtHeader); Right? Hi Simone, Sorry for late reply. You are absolutely correct. We need instantiate the header once more after adding it to the request. Regards Niraj HashDB.getBook(URLDecoder.decode(name, “UTF-8”)); what is HashDB and how do we send a xml data to Rest server using Chrome’s Advanced RestClien Hi Dhanu, HashDB only contains a static hashmap. I just used this for this example. There is nothing more to it. I have not used chrome’s advance rest client. But a quick google shows that there is a header tab where you can add new header Content_type – text/xml Hope this helps. Regards Niraj You make a POST call when you are trying to GET a resource. Sorry but this is not RESTful. Hi Ramiro, Thanks for the comment. I agree that the above example is not truely a restful service. But I beg to differ on your point. Though it is a common practice to use various HTTP verbs a.k.a GET, PUT, DELETE, POST to perform crud operations i.e read create, delete and update. But it is only a practice (and a good one too). But using this practice does not constute a REST style or a RESTFul webservice. So if you read Dr. Fielding’s dissertation carefully a REST system has following properties. 1. Client–server. Above example is that. 2. Stateless – Above example is that. 3. Cacheable – We can definitely introduce caching at different layers. 4. Layered system – It definitely is. 5. Uniform interface – It has one i.e. The url of webservice. – Identification of resources – yes it does it. – Manipulation of resources through these representations – It is possible. If you get a book resource you can modify, delete, update it via the sister services. – Self-descriptive messages – You can specify the content type. – Hypermedia as the engine of application state (HATEOAS) – This part is not fulfilled as the response does not tell you about all the actions the server can perform and hence client can invoke. Being RESTful has nothing to do with http verb. Any system which adheres to above princeples are RESTful. Regards Niraj Hi … How to display that json response to the front end(jsp). Hi Vivek, You can use javascript to read and parse the json. Once the json is parsed javascript can do some DOM manipulation to display the values in desired format. You can get lots of example on net. Here is one using jquery Hope this helps. Regards Niraj Hi Neeraj, How we will consume JSON coming in request payload? Please help. Hi Prashant, Depends where you are using the endpoint. You can use in a html etc using a javascript library see the above post. Assuming that you want to use it from a java client. You can use Jackson or Gson. Here is an simple example responsePojo = new Gson().fromJson(result.toString(), responsePojo .getClass()); where result is a json response string. Hope it helps Regards Niraj can not download the projects :/ cannot download project :( 404 error when I’m trying to download the project. Request you to upload the project the web app and client again, Niraj. Thanks! unable to download code using url’s	http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2013/07/developing-restful-services-using-apache-cxf.html	CC-MAIN-2016-07	refinedweb	944	60.01
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? Transforming Emotions with Chinese Medicine SUNY scrics in Chincsc Philosophy and Culturc Rogcr T. Amcs, cditor Transforming Emotions with Chinese Medicine An Ethnographic Account from Contemporary China Yanhua Zhang STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS Publishcd by STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS, ALBANY © acc, Statc Univcrsity ol Ncw York All rights rcscrvcd Printcd in thc Unitcd Statcs ol Amcrica No part ol this book may bc uscd or rcproduccd in any manncr whatsocvcr without writtcn pcrmission. No part ol this book may bc storcd in a rctricval systcm or transmittcd in any lorm or by any mcans including clcctronic, clcctrostatic, magnctic tapc, mcchanical, photocopying, rccording, or othcrwisc without thc prior pcrmission in writing ol thc publishcr. For inlormation, addrcss Statc Univcrsity ol Ncw York Prcss .µ¡ Vashington Avcnuc, Suitc ¸c¸, Albany, NY .aa.ca¸·¡ Production by Christinc Hamcl Markcting by Michacl Campochiaro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zhang, Yanhua. Translorming cmotions with Chincsc mcdicinc : an cthnographic account lrom contcmporary China / Yanhua Zhang. p. cm. (SUNY scrics in Chincsc philosophy and culturc) !ncludcs bibliographical rclcrcnccs and indcx. !S8N.¸: µ,·c,µ.¡6µµµ6 (hardcovcr : alk. papcr) !S8N.¸: µ,·c,µ.¡,ccc· (pbk. : alk. papcr) .. Mcdical anthropologyChina. a. Mcdicinc, Chincsc. ¸. Traditional mcdicincChina. ¡. ¡thnopsychologyChina. ¸. ¡motionsSocial aspccts China. !. Titlc. !!. Scrics. GNaµ6.¸.C6Z¸¸ acc, ¸c6.¡´6.cµ¸.dcaa acc6c.aµ¡. .c µ · , 6 ¸ ¡ ¸ a . For my parents. This page intentionally left blank. vi i Contents Tablcs ix !llustrations xi Acknowlcdgmcnts xiii !. !x:vobuc:iox . !!. Cnixvsv Mvbicixv: Cox:ixui:v ~xb Mobvvx Tv~xsvov:~:ioxs ., !!!. Tnv Cnixvsv Vovib ov SHENTI (8obvPvvsox) ¸. !\. Cox:vx:u~iizixc QINGZHI 情志 (¡:o:ioxs) ¸¸ \. Uxbvvs:~xbixc ZHONGYI Ciixic~i Ci~ssivic~:iox ,¸ \!. M~xivvs:~:ioxs ov YU (S:~cx~:ioxs) ·, \!!. Ciixic~i Pvocvss ov TIAO (A::uxixc) .c¸ \!!!. Coxciusiox .¸µ Appcndix: Transcription Convcntions .¡¸ Notcs .¡, 8ibliography .6µ !ndcx .·, This page intentionally left blank. i x Tables ¡.. Summary ol thc lunctions ol thc ﬁvc visccral systcms 6· ¡.a Wuxing and thc ﬁvczang systcms ,c ¡.¸ ¡motions and countcrcmotions ,¸ 6.. Zheng (syndromcs) and qingzhi disordcrs µ. 6.a Ðistribution ol qingzhi disordcrs according to zheng (Pattcrns) µa This page intentionally left blank. xi Illustrations ¡.. Tc Scqucncc ol Production and Rcstriction ,c Tv~xscviv: Svc:vx:s ,.. ..¸ ,.a ..µ ,.¸ .a. ,.¡ .a¸ ,.¸ .a, ,.6 .aµ ,., .¸¸ This page intentionally left blank. xi i i Acknowledgments Tis book has bcncﬁtcd lrom thc gcncrous assistancc and support ol many indi viduals and institutions. Tc study lcading to this book bcgan at thc Univcrsity ol Hawaii at Manoa whcn ! was a graduatc studcnt. ! havc had wondcrlul tcach crs: Rogcr Amcs, Jack 8ilmcs, Frcd 8lakc, Nina ¡tkin, Allcn Howard, Tomas Marctzki, Anthony Marsclla, Grcgory Maskarincc, and Gcoﬀrcy Vhitc. Tcy havc dircctly and indircctly contributcd to thc lormation ol many idcas in this book. ! owc spccial thanks to Frcd 8lakc, thc chair ol my disscrtation commit tcc, whosc guidancc and cncouragcmcnt saw mc through thc arduous proccss ol disscrtation writing, and to Rogcr Amcs, who rcad thc manuscript scvcral timcs and whosc critical commcnts arc largcly rcsponsiblc lor thc improvcmcnt ol thc prcscnt book lrom thc original disscrtation. Scvcral othcr pcoplc havc rcad thc cntirc or parts ol thc manuscript at its diﬀcrcnt stagcs. John ÐcFrancis mcticu lously wcnt ovcr my bilingual transcript ol thc clinical intcraction and oﬀcrcd dctailcd corrcctions and suggcstions, Judith Farquhar rcad and commcntcd on an carlicr vcrsion ol thc chaptcr on zhongyi clinical classiﬁcations, and Louis 8rcggcr at Clcmson Univcrsity proolrcad thc cntirc manuscript at lcast twicc. My collcaguc, Joan 8ridgwood, hclpcd with thc ﬁnal proolrcading ol thc book. ! am thanklul lor thcir assistancc. Ðuring thc long proccss ol thc rcscarch and writing ol this book, ! lcarncd a lot lrom my lcllow graduatc studcnts and collcagucs through convcrsations and discussions. ! bcncﬁtcd lrom thc insights, criticism, and camaradcric ol Vcirong Cai, Nancy Coopcr, Ðphrosinc Ðaniggclis, 8ingzhong Gao, Mclissa Schrilt, Chcnshan Tian, Yanyin Zhang, Ðcborah Zvoscc, and many othcrs. My ﬁcld rcscarch bcncﬁtcd grcatly lrom thc hclp and support ol many lricnds and collcagucs in 8cijing, China. ! want to thank my aﬃliatcd institu tion in 8cijing, thc School ol ¡thnology and Sociology at Ccntral Univcrsity lor Nationalitics, lor hospitality and institutional support. ! want cspccially to thank Yang Shcngmin and Tcng Xing lor introducing mc to thcir nctwork ol social rclations and hclping arrangc my ﬁcldwork sitc. ! thank all thc studcnts and practitioncrs ol Chincsc mcdicinc ! mct and intcractcd with in 8cijing, xi v TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS particularly Vang Xiuzhcn and Cao Pci. Tcy gcncrously sharcd thcir knowl cdgc and cxpcricncc ol Chincsc mcdicinc with mc and paticntly answcrcd my qucstions. Ðircctor Zhou Shaohua ol Xiyuan hospital providcd mc with thc bcst ﬁcldwork cnvironmcnt ! could cvcr hopc lor. Hc was not only thc bcst zhongyi tcachcr to mc, but also my most knowlcdgcablc rcsourcc in Chincsc mcdicinc. ! am also dccply gratclul to thc paticnts involvcd in my rcscarch lor thcir trust and gcncrosity. My rcsponsibility to protcct thcir anonymity prcvcnts mc lrom naming thcm individually, but my dccpcst gratitudc gocs to thcm. My ﬁcld rcscarch was lundcd by a grant (Grant No. ¸66·) lrom thc VcnncrGrcn Foundation. ! would also likc to acknowlcdgc thc assistancc and support lrom thc Ccntcr lor Chincsc Studics at thc Univcrsity ol Hawaii at Manoa. Tc opportunitics to work in thcir various Chinarclatcd projccts and acccss to thcir rcsourccs lacilitatcd thc complction ol thc original disscrtation. For this, ! am particularly thanklul to Cynthia Ning, thc associatc dircctor ol thc Ccntcr, and Ðanicl Tschudi. Coursc rclicl providcd by thc Ðcpartmcnt ol Languagcs ol Clcmson Univcrsity hclpcd spccd up thc writing ol thc ﬁnal vcr sion ol this book. My thanks also go to cvcryonc at SUNY prcss whosc hard work hclpcd to turn my manuscript into this book. My parcnts supportcd my prolcssional pursuit in cvcry way thcy could. Tcy actcd as surrogatc parcnts to my daughtcr lor many ycars whilc ! was away doing my graduatc studics in thc U.S., and thcy houscd mc whilc ! was doing ﬁcldwork in 8cijing. Covcr Calligraphy by Michacl M. Chcn. 1 I . Introduction Tis book oﬀcrs an cthnographic account ol cmotionrclatcd disordcrs as thcy arc undcrstood, cxpcricnccd, and trcatcd in thc clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc or zhongyi 中医 in contcmporary China. Ccntral to this cnquiry is a zhon- gyi catcgory ol illncss, qingzhi bing 情志病 or qingzhi lei jibing 情志类疾病 (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs),' attributablc to disordcrcd cmotions and trcatablc with ordinary Chincsc mcdical thcrapics. Vhat nccds to bc cmphasizcd lrom thc vcry bcginning is that qingzhi bing is not a dircct translation ol thc Vcstcrn psychiatric conccpt ol “cmotional disordcr” or “mcntal disordcr.” Not a strictly dcﬁncd discrctc illncss cntity in a biomcdical scnsc, thc zhongyi construct is uscd somcwhat looscly to includc a group ol illncss pattcrns, originating lrom “intcrnal damagcs attributablc to cxccssivc cmotions” (qingzhi neishang 情志内伤) and markcd with ccrtain conﬁgurations ol physical, cmotional, and bchav ioral symptoms. Vhilc to group disordcrs prcdominantly involving cmotions and thoughts undcr thc hcading ol qingzhi is nothing modcrn,´ thc mcaning ol qingzhi disordcrs cncountcrcd in today’s zhongyi clinics rcﬂccts ongoing social and political dynamics in contcmporary Chincsc socicty and changcs in thc prolcssion ol Chincsc mcdicinc itscll through dccadcs ol thc statcsponsorcd zhongyi modcrnization undcr thc guidancc ol scicncc. 8iomcdical tcrminology and tcchnology arc commonly prcscnt in contcmporary zhongyi practiccs, yct thc way in which a qingzhi disordcr is conccptualizcd, cxpcricnccd, diagnoscd, and trcatcd rcmains rcmarkably “Chincsc.” !t is not “culturally bound,” but ccr tainly “pcrmcatcd with culturc.”` THEORETI CAL ORI ENTATI ONS !t is quitc common lor a mcdical anthropologist to imaginc culturc as a sharcd, uniﬁcd sct ol bclicls and valucs that producc, causc, or govcrn and thus cxplain illncss and hcalth bchaviors. Tc carlicr studics ol “culturcbound syndromcs” cxcmpliﬁcs this approach, in which culturc is sccn as playing cithcr a “patho gcnic” or “pathoplastic” rolc in thc manilcstation ol syndromcs, such as amok and 2 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS latah in Southcast Asia.⁴ Most crosscultural studics ol psychiatric disordcrs in Chincsc socicty also problcmatizc thc conncctions bctwccn cultural institu tions and univcrsal psychiatric disordcrs. Tc cmphasis on harmonious lamily and intcrpcrsonal rclationships is idcntiﬁcd as thc main lactor that inﬂucnccs mcntal hcalth in Chincsc socicty.⁵ Arthur Klcinman’s anthropological study ol ncurasthcnia and dcprcssion in Chincsc socicty is also typical. Traditional cul tural valucs and norms arc said to lcad Chincsc to supprcss distrcssing cmotions and somatizc social and psychological problcms, thus translorming a univcrsal discasc ol dcprcssion into a culturally particular illncss—ncurasthcnia.⁶ Tis “culturc vcrsus a univcrsal discasc” approach is problcmatic in scvcral ways. First, local knowlcdgc is mcasurcd against thc Vcstcrn conccptual cat cgorics undcrstood as normativc and univcrsal, thc diﬀcrcncc is pcrccivcd as dcviant lrom thc norm and thcn cxplaincd by rclcrring to local cultural bclicls and practiccs. Somctimcs, thc argumcnt can go thc othcr way around. A har monious and thcrapcutic traditional culturc is prcscntcd in contrast to disin tcgratcd, alicnating, and pathogcnic modcrn socicty.⁷ ¡ithcr rcﬂccts thc samc oricntalist imagination that constructs a cultural othcr “in tcrms ol spcciﬁcally Vcstcrn discursivc catcgorics.”⁸ Sccond, as shown in rcccnt mcdical anthropo logical studics, illncss bchavior and hcalthsccking stratcgics arc complicatcd proccsscs that rcspond to a complcx ol pcrsonal, social, and matcrial cxigcncics and involvc ncgotiating among divcrsiﬁcd pcrspcctivcs and rcsourccs availablc to paticnts and thcir lamilics. To assumc that pcoplc makc rational dccisions simply bascd on what thcy bclicvc and cxplain thc complcxity ol hcalth and illncss in tcrms ol a lcw ovcrsimpliﬁcd cultural rulcs and bclicls oﬀcrs an im povcrishcd undcrstanding ol both culturc and mcdicinc. My cthnographic account ol cmotionrclatcd disordcrs in thc contcxt ol Chincsc mcdicinc is inlormcd by thrcc diﬀcrcnt thcorctical pcrspcctivcs. My approach to thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol cmotions and illncss is inspircd by thc rcccnt anthropological discoursc ol cmbodimcnt that.⁹ Culturc is not simply undcr stood in symbolic or structural tcrms as rcprcscntations or abstract structurcs dctachcd lrom bodily pcrlormancc and prcscncc.'⁰ ¡thnographic writing has shown incrcascd intcrcst in “cmbodicd culturc.” !n hcr cthnography Training the Body for China, 8rowncll makcs a compclling argumcnt that “an cthnogra phy account that ovcrlooks thc body omits thc ccntcr ol human cxpcricncc.”'' !ncrcasingly, mcdical anthropologists locus on “livcd body” as a way to think and talk about illncss and distrcss as thcy arc cxpcricnccd and to producc “cx pcricnccncar” cthnographic accounts ol suﬀcring. Jcnkins and \alicnt analyzc thc narrativcs ol Salvadoran womcn to show el calor (hcat) as a culturally spc ciﬁc body cxpcricncc that is “cxistcntially isomorphic with angcr and lcar.”'´ Òts oﬀcrs a scmantic and phcnomcnological analysis ol somc ol thc most common symptoms prcscntcd in zhongyi clinics and cxplorcs thc mcanings ol bodily pcrccptions both in zhongyi discoursc and in paticnts’ prcscntations. Hc I NTRODUCTI ON 3 suggcsts that thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol body and cmotion providcs insight into thc corrcspondcncc ol cmotions and bodily manilcstations in cmotionaﬀcctcd disordcrs, and that bodily organs or cmotional mctaphors in Chincsc mcdicinc, such as “thc angry livcr,” “thc anxious hcart,” and “thc mclancholy splccn,” “may scrvc as cvidcncc lor thc rolc ol thc body in gcncrating culturc.”'` Ðcsjarlais, in an cthnography bascd on his ﬁcld cxpcricncc among thc Yolmo ol Ncpal, proposcs an analytical approach that attcnds to thc “surlacc imagcry, lclt quality, and cmbodicd valucs intrinsic to momcnts ol illncss and hcaling.”'⁴ !n my writing ol qingzhi disordcrs, ! pay similar attcntion to lclt quality ol culturc that inlorms and givcs stylcs and mcaning to Chincsc cxpc ricncc ol pain and malaisc. 8y attcnding to acsthctics ol bodypcrson (shenti 身体) that ordinary Chincsc arc tacitly oricntcd to in thcir cvcryday livcs, my study cxplorcs thc intcrplay among thc bodily scnsibilitics, zhongyi construc tions, and local social proccsscs and givcs a scnsc as to how it might “lccl” lor somconc suﬀcring a qingzhi disordcr and thc lccling ol thc hcartcmotion (xinqing 心情) blockcd lrom ﬂowing and cxtcnding lrccly. My rcscarch also draws cxtcnsivcly lrom currcnt languagc thcorics that givc primacy to languagc usc in its social contcxt. As Good and Good arguc, any approach to studying illncss and mcdicinc, cspccially crossculturally, has to addrcss mcaning and thus is cmbcddcd in a particular thcory ol languagc.'⁵ ¡thnomcdical rcscarch bascd on “cmic” studics ol lolk nosologics'⁶ and com bining “cmic” catcgorics with “ctic” mcasurcs ol bioscicnccs'⁷ is groundcd in thc convcntional thcory ol mcaning'⁸ that links a word to an objcct or a conccpt. Tc mcdical discoursc is thcrclorc sccn as cstablishing conncctions bctwccn a paticnt’s pathological condition and a particular discasc catcgory. Accordingly, thc mcaning ol a lolk illncss can bc uncovcrcd through a scrics ol mappings, such as mapping “cmic” symptom cxprcssions onto thc indigcnous catcgorics ol illncsscs, thcn onto thc undcrlying physiological proccss, and ﬁnally onto thc “ctic” diagnostic cntitics ol scicntiﬁc mcdicinc.'⁹ Tis rclcrcntial approach to mcaning and its application lor crosscultural comparisons havc bccn laultcd lor its scrious limitations in accounting lor mcanings in particular sociocultural contcxts. As notcd by many mcdical anthropologists, illncss rcalitics arc ncvcr mcrcly rcﬂcctions ol human biology but arc socioculturally constitutcd and thcrclorc nccd a diﬀcrcnt articulation ol mcaning. 8yron Good, in his study ol “hcart distrcss” in a small town in !ran, sys tcmatically rccords thc domains ol mcaning associatcd with corc symbols and symptoms in mcdical lcxicon and rcvcals a conﬁguration ol mcanings that as sociatc old agc, sorrow and sadncss, ritual mourning, povcrty, worrics and anxi cty, blood problcms, and so on. Hc argucs that “such a syndromc is not mcrcly a rcﬂcction ol symptoms linkcd with cach othcr in natural rcality, but a sct ol cxpcricnccs associatcd through nctworks ol mcaning and social intcraction in a socicty.”´⁰ Tis conccption ol mcdical languagc dirccts rcscarch attcntion to thc crcativc usc ol mcdical discoursc in articulating cxpcricncc ol social distrcss and in ncgotiating mcanings ol suﬀcring. Adding a critical dimcnsion to this 4 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS mcaningccntcrcd approach, somc mcdical anthropologists arguc that cultural analysis ol illncss and mcdicinc havc to takc into considcration sociopolitical dimcnsions ol powcr, intcrcst, and rcsistancc.´' For thcsc mcdical anthropolo gists, hcaling is also an idcological practicc, and mcdicinc can bc analyzcd as part ol thc social ordcr, which also cngagcs itscll in thc proccss ol objcctiﬁca tion and mystiﬁcation ol social lacts, spcciﬁcally, thc proccss ol mcdicalization ol social problcms and political opprcssion.´´ !n hcr analysis ol thc disordcr ol ncrvosa among impovcrishcd shantytown dwcllcrs in northcast 8razil, SchcpcrHughcs points to multiplc mcanings associatcd with thc illncss, such as a rclusal ol “dcmcaning and dcbilitating labor” and a rcsponsc to violcncc and tragcdy in cvcryday lilc.´` Similarly, Klcinman & Klcinman analyzc illncss narrativcs ol Chincsc paticnts suﬀcring chronic pains and cmotional disordcrs to show thc conncction bctwccn physical complaints and political violcncc, pcrsonal or collcctivc dcmoralization and dclcgitimization.´⁴ My own rcscarch is aligncd with thc abovc outlincd mcaningccntcrcd cntcrprisc ol mcdical anthropology but gocs bcyond thc symbolic and scmiotic dimcnsions ol mcaning by including intcractivc aspccts ol actual clinical cn countcrs. !l it is agrccd that talking is an act that is socially cﬀcctivc, thc intcrac tivc dimcnsions ol social discoursc—how a pcrson prcscnts and cvaluatcs his/hcr own cxpcricncc and how hc/shc is intcrprctcd, undcrstood, and rcspondcd to by othcrs—oﬀcrs a practical and usclul way lor undcrstanding local cxpcricncc in cvcryday lilc. \arious mcdical discoursc analyscs, lor cxamplc, dcmonstratc that a closc cxamination ol “talk” could bc an cﬀcctivc tool to cxplorc how ill ncss rcalitics arc actually constructcd and social rolcs and rclations arc cnactcd through clinical intcractions.´⁵ Taking zhongyi clinical cncountcrs as rcaltimc sociolinguistic cvcnts, my cthnographic rcscarch incorporatcs microanalytical conccpts and mcthods dcvclopcd by various discoursc analysis scholars´⁶ in cx amining intcractivc cxchangcs bctwccn doctors and paticnts during thc routinc clinical proccss ol “looking at illncss” (kanbing 看病) to tracc and dcmonstratc how and at what point various clinical dccisions wcrc madc and thcrapcutic translormations achicvcd. From this pcrspcctivc, culturc is cxamincd as local proccsscs and rcsourccs that mcmbcrs arc oricntcd to lrom diﬀcrcnt subjcct positioning and that arc cvokcd by thc mcmbcrs in cvcryday social intcractions to ncgotiatc with and makc scnsc ol onc anothcr. !t is in this mundanc practicc that culturc is conﬁrmcd, contcstcd, dcstablcd, and translormcd. Finally, contcmporary zhongyi scholarphysicians scc thcir prolcssion as built upon “a uniquc body ol mcdical thcorics” (dute de yixue lilun tixi 独特的医学理论体系) that is dccply rootcd in “ancicnt \|gudai 古代] Chincsc pcoplc’s scicntiﬁc practicc and philosophical thinking.” !n othcr words, Chincsc mcdi cinc not only is groundcd in collcctivcly accumulatcd practical cxpcricncc (jin- yan 经验) but also owcs as much to particular ways ol thinking and thcorizing. Classic Chincsc philosophy and mcdical rcasoning cmploy thc samc languagc, such as yin-yang and wuxing 五行 (ﬁvc translormativc phascs) intcractions and corrclations as wcll as qi 气 (vital cncrgy) translormations. Tis languagc cvokcs I NTRODUCTI ON 5 a world ol translormation, in which myriad things and cvcnts arc constantly in motion and cxtcnsion and changcs arc sccn as rcsulting lrom inhcrcnt com plcmcntary and contradictory yin-yang dynamics rathcr than rcsorting to any transccndcntal powcr or lorcc csscntial in thc Vcstcrn intcllcctual traditions.´⁷ Tis particular way ol philosophizing and thcorizing is vcry much prcscnt in contcmporary zhongyi tcxts and clinical rcasoning undcr thc namc ol rcphrascd “simplc matcrialism and dialcctic thinking” (pusu weiwuzhuyi he bianzhengfa sixiang 朴素唯物主义和辩证法思想). Any intcrprctation ol Chincsc mcdi cinc thcn has to bc awarc ol thc lundamcntal diﬀcrcncc ol thc intcllcctual cn vironmcnt that has brcd and nourishcd Chincsc mcdicinc and to bc inlormcd by classic Chincsc cosmological assumptions distinctivc lrom thosc undcrlying modcrn scicntiﬁc thinking.´⁸ !t is this cnrichcd mcaningccntcrcd intcrprctivc approach combining analysis ol local, intcractivc, and cmbodicd mcanings with a scnsitivity to thc cpistcmology and with a “civilization awarcncss”´⁹ that providcs thc gcncral conccptual and mcthodological oricntations ol this book. !t cxplorcs how in digcnous Chincsc mcdical conccpts and knowlcdgc rclatcd to qingzhi and its disordcrs arc constructcd, cxplaincd, and cmbodicd in cvcryday zhongyi clini cal practiccs and cxpcricnccs. !t also cxamincs thc intcractivc dimcnsions ol mcdical and social discoursc ol qingzhi illncsscs and analyzcs how thc zhongyi discoursc links thc illncss construction to cxprcsscd and tacit cultural oricnta tions, and how this indigcnous illncss catcgory that rccognizcs simultancously bodily, mcntalcmotional, and social cxpcricncc in thc illncss providcs mcan inglul lorms ol suﬀcring lor Chincsc paticnts. Although ! do not rcsort to rcductivc, objcctivc, and standardizcd catcgorics ol comparison, ! ncvcrthclcss scc my study as comparativc. For thc cthnographic work to grasp thc mcan ing ol thc “livcd” lilc ol a pcoplc and to convcy it cﬀcctivcly to a rcadcr who is linguistically and culturally alicn to that pcoplc, thc comparativcncss must bc alrcady immancnt in thc cthnographic translation itscll. TOPI C ORI ENTATI ONS Ðocs Chincsc mcdicinc trcat disordcrcd cmotions or cmotional distrcsscs: Contcmporary zhongyi physicians sccm uncquivocal about Chincsc mcdicinc’s rolc in trcating disordcrcd cmotions. Tcy insist that zhongyi has always paid considcrablc attcntion to cmotional or psychosocial aspccts in illncss and hcalth, and thcy could citc numcrous cxamplcs lrom zhongyi classics to support this claim.`⁰ My own obscrvations in 8cijing conﬁrmcd that Chincsc paticnts do habitually scck hclp in zhongyi clinics lor what, in thc Vcst, might bc consid crcd psychological distrcss or a psychiatric disordcr.`' Typically, paticnts prcscnt thcir complaints in “bodily languagc,”`´ yct without dcnying aﬀcctivity as a sourcc ol thcir suﬀcring. Tcy takc hcrbal rcmcdics or othcr “traditional” lorms ol trcatmcnt`` and claim to lccl much bcttcr (haoduo le 好多了). 8oth paticnts and doctors ol Chincsc mcdicinc with whom ! intcractcd in 8cijing insistcd 6 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS that zhongyi cnjoys a spccial cﬃcacy with such “lunctional disordcrs” (gongneng xing jibing 功能性疾病), whilc xiyi 西医 (litcrally, “Vcstcrn mcdicinc,” rclcr ring to thc biomcdicinc practiccd in modcrn China) shows no cﬀcctivc mcans in trcating such illncsscs. Yct, thc qucstion rcmains a problcmatic issuc lor anthropologists and schol ars ol Chincsc mcdicinc. For somc, thc topic is a slippcry tcrrain that is bcttcr to bc circumvcntcd. Tc undcrlying conccrn is that Chincsc mcdicinc docs not prcsupposc a dualistic scparation ol mind and body, nor docs it typically makc a catcgorical distinction bctwccn psychological and physical disordcrs,`⁴ thcrclorc any discussion ol zhongyi locusing on cmotion incvitably makcs mod crn clinical psychology or psychiatric mcdicinc a comparativc rclcrcncc, thus imposing on Chincsc mcdicinc thc structurc ol thc Vcstcrn biomcdical modcl that typically vicws discascs as having a scparatc ontology as il thcy arc cithcr “in thc body” or “in thc mind.”`⁵ Tis is a lcgitimatc conccrn. Tc ordinary Chincsc tcrms lor body, mind, and cmotion do not cvokc a simplc dividc bctwccn thc physical and thc psycho logical. Shenti, a word with a connotation ol “pcrson” and “scll,” is much morc activc and intcntional than body, which ctymologically is in ¡nglish a physi cal “containcr” dcvoid ol thc mind.`⁶ Shenti is both physical and cxtraphysical, capablc ol lccling, pcrcciving, crcating, and rcsonating or cmbodying changcs and translormations in thc social world as wcll as in thc natural world. !t is thc world: at thc samc timc, cmotivc, moral, acsthctic, and visccral. Ncithcr is jingshen 精神`⁷ an cquivalcnt to soul or spirit in ¡nglish. !t docs not imply a discmbodicd mcntality or a highcr ordcr ol cxistcncc. !n lact, jingshen, thc com bination ol two charactcrs ol jing 精 (conccntratcd basis ol vitality) and shen 神 (vitality as manilcstcd through lunctional activitics ol mind and body), suggcsts a dynamic and inscparablc rclationship in thc livcd world ol mindbody. Simi larly, xin 心 is both hcart and mind, qingzhi is also a proccss both mindlul and visccral. Tcsc arc not considcrcd as csscntially diﬀcrcnt kinds ol cxistcncc`⁸ but diﬀcrcnt in lunctions or manilcstations that arc tcmporal and contingcnt. !n othcr words, thc domains ol body, mind, and cmotion arc mutually pcnctrating and activating. Such corrclativity is cmbodicd in thc most mundanc lcvcls ol cvcryday lilc, in thc pattcrns and rhythms ol work, cxcrcising, cating, slccping, and bccoming ill and bcing hcalcd. Apparcntly, Chincsc mcdicinc hcals qingzhi disordcrs in a world that is not consistcnt with thc cpistcmologi cal structurc ol thc Vcstcrn biomcdical modcl ol knowing and practicc.`⁹ !ts practical logic involvcs a languagc ol “bodics” in dynamic proccss and constant translormation and a languagc ol rclations. Tc zhongyi languagc ol yin-yang, jing (conccntratcd basis lor vitality), qi（vital cncrgy), shen (vitality), zangfu 脏腑 (thc visccral systcms), jingluo 经络 (mcridian tracts), has its roots in a dis tinctivc cultural tradition and a uniquc history and cvokcs a diﬀcrcnt scnsc and cxpcricncc ol ordcr and disordcr. !ts cultural and thcrapcutic cﬃcacy cvolvcs through a proccss ol attuning (tiao 调), which in diﬀcrcnt clinical contcxts is dcmonstratcd as thc actions ol rcordcring (li 理), unblocking and lrccing I NTRODUCTI ON 7 (tong 通), calming and ncutralizing (ping 平), harmonizing and mcdiating (he 和) rclcasing and dissolving (jie 解), and so on. Tcrclorc, languagc itscll bccomcs problcmatic and a subjcct ol locus lor this book. !t sccks to undcrstand qingzhi disordcrs as thcy arc trcatcd in thc clin ics ol a zhongyi hospital on its own tcrms. !n thc words ol my zhongyi tcachcr in 8cijing, that mcans not to usc a Vcstcrn scicntiﬁc way ol thinking (siwei fangshi 思维方式) to lramc zhongyi thcory and practicc but to undcrstand how it rcally works within thc rclations bctwccn its own thcory and practicc (zishen lilun he shijian de guanxi 自身理论和实践的关系). Tc primary conccrn is not only to translatc thc rclcvant tcrms and conccpts but also to makc scnsc ol a distinctivc cmbodicd cxpcricncc ol bcing ill and bcing hcalcd. For many scholars cngagcd in crossculturc psychiatric studics in Chincsc socicty, zhongyi, bccausc it docs not rccognizc thc scparation ol thc mcntal lrom thc physical, not only docs not oﬀcr a lcgitimatc way to trcat an cmo tional distrcss but also cxcrts a ncgativc cultural inﬂucncc on dcvcloping a mod crn mcntal hcalth carc systcm lor China.⁴⁰ Prcvious crosscultural psychiatric and mcdical anthropological rcscarch on cmotional distrcss and disordcrs was mostly carricd out in thc Vcstcrn psychiatric contcxt in Chincsc socicty using biomcdical modcls as thc standard lor comparativc invcstigations.⁴' Studics ol this paradigm, in gcncral, lail to assign any signiﬁcant mcaning to Chincsc mcdicinc in trcating cmotionrclatcd disordcrs. Tcy tcnd to intcrprct thc way Chincsc prcscnt, cxpcricncc, and scck hclp lor cmotionrclatcd disordcrs in tcrms ol cultural bclicls and norms that cmphasizc somatic cxpcricncc, “cogni tivc coping stratcgics” that paticnts and lamilics cmploy to copc with highly stigmatizcd dysphoric aﬀccts, or simply cognitivc and linguistic dcﬁcicncy in cxprcssing lcclings.⁴´ !n short, it is conccptualizcd as “somatization,”⁴` a cul tural proccss that translorms “an csscntial psychological cvcnt into a sccondary somatic cxprcssion.”⁴⁴ Somatization has bccn sccn as “a basic lcaturc ol thc construction ol ill ncss in Chincsc culturc”⁴⁵ and lor somc timc was allcgcd to bc a “culturc spcciﬁc trait typical ol thc Chincsc pcoplc.”⁴⁶ Zhongyi languagc is said to lack cxplicit tcrms lor thc dcscription ol cmotional statcs and contributcs to thc somatization ol aﬀcctivc illncss among Chincsc.⁴⁷ Tscng, too, argucs that thc charactcristics ol Chincsc mcdicinc, such as cmphasis ol visccral organs and thc conccpts ol “cxhaustion,” “wcakncss,” and “cmptincss,” strongly inﬂucncc Chincsc psychiatric paticnts.⁴⁸ Tis book sharcs thc crosscultural psychiatric intcrcst in cmotionrclatcd disordcrs in Chincsc socicty, howcvcr, my rcscarch is ol a diﬀcrcnt typc. !t is situatcd in a contcxt ol Chincsc mcdicinc, in which thc basic psychiatric con ccption ol “mcntal” vcrsus “physical,” “cmotion” vcrsus “cognitivc,” or “illncss cntity” vcrsus “illncss bchavior” is qucstionablc. ! qucstion applicability ol thc conccpt ol somatization in Chincsc cxpcricncc. !n lact, Chincsc psychiatrists in actual clinical scttings havc no diﬃculty making conncctions bctwccn bodily and cmotional changcs as Chincsc mcdical doctors habitually do. Tcy agrcc 8 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS that symptom cxprcssion, bc it somatic or psychological, dcpcnds on how thc individual cxpcricnccs thcsc changcs at thc spcciﬁc momcnt and that Chi ncsc paticnts do not limit thcir complaints to a somatic modc but prcscnt psy chological and cmotional symptoms too.⁴⁹ ! also qucstion thc soundncss ol any national or communitybascd mcntal hcalth policy and scrvicc in China that cxcludcs zhongyi lrom playing an activc rolc dcspitc thc lact that Chincsc pcoplc routincly utilizc zhongyi thcmsclvcs in thcir ﬁght against thc illncsscs allcgcdly cmotional or mcntal according to thc biomcdical modcl.⁵⁰ My study lics outsidc thc paradigm ol crossculturc psychiatry and asks dil lcrcnt qucstions. Zhongyi doctors in thc past and prcscnt do not havc to rcsort to thc undcrlying assumption ol modcrn psychiatry—thc dichotomy ol mind and body—in ordcr to undcrstand and trcat thc disordcrs that prcdominantly involvc cmotions and thoughts. Tis docs not mcan that zhongyi clinicians havc bccn unablc to scc thc distinctions,⁵' but rathcr thcir cpistcmological and pro lcssional “bias” cmphasizcs intcrconncctions among cmotions, thoughts, and various visccral systcms. Tcsc undcrlying conncctions arc activcly cxplorcd by thcm as sourccs lor ﬁghting illncsscs, physical as wcll as cmotional. To zhon- gyi clinicians, disordcrcd cmotions or thoughts can havc physiological consc qucnccs and vicc vcrsa, and a clinical intcrvcntion may start lrom cithcr cnd or both. Tcn thc qucstions arc Ðocs zhongyi’s distinctivc approach to disordcrcd cmotions and thoughts havc any thcrapcutic valuc in contcmporary China: !l thc answcr is ycs, how docs it actually work clinically today: Can zhongyi bc incorporatcd as cﬀcctivc rcsourccs into thc national and community programs and scrviccs to improvc mcntal hcalth carc lor Chincsc pcoplc: Tcrc is an ap plicd dimcnsion implicd in this book. !t shows that zhongyi has a uniquc rolc to play in its carc lor thc cmotionally ill and that social and mcntal hcalth lacilitics can bcncﬁt lrom zhongyi’s participation. !n my study, qingzhi disordcr is sccn as a zhongyi construct, complctc and valid in itscll, not a culturally mcdiatcd vcrsion ol a “rcal” psychiatric discasc. !t is an cthnographic rcscarch without psychobiological mcasurcmcnts. Trough out thc book, qingzhi disordcr rcmains a Chincsc cxpcricncc: a mcaninglul lorm ol suﬀcring lor thosc who scck to balancc and to put back in ordcr thcir upsct world ol shenti (bodypcrson). Surcly it is possiblc to comparc qingzhi disordcr with rclcvant psychiatric constructs ol dcprcssion or anxicty, yct it rcquircs a diﬀcrcnt typc ol rcscarch that gocs bcyond thc lramc and thc scopc ol this book. Tis book is not mcant to oﬀcr a comprchcnsivc account ol thc practicc ol Chincsc mcdicinc in contcmporary China. Yct it is hclplul to situatc my own cthnographic invcstigation ol qingzhi disordcrs in rclation to somc ol thc rcccnt anthropological studics ol Chincsc mcdicinc in contcmporary China. !n thc carly ·cs, Judith Farqhar spcnt cightccn months studying and con ducting participant obscrvation at thc Guangzhou Collcgc ol Traditional Chi ncsc Mcdicinc. Hcr book Knowing Practice: Te Clinical Encounter of Chinese Medicine (.µµ¡) is bascd primarily on this cxpcricncc. !n thc book, Farquhar I NTRODUCTI ON 9 discusscs in grcat dctail thc proccss ol “looking at illncss” (kanbing 看病) in zhongyi clinical cncountcrs and thc practical logic ol this proccss, which a zhon- gyi practitioncr has to lollow in ordcr to cﬀcct hcaling. My study is indcbtcd to hcr insights in clinical cncountcrs ol Chincsc mcdicinc, and ! bcncﬁt lrom hcr discussions on thc cpistcmological incompatibility bctwccn thc biomcdical scicnccs and Chincsc mcdicinc. A numbcr ol lactors sct my study apart lrom hcrs. Farquhar makcs cx tcnsivc usc ol zhongyi tcxtbooks and publishcd cascs lor hcr analysis. My own study locuscs mostly on thc actual clinical work with all ol its intcractivc impli cations. Sccond, thc proccss ol kanbing is undcrstood as thc proccss ol doctor and paticnt looking at illncss togcthcr. Farquhar’s analysis is morc dircctcd to thc prolcssional point ol vicw, that is, what a doctor nccds to know in ordcr to cﬀcct a curc. My study that takcs a lacctolacc intcraction as a stratcgic sitc lor undcrstanding thc clinical proccss prcscnts both thc prolcssional and thc paticnt’s pcrccptions and shows thc rolc that thc paticnt plays in both thc diagnosis and thc hcaling. Finally, my locus is on qingzhi disordcrs whcrc al lcctivc lactors in Chincsc mcdicinc havc rcccivcd an ultimatc attcntion, whilc in Farquhar’s study, aﬀcctivity is not a topic ol conccrn. Any writing ol Chincsc mcdicinc in contcmporary China will incvitably conlront thc issuc ol plurality. Ðivcrsity is obscrvablc at cvcry lcvcl ol Chi ncsc mcdical discoursc and practicc. Tc hctcrogcncity ol Chincsc mcdicinc in thc past and prcscnt has bccn widcly dcscribcd and commcntcd on by schol ars mostly in thc Vcst.⁵´ Chincsc sourccs tcnd to takc zhongyi pluralitics lor grantcd and scc littlc nccd lor lurthcr justiﬁcation, whcrcas unity or unilor mity is sccn as somcthing that nccds to bc cstablishcd. Scholarphysicians ol diﬀcrcnt schools in thc past lound thcir idcntity by tracing thcir prolcssional gcncalogics to Huangdi Neijing 黃帝内经 (Ycllow ¡mpcror’s !nncr Classics), Shanghan Lun 伤寒论 (Ðiscussions ol Cold Ðamagc), and othcr canonical tcxts, and to grcat mastcrs in thc history ol Chincsc mcdicinc. For contcm porary zhongyi scholars, thcrc is not only a nccd to show continuity ol thcir prolcssion lrom thc past but also a prcssurc to dcmonstratc its alignmcnt with modcrn scicncc. !ntcrcstingly, whilc thc proccss ol standardization (guifanhua 规范化) or systcmization (xitonghua 系统化) bascd on biomcdical modcls has signiﬁcantly translormcd thc lacc ol zhongyi organization and practicc, original stylcs, pcrsonal cxpcricncc, and individual virtuosity arc continuously valucd in thc prolcssion and dclibcratcly sought by paticnts. !n a scnsc, thc participation ol biomcdicinc adds morc dimcnsions to thc cxisting pluralitics ol Chincsc mcdicinc.⁵` Scholars ol Chincsc mcdicinc in thc Vcst, lrom a diﬀcrcnt background in which cxistcncc ol thc objcctivc truth is prcsupposcd, arc morc likcly to lccl a compclling nccd to cxplain and justily divcrsity in Chincsc mcdicinc. !n ¡lisabcth Hsu’s cthnography, Te Transmission of Chinese Medicine, thc plural ity is cmbcddcd in thc transmission ol knowlcdgc in contcmporary Chincsc mcdicinc. Shc shows that mcdical knowlcdgc acquircd through diﬀcrcnt modcs 10 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ol transmission and within diﬀcrcnt social rclationships is undcrstood and “known” diﬀcrcntly. Shc dcscribcs thrcc diﬀcrcnt modcs ol knowlcdgc trans mission in corrcspondcncc with thrcc distinctivc social scttings, namcly, thc transmission ol “sccrct knowlcdgc” within a mastcrdisciplc rclationship, “thc pcrsonal transmission ol knowlcdgc” bctwccn a mcntor and a lollowcr char actcristic ol classical scholarship, and “thc standardizcd modc ol transmission” in thc contcxt ol modcrn classroom lcarning.⁵⁴ \olkcr Schcid takcs plurality and divcrsity as thc main thcsis ol his book, Chinese Medicine in Contemporary China: Plurality and Synthesis, which cxamincs “a plurality ol agcncics and pro ccsscs involvcd in thc shaping ol contcmporary Chincsc mcdicinc,” including politicians and statc, paticnts and physicians, classical scholarship and modcrn hcalth carc systcms, institutions, nctworks, and training ol zhongyi physicians.⁵⁵ !n my own cthnography, plurality is not a topic but a contcxt. ! takc Schcid’s conclusion that plurality is “an intrinsic aspcct ol contcmporary Chincsc mcdi cinc”⁵⁶ as a starting point and cxplorc how multiplc pcrspcctivcs and sourccs ol knowlcdgc play out in an actual clinical proccss. !n this scnsc, my casc studics ol qingzhi disordcrs should bc rcad as an analysis ol a microproccss ol a local synthcsis rathcr than as an attcmpt to providc a complctc or comprchcnsivc prcscntation ol how qingzhi disordcrs arc diagnoscd and trcatcd gcncrally in clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc. ETHNOGRAPHI C SETTI NGS Altcr bcing away lrom China lor about lour ycars, ! wcnt back to 8cijing in January .µµ¡ to conduct a twclvcmonth ﬁcldstudy lor my cthnographic study on cmotionrclatcd disordcrs in thc clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc, on which this book is bascd. Howcvcr, my rcscarch lor thc book has continucd bcyond thc original ﬁcldwork through corrcspondcncc and intcractions with zhongyi pro lcssionals and scholars both in and outsidc China, as wcll as subscqucnt visits to thc original ﬁcld sitcs and through rcading thc publishcd litcraturc on Chincsc mcdicinc. For this anthropological rcscarch, ! rclicd hcavily on participant obscrva tion as wcll as scmistructurcd and unstructurcd intcrvicws with paticnts, doc tors, and ordinary Chincsc citizcns, whom ! camc to know by diﬀcrcnt mcans and at diﬀcrcnt timcs. My own pcrsonal background as a Chincsc nativc who grcw up and was cducatcd in China pcrmittcd mc rcady acccss to thc Chincsc cultural rcsourccs and social nctworks, which wcrc vcry much nccdcd in doing such rcscarch. Nccdlcss to say, howcvcr, thc way ! lormulatcd my thcorctical positions and intcrprctcd thc cmpirical data and thc way in which ! actually wcnt about doing my intcrvicws and obscrvations borc thc cultural and cxpcri cntial marks ol mc as a Vcstcrn traincd nativc anthropologist. My ﬁcldwork took mc to various hospitals and clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc in 8cijing, but thc major part ol thc clinical obscrvation was carricd out in onc ol thc aﬃliatcd hospitals ol thc 8cijing Acadcmy ol Chincsc Mcdicinc. Tc I NTRODUCTI ON 11 hospital was built in thc mid.µ¸cs. Òvcr thc dccadcs, it has bccn cxpandcd and dcvclopcd into onc ol thc largcst zhongyi hospitals as wcll as a major clinical rcscarch and tcaching ccntcr lor Chincsc mcdicinc in thc 8cijing arca. Many physicians who work in thc hospital dividc thcir timc among clinical work, rcscarch, and tcaching. Clcarly my cthnographic account ol clinical cncoun tcrs rcﬂccts thc practicc ol this clitc and prolcssionalizcd Chincsc mcdicinc, which, as an intcgratcd part ol thc national hcalth carc systcm, is sanctioncd and closcly supcrviscd by thc statc. Tc organization and managcmcnt ol thc hospital rcscmblcs, in cvcry im portant way, a modcrn biomcdical hospital in 8cijing. !t consists ol a¡ clinical dcpartmcnts (ke-shi 科室), including qigong 气功 (brcathing cxcrciscs lor im proving hcalth or curing discasc) and zhenjiu 针灸 (acupuncturc and moxibus tion) clinics that arc not common divisions in most biomcdical hospitals in China, and .¸ labs and rcscarch dcpartmcnts ol mcdical scicnccs and tcchnology, which ccntrally rcﬂcct thc policy ol “using modcrn scicncc and tcchnology to conduct scicntiﬁc rcscarch ol traditional Chincsc mcdicinc.”⁵⁷ ! chosc Shcnjing Kc 神经科 (Clinic ol Ncuropathic Ðisordcrs) as thc primary sitc lor my clini cal obscrvations.⁵⁸ Likc many othcr structural catcgorics in a modcrn zhongyi hospital, thc namc ol Shcnjing Kc itscll camc lrom thc biomcdical modcl in an attcmpt to cstablish grcatcr authority in thc culturc ol modcrn scicncc. Tc rcason ! chosc Shcnjing Kc as thc basc ol my rcscarch is mainly bccausc it has a largc conccntration ol paticnts with qingzhi disordcrs. Vhcn rclcrring to an illncss, ordinary Chincsc do not typically makc distinctions bctwccn “ol ncrvcs” (shenjing 神经) and “ol mind or spirit” (jingshen 精神). Chincsc usc “ncurologi cal disordcr” (shenjing bing 神经病) casually to mcan “mcntal illncss” (jingshen bing 精神病). Tc doctors ! workcd with in this particular clinic cstimatcd that about ,¸ º ol thcir paticnts who camc to scck mcdical hclp suﬀcrcd a qingzhi rclatcd disordcr. !n addition, thc dircctor ol thc clinic is rccognizcd as an cxpcrt in trcating such disordcrs, cspccially, stagnation syndromc (yuzheng 郁证), in which ! was particularly intcrcstcd. ! was introduccd to thc hcad ol thc clinic, who is a scnor doctor known lor his cﬃcacy in trcating qingzhi disordcrs, through a mutual lricnd. At our ﬁrst mccting, hc cmphasizcd that zhongyi and xiyi (Vcstcrn biomcdicinc) arc ol two diﬀcrcnt “ways ol thinking” (siwei fangshi 思维方式) and that ! should bc cautious not to intcrprct zhongyi simply in tcrms ol Vcstcrn scicntiﬁc cat cgorics and languagc. According to him, a good undcrstanding ol zhongyi rc quircs a complctcly diﬀcrcnt languagc, and it takcs timc to slowly “undcrstand through dircct cxpcricncc” (tihui 体会) zhongyi thcorics and practiccs. ! could not agrcc morc with this advicc. A good rapport bctwccn thc scnior doctor and mc startcd lrom this straightlorward convcrsation. ! was latcr givcn pcrmission to do participant obscrvations in his clinic. !n an anthropological cxprcssion, ! was “adoptcd” into thc community by assuming a studcnt rolc. Tc doctor took it to bc his rcsponsibility to scc that ! rcally undcrstood Chincsc mcdical con ccpts and clinical actions so that ! would not misrcprcscnt Chincsc mcdicinc in 12 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS my rcscarch. ! lollowcd thc doctor in his clinic lor about tcn months likc onc ol his studcnt doctors, though ! did not wcar thcir unilorm. As a rcsult, ! bccamc lamiliar with his collcagucs working in thc samc consulting room, his graduatc studcnts, and somc ol his paticnts. Most ol all, ! gaincd considcrablc tihui ol Chincsc mcdicinc. Toward thc cnd ol my ﬁcldwork, my doctor lricnds told mc that ! uscd thcir languagc and askcd “corrcct” qucstions, and thcy jokcd that ! could cvcn opcn a clinic ol Chincsc mcdicinc myscll somc day. Ðuring my clinical obscrvations, ! rccordcd morc than lour hundrcd cascs. Tc proccdurc was to sit bcsidc thc doctor, takc notcs, and latcr with thc par ticipants’ pcrmission to rccord clinical intcractions. ! was cncouragcd to movc along with thc clinical proccss, whcn appropriatc, to lccl a paticnt’s pulsc, look at his/hcr tonguc, and ask qucstions. Somctimcs, thc doctor would dircctly put mc on thc spot by suggcsting that a paticnt talk with mc, and hc introduccd mc as an anthropologist doing a rcscarch projcct on cmotionrclatcd disordcrs. Ònly a lcw paticnts actually agrccd to sit down lor an intcrvicw. Most paticnts would simply dcclinc thc invitation citing various rcasons. Most ol my intcr vicws ol paticnts wcrc scmistructurcd and took placc outsidc thc clinical room. Tc qucstions ccntcrcd on thc inlormants’ illncss history and cxpcricncc as wcll as thcir zhongyi knowlcdgc. Tc purposc ol my qucstions was to undcrstand a paticnt pcrspcctivc on his or hcr illncss and thc rolc ol cmotion in his or hcr ill ncss cxpcricncc and also to rccord paticnts’ narrativcs rcgarding how thcy copcd with and accountcd lor or madc scnsc ol thcir suﬀcrings, and why thcy chosc to scc a zhongyi doctor. My onc disappointmcnt was that ! was not ablc to build up a closcr rapport and havc morc indcpth intcrvicws with thc paticnts. Con ducting an intcrvicw with a paticnt provcd to bc challcnging and, somctimcs, lrustrating. Partly this was duc to thc clinical scttings ol my rcscarch. Paticnts camc to thc clinic lor trcatmcnt bccausc thcy wcrc suﬀcring. Tcy had littlc timc or intcrcst in talking to a strangcr, much lcss talking about thcir pcrsonal livcs bcyond thcir immcdiatc conccrns ol thcir illncsscs. ! also lclt littlc justiﬁcd to probc into a paticnt’s pcrsonal lilc. !n lact, zhongyi doctors arc vcry subtlc whcn coming to scnsitivc pcrsonal qucstions. ! was told that a doctor should not probc into anything that a paticnt was dclibcratcly avoiding talking about, bccausc that could only add strcss and anxicty to thc paticnt and intcrlcrc with thc cﬃcacy ol thc thcrapy. Tis is cspccially a conccrn with paticnts who suﬀcr lrom a qingzhi disordcr. Howcvcr, ! was ablc to carry out lcngthy and indcpth intcrvicws with thc paticnts whom ! happcncd to know wcll and lricnds and rclativcs who suﬀcrcd cmotionrclatcd disordcrs and sought Chincsc mcdical trcatmcnt. My cxpcricncc with doctors was quitc diﬀcrcnt. ! saw thcm scvcral timcs a wcck and had lunch with thcm at thc hospital’s calctcria. Tcy wcrc intcrcstcd in my cxpcricnccs in thc Unitcd Statcs. My intcraction with thcm was inlormal and rclaxcd. Unstructurcd intcrvicws wcrc carricd out with thcm whcncvcr it was convcnicnt. Tcsc intcrvicws covcrcd broad mcdical, social, cultural, and political topics, as wcll as pcrsonal cxpcricnccs.⁵⁹ I NTRODUCTI ON 13 My participant obscrvation also wcnt bcyond thc major ﬁcld sitc. Ðircctly undcr thc Ministry ol Hcalth, this hospital closcly rcﬂccts thc oﬃcial policics to promotc zhongyi to a modcrn scicntiﬁc rcalm and to cxplorc ways to com binc Vcstcrn and Chincsc mcdicincs. !n tcrms ol lunding and othcr lorms ol govcrnmcnt support, it has advantagcs ovcr many othcr smallcr hospitals. My cxpcricncc in othcr Chincsc mcdical institutions that arc lcss prcstigious pro vidcd a comparativc pcrspcctivc. Coming back to thc much changcd ncighborhood in thc Haidian district whcrc ! uscd to livc, ! was imprcsscd by thc numbcr ol zhongyi clinics in thc ncighborhood. Vithin thc arca whcrc ! livc, thcrc wcrc two zhongyi outpaticnt clinics with a Chincsc pharmacy attachcd, a small zhongyi hospital, a zhon- gyi clinic within a community hospital, and a ncw zhongyi consulting room addcd to a hcalth clinic. ! lrcqucntcd thcsc smallcr Chincsc mcdical institu tions, cspccially thc small zhongyi hospital, which lay hiddcn in a small lanc bchind tall buildings. Tc hospital spccializcd in trcating chronic and diﬃcult discascs (manxing yinan bingzheng 慢性疑难病证) by combining Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicincs (zhong-xi yi jiehe 中西医结合). ! was surpriscd to ﬁnd a Jingshen Ke 精神科 (mcntal hcalth clinic) in this small hospital, which was not a common division in zhongyi hospitals. From thc inlormation providcd in thc various postcrs, picturcs, and banncrs in this location, ! rccognizcd quitc a lcw namcs ol lamous scnior doctors (laozhongyi 老中医) and prolcssors, who wcrc invitcd to work part timc thcrc, whilc kccping thcir pcrmancnt positions in othcr hospitals and rcscarch or tcaching institutcs. Tcir prcscncc madc this small hospital popular. Somc ol my intcrvicws with paticnts wcrc carricd out in this small hospital. Tc cconomic rclorms that gaincd momcntum in thc .µ·cs and thc movc mcnt toward thc lrcc markct systcm havc changcd thc lacc ol zhongyi practicc in an important way. Tc ncw cconomic policics havc cncouragcd thc ﬂow ol zhongyi knowlcdgc and practitioncrs lrom thc largc statc institutions to smallcr community clinics and privatc hospitals.⁶⁰ Not only do wcllcstablishcd scnior doctors run thcir own privatc clinics, but thc young graduatcs ol zhongyi col lcgcs and univcrsitics may also cngagc in sidclinc busincsscs.⁶' 8ctwccn largc statcsponsorcd institutions and smallcr or privatcly owncd practiccs, thcrc is no strict boundary but a constant ﬂow ol knowlcdgc and rcsourccs. Ðuring my rcsidcncy in 8cijing, ! staycd in a community whcrc my parcnts livcd and whcrc lamilics had known onc anothcr lor a long timc and sharcd many social occasions. !n this community ! was a truc participant in cvcry scnsc, visiting my ncighbors, hclping out and bcing hclpcd, listcning to gossip in thc mail room, and talking to pcoplc whilc taking a walk in thc ncighbor hood parks. Not only did ! obscrvc daily social and cmotional intcractions and actual managcmcnt ol cmotional crisis and illncsscs, but ! was also somctimcs part ol that proccss. Formcr classmatcs, lricnds, and rclativcs wcrc also valu ablc rcsourccs lor my rcscarch. ! was givcn acccss to thcir mcdical rccords and prcscriptions and was allowcd to accompany thcm to scc a doctor. Vith thcm, ! 14 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS carricd out lcngthy and indcpth intcrvicws rcgarding thcir pcrsonal and cmo tional cxpcricncc. ! undcrstood thcm and sharcd many ol thcir worrics, anxict ics, conlusions, and hopcs. THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BOOK !n this introduction, ! havc outlincd somc thcorctical and conccptual consid crations that arc ccntral to a cultural undcrstanding ol qingzhi disordcrs in contcmporary practicc ol Chincsc mcdicinc and introduccd thc cthnographic subjccts and scttings. ! situatc my rcscarch in thc anthropological discoursc ol body, cmotion, illncss, and mcdicinc. ! show how my study is rclatcd to and diﬀcrcnt lrom othcr rclcvant studics thcorctically and cmpirically. Chaptcr a discusscs thc continuity and modcrn translormation ol Chincsc mcdicinc. Ònc purposc ol this chaptcr is to historicizc thc lorm ol zhongyi practicc in con tcmporary China. !t cxplorcs how thc manilold historical cvcnts and lorccs sincc thc latc ninctccnth ccntury havc bccn at work in shaping thc traditional indigcnous “yi (mcdicinc)” into prcscnt day cosmopolitan zhongyi. Tis chaptcr also sccks to ground “modcrn” zhongyi in an cpistcmological tradition that ap proachcs knowlcdgc, thcory, and practicc diﬀcrcntly lrom that ol thc modcrn Vcstcrn scicncc and that givcs Chincsc mcdicinc a scnsc ol continuity lrom its distant and rcccnt past. Chaptcr ¸ cxplorcs thc Chincsc world ol body pcrson (shenti), through thc analysis ol cultural scmantics and acsthctics ol shenti cmbodicd in thc way Chincsc talk about thcir body and cxpcricncc thc “loss ol balancc” (shitiao 失调) or “bcing in discord” (weihe 违和). ! show that thc way Chincsc paticnts cxpcricncc qingzhi disordcrs and thc Chincsc mcdical thcrapcutic proccss in hcaling thcm arc proloundly cmbcddcd in thc cultural scnsibilitics and thc mcanings ol body, pcrson, and socicty. !n othcr words, thc cultural acsthctics and valucs pcrsistcnt in Chincsc socicty arc cmbodicd and arc thus particularly visiblc whcn thc bodypcrson is in “discasc.” Chaptcr ¡, locusing spcciﬁcally on thc Chincsc conccpt ol “qingzhi” (cmotionmind), cxplorcs thc sociocultural and cthnomcdical contcxts whcrc qingzhi and disor dcrcd qingzhi arc lormulatcd, talkcd about, and cxpcricnccd. Chaptcrs ¸ and 6 cxaminc thc mcaning and thc catcgorization ol qingzhi disordcrs in rclation to thc zhongyi clinical proccss ol “diﬀcrcntiation ol syndromcs and dctcrmination ol thcrapics” (bianzheng lunzhi 辩正论治). Chaptcr , oﬀcrs a closc cxamination ol an actual lacctolacc clinical intcraction, which shows how thc syndromc ol a particular qingzhi disordcr is dcﬁncd through ordinary clinical work and how thc proccss ol tiao (attuning) works to translorm thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc. Finally, Chaptcr , oﬀcrs somc gcncral conclusions bascd on prcvious analysis and discussions. !t is cvidcnt that qingzhi disordcrs—illncsscs rcsultcd lrom disordcrcd cmotions and social diﬃcultics—in contcmporary Chincsc mcdi cinc oﬀcr a mcaninglul lorm and a viablc languagc lor Chincsc paticnts to makc scnsc ol thcir suﬀcrings and a practicablc rcgimcn to managc a livcd body that lalls out ol ordcr. I NTRODUCTI ON 15 Troughout thc book, Chincsc mcdicinc is uscd intcrchangcably with zhongyi to rclcr to thc prolcssional Chincsc mcdicinc practiccd in contcmpo rary China and its classic lorm ol scholarly mcdicinc, lrom which thc prcscnt day zhongyi has cvolvcd and translormcd. Accordingly, xiyi and Vcstcrn mcdi cinc, its dircct translation, arc also uscd intcrchangcably to rclcr to thc lorm ol biomcdicinc practiccd in modcrn China. Translation ol Chincsc mcdical tcrminology provcs to bc a diﬃcult task. My translation docs not lollow onc singlc sourcc. !nstcad, ! consultcd various sourccs⁶´ and dccidcd on thc oncs ! lccl bcst rcﬂcct my undcrstanding ol thc tcrms in thc contcxt. !n othcr words, thc translation itscll may not bc minc, but thc choicc is. Somc Chincsc tcrms arc uscd untranslatcd, such as qi and yin-yang, which havc bccn largcly acccptcd as ¡nglish words. For othcr commonly uscd tcrms that appcar rcpcatcdly in this book and ol which no simplc ¡nglish translation is suﬃcicnt to capturc an array ol mcanings, such as qingzhi, ! tcnd to usc thc original Chincsc tcrm in pinyin transcript, which is supplcmcntcd with a suggcstcd ¡nglish translation at lcast whcn it appcars lor thc ﬁrst timc in thc chaptcr. Chincsc charactcrs ol thc tcrm arc also providcd at lcast oncc in a chaptcr. ! apprcciatc thc challcngc that this makcs lor nonChincsc rcadcrs, but ! lccl that it was important to includc Chincsc charactcrs lor thosc rcadcrs who rcad Chincsc and dcpcnd on charactcrs lor spcciﬁc mcanings and sourccs ol thc tcrms. This page intentionally left blank. 17 I I Chinese Medicine: Continuity and Modern Transformations Although ! did not cxpcct to ﬁnd “purc” Chincsc mcdicinc in practical clinical work, obscrving doctors in zhongyi 中医 (Chincsc mcdicinc) clinics handling thc rcsults ol various biomcdical tcsts and cxaminations with considcrablc con ﬁdcncc and skill was imprcssivc. Zhongyi doctors and studcnts ! mct in 8cijing tcnd to scc zhongyi and xiyi 西医 (Vcstcrn mcdicinc) as complcmcntary and that both havc thcir particular strcngths (youshi 优势) in trcating illncsscs. Tcy agrcc that nowadays, a good zhongyi doctor has to bc knowlcdgcablc in xiyi as wcll. Paticnts also sccm to lack rcspcct lor thc boundarics bctwccn thcsc two diﬀcrcnt mcdical practiccs. Tcy do not hcsitatc to show zhongyi doctors thc rcsults ol thcir rcccnt clcctrocnccphalograms or CAT scans and to discuss thcir prcvious clinical cncountcrs in biomcdical hospitals. Zhongyi physicians arc cxpcctcd not only to undcrstand biomcdical tcst rcsults but also to bc ablc to usc biomcdical conccpts and tcrms.' Tcy, too, somctimcs ordcr laboratory tcsts lor a paticnt and takc his/hcr blood prcssurc or prcscribc biomcdicincs, oltcn at a paticnt’s rcqucst.´ Tc inﬂucncc ol modcrn scicncc and its cpistcmology on thc practicc and organization ol prolcssional Chincsc mcdicinc has bccn so cxtcnsivc that thc vcry idcntity ol zhongyi practicc as “traditional mcdicinc” (chuantong yixue 传统医学) calls lor rcﬂcction. Morcovcr, Chincsc pcoplc do not sccm to bc conluscd at all as to which systcm is Chincsc and which is not. Zhongyi vcrsus xiyi rcmains a signiﬁcant distinction rccognizcd by both mcdical prolcssionals and thc gcncral popu lation. Paticnts choosc to utilizc zhongyi or xiyi, or a combination ol both` according to commonly rccognizcd lcaturcs ol thc diﬀcrcnt mcdical systcms in rclation to thcir spcciﬁc illncsscs or illncss cpisodcs, knowlcdgc, prcvious cxpcricnccs, and othcr practical conccrns, such as cost and convcnicncc. Ju dith Farqhuar, in hcr book Knowing Practice, argucs lor “historical toughncss” and cpistcmological distinctivcncss ol this nonVcstcrn hcaling practicc.⁴ “Tc 18 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS practical logic” ol zhongyi and “its ways ol sccking cﬃcacy” obscrvcd by Far quhar in thc .µ·cs rcmaincd largcly truc in thc .µµcs whcn my study bcgan. Tc prcscnt situation ol zhongyi has to bc undcrstood both in its continuity as a body ol mcdical knowlcdgc and practiccs that havc bccn cvolving lor morc than two thousand ycars and as thc product ol thc particular historical momcnt ol thc modcrn cra. MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 8clorc Vcstcrn mcdicinc bcgan to strcam into China in thc lattcr hall ol thc ninctccnth ccntury, thc indigcnous mcdicinc in China was simply callcd “yi” (mcdicinc). Historically, yi cocxistcd and intcractcd with othcr hcaling prac ticcs, such as shamanic and rcligious hcalings. Tc boundarics among thcm in practicc might not bc clcar cut. Howcvcr, it was documcntcd that as carly as thc Spring and Autumn ol thc Zhou Ðynasty (,,c–¡,6 ncv) yi had acquircd an idcntity distinctivc lrom wu 巫 or zhu 祝 (shamanic/spiritual hcaling) in its thcrapcutic rationalization and tcchnology.⁵ Yi 医 (mcdicinc), as thc his torical sourcc ol today’s zhongyi, rclcrs mainly to a body ol accumulatcd hcal ing knowlcdgc and practiccs bascd on a naturalistic cxplanation ol discasc and hcalth rationalizcd in thc languagc ol “yinyang” 阴阳 and “wuxing” 五行 (thc ﬁvc translormativc phascs),”⁶ and “passcd down by China’s cducatcd clitc.”⁷ Tc .µ¡µ lounding ol thc Pcoplc’s Rcpublic ol China is commonly rcc ognizcd as thc signiﬁcant historical momcnt that markcd a drastic transition in zhongyi practicc and cducation in China. According to thc contcmporary Chincsc historical narrativcs, bclorc thc Libcration (lounding ol PRC in .µ¡µ), zhongyi was “on thc vcrgc ol dying out” (binlin miewang 濒临灭亡) undcr thc old national govcrnmcnt’s discriminating policics against zhongyi, and it was with thc cstablishmcnt ol thc Ncw China that zhongyi “acquircd a ncw lilc” (huode xinsheng 获得新生).⁸ !n thc past, most traditional Chincsc mcdical doc tors wcrc individual practitioncrs working in thcir privatc clinics and pharma cics (oltcn not complctcly scparatcd lrom thcir living quartcrs). Tc practicc was gcncrally inhcritcd within a lamily or passcd down lrom a mastcr to dis ciplcs. Tc bcginning ol thc twcnticth ccntury witncsscd incrcasing zhongyi ac tivitics in cstablishing acadcmics and hospitals, organizing prolcssional groups, and standardizing thc knowlcdgc. Howcvcr, lacking in govcrnmcntal support and cndorscmcnt, thcsc activitics rcmaincd largcly wcak and localizcd. Tc modcrn institutionalization ol Chincsc mcdicinc startcd in thc mid .µ¸cs. Tc Chincsc Acadcmy ol Traditional Chincsc Mcdicinc, thc ﬁrst zhongyi institution dircctly undcr thc Ministry ol Public Hcalth, was sct up on Ðcccm bcr .µ, .µ¸¸, through thc mcrging ol ﬁvc diﬀcrcnt mcdical and rcscarch institu tions. Tc hospital whcrc ! did most ol my ﬁcld rcscarch was onc ol thc two zhongyi hospitals aﬃliatcd with thc acadcmy. Tcy wcrc among thc ﬁrst lcw zhongyi hospitals and collcgcs cstablishcd in thc mid.µ¸cs. !n .µ¸6, lour zhon- gyi collcgcs wcrc cstablishcd rcspcctivcly in 8cijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 19 Chcngdu to train advanccd Chincsc mcdical doctors and pharmacists. Fol lowing this trcnd, many provincial govcrnmcnts cstablishcd thcir own highcr cducational institutions ol Chincsc mcdicinc. At thc samc timc, thc individual practitioncrs ol Chincsc mcdicinc who had bccn working in privatc clinics wcrc invitcd to trcat paticnts in hospitals, and many ol thcm wcrc assimilatcd into thc diﬀcrcnt lcvcls ol public hcalth institutions. “Tc divcrsc and scattcrcd practitioncrs ol traditional mcdicinc, with thcir small acadcmics and lamily clinics, wcrc organizcd into a rapidly growing national hicrarchy ol clinical and acadcmic institutions.”⁹ Howcvcr, to undcrstand thc contcmporary situation ol zhongyi in China, wc should also pay attcntion to thc manilold historical lorccs that havc bccn at work in shaping yi into today’s zhongyi sincc thc sccond hall ol thc ninctccnth ccntury whcn China was translormcd abruptly into a shattcrcd scmicolonial socicty. Tc practicc ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc in China bclorc thc sccond hall ol thc ninctccnth ccntury was practically insigniﬁcant.'⁰ !t did not posc a scrious challcngc to Chincsc mcdicinc until thc turn ol thc ccntury whcn Vcstcrn mcdicinc, armcd with modcrn cxpcrimcntal scicncc and importcd into China togcthcr lollowing thc Vcstcrn military powcrs and thc Christian God,'' cs tablishcd its pcrmancnt prcscncc in China. Howcvcr, lor many rclormmindcd intcllcctuals and rcvolutionarics, what Vcstcrn mcdicinc oﬀcrcd at thc turn ol thc ccntury was not as much cﬀcctivc hcaling as thc promisc ol Vcstcrn scicn tiﬁc culturc lor national salvation.'´ Tc dccadcs ol humiliation lollowing thc brutal cncountcr with thc modcrn Vcstcrn civilization sct many intcllcctuals to scarch lor “salvation” bcyond thc boundary ol thcir own civilization. Vcstcrn scicncc bccamc a powcrlul intcllcctual rcsourcc that thc Chincsc rclormists and rcvolutionarics drcw on lor an cxtcnsivc cultural criticism ol thcir own tradition, rcaching its climax in thc May ¡ movcmcnt in .µ.µ. “Mr. Scicncc” (Sai Xianshcng 赛先生), as wcll as “Mr. Ðcmocracy” (Ðc Xianshcng 德先生), bccamc an ovcrwhclming voicc in twcnticthccntury China, so powcrlul that, as Hu Shi dcclarcd in .µa¸, “thcrc is not a singlc pcrson who calls himscll a modcrn man and yct darcs opcnly to bclittlc scicncc.”'` Vithin this historical atmosphcrc, thc tcnsion and polarity bctwccn Chi ncsc and Vcstcrn lcarning wcrc obvious. Tis can bc sccn in thc labcls that idcn tiﬁcd traditional Chincsc scholarship as “Chincsc lcarning” (zhongxue 中学), “national lcarning” (guoxue 国学), or “old lcarning” (jiuxue 旧学), thc Vcstcrn knowlcdgc as “Vcstcrn lcarning” (xixue 西学) or “ncw lcarning” (xinxue 新学). Accordingly, indigcnous mcdicinc (yi) bccamc “Chincsc mcdicinc” (zhongyi 中医), “national mcdicinc” (guoyi 国医), or “old mcdicinc” (jiuyi 旧医), whilc thc biomcdicinc bccamc “Vcstcrn mcdicinc” (xiyi 西医) or “ncw mcdicinc” (xinyi 新医).'⁴ 8uilding a strong “ncw China” undcr thc guidancc ol a scicntiﬁc spirit has bccn thc dominant national scntimcnt lrom thc bcginning ol thc twcn ticth ccntury to thc prcscnt. !t is rcitcratcd in thc contcmporary discoursc ol thc Four Modcrnizations, which draws hcavily lrom thc historical cxpcricncc 20 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ol thc Chincsc pcoplc at thc turn ol thc ccntury. Tc phrasc backwardncss incurring humiliation (luohou jiuyao aida 落后就要挨打) is a lrcqucntly uscd rhctoric in both oﬃcial and popular discoursc. Ðuring thc Rcpublic pcriod, attcmpts at climinating zhongyi wcrc a con stant thrcat to thc zhongyi prolcssion. Zhongyi, sccn as a partncr ol thc old lcudal culturc and incompatiblc with modcrn scicntiﬁc thinking, was an ob staclc on thc way to “wholchcartcdmodcrnization.” !n .µ.¡ Vang Ðaxic, thc ministcr ol cducation ol thc govcrnmcnt ol Northcrn warlords (.µ.a–a,), dc clarcd that “\|thc govcrnmcnt\| had madc up its mind to climinatc thc traditional Chincsc mcdical systcm and discard thc usc ol Chincsc matcrial mcdica.”'⁵ Òn thc occasion ol thc ﬁrst convcntion ol thc Ccntral Committcc lor Public Hcalth ol thc Kuomingtang govcrnmcnt in .µaµ, a lcw mcmbcrs ol a commit tcc hcadcd by Yu Yunxiu prcscntcd a motion to “wipc out obstaclcs in hygicnc work by climinating thc traditional Chincsc mcdicinc systcm.”'⁶ Many intcl lcctuals within thc Communist Party in thc .µacs and ¸cs also argucd vigor ously against traditional mcdicinc.'⁷ !n thc dccadcs ol advcrsity, zhongyi, in rcsistancc to oﬃcial and clitc prcs surc and in adaptation to thc compctition ol xiyi lor cconomic and politi cal rcsourccs, translormcd itscll in scvcral important ways. First, whcn lacing thc cxtcrnal challcngc ol an alicn knowlcdgc systcm ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc, thc intcrnal tcnsion among divcrsc doctrincs and intcrprctations ol Chincsc mcdicinc was rcduccd. Prior to its cncountcr with Vcstcrn mcdicinc, Chi ncsc mcdicinc lrom thc SongYuan pcriod (µ6c–.¸6· ~b) was charactcrizcd by tcnsion bctwccn diﬀcrcnt schools ol mcdical doctrincs.'⁸ ¡spccially, lrom thc cnd ol thc Ming dynasty (.¸6·–.6¡¡ ~b) whcn thc school ol lcbrilc/warm ill ncsscs (wenbing xuepai 温病学派) cmcrgcd, thc compctition and cvcn hostility bctwccn thc school ol cold damagc illncsscs (shanghan 伤寒) and thc lcbrilc/ warm illncss (wenbing 温病) school bccamc incrcasingly lurious as il thcy wcrc as “incompatiblc as watcr and ﬁrc.”'⁹ Tc rcduction ol intcrnal tcnsion was duc as much to intcntional cﬀorts to lorm a unitcd lront against cncroachmcnt ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc as to thc lact that in rclcrcncc to Vcstcrn mcdicinc, thc common intcllcctual loundations and sharcd qualitics ol thc diﬀcrcnt schools ol Chincsc mcdicinc suddcnly stood out. Tc diﬀcrcnccs in knowlcdgc inhcri tancc, in intcrprctation ol mcdical conccpts in thc classics, and in cmphasis on particular illncss lactors (bingyin 病因) and illncss mcchanisms (bingji 病机) bccamc lcss signiﬁcant. Focusing on thc common charactcrs ol Chincsc mcdi cinc in antithcsis to Vcstcrn mcdicinc, thc knowlcdgc ol Chincsc mcdicinc was incvitably rcconstructcd and shapcd into a morc cohcrcntly rcprcscntcd body ol knowlcdgc. Tc rhctoric ol “contcntion bctwccn diﬀcrcnt schools ol mcdical thought” (xuepaizhizheng 学派之争) was ovcrshadowcd by thc discoursc ol zhongyi vcrsus xiyi. Sccond, in rcaction to thc oﬃcial attcmpts to dclcgitimizc thc practicc and tcaching ol zhongyi in thc .µacs and ¸cs, thc zhongyi practitioncrs and pharma cists wcrc mobilizcd to stagc national protcsts, which did lorcc thc govcrnmcnt CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 21 to stcp back lrom its radical policics to abandon Chincsc mcdicinc.´⁰ Tcsc protcsts also lcd to thc cstablishmcnt ol thc national organization ol Chincsc mcdicinc.´' Zhongyi at this momcnt bcgan to scc cmcrgcnt prolcssional com munitics and institutions. !n thc two dccadcs bctwccn thc .µacs and ¸cs, about scvcnty zhongyi schools and nincty zhongyi prolcssional organizations wcrc sct up nationally. Although thcsc institutions wcrc still largcly rcgional, thcir inﬂu cnccs cut across thc boundarics maintaincd in thc past by thc vcrtical rclation ship bctwccn mastcrs and disciplcs, and thc practitioncrs bccamc awarc ol thcir common idcntity as zhongyi (Chincsc mcdical practitioncrs).´´ Finally, many analyscs ol Chincsc mcdicinc ol this pcriod cmphasizc thc thcmc ol nationalism, which idcntiﬁcd zhongyi as “national csscncc” (guocui 国粹) and thus an important basis lor its modcrn lcgitimacy.´` !n thc casc ol zhonyi, howcvcr, thc voicc ol prcscrving “national csscncc” did not go lar. !t was ridiculcd as conscrvativc and unpractical both bclorc and altcr .µ¡µ. Altcr all, thc succcss ol zhongyi could not bc bascd solcly on its “antiqucncss” that nccdcd to bc prcscrvcd, but lay in its valuc as a practiccd and organizcd way against discascs comparablc to Vcstcrn mcdicinc in thc modcrn world. Tc voiccs that had lasting inﬂucncc on thc modcrn lorm ol zhongyi camc lrom thc discus sions and publications that locuscd on intcgrating zhongyi and xiyi (zhongx- iyi huitong 中西医汇通) rcprcscntcd by rcnowncd Chincsc physicians, such as Zhang Xichun (.·6c–.µ¸¸) and Yun Ticqiao (.·,·–.µ¸¸). Yun rcalizcd that “zhongyi has no way out but to dcal with Vcstcrn mcdicinc” and that “zhongyi has dcmonstratcd its capacity ol intcgrating and cvolving, and it will surcly absorb thc strcngth ol xiyi, and intcgratc it into its systcm to lorm a ncw zhon- gyi.”´⁴ Although how to intcgratc Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicincs rcmaincd a dcbatc lor a long timc to comc, cruditc Chincsc physicians rccognizcd thc nccd lor changc. Tcy cxpcctcd to scc a “ncw Chincsc mcdicinc” cmcrgc lrom communication and convcrgcncc with thc strcngths ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc. Tis articulation ol thc combination ol Chincsc mcdicinc and Vcstcrn mcdicinc continucs to inlorm thc discoursc and practicc ol Chincsc mcdicinc today. As discusscd abovc, thc lull lcgitimization and institutionalization ol Chi ncsc mcdicinc in thc carly .µ¸cs and thc latcr ycars undcr thc govcrnmcnt’s supporting policics was not without historical basis. Howcvcr, comparcd to indigcnous mcdical practiccs in othcr Asian socictics and in othcr parts ol thc world, thc idcological support lor zhongyi cducation and practicc lrom thc ncw govcrnmcnt by thc Communist Party was unprcccdcntcd. !n lact, thc ﬁrst gcncration ol lcadcrship ol PRC, including Mao Zcdong, Zhou ¡nlai, and Liu Shaoqi, gavc instructions rcgarding incorporating zhongyi into thc lormal hcalth carc systcms ol thc ncw socicty.´⁵ At thc First National Conlcrcncc on Hcalth hcld in .µ¸c, Mao callcd lor “uniting all thc hcalth carc workcrs, thc old and ncw, Chincsc and Vcstcrn, to lorm a strong unitcd lront linc lor thc causc ol pcoplc’s hcalth.” Tc principlc ol “uniting Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdical prolcssionals” (tuanjie zhongxiyi 团结中西医), and latcr “giving cqual cmphasis to both Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicincs” (zhongxiyi bingzhong 中西医并重) 22 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS has bccn thc basic approach to dcvcloping thc dual statc hcalth systcm. Mao’s lamous commcnt ol .µ¸· that “Chincsc mcdicinc and pharmaccutics arc a grcat trcasurc housc, and (wc) must makc all cﬀorts to uncovcr it and raisc its stan dard”´⁶ has bccn lrcqucntly quotcd to givc zhongyi an oﬃcial voicc and political status. Chincsc writings on modcrn zhongyi history tcnd to crcdit thc Chincsc Communist Party (CCP)’s “historical matcrialistic attitudc toward thc cultural lcgacy” (dui wenhua yichan de lishi weiwuzhuyi taidu 对文化遗产的历史唯物主义态度) with much ol thc rcsponsibility lor thc last growing ol zhongyi altcr thc cstablishmcnt ol thc PRC. !t is said that such a historicism rccognizcs thc valuc ol zhongyi as accumulatcd knowlcdgc and cxpcricncc against discascs throughout a long history ol “practiccs ol thc masscs” and calls lor “inhcriting” (jicheng 继承) and “dcvcloping or carrying lorward” (fazhan 发展) thc tradi tional Chincsc mcdicinc. Tc ncw govcrnmcnt’s strong support lor zhongyi also camc lrom practical considcrations. At thc timc whcn thc Communists took powcr, thc country’s public hcalth situation was appalling, and biomcdical rcsourccs wcrc scarcc and uncvcnly distributcd.´⁷ Scholars arc gcncrally convinccd that thc lormidablc task lor thc ncw govcrnmcnt to providc a largc population with basic hcalth carc motivatcd thc policy makcrs to bring thc traditional Chincsc mcdical practitioncrs into thc public hcalth construction. Ònc ol thc most cﬀcctivc ap proachcs that charactcrizcd thc rcvolution lcd by thc CCP was thc cmphasis on mobilizing thc masscs, that is, working with whatcvcr lorccs possiblc to lorm “a unitcd lront” (tongyi zhanxian 统一战线) against thc main cncmy ol thc timc. At thc timc, Chincsc mcdicinc, which did not havc thc clitc status ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc, was morc aligncd with thc masscs to bc mobilizcd and incorporatcd into thc public hcalth programs. Tc slogan ol tuanjie zhongyi 团结中医 (unit ing with Chincsc mcdical workcrs) thus was not just a pragmatic stratcgy but also a politically signiﬁcant movc. Morcovcr, combining Vcstcrn and Chincsc mcdicincs lor a practical hcalth carc purposc was nothing ncw lor thc CCP.´⁸ Tc Communist Party, in its long pcriod ol armcd rcsistancc, accumulatcd cx pcricncc ol having both Chincsc and Vcstcrn doctors work togcthcr in its basc arcas. Tc policy to cncouragc both Chincsc and Vcstcrn doctors to lcarn lrom cach othcr (huxiang xuexi 互相学习) workcd wcll to producc a coopcrativc rclationship bctwccn thc Chincsc and Vcstcrn doctors, which was not lound outsidc CCP’s libcratcd bascs (jiefangqu 解放区).´⁹ Arguably, thc combination ol Vcstcrn and Chincsc mcdicincs (zhong-xiyi jiehe 中西医结合) lor practical purposc has bccn largcly a continuous hcalth carc policy lor thc CCP, although it has not gonc without controvcrsics at thc thcorctical lcvcl.`⁰ As shown abovc, thc drastic translormation ol Chincsc mcdicinc altcr .µ¡µ—thc hospitalbascd practicc, standardization ol knowlcdgc, and class roomccntcrcd cducation,—was built upon continuous changcs that happcncd during thc Rcpublic cra or cvcn carlicr. Tc movc to modcrnizc and scicntizc Chincsc mcdicinc had startcd long bclorc thc .µ¸cs.`' Zhongyi prolcssionals, CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 23 particularly thosc wcllknown physicians and staunch advocatcs ol zhongyi practicc and cducation in thc .µacs and ¸cs, wcrc willing participants and activc agcncics in thc proccss ol zhongyi translormation in thc .µ¸cs. As Schcid notcs, many ol thcm “bccamc kcy playcrs in thc shaping ol Chincsc mcdicinc altcr .µ¸¡.”`´ !n addition, thc ncwly acquircd political status and prolcssional spacc in thc oﬃcial hcalth carc systcm lurthcr motivatcd thc zhongyi community to align with thc political and practical goals ol thc ncw govcrnmcnt. THE PROBLEM OF THEORY AND CONTI NUI TY OF CHI NESE MEDI CI NE Modcrn zhongyi writings habitually makc discursivc conncctions bctwccn thc prcscnt practiccs and past achicvcmcnts to highlight thc continuity ol thc prcs cnt lrom thc ancicnt. Ðiscussions ol zhongyi basic thcorics incvitably citc thc Huangdi Neijing 黄帝内经 (Ycllow ¡mpcror’s !nncr Classics)`` lor laying out thc thcorctical loundations ol Chincsc mcdicinc.`⁴ Similarly, thc cxposition ol lormulas (fangjixue 方剂学) consistcntly crcdits thc ancicnt books on lormulas (jingfang 经方), cspccially Zhang Zhongjing’s Shanghan Zabing Lun 伤寒雜病论 (Ðiscussions ol Cold Ðamagc and various Ðisordcrs) lor sctting up thc basics lor Chincsc mcdical lormulas.`⁵ For many Vcstcrn scholars ol Chincsc mcdicinc, thc storics told by thc Chincsc physicians at bcst constitutc an imagincd continuity or a lalsc imprcs sion that thc socallcd zhongyi consists ol a wclldcﬁncd, uniﬁcd, and cohcrcnt systcm ol knowlcdgc comparablc to thc Vcstcrn biomcdicinc and “basically unchangcd sincc antiquity.`⁶ To thcm, this tradition has bccn markcd by con ccptual contradictions, hctcrogcncous origins, historical rupturcs, and con tinuous adjustmcnts to sociopolitical changcs.`⁷ Any historical narrativc is a lorm ol construction, thc story ol thc cvolution ol Chincsc mcdicinc is not an cxccption. Howcvcr, to assumc zhongyi scholars’ cmphasis on continuity and conncctions incvitably cntails a dcnial ol divcrsity and changcs is a misrcading rcﬂccting thc Vcstcrn cpistcmological bias that dichotomizcs unity (tongyi 同一) and divcrsity (chayi 差异). From thc pcrspcctivc ol thc Chincsc corrclativc way ol thinking cvidcnt in thc Chincsc philosophic rcﬂcctions and historical discourscs, continuity and crcativity or unity and divcrsity prcsupposc cach othcr. Tcy arc vicwcd as intcrdcpcndcnt, thus lorming a pair ol complcmcntary oppositions. For instancc, Shanghai Lun (Ðiscussion ol Cold Ðamagc) is considcrcd anothcr paramount achicvcmcnt in thc history ol Chincsc mcdicinc altcr thc publi cation ol Neijing (thc !nncr Classics). !ts author, Zhang Zhongjing, an ¡ast Han physician, was said to havc produccd thc highly innovativc trcatisc on trcating colddamagc rclatcd and othcr disordcrs, drawing on his intcnsivc studics ol various mcdical tcxts ol and bclorc his timc, including thc classic Neijing. His accomplishmcnt is oltcn talkcd about in tcrms ol continuity lrom thc prcvious monumcntal achicvcmcnts, such as Neijing. Yct thc contcnt ol 24 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Shanghan Lun shows an obviously diﬀcrcnt approach lrom Neijing. Neijing’s discussions ol “mcridian channcls” (jingluo 经络) and “visccral organ systcms” (zangfu 脏腑) lcaturc littlc in Zhongjing’s “six pattcrns ol diagnosis” (liu- jing bianzheng 六经辨证). Tc thcorctical claboration ol wuxing 五行 (ﬁvc translormativc phascs) lound in Neijing is complctcly abscnt lrom Shanghan Lun.`⁸ Howcvcr, hc drcw lrccly lrom thc ancicnt tcxts on lormulas (jingfang). 8y virtuc ol thc diﬀcrcnccs, innovations, and physician’s uniquc synthcsis ol thc past knowlcdgc with his own clinical practiccs and cxpcricnccs, Shang- han Lun positions itscll in a particular rclationship to Neijing and thcrclorc constitutcs a continuity that not only brings thc past to thc prcscnt but also opcns ncw dircctions lor thc luturc. Tis corrclativc way ol cxplaining thc translormativc proccss ol Chincsc mcdicinc can bc lound in thc classic Chi ncsc thought ol “continuity through changcs” (tongbian 通变) traccablc to thc carlicst Chincsc philosophic rcﬂcctions in Yijing 易经 (8ook ol changcs)`⁹ and in thc languagc ol “inhcriting” (jicheng 继承) and “dcvcloping/carrying lorward” (fazhan 发展) ol thc modcrn discoursc ol “historical matcrialism” (lishi weiwuzhuyi 历史唯物主义). !ntcrcstingly, thc diﬀcrcnt cxplanation and usc ol mcdical conccpts and thc innovativc clinical approachcs in Shanghan Lun arc not vicwcd by Chincsc scholarphysicians as somcthing invalidating thc Neijing tcachings, similarly, thc Neijing doctrincs arc not uscd as thc basis to judgc and disqualily Shanghan Lun. 8oth arc cqually cstccmcd lor oﬀcring valid and invaluablc thcorctical and practical guidancc lor zhongyi clinical work and havc bccn studicd diligcntly by gcncrations ol Chincsc scholarphysicians. !n lact, Chincsc mcdical classics arc markcd by a lack ol consistcncy and, somctimcs, by obvious disagrccmcnts.⁴⁰ Yct Chincsc physicians sccm to takc thc divcrsity lor grantcd and arc not con ccrncd much by sccmingly conﬂicting statcmcnts in thc mcdical thcorics. Such is thc casc. Tc articulation ol thcory (lilun 理论) within Chincsc mcdicinc thcrclorc mcrits critical attcntion. Modcrn zhongyi scholarphysicians ncvcr lail to strcss that zhongyi pos scsscs “a distinctivc body ol thcorics” (dute de lilun tixi 独特的理论体系) groundcd in accc ycars ol practicc (shijian 实践), cmbodicd in cvcrincrcasing canonical tcxts (jingdian lunzhu 经典论著), and manilcstcd in thc virtuosity ol cxcmplary physicians (dayi 大医). ¡xpcricnccd scnior physicians ol thc modcrn timc invariably cmphasizc thc rclcvancc ol Chincsc mcdical thcorics (lilun 理论) in clinical practiccs.⁴' Scnior doctors somctimcs complain that thc youngcr gcncration ol Chincsc mcdical doctors has not paid suﬃcicnt attcntion to zhongyi thcorics. My zhongyi tcachcr claimcd that thc qucstions and cvcn thc scqucncc ol qucstions hc asks during a clinical consultation arc not random at all, likc thc thcrapcutic actions hc chooscs and thc lormulas hc dcsigns, all havc a thcorctical basis (lilun genju 理论根据). Hc lrcqucntly cautioncd his studcnt doctors who wcrc busy taking notcs that it would not hclp with thcir clinical work no mattcr how many lormulas thcy took down il thcy did not undcr stand thc undcrlying logic ol his qucstions and his thcrapcutic dccisions. Tc CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 25 scnior doctor’s claim was somctimcs vcriﬁcd by youngcr doctors’ lrustrations. My lricnd, Ðr. Vang, oncc complaincd, “Vc usc a scnior doctor’s lormula thc samc way as hc did, but wc ncvcr gct thc samc cﬀcct.” Tcn, what do Chincsc scholarphysicians actually mcan whcn thcy talk about zhongyi lilun (Chincsc mcdical thcorics) or simply yili 医理 (mcdical thcorics), and in what scnsc thcsc lilun arc considcrcd “distinctivc.” Tc Chincsc charactcr li 理 has thc mcaning ol naturally lormcd pattcrns or rclations within thc dynamic proccss ol things (shiwu 事物). As a vcrb, li mcans to “tracc out” or “map out” thc “corrclatcd dctails and thc cxtcndcd pat tcrn ol rclationships.”⁴´ Lilun (thcory) in Chincsc mcdicinc is rathcr a discus sion ol and a rcasoning out ol thc concrctc and complicatcd rclations among all thc lactors rclcvant to a particular illncss coursc and manipulating thc particular rclations to cﬀcct a curc. Zhongyi lilun as shown in thc canonical tcxts cmploys a languagc ol imagcry and mctaphor (xingxiang siwei yuyan 形象思维语言) and allows dircct acccss to concrctc dctails and nuanccs. As such, lilun in thc contcxt ol Chincsc mcdicinc should not bc undcrstood as rclcrring to a cohcr cnt sct ol normativc principlcs distinguishcd lrom practicc. Accordingly, thc canonical Chincsc mcdical tcxts should not bc rcad as norms or standardizcd mcthods by which practicc is produccd. Chincsc mcdical classics, as Farquhar argucs, “lunction morc as allcgorical rcsourccs lor clinical thinking than as ﬁrst principlcs.”⁴` Zhongyi lilun arc sccn as typically cmbodicd in thc canonical tcxts, and lcarning thcm by hcart is thc way to mastcr Chincsc mcdical thcorics.⁴⁴ As ! obscrvcd in clinics, a scnior doctor would lrcqucntly quotc a scntcncc or two lrom thc mcdical classics to show his studcnts thc conncction ol his prcscnt clinical action to past knowlcdgc and practicc. Rclcrcncc to such knowlcdgc is morc than just providing “symbolic anchors” to thc past.⁴⁵ For many zhongyi doctors, thosc who mastcr thc mcdical classics wcll and arc ablc to conncct skilllully thcir own clinical actions to thc practiccs ol thc past mastcrs arc con sidcrcd strong in lilun. Tcy bclicvc that classical lcarning lunctions as a loun dation lor zhongyi clinical thinking. Tc traditional way ol bccoming a zhongyi physician involvcd ycars ol pcrsonal apprcnticcship to a mastcr physician and rcading and mcmorizing zhongyi canonical tcxts. Tc importancc ol knowing classical tcxts has bccn always cmphasizcd in thc prolcssion. Tc classic tcxts, such as Neijing (Tc !nncr Classics), Nanjing 难经 (Òn Ðiﬃcult Mcdical !ssucs), Shanghan Lun (Ðiscussions ol Cold Ðamagc), and Jinkui Yaolue 金匮要略 (Tc Goldcn Principlcs), had bccn rcquircd rcadings in mcdical cducation lor gcncrations until thc rcccnt past. Although, standardizcd tcxtbooks and classroom tcach ing arc thc dominant lorm ol contcmporary zhongyi cducation,⁴⁶ Neijing still “ﬁgurcs particularly promincntly in contcmporary tcaching ol thc thcorctical loundations ol Chincsc mcdicinc, scrving as a lund ol ultimatc cxplanations on which many modcrn writcrs draw.”⁴⁷ For advanccd studcnts ol Chincsc mcdicinc, a good knowlcdgc ol thc classical mcdical tcxts is indispcnsablc. 26 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Comparcd with modcrn biomcdical tcchnology, zhongyi’s powcr ovcr lilc and dcath is limitcd. Clinical actions thcrclorc involvc a comprchcnsivc awarcncss ol intcrdcpcndcnt conditions and rclations, a carclul wcighing ol all thc obvi ous or latcnt possibilitics, and a grasping ol thc momcnt ol opportunity lor action to bring about changcs. !n this scnsc, a good clinician nccds to cultivatc in himscll or hcrscll an almost intuitivc ability to disccrn subtlc changcs and multitudc rclations conccrning thc cntirc pathological condition and to ﬂcx ibly dcploy all thc rcsourccs availablc lor a succcsslul intcrvcntion.⁴⁸ A diligcnt study ol zhongyi classics is a timchonorcd way to lurthcr prcparc oncscll lor such complicatcd clinical tasks. Tc proccss ol lcarning mcdical classics is thcn a proccss ol lamiliarizing oncscll with thc way, thc stylc, and thc languagc by which a particular cxcmplary physician dcmonstratcd his art ol mcdicinc. Lcarning in this scnsc, similar to Hall and Amcs’ intcrprctation ol “lcarning” (xue 学) in Conlucian thinking, “rclcrs to an unmcdiatcd proccss ol bccoming awarc rathcr than a conccptually mcdiatcd knowlcdgc ol a world ol objcctivc lact.”⁴⁹ Practically, lilun in Chincsc mcdicinc is vcry much a summarizcd or tcx tualizcd lorm ol accumulatcd cxpcricncc lrom practicc (shijian jingyan 实践经验). !t providcs concrctc instanccs and cvcnts as modcls and rcsourccs lor organizing clinical actions. !n lact, a largc proportion ol thc publications con ccrning Chincsc mcdicinc throughout history havc bccn rccords ol mcdical cascs (yian 医案), trcatmcnt lormulac (fangshu 方书), and thc pcrsonal and prolcssional rcﬂcctions (xinde 心得) by rcnowncd scholarphysicians. Classic tcxts likc thcsc do not lunction to sct up standards or principlcs lor clinical practiccs, but to invokc, to cnrich, and to inspirc crcativitics.⁵⁰ Sincc thc .µ·cs, collcctions ol mcdical cascs by and biographic writings ol cxcmplary scholar physicians ol thc modcrn timc havc bccn publishcd in largc quantity and rcad by ncw gcncrations ol physicians. Tcory or knowlcdgc undcrstood in this scnsc is not a rcprcscntation ol any abstract undcrlying truth or objcctivc principlc and thcrclorc is not typi cally amcnablc to thc absolutc judgmcnt ol right or wrong. !t spcaks about thc succcss ol a particular momcnt with all its contingcncy and tcmporality. !t bccomcs “truth” or usclul knowlcdgc whcn it bccomcs rclcvant to onc’s own momcnt ol practicc and thus bccomcs an intcgral part ol thc proccss ol crcating that momcnt. An individual physician thcn bccomcs a ccntcr or a transmittcr that is both inhcriting (jicheng 继承) and dcvcloping (fazhan 发展) zhongyi knowlcdgc and bringing thc past into thc prcscnt and thc luturc. Tis “distinc tivc” stylc ol knowing is dccply rootcd in thc traditional Chincsc nontran sccndcntal and noncsscntialistic worldvicw⁵' rathcr than as thc product ol any psychologizcd Chincsc cognitivc dynamics.⁵´ As a mcdical tradition, Chincsc mcdicinc is quintcsscntially cmbodicd and transmittcd in thc momcnt ol clini cal practicc.⁵` !n its cmphasis ol pcrsonalizcd, tcxtualizcd, and accumulatcd cxpcricncc (jingyan) bascd on clinical practicc (shijian), thc modcrn world ol zhongyi dcmonstratcs its unity and continuity. CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 27 CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND DEBATES Zhongyi’s idcntity in modcrn timcs is ambiguous. !t is said to bc ancicnt (gulao 古老), traditional (chuantong 传统), and as such, is aligncd with thc past. !t is also claimcd as having “scicntiﬁc componcnts” (kexuexing 科学性) dcmon stratcd in its thcrapcutic cﬀcctivcncss. Yct it docs not ﬁt comlortably into thc paradigm ol modcrn scicntiﬁc mcdicinc. “Scicncc” (kexue), sincc thc carly twcn ticth ccntury, has bccn continuously cvokcd to both lcgitimizc and dclcgitimizc zhongyi and to justily thc zhongyi oﬃcial policics. Howcvcr, thc conccpt ol “kexue” (scicncc) docs not always mcan thc samc in diﬀcrcnt historical con tcxts. !n thc carly twcnticth ccntury, kexue mcant morc as thc Vcstcrn scicntiﬁc culturc—a ncw valuc systcm that providcd an intcllcctual rcsourcc lor China’s ncw cultural movcmcnt aimcd at ovcrhauling thc traditional Chincsc culturc, including Chincsc mcdicinc. From thc .µ¸cs to thc ,cs, kexue was aligncd with thc Maoist “dialcctical matcrialism” (weiwu bianzhengfa),” rclcrring morc to thc mcthodology or idcologically corrcct way in undcrstanding “laws or pat tcrns ol thc cxistcncc and dcvclopmcnt ol things” (shiwu fazhan de guilu 事物发展的规律) through thc unity ol thcory and practicc, to which zhongyi ﬁnds closcr aﬃnity than to thc cpistcmological loundation ol thc modcrn scicntiﬁc mcdicinc.⁵⁴ !n thc postMao cra, kexue is prcdominantly idcntiﬁcd with mod crn Vcstcrn cxpcrimcntal scicncc and is vicwcd as thc objcctivc knowlcdgc systcm, indcpcndcnt ol any cultural, idcological, and philosophical matrix. Tis rcading ol scicncc hclpcd to inspirc a surgc ol scicntism that has impactcd all thc domains ol thc contcmporary zhongyi ﬁcld. Using advanccd bioscicncc conccpts and tcchniqucs to cxplicatc zhon- gyi thcorics, cvaluatc clinical work, and chcmically analyzc Chincsc matcrial mcdica and lormulas has bccomc mainstrcam in zhongyi rcscarch. Tc zhongyi administration at its various lcvcls and thc rcgulations it imposcs arc also in crcasingly modclcd on thcir Vcstcrn countcrparts. !n somc arcas, thc “wcstcrn ization ol Chincsc mcdicinc” (zhongyi xiyi hua 中医西医化) is so scvcrc that it is satirizcd as “running a tcmplc as a church and having a pricst guiding monks” (siyuan dang jiaotang, shenfu guan heshang 寺院当教堂，神父管和尚).⁵⁵” Tc contcmporary systcm ol zhongyi cducation that valucs bioscicnccs morc than classic zhongyi thcorics as basic thcorctical loundations is now laultcd by many zhongyi scholarphysicians lor producing zhongyi prolcssionals who havc a hard timc idcntilying with zhongyi thcorics and mcthods or arc mcrcly “tcchnolo gists” knowing morc about trcating a mousc in a laboratory sctting than using zhongyi’s way ol rcasoning to trcat rcal paticnts (yong zhongyi siwei fangshi 用中医思维方式看病).⁵⁶ Many zhongyi scholars, cspccially scnior physicians, lcar that thc currcnt proccss ol “zhongyi modcrnization” lollowing thc biomcdical modcl will cut Chincsc mcdicinc lrom its cultural hcritagc (wenhua chengchuan 文化承传) and cvcntually rcndcr it lilclcss. Tc various conccrns lor zhongyi’s prcscnt situ ation and luturc havc bccn discusscd in a scrics ol controvcrsial articlcs undcr 28 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS thc titlc ol “Sombcr Rcﬂcctions on thc Ðcvclopmcnt ol Chincsc Mcdicinc” calling lor rcpositioning (chongxin dingwei 重新定位) or rcdcﬁning zhongyi in rclation to modcrn scicncc.⁵⁷ Tis discussion has cxtcndcd bcyond thc zhongy; prolcssion and has attractcd thc attcntion ol scholars lrom various disciplincs, including scicntists, historians, and philosophcrs, who, lrom thc pcrspcctivcs ol thcir own spccialtics, advancc various stratcgics to advocatc lor zhongyi’s indcpcndcnt cxistcncc and dcvclopmcnt apart lrom thc dominancc ol thc bio scicncc and its valuc systcm.⁵⁸ Tcsc stratcgics includc: (.) dctaching kexue (sci cncc) lrom thc narrowly dcﬁncd modcl ol thc modcrn cxpcrimcntal scicncc and rccognizing thc plurality ol scicnccs or knowlcdgc systcms, (a) aligning zhongyi with lronticr scicntiﬁc rcscarch, such as nonlincar and complcxity scicnccs, (¸) acknowlcdging zhongyi’s humanistic tradition (renwen chuantong 人文传统) ol not scparating thc natural world lrom thc human sphcrc and “scicntiﬁc” activi tics lrom mcaning systcms. Ònc thing is clcar, thc contcnding discourscs ol kexue (scicncc) arc continuing to shapc thc coursc ol zhongyi dcvclopmcnt. Tc contcmporary doctors ol Chincsc mcdicinc also tcnd to locatc lcgiti macy ol zhongyi in its cﬃcacy ol trcatmcnt (liaoxiao 疗效). For many doctors, cﬀcctivcncss indicatcs a scicntiﬁc valuc, as thcy likc to say “what is cﬀcctivc is scicntiﬁc” (youxiaode jiushi kexuede 有效的就是科学的). Tis statcmcnt ﬁnds its lorcc in Mao’s lamous words in On Practice (Shijian Lun 实践论) “practicc is thc critcrion ol thc truth” (shijian shi jianyan zhenli de biaozhun 实践是检验真理的标准), which was madc into powcrlul political rhctoric by thc postMao rclormists in China in thc carly .µ·cs. Yct, asscssing and dcmonstrating zhongyi cﬃcacy rcmains a problcm. Should zhongyi adopt thc biomcdical critcria and usc quantiﬁablc data bascd on laboratory tcsts to validatc thc claim ol cﬃcacy: !t sccms that zhongyi clinical rcscarch is moving toward such a dircction. As my zhongyi tcachcr told mc, “nowadays you can’t just say that a thcrapy works, you havc to show thc numbcrs (quantitativc data) and biological indications.” “To cstablish systcmatic and scicntiﬁc critcria lor asscssing zhongyi clinical cﬃcacy” is rccognizcd as onc ol thc urgcnt tasks ol prcscnt zhongyi clinical rcscarch.”⁵⁹ !t is also rcalizcd that using a biomcdical modcl to cvaluatc zhongyi thcra pics can lcad to scrious conscqucnccs, as shown by thc wcllknown incidcncc ol xiao chaihu tang (dccoction ol blupcuri).⁶⁰ Rcccnt dcbatc ovcr thc toxic sidc cﬀccts (du-fu zuoyong 毒副作用) ol zhongyao (Chincsc pharmaccutics) is an othcr cxamplc. !t raiscs thc qucstion: how should a toxic/sidc cﬀcct ol a Chi ncsc thcrapy bc cvaluatcd and dctcrmincd: Zhongyi scholarphysicians, such as Yuc Fcngxian and Lu Guangshcn, insist that whcn a Chincsc thcrapy is uscd outsidc ol its zhongyi contcxt, lor cxamplc prcscribcd by a biomcdical doctor bascd on thc biomcdical knowlcdgc, thc unintcndcd rcaction ol thc mcdica tion thcn should not bc labclcd as thc toxic sidc cﬀcct ol a zhongyao (Chincsc pharmaccutic). Tcy arguc that thc usc ol a Chincsc mcdical thcrapy has to bc dctcrmincd through thc proccss ol “diﬀcrcntiating pattcrns and dctcrmin ing thcrapics” (bianzheng lunzhi 辨证论治) as guidcd by zhongyi thcorics bc lorc onc can talk about a toxin or sidc cﬀcct ol that spcciﬁc Chincsc mcdical CONTI NUI TY AND MODERN TRANSFORMATI ONS 29 thcrapy.⁶' Similarly, should zhongyi cﬃcacy also bc tcstcd and cvaluatcd within its own thcorctical lramcwork and thcrapcutic cxpcctations: !n light ol thc incrcasingly globalizcd zhongyi prcscncc, Chincsc mcdicinc is lorccd to dcvclop its own systcm to asscss cﬃcacy that is both accommodating to zhongyi’s par ticularity and casily acccptcd by thc intcrnational community ol mcdicinc. Physicians and scholars ol Chincsc mcdicinc cmphasizc its social and cul tural valucs in addition to its thcrapcutic cﬀcctivcncss. Tcy insist that zhongyi is a hcaling systcm that “ﬁts Chincsc national conditions” (fuhe guoqing 符合国情), or that zhongyi has “thc support ol thc masscs” (you qunzhong jichu 群众基础). As many Chincsc mcdical prolcssionals havc rccognizcd, thc continuous cocxistcncc ol Chincsc mcdicinc with Vcstcrn mcdicinc in thc modcrn scicn tiﬁc cra in China dcpcnds on two mcasurcs, that is, to “improvc” (tigao 提高) its cﬃcacy and to “sprcad” (puji 普及) its knowlcdgc. Tc rclationship bctwccn thcsc two aspccts is vcry wcll capturcd in Lu’s (.µ··) introduction to a sct ol popularizcd zhongyi rcadings: !n ordcr to promotc Chincsc mcdicinc, it is cxtrcmcly important to tigao (raisc) thc rcscarch lcvcl ol prolcssional Chincsc mcdicinc. . . . Tc ccntral conccrn hcrc is to improvc clinical cﬃcacy and to illuminatc its logic by cm ploying modcrn scicntiﬁc mcthods in cvcry possiblc way. . . . Yct, thc proccss ol tigao cannot bc scparatcd lrom thc work ol puji (popularization). Vithout puji as loundation, tigao is no diﬀcrcnt lrom building a mansion in thc air. . . . Ònly altcr wc havc a largc population who undcrstand Chincsc mcdicinc, carc about its luturc, and arc willing to contributc to its causc, can wc havc a stablc loundation to dcvclop Chincsc mcdicinc.⁶´ Tc oﬃcial Chincsc mcdicinc, no mattcr how rigorous it has bccomc, is only a limitcd part ol thc pcrmissivc zhongyi culturc. To undcrstand Chincsc mcdicinc, onc’s gazc has to go bcyond thc institutions ol Chincsc mcdicinc and into thc communitics and lamilics. Many Chincsc lamilics practicc “lolk vcrsions” ol zhongyi, using hcrbal rcmcdics lor minor illncsscs or “as part ol con tinuing programs ol prcvcntivc homc carc.”⁶` Nowadays, in addition to kccping hcrbal mcdicincs at homc, lamilics tcnd to storc various kinds ol zhongchengyao 中成药 (rcadymadc Chincsc mcdicinc in lorms ol pills, powdcr, and small balls), which arc casy to undcrstand and casy to prcparc. Paticnts can gct thcm without prcscription in most pharmacics. Many hospitals arc cithcr associatcd with pharmaccutical companics or makc thc mcdications thcmsclvcs. Tcy cn couragc thcir staﬀ to dcvclop ncw mcdicincs.⁶⁴ ¡xpcricnccd zhongyi doctors cngagc thcmsclvcs in dcvcloping patcnt Chincsc mcdicinc bascd on classic hcrbal mcdicinc lormulas. Òn thc onc hand, this dcvclopmcnt makcs many classic rcmcdics rcadily availablc to pcoplc with modcrn lilcstylcs, who cithcr do not havc thc timc or thc knowlcdgc to prcparc hcrbal mcdicincs or do not carc to drink bittcr hcrbal concoctions. Òn thc othcr hand, thc casy acccss to zhongyi patcnt mcdicinc docs not comc without a compromisc. Tc ﬂcxiblc and individualizcd usc ol drugs bascd on cach paticnt’s particular condition, which 30 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS is thc corc ol a zhongyi thcrapy, gcts lost in thc simplc matching ol symptoms with thc standardizcd rcadymadc mcdicinc. Many homc mcdications arc lor trcating minor discasc and illncss, lor cx amplc, ﬂu and cold, indigcstion, and so on, but a closcr look rcvcals that many ol such thcrapics arc mcant lor thc complaints rclatcd to qingzhi disordcrs. Jicyu anshcn chongji 解郁安神冲剂 (mcdicinc to dispcl stagnatc cmotions and calm thc mind), a rcadymadc mcdicinc dcvclopcd by my zhongyi tcachcr, is mcant lor trcating cmotionrclatcd disordcrs, cspccially “stagnation syndromc” (yuzheng 郁证). ¡vcn many widcly uscd hcrbal “tonics” and mcdicinal loods, whilc lunctioning to nourish thc hcart and blood, arc takcn lor thc symptoms associatcd with thc cmotions. Apparcntly, culturc docs not cxist just as a way ol thinking or only in philo sophical rcﬂcctions. !t is also an cmbodicd scnsc ol ordcr—pcrsistcnt acsthctic valucs and oricntations cmbodicd in cvcryday bodily practiccs and social in tcractions. Tc Chincsc cultural acsthctics that prioritizc conncctions, trans lormations, and harmony manilcstcd in thc mundanc practicc ol cvcry day, arc also thc cultural sourccs grounding thc “scicncc” ol zhongyi and lcgitimizing its practicc. Tc ncxt chaptcr oﬀcrs a dctailcd discussion ol thc cmbodicd world ol Chincsc culturc. 31 I I I The Chinese World of Shenti (Body-Person) Phcnomcnologically inlormcd mcdical anthropology advocatcs a radical rolc lor thc body as “thc cxistcntial ground ol culturc.”' Tis “anthropology ol cm bodimcnt,” drawing on McrlcauPonty’s phcnomcnology ol pcrccption and 8ourdicu’s thcory ol practicc,. Tc conccpt ol “cmbodimcnt” with its intcndcd rcsistancc to mind/body and subjcct/objcct dichotomics in undcrstanding human cxpcri cncc lcnds a conccptual bridgc in talking about Chincsc conccptions and cxpc ricncc ol shenti 身体 (bodypcrson).´ !n my analysis ol qingzhi 情志 (cmotion) disordcr, ! scck to situatc thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol illncss and hcaling in thc contcxt ol “cmbodicd culturc.” 8y this, ! mcan thc pcrsistcnt and pcrvasivc cultural valucs and scnsibilitics that arc dccply rootcd in bodily practiccs ol thc cvcryday and thus havc bccomc “natural” or habitual ways ol bcing and doing lor thc local pcoplc. Tc idca is to makc “cmbodicd culturc,” or “cultural acsthct ics,” to lollow Robcrt Ðcsjarlais’ usc,` an intcrprctivc contcxt lor undcrstanding cmotionrclatcd disordcrs in thc contcxt ol contcmporary Chincsc mcdicinc. !n this chaptcr, ! considcr how ordinary Chincsc construc and cxpcricncc thcir bodics in cvcryday lilc, what mcanings and scnsibilitics such bodily knowlcdgc and dispositions cmbody and communicatc, and how thcsc scnsibilitics rcﬂcct a world oricntation ol thc pcoplc, which is also cmbodicd in thc knowlcdgc and practicc ol Chincsc mcdicinc. My conccrn is lundamcntally with mcaning and thc “lclt quality” ol cultural cxpcricnccs. Tis chaptcr ccntcrs on an cxploration ol thc Chincsc notion ol “shenti” (routincly translatcd as “body” in ¡nglish) and thc rclatcd catcgorics. 8clorc wc stcp into this Chincsc world, a critical cxamination ol thc Vcstcrn body in thc contcxt ol Chincsc culturc and mcdicinc is ncccssary, bccausc whcn wc usc thc ¡nglish word body as a ncutral analytical conccpt, thcrc is always thc possibility that wc unconsciously rcad thc ¡uroAmcrican body into thc cultural cxpc ricncc that is bascd on a diﬀcrcnt tradition ol cmbodimcnt, and “ncccssarily 32 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS import a varicty ol Vcstcrn valuc oricntations.”⁴ Tis problcm is particularly cvidcnt in thc discussions ol somatization in Chincsc socicty. THE PROBLEM OF SOMATI ZATI ON AND THE BODY Chincsc arc widcly bclicvcd to bc “particularly pronc to somatization.”⁵ A sim plc and lamiliar logic gocs: psychocmotional disordcrs arc psychobiological cntitics, whilc cultural lcgitimization ol cmotional disordcrs lcads to an cm phasis on thc psychological aspcct ol thc disordcrs, thc cultural stigmatization ol cmotional disordcrs lcads to an cmphasis on thc somatic aspccts ol such dis ordcrs.⁶ Psychologization and somatization arc thcrclorc sccn as two oppositc illncss constructions. Tc lormcr is dominant in Vcstcrn industrializcd socicty, and thc lattcr is charactcristic ol morc traditionoricntcd socicty, such as China, whcrc a “longstanding tradition ol rcprcssion ol cmotions lcads to utmost cmphasis on somatic dyslunctions.”⁷ Sccking hclp with Chincsc mcdicinc lor cmotionrclatcd disordcrs is an utmost cvidcncc ol Chincsc somatization.⁸ Yct my ﬁcldwork rcvcals that Chincsc paticnts lrcqucntly rclatc thcir sul lcrings to cmotional, psychological, and social lactors in thc clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc. As a mattcr ol lact, most paticnts ! obscrvcd in Shenjing Ke 神经科 (thc Clinic ol Ncuropathic Ðisordcrs) ol thc hospital prcscntcd cmotional distrcss as wcll as bodily complaints. !n my obscrvation, Chincsc paticnts havc no problcm with cmotions as a sourcc ol thcir suﬀcrings. Tcy arc morc likcly to hidc lrom othcrs thcir problcm ol inlcrtility rathcr than thcir lcclings ol angcr or sadncss.⁹ !n somc cascs, instcad ol “somatizing” thcir cmotional distrcss, Chincsc paticnts arc inclincd to rcjcct thc diagnosis ol an organic discasc. Ms. Vang’s casc is an cxamplc. Ms. Vang, in hcr ﬁltics, was diagnoscd as having coronary discasc (guanxin bing 冠心病) in a biomcdical hospital and was hospitalizcd lor onc month. Soon altcr shc was dischargcd lrom thc bio mcdical hospital, shc wcnt to scc a scnior zhongyi physician. Shc claimcd onc month ol hospitalization and mcdication lailcd to curc hcr illncss, and hcr symptoms bccamc cvcn worsc. Shc complaincd about a scnsc ol blockagc (du 堵) in hcr hcart, palpitation ol hcr hcart (xinhuang 心慌), lrcqucnt hicuups, diﬃculty slccping, dcplction ol swcat (xuhan 虚汗) and cold cxtrcmitics. Shc rcluscd to acccpt that shc had coronary discasc and insistcd that hcr illncss was angcr rclatcd (qide 气的). According to thc zhongyi doctor, thc paticnt suﬀcrcd lrom livcr qi stagnation (ganqi yujie 肝气郁结), obviously, a qingzhi (cmotion) rclatcd disordcr. For many paticnts, thc cmotionrclatcd quality ol thcir sul lcrings is prcciscly thc rcason why thcy comc to zhongyi.'⁰ Zhongyi doctors accordingly scc thcmsclvcs as particularly strong in trcating cmotionaﬀcctcd lunctional disordcrs, that is, qingzhi disordcrs. Most zhongyi doctors simply dismiss thc conccpt ol “somatization” as ir rclcvant, whcrcas Chincsc psychiatrists ﬁnd thcmsclvcs caught at thc ccntcr ol thc controvcrsy. Òn thc onc hand, thcy lccl it important to “ﬁt” in (jiegui 接轨) with thc intcrnational community ol psychiatric mcdicinc, on thc othcr hand, THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 33 thc cpistcmological tcnsion bctwccn thc Chincsc culturc ol hcalth and thc modcrn biomcdicinc has to bc addrcsscd. Many ol thcm qucstion thc gcncral application ol somatization and thc rclatcd conccpts to thc Chincsc contcxt and suggcst limiting its usc.'' For cxamplc, on thc onc hand, Xu argucs that Chincsc paticnts lrom thc rural arcas do not makc a distinction bctwccn or ganic and lunctional disordcrs. Òn thc othcr hand, paticnts lrom citics rcadily prcscnt cmotional symptoms and acknowlcdgc cmotions as thc sourcc ol thcir illncss in thc contcxt ol a good doctorpaticnt rclationship.'´ For thcm, “bodily distrcss and psychic suﬀcring arc intcgratcd and contcxtspcciﬁc.”'` !ndccd, as Yamamoto and collcagucs rcport, instcad ol ﬁnding somatizing Asians vcr sus dcprcssivc Caucasians as cxpcctcd, thcir study ol psychiatric outpaticnts in Calilornia rcvcals that symptoms ol both dcprcssion and lunctional somatic complaints arc highcr among thc Taiwancsc than in thc Caucasian comparison group.'⁴ Adding complcxity to this problcm ol somatization, Chincsc vcrbal cx prcssions cannot bc casily catcgorizcd as somatic and psychological. For cxam plc, common symptoms prcscntcd by Chincsc paticnts in thc clinic ol Chincsc mcdicinc, “blockagc in thc hcart” (xinli du 心里堵) and “vcxation” (xinfan 心烦) arc cxpcricnccd both somatically and psychologically. Zhcng and his collcagucs in thcir studics ol stylcs ol vcrbal cxprcssion ol cmotional and physical cxpcri cncc in China noticc that many ol thc Chincsc cxprcssions do not casily lall into thc catcgorics ol psychologization and somatization. Tcy havc to labcl thc samc cxprcssion, “do not want to do anything,” in onc placc as psychologi cal and in anothcr placc as somatic.'⁵ Apparcntly, Chincsc vcrbal cxprcssions ol distrcss arc mostly cxpcricntial, both cmotional and somatic, ncithcr purcly psychological nor purcly somatic. To catcgorizc cmbodicd cxpcricncc according to dualistic catcgorics can bc vcry conlusing. !n a way, this picturc ol somatizing Chincsc rcprcscnts a classic cxamplc ol thc Vcstcrn “cthnoccntrism” which, in this casc, involvcs rcdcﬁning thc Chincsc cxpcricncc within modcrn Vcstcrn biomcdical cpistcmology that prcsupposcs an csscntialistic distinction bctwccn mind and body, psychc and soma, and thus psychiatric and gcncral mcdical discascs. Tis biomcdical cpistcmology, as Fa brcga shows, postulatcs a “modcl ol illncss” that connccts illncss proccss and bchaviors to corrcspondcnt changcs in body and in mind.'⁶ Ðcviations lrom thcsc norms imply cithcr somatizing or, possibly, psychologizing. !n applying this dualistic modcl ol illncss to thc Chincsc illncss cxpcricncc, rcscarchcrs in lact crcatc thc vcry imagc ol somatizing Chincsc, which thcy bclicvc to bc thcir discovcry. !n lact, as illncss constructions, both somatization and psychologi zation arc products ol a cultural tradition that csscntializcs and dichotomizcs body and mind, and should only bc undcrstood in that contcxt. Tcy arc two way rcductions ol thc samc dualistic proccss. !ronically, somatization makcs much morc scnsc in thc contcxt ol modcrn Amcrican culturc. As Pollock points out, “Tc lundamcntal bilurcation ol pcr sons in Amcrican culturc into bodics and minds surcly lorms thc cultural and 34 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS historical ground lor thc parallcl lundamcntal bilurcation ol illncsscs into thc physical and thc mcntal, and ol prolcssional mcdical spccialtics into physical mcdicinc and psychiatry/clinical psychology.”'⁷ Vithin cach ol thcsc sphcrcs ol mcdicinc, conccptions ol illncss as wcll as lorms ol practicc tcnd to rcﬂcct and rcproducc thc basic aspcct ol Amcrican pcrsonhood. Amcrican paticnts arc noticcably oricntcd to this dualistic principlc ol body and mind. As Jcan Jackson shows in hcr study ol chronic pain, paticnts “protcst loud and clcar at any hint that a givcn pain is ‘cmotional’ and thcrclorc not ultimatcly produccd by a physical causc,” bccausc thcy arc awarc that thcir problcms could bc in tcrprctcd as “not rcal” or cxplaincd as mcntal illncss or “somc lorm ol charactcr ﬂaw.”'⁸ !n thc contcxt ol thc contcmporary gcncral biomcdical cpistcmology, a physical pain must bc accompanicd with a physical causc, thcrclorc, a givcn pain without a physical cxplanation implics an illncss “inauthcntic il not ﬁc tivc.”'⁹ Similarly, thc namc ol chronic latiguc syndromc (CFS) has bccn a topic ol controvcrsy lor somc timc in North Amcrica. Somc mcdical prolcssionals lccl thcy nccd to lcgitimatizc a disordcr by implying a biological basis, such as an immunc dyslunction or virus inlcction. Paticnts, too, do not likc thc labcl ol CFS. Tcy insist that without a rclcrcncc to a biological causc thcir suﬀcrings arc trivializcd.´⁰ Tis typc ol illncss cxpcricncc contrasts sharply with what ! obscrvcd in thc clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc, whcrc pain is simply pain cxpcri cncc and cvcnt, lcgitimatc in itscll, rcgardlcss ol whcthcr it is cmotionally or organically causcd.´' Tc cultural dualism that bilurcatcs thc Amcrican pcrson and mcdicinc has a ﬁrm grounding in thc Vcstcrn mainstrcam philosophic tradition, which lrom its classic bcginning posits inhcrcnt dctcrminatc csscncc as thc dcﬁning principlc lor things.´´ Tings arc diﬀcrcnt by virtuc ol thcir ﬁxcd csscnccs. Tc languagc ol csscntialism and thc scparation ol thc dctcrmining and thc dctcr mincd pavcd thc way lor thc postCartcsian lramcwork ol mind vcrsus body, which has sincc pcrmcatcd cvcry aspcct ol thc modcrn Vcstcrn commonscnsc world and groundcd thc Vcstcrn vicws ol naturc, culturc, thc individual, and socicty. Tcy arc not just “cognitivc habit”´` or a philosophic prcsumption, thcy arc social valucs and acsthctic oricntations cmbodicd in cvcryday practiccs ol thc pcoplc. Although thc csscntializcd matcrial body has bccn challcngcd in various postmodcrn writings, thc lundamcntal dualism ol mind/body “sccms to bc cs pccially diﬃcult to thcorizc into abandonmcnt.”´⁴ Ònc rcason lor this tcnac ity lics pcrhaps in thc ¡nglish languagc itscll. As Nancy ShcpcrHughcs and Margrct Lock point out, “wc lack a prccisc vocabulary with which to dcal with mindbodysocicty intcractions and so arc lclt suspcndcd in hyphcns, tcstilying to thc disconncctcdncss ol our thoughts.”´⁵ Vhcncvcr wc usc ¡nglish kcy tcrms, such as body, emotion, or disease, wc invokc a varicty ol cultural and philosophical assumptions. !n thc contcxt ol Chincsc mcdicinc, taking thcsc assumptions lor grantcd, wc in lact rcad an ontology ol substancc into a morc proccssoricntcd “ontology ol cvcnts,”´⁶ an THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 35 cpistcmology that privilcgcs structurc and lorm into a morc tcmporally or ganizcd proccss ol translormation, a rcprcscntation into morc cxpcricntially oricntcd prcscntation, and a strict dualism into corrclativcly situatcd polar rcla tions. Tc bodics that Chincsc mcdicinc works on and Chincsc paticnts cxpcri cncc takc diﬀcrcnt lorms and cntail a diﬀcrcnt sct ol vocabularics. A SEMANTI CS OF SHENTI ( BODY-PERSON) 8y scmantics, ! do not rclcr to an cthnoscmantic analysis ol thc conccpt ol shenti, which only dcals with rclcrcntial mcaning. My approach, in principlc, rcscmblcs Good’s “scmantic nctwork analysis,” which “scck(s) out lor analysis thc potcnt clcmcnts in thc idiom ol social intcraction and cxplorc(s) thc as sociatcd words, situations and lorms ol cxpcricncc which thcy condcnsc.”´⁷ !n lact, Chincsc culturc is biascd toward such scnsc ol mcaning in which “a tcrm is dcﬁncd nonrclcrcntially by mining rclcvant and yct sccmingly random associations.”´⁸ !n thc contcmporary Chincsc languagc, thc most commonly uscd cxprcs sion dcnoting “body” or “bodily” is shenti, which, in lact, is composcd ol two root words shen 身 and ti 体. 8oth can bc translatcd as “body,” but thc diﬀcr cncc bctwccn shenti and thc ¡nglish word body is crucial. Tc ¡nglish body comcs lrom Òld Gcrman budha mcaning “tub” or “containcr.” Vhcn body is uscd without lurthcr cxplanation and dcﬁnition, it cvokcs in rcadcrs an imagc ol physical, objcctivc, or anatomic cntity scparatc lrom what is spiritual and social. !t rcquircs lurthcr modiﬁcation and cxplanation in ordcr to convcy thc nondualistic cxpcricncc ol cmbodicd pcrson, such as using combincd or hy phcnatcd tcrms: livcd body, pcrcciving body, mindlul body, or bodymind. Tc ¡nglish body spcaks ol and to a dualistic rcality. !n contrast, whcn shenti is uscd without lurthcr clariﬁcation, it implics a pcrson or scll with all thc con notations ol thc physical, social, and mindlul. As May Tung rcports in hcr study ol symbolic mcanings ol body in Chincsc culturc, with no cxccption, all hcr inlormants idcntily shenti with thc pcrson, thc scll. Somc ol hcr inlor mants simply substitutcd body (shen 身) in hcr qucstionnairc lor “thc pcrson,” “thc scll,” or simply uscd a pcrsonal pronoun.´⁹ !t is thc spcciﬁc mcaning ol shen (rcgarding spcciﬁcally physical, cmotional, spiritual, or social aspccts ol a pcrson or scll ) that rcquircs lurthcr contcxt. !n othcr words, Chincsc shenti is undiﬀcrcntiatcd, its spcciﬁc mcaning, somctimcs, rcquircs a sccond charactcr as an cnvironmcnt, as in thc words ol shenqu 身躯 (body trunk) or xingti 形体 (shapc ol a body). Mark ¡lvin also noticcs that shen appcars in most Chincsc phrascs that imply “pcrson,” “scll,” or “lilctimc” in ¡nglish translations. For cxamplc, anshen 安身—scttlc down in lilc, shenfen 身分—social status, benshen 本身—oncscll, zhongshen 终身—to thc cnd ol onc’s lilc, shenshi 身世—pcrsonal history. !t is lor this rcason that ¡lvin translatcs shen as “bodypcrson.”`⁰ Tc claim that duc to incrcasing dichotomization bctwccn hcartmind and bodily cmotions, 36 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS thc mcaning ol Chincsc shen has bccn rcduccd to “bodyobjcct” sccms to bc problcmatic.`' Similar to shen, ti 体, thc sccond charactcr ol shenti, has polyscmic dimcn sions in usc. Surcly it dcnotcs physical body, but it also cxtcnds to includc mcanings ol lorm, shapc, convcntion, stylc, and so on, as in wenti 文体 (writ ing stylc), and zhengti 政体 (polity). Vhat is rcmarkablc about ti is that it is oltcn uscd as a vcrb or in a vcrbal phrasc, mcaning “to contain,” “to intimatc,” “to implcmcnt,” “to lormalizc,” and “to undcrstand,” suggcsting an agcncy ol livcd body that pcrccivcs and acts. Chincsc common cxprcssions arc lull ol such vcrbs, such as tiyan 体验 (cxpcricncc body pcrsonally) and tihui 体会 (undcr stand body pcrsonally), and cvcn tiren 体认 (know body pcrsonally).`´ Susan 8rowncll, comparing thc Chincsc words shen and ti, with Gcrman leib and korper, suggcsts that shen is similar to thc Gcrman conccpt ol “leib” which is thc subjcctivc, cxpcricnccd body, whilc ti somchow rcscmblcs thc con ccpt ol “korper,” thc “alicnatcd objcct body.”`` Howcvcr, shc sccms not quitc comlortablc with this comparison hcrscll and suggcsts that onc should not takc thc parallcls bctwccn thc two Chincsc and Gcrman conccptions ol thc body too litcrally bccausc thc Chincsc docs not cxhibit strict subjcctobjcct dualism as thc Gcrman docs. Rccognizing that in lact both shen and ti contain a subjcctivc, cxpcricntial componcnt, shc qualiﬁcs hcr obscrvation: “(N)cithcr word has thc discmbodicd Vcstcrn sort ol connotation in which a pcrson is somchow insidc thc body that is cxpcricncing lilc—a body that is scparatc lrom thc cxpcricncing subjcct.”`⁴ !l wc havc to makc a distinction bctwccn shen and ti as bodics, wc may say that shen implics a socially inlormcd bodypcrson or bodyscll, whilc ti, lrcqucntly uscd in or as a vcrb, cmphasizcs “cmbodying” as a proccss ol knowing and acting. 8oth conccpts rcsist dualistically positioncd mind and body, subjcct and objcct. ¡vcn thc modcrn conccpt ol “tiyu” 体育 (physical cducation) nccd not bc rcduccd to training a physical body objcct.`⁵ Tiyu is still vcry much an intcnsc proccss to cmbody social valucs and idcol ogy through a highly lormalizcd body. !n this scnsc, shenti (both shen and ti) is ccntrally important in Chincsc social lilc. 8csidcs shen and ti, othcr singlc charactcrs may also havc thc connotations ol “body,” lor cxamplc, xing 形 (lorm, shapc), qu 躯 (body trunk), and shi 尸 (corpsc). !n modcrn Chincsc, thcy arc oltcn combincd with cithcr shen or ti to crcatc multiplc scnscs that indicatc diﬀcrcnt statcs ol cmbodimcnt, lor cxamplc, xingti 形体 (body shapc) and shenqu 身躯 (body build). Jing 精, Shén 神, and Qi 气 Vithin thc Vcstcrn cultural dialcctic going back to Plato, mind has bccn dc ﬁncd typically as a quality that transccnds thc body (as somcthing that ani matcs thc body and is distinct lrom it). So to claim that mind is part ol thc body cvokcs contradictions. Although jingshen精神 is translatcd in ¡nglish as “mind” or “spirit,” it is vcry much part ol shenti. Jingshen is lormcd by two THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 37 root charactcrs: jing 精 (conccntratcd basis ol vitality)`⁷ and shén 神 (vitality as manilcstcd through lunctional activitics ol mind and body as a wholc). To undcrstand thc conccpt ol “jingshen,” wc may ﬁrst go to its root words: jing and shén. 8oth arc ccntrally important in thc Chincsc conccptualization ol lilc. As is statcd in Neijing: Suwen (!nncr Classics: Simplc Qucstions), “jing is thc (conccntratcd) basis or root ol lilc” (shen zhi ben 身之本). !n contcm porary Chincsc mcdicinc, it is oltcn dcscribcd as “tangiblc/visiblc lilcgiving substancc” (you shengming huoli de youxing wuzhi 有生命活力的有形物质). !t is implicd in this statcmcnt that tangiblc human bodics (or any bodics), composcd ol musclcs, skin, hair, visccra, and boncs, arc thc rcsults ol jing trans lormation, and that jing as a lilcgiving substancc is itscll alivc, constantly gcn crating thc ncw and translorming thc old. Jing also has a narrowcr dcﬁnition (xiayi 狭义), which rclcrs to thc lunctions ol shèn (thc kidncy systcm). Tis jing is somctimcs translatcd as scmcn that is storcd in thc visccra ol thc kidncy and is rcsponsiblc lor rcproductivc lunctions, aﬀccting growth and aging.`⁸ !t is thcrclorc also callcd “kidncy csscncc” (shenjing 肾精). !n addition to rcproduc tivc lunctions, shenjing is also said to bc rcsponsiblc lor bonc growth (zhugu 主骨) and lor producing marrow and brains (shengsui 生髓), thcrclorc aﬀccting thc dcvclopmcnt ol intclligcncc. Tc narrowcr dcﬁnition ol jing bcars morc clinical rclcvancc. Tc symptoms ol dctcrioration ol mcmory, poor conccntra tion, and mcntal rctardation arc all sccn as conncctcd to dcﬁcicncy in shenjing (kidncy csscncc). Jing 精 is lurthcr diﬀcrcntiatcd as “primary jing” (xiantianzhijing 先天之精), which is inhcritcd lrom onc’s parcnts (bing yu fumu 秉于父母) and “ac quircd jing” (houtianzhijing 后天之精), dcrivcd lrom lood. Primary jing pro vidcs thc basis lor thc proccss ol translorming thc cncrgy distillcd lrom lood and is cnrichcd and strcngthcncd by “acquircd jing.” Chincsc mcdical thcorics vicw jing and qi 气 (air, brcath, vital cncrgy) as thc samc lilcgiving cncrgy. Vhcn it is conccntratcd, it is jing, whcn it is dispcrscd, it turns into qi. !l jing is thc nurturing aspcct ol this cncrgy, qi is thc activc conﬁgurational aspcct ol thc samc cncrgy. Tcy comc togcthcr as jingqi 精气 which is thc basis ol all lorms ol vitality. Howcvcr, although jing is dcscribcd in contcmporary Chincsc mcdical dis coursc as “visiblc” (youxing 有形) and rclcrrcd to as “substancc” (wuzhi 物质), it cannot bc isolatcd. !ts cxistcncc can only bc known and lclt through its lunc tions and cﬀcct. Hcalthy musclcs and skin, shining hair, strong and wclllormcd boncs, and clcar mcmorics indicatc a suﬃcicncy ol jing. Howcvcr, poorly dc vclopcd boncs, musclcs, and intclligcncc may indicatc insuﬃcicnt jing in thc visccral systcm ol thc kidncy. Tc ordinary Chincsc may not bc lamiliar with thc classical or mcdical nu anccs ol jing, ncvcrthclcss, it is part ol cvcryday languagc. !n lay languagc, ‘jing’ is lrcqucntly uscd in combination with li 力 (strcngth, cncrgy), both physical and mcntal, as somcthing cxpcricnccd, lclt, and dcmonstratcd with onc’s shenti. A pcrson who is lull ol cncrgy is said to “havc plcnty cncrgy ol jing” (enjingli 38 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS wangsheng 精力旺盛), a pcrson who is boggcd down with cndlcss worrics may complain about “insuﬃcicnt jing” (jingli bugou 精力不够), to conccntratc is to “gathcr onc’s strcngth ol jing” (jizhong jingli 集中精力), a pcrson growing old may lccl “jing dccrcasing gradually” (jingli yitian buru yitian 精力一天不如一天), altcr a strcnuous task onc may lccl “jing tircd out and strcngth uscd up” (jingpi lijin 精疲力尽). Hcrc, shén (manilcstcd vitalitics) comcs in.`⁹ !l jing and qi arc thc basis ol lilc, thcn shén is thc manilcstation ol that lilc. Neijing: Lingshu (Tc !nncr Clas sics: Spiritual Pivot) says “whcn two jing (malc and lcmalc jing) rcact to cach othcr (xiangbo 相搏), this (conlrontation) is callcd shén.” !n othcr words, shén is thc phcnomcnon ol lilc activity itscll. !t is typically said to bc manilcstcd in thc appcarancc ol thc wholc pcrson: lacial complcxion and cxprcssion, cspccially cxprcssions through cycs (yanshen 眼神), thc way ol talking and rcsponding, and thc movcmcnt and position ol onc’s body. “Shén prcscnt” (youshen 有神) or “shén abscnt” (wushen 无神) is important inlormation that an cxpcricnccd Chincsc mcdical doctor pays attcntion to whcn cxamining a paticnt. Vhcn shén is abscnt, cvcn though thc prcscntcd symptoms arc minor, thc illncss is considcrcd morc scrious. ! noticcd that whilc taking a paticnt’s pulsc, my zhon- gyi tcachcr usually spcnt a lcw quict minutcs just obscrving thc paticnt bclorc starting an cxtcnsivc inquiry. Hc would also makc somc commcnts to bring his studcnts’ attcntion to any signs ol shén ol thc paticnt. To his rcturning paticnts, hc oltcn madc obscrvations rcgarding thcir shén, such as “thc manilcstation ol shén (shense 神色) looks much bcttcr this timc.” Shén, in a narrow scnsc, may rclcr spcciﬁcally to an individual’s mcntal and cmotional activitics. Tis narrow scnsc is known as shenzhi 神志 (con sciousncss) and qingzhi 情志 (cmotions) and is also rclcrrcd to in thc modcrn languagc as “jingshen,” thc combination ol jing and shén. Although jingshen is translatcs as mind or “mcntality,” it is cmbcddcd in thc cultural physiology ol jing and shén, and it carrics distinctivc cultural scmantics. Ònc ol thc com mon complaints that Chincsc prcscnt in and outsidc clinics is thc “low lcvcl ol jingshen” (jingshen cha 精神差) or “lack ol jingshen” (mei jingshen 没精神). Tc cxprcssions may includc mcanings lrom low physical cncrgy and tircdncss, to diﬃculty in conccntration, poor mcmory, lack ol intcrcst in doing things, and dcprcsscd cmotions. Lin commcnts that sincc thc kidncy storcs jing and thc hcart govcrns shén , according to Chincsc physiology, a mcntal disordcr which is jingshen bing 精神病 in Chincsc is litcrally a disordcr involving thc hcart and thc kidncy.⁴⁰ Tc point is that jingshen is not pcrccivcd as oppositc to shenti but constitutivc ol it. Xin 心 (HcartMind) and Nao 脑 (8rain) Xin commonly translatcd as “hcart” or “hcartmind,” is surcly part ol shenti. !t lics litcrally at thc hcart ol thc Chincsc undcrstandings ol pcrson, particularly ol thought and cmotion. THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 39 Tc Chincsc commonscnsc undcrstanding ol “thc hcart” is morc in tunc with thc Chincsc mcdicinc conccpt ol “xin.” !t is, on thc onc hand, undcrstood as thc most important visccral systcm that “govcrns thc ﬂow ol blood in circula tion vcsscls” (xin zhu xuemai 心主血脉), thus, it is rcsponsiblc lor coordinating thc harmonious lunctioning ol all thc visccral systcms ol thc body. Òn thc othcr hand, it is thc placc whcrc shén (spiritvitality) is storcd. Xin is likcncd to thc court ol a king—“thc ccntral govcrning visccral systcm whcrc shenming 神明 (knowing and undcrstanding, cthics and morals) ariscs.”⁴' Xin or hcartmind, though diﬀcrcnt lrom thc anatomic organ ol thc hcart dcsignatcd usually by thc tcrm xinzang 心脏, is bclicvcd to bc locatcd within thc chcst. !ts normal lunctioning can bc lclt and rccognizcd in rcgular hcartbcats, an cvcn pulsc, a hcalthy lacial complcxion, and also “appropriatc bchavior, clcar mind, joylul lcclings, and lucid languagc.”⁴´ Xin has social and moral signiﬁcancc. Òn thc onc hand, a pcrson who is thoughtlul and considcratc ol othcrs and is gcncrous and willing to hclp oth crs in nccd is said to havc a good hcartmind. Òn thc othcr hand, a pcrson is considcrcd to havc a bad hcardmind or docs not cvcn havc a hcartmind il hc is grccdy and harbors sclﬁsh intcntions toward othcrs. Asking my lricnds and inlormants what thcy mcant by xin hao (good hcartmind), ! was always givcn concrctc dcscriptions as to how thc pcrson bchavcd in rclation to othcrs. For cxamplc, a studcnt doctor was dcscribcd by othcrs as cxtrcmcly goodhcartcd whcn shc voluntccrcd to ﬁll in on wcckcnd duty lor a collcaguc so this col lcaguc could takc carc ol an urgcnt lamily mattcr. Ccrtainly, this usc ol thc hcart as moral discoursc rings lamiliar. !n ¡nglish thcrc arc cxprcssions such as a goodhcartcd pcrson or a pcrson with a goldcn hcart. Howcvcr, “hcartcdncss” in ¡nglish is gcncrally a rclcrcncc to a pcrson’s inncr scll. Yct Chincsc do not typically undcrstand xin as somc ﬁxcd intcrior csscncc that dcﬁncs a pcrson but rathcr as a pcrson’s bchaviors and attitudcs toward othcrs. Tc moral mcaning ol hcartmind lics in how a pcrson rclatcs himscll or hcrscll to othcrs in thc social contcxt. “Judgmcnt ol whcthcr a pcrson is good or bad is thcrclorc in tcrms ol how this pcrson lccls and acts toward othcr pcrsons.”⁴` Consciousncss, mcmorization, thinking, and lorming idcas arc thc activi tics bclonging to thc xin systcm. Tc Chincsc conccpt ol “hcartmind” cncom passcs thc lunctions ol nao (brain). Zhongyi doctors likc to say that hcartmind and brain arc intcrconncctcd (xinnao xiangtong 心脑相通). Tc words thinking and reﬂection (si思), desiring and imagining (xiang 想), meaning and intention (yi 意), desiring and wanting (yu 慾), and planning (lu 虑) all havc a hcart radi cal “心”indicating that thinking, rcﬂccting, dcsiring, imagining, and planning arc thc domains ol onc’s hcartmind. !ntcrcstingly, psychology translatcd into Chincsc bccomcs “studics ol thc pattcrns ol hcartmind” (xinlixue 心理学). Nowadays, though pcoplc usc both nao (brain) and xin (hcartmind) intcr changcably somctimcs, thcrc is a subtlc diﬀcrcncc in mcaning. Tc phrasc ! do not havc thc nao (brain) to do somcthing cmphasizcs mcntal capability, but lacking thc xin (hcartmind) to do somcthing, thc cmphasis is on motivation 40 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS and intcntion. Vhilc nao is rcscrvcd lor morc spccializcd discoursc which is rclatcd to school or acadcmic work and intclligcncc, xin is a morc cncompassing conccpt, appcaring morc in talking about thc cthics, morals, intcntions, dcsircs, and cmotions. A lay pcrson’s undcrstanding ol “illncss ol thc hcart” (xinbing 心病) may includc disordcrs ranging lrom an organic hcart discasc to illncss causcd by cxccssivc thinking and worrics, worry itscll, illncss causcd by strong dcsircs and longings, and mcntal disordcrs. ¡motions arc thc domain ol xin. Tc vcry word lor “lccling” or “cmotion” in Chincsc is qing 情 which also includcs xin as a radical, suggcsting hcart is also thc scat ol cmotion. !n lact, thc scvcn cmotions rccognizcd by zhongyi as im portant clcmcnts in hcalth, with thc cxccption ol xi 喜 (happy), all havc xin as part ol thc charactcrs. Chincsc usc xin to dircctly talk about thcir statc ol mind and cmotions. Tc ¡nglish cxprcssion ! am in a bad mood in Chincsc would bc Tc circumstancc/condition/scntimcnt ol my hcart is not good (Wo xinqing buhao 我心情不好). Xin appcars cvcrywhcrc in cmotion languagc. Joy is litcr ally “opcning thc hcart” (kaixin 开心), happincss is “hcartscntimcnts ﬂowing lrccly” (xinqing shuchang 心情舒畅), sadncss is “thc hcart injurcd” (shangxin 伤心), compassion and aﬀcction is “hcartachc” (xinteng 心疼), and dcspon dcncc is “hcartcmotion dcprcsscd” (xinqing jusang 心情沮丧). Most Chincsc cmotion words bcar hcart radicals, such as sadncss (bei 悲), angcr (nu 怒), worry (you 忧), lcar (kong 恐), and lright (jing 惊). According to my ﬁcld notcs, Chincsc paticnts who suﬀcrcd qingzhirclatcd disordcrs tcndcd to rcport symptoms dircctly rclatcd to xin. Frcqucntly, thcy complaincd ol “hcart ncrvous” (xinhuang 心慌), “palpitation” (xinji 心悸), “hcart agitation, vcxation” (xinfan 心烦), “hcartcmotion dcprcsscd” (xinqing yayi 心情压抑), or “hcartmind not at pcacc” (xinshen buning 心神不宁). Somctimcs, a paticnt would attributc his or hcr illncss to problcms that also havc somcthing to do with xin, such as “small hcartmind” (xinyan xiao 心眼小) “narrow hcart cdncss” (xinxiong xiazhai 心胸狭窄), or “working onc’s hcartmind too much” (tai caoxin 太操心). Xin clcarly occupics a ccntrally important rolc in Chincsc cxpcricncc ol qingzhi disordcrs. Xin grows throughout onc’s lilc but may also shrink. A paticnt’s wilc oncc complaincd about hcr husband, “Vhcn hc gcts oldcr his hcartmind gcts smallcr that hc cannot hold anything in his hcart and constantly xia caoxin” 瞎操心 (opcrating hcartmind blindly, mcaning worry usclcssly and unncccssar ily). A pcrson with a big hcartmind is dcscribcd as bcing ablc to contain and assimilatc morc. Hcartmind in this scnsc is also rclcrrcd to as “hcartchcst” (xinxiong 心胸) or cvcn “capacity ol onc’s abdomcn” (duliang 肚量). My zhongyi tcachcr, Ðr. Zhou, is univcrsally praiscd by his studcnts and collcagucs as having “broad hcartmind” (xinkuan 心宽). Òncc a studcnt doctor said hall jokingly: “pcoplc say a primc ministcr’s abdomcn is big cnough to polc a boat” (zaixiang duli neng chengchuan 宰相肚里能撑船), “but Ðr. Zhou’s abdomcn is cvcn morc spacious whcrc a warship is ablc to movc lrccly.” An cxcmplary pcrson (junzi 君子) is said to havc a hcartmind that is broad and opcn (tandang 坦荡), a THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 41 small pcrson (xiaoren 小人) cntanglcd in his narrow hcartmind is always sul lcn and unhappy (qiqi 戚戚). !n a way, xin is a systcm ol lunctions that lorms a continuous proccss ol bcing or bccoming a pcrson, involving thc physiological, psychological, and sociological. Tc lrcqucntly quotcd passagc lrom Neijing: Lingshu (!nncr Clas sics: Spiritual Pivot) dcscribcs this somatopsychicsocial proccss ol xin as thc lollowing: Vhat rcsponds to cnvironmcnt is callcd xin 心 (hcartmind). Vhat xin brings out is callcd yi 意 (imagcry) Vhat yi storcs is callcd zhi 志 (mcmory, mcmorization) 8ccausc ol zhi, knowlcdgc is rcorganizcd. Tis is callcd si 思 (thinking, rcﬂcction). 8ccausc ol si, onc thinks lor thc luturc. Tis is callcd lu 虑 (stratcgy, plan). 8ccausc ol lu, onc makcs dccisions and takcs actions. Tis is callcd zhi 智 (wisc, wisdom). Again, yi 意, zhi 志, si 思, lu 虑, and zhi 智 arc not diﬀcrcnt things but dc scriptions ol diﬀcrcnt phascs ol thc samc continuous proccss ol hcartmind, whcrc cmotions and morals arc not scparatcd lrom thinking and pcrcciving. Zhi is shenzhi 神志 (consciousncss) and also qingzhi 情志 (cmotion). Vhcn much planning and calculations lail to lcad to a solution, worrics and anxict ics arisc (bailu bu jie ze si 百虑不解则思), on thc othcr hand, whcn actions takcn at thc critical momcnt translorm a dangcrous situation into a lavorablc onc, happincss ariscs (fengxiong huaji ze xi 逢凶化吉则喜). Vhat is particular about this proccssccntcrcd hcartmind physiology is not vcry much what Òts calls “hcartmind controlling bodycmotion modcl,”⁴⁴ but thc commitmcnt to an unobstructcd proccss ol translormations in accordancc with a givcn social contcxt and natural cnvironmcnt. !n lact, a pcrsistcnt tcndcncy throughout Chincsc intcllcctual culturc is to scc “motion and translormation” (yundong 运动) as gcncrativc ol “thc myriad things” ol thc world. For Zhuangzi 庄子, “thc Dao ol naturc constantly trans lorms without stagnation, whcrcol myriad things arc gcncratcd” (tiandao yun er wusuoji, gu wanwu sheng 天道运而无所积,故万物生)⁴⁵ !n Neijing: Suwen (!nncr Classics: Simplc Qucstions), “unccasing movcmcnt lcads to translorma tion (dong er buyi ze bianzuo yi 动而不已则变作矣)⁴⁶ For gcncrations growing up rcading Mao’s On Contradictions (Maodun Lun 矛盾论), yundong is intrinsic to cxistcncc. Dong 动 (motion) is sccn as givcn, whilc jing 静 (stasis, stablcncss) is rclativc and conditional, a constitutivc silcncc or latcncy that marks rhythms and variations ol an ongoing proccss ol dong. !n a dccply cmbodicd way, Chi ncsc livc in “a world ol translorming cﬀccts.”⁴⁷ !n this world ol ccasclcss gcn crativc proccss (shengsheng buxi 生生不息), cvcrything is rclatcd and yct uniquc (not in kind) in tcrms ol dcgrcc (du 度), aspcct or manilcstation (xiang 象), situation (qing 情), and conﬁguration (shi 势). Vhat is csscntial to this world is 42 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS to notc “thc qualitics and lorms ol manilcstations and thc changing timc and spacc rclationships among thcm” and to look “lor cﬀcctivc combinations that can inﬂucncc dcvclopmcnts in a dcsircd dircction.”⁴⁸ Li Yiyuan also commcnts that Chincsc throughout thcir livcs strivc to scck thc bcst timc conﬁguration (jishi 吉时) in taking any important stcp in lilc.⁴⁹ Many Chincsc lolk rcligious practiccs involvc thc idca ol activc manipulation ol timing to coordinatc with auspicious cosmic timc in ordcr to cxcrcisc somc control ovcr thc coursc ol a pcrson’s lilc. Tcn, how is yundong (motion/changc in timc) pcrccivcd and cxplaincd in thc Chincsc cultural world, what docs this translormativc cosmos mcan to thc pcoplc, and how docs thc cultural claboration on proccss and changc corrclatc to thc acsthctic valucs and scnsibilitics that hclp shapc bodily cxpcricncc ol cvcryday lilc and givc mcanings to it: AN AESTHETI CS OF SHENTI ! usc thc tcrm aesthetics to indicatc cultural oricntations and bodily spontanc ity that pattcrn thc ways Chincsc pcoplc livc thcir livcs and givc mcaning to thcir cxpcricncc ol shenti as it is nurturcd (yang 养), cultivatcd (xiu 修), out ol balancc (weihe 违和), or hcalcd and rcstorcd (kangfu 康复). An acsthctics ol shenti 身体 is thcn a scnsc ol ordcr that is cmbodicd through visccral cxpcri cncc and manilcstcd in social intcractions. My usc ol ‘acsthctics’ is inﬂucnccd by Ðcsjarlais’ discussion ol “acsthctic cxpcricncc,” in which hc rclatcs acsthctics to “thc tacit lcitmotivs that shapc cultural construction ol bodily and social intcractions.”⁵⁰ ‘Acsthctics’ in this scnsc rclcrs morc to cultural scnsibility or oricntation rathcr than to apprcciation ol artistic bcauty. !llncss and suﬀcring, though lack ol bcauty, arc still acsthctically rclcvant bccausc thcy arc “cxpcri cnccd and intcrprctcd through a lcns ol acsthctic valuc.”⁵' An acsthctics ol or dinary cxpcricncc thcn oﬀcrs a point ol vicw to cxaminc cultural cxpcricncc as cmbodicd, spontancous, tacit, and also pattcrncd, a dcpth that othcr catcgorics ol cultural analysis, such as cultural structurcs, modcls, bclicls, idcals, or rulcs usually do not accommodatc. Tc Chincsc scnsc ol ordcr has its roots in thc conccpt ol “dao” (ordcrly proccsscs ol changc) charactcrizcd by yin-yang dynamics.⁵´ Yin-yang is a dc scriptivc languagc to talk about changc and is lundamcntal in Chincsc mcdical rcasoning. !n classical Chincsc thinking, any phcnomcnon or proccss can bc rcsolvcd into two oppositc and complimcntary aspccts, that is, yin and yang. Tc quality ol thc phcnomcnon dcpcnds on thc rclationship bctwccn dynamic polaritics ol thc yin aspcct and yang aspcct. For cxamplc, thc daily cyclc ol thc sun can bc dcscribcd in tcrms ol waning and waxing ol light and darkncss. Vhcn light is maximal at noon, darkncss is complctcly immancnt. Vhcn light bcgins to dcclinc altcr it pcaks at noon, darkncss bcgins to incrcasc. Tis proccss ol waning and waxing (xiaozhang 消长) continucs. Vhcn darkncss rcachcs lull cxprcssion at midnight, and light is at thc lowcst point, thc proccss rcvcrscs. THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 43 Nathan Sivin suggcsts that yin and yang “arc bcst considcrcd thc activc and latcnt phascs ol any proccss in spacc and timc.”⁵` Tc point ol yin-yang is proccss, tcnsion, and rclationship ol mutual con straining and gcncrating. As summarizcd in modcrn standard tcxtbooks ol Chincsc mcdicinc, thc csscntial mcaning ol yin-yang rcasoning is about “con tinuity ol thc two opposcd aspccts” (duili-tongyi 对立统一) that arc rootcd in cach othcr (hugen 互根), constraining cach othcr (xianghu zhiyue 相互制约), and translorming into cach othcr (xianghu zhuanhua 相互转化). Tis tcnsion within a unity accounts lor thc univcrsal dynamics ol thc unccasing proccss ol gcncration and translormation (shenghua 生化). Howcvcr, yin and yang arc not causcs ol this proccss but dcscriptions ol how it happcns. Although abstract, thcy “rcmain rootcd in concrctc cxpcricncc.” Sivin also cautions that yin and yang arc not taxonomics, and thcy do not sort things into ﬁxcd catcgorics ac cording to ccrtain inhcrcnt csscnccs.⁵⁴ A passagc lrom Neijing: Suwen is a good illustration: Yin and yang arc thc dao ol sky and carth (tiandi zhidao 天地之道), thc nct work ol myriad things, thc parcnts ol translormation and changc, thc root and thc bcginning ol lilcgiving and lilctaking (shengsha zhi benshi 生杀之本始), thc scat ol vitality and intcllcgcncc (shenming zhi fu 神明之府). To trcat ill ncss, onc must tracc this root. Tus, accumulatcd yang is sky, accumulatcd yin is carth. Yin is containcd (jing 静) and yang rcstlcss (zao 躁). . . . Vhcn cold rcachcs an cxtrcmc, it givcs risc to hcat, whcn hcat rcachcs an cxtrcmc, it givcs risc to cold. Cold qi gcncratcs turbid (zhuo 浊), hot qi gcncratcs clcar (qing 清). Vhcn clcar qi (which is supposcd to risc) is trappcd in thc lowcr parts ol thc body, it givcs risc to diarrhca, whcn turbid qi (which is supposcd to dcsccnd) is in thc uppcr body, it produccs swclling and lullncss. Tis is abnormal action ol yin and yang. Tis countcrmovcmcnt ol yin and yang rcsults in disordcrs.⁵⁵ As shown in thc passagc, “thc dao ol sky and carth” mirrors thc dao ol shenti. !n lact, thc “ordcrly proccss ol changc” ol thc microcosmos ol shenti is isomorphic to that ol thc macrocosmos ol univcrsc and human socicty. A pcr son who has attaincd thc dao coordinatcs and rcsonatcs with, in his/hcr shenti, thc rhythmic pulsc ol thc changcs in naturc. !n thc cvcryday lilc ol ordinary Chincsc, dao is not a philosophic or rcligious conccpt, but an acsthctic rcalm (jingjie 境界) whcrc thc coordination ol a pcrson to his or hcr cnvironmcnt has achicvcd bodily spontancity. Tis acsthctic spontancity ol dao is achicvcd through thc “mindlul” proccss ol “habituation,” in concrctc cxistcncc ol cvcry day practicc. Dao is not an objcctivc cntity ol truth, it can ncvcr bc indcpcndcnt lrom a particular pcrson who practiccs it. For cxamplc, thc dao ol mcdicinc (yidao 医道) cxists only in thc way that a spcciﬁc doctor brings his own uniquc knowlcdgc and cxpcricncc and thc paticnt’s uniquc circumstancc togcthcr and cﬀccts a hcaling. Tc spontancity in timing, harmony in rhythms, and smooth, ﬂowing coordination ol thc movcmcnts arc acsthctically salicnt in thc cxpcri cncc ol dao. 44 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS !n what lollows, ! shall outlinc thc acsthctic valucs that arc kcy to Chincsc cxpcricncc as thcy rclatc to illncss, hcalth, and hcaling. TONG 通 ( FLOWI NG AND CONNECTI NG) Ms. Zhu wcnt to thc doctor in carly April .µµ¡. Shc suﬀcrcd acutc chcst and back pain whcncvcr shc took a dccp brcath. Any cmotional disturbancc ag gravatcd hcr pain. Tc thcrapcutic principlc thc doctor chosc lor trcatmcnt was “smoothing thc movcmcnt ol qi and activating thc blood” (liqi huxue 理气活血). His prcscription lor thc paticnt did not includc a drug that was dircctly rclatcd to killing thc pain. Noticing my puzzlcd cxprcssion, hc cxplaincd that thc paticnt’s pain was rclatcd to thc stagnation ol hcr livcr qi (ganyu 肝郁). !n hcr casc, thc yang qi was gathcrcd and trappcd (yuzhi 郁滞) within thc chcst that blockcd thc passagc ol normal movcmcnt ol qi. Hc quotcd thc Chincsc mcdical wisdom that “whcn thc circulation (ol qi) is blockcd, pain ariscs, whcn thc passagc is opcn, pain disappcars” (butong ze tong, tong ze butong 不通则痛, 通则不痛). Tc idca ol his trcatmcnt was to gct qi moving again. Òncc that was accomplishcd, thc paticnt’s pain would disappcar automatically. Tc association ol thc cxpcricncc ol pain (tong 痛) to thc blockagc (butong 不通) ol qi is a markcd clinical manilcstation ol Chincsc mcdical disordcrs. Pain thcn has a culturally distinctivc mcaning and pattcrn ol a blockcd circulation. Tc cxpcricncc is ccrtainly inlormcd by a culturally cultivatcd scnsc ol ordcr: a continuous proccss that should bc wcll coordinatcd at all thc lcvcls ol human cxistcncc—thc cosmic, social, pcrsonal, and thc bodily. Chincsc pcoplc arc oricntcd to thc scnsc ol a smoothly ﬂowing proccss, which is charactcrizcd by such imagcs as tong (opcn, through, cxtcnding, con nccting, continuing, and ﬂowing), huo 活 (alivc, activc, and ﬂcxiblc), or shun 顺 (unobstructcd, smooth). Tcsc imagcs arc positivcly valucd by Chincsc in thcir body as wcll as in thcir social world.⁵⁶ Ncgativc imagcs oppositc to tong, huo, and shun arc blockagc, obstruction, stagnation, dcath, and lilclcssncss. Tis acsthctic oricntation ol thc cvcryday is also playcd out in Chincsc social lilc. Tc Chincsc arc known lor placing grcat cmphasis on cultivating social nctworks (guanxi 关系).⁵⁷ Guanxi nctworks havc acquircd “pcrsonal cir culation vcsscls” (renmai 人脉) as in thc cxprcssion ol Renmai fengpei 人脉丰沛, mcaning, litcrally, “having rich and numcrous pcrsonal circulation vcsscls.” Tcsc circulation nctworks arc dcvclopcd to cnsurc “pcrsonal or group survival and dcvclopmcnt.”⁵⁸ Tc imagc ol thc cxprcssion is physiological. Similar val ucs applicd to physiological circulation arc also oricntcd to in social circula tions. Pcrsons who arc good at cultivating nctworks arc dcscribcd as having many/ﬂcxiblc channcls (luzi duo/huo 路子多/活). Tc imagc lor thosc who do not cultivatc guanxi is dcath (si 死). !n somc arcas, thosc who arc disadvan tagcd in cstablishing nctworks arc dcscribcd as “dcad doors” (si menzi 死门子) that lcad to nowhcrc.⁵⁹ Tc acsthctic valucs shown in tong, huo, or shun also THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 45 guidc Chincsc pcoplc in crcating and dcvcloping social rclationships through all lorms ol rcciprocity ol giving and taking. Tc scnsc ol obstruction or disconncction (butong, bushun) in thc social world can bc simultancously cxpcricnccd bodily and cmotionally. A paticnt, who was a computcr tcchnician, told mc that his lilc was not going anywhcrc no mattcr how hard hc tricd, as il hc had rcachcd a wall and could ncvcr gct ovcr. Hc cxplaincd that most ol his classmatcs who had graduatcd lrom col lcgc at thc samc timc as hc wcrc cithcr promotcd to highcr positions, lound a bcttcr job, or wcnt abroad. Hc, a good studcnt at school, was now lclt bchind. Hc could not kccp up with thc pacc ol othcrs. Noticcably, othcrs arc thc rcl crcncc points lor a pcrson to asscss how wcll hc or shc “movcs” in thc social world. Fcclings ol bcing lclt bchind can bc ovcrwhclming. Hc uscd to think that as long as hc workcd hard hc could gct ahcad. 8ut now hc dcvotcs almost all his waking hours to his studics and work, and thc rcsult was thc oppositc. His mcmory sccms wcak, and hc can hardly conccntratc on his work, as il thc lunctions ol his wholc shenti slowcd down, lcading to a slow rcaction (fanying man 反应慢), low vitality lcvcl (jingshen cha 精神差), ncrvous hcart bcating (xinhuang 心慌), lccling ol closurc/prcssurc in thc chcst (xiongmen 胸闷), and hcartcmotion dcprcsscd (xingqing yayi 心情压抑). According to thc Chincsc doctor’s diagnosis, this paticnt also suﬀcrcd lrom ganyu (stagnation ol qi in thc livcr systcm). Chincsc mcdicinc has numcrous words dcscribing all kinds ol blockagcs and stasis in subtlc diﬀcrcntiations. Yu 郁 is mainly stagnation ol qi, which is invisiblc (wuxing 无形) and which is closcly rclatcd to disordcrcd cmotions,⁶⁰ yu 瘀 is stasis ol tangiblc (youxing 有形) ﬂuids, such as blood, zhi 滞 is sluggish movcmcnt (ol qi), ji 积 is accumulation ol somcthing (shiji 食积 is accumula tion ol lood), jie 结 is coagulation, somctimcs in thc lorm ol a lump, zu 阻 is obstruction or blockagc ol thc circulation passagcs. Tcsc physiological dys lunctions arc oltcn cxpcricnccd by Chincsc paticnts as tong 痛 (pain), du 堵 (blockagc usually in hcart or in onc’s throat), men 闷 (stuﬃncss in thc chcst), and zhangman 胀满 (lullncss in chcst arca). Yu (stagnation/blockagc) occupics such an important rolc in thc clinical manilcstation ol Chincsc mcdicinc that somc lamous doctors in thc history ol Chincsc mcdicinc insist that yu is thc singlc most important lactor that rcsults in mcdical disordcrs.⁶' !l a phcnomcnology ol dcprcssion is univcrsally charactcrizcd by “soul loss” (lccling ol cmptincss),⁶´ thcn thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol yu disordcrs is strik ingly diﬀcrcnt phcnomcnologically, though somc ol thc symptoms may appcar lamiliar. !n lact, cmptincss (kong 空 or xu 虚) is not always a ncgativc lccling. Kong or xu can bc positivc in thc Ðaoist scnsc ol a “dissolvcd scll ” (wuwo 无我) that by virtuc ol its “cmptincss” pcrmcatcs cvcrywhcrc. !n modcrn cvcryday Chincsc, thc imagc ol cmptincss is also uscd to convcy thc scnsc ol opcn mindcdncss or humblcncss. A tolcrant and opcnmindcd pcrson is “having an insidc as cmpty or spacious as a vallcy” (xuhuai-ruogu 虚怀若谷). A morally 46 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS maturc pcrson is ablc to “makc room in oncscll to accommodatc othcrs” (xuji- dairen 虚己待人). Tc quality ol “cmptying onc’s hcart” (xuxin 虚心), mcaning modcsty or rcadincss in opcning oncscll to scc othcr pcoplc’s point ol vicw, is a widcly advocatcd virtuc in a pcrson. As lor cxpcricncc ol lcclings, kong 空 as in “cmpty and quict” (kongji 空寂) and xu 虚 as in “cmpty and pcacclul” (xujing 虚静) dcscribc an acsthctically plcasant mcditativc statc ol pcacclulncss and wholcncss. Tc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol qingzhi disordcrs is largcly charactcrizcd by yu (stagnation), a scnsc ol butong (almost oppositc to cmptincss)—obstruc tion and blockagc to ordcrly motions and cxtcnsions. Tc main lorm ol qingzhi disordcrs is yuzheng (illncss ol qi stagnation). Tc charactcr yu appcars in thc Chincsc translation ol thc psychiatric tcrm ol dcprcssion yiyu 抑郁. !t is also part ol thc word youyu 忧郁, which, in modcrn Chincsc, mcans sadncss and mclancholy.⁶` Rcvcalingly, thc Chincsc lcclings ol unhappincss and sadncss arc associatcd with thc cxpcricncc ol stagnation and blockagc in onc’s cxistcntial world. Happincss is associatcd with thc cxpcricncc ol unblockcd and unim pcdcd ﬂowing as shown in thc cxprcssion ol “lrccly strctching and ﬂowing ol hcartmind” (xinqing-shuchang 心情舒畅). DU 度 ( DEGREE/POSI TI ON AND MODERATI ON) !n thc Chincsc acsthctic world, a myriad ol things arc conncctcd in an unccas ing proccss ol changcs and translormations and arc diﬀcrcntiatcd according to “numcrous positions on thc continuum” ol thc proccss bctwccn cxtrcmcs,⁶⁴ such that things arc rccognizcd as diﬀcrcnt according to thcir du, thc dcgrcc or position, rathcr than solcly or mainly to any ﬁxcd csscncc. Du is thcrclorc ccntrally important in undcrstanding Chincsc cxpcricncc. For cxamplc, mcntal illncss in Chincsc is jingshen bing 精神病, but not all thc psychogcnic disordcrs arc labclcd as jingshen bing. !n thc Chincsc un dcrstanding, psychological or cmotional disordcrs, only whcn thcy comc to a ccrtain dcgrcc, can bc labclcd as jingshen bing. As Lcc and Vang rcport in thcir Hong Kong studics, ncurasthcnia is pcrccivcd to bc psychogcnic by Hong Kong Chincsc studcnts, howcvcr, thcy also insist it is not a mcntal illncss. At thc samc timc thcy agrcc that whcn ncurasthcnia bccomcs scvcrc, it may lcad to schizophrcnia, which thcn bccomcs a mcntal illncss.⁶⁵ Psychiatrists working with Chincsc culturc mostly intcrprct this “contradiction” as causcd by stig matization ol mcntal illncss in Chincsc socicty. Surcly, scvcrc mcntal illncss may bc socially stigmatizcd, yct this is not a phcnomcnon uniquc to Chincsc culturc. !t is also commonly known that in Vcstcrn socicty, mcntal illncsscs arc stigmatizcd socially il not mcdically.⁶⁶ !n China, jingshen bing, in common scnsical languagc, almost always rclcrs to rclativcly scvcrc psychiatric disordcrs that upsct thc normal social lunctions ol a pcrson and crcatc disturbancc to thc lamily and thc community. Gcncral cmotionrclatcd disordcrs arc pcrccivcd as somc lorm ol “bodyhcart disordcrs” (shenxin jibing 身心疾病) or rcccntly “subhcalth conditions” (ya jiankang zhuangtai 亚健康状态), which arc vicwcd THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 47 as bcnign and highly rcvcrsiblc. Similarly, thc Chincsc translation ol major dcprcssion is “zhongxing yiyuzheng” 重型抑郁证 (scvcrc dcprcssion), which translatcs a typological conccpt into a conccpt ol dcgrcc. Tis “translation dil ﬁculty,” Lcc suspccts, might account partially lor miscommunication bctwccn Chincsc psychiatrists and thcir Vcstcrn countcrparts and might also account lor diﬀcrcntial diagnosis ol major dcprcssion in China.⁶⁷ Vcstcrn studcnts casily miss thc ccntrality ol du 度 (dcgrcc, tcnsity, quan tity) in Chincsc cxpcricncc. Tc intcrprctation that sincc cxccssivc cmotion is sccn as dctrimcntal to hcalth, cmotions or an ovcrly dcmonstrativc cxprcssion ol cmotions arc thcrclorc highly stigmatizcd. Tis is cchocd in many major studics ol cmotion and cmotional disordcrs in Chincsc socicty.⁶⁸ For cxamplc, Òts argucs that in Chincsc mcdicinc: “According to thc thcory ol systcmatic corrcspondcncc (wu xing xueshuo) thcsc cmotions, whcn in cxccss, hurt thcir corrcsponding visccra as wcll as thc cncompassing hcartmind. ¡motional bc havior, thcrclorc, is hcavily stigmatizcd.”⁶⁹ From thc zhongyi point ol vicw, such logic is problcmatic. Tc conccpt ol “guodu” 过度 (surpassing thc du, cxccssivc) to Chincsc is itscll valid in dcﬁning and cstablishing a situation. ¡motions that surpass thc du arc suﬃcicntly diﬀcrcnt in signiﬁcancc lrom thc cmotions within thc du. !n addition, cmotions arc scldom talkcd about and cxpcricnccd as abstract conccpts, but always in rclation to concrctc social situations that also spccily appropriatc du ol actions. !n othcr words, it is not “cmotion,” but thc cxccss dcﬁncd in concrctc social contcxts with ccrtain social and bodily cﬀccts that is harmlul to onc’s hcalth. My imprcssion is that it is almost “natural” lor Vcstcrntraincd scholars to scc cxccssivc as mcrcly an adjcctivc, a qualiﬁcr. !t is cmotion, which is csscntialistically dctcrmincd, that dcﬁncs and counts. Tc scnsc ol du gcts lost whcn cxccss ol cmotion is intcrprctcd as simply cmotion or cmotional cxprcssions or bchavior. !n addition, cxccss not just in cmotion but in almost cvcrything clsc is vicwcd ncgativcly by thc Chincsc: lor cxamplc, cxccss in thinking may bc harmlul to onc’s hcart and splccn qi (silu guodu shang xinpi 思虑过度伤心脾), and cxccss in cating and drinking hurts onc’s splccn and stomach systcms (yinshi guodu shang piwei 饮食过度伤脾胃). !t would bc absurd thcrclorc to asscrt that Chincsc culturc also stigmatizcs thinking and cating. Appropriatc scnsc ol du is also a lorm ol de 德 (virtuc, morals), thc hcart ol Conlucian doctrinc ol zhongyong 中庸 (thc mcan) which advocatcs a social political ordcr that docs “not lcan to any onc sidc” (bupian buyi 不偏不倚) and is “ncithcr cxccssivc nor insuﬃciant” (wu guo buji 无过不及). Tis moral scnsc ol du is wcll cxprcsscd in Conlucius’s own words: “Gricvc but not to thc cxtcnt ol injury, cnjoy but not to thc cxtcnt ol cxccss” (ai er bu shang, le er bu yin 哀而不伤, 乐而不淫). Ònc ol thc major tasks ol “cultivating onc’s bodypcrson” (xiushen 修身) is to dcvclop thc spontancity ol du and thc scnsibility ol har mony and modcration (zhonghe 中和). A maturc pcrson (an adult) is cxpcctcd to dcmonstratc thc scnsibility ol du, knowing thc boundarics (fencun 分寸) (litcrally dccimctcrs and inchcs) and limits (jindui 进退) (litcrally advancc and 48 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS rctrcat). 8oth cxccss (guo 过) and insuﬃcicnt (buji 不及) arc considcrcd undc sirablc. !t is a cliché among Chincsc that truth, takcn a stcp lurthcr, bccomcs lalsc. Many commonly uscd phrascs convcy this cultural scnsibility ol du, such as “stop whcn it is right” (shike’erzhi 适可而止) or right to thc appropriatc point (qiadao haochu 恰到好处). Tc scnsc ol du is cmbodicd, acquircd, and dcvclopcd in concrctc cvcry day cxistcncc through thc ways thc Chincsc intcract with cach othcr, carc lor thcir young and old, cnjoy a piccc ol music, or cook a bowl ol soup. Du is not a normativc conccpt or a ﬁxcd standard by which onc dctcrmincs il a bchavior is cxccssivc or not. Tcrclorc, assuming ovcrt cxprcssion ol cmotion or cmotional bchavior is mcant by Chincsc as cxccssivc and thcrclorc is highly disvalucd and cautiously guardcd against is a misintcrprctation. Du is rathcr an cxpcricntial conccpt, which can only bc scnscd and lclt in concrctc human situations. ¡xccss or not is not dctcrmincd by standard mcasurcmcnt but is contingcnt on thc actual circumstanccs and cﬀccts.⁷⁰ Tis is common scnsc to Chincsc mcdical doctors. ¡ach pcrson is a uniquc unity ol psychophysical dispositions (xing 性) and sociocnvironmcntal conditions, such that lor onc pcrson at onc timc and placc, it is normal, and lor anothcr pcrson or at anothcr timc and placc, it may bc cxccssivc. !n simplc words, a doctor said to mc, “! may cat as many picccs ol cold watcrmclon as ! likc without lccling any discomlort. You may havc a stomachachc or diarrhca altcr just having two picccs, so in your particular casc, onc piccc is right to thc du and two picccs arc cxccssivc.” ¡xccss (surpassing thc du) cannot bc judgcd indcpcndcntly lrom its cl lcct. Asking my Chincsc lricnds to dcﬁnc cmotional cxccss, instcad ol gct ting abstract normativc answcrs, ! was oﬀcrcd various cmotional sccnarios. For instancc, thc story ol Fan Jin passing thc provincial impcrial cxamination was mcntioncd to show cxccss in thc cmotion ol joy. !n thc story, whcn Fan Jin hcard that hc had passcd thc provincial impcrial cxamination altcr many ycars’ disappointmcnt, hc was so ovcrjoycd that hc suddcnly wcnt crazy. Similarly, whcn Pottcr askcd hcr inlormants about cmotional cxccss, shc was told about an old woman who, altcr thc dcath ol hcr child, cricd so much that shc bccamc blind.⁷' ¡xccss and cﬀcct mutually cntail cach othcr in this scnsc. !l cxccssivc thinking and worrying (silu guodu 思虑过度) “causcs” (thc Chincsc scnsc hcrc is closcr to “contributcs to”) thc syndromc ol “hcartyin dcﬁcicncy” (xinyin buzu 心阴不足) charactcrizcd by symptoms ol “hot scnsation in ﬁvcccntcrs” (wuxin fanre 五心烦热), “disturbcd hcartmind” (xinshen buning 心神不宁), “hcart vcxation” (xinfan 心烦), and “insomnia” (shimian 失眠), thcsc symptoms may also indicatc an cxccss in thinking and worrying. Sincc du is not a normativc conccpt, it should not bc sccn as an cxtcrnal constraint lorccd on mcmbcrs ol thc socicty lrom thc outsidc and lcading to “rcprcssion and supprcssion ol cmotions.” !t is rathcr an acsthctic valuc that pcoplc arc oricntcd to and cngagcd with in thcir daily livcs. !t lunctions consti tutivcly and immancntly within thc ordcr ol cvcryday lilc itscll. THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 49 HE 和 ( HARMONY) Tc conccrn ol harmony (he 和 or hexie 和谐) is cvidcnt cvcrywhcrc in Chi ncsc culturc lrom highly ritualizcd ccrcmonial pcrlomancc and structurcd social rclations to mundanc practiccs ol thc cvcryday. Somc scholars bclicvc that “sccking balancc and harmony” (zhizhonghe 致中和) has bccn an cnduring cultural scnsibility in Chincsc tradition that guidcs how Chincsc, including wcllcultivatcd clitcs and rudimcntally cducatcd laborcrs and pcasants as wcll, livc thcir livcs.⁷´ Tc common cxprcssions ol today, such as “harmony brings wcalth” (heqi shengcai 和气生财) and “all ﬂourishing whcn thcrc is harmony at homc” (jiahe wanshixing 家和万事兴) still ccho thc passagc in thc classic Zhongyong 中庸 (Te Doctrine of the Mean): “Vhcn harmony is rcachcd, thc sky and thc carth lollow thcir propcr routcs and myriad things ﬂourish in lilc” (Zhi zhonghe, tiandi wei yan, wanwu yu yan 致中和, 天地位焉, 万物育焉). Òrdi nary Chincsc arc oltcn lound quoting thc provcrb lrom thc Analects: “harmony is most valuablc” (heweigui 和为贵) whcn pcrsuading othcrs to rcsolvc conﬂicts or cxplaining thcir own bchaviors ol rcconciliation. Tc origin ol thc saying can bc traccd back to thc statcmcnt “thc most valuablc lunction ol propricty is to cnsurc harmony (lizhiyong, heweigui 礼之用和为贵) in Lunyu 论语 (Te Ana- lects: ) morc than two thousand ycars ago. Tc rcccnt discussions ol “culturc ol harmony” (hehe wenhua 和合文化) in China strcss that “he” is a pcrsistcnt and most commonly acccptcd cultural valuc throughout Chincsc history.⁷` According to Li, thc ovcrall scnsc ol harmony lor Chincsc dcpcnds on harmonious rclationships at thrcc lcvcls: harmony at thc lcvcl ol natural cnvi ronmcnt, harmony at thc lcvcl ol bodypcrson (shenti), and harmony ol social rclations (both intcrpcrsonal and to thc spiritual world).⁷⁴ Sincc an acsthctics ol harmony is cmbodicd, disharmony at any ol thc thrcc lcvcls upscts thc bodily scnsc ol ordcr. Tcrclorc, he as a kcy acsthctic valuc is quintcsscntially rcﬂcctcd in Chincsc mcdicinc, an art ol hcalth and hcaling. Zhongyi somctimcs is actu ally rclcrrcd to as “mcdicinc ol harmony” (zhonghe zhi yi 中和之医). As is statcd in Neijing, “whcn qi and blood movc in harmony, no illncss will arisc” (qixue chonghe, baibing bu sheng 气血冲和百病不生). So lalling ill is thc “bodypcrson lalling out ol harmony” (shenti weihe 身体违和). !n lact, many Chincsc mcdical disordcrs can bc summarizcd simply as “out ol harmony” (buhe 不和) or “out ol balancc” (butiao 不调). Many timcs, thc doctors ! obscrvcd simply cxplaincd to thcir paticnts that thcy suﬀcrcd “yin and yang not in harmony” (yinyang buhe 阴阳不和) “splccn and stomach qi not in harmony” (piwei buhe 脾胃不和), or “qi and blood out ol balancc” (qixue butiao 气血不调) so that thc paticnts could grasp basic idcas without thc doctors using too much zhongyi jargon. According to Chincsc mcdical rcasoning, “a human bodypcrson rcso natcs with thc way ol sky and carth” (ren yu tiandi xiangying 人与天地相应). Tc movcmcnt ol qi and blood and thc lunctions ol thc visccral systcms and othcr bodily systcms may dcmonstratc diﬀcrcnt charactcristics in accordancc 50 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS with thc changcs ol “sky and carth.” A pcrson is cncouragcd to anticipatc thc changcs and adapt onc’s bchavior to thc changcs. Tc importancc ol harmony ol a pcrson in rclation to thc changcs ol thc macrocnvironmcnts, such as thc changcs ol scasons, wcathcr, tcmpcraturc, and moisturc during thc day or thc ycar is strcsscd in all kinds ol popular publications on “cultivating lilc” (yang- sheng 养生). He (harmony) is oltcn citcd as thc most important lactor lcading to social succcss and achicvcmcnt. Trcc clcmcnts arc considcrcd by Chincsc as im portant in virtually any kind ol succcss. Tcsc arc right timc (tianshi 天时), advantagcous position (dili 地利), and harmonious intcrpcrsonal rclationship (renhe 人和). !n comparison, harmonious intcrpcrsonal rclationship is dccmcd morc important than thc othcr two clcmcnts, as shown in thc still popular cxprcssion quotcd lrom Mencius that “thc right timc yiclds to advantagcous po sition, advantagcous position yiclds to harmonious intcrpcrsonal rclationship” (tianshi buru dili, dili buru renhe 天时不如地利, 地利不如人和). Tc cultural acsthctics ol renhe (harmonious intcrpcrsonal rclationship) ﬁnds its lull cxprcs sion in Chincsc lamily cthics that guidc thc way thc lamily mcmbcrs carc lor and intcract with cach othcr according to thcir placcs within thc lamily. Tc harmonious lamily also includcs a vcrtical dimcnsion. Tis conccrn lor har monious lamily rclationships cxtcnds to thc dcccascd mcmbcrs ol thc lamily, that is, thc spiritual world.⁷⁵ Apparcntly, thc cultural scnsc ol harmony (he) is also at work whcn Chincsc takc carc ol thcir anccstors’ tombs, and oﬀcr loods and burn papcr moncy to thcir anccstors. !t is still a common practicc in many rural arcas that lamily mcmbcrs, bclicving in a harmonious rcciprocity with onc’s anccstors, pay rcspcct to thcir anccstors lollowing a pcrsonal succcss such as passing a collcgc cntrancc cxamination. Hcrc, thc Chincsc spiritual world is conncctcd with thc prcscnt world. Tis is also rclatcd to thc Chincsc scnsibility ol tong (conncction and ﬂowing) discusscd abovc. For thc Chincsc, harmony prcsupposcs a hcalthy proccss ol connccting and cxtcnding. !t is also important that thc cultural acsthctics ol renhe (harmonious in tcrpcrsonal rclations) cxtcnd bcyond onc’s immcdiatc circlc ol lamily mcmbcrs and rclativcs through cxtcnsivc nctworks ol “human cmotions” (renqing 人情) crcatcd and maintaincd diligcntly by all lorms ol social cxchangcs, ol gilts, labor, scrviccs, rcspcct, and so on.⁷⁶ Li points out that thc ultimatc goal ol Chincsc cxchangc rclationship is to scck harmony and balancc in thc social world, that rcsonatcs harmoniously with thc macrocosmos ol naturc and thc microcosmos ol bodypcrson.⁷⁷ Vcstcrn scholars oltcn tcnd to associatc an cmphasis on harmony with rcprcssion or supprcssion ol cmotions in Chincsc social lilc, as il thcrc is an intrinsic conﬂict bctwccn harmony and cmotions. Yct, il wc givc thc Chincsc conccpt ol harmony, “he,” a closc cxamination, wc can scc that he docs not mcan lorcing a conlormity by appcaling to a singlc cxisting standard. According to thc Zhongyong 中庸 (Te Doctrine of the Mean), “latcnt cmotions ol happi ncss, angcr, sadncss, and joy arc callcd ncutral (zhong 中), whcn activc and yct THE CHI NESE WORLD OF SHENTI 51 appropriatc (zhongjie 中节), thcy arc callcd harmony (he).” Harmony dcﬁncd hcrc is rclatcd to thc Chincsc scnsc ol du (dcgrcc, cxtcnt, position) discusscd prcviously. Zhongjie litcrally mcans “hit thc rhythm,” or “right to thc mark” convcys thc scnsc ol du that is ncithcr cxccssivc nor insuﬃcicnt (wu guo buji 无过不及). !n othcr words, in a dynamic intcractivc cnvironmcnt, harmony is brought out whcn cach particular unlolds itscll in its uniquc way and to an appropriatc du such that “cach shincs morc brilliantly in thc othcr’s company” (xiangde-yizhang 相得益彰). !n lact, carly Chincsc thinkcrs had alrcady madc a clcar distinction bctwccn thc conccpt ol harmony (he) and that ol “samcncss and conlormity” (tong 同). For cxamplc, in Guo Yu: Zhcng Yu 国语: 郑语 (compilcd during thc ¡astcn Zhou pcriod ¡,¸ nc–aa. nc), it is statcd that “to complcmcnt onc thing with a diﬀcrcnt thing is callcd harmony, with which things ﬂourish and join cach othcr, yct to strcngthcn onc thing by adding thc samc thing (which is callcd conlormity), brings an cnd to cvcrything.”⁷⁸ !n thc Chincsc scnsc, harmony prcsupposcs divcrsity, diﬀcrcntiation, and conlron tation. Similarly, Amcs and Hall translatc he as “attuning”: “combining and blcnding ol two or morc ingrcdicnts in a harmonious wholc with bcncﬁt and cnhanccmcnt that maximizcs thc possibilitics ol all without sacriﬁcing thcir scparatc and particular idcntity.”⁷⁹ As shown abovc, Chincsc pcoplc in thcir cvcryday livcs arc, cxplicitly or tacitly, oricntcd to a sct ol cultural acsthctic valucs. Tc acsthctic scnsibilitics arc cvidcnt in thcir way ol “making thc world,” in thcir cxpcricncc ol illncss whcn thc world is “unmadc” by blockcd circulations (butong), lack ol modcra tion (shidu), or loss ol harmony (weihe), and in thc proccss ol “rcmaking thcir world” through hcaling, known also in Chincsc mcdicinc as attuning (tiao 调). ¡motions, as vicwcd lrom thc pcrspcctivc ol Chincsc mcdicinc, arc ccntrally important to this proccss ol making and unmaking thc world ol bodypcrson. Tc lollowing chaptcr locuscs on thc Chincsc conccpt ol “cmotions” and cx plorcs thc cultural world ol cmotional mcanings as thcy rclatc to illncss and hcalings. This page intentionally left blank. 53 I V Contextualizing Qingzhi 情志 (Emotions) An cthnographic study on illncss and hcalth that addrcsscs socioculturally con stitutcd “bodypcrson” ncccssarily cntails a translation ol a cultural world ol cmotional mcanings. Tis is particularly rclcvant to our undcrstanding ol thc disordcrs that arc pcrccivcd locally as “cmotionrclatcd,” such as qingzhi 情志 disordcrs in Chincsc mcdicinc. Two rcccnt lincs in anthropological thinking ol cmotion lcnd complcmcntary pcrspcctivcs to this cnquiry. Tc sociocultural construction approach advocatcd and practiccd by anthropologists such as Abu Lughod, Lutz, and Vhitc, locuscs typically on cmotions as discursivc (mcaning making) social practicc,' whilc thc phcnomcnologically inspircd approach ad optcd by such anthropologists as Cosdas, Ðcsjalcis, Lock and ShcpcrHughcs pays ultimatc attcntion to thc lclt or cmbodicd quality ol cmotional cxpcricncc.´ Sccing qingzhi and disordcrcd qingzhi as an intcractivc social phcnomcnon and cmbodicd cxpcricncc inlormcd with thc cultural scnsibilitics ol tong 通 (ﬂow ing, cxtcnding), du 度 (dcgrcc, position, intcnsity), and he 和 (harmony), this chaptcr cxplorcs thc sociocultural and cthnomcdical contcxts whcrc qingzhi and disordcrcd qingzhi arc lormulatcd, talkcd about, and cxpcricnccd. UNRAVELI NG QING 情 ( EMOTI ON) Tc studics that thcorizc thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol cmotions arc markcd by thcir contradictory obscrvations and rivaling intcrprctations. Arthur Klcinman, lor cxamplc, in his works about thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol illncss and hcalth, dcscribcs cmotiontacit Chincsc who through socialization havc lcarncd that pcrsonal aﬀccts, cspccially ncgativc or disphoric cmotions, should not bc opcnly cxprcsscd. Hc gcncralizcs that in Chincsc socicty ncgativc cmotions such as dc prcssion, sadncss, and irritability arc supprcsscd and not to bc rcvcalcd outsidc onc’s lamily.` Òts also argucs that Chincsc culturc stigmatizcs cmotional bc haviors and that opcn cxprcssion ol cmotion is dcvalucd and carclully guardcd against.⁴ Howcvcr, Pottcr and Pottcr contcnd that such a gcncralization docs not conlorm to thc obscrvcd social rcality. According to Pottcrs’ obscrvation in 54 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS a villagc in Guangdong, villagcrs arc actually cmotionally cxprcssivc in cvcry scnsc including thc cmotions that could bc listcd as dysphoric, strong, and ncgativc or cvcn hostilc. Tcy thcn arguc that Chincsc cmotions arc natural phcnomcna lacking important social and symbolic signiﬁcancc “lor thc main tcnancc and pcrpctuation ol social rclationships.”⁵ Andrcw Kipnis, drawing on his own cthnographic cxpcricncc in thc countrysidc ol Shandong, takcs issuc with Pottcr and Pottcr. Hc argucs that Chincsc cmotion is indccd a social pcr lormancc through which social rclationship is cstablishcd and maintaincd. Ònc ol thc most obvious points ol cvidcncc hc mcntions is that during thc cultural rcvolution, thc crossclass crying at luncrals was banncd bccausc ritual crying at a luncral, a modc ol cmotional cxprcssion, was pcrccivcd as cstablishing and consolidating a social rclationship, and any such crossclass dcmonstration ol rclationship was dccmcd politically incorrcct at thc timc. Kipnis argucs il it wcrc truc that Chincsc cmotion, as Pottcr and Pottcr havc argucd, did not havc any lormal social signiﬁcancc, crossclass crying at luncrals would not havc bccn a conccrn at all.⁶ Tcsc obscrvations, sccmingly inconsistcnt, do havc a contribution to makc. Tc cultural scnsibility ol shamc and laccsaving docs play its rolc in thc way Chincsc cxprcss and cxpcricncc thcir cmotions.⁷ !n clinical intcractions, doctors usually do not cxplicitly pursuc scnsitivc pcrsonal inlormation, but rathcr rcly on thcir own dcvclopcd scnsitivity to asccrtain thc problcms. Yct cmotions arc cxprcsscd opcnly cvcrywhcrc, somctimcs vcry lorcclully. For cx amplc, Chincsc arc notorious lor thcir opcn displays ol angcr on buscs. Martin Schocnhals obscrvcd that cvcry day or two, hc cncountcrcd an argumcnt or a ﬁght on thc strcct or on thc bus.⁸ An Amcrican lricnd also told mc that hc was surpriscd to scc how ordinary Chincsc could opcnly display thcir strong cmo tions toward authoritativc ﬁgurcs. Hc rclcrrcd to an incidcnt hc saw in 8cijing whcrc a cyclist, altcr bcing stoppcd by a policcman, ycllcd angrily at thc policc man and drcw a crowd ol onlookcrs. ! pcrsonally obscrvcd at numcrous timcs in thc clinics that paticnts cricd opcnly in lront ol doctors and othcr paticnts whilc talking about thcir illncss, lrustrations, and sadncss. Òl coursc, such cx prcssivcncss docs not logically lcad to thc conclusion that Chincsc cmotion has no lormal social signiﬁcancc. Òn thc contrary, cxprcssing cmotion is always opcn to social and moral intcrprctations and judgmcnt. ¡motions, such as “moral indignation” (yifen 义愤) and “public indignation” (gongfen 公愤) arc uscd lrcqucntly to justily social actions. ! agrcc with Schocnhals who sug gcsts, in his cthnographic study ol a Chincsc middlc school, that cxprcssion ol cmotions in Chincsc socicty is highly contcxtualizcd and that in ccrtain social contcxts cxprcssivcncss and aggrcssion arc tolcratcd, sanctioncd, and cvcn cx pcctcd.⁹ Vc may also say that ccrtain cmotions or ccrtain ways ol doing cmo tions arc callcd lor in ccrtain contcxts or within ccrtain structural rclationships. Tc abscncc ol thcm invitcs intcrprctations and judgmcnt, too. !n othcr words, a good undcrstanding ol thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol cmotion lics in thc cultur ally inlormcd scnsitivity to contcxts, givcn that thc Chincsc cultural tradition CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 55 in gcncral is intcrcstcd morc in proccss and cvcnts rathcr than in csscncc and agcncy.'⁰ !l wc takc “cmotion insidc out” as Gcoﬀrcy Vhitc suggcsts, thc undcr standing ol cmotion, thcn, docs not rcquirc a commitmcnt to any particular ontology ol cmotions, but involvcs “thc study ol mcaning making practiccs ol pcrsons cngagcd in ordinary talk and intcractions.”'' At thc samc timc, wc nccd to scc how cmotion is conccptualizcd within thc culturc and how a particular cmotion “ﬁts into thc systcmatic world vicw, languagc, and way ol lilc ol thc socicty.”'´ Vhat is involvcd is “a tracing out and unravcling ol thc rclationships and conditions ol thc phcnomcnon’s contcxt, and its multiplc corrclations.”'` !n othcr words, a morc inlormativc way to undcrstand thc mcaning ol Chi ncsc cmotion is to map out a nctwork ol mcanings, situations, cxpcricncc, and cvcnts that typically associatc with “qing” (cmotion). Again, this approach is inspircd by 8yron Good’s modcl ol scmantic nctwork analysis, which ﬁts wcll in thc cnduring Chincsc modc ol knowing charactcrizcd by thc “onc cvoking many” modcl.'⁴ !t is particularly rclcvant to how zhongyi works, whcrc ccrtain symptoms, cxpcricnccs, and situations arc vicwcd as typically associatcd with onc anothcr to lorm a clustcr or pattcrn known as “syndromc clustcr or pattcrn” (zhenghouqun 症候群). Ònc obvious diﬀcrcncc bctwccn an cxpcricnccd doctor and an incxpcricnccd onc in clinical work, according to my zhongyi tcachcr, is that an cxpcricnccd doctor is lamiliar with zhenghou qun and thus is morc cﬃ cicnt in mapping out thc illncss situations and tracing thc roots ol thc problcm. Similarly, undcrstanding ol qingzhi will bcncﬁt lrom mapping out a nctwork ol associatcd mcanings and cvcnts ol “qing” and tracing thc mcaning to its root. Likc many othcr kcy tcrms in thc Chincsc languagc, qing hardly translatcs unambiguously. Li Ji 礼记 (Tc 8ook ol Rituals ca. ¡6¸–¡¸c ncv) dcﬁncs ‘qing’ as thc human lcclings ol “joy, angcr, sadncss, lcar, likc, dislikc, and dcsirc—thc scvcn (abilitics) acquircd (by human bcings) without thc dclibcratc cﬀort ol lcarning.” Xunzi also sccs qing as a pcrson’s natural tcndcncy (xing 性) ol “likcs and dislikcs, joy, angcr, and sadncss.”'⁵ Ðong Zhongshu, thc Conlucian scholar ol thc carly Han dynasty, rclcrs to qing as “human capacity ol dcsiring, wanting, and motivating” (ren zhi yu 人之欲). Tc dcﬁnition ol qing that has morc or lcss continucd up to today strcsscs thc intcraction ol human bcings with thcir cnvironmcnt. For cxamplc, Han Yu ol thc Tang dynasty writcs, “Qing ariscs whcn (a pcrson) comcs into contact with thc world” (qingyezhe, jieyuwu er sheng 情也者, 接于物而生).'⁶ Qing sccms to bc broadcr than cmotivc statcs and “in cludcs all rcality inputs”'⁷ or pcrhaps all rcality conﬁgurations. Qing, thcrclorc, is “ganqing, 感情” (scntimcnts or lcclings, cmotional attachmcnt), “aiqing 爱情” (good lcclings and lovc bctwccn couplcs), and “qingyu 情欲”—(scnsual dcsircs). Qing is also “qingmian 情面” (social lacc), “renqing 人情” (social obligation and cthics, a social nctwork), “qingli 情理” (commonscnsc, rcasons), and “qingkuang 情况” or “qingxing 情形” (situations, circumstanccs, or rcality). Qing prcsup poscs participation in social rclations and intcractions. !ndccd, as Solomon commcnts, onc cannot lccl any ol thc cmotions, such as lovc, angcr, sadncss, 56 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS shamc, without cngaging othcrs in onc’s cxpcricncc.'⁸ !mportantly, qing is a rc lational and situational conccpt. Chincsc tcnd not to conccptualizc cmotions as purc inncr lcclings scparatcd lrom concrctc situations. ¡motions arc not talkcd about and cxpcricnccd as abstract conccpts but in rclation to particular social situations. Qing, thcrclorc, is corrclatcd with rcason or rationality (li 理), spccch or languagc (yan 言), bchavior or action (xing 行), and appropriatcncss (yi 义). Qing as Sensibility of Face Tc ¡nglish cxprcssion hurting somebody’s feelings may simply translatc as “in juring somcbody’s lacc” (shang mianzi 伤面子) in Chincsc. As many scholars havc prcviously pointcd out, thc conccpt ol “lacc” is ccntral to thc Chincsc cxpcricncc and is an important mcchanism ol social control.'⁹ !n addition, lacc is lrcqucntly cxprcsscd and cxpcricnccd in tcrms ol cmotions. Tc Chincsc scnsc ol lacc is rccognizcd as having two aspccts: mianzi 面子 (social lacc) and lian 脸 (moral lacc).´⁰ Mianzi is talkcd about in tcrms ol social status and prcstigc. !t is thc pcrsonal mcrit rccognizcd by thc public. Tis typc ol lacc is constantly undcr public scrutiny and subjcct to socicty’s cvaluations. Logically, somc havc biggcr mianzi than othcrs. Tosc who arc morc cducatcd and culturcd (you wenhua 有文化), thosc who arc distinctivcly rccognizcd, and thosc who havc highcr social status, havc biggcr mianzi and conscqucntly bcar thc burdcn ol living up to highcr cxpcctations. Tcy arc subjcct morc casily to public humiliation and hcncc to thc cxpcricncc ol losing lacc (diu mianzi 丢面子) which can bc intcnscly cmotional. ! pcrsonally cxpcricnccd such an incidcnt whcn ! accidcntally parkcd my bicyclc along with scvcral othcr bicyclcs in an arca whcrc bicyclc parking was not allowcd. Altcr ! showcd my idcntiﬁcation card, thc old guard dclibcratcly pointcd out lor cvcrybody to hcar that with my background as a tcachcr what cxamplc ! was sctting lor my studcnts il ! could not lollow thc rulcs myscll. Tis rctircd workcr, without his rcd band around his lclt arm, would bc pcrlcctly ncgligiblc. 8ut with his indignant look and raiscd voicc accusing somcbody wcll cducatcd, hc suddcnly gaincd social lacc and bccamc morc important. Morcovcr, ! was madc to losc lacc and to lccl totally humiliatcd. Undcr thc circumstanccs, thc only thing lor mc to do was to lcavc thc sccnc as quickly as possiblc. To arguc was to losc lacc cvcn morc. Tc cxpcri cncc ol losing lacc can bc vcry painlul. Tc scnsc ol mianzi is not just somcthing supcrﬁcial or skin dccp. !t is said to havc somcthing to do with onc’s “hcart ol scllrcspcct” (zizunxin 自尊心). Tosc who havc a strong scnsc ol scllrcspcct arc morc scnsitivc to mianzi. Lian 脸, is uscd in talking about moral and cthical scnsibility. A pcrson whosc conduct trcspasscs moral codcs loscs his or hcr “moral lacc” (dui lian 丢脸), which is considcrcd morc scrious. “Ðo not want moral lacc” (buyao lian 不要脸) is onc ol thc most insulting rcmarks onc can makc, implying that thc pcrson “has laid asidc all claims to bc a pcrson.”´' Tc scnsc ol lian dcpcnds on thc scnsc ol shamc (xiuchi xin 羞耻心), a painlul lccling similar to guilt. CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 57 Somc scholars considcr that thc scnsc ol lian, unlikc thc scnsc ol mianzi, which dcpcnds on cxtcrnal sanction ol bchaviors, lunctions as an “intcrnal moral rc straint.”´´ Howcvcr, mianzi and lian arc not two totally scparatc phcnomcna. 8oth involvc social norms and a pcrsonal scnsc ol pridc and shamc. Mianzi and lian arc rathcr thc samc proccss ol bcing a pcrson sccn or talkcd about lrom diﬀcrcnt points ol vicw. Mianzi is sccn lrom thc outsidc cxtcnding to thc insidc, whilc lian is sccn and cxpcricnccd lrom thc insidc cxtcnding outsidc. !n thc cxpcricncc ol a rcal lilc situation “moral lacc” and “social lacc” arc intcgratcd. For this rcason ! prclcr to usc lian-mian 脸面 (lacc), cxccpt in thc situations whcrc onc mcaning is ovcrwhclmingly dominant, to indicatc thc complcxity ol thc Chincsc conccpt ol lacc. Facc is an intcgrativc part ol bccoming a pcrson, and cvcry maturc Chincsc pcrson (adult) is cxpcctcd to bc scnsitivc to lacc. Somctimcs talking about lacc is anothcr way ol talking about “lcclings.” Howcvcr, lacc is morc a dynamic phcnomcnon in Chincsc social lilc that onc can losc, gain, givc, protcct, or cvcn buy. !n lact, it is lair to say that Chincsc in cvcryday lilc cngagc thcmsclvcs activcly in thc proccss ol a “lacc cconomy.”´` Comparcd to othcr aspccts ol lacc, thc loss ol lacc or a thrcatcncd loss ol lacc is morc cxpcricnccd and talkcd about in tcrms ol cmotions. Schocnhals argucs that loss ol lacc is “lundamcn tally an cmotional rcaction (usually tcmporary) ol a pcrson who lailcd to livc up to othcrs cxpcctations.”´⁴ A paticnt inlormant clcarly rclatcd his illncss to his lccling ol loss ol lacc. Hc told mc that hc uscd to bc a vcry good studcnt in collcgc, and cvcrybody thought hc was smart. His company spcnt moncy scnding him to Japan lor training and madc him thc dircctor ol his scction. Hc was ovcrcomc by thc burdcn ol having to livc up to his rcputation. Hc was worricd that hc might bc lound to bc incompctcnt in his position and unwor thy ol his rcputation. Hc thcrclorc spcnt all his cncrgy trying to stay ahcad ol his collcagucs. Now with an cxhaustcd bodyhcart (shenxin 身心), hc thought that thc collcagucs who camc to thc company much latcr could pcrlorm bcttcr work than hc did. “Now cvcrybody knows ! am not that smart altcr all,” hc said. Tis, to him, was vcry lacc thrcatcning. Yct thc intcnsity ol a pcrson’s cxpcri cncc ol loss ol lacc is not ncccssarily coordinatcd with thc public’s cvaluations. Somctimcs with littlc actual public display, a pcrson may lccl an intcnsc loss ol lacc. !t dcpcnds morc on a pcrson’s pcrccption ol thc public’s rcsponsc or on how much a pcrson is oricntcd to social norms and moral codcs. An inlormant talkcd about his lcclings ol guilt/shamc (kuijiu 愧疚) and incompctcncc (wun- eng 无能) whcn hc, thc ﬁrst son ol thc lamily, had to dclay his aging mothcr’s coming to livc with his lamily bccausc hc did not havc cnough spacc in his onc bcdroom apartmcnt. Hc kcpt tclling his mothcr hc was going to bc assigncd a biggcr apartmcnt soon, but cach timc hc was disappointcd. Hc bccamc suicidal, lccling that hc had lailcd both his social and moral obligations. Likc thc Chincsc conccpt ol “pcrson,” lacc can cxtcnd to includc groups with which onc is idcntiﬁcd. Litcrally, onc can losc onc’s parcnts’ lacc (diu fumu de lian 丢父母的脸), onc’s lamily’s lacc (diu jiaren de lian 丢家人的脸), and 58 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS cvcn losc onc’s country’s lacc (dui guojia de lian 丢国家的脸). Chincsc soci cty is conncctcd in such an cxtcnsivc way that cvcrybody can potcntially losc cvcrybody clsc’s lacc. A misbchaving child may losc hcr parcnts’ lacc, and an incompctcnt or immoral parcnt may also losc his or hcr child’s lacc. Vc oltcn hcar Chincsc parcnts scold thcir childrcn by asking whcrc thcy cxpcct thcir parcnts to show thcir (thc parcnts’) lacc. Ònc important motivation lor a child to cxccl in school is to cnhancc his or hcr parcnts’ lacc. Tis mutual invocation ol lacc also happcns bctwccn studcnts and tcachcrs. Tc studcnts with good acadcmic pcrlormancc cnhancc thc tcachcr’s lacc, and a tcachcr may also losc lacc ovcr his or hcr studcnts’ poor pcrlormancc. Schocnhals points out that lacc is so ccntral in Chincsc social lilc that Chincsc virtually makc any pcrlormancc a lacc arcna and an cvaluating ground. Pcrlorming wcll in school and on cxams, particularly in thc onccaycar collcgc cntrancc cxams, can cntail cnormous prcssurc lor studcnts and thcir lamilics, cspccially lor thosc with a good rcputation to uphold and thosc lrom “intcl lcctual” lamilics.´⁵ Ðuring my clinic obscrvation, ! mct scvcral studcnt paticnts whosc illncsscs wcrc clcarly rclatcd to lcclings ol loss ol lacc or to thc anxicty ol potcntial loss ol lacc involving cxams and schoolwork. Ònc young lcmalc paticnt was brought to thc clinic by hcr mothcr who rcportcd that altcr thc daughtcr lailcd hcr collcgc cntrancc cxams, shc suﬀcrcd a mcntal trauma (jing- shen ciji 精神刺激), lclt shc could not show hcr lacc to thc world anymorc, and rcluscd to comc out ol hcr room during thc day. A paticnt who was a graduatc studcnt was worricd so much about thc coming ¡nglish qualiﬁcation cxam that hc dcvclopcd a hcadachc. !n thc culturc that makcs lian-mian ccntral to thc conccpt ol pcrson, cmo tional cxprcssion itscll is thc pcrlormancc ol a pcrson, which is subjcct to social cvaluation and intcrprctation. Vhat is important is not whcthcr cmotion is cxprcsscd or not, but in what contcxt and how it is cxprcsscd. Tc rclcvant qucs tions arc rathcr to whom, in what situation, with what purposc, and to what cﬀcct onc cxprcsscs what cmotions. As said abovc, thosc with highcr status and highcr cxpcctations to livc up to tcnd to bc morc scnsitivc to mianzi (social lacc) than thosc who do not havc much mianzi in thc ﬁrst placc. Tosc with high social status thcrclorc tcnd to bc morc cautious about thcir bchavior in public, including displaying thcir cmotions. Tcy tcnd to bc morc awarc ol thc cultural norms rcgarding intcrpcrsonal bchavior and cultural acsthctic valucs ol connccting, appropriatcncss, and harmony. Ðcmonstrating aggrcssivcncss in public is considcrcd lowstatus bchavior. For a pcrson with highcr social status to cngagc him or hcrscll in a public conﬂict is considcrcd to “diu mianzi or diu shenfen” (losc lacc or social status). Tcrclorc, a pcrson with highcr social status tcnds to discngagc himscll lrom thosc conﬂicts that gct intcnsc and ugly. Howcvcr, thosc who do not havc social status to losc usually tcnd to bc morc aggrcssivc. !ronically, il through aggrcssivcncss thc lowcr status pcrson is ablc to cngagc thc highcr status pcrson in an argumcnt at thc samc lcvcl, hc actu ally gains social lacc by dragging thc othcr pcrson down. So thc highcr status CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 59 pcrson who rcstrains lrom cngaging in thc conﬂict is said “not to givc thc othcr pcrson lacc” (bu gei lian 不给脸). Howcvcr, this docs not mcan that a pcrson with highcr social status will ncvcr display cmotions inappropriatcly but rathcr that such display is subjcct to ncgativc public sanction. !n any actual incidcncc, thcrc may bc scvcral cultural lactors at work in volving social status, gcndcr rclations, and agc diﬀcrcncc. For cxamplc, whcn womcn grow oldcr, thcy, at lcast among thc lcss cducatcd, bccomc lcast rc straincd by lacc considcrations and arc cxpcctcd to bc morc cxprcssivc and aggrcssivc. Vhcn somconc’s lacc is thrcatcncd and attackcd, hc is cxpcctcd to bc angry. Vhcn a pcrson loscs a lamily mcmbcr or a closc lricnd, hc is cxpcctcd to dcmonstratc gricl and sadncss. !n lact, whcn such dcmonstration is lacking, an cxplanation is callcd lor. !n thc contcxt ol a villagc whcrc thc community is closcly knit, somctimcs thc cntirc villagc is rclatcd in kinship tcrms, and cvcry day cmotion cxpcricncc may takc diﬀcrcnt lorms and stylcs. ¡motional activi tics tcnd to bc morc obscrvablc. !n addition, inappropriatc display ol cmotions, at most, involvcs morc ol social lacc than moral lacc, and villagcrs carc morc about lulﬁlling thcir moral obligations toward cach othcr than social prcstigc. Tcy arc morc worricd about a gilt bcing rcturncd or a lavor bcing sharcd. Tc communication ol cmotions in thc clinical contcxt is a slightly diﬀcrcnt mattcr. How a doctor and paticnt intcract with cach othcr dcpcnds on how thcy pcrccivc thc rclationship. A scnior doctor with a good rcputation commands morc trust lrom a paticnt than a youngcr doctor. !n lront ol a doctor, a paticnt who normally occupics a lowcr status docs not thcorctically havc much mianzi to losc. Vhat makcs thc diﬀcrcncc is il thc doctor is pcrccivcd as “having a good attitudc” (taiduhao 态度好), mcaning bcing kind and undcrstanding. Facing an undcrstanding scnior doctor, paticnts tcnd to cxprcss angcr, sadncss, and lrus tration quitc lrccly. !n lact, by thc action ol rcvcaling his or hcr own cmotions to thc doctor and rccciving cmotional consoling, thc impcrsonal doctorpaticnt rclationship is somchow translormcd into a morc pcrsonal typc ol rclationship. Òncc a woman in hcr thirtics camc to scc thc doctor at thc clinic. Tcy talkcd as il thcy wcrc old lricnds. Tcn thc doctor told hcr that thc pcrsonal stamp shc carvcd lor him was ol no usc bccausc shc had thc sccond charactcr ol his namc carvcd incorrcctly. Hc jokcd that altcr thc many scssions that shc had cricd through, shc did not cvcn know thc charactcrs ol his namc. Tcir convcrsation was lricndly and inlormal. Latcr, thc doctor told mc that this paticnt uscd to comc to his oﬃcc oncc a wcck. Shc was always thc ﬁrst to comc to thc clinic in thc morning. As soon as shc sat down, shc startcd to cry. According to thc doctor, shc rcally cricd, not just bccamc tcarycycd, but cricd loudly. Shc talkcd about hcr problcms ol inlcrtility and lamily. Shc was dcprcsscd and suicidal. 8y thc timc ! saw hcr, shc had rccovcrcd and was back at work. !n my ﬁcld notcs, ! dcscribcd hcr as “having a hcalthy lacial complcxion and talkcd and laughcd at casc.” Shc promiscd to carvc a stamp lor thc doctor as a tokcn ol hcr grati tudc. 8y rcvcaling hcr cmotions opcnly to thc doctor, thc young lcmalc paticnt prcscntcd hcrscll not only as a paticnt that nccdcd trcatmcnt lor hcr illncss but 60 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS also as a suﬀcring pcrson who nccdcd undcrstanding and sympathy and thus dcﬁncd and translormcd this particular doctorpaticnt rclationship. Qing as Social Rclations A most commonly uscd cmotion word is ganqing 感情. Tc tcrm is composcd ol two charactcrs: gan 感 (to lccl, cxpcricncc, or bc movcd) and qing 情 (lccl ings, cmotions). Tc conccpt takcs various mcanings in Chincsc cvcryday con vcrsation, and its translation dcpcnds on thc contcxt in which it is uscd. Vhat is uniquc about ganqing is its usc is always cmbcddcd in spcciﬁc dynamity ol social rclations as qin qing 亲情 (cmotional attachmcnt bctwccn lamily mcm bcrs), fuqi qing 夫妻情 (aﬀcction bctwccn husband and wilc), shisheng qing 师生情 (lcclings bctwccn tcachcr and studcnt), youqing 友情 (lricndship), and morc. !n this scnsc, ganqing is simply renqing 人情, which ! translatc as “human cmotions cxisting in/as spcciﬁc social rclations.” Hwang idcntiﬁcs renqing as thc csscntial mcaning ol thc Chincsc conccpt ol cmotion,´⁶ and Klcinman and Klcinman clarily it as “a contcxtualizcd rcsponsc, a rcsponsc onc lccls in cx pcricncing thc concrctc particularity ol livcd situations.”´⁷ Yan suggcsts that renqing commonly has lour diﬀcrcnt mcanings. Tcy arc (.) human lcclings which arc basic cmotional rcsponscs ol an individual to cvcryday situations, (a) a sct ol social norms and moral obligations, (¸) a lavor, a gilt, grcctings, a visit and assistancc, and (¡) a social nctwork. !n short, renqing is sccn lundamcntally as social rclations.´⁸ Having a good rclationship” in Chincsc is actually “having good lcclings” (ganqing hao 感情好) or simply “having lcclings” (you ganqing 有感情). Tough translatcd as “lcclings,” “to havc ganqing” in this Chincsc scnsc is not somcthing simply “to havc,” but a proccss ol “doing” a rclationship in concrctc social situ ations, and its communication thcrclorc rclics morc on contcxtualizcd actions (xing 行) than mcrcly on talk and spccch (yan 言). Tc Pottcrs noticc that in Chincsc culturc, rclationship is conﬁrmcd through thc languagc ol work and suﬀcring rathcr than by rclcrring to thc cmotion ol lovc.´⁹ ! can ccrtainly scc thc point ol thc statcmcnt, but thc problcm with Pottcrs’ analysis is that it dichotomizcs “work” and “aﬀcction” as il thcy arc mutually cxclusivc in thc Chincsc cxpcricncc. Tc rcsult is a doublc rcduction: “work” is strippcd ol its al lcctivc dimcnsion, and “cmotion,” ol its social signiﬁcancc. !n lact, good lcclings (ganqing) arc bcst sccn as unlolding through how onc bchavcs within thc so cial contcxt. Tis is truc cspccially among intimatc rclations. !n thcsc rclations, ganqing hao is oltcn dcscribcd as moqi 默契 (tacit coordination bctwccn thc partics dcvclopcd through intimatc intcractions on a daily basis). Anticipating thc othcr’s nccds and acting accordingly without bcing cxplicitly told is most valucd as thc truc manilcstation ol ganqing. !t takcs a lot ol good lcclings to bc awarc ol thc situation that othcrs arc in and to carc cnough to takc actions accordingly. !t is in rcciprocation ol doing things lor cach othcr that ganqing is crcatcd and substantiatcd. “Ganqing cxists only whcn scntimcnt, cmotional CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 61 attachmcnt, and good lcclings arc lclt by pcoplc involvcd in social intcrac tions.”`⁰ As Schocnhals points out, “\|h\|clping othcrs to do things thcy cannot do alonc, cvcn mundanc things, has grcat signiﬁcancc lor thc Chincsc, as it is a primary mcans ol cxprcssing lricndship and lovc.”`' Tus, thc Chincsc cldcrly likc to rcccivc gilts and hclp lrom thcir childrcn and arc proud ol thcm bccausc this not only lcts thcm know that thcy arc lovcd but also cnhanccs thc social lacc ol thc parcnts and thc lamily. Rclusing to rcciprocatc in sharing work is considcrcd a “problcm ol cmotions/lcclings” (ganqing wenti 感情问题). Ònc lcmalc inlormant complaincd that hcr husband ncvcr hclpcd hcr with housc work, not cvcn whcn shc was sick. Shc summarizcd thc rclationship as “lack ol good lcclings” (mei ganqing 没感情). For most Chincsc, ganqing is cxprcsscd through actions takcn and dccisions madc lor cach othcr on an cvcryday basis. A rctircd tcachcr dcscribcd hcr rclationship with onc ol hcr studcnts as having good ganqing. Altcr almost thirty ycars had passcd, thc studcnt was still coming to visit hcr and brought hcr gilts on holidays. Vhcn Chincsc say that a pcrson docs not havc renqing (human cmotion) scnsibility, thcy talk about a pcrson’s attitudc and bchavior toward othcrs. A typical story involvcd a son who upon marriagc took ovcr his parcnts’ apartmcnt and lorccd thc parcnts to makc a bcdroom out ol thc balcony. Tc story arouscd cmotional commcnts to thc cﬀcct that thc son was not a pcrson, and hc did not havc a scnsc ol qinqing (cmotional attachmcnt bctwccn lamily mcmbcrs), not to mcntion renqing in gcncral. A positivc cxamplc ol having good ganqing involvcd a young couplc who livcd in thc samc building whcrc ! staycd whilc in 8cijing. Tc ncighbors would talk about thcm admiringly as “having rcally good rclationship/lcclings” (ganqing zhenhao 感情真好), comparablc to saying that thcy rcally lovcd cach othcr. Tcy would mcntion such things as: cvcry morning bclorc hc wcnt to work, thc husband would takc thc wilc on thc back ol his bicyclc to thc bus stop, and in thc cvcning hc would wait at thc bus stop and takc his wilc back homc on his bicyclc. Vhat makcs thc community rccognizc this couplc is thc harmony and intimacy cultivatcd in mundanc cv cryday cxpcricncc. Good lcclings, as rccognizcd by lamilyoricntcd Chincsc, comc lrom lamiliarity and cmbody undcrstanding that nurturcs spontancous coordination and coopcration among thc mcmbcrs ol a community. Òbviously, renqing, bascd on concrctc social rclations, is not conccptual izcd as somcthing that can bc isolatcd as “inncr lcclings.” Chincsc do havc thc conccpt ol “nei” 内(insidc), yct nei cxists mcaninglully only whcn it is mani lcstcd to thc outsidc. Tcrc is no mcaninglul insidc that is without an outsidc corrcspondcncc in spccch, action, or inaction. Tis insidc and outsidc conccptu alization is cvidcnt in thc zhongyi modc ol knowing, which is actually bascd on mcticulous obscrvations ol thc corrcspondcncc bctwccn lunctions ol thc insidc zang 脏 (visccral systcms) and thc outsidc xiang 象 (outsidc manilcstations). Tis insidc is not undcrstood as a ﬁxcd cntity, but a proccss constantly in mo tion. !n this scnsc, thc outsidc manilcstations can bc sccn as an intcgrativc part ol thc samc lunctional proccss. !ntcrcstingly, introspcction (neixing 内省) in thc 62 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Chincsc scnsc docs not havc thc mcaning ol rcaching dccply into oncscll “lor discovcring thc rcally rcal”`´ but rclcrs to a morally oricntcd scllcxamination ol onc’s bchavior. A typical cxamplc ol this typc ol scllcxamination comcs lrom Zcngzi, Conlucius’ disciplc. Hc oncc said, “¡vcryday ! cxaminc (xing 省) myscll on thrcc counts: whcthcr ! havc donc my bcst working lor othcrs, whcthcr ! havc kcpt my promisc to lricnds, and whcthcr ! havc appropriatcd and actcd upon thc tcachings rcccivcd lrom my tcachcr.”`` Renqing is an intcractional phcnomcnon, cstablishcd, conﬁrmcd, and main taincd through cvcryday rcciprocation ol lavors, labor, carc, lood, assistancc, kindncss, and undcrstanding. Tc rclationship bctwccn parcnts and childrcn is markcd by thc typical Chincsc scnsc ol mutual obligations and rcciprocity. Chincsc parcnts arc known to put a major part ol thcir rcsourccs and cncrgy into thcir childrcn’s cducation and makc grcat cﬀorts to satisly thc childrcn’s nccds. Childrcn arc cxpcctcd to undcrstand thc parcnts’ “laborcd hcart” (kuxin 苦心) and apprcciatc thcir parcnts’ cﬀorts by bcing good studcnts and honor ing thc parcnts’ cxpcctations. Tis is vividly capturcd in a ncwspapcr articlc in which a tcnycarold girl told thc rcportcr about hcr mothcr, whosc job with a statcowncd busincss had bccn cut: Ðuring thc two ycars whilc my mothcr was out ol work, shc cndurcd much hardship. !n thc altcrnoon and at night shc workcd in a rcstaurant. !n thc morning, shc workcd in anothcr placc. My rclativcs and lricnds all said that my mothcr sccmcd to bccomc old suddcnly. Not ¡c yct, shc has alrcady lots ol gray hair. ! know my mothcr workcd this hard lor my sakc. Tc way ! can rcpay hcr is to study hard, othcrwisc ! am not trcating my mothcr right.`⁴ Tc mothcr’s rcsponsc to thc girl’s words was that knowing thc child chcrishcd such a hcart, all thc hardship shc suﬀcrcd had bccn rcwardcd. Qing as Social Norms and Moral Commcnts Tc Chincsc conccpt ol cmotion, capturcd in thc cxprcssions ol renqing and ganqing is not somcthing that is strictly oppositc to rcason (li 理) and moral signiﬁcancc (yi 义). Tc common cxprcssions that Chincsc usc to advancc thcir opinions, such as juede 觉得 or gandao 感到 havc aspccts ol both thinking and lccling. ¡motion, rcason, and moral appropriatcncss arc intcgratcd in thc Chi ncsc languagc and cxpcricncc. Vhcn a pcrson is said not to undcrstand human cmotions (butong renqing 不通人情), thc mcaning may actually bc that thc pcrson is not rcasonablc or docs not act in accordancc with common scnsc. !l wc say that renqing is thc human cmotional rcsponsc or scntimcnt cm bcddcd in a scrics ol concrctc social rclations, thcn it can also bc rcad as “a sct ol social norms and moral obligations” opcrativc in cvcryday practiccs.`⁵ Tcy arc somctimcs rclcrrcd to as “aﬀcctivc rcason” (qingli 情理) and “cmotionally chargcd moral appropriatcncss” (qingyi 情义). Ðiﬀcrcnt social rclations may cvokc a diﬀcrcnt sct ol li (rcasons) and yi (moral signiﬁcancc/appropriatcncss) CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 63 that dcmand stylcs ol bchavior and ol cmotion appropriatc to thc rclational contcxt. Ðcmonstrations ol qing and thc intcnsity ol such dcmonstrations arc justiﬁcd or unjustiﬁcd in thc light ol li and yi, which arc contigcnt on thc concrctc social contcxts. For cxamplc, a basic typc ol qinqing 亲情 (ganqing bctwccn lamily mcmbcrs) is qing bctwccn parcnts and childrcn, which is tradi tionally charactcrizcd as ci 慈 (caring) lor parcnts and xiao 孝 (ﬁlial picty) lor childrcn. !n cvcryday lilc, ci and xiao arc both cmotions and codcs ol conduct. !n Chincsc cvcryday languagc, idioms ol cmotions arc lrcqucntly uscd in moral discoursc. Angcr is such an idiom. !t is onc ol thc lrcqucntly cncoun tcrcd cmotions in thc clinics ol Chincsc mcdicinc. Many paticnts complain that thcir illncss is “angcr rclatcd” (qide 气的). !l angcr is considcrcd a ncgativc or stigmatizcd cmotion that prcscnts a potcntial thrcat to thc cxisting social structurc, why do pcoplc opcnly admit that thcy arc angry to thc cxtcnt ol injuring thcir hcalth: Tc Chincsc tcnd to associatc angcr (qi 气, nu 怒) with illncss and cvcn dcath, as rcﬂcctcd in thc Chincsc saying that “onc docs not nccd to pay with his lilc il hc ‘angcrs’ a pcrson to dcath” (qisiren bu changming 气死人不偿命). Tis may sccm to bc an cxaggcration, but Chincsc oltcn takc it quitc scriously. Many ol thcm know thc historical account ol Zhu Gcliang, thc ministcr ol thc statc ol Shu who trickcd Zhou Yu, thc gcncral ol thc statc ol Vu thrcc timcs and ﬁnally “angcrcd” him to dcath. Claiming to bc angry is not to say that onc lccls pcrsonal lrustration but to say that somcbody clsc hurts a pcrson by violating qingli or qingyi. A middlcagcd lcmalc paticnt, a policc oﬃccr, complaincd about hcr insomnia and thc involuntary trcmbling ol hcr hands. Tc trcmbling got worsc whcn shc was angry. Altcr giving a dcscription ol hcr symptoms, shc told thc doctor that hcr illncss rcsultcd lrom angcr causcd by hcr mothcrinlaw (bei popo qi de 被婆婆气的), who, accord ing to hcr, was not rcasonablc (bu jiangli 不讲理). According to hcr story, hcr mothcrinlaw’s husband wcnt to Taiwan just bclorc .µ¡µ and did not comc back until rcccntly. Now that thc husband had rcturncd, hcr mothcrinlaw bccamc cvcn morc unbcarablc, as il thc wholc world owcd hcr. ¡vcrybody in thc lamily had to dclcr to hcr will, and shc lound lault with cvcrybody, cspc cially with hcr daughtcrinlaw. Tc paticnt commcntcd that “it is truc that my mothcrinlaw has suﬀcrcd a lot lrom thc political stigma and raising a child by hcrscll, but that docs not givc hcr thc right to makc cvcrybody clsc suﬀcr.” Shc also said that though shc was vcry angry with hcr mothcrinlaw and rcally wantcd to shout back at hcr to makc hcr undcrstand what shc was doing, as a policc oﬃccr (policc oﬃccrs and govcrnmcnt oﬃcials arc supposcd to sct good cxamplcs as civilizcd citizcns), shc could not do it. Òthcrs would say that il shc could not handlc hcr own lamily problcm appropriatcly, how could shc “takc control ol ” (guan 管) othcrs: 8y prcscnting hcrscll as angry, shc lormulatcd hcr illncss and cmotion as a moral commcnt on hcr mothcrinlaw’s violation ol qingli. So by complaining that thcir illncsscs arc angcr rclatcd, paticnts hold somcbody clsc morally accountablc lor thcir suﬀcrings—suﬀcrings that arc mcasurablc in thc “body.” 64 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Qing as ¡mbodicd ¡xpcricncc Tough thc tcrm qingzhi itscll is uscd mostly in thc contcxt ol Chincsc mcdi cinc in rclcrcncc to thc lunction ol cmotions in rclation to hcalth and illncss, thc contcnt ol qingzhi, thc so callcd “scvcn cmotions” (qiqing 七情) or “ﬁvc cmotions” (wuzhi 五志) arc concrctc cmotions that arc part ol cvcryday lan guagc and cxpcricncc.`⁶ 8y glossing thcsc cmotions ovcr as qingzhi, zhongyi doctors spccily a mcdical contcxt lor talking about and cvaluating cmotions and ﬁnally translorming an cxpcricncc ol cmotion into a trcatablc disordcr. Qingzhi, on thc onc hand, is unmistakably rccognizcd as social in na turc and always undcrstood as thc concrctc cmotions ol xi 喜 (joy, happy), nu 怒 (angcr, ragc), you 忧 (sorrow, worrics), si 思 (thinking, pcnsivcncss), bei 悲 (gricl ), kong 恐 (lcar), and jing 惊 (lright). Tcsc arc “contcxtualizcd rc sponscs” ol an individual “in cxpcricncing thc concrctc particularity ol livcd situations.”`⁷ Tcrclorc, disordcrcd qingzhi, though sccn as having somcthing to do with thc paticnt’s pcrsonal psychophysiological dispositions (bingfu 秉赋) is oltcn rccognizcd by traditional Chincsc mcdical doctors as closcly and dircctly rclatcd to a pcrson’s social cnvironmcnt. My zhongyi tcachcr un cquivocally markcd intcrpcrsonal rclationship (renji guanxi 人际关系) and in ability to dcal with it (chuli bukai 处理不开) as thc main lactors contributing to qingzhi disordcrs. Hc strcsscd that thc idcal way to trcat qingzhi disordcrs is to combinc mcdical trcatmcnt (yaowu zhiliao 药物治疗) and pcrsuasion (quandao 劝导) or discntanglcmcnt (shuli 疏理) ol thc paticnt’s pcrsonal and cmotional blockagc in lilc. Hc bclicvcd that il hc did not havc to trcat so many paticnts cach day, hc would bc ablc to spcnd morc timc with cach paticnt, and thc cﬃcacy would havc bccn much bcttcr. Nowadays, this nonmcdical mcthod is also rclcrrcd to as “psychological counscling” (xinli zixun 心理谘询). Tc morc traditional mcthod lor such nonmcdical trcatmcnt lor qingzhi disordcrs is “trcating an cmotion with a countcr cmotion” (yi qing sheng qing 以情胜情). Howcvcr, thc socallcd xinli zixun (psychological counscling) is diﬀcrcnt lrom thc conccpt ol psychological counscling in that it is not aimcd at discovcring and rcvcaling intrapsychic conﬂicts, but it is morc sociomorally oricntcd as lostcring a “corrcct” or adaptivc attitudc and pcrspcctivc in ordcr lor paticnts to handlc thcir social situations bcttcr. Morcovcr, thcsc “corrcct” insights into onc’s lilc arc culturally cmbcddcd. Sincc Chincsc mcdicinc routincly incorpo ratcs nonmcdical aspccts into its clinical intcrvcntion, doctors, though spcnd ing limitcd timc with thcir paticnts, scldom lcavc out thc nonmcdical part ol zhongyi in thcir intcraction with paticnts. Tis aspcct will bc discusscd in dctail in thc lollowing chaptcrs. Morcovcr, thcrc is no doubt lrom thc zhongyi point ol vicw that qingzhi is cmbodicd and cxpcricnccd as dispcrscd qi, ﬂarcs ol livcr, stagnatcd digcs tivc lunctions, palpitations ol thc hcart, and so on. ¡motion and thought arc sccn as intcgratcd parts ol thc human psychophysiological proccss. As Sivin points out, Chincsc do makc a distinction bctwccn bodily and psychological CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 65 lunctions whcn thcy lccl it ncccssary, but Chincsc physicians “wcrc much morc intcrcstcd in thcir undcrlying intcgrity and intcraction.”`⁸ For thcm, changcs in thought/lcclings will havc conscqucnccs in physiological changcs, and thcrclorc, cxpcricntial changcs. Tc convcrsc is also hcld to bc truc. Òts bclicvcs that thcrc is a “corrcspondcncc ol cmotions and bodily complaints in psychosomatic disordcrs and suspccts that through spcciﬁc bodily symptoms or symptom pattcrns, zhongyi doctors may bc ablc to idcntily somc spcciﬁc cmotional changcs.`⁹ Vithout claboratcd zhongyi languagc that connccts cmotivc activitics to spcciﬁc bodily lunctional systcms, ordinary Chincsc talk about thcir cmotions as thc cxpcricncc ol shenti (bodypcrson), which, as clcar lrom thc last chaptcr, is both body and pcrson. !t is vcry common lor Chincsc to calm thcir angry lricnds by saying, “Ðon’t stay angry, or you will harm your shenti,” or pcrsuadc somcbody in gricl to “rcstrain thc lcclings ol gricl ” (jieai 节哀), or hc will dcstroy his own shenti. Chincsc bclicvc that onc’s cmotion is cxpcricnccd in shenti, as thcy say “a smilc makcs you tcn ycars youngcr, whilc worry brings you gray hair.” Tc cxpcricncc ol a lricnd, an cstablishcd middlcagcd scholar, may illustratc how cmotion/social/bodily changcs arc intcrtwincd in rcal lilc cxpcricncc. Tc lollowing is translatcd lrom my notcs ol our convcrsation in thc summcr ol .µµ¡. For somc timc, ! lclt my shenti (bodypcrson) was not good. ! had insomnia, and ! could not lall aslccp at all. ! was in low spirits (qingxu buhao 情绪不好) and was anxious and irritablc all thc timc. ! was alraid that my shenti might lall apart, and so ! wcnt to scc zhongyi doctors. ! was told that ! had “ncrvcs lunctional disordcrs” (shenjing guannengzheng 神经官能症). Tc doctor said my problcm was rclatcd to “cxccssivc worry and thinking” (silu guodu 思虑过度) that disturbcd my splccn and stomach systcm (piwei 脾胃) and wcakcncd my hcart systcm and that ! nccdcd to takc somc Chincsc hcrb mcdicinc to modulatc (tiao 调) my shenti. ! thought hc was right. Ðuring that pcriod, Ðcng Xiaoping had just publishcd his spccch on his south inspcction trips,⁴⁰ and thc wholc country was plungcd into an cconomic lrcnzy. ¡vcrything bc camc commcrcializcd as il moncy was cvcrything. ! was constantly thinking about what ! was going to do: lollow thc trcnd ol “jumping into thc sca ol markct cconomy” (xiahai 下海) likc many othcrs, or bc contcnt to bc poor and do things ! was good at: Vhat would happcn to an acadcmic institution likc ours that dcﬁnitcly could not survivc thc ups and downs ol a markct cconomy by itscll: !n thosc days ! couldn’t slccp wcll and had no dcsirc lor lood. ! was unccrtain about thc country’s luturc and was worricd about my luturc and my lamily’s. Tis was thc hardcst pcriod lor mc. ! wcnt to scc zhongyi twicc. Tc doctor prcscribcd somc hcrbal mcdicinc. Altcr somc timc, ! lorgct how long. . . . my symptoms mitigatcd. ! am not surc il ! was hcalcd by thc mcdi cinc or simply bccausc ! had thought things through and madc my dccision to stay within thc acadcmy. 66 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Tc intcrconncctions bctwccn lcclings/thinking and bodily changcs arc mcticulously codcd in zhongyi physiology and considcrcd csscntial in ordcr to undcrstand qingzhi disordcrs. PHYSI OLOGY OF QINGZHI As mcntioncd abovc, qingzhi rclcrs spcciﬁcally to scvcn cmotions (qiqing 七情): happincss (xi 喜), angcr (nu 怒), worry and anxicty (you 忧), thinking and obscssion (si 思), sadncss and gricl (bei 悲), lcar (kong 恐), and lright (jing 惊). !n ordcr to corrcspond to thc lunctions ol thc ﬁvc zang visccra, “scvcn cmotions” arc somctimcs rcduccd to “ﬁvc cmotions” (wuzhi 五志) by consoli dating you (worry) with si (obscssion) and kong (lcar) with jing (lright). 8oth ‘qing’ and ‘zhi’ can bc translatcd as “cmotions” and arc lrcqucntly uscd in com bination. Howcvcr, somc Chincsc mcdical prolcssionals rccognizc distinctions bctwccn qing and zhi.⁴' Tcy arguc that qing arc manilcstcd cmotions and zhi arc latcnt. Tcy arc somctimcs rclcrrcd to as “intcrnal cmotion” (neizhi 内志) and “cxtcrnal cmotion” (waiqing 外情). Yct, wc should not mistakc zhi as somc sort ol subconscious or hiddcn cmotion. Rathcr zhi is undcrstood as thc “latcnt or ncutralizcd” (zhonghe 中和) statc in thc proccss ol cmotions. !n othcr words, ‘qing’ and ‘zhi’ arc two tcrms rclcrring to diﬀcrcnt stagcs ol thc samc proccss. Qingzhi and thc \isccral Systcms Qingzhi is closcly rclatcd to thc lunctions ol thc visccral systcms. Neijing: Suwen (Tc !nncr Classics: Simplc Qucstions) statcs that “a human bcing has ﬁvc vis ccral systcms which translorm ﬁvc kinds ol qi, thc ﬁvc kinds ol qi producc xi (joy), nu (angcr), bei (sadncssgricl ), you (anxicty—sadncss), and kong (lcar).”⁴´ Tc scvcn cmotions arc also thc cxtcrnal manilcstations ol thc lunctions ol thc ﬁvc visccral systcms. Ðistinctions among thc visccral systcms inﬂucncc changcs in cmotions, and cmotional changcs inducc physiological changcs. Tcsc cmo tional activitics whcn kcpt in ccrtain du (dcgrcc ol intcnsity) arc said to bc normal phcnomcna. Ònly whcn activitics ol any ol such cmotions bccomc cx ccssivc (guoji 过激) will cmotion bccomc pathological. Tc visccral lunction systcms in Chincsc mcdicinc lall into two catcgorics: thc ﬁvc yin visccra (wuzang 五脏) and six yang visccra (liufu 六腑). Tc ﬁvc zang visccra includc thc hcart (xin 心), thc lungs (fei 肺), thc splccn (pi 脾), thc livcr (gan 肝), and thc kidncys (shen 肾). Although dcsignatcd as yin organs, thcy arc thc dominant lunctional systcms in thc holistic physiology ol tradi tional Chincsc mcdicinc. Tc ﬁvc zang systcms arc paircd with six fu visccra: thc small intcstinc (xiaochang 小肠), thc largc intcstinc (dachang 大肠), thc stomach (wei 胃), thc gallbladdcr (dan 胆), thc urinary systcm (pangguang 膀胱) and thc untranslatablc sanjiao 三焦.⁴` Tc zang and fu arc considcrcd as complcmcntary in lunctions. !t is charactcristic ol thc physiological lunctions CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 67 ol thc zang systcms to translorm (shenghua 生化) and storc (zhucang 贮藏) vital csscncc and cncrgy (jingqi 精气) and charactcristic ol thc lunctions ol thc six fu visccra to acccpt, digcst, transmit, and scparatc thc watcr and lood (shuigu 水谷). As shown in tablc ¡.., thc ﬁvc zang and thc six fu systcms join cach othcr to lorm a complcx ol lunctions that links “all parts ol thc body in proccsscs ol producing normal and pathological cﬀccts.”⁴⁴ Zhongyi physiology dcpcnds littlc on thc knowlcdgc ol anatomy. Zhongyi thcory ol visccral systcms is callcd “zangxiangxue” 脏象学 (studics ol visccral systcm imagcry) in which zang 脏 rclcrs to thc dynamic and rclational proccsscs ol visccral systcms ol a living body and xiang 象 to bc obscrvablc manilcstations ol thc lunctions ol thc visccral proccsscs. Tc Chincsc mcdical thcory strcsscs that thc visccra in zangxiangxue arc not anatomic conccpts. “Most importantly thcy arc thc con ccpts that gcncralizc thc physiological and pathological lunctions ol thc bodily systcms.”⁴⁵ Tc phcnomcna that zhongyi invcstigatcs arc diﬀcrcnt lrom thosc ol biomcdicinc.⁴⁶ Vhcn a Chincsc mcdical doctor is taking a pulsc (qiemai 切脉), thc attcntion is not on thc pulsc or thc rhythmic dilating and contracting ol artcrics but on thc movcmcnt ol mai—thc ﬂow ol qi and xue (blood) that somctimcs rcscmblcs “a pcarl rolling on a platc” and somctimcs “watcr gush ing out ol a spring,” rcgistcring thc status ol lunction and coordination ol thc visccral systcms at thc momcnt.⁴⁷ Tc physiological corrclations claboratcd in zangxiangxue appcar at scv cral lcvcls. First, cach zang corrcsponds to a particular fu and intcracts with othcr zang systcms according to thc wuxing scqucncc ol inﬂucncc to lorm a lunctional nctwork ol physiology. At anothcr lcvcl, cach zang systcm has its manilcstcd conﬁgurations that arc spcciﬁcally rclatcd to ccrtain scnsual organs or surlacc opcnings to lorm continuity lrom thc insidc to thc outsidc. For cxamplc, thc tonguc (she 舌) is callcd “thc sccdling ol thc hcart.” Changcs in physiological lunctions ol thc hcart systcm arc said to manilcst not only in color and coating ol thc tonguc but also in tastc and spcaking.⁴⁸ Vc can still ﬁnd anothcr lcvcl ol corrclation. Tc physiological lunctions ol thc ﬁvc zang systcms arc closcly associatcd with human mcntal or “brain” activitics including cognition and cmotions. Tc hcart is said to storc shén 神 (spirit/consciousncss) and is associatcd with thc cmotion ol xi (joy, happincss), thc livcr systcm is said to storc xue 血 (blood) and hun 魂 (cthcrcal soul) and is associatcd with thc cmotion ol nu (angcr, ragc). Tcrclorc, zangxiangxue ol Chincsc mcdicinc not only spcciﬁcs that thc physiological lunctions ol thc ﬁvc zang systcms and thc six fu systcms arc intcrconncctcd and that thcir cquilibrium and harmony arc csscntial lor a hcalthy proccss ol shenti but also indicatcs that thc physiological nctwork cxtcnds to includc thc mcntal and social cnvironmcnts through thc dcmonstratcd continuity lrom insidc to outsidc and lrom zangfu systcms to mcntal and cmotional aspccts ol a pcrson. Tus, thc zangxiang systcm in lact implics a largcr physiology ol bodypcrson that gocs bcyond thc boundary ol “physical body.” Tis holistic physiology is thc basic logic undcrlying zhongyi’s approach to qingzhi disordcrs. 68 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS T a b l e 4 . 1 S u m m a r y o f t h e F u n c t i o n s o f t h e F i v e V i s c e r a l S y s t e m s Z a n g V i s c e r a l S y s t e m A ﬃ l i a t e d F u S y s t e m G o v e r n s & U n f o l d s i n S t o r e s E m o t i o n A s s o c i a t e d M a n i f e s t & V e n t H c a r t S m a l l i n t c s t i n c 8 l o o d ﬂ o w c i r c u l a t i o n t r a c k s S h e n ( s p i r i t a n d v i t a l i t y ) X i ( j o y o r h a p p i n c s s ) M a n i l c s t s i n l a c c , v c n t s a t t o n g u c S p l c c n S t o m a c h T r a n s m i s s i o n & t r a n s l o r m a t i o n , ﬂ c s h , m u s c l c s , l o u r l i m b s Y i ( i m a g c r y ) S i ( V o r r y i n g / t h i n k i n g ) M a n i l c s t s i n l i p s , v c n t s a t m o u t h L u n g L a r g c i n t c s t i n c 8 r c a t h i n g P o ( s c n s c , s c n s a t i o n ) b e i ( s a d n c s s / g r i c l ) , y o u ( a n x i c t y / s a d n c s s ) M a n i l c s t s i n s k i n & b o d y h a i r , v c n t s a t n o s c K i d n c y U r i n a r y b l a d d c r & t r i p l c j i a o F l u i d s , m a r r o w , b o n c s z h i ( m c m o r y ) k o n g ( l c a r ) , j i n g ( s t a r t l c , l r i g h t ) M a n i l c s t s i n h a i r , v c n t s a t c a r , g c n i t a l s , & a n u s L i v c r G a l l b l a d d c r Ð r c d g i n g & d r a i n i n g , d i s p c r s i o n u p w a r d a n d o u t w a r d , s i n c w s b l o o d h u n ( s o u l ) n u ( a n g c r ) M a n i l c s t s i n n a i l s , v c n t s a t c y c s T i s t a b l c i s b a s c d o n i n l o r m a t i o n l r o m Y c t c t . A l . . µ · ¸ . Z h o n g y i J i c h u CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 69 Tc physiology ol thc zangfu systcms is systcmatizcd in tcrms ol wuxing 五行 (thc ﬁvc translormativc phascs) into complicatcd cyclcs ol production (sheng 生) and rcstraint (ke 克). ¡motions, though vicwcd dircctly rclcvant to thc hcart systcm, arc assigncd scparatcly to cach onc ol thc ﬁvc visccral systcms and arc thcrclorc subjcct to thc samc logic ol intcractions. Tc Fivc Translormativc Phascs Likc yin-yang thcory, “wuxing” is anothcr ancicnt Chincsc philosophical con ccpt that has bccn intcgratcd into thc thcorctical loundation ol traditional Chincsc mcdicinc.⁴⁹ Wuxing arc thc charactcristic activitics ol thc ﬁvc phascs: wood, ﬁrc, carth, mctal, and watcr. 8ccausc ol thc matcrialistic appcarancc ol thc ﬁvc clcmcnts, it was routincly translatcd as thc “ﬁvc clcmcnts” and sccn as comparablc to thc Grcck lour clcmcnts ol carth, air, ﬁrc, and watcr, which arc thc ultimatc roots ol all natural things. Howcvcr, as Sivin points out, wux- ing arc not clcmcnts in an “Aristotclian and mcdicval ¡uropcan lorm” but arc “primarily conccrncd with proccss and changc.”⁵⁰ Vhat links thc ﬁvc matcrials in naturc to thc ﬁvc translormativc phascs is not what thc ﬁvc matcrials csscn tially arc but what arc obscrvcd to bc charactcristics ol thc lormcr. Tcrclorc, thc wood phasc ol wuxing is charactcrizcd by thc lunctions ol growing (sheng- zhang 生长), dispcrsing upward and outward (shengfa 升发), and strctching and cxtcnding (tiaoda shuchang 调达舒畅). Tc ﬁrc phasc is charactcrizcd by thc lunctions ol warming (wenxu 温煦) and rising (shengteng 升腾). Tc carth phasc is charactcrizcd by thc lunctions ol translorming (shenghua 生化), carry ing (chengzai 承载), and absorbing (shouna 收纳). Tc mctal phasc is notcd lor thc lunctions ol clcaring (qingjie 清洁) and contracting (shoulian 收敛). Finally, thc watcr phasc is charactcrizcd as cooling (hanliang 寒凉), moisturizing (zirun 滋润), and moving smoothly downward (runxia 润下). All thc cﬀccts that arc pcrccivcd as charactcrizcd by thc similar proccsscs can bc dcscribcd with thcir rcspcctivc phascs. Tus thc lunctions ol thc ﬁvczang visccral organs arc dc scribcd in thc languagc ol wuxing. Sincc thc ﬁvc phascs arc charactcristically undcrstood as proccsscs and lunctions, what is important is not substancc but rclations: how cach phasc, in its own way, acts on othcr phascs according to ccrtain scqucnccs. Tc lorms ol intcractions arc known as production (sheng 生), rcstraint (ke 克), violation (hui 诲) and cncroachmcnt (cheng 乘). Production mcans promotion ol thc lunction ol thc ncxt phasc in thc scqucncc. Tc scqucncc ol production ol thc ﬁvc phascs is thc lollowing: wood produccs ﬁrc, ﬁrc produccs carth, carth pro duccs mctal, and mctal produccs wood. !n human physiological tcrms, thc livcr systcm lacilitatcs thc lunction ol thc hcart systcm, thc hcart systcms lacilitatcs thc splccn systcm, and so on. Tc scqucncc ol rcstraint is thc lollowing: wood rcstrains carth, carth rcstrains watcr, watcr rcstrains ﬁrc, ﬁrc rcstrains mctal, and mctal rcstrains wood. Again, in physiological tcrms, thc activitics ol thc livcr 70 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS systcm rcstrain thc activitics ol thc splccn systcm, thc splccn systcm rcstrains thc kidncy systcm, and so on. Tcrclorc, cvcry singlc phasc stands in lourway rclations: producing and produccd, rcstraining and rcstraincd. For cxamplc, wood produccs ﬁrc and is produccd by watcr, it rcstrains carth but is rcstraincd by mctal. !t is undcrstood that through thcsc intcractions ol gcncration and rcstraint thc world obtains its harmony and balancc. Yct Chincsc arc constantly awarc that any ol thcsc ac tivitics may surpass its du (appropriatc dcgrcc/intcnsity) and bccomc cxccssivc or may lall short in its du and bccomc insuﬃcicnt. Tis is whcn cncroachmcnt (cheng) and violation (hui) happcn. For cxamplc, whcn thc wood phasc bccomcs too strong, it may cxcrcisc too much rcstraint on carth and wcakcn thc lunction Table 4.2 Wuxing and the Five-Zang Systems Five Zang Systems Wuxing Characteristics thc Hcart (xin) Firc Govcrning thc ﬂow ol blood, having a warming lunction (wenxuzhigong). thc Splccn (pi) ¡arth Translorming thc watcr & lood (yunhua shuiguo), translcr rcﬁncd nutricnts (shusong jingwei), nour ishing visccra and limbs and boncs. Sourccs ol gcncration ol blood and qi. thc Lungs (fei) Mctal Clcaring and drcdging (shujiang). thc Kidncys (shen) Vatcr Moisturizing, cooling, moving downward, and constraining. thc Livcr (gan) Vood ¡xtcnding and rcaching out (xi tiaoda), having lunc tion ol sprcading, and drcdging (shuxie gongneng). Tis tablc is bascd on Yin ct al. .µ·¸. Figure 4.1 The Sequence of Production and Restriction Production: Restriction: wood fire earth metal water Tis ﬁgurc was originally uscd by Frcd 8lakc in his lccturc notcs. CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 71 ol thc carth. Tis is known as cncroachmcnt. Tis may also happcn whcn thc activitics ol a phasc arc not suﬃcicnt and thus invitc ovcrrcstraint. \iolation happcns whcn an ovcractivc phasc turns to supprcss thc lunction ol thc phasc that is abovc it in thc scqucncc ol production. Tc rcsult will bc pathological imbalancc. !n this nctwork ol mutual inﬂucncc, “a disordcr appcaring in onc systcm can quickly ramily into othcrs and producc symptoms implicating ad ditional visccral systcms or cvcn masking thc rolc ol thc visccral systcm that is its primary sourcc.”⁵' !n any givcn casc, thcrc arc many possiblc positions lor analyzing thc pathological condition. Tc clinical action in this scnsc is always pcrsonal and contingcnt on thc doctor’s cxpcricncc and strcngth. Howcvcr, wuxing rcasoning togcthcr with yin-yang thcory providcs a uni lying languagc and a practical guidc lor mapping thc illncss condition, an ticipating thc pathological dcvclopmcnt, and dcsigning a thcrapy to cﬀcct a trcatmcnt. !t ccrtainly hclpcd mc to undcrstand thc zhongyi clinical languagc and to grasp thc logic bchind thc doctors’ clinical actions. ! was imprcsscd by Ðr. Zhou’s ability to tcll thc paticnts what symptoms thcy might havc bccn cxpcricncing and to gct wholchcartcd conﬁrmation lrom thc paticnts. Òncc a surpriscd lcmalc paticnt askcd Ðr. Zhou how hc could possibly know that shc cxpcricnccd lowcr abdominal pain and irrcgular mcnstruation bclorc shc told him, cspccially considcring that hc was a malc doctor. Ðr. Zhou laughcd and said that knowlcdgc camc lrom his cxpcricncc (jingyan 经验). Hc cxplaincd to mc and his studcnt doctors that an incompctcnt doctor sccs a symptom as an isolatcd phcnomcnon, but no symptom appcars in isolation. Sincc all thc visccral systcms arc intcrconncctcd, ccrtain symptoms always appcar in corrcla tion with othcrs. For cxamplc, whcn thc livcr systcm is stagnant (ganyu 肝郁), a doctor should pay attcntion to thc symptoms lrom thc hcart systcm. Tis is bccausc, according to thc wuxing modcl, thc livcr systcm as a wood phasc lacili tatcs thc lunctions ol thc hcart systcm, which is ﬁrc and will thcrclorc possibly transmit thc illncss to thc hcart systcm. Tis is known as “thc mothcr’s sickncss transmittcd to thc son” (mu bing ji zi 母病及子)”⁵´ So whcn thc blood in thc livcr systcm is stagnant, it will lail to nurturc (ruyang 濡养) thc hcart. Sincc thc hcart storcs shén (spirit, manilcstcd vitalitics), whcn thc hcart yin is dcﬁcicnt, shén may losc its attachmcnt (shen shi suo gui 神失所归), and thc paticnt may cxpcricncc insomnia, cxccssivc drcams, or diﬃculty in conccntration. Similarly, whcn thc livcr systcm is rcplctc with ﬁrc (ganhuo wang 肝火旺), a doctor might nccd to think about thc kidncy systcm. !t might bc thc dcﬁcicncy ol thc kidncy yin that rcsults in cxccssivc ﬁrc in thc livcr systcm. Tis is callcd “thc watcr lail ing to immcrsc thc wood” (shui bu han mu 水不涵木).⁵` Ðr. Zhou uscd a pot ol boiling watcr as an cxamplc: Vhcn wc hcar thc loud sound ol thc boiling watcr and scc thc cnormous amount ol stcam coming out ol thc pot, wc tcnd to think ol thc tcmpcraturc as thc only lactor. 8ut it is vcry likcly that thcrc is littlc watcr in thc pot. !n lact, lcss watcr will makc a loudcr sound and morc stcam. Vhat wc do is to add 72 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS watcr. Tis is callcd “adding watcr to immcrsc thc wood” (zishui hanmu 滋水涵木). Clinically, this is to nourish thc kidncy yin to soltcn thc livcr systcm. Wuxing rcasoning has a particular rolc in trcating cmotional disordcrs. Sincc thc cmotions arc said to bc corrcspondcnt to spcciﬁc lunctions ol dil lcrcnt visccral organ systcms, thcy arc also accountablc in tcrms ol thc wuxing rclationships. As shown in ﬁgurc ¡.¸, sadncss/gricl is thc cmotion ol thc lungs, thcrclorc, bclonging to thc phasc ol mctal. Angcr is thc cmotion ol thc livcr, thcrclorc, its modc is “mctallic.” According to thc conqucring or rcstraining scqucncc that mctallic ovcrcomcs thc woodcn, thc cmotion ol sadncss/gricl is said to ovcrcomc thc cmotion ol angcr. So whcn a pcrson is cxccssivcly angry, bringing out thc sadncss may lcsscn thc angcr and thcrcby rcducc thc rclatcd symptoms. Such an cmotional way ol trcating cmotions is known as “trcating cmotions with cmotions” (yi qing sheng qing 以情胜情), which can bc lound in thc carlicst mcdical rccords. According to Neijing: Suwen “angcr hurts thc livcr, sadncss ovcrcomcs it, . . . joy hurts thc hcart, lcar ovcrcomcs it, . . . worry/think ing hurts thc splccn, angcr ovcrcomcs it, sadncss hurts thc lungs, joy ovcrcomcs it, lcar hurts thc kidncys, worry/thinking ovcrcomcs it.”⁵⁴ Zhu Ðanxi (.a·.–¸·), a lamous Yuan physician, was rccognizcd lor his skill at handling cmotionrc latcd disordcrs. Ònc ol Zhu’s cascs was rctold by Zhang Jicbin (.¸6c–.6¡c), a rcnowncd Ming physician, in his mcdical work, Jingyue Quanshu: Yuzheng Mo 景岳全书: 郁证谟 (Complete Collection of Jingyue: Yu Illnesses): Altcr a girl was cngagcd, hcr ﬁancé wcnt away on busincss. For two ycars, hc had bccn away. 8ccausc ol this, thc girl did not cat and was lying in bcd as il shc was chi (ol dcmcntia). Shc had no othcr symptoms but lying in thc bcd lacing thc wall. Tis was duc to thc lact that hcr pcrsistcnt longing and thinking (si) causcd qi to congcal (jie). Mcdicinc could not bc cﬀcctivc by itscll. \|Tc doctor rcasoncd\| that whcn thcrc was joy (xi), thc illncss could bc rcmittcd, or shc could bc madc angry so that thc qi ol wood could risc and cxtcnd and thc qi ol splccn would opcn. Tis was bccausc wood could rcstrain carth. Tcrclorc, thc physician wcnt to thc girl and provokcd hcr into ragc. Shc cricd lor quitc a long timc and was givcn a bag ol hcrbal mcdicinc. Altcr that, thc girl askcd lor lood. Tough hcr illncss was rcmittcd, only joy could curc hcr complctcly. Tcrclorc, an arrangcmcnt was madc lor hcr ﬁancé to rcturn. Altcr that, thc illncss did not rccur. Zhang Congzhcng (..¸6–.aa·), a physician ol thc Yuan, was also known to bc good at using cmotions to trcat cmotions (scc tablc ¡.¸).⁵⁵ Tc lollowing arc two cascs lrom his book Rumen Shiqin 儒门事亲 (Tc Conlucian Vay ol Caring lor Ònc’s Parcnts, compilcd during .a.,–a.): Guan’s wilc had a strangc illncss. Shc did not cat and had a bad tcmpcr. Shc was oltcn hcard shouting angrily. Many doctors wcrc invitcd but lailcd to curc hcr. Zhang was invitcd. Altcr an cxamination, hc told thc husband that his wilc’s illncss could not bc curcd only by mcdicinc, but had to usc thc CONTEXTUALI ZI NG QI NGZHI 73 mcthods ol “curing cmotion with an cmotion.” Tcn two actor/danccrs wcrc invitcd. Tcy put on makcup and pcrlormcd in lront ol thc wilc. Tc paticnt was induccd to laugh. Tc sccond day, thcsc two actors put on makcup and pcrlormcd wrcstling. Tis madc thc paticnt laugh unccasingly. At thc samc timc, thc doctor had two womcn with good appctitcs sitting bcsidc thc wilc. Vhilc cating joylully, thcy complimcntcd cach coursc ol lood. 8y this, thc paticnt bcgan to want lood. Altcr a lcw days, hcr appctitc improvcd, and hcr angcr was curcd too. Anothcr casc involvcd a wilc lrom a rich lamily who suﬀcrcd insomnia lor thrcc ycars. No mcdicinc was cﬀcctivc. Ðoctor Zhang Congzhcng was invitcd. Hc diagnoscd that thc illncss was thc rcsult ol cxccssivc worrying and thinking duc to thc task ol taking carc ol a largc cxtcndcd lamily. Hc dccidcd that thc illncss could only bc curcd by cmo tion. Hc arrangcd a curc with thc husband. Tc doctor acccptcd a lot ol moncy lrom thc husband and in lront ol thc wilc, livcd and lcastcd in thc housc lor days, and lclt without lcaving a singlc prcscription. Tc wilc was outragcd and thcn bcgan swcating. Tat vcry night shc lcll into a dccp slccp and did not gct up lor cight to ninc days. Altcr that, thc wilc was curcd. Tis is thc casc ol “angcr ovcrcomcs worry.” Tis ancicnt mcthod ol cmotion bcing curcd by countcrcmotion can still bc lound in contcmporary zhongyi practicc. An author ol a popularizcd zhongyi book tclls thc story ol his own cxpcricncc in trcating a prcgnant lcmalc paticnt. Tc paticnt camc to scck hclp lor hcr obscssion with a past cxpcricncc. Shc was troublcd by thc imagc ol hcr high school malc tcachcr who had huggcd hcr in an inappropriatc way. Tc imagc ol this tcachcr rcluscd to go away. Ðrawing on thcorics that xi (usually translatcd as “joy,” but hcrc is bcttcr translatcd as “cxcitcmcnt”) that injurcs thc hcart can bc ovcrcomc by lcar and mitigatcd by angcr, thc author (thc doctor) bcgan by accusing thc tcachcr ol having madc an unlorgivablc mistakc and bcing irrcsponsiblc. Ðoing this, hc managcd to makc thc woman angry at thc tcachcr. Tcn hc startcd to point out that shc had a loving husband and was cxpccting a baby and askcd hcr to think about thc conscqucncc lor hcr coming baby and hcr lamily il shc indulgcd hcrscll in Table 4.3 Emotions and Counteremotions Emotions Transformative Phase Correspondent Visceral System Emotion Tat Overcomes Angcr (nu) Vood Livcr Vorry Anxicty/thinking (si) ¡arth Splccn Fcar Fcar/lright (kong/jing) Vatcr Kidncy Joy Joy (xi) Firc Hcart Sadncss/gricl Sadncss/gricl (you/bei) Mctal Lung Angcr 74 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS unrcalistic lantasy. 8y rcsorting to thc cmotion ol angcr and lcar, thc author succcsslully hclpcd thc paticnt to lct go ol thc past.⁵⁶ Qingzhi and Translormativc Qi Vhat is rcally translormativc in zhongyi physiology is qi which is translatcd variously as “air,” “brcath,” and “vital cncrgy”. Qi is dcﬁncd in contcmporary zhongyi tcxtbooks as “thc matcrial basis ol lilc.” Sincc qi itscll is constantly in motion and in translormation, and it promotcs (tuidong 推动) thc activitics ol lilc and lunctions to warm up (wenxu) thc body, zhongyi cxplains human physiological changcs and activitics in rclcrcncc to thc changcs and translor mations ol qi.⁵⁷ Although qi is dcﬁncd as “matcrial,” yct it is not a tangiblc or mcasurablc cntity. Vhat is ccntral about qi is what it docs—its lunctions. Tcy arc summarizcd as promoting (tuidong) human physiological activitics, kccping up (wenxu) thc body’s tcmpcraturc, dclcnding (fangyu 防御) thc body lrom thc invasion ol “hctcropathic qi” (xieqi 邪气), rcinlorcing and conscrving (gushe 固摄) thc vital substancc ol thc body, and translorming (qihua 气化¯) bodily substanccs.⁵⁸ Normal lunctions arc achicvcd through ordcrly motions ol qi charactcrizcd as moving up, going down, coming in, and going out. Tc dynamic balancc is upsct il thc ccrtain qi is supposcd to go up but gocs down instcad, or il ccrtain qi movcs too last or too slow. For cxamplc, thc hcart qi gocs down, whilc thc kidncy qi is going up. Tc livcr qi sprcads out whilc thc lung qi clcars downward. Vhcn thc movcmcnt ol qi is obstructcd, thc rcsult is thc disordcrcd qi mcchanism, such as stagnation, congcstion, blockagc, and closurc ol qi, which lcad to all kinds ol somatic and psychological symptoms. Qingzhi lunctions arc also undcrstood in tcrms ol qi translormations. Tc cmotional impact on bodily proccsscs is not signiﬁcant in tcrms ol chcmical changcs but in tcrms ol altcrcd qi movcmcnt. For cxamplc, whcn angry, qi movcs up, whcn happy, qi is rclaxcd, whcn sad, qi is dissipatcd, whcn scarcd, qi movcs down, whcn startlcd, qi is disturbcd, and whcn thinking too hard, qi tcnds to congcal. ¡xccssivc cmotional activitics arc said to upsct thc normal motion ol qi rclcvant to its spcciﬁc visccral lunctions. Òncc cxccssivc cmotions arc sustaincd lor long, thc circulation ol qi is obstructcd, and thc lunctions ol visccral systcms arc disturbcd, which rcsults in various physical and psychologi cal symptoms. Vith cxccssivc cmotions as clcar illncss lactors, thc disordcrs arc vcry likcly dcscribcd as qingzhi bing (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs). Howcvcr, thc zhongyi clinical proccss undcrstood as “diﬀcrcntiating pattcrns and dctcr mining trcatmcnt” (bianzheng lunzhi 辨证论治) should not bc conluscd with thc diagnostic proccss lound in biomcdical scttings as labcling thc discasc and matching it with a standardizcd trcatmcnt. Tc lollowing chaptcrs locus on thc zhongyi clinical proccss ol bianzheng lunzhi and discuss how a particular diagnosis is arrivcd at and a trcatmcnt is dctcrmincd. 75 V Understanding Zhongyi Clinical Classifcation Vhcn ! ﬁrst startcd my ﬁcldwork at thc hospital, ! was conﬁdcnt that through my participant obscrvation in thc actual clinic scttings, thc picturc ol qingzhi bing 情志病 (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs) would prcscnt itscll clcarly to mc and that it would not bc diﬃcult lor mc to dcﬁnc and classily various qingzhi disor dcrs according to how thcy arc organizcd in actual clinical scttings. ! rcmcmbcr that ! was anxiously waiting lor thc doctor to givc a diagnosis altcr hc cxamincd thc paticnts. ! was conccrncd about how a group ol symptoms wcrc associatcd with a particular illncss and il this particular illncss was considcrcd a qingzhi disordcr. To my grcat disappointmcnt, dcspitc my diligcnt notctaking, thcsc two catcgorics ol inlormation rcmaincd mostly blank in my notcs. ! noticcd that diagnosis in tcrms ol labcling an illncss was not a ncccssary part ol zhongyi clinical proccss at all, and it did not makc a signiﬁcant diﬀcrcncc in dctcrmining thcrapy il a givcn illncss was a qingzhi disordcr or not. Scvcral timcs, ! dircctly askcd thc doctor cxactly what illncss hc was diagnosing or trcating. Tis was ap parcntly a laypcrson’s (waihang 外行) qucstion, lor thc doctor would answcr my qucstion as hc did thosc paticnts who prcsscd lor an illncss namc. Hc would say that according to Vcstcrn mcdicinc, it was ncurosis (shenjing guanneng zheng 神经官能症, litcrally, “ncrvcs lunctional disordcr”) or “vcgctation ncrvcs out ol balancc” (zhiwushenjing shitiao 植物神经紊乱). Answcrs to my qucstion ol whcthcr a casc bclongcd to thc catcgory ol qingzhi bing wcrc usually ambigu ous. Frcqucntly, ! was told that a ccrtain casc was rclatcd to qingzhi. Not until somctimc into my clinical obscrvation did ! bcgin to rcalizc that thc wholc timc ! was trying to rcad thc zhongyi clinical proccss in tcrms ol thc “biomcdical way ol thinking” (xiyi siwei fangshi 西医思维方式),” which my zhongyi tcachcr had cautioncd against at thc vcry bcginning ol my clinical ob scrvation. ! automatically assumcd that zhongyi clinical work would lcad to thc diagnosis ol an illncss bascd on thc prcscncc or abscncc ol ccrtain distinctivc symptoms and thc matching ol thc illncss with an hcrbal prcscription. Appar cntly, zhongyi diagnosis docs not always involvc crcating a clcarcut taxonomy by appcaling to a lcw distinctivc lcaturcs that mark phcnomcna bclonging to 76 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS thc samc catcgory. Tc classiﬁcatory logic ol thc zhongyi clinical proccss that translorms thc disordcrcd qingzhi into an ordcrcd pattcrn ol an illncss nccds to bc undcrstood in light ol a diﬀcrcnt modc or tradition ol knowing. Tc locus ol this tradition has bccn prccmincntly cvcntlul or proccssual as discusscd in thc prcvious chaptcrs. !t is not that zhongyi clinicians arc not ablc to undcrstand thc world structurally, but rathcr that thcir priority has bccn givcn to movcmcnts (dong 动) and changcs (bianhua 变化). Scicntiﬁc rigor and structural intclligi bility havc to givc way to thc rcadincss ol accounting lor dynamic rclations and situational concrctcncss. Tc ccntral part ol zhongyi clinical work is summarizcd as bianzheng lun- zhi 辨证论治 (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcrmination) or bianzheng shizhi 辨证施治 (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy application) in contcmpo rary zhongyi writings. Bianzheng is to diﬀcrcntiatc pattcrns ol syndromcs and thcrclorc is a lorm ol zhongyi classiﬁcatory tcchniquc. Ðctcrmination ol an cﬀcctivc thcrapcutic action (lunzhi) dcpcnds on accuratc bianzheng. A tcxtbook starts with: Ònc distinctivc lcaturc ol zhongyi clinical proccss ol trcating illncsscs is bian- zheng lunzhi. Tc practicc ol socallcd “trcating samc illncss with diﬀcrcnt thcrapics” (tong bing yi zhi 同病异治) and “trcating diﬀcrcnt illncsscs with thc samc thcrapics” (yi bing tong zhi 异病同治) takcs zheng 证 (pattcrns/ syndromcs) as its basis. Tcrapics changc whcn zheng changcs. . . . Tc locus is all on zheng, also known as zhenghou.' Tc Chincsc mcdical conccpt ol “zheng” is not thc samc as thc biomcdical conccpt ol “syndromc”. Similarly, bing is not thc zhongyi cquivalcnt ol discasc. To undcrstand thc pivotal proccss ol bianzheng luzhi, wc nccd to undcrstand a sct ol rclatcd conccpts: “zheng” 症 (symptoms/signs), “zheng” 证 or “zhenghou” 证候 (pattcrns),´ and “bing” 病 (illncss/disordcr). Judith Farqhuar’s Knowing Practice (.µµ¡) oﬀcrs a dctailcd and systcmatic analysis ol thc clinical proccss ol syndromc/pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcrmination. Hcr analysis ol thc tcmporal lorm ol kanbing 看病 (looking at thc illncss) is particularly rclcvant to my dcscription ol zhongyi classiﬁcation. !n thc lollowing passagcs, cspccially in thosc discussing symptom and syndromc diﬀcrcntiation, hcr work is lrcqucntly rclcrcnccd. Schcid’s rcccnt book has onc chaptcr on bianzheng lunzhi, which oﬀcrs a dctailcd account ol thc modcrn cvolution ol thc conccpt and is also an important sourcc ol rclcrcncc lor thc analysis in this chaptcr.` ZHENG ( SYMPTOMS) , ZHENG ( PATTERNS) , AND BING ( I LLNESSES/DI SORDERS) !n contcmporary zhongyi tcxts, zheng (symptom), zheng (pattcrn), and bing (illncss/disordcr) arc discusscd as thrcc diﬀcrcnt but rclatcd mcdical conccpts. Tcy all rcﬂcct pathological conditions rcsulting lrom “loss ol yinyang bal ancc ol livcd body” (renti zishen de yinyang pingheng 人体自身的阴阳平衡) UNDERSTANDI NG ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL CLASSI FI CATI ON 77 and “disturbcd cquilibrium bctwccn intcrnal and cxtcrnal cnvironmcnts” (nei- wai huanjing tongyi xing zhang’ai 内外环境统一性障碍) but havc diﬀcrcntial signiﬁcancc in rclation to thc clinical proccss ol diagnosis.⁴ Tc tcrm zheng (symptom) rclcrs to various anomalics (yizhang ganjue 异常感觉) cxpcricnccd by thc paticnt and cxtcrnal manilcstations (waibu biaox- ian 外部表现) ol pathological changcs obscrvcd by thc doctor. Tcy providc thc basis lor thc doctor to diﬀcrcntiatc pattcrns and diagnosc illncsscs.⁵ Farquhar makcs a lurthcr distinction bctwccn zheng 征 (signs) and zheng (symptoms). Not lollowing thc convcntional biomcdical distinction bctwccn “objcctivc signs” and “subjcctivc symptoms,” Farquhar’s scparation ol zheng (signs) lrom zheng (symptoms) is rathcr tcmporal. Zheng 征 arc signs initially rcportcd and prcscntcd to thc doctor by thc paticnt or dircctly clicitcd lrom thc paticnt by thc doctor. Tc signs ol illncss arc thcn proccsscd by thc doctor and turncd into “mcdicalizcd” zheng (symptoms), which bcar convcntional mcdical impli cations. !n a biomcdical sctting, thc distinction might bc morc signiﬁcant sincc somc ol thc signs may not bc takcn as rclcvant symptoms ol a particular discasc. !n a zhongyi clinic, what thc paticnt rcports and what thc doctor takcs as symp toms arc not signiﬁcantly diﬀcrcnt, and thc tcmporal transition lrom signs to symptoms is usually unmarkcd. Zhongyi physicians do not catcgorically scparatc (sign) lrom thc symptom, but rathcr usc zheng (symptom) to mcan both signs and symptoms. Symptoms rccognizcd in a zhongyi clinic, such as “palpitation” (xinhuang 心慌), “shortncss ol brcath” (qiduan 气短), or “rcstlcssncss” (zuowo bu an 坐卧不安), arc vcry much dcscriptivc and cxpcricntial, and thc paticnt’s voicc rcmains authoritativc rcgarding what arc mcdically signiﬁcant symptoms. Farquhar also rccognizcs that thc paticnt’s own narrativc ol his illncss “plays a major rolc in dclimiting thc naturc ol thc illncss lor both doctor and paticnt.”⁶ !n zhongyi clinics, a paticnt is invitcd to rcport on whatcvcr signs and symptoms shc or hc cxpcricnccs. Any rcportcd symptom is acccptcd as lcgitimatc and contributing to thc undcrstanding ol thc wholc pathological condition. Tis contrasts sharply with thc clinical proccss in a biomcdical hospital, whcrc sincc a discasc is undcrstood as a discrctc cntity with clcar boundarics, only ccrtain signs and symptoms arc acccptcd as lcgitimatc or rclcvant. An incidcnt that happcncd to onc ol my lricnds brought mc to this awarc ncss. Hc had an acutc migrainc and was introduccd to a doctor working at a prcstigious biomcdical hospital in 8cijing. Altcrward whcn ! talkcd to thc doctor, thc doctor askcd il my lricnd was rcally a collcgc prolcssor and said that hc bchavcd likc an old pcasant who did not know how to kanbing (look at illncss). My lricnd complaincd about a hcadachc and thcn movcd on to talk about his back pain and thcn jumpcd to complain about his stomach and latcr mcntioncd his vcxation and irritability and his swcaty hands and lcct. Tc doc tor had to rcmind him what hc was thcrc lor. !n a discascoricntcd biomcdical clinic, swcaty hands and lcct arc pcrccivcd as bcaring littlc rclcvancc to a ol migrainc. Howcvcr, in zhongyi clinics, such paticnt bchavior is pcrlcctly normal and cxpcctcd. Not just common complaints, but idiosyncratic complaints arc 78 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS also trcatcd with thc samc scriousncss. Òncc ! was amuscd by a paticnt who complaincd that hc could lccl his hcart bcat cvcrywhcrc on his body, and hc insistcd that whcrcvcr on his body hc touchcd, hc could count his hcartbcat. Altcrward, thc doctor scriously said to mc that wc hcalthy pcoplc may ncvcr cxpcricncc what a paticnt cxpcricnccs, but that docs not mcan what thc paticnt cxpcricnccs is not rcal or rclcvant. Zheng (symptoms) arc subjcct to lurthcr abstraction and gcncralization and arc madc “amcnablc to pcrccption as a pattcrn.”⁷ Tis pattcrn is thcn callcd “zheng” (证). Tc stcp lrom zheng (symptoms) to zheng (pattcrn/syndromc) is rclcrrcd to as “bianzheng” (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation). Tis zheng is also callcd “zhenghou” 证候, whcrc thc sccond charactcr implics a conﬁguration ol vari ous lactors obscrvcd ovcr a pcriod ol timc. Tc samc charactcr is uscd in thc tcrm qihou 气候 (climatc). 8ascd on thc pattcrn ol thc syndromc, a thcrapcu tic mcthod is dctcrmincd, which is known as lunzhi (thcrapy dctcrmination). Togcthcr, this proccss is rclcrrcd to as “bianzheng lunzhi” or simply “zhengzhi” 证治 (syndromc diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcrmination). Ðiﬀcrcnt lrom symptoms and illncsscs, zheng, as syndromc conﬁgurations, rclcrs morc to “pat tcrns ol history” that “charactcrizc a group ol symptoms typical ol a particular condition or disturbancc” than to thc “structurc ol thc body or discasc.”⁸ Tc classiﬁcatory principlcs ol thc clinical proccss ol bianzheng (diﬀcrcn tiation ol pattcrns) summarizcd in contcmporary zhongyi tcxtbooks includc “thc cight rubrics diﬀcrcntiation” (bagang bianzheng 八纲辨证), “thc visccral systcm lunctions diﬀcrcntiation” (zangfu bianzheng 脏腑辨证), “illncss lactors diﬀcrcntiation” (bingyin bianzheng 病因辨证), “six typcs diﬀcrcntiation” (liujing bianzheng 六经辨证),⁹ and “dclcnsivc, activc, constructivc, and blood qi dil lcrcntiation” (wei, qi, ying, xue bianzheng 卫气营血辨证). Òl all thcsc aspccts lor considcration, thc cight rubrics arc basic diﬀcrcntiation guidclincs known as dctcrmining “thc corc syndromc pattcrns” (hexin zhenghou 核心症候).'⁰ Tc cight rubrics consist ol lour pairs ol polaric rclations: yin and yang, cxtcrior (biao 表) and intcrior (li 里), cold (han 寒) and hot (re 热), and dcplctcd (xu 虚) and rcplctc (shi 实). Tis systcm ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation is said to rcﬂcct thc quality or naturc ol an illncss (bing xing 病性). Liu Yanchi summarizcs thc cight guiding principlcs ol diﬀcrcntiation as • yin and yang, which dcscribc thc gcncral typc ol thc illncss. • intcrior and cxtcrior, which dcscribc thc location ol thc illncss.'' • cold and hcat, which dcscribc thc spcciﬁc naturc ol thc illncss. • dcﬁcicncy and cxccss, which dcscribc thc statc ol thc strugglc bctwccn antipathogcnic qi and thc pathogcnic lactor.'´ Tcsc guidclincs providc thc prcliminary dimcnsions lor organizing symptoms. Yct not only do thcsc diﬀcrcntiation mcthods allow many diﬀcrcnt combina tions, but also thc qualitics ol yin and yang constantly shilt so that thc cxtcrior UNDERSTANDI NG ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL CLASSI FI CATI ON 79 may movc inward and thc intcrior outward, and rcplction may turn into dcplc tion. !n addition, lrom cithcr cnd ol a polaric pair, thcrc is continuity and diﬀcr cncc in dcgrcc. Tcrclorc, any syndromc diﬀcrcntiation according to thc cight guidclincs is a dcscription ol an illncss condition in timc. Tc actual clinical diﬀcrcntiation ol syndromcs is always ﬂcxiblc. As is gcncrally rccognizcd by zhongyi doctors, “thc principlc ol suiting thc mcasurcs to thc spcciﬁc conditions ol thc pcrson, thc illncss, thc timc and spacc, . . . is not only clinically ncccssary, but is also whcrc thc quintcsscncc ol zhongyi’s way ol thinking lics.”'` !n addition to thc cight rubrics as basic diagnostic mcthods lor thc diﬀcr cntiation ol syndromcs, thc statcs ol qi and xue (blood) arc also most lrcqucntly considcrcd dimcnsions in thc proccss ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation. Togcthcr with thc cight principlcs, thcy arc considcrcd as rcﬂccting thc quality and naturc ol an illncss proccss. For qi, thc considcrations arc on its movcmcnt: dcﬁcicnt (xu 虚), sinking (xian 陷), stagnation (zhi 滞), or advcrsc (ni 逆), and so on. For blood, similarly, thc qualitics ol its ﬂow and lunctions arc considcrcd, such as dcﬁcicncy, stagnancy, and congcstion. A group ol symptoms can also bc subjcct to lurthcr diﬀcrcntiation accord ing to thc dimcnsions ol thc visccral lunctions. Tis proccss ol diﬀcrcntiation is said to dcscribc thc illncss location (bingwei 病位). A basic namc lor any syndromc diﬀcrcntiation at lcast includcs two typcs ol inlormation, that is, thc naturc and thc location ol a disordcr.'⁴ For cxamplc, thc syndromc ol livcr stag nation (ganyu 肝郁) uscs two charactcrs to dcscribc thc naturc ol thc disordcr, which is thc stagnant ﬂow ol qi and thc aﬀcctcd visccral systcm, thc livcr.'⁵ Òthcr aspccts arc also involvcd in thc proccss ol diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns, such as illncsslactor diﬀcrcntiation (bingyin bianzheng), which includcs thc lactors ol thc six cxccsscs (liu yin 六淫): wind, cold, hcat, dampncss, dryncss, and ﬁrc, and thc scvcn cmotions (qiqing 七情). Tcrc arc always morc aspccts to look at as is ncccssary in thc rcal clinical situation. As wc disccrn morc dimcnsions lor considcration, it bccomcs morc diﬃcult to construct an unambiguous taxo nomical hicrarchy. !n lact, thc diﬀcrcnt mcthods ol zhenghou diﬀcrcntiation should not bc undcrstood as taxonomic. Tcy arc bcst undcrstood as practical and pcdagogical guidclincs lor clinical actions, as Farquhar argucs.'⁶ Tcy oﬀcr various dimcnsions lor clinicians to think about and to rclcr to whcn mapping out thc undcrlying conditions ol physiological and pathological changcs and whcn dcsigning thcrapcutic principlcs and lormula. Tcrc arc cndlcss possibilitics in tcrms ol clinical manilcstations and thc dircction ol an illncss’s dcvclopmcnt ovcr timc. Tc doctor’s undcrstanding ol thc naturc ol a particular pattcrn and its possiblc translormation, and thc mcthods ol intcrvcntion availablc to dcploy, rcly hcavily on an individual doctor’s knowlcdgc, cxpcricncc with similar symptom conﬁgurations, and ﬂcxibility and crcativity. As Farquhar points out, thc zhongyi clinical work cntails a grcat attcntivcncss to tcmporality, an undcrstanding ol illncss dc vclopmcnts and hcaling tcchniqucs as proccss. Tis stands in contrast to a 80 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS mcdicinc ol anatomical structurcs and ﬁxcd lcsions, rcductivc causality, and mcchanical inﬂucncc. . . . A locus on thc clinical work ol Chincsc mcdicinc that privilcgcs thc practical and thc tcmporal rcvcals Chincsc mcdical clas siﬁcation as a mcthod ol dcploying matcrial lrom thc mcdical archivc within spcciﬁc projccts ol hcaling, a continuing subordination ol lormalizcd knowl cdgc to thc concrctc dcmands ol thc momcnt.'⁷ Tc attcntivcncss to tcmporality and proccssual naturc ol diﬀcrcntiation ol syn dromc pattcrns also charactcrizcs zhongyi classiﬁcatory logic and mcthods. !n vicw ol thc languagc ol yinyang and thc ﬁvc translormativc phascs that char actcrizc thc dynamic nctwork ol Chincsc psychophysiology and pathology, any classiﬁcatory statcmcnt is a tcmporal and spatial dcscription ol dynamic con ﬁgurations ol thc manilcstations ol an illncss condition. Such conﬁgurations capturcd at onc timc arc subjcct to constant rcconﬁgurations. Tus onc zheng may shilt to anothcr.'⁸ Zhenghou thus conccptualizcd poscs a lundamcntal diﬃculty lor standard ization ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiations bascd on thc modcrn scicntiﬁc classiﬁcatory systcms that undcrlic thc biomcdical diagnosis ol discasc. !n thc last two dc cadcs, zhongyi scholars havc shown incrcascd conccrns as to how to makc clas siﬁcation ol zhenghou morc scicntiﬁcally rigorous and at thc samc timc to rctain its charactcristics ol ﬂcxibility, concrctcncss, and pragmaticity.'⁹ 8y thc stan dards ol modcrn scicntiﬁc nosological principlcs, thc prcscnt practiccs rcquirc considcrablc improvcmcnt. !n lact, continuous attcmpts havc bccn madc to standardizc thc conccpts and classiﬁcation ol zhenghou.´⁰ Yct it is also rcalizcd that il zhongyi adopts modcrn nosological principlcs to bring diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns ol syndromcs closcr to modcrn scicntiﬁc classiﬁcation as has bccn pushcd and cxpcrimcntcd rcccntly, thcsc highly systcmatic and standardizcd catcgorics and typcs, though morc acccssiblc to studcnts in modcrn classroom lcarning, will thcn bc morc arbitrary (renwei xing 人为性), will bc lcss rcﬂcc tivc ol thc complcxity ol actual intcrrclatcdncss and translormations among symptoms and syndromc pattcrns, and most ol all, will dctach thc classiﬁcation lrom thc concrctc clinical work that takcs practicc as its guidc.´' Many contcmporary dcbatcs ol bianzheng involvc distinctions and rcla tions bctwccn zheng (pattcrns/syndromcs) and bing (illncss/disordcr). Bing is also callcd “jibing” 疾病, which is morc lormal.´´ Roughly, thcrc havc bccn about lour thousand illncss namcs rccognizcd in zhongyi.´` Somc ol thcsc ill ncss namcs still havc valuc and arc uscd in today’s zhongyi clinics. !n lact, a typical tcxtbook ol zhongyi intcrnal mcdicinc (neike 内科) is organizcd accord ing to illncss namcs.´⁴ Howcvcr, zhongyi illncss namcs arc not clcarly dcﬁncd catcgorics bascd on a sct ol consistcnt critcria and systcmatic mcthods. Bing (illncss/disordcr), zheng (symptoms), and zheng (pattcrn/syndromcs) in many cascs arc not mutually cxclusivc catcgorics. For cxamplc, cough (kesou 咳嗽) and palpitation (xinji 心悸) arc rclcrrcd to as “bing” in zhongyi tcxtbooks, but thcy arc not complctcly diﬀcrcnt lrom symptoms. Somctimcs illncss namcs UNDERSTANDI NG ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL CLASSI FI CATI ON 81 arc uscd to indicatc pattcrns and syndromcs. For cxamplc, thc six cold damagc illncsscs (shanghan liujing bing 伤寒六经病) arc talkcd about as bing, but many scholars and physicians scc thcm as zheng (pattcrns) rcminisccnt ol thc cight rubrics.´⁵ At othcr timcs, thc namcs ol zheng (pattcrns) arc uscd to dcsignatc bing (illncsscs), such as block ol dampncss (shizu 湿阻) and livcr qi stagnation (ganyu 肝郁). Òccasionally, onc illncss namc corrcsponds to only onc pattcrn, and “diﬀcrcntiation ol illncss” thcn cquals “diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns.”´⁶ Ac cording to Chcn Xiaoyc, thc distinction bctwccn zheng and bing is rclativc, and thcy arc not catcgorically diﬀcrcnt conccpts. Vhcn a condition is talkcd about as “an objcct ol invcstigation” (renshi duixiang 认识对象), it is habitually rclcrrcd to as “bing,” but as “thc rcsult ol invcstigation” (认识结果), it is morc likcly to bc rclcrrcd to as “zheng.”´⁷ Tc diﬀcrcncc is rathcr positional than conccptual. A pathological condition may bc dcscribcd as bing or zheng, but whcn coming to dctcrmination ol trcatmcnt (lunzhi 论治) and dcsigning drug lor mulas (nifang yong yao 拟方用药), it is thc diﬀcrcntiation ol ben 本 (thc root) ol thc disordcr cxpcricnccd by thc particular paticnt that mattcrs most.´⁸ Tis ben as “thc rcsult ol a mcdical invcstigation” capturcs thc tcmporal and concrctc pathological changcs manilcstcd in a particular paticnt and at a particular stagc and is vcry oltcn prcscntcd in thc languagc ol “yinyang imbalancc” (yin-yang shitiao 阴阳失调), “thc rclativc advanccs and rctrcats bctwccn thc body’s own orthopathic and hctcropathic lorccs” (zheng-xie xiaozhang 正邪消长), and “pattcrns ol bodily lunctional changcs” (jineng bianhua tedian 机能变化特点). !n this scnsc, thc ben ol a disordcr corrcsponds largcly to contcmporary zhongyi articulation ol zheng (pattcrns).´⁹ Chcn Xiaoyc, in his articlc on thc unilormity ol zheng (pattcrn) and bing (illncss), also argucs that thcrc havc not bccn two scparatc systcms ol bianzheng (diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns) vcrsus bianbing (dil lcrcntiation ol illncsscs) in zhongyi diagnostics.`⁰ Ðiagnosis in tcrms ol illncss namcs in zhongyi thcn is not as signiﬁcant as in biomcdicinc. !t bcars littlc rclcvancc in dctcrmining a spcciﬁc trcatmcnt. As long as thc doctor can rcach an accuratc bianzheng (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation), a thcrapcutic stratcgy can bc dctcrmincd and a rcmcdy can bc lound.`' \cry oltcn, illncss namcs arc lclt out ol thc doctor’s writtcn rccords, which routincly includc kcy symptoms, diﬀcrcn tiation ol syndromc pattcrns, thcrapcutic principlcs, and hcrb prcscriptions. REDEFI NI NG BIANZHENG LUNZHI Nothing is supcrﬁcial about zhongyi’s claim that bianzheng lunzhi (diﬀcrcntiat ing pattcrns and dctcrmining thcrapics) is a dcﬁning lcaturc ol zhongyi clinical practicc and that bian zheng is lundamcntally diﬀcrcnt lrom bian bing 辩病 whcn bing is dcﬁncd in thc biomcdical scnsc ol discasc. Contcmporary zhongyi scholars tracc thc thcorizcd practicc ol bianzheng lunzhi to Shanghan Zabing Lun 伤寒杂病论 (Ðiscussions ol Cold Ðamagc and \arious Ðisordcrs) by thc ¡ast Han scholarphysician Zhang Zhongjing (.¸c–a.µ ~b). Tis classic trcatisc 82 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS is said to havc cstablishcd thc principlc ol bianzheng lunzhi. Tc proccdurc ol diﬀcrcntiating pattcrns and dctcrmining spcciﬁc hcrbal lormulas bascd on “liu- jing” 六经 (thc six typcs)`´ contains corc clcmcnts similar to “ba gang bianzheng” (thc cight rubrics diﬀcrcntiation) outlincd in contcmporary zhongyi tcxts.`` Howcvcr, thc usc ol thc tcrms ol bing (illncsscs) and zheng (pattcrns) was not systcmatically dcﬁncd. Ðisordcrs wcrc groupcd and namcd gcncrally as bing, and lormulas wcrc usually dcsignatcd as zheng–spcciﬁc pattcrns ol disordcrs (yi fang ming zheng 以方名证). Tc latc Ming scholarphysician Zhang Jicbin (.¸6c–.6¸µ) is anothcr historical ﬁgurc crcditcd with major contributions to thc dcvclopmcnt ol thc bianzheng lunzhi principlc. His pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation thc ory bascd on “liang gang” 两纲 (two rubrics ol yinyang) and “liubian” 六变 (six variations ol intcrnal and cxtcrnal, dcplction and rcplction, and cold and hot) lcd to “bagang bianzheng” (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation bascd on thc cight rubrics), onc ol thc major mcthods ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation uscd today.`⁴ Òthcr lorms ol diﬀcrcntiating pattcrns wcrc also practiccd and thcorizcd in thc history ol Chincsc mcdicinc. Zhang Yuansu (..¸.–.a¸¡), thc scholarphysician ol Jin, is crcditcd with cstablishing thc thcory ol “zangfu bianzheng” (pattcrn diﬀcrcn tiation bascd on thc visccral systcms). Tc Qing scholarphysician Yc Tianshi (.66,–.,¡6) is rccognizcd lor dcvcloping thc thcory ol “wei, qi, ying, xue bian- zheng” (diﬀcrcntiation bascd on dclcnsivc, activc, constructivc, and blood qi).`⁵ !t sccmcd that gcncrations ol Chincsc scholarphysicians uscd ‘bing’ (ill ncss) and ‘zheng’ (pattcrn) ﬂcxibly in an uncxamincd manncr and conccrncd thcmsclvcs morc with how to capturc thc tcmporal and spatial changcs ol a pathological proccss lor thc purposc ol dctcrmining an cﬀcctivc thcrapy. !n dccd, bclorc thc Vcstcrn “anatomoclinical mcdicinc” was introduccd and sprcad in China in thc carly twcnticth ccntury, thcrc sccmcd to bc no compcl ling nccd to systcmatically distinguish zheng (pattcrns) and bing (illncsscs) and no apparcnt rcasons lor Chincsc scholarphysicians to rcﬂcct on distinctivc lcaturcs ol thcir own prolcssion. For thcm, tracing thc problcm to its sourccs (qiu ben 求本) through diﬀcrcntiating yin-yang, intcrior and cxtcrior, dcplction and rcplction, and cnvironmcntal and othcr lactors constitutcd “thc natural way ol doing mcdicinc” (yidao 医道). Ònly whcn it was challcngcd by thc unlamiliar and powcrlul knowlcdgc systcm ol “thc mcdical othcr” did zhongyi practitioncrs bcgan to “discovcr” what was distinctivc about thc thcory and practicc ol thcir own prolcssion, and thc distinctivc mcanings ol Chincsc mcdi cal conccpts, including thc diagnostics ol bianzheng, wcrc thcn madc availablc to consciousncss. Similaritics and diﬀcrcnccs bctwccn zhongyi and xiyi bccamc commonly dcbatcd issucs in thc .µacs and ¸cs in mcdical circlcs, such as, zhongyi diﬀcr cntiatcs pattcrns (zhongyi bian zheng 中医辨证), and Vcstcrn mcdicinc dil lcrcntiatcs discascs (xiyi bian bing 西医辨病). Zhang Xichun (.·6c–.µ¸¸), thc carlicst advocatc lor “intcgrating Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicinc,” statcd “thc way wcstcrn mcdicinc uscs drugs is to scck localizcd cﬀcct and thc cmphasis is on symptoms ol an illncss \|bing zhi biao 病之标\|, thc way Chincsc mcdicinc UNDERSTANDI NG ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL CLASSI FI CATI ON 83 uscs drugs is to scck thc causcs and thc cmphasis is on thc roots ol an illncss \|bing zhi ben 病之本\|. Yun Ticjiao (.·,·–.µ¸¸), anothcr carly advocatc lor in tcgrating Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicinc, also pointcd out that thc physiology ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc is bascd on anatomy (xiyi zhi shengli yi jiepou 西医之生理以解剖), and thc physiology ol Chincsc mcdicinc originatcd lrom thc !nncr Classics is bascd on translormation ol qi (“Neijing” zhi shengli yi qihua 内经之生理以气化).`⁶ Against this historical background, bianzheng lunzhi (dil lcrcntiation ol pattcrns and dctcrmination ol thcrapics) bcgan to cmcrgc as thc diagnostic principlc that ccntrally rcﬂccts Chincsc mcdical thcory (yi li 医理) and dcﬁncs its practicc. Howcvcr, it was not until .µ¸·, in thc ﬁrst national tcxtbook, Zhongyixue Gailun 中医学概论 (Òutlinc ol Chincsc Mcdicinc), that bianzheng lunzhi as thc dcﬁning lcaturc ol zhongyi was ﬁrst clcarly statcd. Tc rcconstruction ol bianzheng lunzhi was madc possiblc by thc lundamcntal translormation in thc zhongyi prolcssion in thc .µ¸cs. Tis includcd rcorganization ol spacc ol zhongyi practicc into modcrn hospitals, a ncwly dcﬁncd status ol zhongyi as comparablc to biomcdicinc in thc public hcalth systcms, thc cstablishcd rcla tionship bctwccn thc zhongyi institution and thc statc, and thc ncwly acquircd vocabulary ol “dialcctics” (bianzhengfa 辩证法) to articulatc zhongyi thcorics and mcthods.`⁷ Schcid argucs that bianzheng lunzhi bccamc important bccausc it accomplishcd scvcral goals: allowing zhongyi prolcssionals to dcﬁnc thcir prolcssion as catcgorically diﬀcrcnt lrom Vcstcrn mcdicinc and thus prom ising a possiblc solution lor thc intcgration ol two mcdicincs, cstablishing a conncction with thc cultural tradition that is politically appropriatc, and la cilitating thc systcmatic tcaching ol Chincsc mcdicinc in thc ncwly institu tionalizcd zhongyi cducation.`⁸ For many vctcran scholarphysicians, who had bccn instrumcntal to rcdcﬁning zhongyi bclorc and altcr thc .µ¸cs, thc conccpt ol bianzheng lunzhi quintcsscntially cmbodics zhongyi siwei fangshi 思维方式 (way ol thinking). From this way ol thinking, illncss is approachcd as an cvcnt ol loss ol cquilibrium rcsulting lrom dynamic intcractions bctwccn a pcrson’s own positivc/dclcnsivc ability (zheng 正) and pathogcnic lorccs (xie 邪), and trcating illncsscs cntails using whatcvcr way to altcr thc dynamics and to lacili tatc positivc changcs lcading to gaining a ncw balancc, that is, hcalth. ZHONGYI I LLNESS NAMES AND QINGZHI DI SORDERS Tc zhongyi illncss catcgorization is still considcrcd valuablc in diagnostics, dcspitc scvcral cﬀorts to abolish thc zhongyi illncss nosology and to adopt thc morc scicntiﬁc discasc classiﬁcations ol biomcdicinc. Tcn, in what way is a zhongyi illncss namc lunctional and mcaninglul: !t should bc clcar that a zhon- gyi illncss namc is not uscd in thc samc way as a is diagnosis in a biomcdical sctting, whcrc a diagnoscd discasc is gcncrally matchcd with a prcscription ol thcrapy with littlc considcration lor an individual paticnt’s psychophysical and social particularitics. Howcvcr, zhongyi lunzhi (dctcrmination ol thcrapy) 84 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS rclics prcdominantly on diﬀcrcntiation ol thcsc particularitics. According to thc contcmporary zhongyi tcxtbooks, illncsscs (bing) and pattcrns (zheng) arc practically rclatcd. A corrcctly diagnoscd illncss namc can hclp thc doctor to gain an ovcrall undcrstanding ol changcs ol an cntirc pathological proccss and to dctcrminc a gcncral thcrapcutic stratcgy. For instancc, il a pathological con dition is classiﬁcd as “phlcmrhcum illncss” (tanyin bing 痰饮病), a physician thcn knows that sincc all pattcrns ol phlcmrhcum illncss arc causcd by “yin pathogcnic lactors” (yin xie 阴邪) and arc cold (han 寒) in naturc, thc gcncral thcrapcutic stratcgy should bc “using warm drugs to harmonizc it” (yi wenyao he zhi 以温药和之). Yct whcthcr to usc a warm drug or not or what warm drugs to usc will havc to bc lurthcr dctcrmincd bascd on diﬀcrcntiating particular pattcrns manilcstcd on a particular paticnt.`⁹ !n addition, a corrcctly diagnoscd illncss can oﬀcr inlormation on thc possiblc dircction ol illncss dcvclopmcnt so that a physician can anticipatc thc risc ol ccrtain problcms in thc coursc ol trcatmcnt and takc thc anticipatcd problcms into considcration in dcsigning thcrapcutic stratcgics. For cxamplc, “stagnation illncss” (yuzheng 郁证 or yubing 郁病) includcs various syndromc pattcrns that arc pcrccivcd as rcsulting lrom disordcrcd cmotional or mcntal activitics. !t normally starts with thc livcr qi stagnation (ganqi yujie 肝气郁结), which could lcad to rcstraincd lunctions ol thc splccn (ganyu yi pi 肝郁抑脾) and cvcntually to thc dcplction ol thc hcart (xinyin kuixu 心阴亏虚). Vhcn a problcm is classiﬁcd as a stagnation illncss, although thc currcnt manilcstations indicatc that only thc livcr systcm is al lcctcd, an cxpcricnccd doctor would considcr thc anticipatcd problcms with thc splccn or thc hcart in dcciding on thcrapcutics.⁴⁰ From thc clinical point ol vicw ol “kanbing” (looking at illncss), an illncss namc also lunctions as a topic or a point ol locus that both thc paticnt and thc doctor arc oricntcd to whilc thc doctor cngagcs in studying various mani lcstations, tracing complicatcd conncctions and mapping out thc pathologi cal conditions. Vhcn thc doctor translatcs thc paticnt’s complaint ol “unablc to slccp” (shuibuzhao jiao 睡不着觉) into an illncss namc “insomnia” (bumei 不寐), hc or shc makcs thc “topic” mcdically rclcvant and makcs availablc all thc prolcssional “commcnts” rclcvant to thc topic, including accumulatcd cx pcricncc (jingyan 经验) ol thc past. A zhongyi illncss namc thcn is uscd as a rcsourcc rathcr than a constraint. 8y bringing an illncss namc into thc diag nostic proccss, thc physician juxtaposcs thc currcnt casc with thc similar oncs that wcrc cncountcrcd and rccordcd by othcr scholarphysicians and dcrivcs an appropriatc trcatmcnt stratcgy lor thc concrctc casc at hand through his pcrsonal synthcsis bascd on all thc inlormation availablc to him. For instancc, whcn a pathological manilcstation is idcntiﬁcd as “thc running pig qi illncss” (bentunqi 奔豚气) charactcrizcd by an cxpcricnccd scnsation ol a gust ol qi, likc a running pig, dashing lrom thc lowcr abdomcn up to thc throat, usu ally accompanicd with a scvcrc stomach achc, thc physician thcn connccts this particular casc with a pool ol rclcvant discursivc commcnts and practical trcat mcnts. My zhongyi tcachcr brought in discussions ol “bentunqi” (running pig qi UNDERSTANDI NG ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL CLASSI FI CATI ON 85 illncss) in Jingkui Yaolue 金匮要略 (¡sscntials) ol Goldcn Caskct⁴' to imprcss his studcnt doctors about using thc classic knowlcdgc as rcsourccs to lacilitatc onc’s clinical rcasoning. Yct thc idcntiﬁcation ol an illncss as bentunqi docs not obligc thc doctor to usc Zhongjing’s running pig qi lormula (bentun tang 奔豚汤) or “strcngthcncd cinnamon lormula” (guizhi jia gui tang 桂枝加桂汤). Tc dctcrmination ol an actual thcrapy dcpcnds on thc physician’s own analysis and synthcsis ol thc inlormation bascd on thc particular casc and paticnt.⁴´ !n this scnsc, qingzhi bing (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs), somctimcs callcd “shenzhi bing” 神志病 (mindrclatcd disordcr)⁴`, should not bc undcrstood as a particular discasc cntity but a zhongyi illncss tcrm that groups various rccurrcnt manilcstation pattcrns that arc vicwcd as typically having an cxccss ol thc scvcn cmotions as thc illncss lactors (bingyin 病因) and disturbcd ﬂow ol qi as thc illncss mcchanism (bingji 病机). Tc catcgorization ol qingzhi bing rcﬂccts thc inconsistcncy and plural ity ol zhongyi classiﬁcation ol illncss namcs (bing ming). Somc zhongyi tcxts includc thc illncsscs such as dian 癫 (apathy/dcspondcncc) and kuang 狂 (maniac/madncss) in thc catcgory ol qingzhi disordcrs sincc thcsc illncsscs arc pcrccivcd as mcntal/cmotional/physiological abnormalitics that also originatcd lrom disordcrcd activitics ol thc scvcn cmotions.⁴⁴ Òthcrs catcgorizc dian and kuang scparatcly lrom qingzhi disordcrs.⁴⁵ !n thc tcxtbook Zhongyi Internal Medicine (Zhongyi Neikexue 中医内科学), qingzhi is not uscd cxplicitly as an illncss namc, but yuzheng (stagnation illncss) and diankuang (apathy and mad ncss) arc listcd as scparatc illncsscs.⁴⁶ Howcvcr, in thc chaptcr on yuzheng, othcr qingzhi disordcrs such as meiheqi 梅核气 (thc plum pit qi syndromc) and ben- tunqi (running pig syndromc) arc listcd and discusscd. !n othcr words, yuzheng is uscd in a broadcr scnsc to rclcr to typical qingzhi disordcrs in gcncral. ! can ccrtainly scc thc logic ol this arrangcmcnt sincc thc boundarics among yuzheng (stagnation illncss), meiheqi (thc plum pit qi syndromc), and othcr qingzhirclatcd disordcrs arc not clcarcut. Tcy arc sccn as spcciﬁc ill ncss conditions obscrvcd and summarizcd at a spcciﬁc point ol a pathological proccss rclatcd to disordcrcd cmotions. Yu (stagnation ol qi) lrcqucntly domi natcs thc initial stagc ol this proccss. As has bccn rcpcatcdly dcmonstratcd, in thc Chincsc world ol constant changc and translormation, diﬀcrcnccs arc sccn morc in tcrms ol position in timc and placc. !n lact, cvcn dian (apathy/dcspon dcncc) and kuang (maniac/madncss) arc not csscntially diﬀcrcnt lrom yuzheng. Tc stagnant qi may procccd to producc pathological phlcgm that could “blind thc hcartmind” (mengbi xinshen 蒙蔽心神) and causc “chaotic mind” (shenzhi niluan 神志逆乱) and “agitation and rcstlcssncss” (kuangzao buning 狂躁不宁) charactcristics ol diankuang. Tcrclorc, in thc coming chaptcr ! choosc to locus on yu 郁 (stagnation ol qi) as thc corc mcaning ol qingzhi disordcrs and show how othcr mcanings in conncction to yu arisc whcn thc syndromc manilcsta tion changcs. Tc ncxt chaptcr dcscribcs various clinical manilcstations ol yu rclatcd pattcrns ol qingzhi disordcrs. This page intentionally left blank. 87 VI Manifestations of Yu (Stagnation) Ðuring thc coursc ol my clinical obscrvation, ! startcd to associatc thc spcciﬁc pattcrns ol disturbcd qi movcmcnt, particularly thc livcr qi stagnation (ganqi yujie 肝气郁结) with qingzhi disordcrs (scc tablcs ¸.a and ¸.¸ lor rclcrcncc). !t is also abbrcviatcd as “ganyu.” Somctimcs it is rclcrrcd to dircctly as “stagnation syndromc” (yuzheng 郁证). A typical dcscription ol ganqi yujie syndromc in a zhongyi tcxtbook starts: \|Main symptoms\|: dark complcxion, low spirit, miscrablc lacial cxprcssion, dcprcsscd mood, no aspiration, pcssimistic, withdrawn, avoiding talking with pcoplc, lccling loncly, avcrsion to loud sound, rcstlcss, short tcmpcrcd and lccling ol lullncss and swclling in thc chcst, lowcr abdomcn discomlort and pain, prcssurc in stomach arca, poor digcstion and no appctitc, irrcgular bowcl movcmcnt, (lcmalc) irrcgular mcnstruation, mcnstruation pain and lcclings ol brcasts swclling and pain, tonguc coating thin and whitc somctimcs with grcasc, pulsc strung.' Tc clustcrs ol thc symptoms arc prcscntcd as having thcir origins in human conditions, as thc author’s analysis gocs on to show: Tis syndromc pattcrn originatcs lrcqucntly lrom onc’s disappointmcnt in gctting what onc sccks (suoqiu busui 所求不遂), or onc’s lailurc to achicvc his/hcr goals (zhiyi buda 志意不达), or lrom wrongs with no channcl ol rc drcss (yinqu nanshen 隐曲难申), thoughts and lcclings tanglcd up without a solution (quyi nanjie 曲意难解), or lrom bcing constantly worricd, sad, and pcnsivc (youchou silu 忧愁思虑), or lrom angcr and indignation (fenmen naonu 愤懑恼怒). Tcsc illncss lactors, in lact, accompany qingzhi disordcrs in gcncral. Zhang Jingyuc (.¸6a–.6¸µ) wrotc that an illncss ol stagnation causcd by cxccssivc wor rics and conccrns (youyu 忧郁) has cvcrything to do with daily worrics and conccrns rclating to lood, clothing, and pcrsonal intcrcst.´ Tis chaptcr locuscs particularly on yu as thc corc mcaning ol qingzhi disordcrs and cxplorcs various 88 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS clinical manilcstations associatcd with thc pathological condition ol stagnation ol cmotions. UNDERSTANDI NG THE CONCEPT OF “YU” ( STAGNATI ON) As discusscd in chaptcr ¸, a pcrsistcnt tcndcncy in Chincsc thinking is to scc motion and changc (dong 动) as gcncrativc ol “thc myriad things” ol thc world. !n this world ol ccasclcss translormations, hcalth is maintaincd by ordcrly ﬂow and cxchangcs ol thc lilc lorccs ol jing 精(ﬁnc csscncc), qi 气 (lilc/vital cncrgy), and xue 血 (blood). According to Chincsc mcdical thcory, whcn thc ordcrlincss ol bodily proccsscs is upsct (dong shi qi chang 动失其常)—lor cxamplc, what is supposcd to go up lails to go up and what is supposcd to movc down lails to movc down—thc physiological circulations would bc obstructcd, and illncss would arisc. Scvcn unchcckcd cmotivc activitics arc thc common rcasons lor thc loss ol dynamically maintaincd cquilibrium ol human physiology. Neijing: Suwen (): “Vhcn thinking cxccssivcly (si 思), thoughts arc storcd in thc hcart, conccntratcd in onc placc, whcrcby thc orthopathic qi stops moving and bccomcs static. Tat’s why qi is congcalcd (jie 结).”` Neijing: Lingshu: “Vhcn sad and worricd (youchou 忧愁), passagc ol qi closcs and its movcmcnt stops.” Zhubing Yuanhou Lun: “Qi congcstion illncss (jieqi bing 结气病) is pro duccd by sadncss and worry (yousi 忧思). Vhcn thoughts wcigh in thc hcart, spirit stops, qi gcts stuck and thcrclorc congcalcd insidc.”⁴ Gujing Yitong Daquan: “Yu rclcrs to thc blockagc ol thc scvcn cmotions, which lcads to congcstion ol qi. Òncc qi gcts stagnatcd, it gradually turns into various pathological lorms.”⁵ Apparcntly, yu, and jie, in carlicr zhongyi tcxts, rclcrs lrcqucntly to thc pathological condition ol qi congcstion and stagnation rcsulting lrom an cx ccss ol thc scvcn cmotions.⁶ Ðcscriptions and conccpts ol illncsscs rclatcd to cmotioninduccd qi stagnation and congcstion can bc lound in thc carlicst zhongyi classics. Tc plum pit qi illncss (meiheqi 梅核气) discusscd in Zhang Zhongjing’s Jingkui Yaolue (¡sscntials ol Goldcn Cabinct), rclcrs to thc patho logical condition rclatcd to stagnation ol cmotions (qingzhi yujie 情志郁结) that rcsults in qi congcstion and conscqucntly coagulation ol phlcgm. Tis ill ncss is still commonly prcscnt in contcmporary zhongyi clinics. A similar disor dcr is callcd “qi congcstion illncss” (jieqibing 结气病 or qibing 气病) in Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (Òn thc Sourccs and Òrigins ol \arious !llncsscs).⁷ Yu bccamc a morc locuscd conccrn ol thc Ðanxi School ol mcdical ap proach originatcd by thc lamous Yuan scholarphysician Zhu Ðanxi (.a·.–.¸¸·), who cmphasizcd “thc intcrnal injurics” (neishang 内伤) as causcs ol illncss and was wcll known lor trcating various diﬃcult illncsscs (za bing 杂病) such as yu. MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 89 Hc maintaincd that “human illncsscs largcly rcsult lrom yu.”⁸ Hc dividcd thc yu disordcr into six subtypcs. Tcy arc “stagnation ol qi” (qiyu 气郁), “stagna tion ol dampncss” (shiyu 湿郁), “stagnation ol hcat” (reyu 热郁), “stagnation ol mucus” (tanyu 痰郁), “stagnation ol blood” (xueyu 血郁), and “stagnation ol lood” (shiyu 食郁).⁹ Although thc six typcs show diﬀcrcnt syndromc con ﬁgurations, thcy arc rclatcd tcmporally. Typically, stagnation ol qi is thc initial problcm that progrcsscs into othcr typcs ol yu. Vang Andao (.¸¸a–µ.), a studcnt ol Zhu Ðanxi, lollowing thc Ncijing languagc, classiﬁcs yu disordcr into ﬁvc pattcrns according to thcir associations with ﬁvc translormativc phascs (wuxing 五行), thus connccting yu with thc ﬁvc visccral systcms. Vang namcd thcm “wood stagnation” (muyu 木郁) manilcstcd in thc livcr systcm, “ﬁrc stagnation” (huoyu 火郁) manilcstcd in thc hcart systcm, “carth stagnation” (tuyu 土郁) manilcstcd in thc splccn systcm, “mctal stagnation” (jinyu 金郁) manilcstcd in thc lung systcm, and “watcr stagnation” (shuiyu 水郁) manilcstcd in thc kidncy systcm and also talkcd about diﬀcrcnt mcthods to rclcasc diﬀcrcnt typcs ol stagnations.'⁰ Ðanxi’s othcr studcnt, Ðai Sigong (.¸a¡–.¡c¸), lollowcd Ðanxi’s classiﬁcation ol six typcs ol yu but argucd that stagnation ol qi in thc splccn and stomach systcm wcrc most common. Hc dcvotcd a chaptcr to discussing yubing 郁病 (yu illncss).'' Tc disordcr ol yu was undcrstood by physicians ol thc Ðanxi school in a much broadcr tcrm, namcly, obstructions ol thc ﬂow ol qi in any lorms and in all visccral systcms causcd by any pathogcnic lactors including cxccssivc cmotions. Ðuring thc Ming and Qing pcriods, discussions ol yubing or yuzheng tcndcd to ccntcr morc on cmotions as illncss lactors. Zhao Xiankc (.¸,¸–.6¡¡), a Ming physician, who also had a chaptcr on yubing in his book, Yiguan 医贯 (Òn Unilormity ol Mcdicinc), lclt it ncccssary to arguc against thc narrow dcﬁnition ol yu. Hc argucd that yu should not bc intcrprctcd narrowly as “stag nation ol sadncss/worrics” (youyu zhi yu 忧郁之郁). Hc insistcd on a broadcr dcﬁnition ol yu as simply “blockagc” (butong 不通), which includcd “stagnation ol sadncss/worrics” (youyu 忧郁), an illncss ol thc scvcn cmotions (qiqing zhi bing 七情之病).'´ Zhang Jicbin (.¸6c–.6¡c), anothcr Ming scholarphysician, was thc ﬁrst to makc a distinction bctwccn “stagnations originating lrom physi ological disordcrs” (yin bing er yu 因病而郁) and “illncss duc to stagnation ol cmotions” (yin yu er bing 因郁而病),or simply “stagnation ol cmotions” (qingzhi zhi yu 情志之郁). Zhang pointcd out that sincc thc lattcr originatcd lrom thc hcartmind (zong you hu xin 总由乎心), drugs (yaoshi 药石) alonc might not bc ablc to dissolvc thc stagnation.'` Miu Xiyong (.¸¡6–.¸a,), a latcr Ming scholar physician, also cautioncd about thc limitations ol using only drugs to trcat illncsscs rcsulting lrom cxccssivc scvcn cmotions. Hc argucd that cvcn il thc hcrbal rcmcdy could hclp unblock thc stagnant qi and activatc thc circulation ol thc blood, thc problcm would rclapsc il thc illncss ol thc hcartmind (xin bing 心病) pcrsistcd. Hc suggcstcd using “mcdicinc ol thc hcartmind” (xin yao 心药) to trcat “an illncss ol thc hcartmind” (xin bing), that is, “usc thought to dispcl/changc thought and usc rcason to dissolvc/translorm cmotions” (yi shi 90 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS qian shi 以识遣识, yi li qian qing 以理遣情).'⁴ Yc Tianshi (.666–.,¡¸), in his chaptcr on yuzheng, madc a clcar rcmark that hcaling yuzheng “all dcpcnds on thc paticnt’s ability to translorm cmotions and changc pcrsonalitics” (quan zai bing zhe neng yi qing yi xing 全在病者能移情易性).'⁵ Apparcntly, oncc qingzhi zhi yu (stagnation ol cmotions) was scparatc lrom othcr lorms ol stagnation disordcrs, aﬀcctivc aspccts ol yu bcgan to rcccivc morc locuscd attcntion, not just in thc dcscription ol illncss lactors (bing yin 病因), illncss mcchanisms (bing ji 病机), but also symptoms and signs (bing zheng 病症) and thcrapcutic mcthods (zhifa 治法). At lcast in thc latc Ming pcriod, thc scmantics ol yu gradually acquircd a distinctivc aﬀcctivc dimcnsion ol sad ncss, unhappincss, and mclancholy. Vhcn Vcstcrn psychology and psychiat ric mcdicinc was introduccd to China, “stagnation ol sadncss/worrics” (youyu) was uscd to translatc thc Vcstcrn conccpts ol “dcprcssion” and “mclancholy.” Tc commonly uscd psychiatric discasc namc ol dcprcssion (yiyu 抑郁) also has thc charactcr ‘yu’ in its Chincsc translation. As thc zhongyi conccpt ol yu was appropriatcd lor modcrn usc, thc phcnomcnological scnsc ol “blockagc ol ﬂow” (butong 不通) inhcritcd in thc Chincsc conccpt ol yu would incvitably bc slippcd into thc Chincsc commonscnsical undcrstanding ol dcprcssion (youyu or yiyu). Convcrscly, thc modcrn usc ol yu as a psychological and psychiatric tcrm has dcﬁnitcly inﬂucnccd its mcaning in contcmporary zhongyi discoursc and practicc and rcinlorccd its zhongyi conccption as qingzhi rclatcd, thus al lowing a possiblc rclcrcntial conncction bctwccn a qingzhi disordcr and a Vcst crn psychological disordcr. Yuzheng in contcmporary zhongyi tcxtbooks and practiccs rclcrs prcdominantly to thc narrowcr scnsc ol qingzhi zhi yu (stagna tion ol cmotions).'⁶ !n today’s zhongyi tcxtbooks, yuzheng is uscd to includc a group ol illncsscs and pattcrns ol syndromc that originatc lrom “thc blockcd ﬂow ol cmotions” (qingzhi bu shu 情志不舒) and “thc impcdcd qi mcchanism (qiji yuzhi 气机郁结). CLI NI CAL CONFI GURATI ONS OF YU ( STAGNATI ON) !n zhongyi clinics, as discusscd prcviously, diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns is thc ccn tral locus ol thc clinical work and is dircctly rclcvant to thc dctcrmination ol thcrapcutic mcthods. Òltcn an illncss namc, such as yuzheng is implicd in thc proccss ol diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns (bianzheng) and thcrapy dctcrmination (zhifa). Yuzheng, likc all othcr zhongyi illncsscs, is pcrccivcd as a disordcrcd psychophysiological proccss, and hcncc attcntion is always givcn to thc tcm poral and spatial qualitics ol thc dynamic rclations ol thc symptoms. As shown in tablc 6.., yuzheng in gcncral may appcar as various pattcrn conﬁgurations and may cvcn acquirc diﬀcrcnt illncss namcs. Òn thc onc hand, thcsc pattcrn conﬁgurations can bc sccn as diﬀcrcnt stagcs ol thc samc illncss proccss. From qi stagnation, to ﬁrc, to phlcgm, and to dcplction, wc can casily rccognizc thc tcmporal and spatial continuitics among thcsc pattcrns. Òn thc othcr hand, thcy arc uniquc conﬁgurations ol particular social and psychophysiological MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 91 T a b l e 6 . 1 Z h e n g ( P a t t e r n s ) a n d Q i n g z h i D i s o r d e r s Z h c n g 证 ( S y n d r o m e T y p e s ) A ﬀ e c t e d V i s c e r a l S y s t e m s C o n d i t i o n o f q i a n d b l o o d M a i n S y m p t o m s R e l e v a n t I l l n e s s e s T c l i v c r q i s t a g n a t i o n L i v c r a n d S t o m a c h S t a g n a t i o n o l q i Ð c p r c s s c d c m o t i o n , t h o r a c i c l u l l n c s s , a n d p a i n , v c x a t i o n , i r r i t a b i l i t y Y u z h e n g ( q i s t a g n a t i o n s y n d r o m c ) S t a g n a n t l i v c r q i t u r n c d i n t o ﬁ r c L i v c r , H c a r t , S t o m a c h S t a g n a t i o n o l q i a n d c o n g c s t i o n o l b l o o d r c s t l c s s n c s s , i n s o m n i a , b a d t c m p c r , b i t t c r m o u t h , d r y t h r o a t , t o n g u c r c d , c o a t i n g y c l l o w Y u z h e n g F a n z a o b u m e i ( ! n s o m n i a d u c t o v c x a t i o n ) Q i s t a g n a n t a n d c o n g c s t i o n o l p h l c g m L i v c r , H c a r t , S p l c c n S t a g n a t i o n o l q i d c p r c s s c d m o o d , c h c s t p r c s s u r c , c m o t i o n l c s s c x p r c s s i o n , l c c l i n g o l b l o c k a g c i n t h c t h r o a t Y u z h e n g D i a n o r k u a n g ( m a d n c s s ) Z a n g z a o ( v i s c c r a l a g i t a t i o n ) T c h c a r t y i n d c p l c t i o n H c a r t , L u n g Ð c p l c t i o n o l b l o o d a n d y i n ﬂ u i d s h c a d a c h c , d i z z i n c s s , p a l p i t a t i o n , d c c r c a s c d m c m o r y , r c s t l c s s n c s s , u n s t a b l c c m o t i o n s Z a n g z a o B a i h e b i n g ( h u n d r c d c o n l u s i o n s ) B e i d i e ( i n l c r i o r s y n d r o m c ) Ð c p l c t i o n i n b o t h t h c h c a r t a n d t h c s p l c c n H c a r t , S p l c c n Ð c p l c t i o n o l b o t h q i a n d b l o o d y c l l o w i s h l a c i a l c o m p l c x i o n , w c c p i n g , h c a d a c h c a n d d i z z i n c s s , p o o r a p p c t i t c , i n s o m n i a Y u z h e n g Z a n g z a o B e i d i e Y i n d c p l c t i o n l c a d i n g t o “ d c p l c t c d ” ﬁ r c H c a r t , L i v c r , K i d n c y Ð c p l c t i o n o l t h c l i v c r b l o o d a n d k i d n c y j i n g r c d l a c i a l c o m p l c x i o n , r c d c y c d , u n c l c a r v i s i o n , c x c c s s i v c d r c a m i n g , i r r i t a b l c , u n s t a b l c c m o t i o n s Y u z h e n g B a i h e b i n g 92 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS cnvironmcnts ol thc timc that call lor diﬀcrcnt namcs and diﬀcrcnt thcrapics. ¡motion stagnation aﬀccts thc thrcc visccral systcms ol thc livcr, thc splccn, and thc hcart most lrcqucntly. Tc pattcrns listcd in tablc 6.. arc by no mcans all ol thc conﬁgurations that arc pcrtincnt to qingzhi or yu disordcrs, but thcy arc thc most common oncs that ! cncountcrcd during my clinical obscrvations ol a particular physi cian who is known as cspccially adcpt at trcating various yu illncsscs.'⁷ Tc cascs ! prcscnt bclow dcmonstratc both thc sharcd clinical knowlcdgc ol trcating yu disordcrs by zhongyi physicians in thc past and prcscnt and thc particular physician’s cxpcricncc, stylcs ol doctoring, and pcrsonal synthcsis ol various sourccs ol knowlcdgc in his approach to cmotionrclatcd illncsscs. Òccasionally, qingzhi bing or yuzheng is dircctly rclcrrcd to in thc clinics, but vcry oltcn it is implicd in a particular pattcrn ol syndromc manilcstation and unloldcd in thc proccss ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcrmina tion. Tcn, lor thc rcscarchcr, rccognizing a qingzhi-rclatcd disordcr itscll is an intcrprctivc proccss involving thc making out ol mcaninglul conncctions among symptoms (zheng 症), syndromc pattcrns (zhenghou 证候), thcrapcutic principlcs (zhifa 治法), hcrbal lormulas (fangyao 方药), and rclcrcnccs to thc matcrials ol thc mcdical classics, and most ol all involving thc undcrstanding ol clinical communications bctwccn thc doctor and thc paticnt. Ganqi Yujie (thc Livcr Qi Stagnation) As discusscd abovc, clinically yuzheng (stagnation illncss) starts whcn imbal anccd cmotions upsct thc qi circulation. Òncc cxccssivc angcr causcs thc qi Table 6.2 Distribution of Qingzhi Disorders According to Zheng (Patterns) Among 150 Patients Diﬀerentiation of Zheng (Syndromes) No. of cases of the cases Liver Heart Spleen Kidney Gall Bladder Tc livcr qi stagnation 23 15 23 7 4 1 Stagnant qi turncd into ﬁrc 11 7 11 3 3 Qi stagnant and phlcgm congcstion 28 19 23 22 1 Tc hcart yin dcplction 27 18 1 27 2 1 8oth hcart and splccn dcplction 17 11 17 17 Yin dcplction and dcplctcd ﬁrc 30 20 9 23 10 Òthcr 14 9 4 5 1 2 7 Total 150 100 71 104 27 14 8 Ðiﬀcrcntiation ol zhcng is bascd on thc ﬁrst diagnosis as qingzhi rclatcd. MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 93 movcmcnt to rcvcrsc and to block thc circulation, it hurts thc livcr systcm ﬁrst sincc thc livcr lunctions to dispcrsc qi. !t is vcry likcly that thc accumulatcd stagnant qi in thc livcr systcm cncroachcs on thc stomach systcm (ganqi fan wei 肝气犯胃). Tcrclorc, thc manilcstations also includc thc symptoms pcr taining to thc splccn and thc stomach systcm, such as “lcclings ol prcssurc in thc stomach arca and lrcqucnt hiccups,” “abdominal gas and loss ol appctitc,” “vomiting,” and “abnormal bowcl movcmcnt.” For a lcmalc paticnt, sincc qi is thc driving lorcc ol thc movcmcnt ol blood in circulation (qi wei xue zhi shuai 气为血之帅), and whcn qi gcts stagnant, thc blood tcnds to congcal, thc paticnt may cxpcricncc disordcrcd mcnstruation. Yuzheng, in its narrow scnsc, rclcrs particularly to thc illncss manilcstation at this stagc ol livcr qi stagnation. Tc tcmporal and spatial dimcnsion is markcd by an cxtcnsion lrom thc livcr sys tcm to thc stomach systcm and to thc congcstion ol thc blood. !n my clinical obscrvation, ganyu was a lrcqucnt initial manilcstation ol thc qingzhi disordcr. As shown in tablc 6.a, among thc .¸c paticnts who suﬀcrcd qingzhi disordcrs, .¸ pcrccnt suﬀcrcd purcly lrom livcr qi stagnation. 8ut, il wc considcr thc cascs ol livcr qi stagnation combincd with livcr ﬁrc and pathological phlcgm, thc pcrccntagc ol thc livcr qi stagnation is ¡. pcrccnt. !n my ﬁrst illustrativc casc, a ¸¸ycarold woman camc to thc clinic origi nally lor a hcadachc. Shc was diagnoscd as suﬀcring lrom a hcatrclatcd disor dcr and was prcscribcd mcdicinc to nourish thc blood and clcar hcat (yangxue qingre 养血清热) . Shc camc back a wcck latcr. Shc lookcd cvcn morc dcprcsscd and unhappy. Shc told thc doctor that altcr taking six bags ol hcrbal mcdicinc, hcr hcadachc sccmcd to improvc, but shc lclt qi prcssurc in hcr hcart (xinli bieqi 心里憋气), and thcrc was a scnsc ol blockagc (fadu 发堵) in hcr chcst. Shc gavc long sighs as il by doing this shc could hclp hcrscll rclcasc somc ol thc qi stuck insidc hcr chcst. Shc also had cxpcricnccd a bloatcd stomach and abdomcn and complaincd ol hcart vcxation (xinfan 心烦) and bad tcmpcr. Vhilc talking, shc brokc into tcars. Shc bcgan to tcll thc doctor that shc had movcd to 8cijing lrom Shandong provincc in .µ·¸ lollowing hcr husband’s translcr. Shc had not had a pcrmancnt job sincc. Shc rcgrcttcd moving to 8cijing. !n Shandong shc was a high school tcachcr and hcr work was mcaninglul and rcspcctcd by oth crs. Now shc workcd as a tcmporary clcvator opcrator. Shc lclt hcr lilc was complctcly mcaninglcss. Hcr mothcr had dicd scvcral months bclorc at thc agc ol ·µ. Altcr that, shc cricd almost cvcry day. Hcr son had bccn admittcd into 8cijing Collcgc ol Political Scicnccs, and shc hatcd thc idca that hcr son was going to study somcthing rclatcd to politics, which, shc thought, was usclcss, cmpty, and potcntially dangcrous. Shc wantcd him to bc an cnginccr. Tc doctor procccdcd with his cxamination whilc listcning to thc paticnt. Tc paticnt’s pulsc was hcavy and thin (chenxi 沉细), thc color ol hcr tonguc was dark, and thc coating was whitc and thin. According to thc syndromc dil lcrcntiation, thc paticnt suﬀcrcd livcr qi stagnation (ganqi yujie). Tcrapcutic principlc was dctcrmincd to dispcrsc thc livcr systcm and rcvitalizc thc ﬂow ol qi and to dissolvc thc stagnancy and climinatc vcxation (shugan liqi, jieyu 94 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS chufan 疏肝理气, 解郁除烦). Tc paticnt was prcscribcd thc modiﬁcd Chaihu Shugansan 柴胡舒肝散 (thc lormula ol buplcuri lor dispcrsing thc stagnant livcr qi).” Fivc morc hcrbs wcrc addcd to thc original lormula. Tc paticnt’s illncss was obviously qingzhi rclatcd and had a clcar social origin. Tc ﬁrst timc shc camc in, shc mainly complaincd about thc hcad achc and thc scnsation ol hcat in ﬁvc hcarts (wuxin fanre 五心烦热). Tc tip ol hcr tonguc was rcd, and thc coating was ycllow. All symptoms pointcd to hcat damagc. Òn thc sccond visit, thc symptoms wcrc diﬀcrcnt, and thc wholc pathological conﬁguration changcd. Tcrclorc, a ncw diagnosis was rcquircd. Tc doctor commcntcd that thc paticnt’s illncss camc lrom a situation in which cvcrything was going against hcr hcart’s will (zhushi bushunxin 诸事不顺心), and thcrclorc hcr hcartcmotion was constraincd (xinqing yayi 心情压抑), which causcd thc impcdcd qi mcchanism lcading to qi accumulation in thc livcr systcm. ! cxprcsscd doubts that thc hcrbal mcdicinc would bc cﬀcctivc, sincc wc alrcady kncw that thc paticnt’s problcm rcsultcd lrom hcr social situations and cmotional cxpcricnccs. Tc doctor rcspondcd positivcly without hcsitation: “!t will dcﬁnitcly work” (kending guanyong 肯定管用). Hc cxplaincd that thc hcrbs hclp attunc thc bodily lunctions. Òncc thc bodily lunctions improvc, thc symptoms will rcccdc, thc paticnt’s bodily cxpcricncc will bc altcrcd, and thc paticnt’s hcartcmotion (xinqing) will ccrtainly changc lor thc bcttcr. For zhongyi doctors, thc symptoms, such as blockagc in thc hcart, prcssurc in thc chcst, and cmptylullncss (piman 痞满) in thc stomach arc not imagincd or sccondary to anything. Tcy arc rcal cxpcricnccs that can bc trcatcd by taking hcrbal mcdicinc. ! pcrsonally hcard many timcs that a paticnt camc back to thc clinic and claimcd, “My hcartcmotion is lccling much bcttcr” (xinqing hao duo le 心情好多了). Tc doctor also agrccd that thc paticnt suﬀcring lrom a qingzhi disordcr tcndcd to rclapsc. “Òncc you scc a paticnt coming lor trcat mcnt and rccovcrcd, and thcn coming back again, you immcdiatcly know that thcrc must bc problcms in hcr social cnvironmcnt. 8ut a doctor can only do as much as hc can.” Ðoctors do much morc than just prcscribc hcrbal mcdicinc. !n thc abovc casc, thc doctor was cngaging thc paticnt in a convcrsation whilc cxamining hcr and composing a hcrbal lormula. Hc showcd his sympathy with thc paticnt and agrccd with hcr that it was not always good to givc up cvcrything just to gct into 8cijing. Hc thcn wcnt on to say that thcrc wcrc still thousands ol pcoplc on thc waiting lists lor a rcsidcntial quota in ordcr to movc into 8cijing, and shc would bc considcrcd lucky by thosc who wcrc still waiting. Vhcn thc paticnt talkcd about thc dcath ol hcr mothcr, hc askcd about thc agc ol hcr mothcr. Tc doctor thcn said that thc mothcr had livcd a “long lilc” (gaoshou 高寿), was somcthing, in thc ancicnt timcs, worth cclcbrating. As lor thc paticnt’s com plaint about hcr son’s choicc ol school, thc doctor commcntcd that cvcrybody, cvcn thc paticnt’s son, has a piccc ol his own sky abovc his hcad and shc could not livc lor him. Hc spokc ol his cxpcricncc with his own son who, against his will, insistcd on going into busincss. Finally, hc said jokingly to thc paticnt, MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 95 Vho knows, somcday your son might bccamc an important political ﬁgurc.” Tc paticnt could not hclp but smilc. QIYU HUAHUO 气郁化火 ( STAGNANT QI TRANSFORMED I NTO FI RE) According to thc zhongyi physiology, oncc thc stagnant qi is accumulatcd and condcnscs lor somc timc without an opcn passagc to channcl it out, it turns into ﬁrc (yu jiu hua huo 郁久化火). Ðiﬀcrcnt symptom conﬁgurations rcﬂcct this physiological changc. Sincc livcr ﬁrc tcnds to ﬂarc upward, thc paticnt may cx pcricncc hcadachcs and dizzincss, and thc lacial complcxion tcnds to bc slightly rcd. Sincc thc livcr is conncctcd with thc gall bladdcr, thc ﬁrc togcthcr with thc qi ol thc gall bladdcr movcs upward and thc paticnt may cxpcricncc dry throat and bittcr mouth. Vith thc wood (thc livcr systcm) losing its clasticity (ability to cxtcnd) (tiaoda 条达), thc paticnt may bc short tcmpcrcd and irritablc. As thc livcr ﬁrc disturbs thc lunctions ol thc stomach, thc paticnt may also cxpcri cncc gastric discomlort with acid rcgurgitation (caoza tunsuan 嘈咂吞酸) and dry stool. Tc livcr ﬁrc also cxtcnds to thc hcart systcm (which is ncxt to thc wood phasc in thc wuxing production scqucncc) and disturbs thc hcartmind (xinshen 心神), and thc symptoms ol vcxation and agitation appcar. Tc tonguc is rcd, thc coating ycllow, and thc pulsc strung and last. All thcsc symptoms show that thc stagnation ol qi has translormcd into ﬁrc. Howcvcr, cxccssivc angcr and ragc damagc thc livcr systcms dircctly and may lcad to livcr ﬁrc with out an initial pcriod ol livcr qi stagnation. Somc clinicians scc this syndromc as a prcludc to morc scrious mcntal illncss, sincc il thc condition worscns, it can lcad to “crazincss” (kuangluan wuzhi 狂乱无知).'⁸ !n my sccond illustrativc casc, a woman ol a¸ ycars old, was marricd scvcral months bclorc shc camc to thc clinic. Shc complaincd that shc had disturbcd slccp. !t was diﬃcult lor hcr to lall slccp, and shc wokc up casily. Shc was ir ritablc and bad tcmpcrcd (piqida 脾气大). Shc said shc did not know why shc had such a “big ﬁrc” (huoqida 火气大) and bccamc angry so casily. Shc had an urgc to brcak things and had alrcady smashcd thc mirror and thc casscttc playcr at homc. !n rcply to thc doctor’s qucstion whcthcr shc lclt wrongcd (weiqu 委屈) and tcndcd to cry a lot, thc paticnt said that shc had scldom cricd bclorc shc was marricd, but lound hcrscll constantly crying altcr shc was marricd. Shc complaincd about hcr husband’s narrowmindcdncss (xiao xinyan 小心眼) and said that hcr husband lound lault with hcr ovcr triﬂing things. Tc doctor told hcr that insomnia was not hcr problcm, thc problcm was hcr vcxation. Hcr casc bclongcd to thc catcgory ol insomnia causcd by vcxation ol thc hcartmind (xinfan bude mian 心烦不得眠), so thc trcatmcnt should locus on hcr hcart mind problcm. Tc doctor thcn askcd about thc paticnt’s background, such as il shc was thc youngcst in hcr lamily and il shc was considcrcd to bc spoilcd (jiaoqi 娇气). Tc paticnt was actually thc oldcst child with a youngcr sistcr and a brothcr. Shc also dcnicd that shc was spoilcd but said bclorc hcr marriagc 96 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS shc was gcncrally considcrcd nicc and good tcmpcrcd (piqi hao 脾气好). Shc brokc into tcars. At thc cnd ol thc consultation, thc doctor rclcrrcd thc paticnt to mc, saying that shc should talk with mc and that ! was doing rcscarch on cmotionrclatcd problcms. Tc paticnt’s complcxion was slightly rcd. Shc had a bittcr mouth and dry throat, suggcsting thc livcr ﬁrc and thc gallbladdcr qi moving up. Tc tip ol hcr tonguc was rcd, but thc coating was whitc, which did not totally support thc othcr symptoms. Hcr pulsc was strung and last. Hcr syndromc was diﬀcrcnti atcd as “thc stagnant livcr qi turning into ﬁrc” (ganyu huahuo 肝郁化火), though thc doctor pointcd out that somc ol thc symptoms did not totally support thc syndromc diﬀcrcntiation. For cxamplc, thc whitc coating ol thc tonguc did not support thc prcscncc ol thc ﬁrc. Howcvcr, thc doctor, in considcration ol thc wholc symptom conﬁguration, camc to thc conclusion that thc stagnant qi had just startcd to turn into ﬁrc. Hc cxplaincd that thc paticnt’s main problcm was ganyu that had alrcady shown thc sign ol ﬁrc. Tcrclorc, thc thcrapcutic prin ciplc was to dispcrsc thc livcr qi, dissolvc thc stagnation, and climinatc vcxation (shugan, jieyu, chufan 疏肝解郁除烦). Tc paticnt was prcscribcd xiaoyao san 逍遥散 (xiaoyao powdcr), with two othcr hcrbs addcd to strcngthcn thc lunction ol climinating vcxation. !n this casc, thc paticnt and thc doctor both rccognizcd that thc paticnt’s suﬀcring was not a simplc physical discomlort. Tc paticnt complaincd mainly about hcr insomnia but pointcd to hcr angcr and hcr dissatislaction with hcr marriagc as thc sourcc ol hcr suﬀcring. Tc doctor’s qucstions wcrc also dircctcd to thc social origin ol thc illncss and hc concludcd that insomnia was not thc problcm, but ganyu (thc livcr qi stagnation). Livcr qi stagnation is undcrstood as an cmotion disordcr coming lrom thc blockcd circulation in an cmotional, social, and physical scnsc. Vhcn this qi is blockcd lor a pcriod ol timc, it starts to turn into livcr ﬁrc that manilcsts itscll in a pcrson in thc lorm ol cxccssivc angcr and irascibility. Tis zhongyi conccpt has long bccomc “commonscnsc.” !n cvcryday languagc, whcn somcbody is irritablc and tcnds to bccomc angry casily, shc is said to bc “having a big ﬁrc qi” (huoqi da)or “having a big livcr ﬁrc” (ganhuo wang 肝火旺). Tc paticnt and ! walkcd out ol thc clinic togcthcr and lound a rclativcly quict corncr in thc waiting arca lor a convcrsation. !t was not a strict intcrvicw lormat. My rolc as an anthropologist at thc momcnt was dubious. ! was incor poratcd into thc clinical proccss, morc to listcn and oﬀcr my support than to clicit answcrs to anthropological qucstions. Vhcn ! camc back to thc clinical room and supplicd thc doctor with morc dctailcd inlormation about thc pa ticnt, hc said that thc zhongyi tradition has cncouragcd thc doctor to considcr inlormation that gocs bcyond thc immcdiatc physical symptoms. For cxamplc, Neijing: Suwen (,,) cmphasizcs that a doctor, whcn trcating a paticnt, has to takc into considcration changcs in thc natural cnvironmcnt (tianshi 天时), thc social and cconomic situation (renshi 人事), and thc visccral (zangxiang 脏象) and pulsc (maise 脉色) manilcstations. !t is considcrcd a mistakc (guo 过) lor MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 97 thc doctor not to cnquirc about thc paticnt’s social background and cmotional changcs, such as il thc pcrson has cxpcricnccd changcs lrom a high status to a lowcr status, ﬁnancial changcs, ambition lor powcr or suddcn joy, sadncss, or angcr. Traditionally, such inlormation was morc rcadily acccssiblc to thc doctor, who, usually, was a knowlcdgcablc and wcllrcspcctcd mcmbcr ol thc com munity and was routincly callcd to thc paticnt’s homc to trcat thc paticnt. Howcvcr, thc doctor said that today’s zhongyi practicc is organizcd in a way diﬀcrcnt lrom what it uscd to bc and that a doctor has to makc a dclibcratc cl lort to gct pcrsonal inlormation bcyond a paticnt’s immcdiatc illncss conccrns. Yct a modcrn zhongyi doctor is cautious about asking scnsitivc qucstions. Hc or shc dcpcnds morc on pcrsonal cxpcricncc and intuition as wcll as communi cation skills to undcrstand thc paticnt’s situation. !n addition, unlikc a typical psychologist, who dcpcnds on insight into thc paticnt’s intrapsychic conﬂicts lor cﬀcctivc trcatmcnt, a zhongyi doctor docs not nccd to know cvcry dctail ol thc paticnt’s pcrsonal lilc and social rclations to diﬀcrcntiatc a syndromc or dcsign an hcrbal lormula. Qizhi Tanyu 气滞痰郁 (Qi Stagnation Lcading to Congcstion ol Phlcgm) Tc syndromc is also known as “congcstion ol phlcgmatic qi” (tanqi yujie 痰气郁结). Vhcn thc livcr qi is stagnant, it cncroachcs on thc splccn systcm that bclongs to thc carth phasc. !t intcrlcrcs with thc splccn’s lunctions ol trans lorming and transmitting (yunhua 运化) nutricnts and watcr throughout thc body. Tc dampncss is thcn accumulatcd to lorm phlcgm, which lurthcr blocks thc movcmcnt ol qi in thc body. Tis particular doctor oﬀcrcd a diﬀcrcnt cx planation lor thc phcnomcnon ol phlcgmatic qi congcstion. His logic was that ganyu lcads to ﬁrc, which drics up thc bodily ﬂuid (jinye 津液) and turns it into rclativcly thick phlcgm. Tis pathological proccss is known as “burning thc bodily ﬂuid into phlcgm” (zhuojin huatan 灼津化痰), which points to two physiological conscqucnccs. Ònc is thc potcntial dcplction ol vital ﬂuid, which will lcad to thc condition ol yin dcplction, thc othcr is thc blockagc ol circula tion which is much hardcr to trcat than thc stagnation ol qi. Vhcn thc blockagc lormcd by congcalcd phlcgm is abovc thc thoracic arca, thc paticnt cxpcricnccs thc scnsation ol an alicn objcct stuck in thc throat, which cannot bc spit out or swallowcd. Tis manilcstation typc has acquircd thc rathcr vivid illncss namc, “thc plum pit qi” (meiheqi 梅核气). Tis illncss tcrm was ﬁrst uscd by thc Han dynasty physician, Zhang Zhongjing to rclcr to an illncss that was latcr includcd in yu disordcrs. Ðuring my clinical obscrvation, ! noticcd two cascs ol thc plum pit qi. Ònc such casc was particularly intcrcsting. Tc paticnt lrcqucntly clcarcd hcr throat and lound a thrcad ol blood in hcr phlcgm. Shc lcarcd that thcrc was somcthing growing in hcr throat. Tc doc tor, altcr cxamining hcr, told hcr that thcrc was nothing growing in hcr throat and that hcr illncss was actually “qi congcstion” (qi bing) originating lrom angcr 98 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS (shengqi 生气).'⁹ Hcaring this, thc paticnt agrccd complctcly with thc doctor that hcr illncss all startcd lrom hcr rcscntmcnt about hcr husband’s intimatc rclationship with onc ol his lcmalc collcagucs. Shc askcd thc doctor to tcll hcr husband cxactly what hc had told hcr whcn hcr husband callcd to inquirc about thc clinical rcsult. !n a scnsc, by involving thc doctor in an intcraction with thc lamily mcmbcrs, thc paticnt succcsslully cmploycd thc doctor’s hclp in manipulating hcr social rclations. Tc paticnt latcr told mc admiringly that thc doctor was so cxpcricnccd (you jingyan 有经验) that hc could immcdiatcly dctcct what thc rcal problcm was. !l thc hctcropathic qi ol phlcgm continucs to block thc passagc, it may ﬁnally disturb “thc clcar opcnings” (shangrao qingqiao上扰清窍) and “blind thc hcartmind” (mengbi xinshen 蒙蔽心神). Tis particular stagc ol thc patho logical coursc is callcd “thc phlcgm blocking thc opcning ol thc hcartmind” (痰迷心窍). Tc symptom conﬁguration thcn may includc “dcprcsscd mood,” “indiﬀcrcnt cxprcssions,” “quictncss and motionlcssncss,” “illogical spccch,” “sclltalk,” and “unprcdictablc changcs ol mood bctwccn happincss and angcr.” Tis manilcstation ol syndromc conﬁguration is also known as “dian 癫,” char actcrizcd by quictncss, abscntmindcdncss, incohcrcnt languagc, and a pcrpctual “happy lacial cxprcssion.” Dian is also discusscd in rclation to “kuang 狂,” char actcrizcd by “loudncss and rcstlcssncss,” “violcnt bchavior,” and bcing “lull ol angcr.” Tcsc two illncsscs cannot bc strictly scparatcd in symptoms and arc ablc to translorm into cach othcr. Tcrclorc, dian and kuang arc somctimcs discusscd togcthcr as onc illncss, diankuang.´⁰ Sincc thc mcntal and cmotional disturbancc ol dian is scrious cnough to bc rccognizcd as lullblown mcntal illncss (jingshen bing 精神病), in many tcxt books dian is not includcd in thc discussions ol qingzhi (cmotionrclatcd) dis ordcrs.´' Yct thc diﬀcrcncc bctwccn a qingzhi disordcr and dian is sccn mainly as a diﬀcrcncc ol “du” (dcgrcc, position).´´ Paticnts suﬀcring lrom dian do comc to scc doctors ol zhongyi. Ðuring my cntirc pcriod ol clinical obscrvation, thcrc wcrc only two cascs lor which thc doctor uscd dian as thc illncss namc. !n onc casc, a young lcmalc paticnt visitcd thc clinic with hcr husband. Troughout thc intcrvicw, thc paticnt rcmaincd cmotionlcss and motionlcss. Shc did not say a singlc word. Hcr husband did all thc talking. Tc paticnt was a managcr ol a swcatcr lactory. Shc had signcd six contracts with clicnts within scvcral months and had bccomc cxtrcmcly worricd about hcr lactory’s ability to lulﬁll thc contracts. Shc had dcvclopcd insomnia and was constantly rcstlcss. Tc symptoms wcrc gctting worsc. Shc was suicidal, wccping, and bccamc incrcas ingly abscntmindcd, to thc point that shc was not ablc to work at all. Tc doctor’s diagnosis was “thc opcning ol thc hcartmind blockcd by congcalcd phlcgm” (tan mi xin qiao). Hc addcd, “according to zhongyi, this is dian.” Tis paticnt did not rcturn to thc clinic altcr hcr ﬁrst visit. No lurthcr inlormation on this paticnt was obtaincd. Tc sccond casc was a aaycarold malc univcrsity studcnt. Hc camc to thc clinic thrcc timcs, showing stcady improvcmcnt cach timc. Tc ﬁrst timc hc MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 99 camc, hc did not talk at all. Hc was cxprcssionlcss and withdrawn. His mothcr did most ol thc talking. According to his mothcr, hc was a studcnt in a prcsti gious univcrsity in 8cijing. Hc was traumatizcd and bccamc ill.´` Hc cxpcri cnccd dclusions, was dcprcsscd, and wantcd to kill himscll. Tc doctor said that in zhongyi languagc, thc paticnt was suﬀcring dian illncss or tan mi xinqiao. Tc third timc, ! saw him, though hc still lookcd passivc, hc talkcd about his illncss himscll and told thc doctor that hc had lclt an improvcmcnt. At lcast hc could slccp lor scvcral hours at a timc. Òthcr cascs that wcrc rclatcd to “hctcropathic phlcgm that disturbcd thc hcartmind” (tan rao xinshen 痰扰心神) wcrc not as scrious as tan mi xinqiao. Tcrclorc, thc doctor did not cxplicitly talk about thosc cascs as dian. !n thc third illustrativc casc, a ¸cycarold man accompanicd by his wilc camc to scc thc doctor. Hc was thc last paticnt ol that morning. Hc sccmcd vcry rcluctant to comc into thc clinic, and his wilc litcrally pushcd him into thc consulting room. Hc lookcd mclancholy and diﬃdcnt. His voicc was solt and low. Hc complaincd about dizzincss, hcartmind not togcthcr (jingshen huan- ghu 精神恍惚), diﬃculty slccping, thinking too much, suspiciousncss (duoyi 多疑), and lack ol conﬁdcncc (zuoshi weisuo 做事畏缩). Hc said that hc crc atcd troublc lor himscll (ziji gen ziji guo buqu 自己跟自己过不去). and that hc was ovcrscnsitivc (xiao xinyan 小心眼). Hc thought his problcm startcd with worry ovcr thc hcalth ol his son, who was diagnoscd as having myocarditis just bclorc thc paticnt had lclt homc on a pcrlormancc tour (hc was a musician). Hc was worricd about his son and callcd homc almost cvcry day. Hc was scll rcproachlul and lclt guilty lor his son’s illncss. His wilc addcd that thc paticnt had his only son at thc agc ol ¡¸. Tc paticnt talkcd about his son inhcriting his own wcakncss ol ovcrscnsitivity. Hc blamcd himscll lor inﬂucncing his son’s pcrsonality. Hc talkcd about his diﬃculty in conccntration and said that hc constantly madc mistakcs whilc playing on stagc. Hc told thc doctor that hc lound his ﬁngcrs involuntarily brushing against things without control. Syndromc diﬀcrcntiation pointcd to livcr qi stagnation lcading to phlcgm congcstion. Tc turbidity ol phlcgm obscurcs thc paticnt’s hcartmind (shen- ming 神明). Tc doctor told thc paticnt that his problcm was mainly mcntal in naturc (jingshen xing de 精神性的). A thcrapcutic trcatmcnt was sct to clcar thc hcart, dispcrsc thc phlcgm, calm thc mind, and stabilizc thc intcllcct (jingxin huatan, anshen dingzhi 清心化痰, 安神定志). Hc was prcscribcd dccoction ol pinclliac and magnoliac oﬃcinalis (banxia houpu tang 半夏厚朴汤) with scv cral morc hcrbs addcd to it to strcngthcn thc lunction ol climinating thc hcat. Tc doctor thought thc paticnt’s illncss showcd thc tcndcncy ol dian but not to thc lull cxtcnt ol dian, but il thc condition wcnt on without appropriatc trcat mcnt, thc illncss could dcvclop into a scrious mcntal disordcr. !n many cascs, cxccssivc thinking and worrying (silu guodu 思虑过度) can bc thc dircct causc ol thc syndromc ol phlcgm congcstion. As known in zhongyi, thinking and worrying (silu) arc cmotions ol thc splccn systcm. Vhcn a pcrson thinks and worrics too much, thc splccn systcm is dircctly aﬀcctcd. Ðampncss 100 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS is collcctcd to lorm thc pathological phlcgm, which convcrgcs with thc phlcgm problcm causcd by livcr qi stagnation. Tc pathological proccss ol yu up to this point dcmonstratcs thc pattcrn ol rcplction. Tc body’s orthopathic qi (zhengqi 正气) is not yct signiﬁcantly consumcd, and thc hctcropathic qi (xieqi 邪气) is dominantly prcscnt. Xinyin Kuixu 心阴亏虚 (thc Hcart Yin Ðcplction) As can bc sccn lrom thc abovc, whcn thc pathological condition ol thc stag nation ol qi continucs, it turns into ﬁrc. Tc ﬁrc consumcs thc hcartblood (haoshang xinxue 耗伤心血), and thc yin aspcct ol thc hcart bccomcs dcplctc. Òncc thc hcart yin blood is dcplctcd, it is not ablc to nourish (ruyang 濡养) thc hcartmind (xinshen 心神). Tc mind and spirit that rcsidc in thc visccra ol thc hcart losc thcir homc (shen bu shou she 神不守舍), and thc symptoms ol hcartmind uncasincss (xinshen buning 心神不宁), abscntmindcdncss (jing- shen huanghu), lorgctlulncss, insomnia, and cxccssivc drcaming appcar. Òncc thc hcart yin is dcplctcd, thc unchcckcd hcartﬁrc riscs up to disturb thc hcart mind, and thc paticnt lccls upsct and pcrturbcd (xinfan yiluan 心烦意乱) and unablc to sit still (zuowo buan 坐卧不安). Òncc hcartmind lacks nourishmcnt, thc ability to makc judgmcnts and solvc problcms is scriously impcdcd, and thc paticnt shows slowncss in rcsponsc and a dcprcsscd mood. Sincc thc dcplctcd yin is not ablc to constrain or balancc thc yang (yin bu lian yang 阴不敛阳), thc ﬁrc duc to dcplctcd yin bccomcs rampant (xuhuo wangdong 虚火妄动), and somatic manilcstations appcar, such as hotncss in thc ﬁvc hcarts (wuxin fanre 五心烦热), swcating palms, dry mouth and throat, slightly rcd complcxion, rcd tonguc with littlc coating, and thin and last pulsc. Tis syndromc is also rclcrrcd to in thc mcdical classics and in prcscnt day zhongyi clinics as “zangzao 脏躁” (thc visccral agitation) charactcrizcd by thc symptoms ol rcstlcssncss, sadncss, and a tcndcncy to wccp and sigh. Tc illncss namc zangzao appcars carly in Shanghan Zabing Lun 伤寒杂病论 (Discussion of Cold Damages and Various Disorders), which dcscribcs thc illncss as “constantly lccling sad and wccping” (xi beishang yuku 喜悲伤易哭). Tc samc author, Zhang Zhongjing, in Jingui Yaolue 金匮要略 (Essentials of Golden Casket), in cludcd zangzao bing in his discussion ol womcn’s illncsscs: “A woman who sul lcrs zangzao is sad and likcs to wccp, as il posscsscd by a spirit, and tcnds to yawn lrcqucntly.”´⁴ Tc mcaning ol zao 躁 is lairly clcar, suggcsting disturbancc and rcstlcssncss ol cmotions. Tcrc havc bccn discussions as to what in thc visccral systcm thc charactcr zang 脏 rclcrs. Somc bclicvc that sincc zangzao was origi nally sccn as a woman’s illncss, zang may stand lor “womb” (nuzibao 女子胞). Òthcrs insist that it rclcrs to thc hcart systcm, sincc thc hcart systcm is rcspon siblc lor shenming (consciousncss, intcllcct). Sincc zangzao dcscribcs a mcntal and cmotional disturbancc, zang must stand lor thc hcart. Tis was clcarly statcd in Yi Zong Jinjian 医宗金鉴 (Standard Collcction ol Mcdical Vorks), cditcd by Vu Qian and othcrs (.,¡a): “Zang, rclcrs to thc hcart (xin). Vhcn thc hcart is MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 101 tranquil, shén (thc mind, consciousncss) is containcd. Vhcn thc hcart systcm is injurcd by thc scvcn cmotions, it loscs its pcacclulncss, and shén would bccomc agitatcd and rcstlcss.”´⁵ Yct, in actual practicc, doctors tcnd not to limit thcir scopc to a singlc visccral systcm. Tang Rongchuan (.·¡6–µ,), a Qing physician, statcd that doctors should not bc rcstrictcd to a singlc visccral systcm, whcn thc symptoms ol zao (cmotional agitation or disturbancc) arc obvious. “Vhcn thcrc arc symptoms ol sadncss and wccping as il thc paticnt is posscsscd by ghosts, it is clcar that thc hcart has bccn aﬄictcd, whcn thcrc arc symptoms ol cxccssivc yawning and strctching, it is clcar that thc kidncy has bccn aﬀcctcd.”´⁶ !n modcrn zhongyi clinics, zangzao is lound in both malcs and lcmalcs. Tc paticnt suﬀcring zangzao is dcscribcd as “lccling likc to walk but could not, lccling likc to slccp but could not” (yuxing bude xing, yuwo bude wo 欲行不得行, 欲卧不得卧). !n my lourth illustrativc casc, a ¸¸ycarold malc paticnt who camc across thc manulacturcd “hcrb concoction to dispcrsc stagnation and stabilizc thc mind” at a pharmacy tricd it and lound it hclplul. So hc camc to scc thc doctor who dcvclopcd thc mcdicinc, hoping hc could bc curcd ol thc illncss that had bothcrcd him oﬀ and on lor morc than ﬁltccn ycars. Hc complaincd that hc was lccling rcstlcss (zuowo buan 坐卧不安) and hcartmind disturbcd (xinshen buning 心神不宁). Hc had to walk outsidc constantly rcgardlcss ol whcthcr it was raining or snowing. Hc also complaincd that his vision was not clcar and that hc had a runny nosc. Hc had diﬃculty in slccping,. and oltcn had to takc slccping pills. Hc ﬁrst bccamc ill during .µ,, and .µ,· whcn hc was busy study ing ¡nglish in prcparation lor going abroad. Hc thought that his illncss must havc bccn causcd by anxicty and strcss. Vhilc hc was talking to thc doctor, his hands wcrc trcmbling slightly. Tc tccth marks on his tonguc wcrc clcarly vis iblc, indicating thc dcplction ol qi that had lcd to a dcplction ol yin. Tc coat ing ol his tonguc was ycllow and thin. Tc pattcrn ol syndromc was dcscribcd as cxccssivc thinking and worrying (silu guodu) that had injurcd thc hcart and splccn and lcd to hcart yin dcplction. Tc thcrapcutic indication was to rcplcn ish yin and nourish thc blood (ziyin yangxue 滋阴养血) and to supplcmcnt thc hcart and calm thc mind (buxin anshen 补心安神). Hc was prcscribcd tianwang buxin dan 天王补心丹 (king ol hcavcn tonic lor thc hcartmind) with addi tions and subtractions, and thc concoction to dispcrsc thc stagnation and to stabilizc thc mind to bc takcn bclorc going to bcd. Tc paticnt camc back again altcr six doscs ol thc mcdicinc. Hc lclt lcss agitatcd, and his slccp had improvcd. 8y taking his pulsc thc doctor surmiscd that thc stagnation was still prcscnt. Two morc hcrbs wcrc addcd to thc origi nal prcscription. Tc doctor said that il thc prcscription workcd, hc would not changc thc lormula. Unlikc thc prcvious discusscd syndromcs, in this casc “thc stagnation” (yu) was trcatcd as a dcplction syndromc. Tat is bccausc whcn thc stagnation is causcd intcrnally by thc scvcn cmotions, it starts damaging thc qi movcmcnt, and whcn thc stagnation continucs, thc illncss hurts thc blood and subscqucntly consumcs thc vital substancc and lilc lorcc. 102 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Xinpi Liang Xu 心脾两虚 (Ðcplction ol thc Hcart and thc Splccn) As thc yin aspcct ol thc hcart is lurthcr dcplctcd, thc rcsult can bc dcplc tion in both thc hcart yin and splccn qi. Tc dcplction ol thc hcart and thc splccn can also bc undcrstood as rcsulting dircctly lrom thc cxccssivc cmo tion ol “thinking/worrying” (silu). Sincc si dircctly aﬀccts thc splccn systcm, it rcstrains its lunction to transmit and translorm nutricnts (thc sourcc ol both qi and blood) and to providc nourishmcnt to thc hcart. !n turn, thc dcplctcd hcart yin is not ablc to lacilitatc thc lunction ol thc splccn and thc stomach systcm. Tc rcsult is that both blood that is yin and qi that is yang arc dcplctcd. Tc manilcstation includcs “cxccssivc worrying and thinking” (duosi shanlu 多思善虑), “palpitation and lcarlulncss (xinji danqie 心悸胆怯), “insomnia and lorgctlulncss” (shaomei jianwang 少寐健忘). !n lact, in zhongyi clinics, bumei (insomnia) and xinji (hcart palpitation) arc two lrcqucnt symptoms that bring thc paticnts to thc doctors. Chincsc paticnts oltcn complain ol xinji and bumei, two illnesses rccognizcd in zhongyi. Tcy ovcrlap with qingzhi disordcrs, cspc cially with thc pattcrn ol dcplction in thc hcart and thc splccn. !n thc ﬁlth illustrativc casc, thc paticnt was a 6¡ycarold rctircd malc. His ncighbor, a young woman, accompanicd him to thc clinic. Tc paticnt com plaincd about a dry and bittcr mouth. Hc had no appctitc and no tastc lor lood. Hc was in a bad mood and lclt vcxcd all thc timc. Hc had low cncrgy (jingshen buhao 精神不好) during thc day. His hcad was hcavy, and his ncck was stiﬀ, and hc had slccping problcms. Hc had bccn to a biomcdical doctor bclorc hc camc to thc zhongyi clinic and was givcn two typcs ol tranquilizcrs to hclp him slccp. Tc color ol his tonguc was palc, and thc coating was whitc, which indicatcd dcplction ol qi in thc splccn. Hc was givcn hcrbal mcdicinc to strcngthcn thc splccn systcm. Hc camc back altcr a wcck and told thc doctor that somc ol his symptoms, such as dizzincss and thc hcavincss ol his hcad, sccmcd allcviatcd. 8ut othcr symptoms, lor cxamplc, his dry and bittcr mouth, poor appctitc, low cncrgy, and poor slccp rcmaincd thc samc. Hc also had ncw symptoms—ﬂut tcring hcart , palpitation, and shortncss ol brcath—which also suggcstcd dcplc tion in his hcart systcm. Tc tonguc manilcstation rcmaincd thc samc. Tc paticnt had an angry and dcprcsscd look. Tc doctor askcd him il hc lclt “wrongcd or scllpity” (weiqu 委屈), and thc paticnt rcplicd with an al ﬁrmativc nod. Tcn thc doctor said, as il to himscll, that a pcrson nccds to lccl gratclul (zhizu 知足) and that cvcrybody occupics a placc in lilc whcrc hc was bcttcr oﬀ than somc and was worsc oﬀ than othcrs. At this point, thc doctor turncd to thc young woman standing bchind and told hcr that shc should takc hcr lathcr out morc to lct him rclax (sansan xin 散散心). Tc young woman answcrcd that shc was his ncighbor. Tc paticnt was living by himscll. His wilc had dicd not long ago, and his only son was abroad. Listcning to thc young woman’s words, thc paticnt lookcd cvcn morc miscrablc. Vc thought that thc paticnt’s son had scttlcd in a lorcign country and would not comc back. Ask ing lor morc inlormation, wc lcarncd that thc son was scnt out to work lor MANI FESTATI ONS OF YU 103 two ycars and would bc back in lcss than a ycar. Tc doctor thcn bccamc morc cncouraging, assuring thc paticnt that his illncss was not scrious and that hc nccdcd to bc morc activc. Hc told thc paticnt not to stay at homc by himscll dwclling on his own unhappincss but to visit ncighbors (cuancuan men 窜窜门) and play chcss (xiaxia qi 下下棋) or play cards (dada pai “打打牌). Tc syndromc was dcscribcd as dcplction in both thc hcart and thc splccn. Tc cxccssivc silu (sadncss and worrics) dircctly dampcd his splccn lunction to translorm and transmit vital matcrials ol thc body and lcd to thc dcplction ol thc hcart sincc thc splccn systcm lailcd to providc yin to nourish thc hcart. Tc thcrapcutic indication was to strcngthcn thc splccn and rcplcnish thc qi (jianpi puqi 健脾补气) and to nourish thc hcart and calm thc mind (yangxin anshen 养心安神). Tc paticnt was prcscribcd guipi tang 归脾汤 (dccoction lor invigorating splccn and nourishing hcart). Tc paticnt camc back oncc morc sccming a littlc improvcd. Tc doc tor told mc that thc paticnt might not bc totally hcalcd bclorc his son camc back. Hc rclcrrcd to thc zhongyi saying “an illncss duc to cmotion can only bc complctcly curcd by cmotion” (Yi qing bing zhe, fei qing bu jie 以情病者非情不解).´⁷ Yinxu Huowang 阴虚火旺 (Yin Ðcplction Lcading to thc Rampant Firc) Vhcn thc illncss is prolongcd, thc yin ol thc visccral systcms continucs to bc dcplctcd. Tc hcart yin is dcplctcd, thc livcr yin is dcplctcd, and ﬁnally thc kidncy yin is dcplctcd. Vith thc dcplctcd visccral yin, thc “lalsc yang” (fuyang 浮阳) manilcstcd as rampant ﬁrc ariscs. My zhongyi tcachcr uscd thc mctaphor ol boiling watcr to illustratc thc situation. Hc cxplaincd that whcn thc watcr in a pot is gctting lcss and lcss, wc hcar a loudcr sound and scc a largc amount ol stcam coming out ol thc pot as il thc tcmpcraturc is vcry high. Tc cxccssivc activity insidc thc pot is actually duc to insuﬃcicnt watcr rathcr than thc actual incrcasc ol thc tcmpcraturc intsidc. Similarly, whcn a pcrson suﬀcrs lrom a chronic illncss, and thc visccral yin in various lorms ol vital ﬂuids (blood, watcr, scmcn, and so on) is consumcd without rcplcnishmcnt, thcrc will bc ovcrcxcitc mcnt ol “lalsc yang” or “ﬁrc.” Sincc this cxccssivc activity ol ﬁrc is not causcd by actual hctcropathic invasion, it is also rclcrrcd to as “ﬁrc ol dcplction” (xuhuo 虚火). Tc paticnt may dcmonstratc symptoms that suggcst “livcr ﬁrc or hcart ﬁrc,” such as a rcd lacc and cycs, agitation and angcr, dizzincss, palpitation, insomnia, rcd tonguc with dry coating, dry mouth and throat, and so on. Tc morc scrious dcplction involvcs thc kidncy systcm. According to thc wuxing (ﬁvc translormativc phascs) rclationship, thc kidncy systcm is said to bclong to thc watcr phasc and it storcs jing 精 (vital csscncc) that is cithcr inhcritcd lrom onc’s parcnts or translormcd lrom thc nutricnts takcn into thc body. Tc kidncy is thc storagc ol thc lilc lorcc and also thc sourcc ol marrow (sui 髓) 104 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS and thc brain sincc thc brain is sccn as “a sca ol marrow” (suizhihai 髓之海). Tcrclorc, whcn thc dcplction has draincd thc kidncy jing, thc paticnt may cx pcricncc symptoms ol mcmory dccrcasc, cxccssivc drcams, tinnitus, back pain, scminal cmission (in malcs), irrcgular mcnstruation (in lcmalcs), and coldncss in thc lowcr limbs. Tis illncss conﬁguration may havc variations. !t can appcar as kidncy watcr not suﬃcicnt to moisturizc thc livcr wood (shui bu hanmu 水不涵木) or as thc hcart ﬁrc not conncctcd to thc kidncy watcr (xinshen bujiao 心肾不交). Tc thcrapcutic proccdurc usually involvcs rcplcnishing yin and clcansing thc hcat. !n thc sixth illustrativc casc, thc paticnt was a aµycarold malc. Hc com plaincd about diﬃculty slccping during thc night, latiguc and slccpincss during thc day, ncrvousncss, agitation, and abnormal swcating. His hcad sccmcd hcavy and cloudcd. His cycs wcrc tircd, and his vision was blurrcd. Hc also had lowcr back discomlort. Hc thought that his illncss had startcd with a routinc physi cal cxamination tcn months bclorc. !t was lound that onc ol his physiological indcxcs was highcr than normal, which indicatcd thc possibility ol hcpatitis 8. Hc had bccn worricd about bcing ill with hcpatitis 8 cvcr sincc. Hc said his work was strcsslul, involving constant busincss trips. Although hc had bccn taking somc manulacturcd Chincsc mcdicinc, thc cﬀcct was littlc. At most hc was ablc to slccp only lour hours a day. Tc cxpcricncc was painlul, and hc said hc would rathcr havc hcpatitis 8 than his prcscnt disordcr that rcndcrcd him dyslunctional and dcprcsscd. Tc paticnt’s symptom conﬁguration suggcsts both thc unchcckcd “cmpty ﬁrc” that disturbcd thc hcartmind and dcplction ol thc livcr and kidncy yin. Tc doctor cxplaincd to thc paticnt that his cxccssivc obscssion with his shenti (hcalth) actually lcd to thc stagnation ol qi, which in turn was translormcd into ﬁrc that consumcd and harmcd thc visccral yin. Tc syndromc diﬀcrcntiation was yin dcplction lcading to rampant “cmpty ﬁrc.” Tc thcrapcutic indication was “rcplcnishing thc kidncy yin and rcducing thc livcr ﬁrc” (ziyin pinggan 滋阴平肝). Tc paticnt was prcscribcd qiju dihuang tang 杞菊地黄汤 (thc dccoction ol rchmanniac with lructus lycii and chrysan thymi) with additions and subtractions. Yuzheng (stagnation illncss) as thc corc mcaning ol qingzhi disordcr dcm onstratcs variations lrom stagnation to dcplction, lrom thc disordcrcd livcr lunction to thc disordcrcd splccn and stomach lunction, and to thc disordcrcd hcart and kidncy lunction. Such variations as shown abovc appcar in diﬀcrcnt cascs, yct thcy also appcar in thc samc pathological proccss. A paticnt’s illncss condition may go through diﬀcrcnt syndromc conﬁgurations rcsponding to thc dynamic clinical proccss ol attuning (tiao 调), which will bc analyzcd in thc ncxt chaptcr. 105 VI I Clinical Process of Tiao (Attuning) !n thc prcvious chaptcrs, ! havc discusscd various cultural, sociohistorical, and cthnomcdical contcxts in which qingzhi 情志 (cmotion) disordcrs arc conccp tualizcd, talkcd about, and cxpcricnccd. My analysis has covcrcd sociocultural and mcdical constructions ol Chincsc bodypcrson, cmotions, cmotionrclatcd disordcrs, and particularly stagnation (yu 郁). Tc prcscnt chaptcr, locusing on thc zhongyi clinical proccss, cxamincs how thc pattcrn (zheng 证) ol a particular qingzhi disordcr casc is dcﬁncd through ordinary clinical work and how thc proccss ol attuning/adjusting (tiao 调) works to translorm thc paticnt’s cxpcri cncc'. An undcrlying idca is that a closc look at an actual lacctolacc clinical communication maintaincd jointly by both doctor and paticnt can providc an important insight into thc clinical construction ol qingzhi disordcrs and thc dynamics ol zhongyi clinical actions and intcractions. !n this chaptcr, ! dclibcr atcly incorporatc tcchniqucs ol microanalysis as an cthnographic tool in placc ol an ordinary casc study that normally docs not account lor intcractional as pccts ol clinical activitics. ! usc actual rccordcd clinical intcractions transcribcd according to thc convcntions ol convcrsation analysis (CA)´, cxaminc closcly thc intcractivc lcaturcs and structurcs ol communication bctwccn a zhongyi doctor and his paticnt, and tracc how a particular syndromc pattcrn is dctcr mincd and thc path to cﬃcacy is ncgotiatcd among thc multiplc clinical rcali tics ol Chincsc mcdicinc. MI CROANALYSI S AND I TS RELEVANCE TO ZHONGYI CLI NI CAL ENCOUNTERS Tcrc has bccn an cxtcnsivc ¡nglish litcraturc on studics ol clinical communi cation and intcractions bctwccn doctor and paticnt. Particularly, ovcr thc last two dccadcs, various cmpirical studics havc bccn dcvclopcd lor analysis ol ac tual mcdical cncountcrs.` Ònc sharcd aspcct ol thcsc studics is thc mcticulous cxamination ol thc actual communication bctwccn doctor and paticnt. Labov and Fanshcl’s book Terapeutic Discourse is an carly cxamplc, which is bascd 106 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS on a closc sociolinguistic analysis ol a ﬁltccnminutc scgmcnt lrom a scssion bctwccn a paticnt and hcr psychothcrapist.⁴ !n addition to sociolinguistic and othcr various lorms ol discoursc analysis, thc approach ol CA has bccn widcly uscd in microanalysis ol actual clinical intcraction. As thc namc itscll suggcsts, CA is thc study ol “rccordcd, naturally occurring talkinintcraction” with thc goal to uncovcr “thc tacit rcasoning proccdurcs and sociolinguistic compctcn cics” that undcrlic thc production and intcrprctation ol such intcractions.⁵ My analysis in this chaptcr is particularly inlormcd by thc CA approach, which, morc than othcr approachcs to discoursc, locuscs on scqucntial organization ol social intcractions and dcscribcs thc proccdurcs through which participants thcmsclvcs cngagc onc anothcr “to producc cohcrcnt and intclligiblc courscs ol action.”⁶ Sincc talkinintcraction is also rccognizcd as cmbodicd social prac ticc, CA has bccn appropriatcd to invcstigatc thc visual as wcll as thc vocal clcmcnts ol mcdical intcractions.⁷ Convcrsation analysis (CA) has bccn widcly applicd in closc analysis ol talk in institutional scttings including clinical intcractions.⁸ CA trcats talk as scqucntially organizcd social activitics and pays ultimatc attcntion to intcrac tional mcanings. From this pcrspcctivc, convcrsation is organizcd and man agcd locally—uttcrancc by uttcrancc—in an ordcrly manncr. Tc mcaning ol an uttcrancc is not attributablc to “what is rcally mcant” by its spcakcr in tcrms ol his/hcr intcntion or motivation, but can bc uncovcrcd lrom thc pcrspcctivc ol how thc participants display lor onc anothcr thcir undcrstanding ol what is going on in thcir rcsponsc to a prcvious uttcrancc. Tis turnbyturn unlolding ol intcraction thcn providcs rcsourccs lor thc rcscarchcr to invcstigatc what has bccn accomplishcd through thc mundanc lacctolacc intcraction. Con scqucntly, lor an analyst, mcaning is lundamcntally ncgotiatcd, contcxtualizcd, and contingcnt to thc spcciﬁc intcractional history. Tis chaptcr takcs CA’s intcrprctivc stancc toward mcaning in gcncral and cxamincs closcly thc intcrac tivc lcaturcs and structurcs ol communication bctwccn a scnior malc zhongyi doctor and his paticnt in a casc ol stagnation ol cmotions. A typical convcrsation analysis ol clinical intcraction systcmatically cx amincs thc “intcraction bctwccn doctors and paticnts as a topic in its own right.”⁹ Tc purposc ol CA in such invcstigations is “to dctcrminc gcncral rulcs govcrning thc bchavior ol spcakcrs that rcsult in thc apparcnt ordcrlincss and structurc ol thc intcrvicw.”'⁰ Tis is ccrtainly not my goal as an cthnographcr. ! do not attcmpt to discovcr gcncral rulcs that account lor thc ordcrlincss ol doctorpaticnt intcractions in zhongyi clinics. Rathcr, my intcntion is to do cthnography ol thc zhongyi clinical proccss in dcaling with a particular casc ol qingzhi disordcr. !t is bcst dcscribcd as a microanalytically oricntcd casc study. Tc objcctivc is to uncovcr what was practically accomplishcd through thc joint cﬀort ol lacctolacc intcraction bctwccn thc doctor and his paticnt. Ðiﬀcrcnt lrom morc convcntional cthnographic writing on Chincsc mcdicinc, thc CA inlormcd cthnography uscs thc transcribcd tapc rccordings ol naturally occur ring intcractions situatcd in an ordinary unlolding ol zhongyi clinic proccss CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 107 as data. Using lacctolacc intcraction “as a stratcgic sitc”'' lor thc analysis ol zhongyi clinical cncountcrs, this approach providcs a mcchanism to tracc and dcmonstratc how and at what point various clinical dccisions wcrc madc and thcrapcutic translormations wcrc markcd, cxprcsscd, and acknowlcdgcd. !n addition, by locusing on how thc participants thcmsclvcs makc scnsc ol and rcspond to onc anothcr, such analysis hclps rcvcal thc tacit oricntation ol thc spcakcrs to thc sharcd cultural norms and institutional cxpcctations. Finally, microanalysis can bc a proccss ol discovcry. As dcmonstratcd by Jack 8ilmcs in his microanalysis ol thc mcdiator’s rolc in a northcrn Tai ncgotiation, a closc analysis ol spccch as a tool ol cthnography “can bring us into most intimatc contact with our data and givc us insights ol a sort that wc cannot achicvc with traditional mcthods.”'´ Te zhongyi clinical proccss appcars in various lorms, and cach actual cvcnt ol doctorpaticnt intcraction is situatcd in a particular contcxt involving dil lcrcnt participants. My intcntion is not to givc a gcncral account ol zhongyi clinical intcraction, nor to oﬀcr a standard dcscription on how a qingzhi dis ordcr is diﬀcrcntiatcd and handlcd in a zhongyi clinic. Vhat is dcvclopcd hcrc is rathcr an analysis ol a particular casc with all its intcractional dctails. Tc locus is not vcry much on discovcring what most zhongyi doctors would do whcn lacing similar problcms, but rathcr on how a particular doctor and paticnt actually cvokc thc prolcssional knowlcdgc and cxpcricncc, institutional compc tcncics, and cultural and commonscnsical logic in thc coursc ol intcraction to makc scnsc ol onc anothcr and to ncgotiatc mcanings and actions. Morcovcr, this scqucntial unlolding ol a particular proccss is also bcing rccognizcd as a normal and ordinary zhongyi practicc. !n othcr words, zhongyi conccpts and thcorics, such as bianzheng lunzhi (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcr mination), arc approachcd not as a sct ol wclldcﬁncd principlcs rcprcscntcd in thc tcxts and cxplaincd by thc scholarphysicians, but arc cxamincd bascd on how thcy arc actually and diﬀcrcntially oricntcd to in a rcaltimc clinical ac tion and intcraction. Tc CAinlormcd microanalytical approach is ultimatcly a mcaningccntcrcd intcrprctivc cntcrprisc. Tc scqucntial unlolding ol thc in tcraction is also an intcrprctivc rcsourcc lor thc analyst to makc scnsc ol what is accomplishcd by thc intcractional movcs. My undcrlying assumption is that it is in thcsc cvcryday social intcractions that cmbodicd cultural valucs and social norms arc prcsupposcd, cvokcd, transactcd, and rcinlorccd and that cultural traditions arc transmittcd. Òn prcparing lor this chaptcr, ! listcncd rcpcatcdly to thc clinical cncoun tcrs that ! tapcd during my ﬁcldwork. As ! listcncd to cxchangcs among doc tors, paticnts, lamily mcmbcrs, and myscll thc anthropologist, as wcll as othcr sounds ol activitics in thc clinic—coughs, thc banging ol doors, thc moving ol chairs—thc sccncs ol thc clinical activitics oncc morc bccamc alivc to mc, as il ! was translcrrcd back to thc clinic. Yct any lorm ol transcription ol a naturally occurring intcractional cvcnt into a writtcn tcxt is a lorm ol rcndcring. Al though ! usc various signs and markcrs to indicatc intonation, pausc, prolongcd 108 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS pronunciation, rcpctitions, ovcrlaps or lalsc starts, thc distancc bctwccn an ac tual cvcnt and a transcribcd tcxt is incvitablc. My analysis rclics vcry much on my ﬁcld cxpcricncc and my scnsc ol thc placc, as wcll as ycars ol rcscarch on Chincsc mcdicinc. ! usc transcripts as tools to hclp mc “scc” intcraction clcarly and to cnablc “rcadcrs to ‘scc’ what is bcing rclcrrcd to in analysis.”'` For this lattcr purposc, ! also makc thc doctor and paticnt spcak ¡nglish. Tc ¡nglish translation ol thc transcription is a rcndcring ol a rcndcring, my intcrprctation ol what is communicatcd bctwccn thc doctor and thc paticnt. A lacctolacc intcraction involvcs coordination ol morc than just spccch. ! do bclicvc that lor clinical intcraction, vidcorccordcd intcractions may do a bcttcr job. Howcvcr, in thc situation ol my ﬁcldwork, vidco rccording was too intrusivc to bc ol practical usc. Tcrclorc, rcadcrs havc to dcpcnd on my dcscriptions ol what was visually going on in thc clinic. Frcqucntly, silcncc is not rcal silcncc in tcrms ol no action. For instancc, in thc casc that is analyzcd in this chaptcr, altcr thc paticnt sat down, thc doctor took hcr mcdical rccords (bingli 病历 in thc lorm ol a small bluc booklct) and silcntly pushcd ovcr a solt pad. Tc paticnt put hcr wrist on thc pad. Tc doctor thcn startcd to takc hcr pulsc. Vith his ﬁngcrs on thc paticnt’s wrist, hc lookcd at thc paticnt with a smilc. Tcn thc paticnt startcd to talk. Òn thc tapc, wc do not hcar thc doctor’s qucstion. Yct, by his gazc, smilc, and his display ol rcadincss, hc communi catcd his inquiry “Vhcrc is your discomlort: (nar bu shufu 哪儿不舒服). 8oth doctors and paticnts constructivcly usc silcncc. Undcrstanding lics not only in somcthing said but lrcqucntly in somcthing unsaid. Howcvcr, sincc ! do not havc rccordcd visual data to account lor thc silcncc cxccpt lor my own mcmo rics and notcs, ! locus my microanalysis morc on scgmcnts ol convcrsation that wcrc carricd out morc intcnsivcly and morc tightly structurcd. Microanalysis ol lacctolacc clinical intcractions has bccn prcdominantly rcstrictcd to thc ¡nglishspcaking contcxt and noncthnographic writing. Tis raiscs thc issuc as to what cxtcnt this approach ol cxamining “talk” bctwccn doctor and paticnt is applicablc in thc undcrstanding ol zhongyi clinical work, which is oltcn charactcrizcd as involving littlc talk. A clinical cncountcr in China, known as “kanbing” (looking at illncss by both doctor and paticnt) in both zhongyi and xiyi (Vcstcrn biomcdicinc) con tcxts, is an intcractional proccss.'⁴ !n zhongyi clinics, this proccss is spcciﬁcally undcrstood as tiao (attuning, adjusting, balancing). Although not an oﬃcially dcﬁncd zhongyi conccpt, tiao is charactcristically cmploycd by both doctor and paticnt to dcscribc zhongyi thcrapcutics. For cxamplc, paticnts likc to talk about ﬁnding a zhongyi doctor to hclp “attunc” thcmsclvcs a littlc (zhao ge zhongyi daifu tiao yi tiao 找个中医大夫调一调), similarly a doctor may suggcst that a paticnt takc somc hcrbal mcdicinc to rcgain hcr balancc (chi dianr zhongyao tiao yi tiao 吃点儿中药调一调). Tc usc ol tiao implics that zhongyi thcrapy is a gradual and carclully managcd proccss. !t involvcs diﬀcrcntiation ol a group ol physical, cmotional, and social dyslunctions and ﬂcxiblc usc ol availablc tcchniqucs, both mcdical and nonmcdical, to “bring about thc conditions” in CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 109 which dcsirablc changcs in human cxpcricncc and rclationship can takc placc spontancously.'⁵ Ðiﬀcrcntiation ol a particular pattcrn is not arrivcd at simply within thc doctor’s hcad, and it docs not always work according to tcxtbook logic. A pat tcrn diﬀcrcntiation cmcrgcs through thc proccss ol intcractions bctwccn a particular doctor and his/hcr paticnt and as a rcsult ol ncgotiations bctwccn multiplc pcrspcctivcs and diﬀcrcnt cxpcricnccs. Ðuring thc clinical proccss ol “pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy dctcrmination” (bianzheng lunzhi 辨证论治), a zhongyi doctor dcpcnds on “lour cxaminations” (sizhen 四诊):” (.) gazing (wang 望), (a) listcning/smclling (wén 闻), (¸) qucstioning (wèn 问), and (¡) lccling pulsc (qie 切) to gathcr inlormation, idcntily symptoms, and diﬀcrcnti atc pattcrns ol syndromcs. Tcorctically, only thc wèn (qucstioning) cxamina tion involvcs talking, thc othcr thrcc cxaminations can bc donc in complctc silcncc. Howcvcr, thc lour cxaminations arc not scparatc proccdurcs. Tcy ovcrlap to lorm a cohcrcnt proccss ol kanbing, which is a lacctolacc intcrac tivc phcnomcnon. \cry oltcn, whilc thc doctor is asking qucstions, hc is also taking thc pulsc or obscrving thc paticnt. Hc may rcchcck thc paticnt’s pulsc whilc talking to thc paticnt. Tus, wèn (qucstioning), as a proccdurc to gathcr inlormation and a way to cngagc a paticnt, continucs through thc wholc clini cal proccss. A zhongyi tcxtbook particularly points out thc myth ol thc popular imagc that a rcally good doctor nccds only to rcad a paticnt’s pulsc to comc to a lull diagnosis.'⁶ An cxpcricnccd doctor may bc quick at making conncctions bctwccn obscrvcd signs, or hc/shc may bc morc skilllul in cngaging paticnts without posing as an intcrvicwcr. How much thc vcrbal cxchangc wcighs in a clinical cncountcr varics ac cording to thc situation. Vith somc cascs, doctorpaticnt talk may bc minimal. !n othcr cascs, thc doctor and paticnt may cngagc in lcngthy discussions. !n standard zhongyi tcxtbooks, doctors arc cncouragcd to usc appropriatc languagc to clcar out (shudao 疏导 litcrally “drcdgc”) blockagcs in cmotion and think ing and to givc suggcstions (anshi 暗示) in ordcr to accomplish thc purposc ol trcatmcnt.'⁷ Tis approach is particularly cmphasizcd in thc casc ol qingzhi dis ordcrs. Vith a paticnt suﬀcring a qingzhi disordcr, a doctor tcnds to spcnd morc timc talking to thc paticnt, and such a paticnt also tcnds to prcscnt morc social and cmotional problcms and ask morc qucstions. !n a casc ol a qingzhi disor dcr, many symptoms cannot bc dircctly obscrvcd. For cxamplc, in onc paticnt’s mcdical ﬁlc, thc symptoms that thc doctor wrotc down includcd “vcxation ol hcart,” “lccling wrongcd and having tcndcncy to wccp,” “lack ol intcrcst,” “pal pitation and short brcath,” “tonguc palc,” “coating thin and ycllowish,” “pulsc strung” and so on. !t is notablc that, cxccpt lor thc symptoms rclatcd to thc tonguc and pulsc, all thc othcr symptoms, particularly thosc about cmotions, camc lrom thc paticnt’s scllrcport. Although a scnior zhongyi doctor is rcspcctcd lor his or hcr clinical cxpcri cncc, as notcd by Judith Farquhar, paticnts in a zhongyi clinic scldom submit thcmsclvcs complctcly to thc authority ol thc doctor. Tcy also activcly cngagc 110 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS thc doctor in thcir pcrspcctivcs, hclp dcﬁnc thcir own illncss, and cvcn ncgoti atc thcir own trcatmcnt.'⁸ To scc thc clinical cncountcr only as a modc ol action in which thc doctor mastcrlully dcploys knowlcdgc and rcsourccs to cﬀcct a curc is to miss a basic lact ol kanbing. Tc dctcrmination ol whcthcr a ccrtain complaint is an illncss, what illncss it is, what thcrapcutic stratcgy should bc adoptcd, and what lormula should bc uscd arc vcry much intcractivcly intcrprc tivc and ncgotiatcd mattcrs contingcnt to thc clinical momcnt. !n addition, thc doctorpaticnt rclationship in a zhongyi clinic is gcncrally lcss structurcd, as both doctor and paticnt initiatc topics and bring in thcir own pcrsonal cxpcri cncc. For a paticnt, this may not sccm uniquc sincc a paticnt is cxpcctcd to talk about his/hcr illncss cxpcricncc. THE CASE OF STAGNATI ON OF EMOTI ONS Tc microanalysis ol a clinical cncountcr in this chaptcr is bascd on a casc ol stagnation ol cmotions. Tc paticnt was a lcmalc middlcschool tcachcr in hcr latc twcntics. Shc ﬁrst camc to thc clinic in Junc .µµ¡. Shc had bccn to a psy chiatric hospital lor hcr insomnia and had bccn prcscribcd somc lorm ol tran quilizcrs. Vhcn shc camc to thc zhongyi clinic, shc was still taking biomcdicinc but was anxious to gct rid ol thc drug complctcly. 8ascd on my obscrvation, paticnts try diﬀcrcnt ways to trcat thcir illncsscs, using both biomcdicinc and zhongyi. A common cxplanation thcy givc is that thcy scck biomcdical hclp lor immcdiatc rclicl ol symptoms but comc to zhongyi lor a slowcr proccss ol tiao to rcdrcss thc root(s) ol thcir problcms. Tis docs lcnd somc crcdcncc to thc popular bclicl that Vcstcrn mcdicinc trcats immcdiatc symptoms (xiyi zhibiao 西医治标) and Chincsc mcdicinc trcats thc root ol thc problcm (zhongyi zhi- ben 中医治本). Likc a typical paticnt with a qingzhi disordcr, thc paticnt complaincd about hcr distrcsscd “hcart,” such as “vcxcd hcartcmotions” (xinqing fanzao 心情烦躁), “uncasy lccling in thc hcart” (xinli bu tashi 心里不塌实), and “thc lccling ol blockagc in thc hcart” (xinli du de ganjue 心里堵的感觉), as wcll as thc physi cal discomlorts ol lccling prcssurc in thc chcst and numbncss in thc hcad. Shc had bccn divorccd lor two ycars. Although shc insistcd that thc divorcc itscll was not a big trauma lor hcr, and that shc lclt it was a rclicl, shc lclt hcr hcart cmotion not ﬂowing smoothly (xinqing bu shuchang 心情不舒畅) sincc shc had not satislactorily rcsolvcd hcr “pcrsonal problcm” (mcaning not bcing ablc to ﬁnd somconc to datc or marry) in thc cnsuing two ycars. !n my convcrsation with hcr, ! also lound that shc, togcthcr with hcr two ycarold son, livcd with hcr lathcr. Somctimcs hcr lathcr hclpcd hcr to takc carc ol hcr son. Shc did not go into dctail about this part ol hcr lilc, nor did thc doc tor ask any dctailcd qucstions about hcr pcrsonal lilc, such as hcr rclationship with hcr lathcr and mothcr, hcr childhood, and so on. Such inlormation is not pcrccivcd as intrinsically important in zhongyi clinical practicc. Vhat thc zhon- gyi doctor looks lor arc thc gcncral cﬀccts and impacts ol thc particular social CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 111 conditions in thc paticnt’s lilc that may contributc to and account lor various cmotional and physical diﬃcultics. Tc doctor is morc intcrcstcd in things likc ﬁnancial loss, an unsatislactory job cxpcricncc, strcss in thc workplacc and in school, problcms in intcrpcrsonal rclationships at work or within thc lamily, divorcc, and othcr changcs in lilc. At thc samc timc, a zhongyi doctor trics to rcdrcss or rcdircct thcsc cﬀccts and impacts. Tc paticnt talkcd morc about hcr problcms at work. Shc was disinclincd to tcach thc subjcct that shc had bccn traincd to tcach in collcgc. Shc lound thc work ol homcroom tcachcr (ban zhuren 班主任), vcry strcsslul. Shc told hcr school principal that shc did not want to continuc tcaching, prclcrring to do administrativc work thc lollowing scmcstcr. Howcvcr, thc school principal was not happy about hcr asking lor a changc in hcr work assignmcnt. As a rcsult, thc paticnt had not bccn assigncd any work lor thc lollowing scmcstcr. Tc suspcn sion lrustratcd hcr. Shc summarizcd that both hcr work and hcr pcrsonal lilc wcrc not going smoothly as hcr hcart dcsircd (shunxin 顺心). Tc paticnt’s unhappy pcrsonal and social lilc was accompanicd by various physical discomlorts such as dry and bittcr mouth, numbncss ol thc scalp, prcs surc in thc hcad, wcakncss in hcr shouldcrs and arms, and somctimcs stomach discomlort. Tc doctor did not spcciﬁcally usc thc tcrm yuzheng (stagnation syndromc) to labcl thc illncss, but it was implicd in thc proccss ol diﬀcrcntia tion ol syndromcs and in thc thcrapcutic principlc and thc hcrbal lormulas thc doctor dcsigncd lor thc paticnt. For thc ﬁrst visit, thc thcrapcutic principlc was to drcdgc thc livcr systcm, rcordcr thc circulation ol qi (shugan liqi 疏肝理气) dissolvc thc stagnation, and climinatc vcxation (jieyu chufan 解郁除烦). Tc paticnt was givcn thc rcadymadc Tca ol Ðissolving thc Stagnation and Calm ing thc Mind (jieyu anshen chongji 解郁除烦冲剂) and a prcscription ol hcrbal mcdicinc ol modiﬁcd dccoction ol 8uplcuri lor dispcrsing thc dcprcsscd livcr qi (chaihu shugan san 柴胡疏肝散). Ònc wcck latcr, thc paticnt camc back lor a sccond visit. Shc lookcd brightcr and claimcd that hcr hcalth had improvcd. Shc lclt lcss vcxcd. Howcvcr, hcr othcr symptoms, such as palpitation (xinhuangh 心慌), lccling ol prcssurc in thc chcst (xiongmen 胸闷), and dry and bittcr mouth (zui gan kou ku 嘴干口苦) wcrc pcrsistcnt. Hcr slccp was disturbcd, too. !n addition, shc complaincd about bcing casily scarcd and jumpy (danxiao 胆小). Shc mcntioncd that shc lclt ncr vous and rcstlcss whcn shc was talking to an old lady who, whilc talking, was constantly ﬂapping a lan. Shc lclt hcr hcart was bcating last and that shc had an urgc to stop talking and run away, though shc undcrstood clcarly thcrc was no rcason to bc lccling that way. ¡xamination lound hcr pulsc “thin and last” and thc coating ol hcr tonguc ycllow. Tc doctor concludcd thc syndromc ol livcr qi stagnation had alrcady translormcd into “ﬁrc,” which causcd phlcgm congcs tion. Tc prcvious prcscription was modiﬁcd, and ncw clcmcnts wcrc addcd to targct thc rcccnt illncss dcvclopmcnt. Powdcrcd chengxiang (Chenxiang mo 沉香末) was addcd to bring down thc qi and dissolvc thc phlcgm (jiangqi huatan 降气化痰). Tc doctor also suggcstcd that thc paticnt takc somc rcadymadc 112 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS hcrbal mcdicinc lor hcr woman’s (fuke 妇科) problcms. Hc cxplaincd that in thc paticnt’s casc thc “wct hcat” might havc movcd downward and causcd cxccssivc or ycllowish vaginal dischargc. To this thc paticnt conﬁrmcd that shc did havc such symptoms. Òn hcr third visit, thc paticnt claimcd that shc lclt much bcttcr. Altcr thc two prcvious scssions, thc paticnt sccmcd to bc morc conlormablc and rclaxcd with thc doctor. Hcr xinqing (hcartcmotion) had improvcd, shc lclt lcss yayi 压抑 (dcprcsscd), and hcr hcad was not as tight and numb as bclorc. Yct, shc was anxious to know il shc could complctcly dispcnsc with thc biomcdicinc that shc had bccn using, but somchow worricd that hcr condition would rclapsc il shc suddcnly discontinucd using it. Tc doctor assurcd hcr that gradually shc could rcducc hcr dosc ol biomcdicinc, but thcrc was a proccss, and shc should bc paticnt. From thc symptoms collcctcd and pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation shown, thc doctor concludcd that thc paticnt’s syndromc conﬁguration movcd lrom a purc rcplction typc to a combination typc, mcaning that thc paticnt still rc taincd somc ol thc hctcropathic lactors (xieshi) in hcr systcm and at thc samc timc thc vital qi had bccn consumcd and dcplctcd. Tc thcrapy was dcsigncd to attack xieshi and also to rcplcnish qi (gongbu jianshi 攻补兼施). Tc principlc was to rcplcnish qi, nourish thc blood (yiqi yangxue 养气补血), lurthcr dissolvc stagnation, and climinatc vcxation. Tc paticnt did not comc back to thc clinic altcr thc third visit. Tc wholc proccss can bc casily idcntiﬁcd as thrcc stagcs. At thc ﬁrst stagc, thc symptom conﬁguration was summarizcd as yu (stagnation), and thc thcrapy was dcsigncd to dissolvc thc stagnation by activating circulation ol qi. At thc sccond stagc, thc syndromc conﬁguration changcd and was summarizcd as huo (ﬁrc), and thc thcrapy was changcd accordingly to clcar ﬁrc. At thc last stagc, thc syndromc typc was idcntiﬁcd as having xu (dcplction) clcmcnts, and thc thcrapcutic dccision was madc to incorporatc rcplcnishing mcasurcs. ! was prcscnt at all thrcc ol hcr visits and was ablc to tapc rccord thc ﬁrst and thc last ol hcr clinical visits. Tc analysis in this chaptcr is bascd mainly on thc clinical intcraction rccordcd in thc paticnt’s ﬁrst visit. DI AGNOSI NG YU ( STAGNATI ON OF EMOTI ONS) Tc clinical proccss ol tiao starts with thc diﬀcrcntiation ol syndromc pattcrn among an array ol physical, cmotional, and social dyslunctions and diﬃcultics. Tcrc arc many possiblc ways that symptom manilcstations can bc groupcd and diﬀcrcntiatcd in practicc. Zhongyi classiﬁcation sccks to summarizc or charac tcrizc an illncss condition at a particular momcnt, and it ccrtainly opcns up to a rangc ol possiblc intcrprctations that arc inﬂucnccd by a particular doctor’s strcngth, training, and stylcs. Somc doctors arc good at using various rcplcnish ing mcthods, and othcrs may tcnd to usc mcthods ol activating blood and dis solving coagulation vcry oltcn. Physicians may also cmphasizc diﬀcrcnt visccral systcms. Ðcaling with thc samc illncss manilcstations, onc doctor may choosc CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 113 to start with “harmonizc thc stomach systcm” (hewei 和胃), and anothcr may choosc to “climinatc livcr hcat” (qing ganre 清肝热). Somctimcs thc samc doc tor may arrivc at morc than onc charactcrization ol a syndromc conﬁguration and havc scvcral possiblc thcrapcutic mcthods prcparcd. !l onc thcrapy lails, hc will switch to anothcr lormula. Howcvcr, it is in thc intcractional proccss ol “looking at illncss” that all thcsc diﬀcrcnt lactors and possibilitics arc playcd out. !n thc paticnt’s illncss rccord booklct, in thc cntry lor thc ﬁrst visit, thc doctor wrotc down thc dil lcrcntiatcd syndromc pattcrn as ganqi yujie (livcr qi stagnation) induccd by “cmotionmind not ﬂowing lrccly and smoothly” (ingzhi bushu 情志不舒) “thc livcr systcm losing its ability to strctch and cxtcnd” (an shi tiaoda 肝失条达), and thc thcrapcutic principlc ol “drcdging thc livcr and rcordcring thc ﬂowing ol qi” (shugan liqi) and “dissolving stagnation and climinating vcxation” (jieyu chufan). Anyonc with a littlc zhongyi knowlcdgc can rccognizc that thc casc is diagnoscd and trcatcd as a particular qingzhi disordcr, yuzheng (stagnation illncss). !n thc transcript, thc most obvious rcvclation ol this diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrn comcs lrom turn 6· (Scc transcript scgmcnt ,.¡),'⁹ in which thc doctor says: “Lct’s do dissolving stagnation and climinating vcxation. \|Hcr casc is that\| hcartcmotion is quitc dcprcsscd.” Ònc intcrcsting qucstion thcn is how thc doctor comcs to this spcciﬁc rcvclation at this particular point in thc convcrsa tion. !l wc acccpt that diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns is also an intcractional proccss, thcn through an cxamination ol intcractional cxchangcs bctwccn thc doctor and paticnt, wc should bc ablc to discovcr thc intcractional history lcading to this spcciﬁc diagnosis and to tracc how this particular diagnosis cmcrgcd lrom a proccss ol dynamic intcraction bctwccn thc doctor and thc paticnt. Tc paticnt starts hcr rcport without waiting lor thc doctor to qucstion hcr. From thc transcript (scc transcript scgmcnt ,..),´⁰ wc can scc hcr ﬁrst turn covcrs a rangc ol symptoms including both cmotionoricntcd complaints and somatic symptoms. Hcartcmotion vcxcd and uncasincss in hcart sccm morc psychological, whilc hcart ﬂustcring and tightncss and numbncss ol thc scalp arc morc obviously somatic. !n turn a, thc doctor simply rcsponds to thc pa ticnt’s multiplc complaints by rcpcating a singlc symptom, “vcxation,” using a morc mcdically signiﬁcant tcrm xinfan than xinqing lao fanzao (心情老烦躁), a tcrm uscd by thc paticnt. Apparcntly, what thc doctor is doing hcrc is rclormu lating thc paticnt’s illncss cxpcricncc into a morc mcdically rclcvant symptom (zheng 症). !t is noticcablc that out ol thc scvcral complaints, only xinfan is im mcdiatcly mcntioncd, but not any othcr symptoms. A zhongyi doctor routincly jots down thc symptoms that arc most intcrcsting to him whilc listcning to thc paticnt’s narrativc ol illncss. Tc doctor might just simply vocalizc what hc is writing down in thc paticnt’s illncss rccord booklct. 8ut thc scqucntial placc ol thc uttcrancc makcs it an oﬃcial rcsponsc to thc prcvious turn, which is undcr stood and addrcsscd by thc paticnt as such in thc ncxt turn. !ntcractivcly, turn a may havc scvcral possiblc intcrprctations. !t can bc a qucstion dircctcd to thc paticnt lor conﬁrmation. !t can also bc an acknowlcdgcmcnt thc doctor oﬀcrs 114 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS to show that hc is lollowing thc paticnt’s rcport. And it may bc both. Turn ¸ shows that thc paticnt is oricntcd to thc scqucntial organization and rcads thc doctor’s uttcrancc as asking lor conﬁrmation. !n thc ﬁrst thrcc turns, xinfan bccomcs thc most conspicuous symptomatic componcnt ol thc illncss. Hcart ﬂustcrs (xinhuang 心慌), a somatic complaint, is not mcntioncd again in thc wholc intcrvicw. !l thc doctor in thc sccond turn picks up xin- huang instcad ol xinfan, thc wholc intcractivc coursc may bc diﬀcrcnt. At lcast, thc lourth turn,“lccling wrongcd,” would not bc thcrc. !nstcad, thc most logical symptoms to look lor would bc “shortncss ol brcath” (qiduan 气短) or “tircd ncss or latiguc” (fali 乏力), or othcr rclatcd somatic symptoms. !l conﬁrmcd, thc pattcrn will point to a possiblc conﬁguration ol a dcplctcd pattcrn rathcr than a stagnation pattcrn as this casc is dcﬁncd. So, in a scnsc, thc sccond turn shows a doctor’s pcrsonal judgmcnt whcrc his pcrsonal cxpcricncc (jingyan 经验) is displaycd. !n this casc, hc unambiguously dircctcd his attcntion to thc cmo tional aspcct, rathcr than a somatic onc, ol thc paticnt’s suﬀcring at thc vcry carly stagc ol thc clinical intcraction. !t is also noticcablc that xinfan is thc ﬁrst symptom that thc paticnt rcports. To an cxpcricnccd doctor, this initial position adds importancc to that particular symptom. Howcvcr, thc paticnt in discussion shows shc is also “cxpcricnccd” and pcrccptivc in rcgards to hcr own illncss, and hcr illncss narrativc is consistcntly oricntcd to “hcartcmotion” vcxation. ¡xpcricnccd clinicians look lor thc rclationships ol symptoms to cach othcr. !ndividual symptoms by thcmsclvcs mcan littlc. !t is thc symptoms ap pcaring togcthcr that cnablc onc pattcrn to bc diﬀcrcntiatcd lrom anothcr. Xinfan by itscll docs not tcll much about what syndromc pattcrn thc paticnt is suﬀcring. Vhat mattcrs is with what group ol symptoms it appcars. !n a way, at lcast to an cxpcricnccd doctor, it suggcsts whcrc to look. Vhcn an cxpcri cnccd doctor sccs onc symptom, hc makcs thc conncction to othcr symptoms. So in turns ¡ and 6, thc doctor asks il thc paticnt lccls wrongcd and lrustratcd (weiqu 委屈). Tc doctor is looking lor an association ol symptoms to discovcr an undcrlying pattcrn. Tc doctor’s inquiry rcccivcd a strong conﬁrmation lrom thc paticnt in turn ,. Turn · “anxious” (jiaolu 焦虑)” is not articulatcd in a clcar qucstion lorm and sccms ambiguous.´⁰ 8ut sincc wc undcrstand that thc doctor is looking lor pattcrns ol symptoms, thc uttcrancc could bc rcasonably sccn as a gucss, subjcct to conﬁrmation or dcnial. !n contrast to turn ,, thc ﬁrst part ol thc paticnt’s turn µ givcs an ambiguous noncommittal “uhn” and thcn procccds to a ncw inlormation scqucncc by “ranhou” (and).´' Analysis ol thc uttcrancc ol “uhn” is signiﬁcant lor undcrstanding turn · and thc lollowing convcrsational dcvclopmcnt. ¡xamining closcly thc scqucntial organization, turns · and µ arc clcarly produccd as an adjaccncy pair in that whcn · is produccd, µ bccomcs condi tionally rclcvant to ·. Tc uttcrancc ol “uhn” is indccd produccd and apparcntly acccptcd as a rcsponsc to ·. As ! listcncd rcpcatcdly to this part ol thc convcr sation, ! was puzzlcd by this uttcrancc ol “uhn.” !l · is a qucstion produccd lor CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 115 cliciting inlormation, µ should bc an answcr. Howcvcr, “uhn” is too vaguc to bc a rcal answcr. !n addition, thcrc is no rcason lor thc paticnt not to givc a clcar ycs or no answcr. !l thc paticnt has no problcm talking about vcxation, lccling wrongcd, and wccping, shc should havc no rcason to bc vaguc about lccling anxious. Howcvcr, thcrc is no rcason lor thc paticnt to hcsitatc in giving a ncga tivc answcr to a qucstion cliciting symptomatic inlormation. !n lact, paticnts undcrstand thc importancc ol giving accuratc inlormation. Tcn, why is “uhn” thcrc: Tc logical inlcrcncc is that thc paticnt docs not rcad thc doctor’s uttcr ancc in · as a simplc qucstion. Transcript Segment 7.1 .. P: a:mm (.) jiùshì xīnqīng lăo fánzào: mm: ránhòu (. . .) xī:nhuā: ng (. .) jiùshi (. . .) nèige xīnl gănjué bù tāshi (.) jiùshi (. . .) năoguā pí zhèidiănr fāj n (. .) fāmá: de gănjué (.) ah:: (.) jiù zhèdiănr (.) hòumian zhèr a. Ð: xīnfán ¸. P: àh: xīnfán: (.)//ránhòu:- ¡. Ð: //ěiqu me ¸. P: -áh: 6. Ð: w iqū: ma: ,. P: wĕiqū:: jiù xiăng kū::he::hh: ((laugh)) ·. Ð: jiāol µ. P: ahn (.) ránhòu ehm:::jiùshi: ehm: (.) z nme shuō ne (.) duì shénme shì ba: (. .) ehm hăoxiang .c. Ð: -méi shénme xìngqu ... P: -bù găn shénme xìngqu:bù găn shénme xìngqu: .a. Ð: y umeiy u shénme búliáng cìji (.) y umeiy u ah: zuìjìn .¸. P: ahmm: .¡. Ð: huòshi shēnghuó shang (.) y umciy u shénmc bù yúkuai dc shiqing (.) shēnghuó shang y umciy u āh: .. P: Umm: (.¸) Just that my hcart cmotion has bccn lccling vcxcd. Mm: And (. .) my hcart lccls ﬂustcrcd (. .), and !’vc bccn lccling uneasy in my hcart. And, thc skin ol my hcad lccls tight and (. .) numb (.) ah:: (.¸) !t is right hcrc (.) back hcrc. a. Ð: Hcart vcxcd. ¸. P: Ycah:: hcart vcxcd (.) //an:d - ¡. Ð: //Fccling wrongcd: ¸. P: -wha:t: 6. Ð: Fccling wrongcd: ,. P: Yes:: just lccl likc crying hc::hh: ((laugh)) ·. Ð: Fccling anxious. µ. P: Uhn (.¸) and thcn uhm::: tha:t um:(.¸) how can ! say (.) lor anything: (. .) um sccms .c. Ð: -Ðo not havc that much intcrcst ... P: -Not that intcrcstcd: not that intcrc:stcd. .a. Ð: Havc you bccn through any trauma (.) Havc you ah: rcccntly: .¸. P: Uhm:: .¡. Ð: Òr in your cvcryday lilc (.) arc thcrc any unhappy things happcning (.) in your cvcryday lilc arc thcrc any:: 116 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Tc doctor’s uttcrancc · is similar in lorm to turn a. As is mcntioncd, a dcmonstratcs thc doctor’s judgmcnt as an cxpcricnccd clinician. Tc · docs a similar thing. 8y simply saying jiaolu, thc doctor is claiming that thc paticnt is cxpcricncing thc symptom ol “jiaolu.” Tc symptoms to which thc doctor pays attcntion, such as xinfan (vcxation), weiqu (lccling wrongcd/sad), and jiaolu (anxicty/ncrvousncss) all havc a “psychological” implication and arc rccognizcd by cxpcricnccd doctors as symptoms that possibly go togcthcr. My zhongyi tcachcr likcd to say that a good doctor, whcn sccing onc phcnomcnon, is ablc to tracc it to a diﬀcrcnt but rclatcd phcnomcnon. So in a way, a doctor tcnds to display hcr virtuosity ol hcaling by making inlormcd and intclligcnt gucsscs about what a paticnt may bc cxpcricncing whilc moving along with clinical cxaminations. Tis clinical clcmcnt has always bccn important in zhongyi prac ticc. Tis is whcrc thc popular bclicl comcs lrom that a rcally grcat doctor can grasp thc wholc condition ol illncss just by looking at a paticnt or taking thc pulsc. Tcrc havc bccn many lcgcndary storics about physicians who idcntily illncsscs and thcir intcnsity by just obscrvation and pulsc taking.´´ !n thc casc undcr discussion, with thc symptoms ol xinfan and weiqu conﬁrmcd, jiaolu is vcry likcly to cocxist. Tc doctor in · is making an inlormcd gucss and display ing his knowlcdgc and cxpcricncc. Tcn, a rcply to · in a social scnsc is a commcnt on thc doctor’s cﬀcctivc ncss and virtuosity. !n tcrms ol convcrsational structurc, turn · is a claim about anothcr participant’s cxpcricncc, which incvitably makcs thc ncxt turn rclcvant to thc claim as cithcr a conﬁrmation or a dcnial. Any answcr is conscqucntial in both a social and a convcrsational scnsc. Tcn, thc paticnt’s ambiguous “uhn” bcgins to makc scnsc. From turn µ, wc scc that thc paticnt is vcry rcluctant to rcjcct thc doctor’s claim dircctly but at thc samc timc docs not lccl strongly cnough to admit it. Considcring that both thc doctor and thc paticnt havc bccn into thc intcrvicw lor just a lcw minutcs, a dircct rcjcction to thc doctor’s claim, which has a spc cial social implication in thc zhongyi contcxt, would bc somcwhat abrupt to a muchdcsircd, smooth clinical intcraction. Yct, to thc doctor, thc convcrsation participant, µ may bc indircct but not tcrribly ambiguous. According to thc conccpt ol “prclcrcncc” in convcrsation analysis, not all thc possiblc sccond part to a ﬁrst part ol an adjaccncy pair is ol cqual standing. Rcsponscs to a ccrtain ﬁrst action or part arc organizcd by a prclcrcncc systcm. According to 8ilmcs: Prclcrcncc opcratcs with thrcc (or morc) altcrnativcs: a prclcrrcd (X), a non prclcrrcd (Y), and no mcntion ol X or Y (N). Tc principlc is simply that, il X is prclcrrcd, N implics Y. !t is this principlc that, in all cascs, dcﬁncs prclcrcncc.´` !n thc casc ol · and µ, wc may say that altcr a claim, a conﬁrmation is prclcrrcd. !l no clcar conﬁrmation or dcnial takcs placc, it is conﬁrmation that is oﬃcially abscnt, and a dcnial is thcrclorc implicd. Tc doctor must havc intcrprctcd thc mcaning ol thc ﬁrst part ol µ as a dcnial to his claim. Altcr CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 117 “uhn” thcrc is a short pausc that could bc a potcntial transitional point lor thc ncxt turn. 8ut unlikc what hc did with his prcvious turns (¡ and ·) altcr thc conﬁrmation, thc doctor docs not takc his turn at thc immcdiatc transitional point. Givcn thc doctor’s intcractional pattcrn shown in thc prcvious turns, il, in any casc, thc doctor rcads thc “uhn” as a conﬁrmation, hc would probably continuc tracing thc symptoms that arc likcly to go togcthcr with jiaolu such as “rcstlcss” (zuowo buan 坐卧不安),” “insomnia” (shimian 失眠), and so on. Tcsc symptoms il occurring with ccrtain tonguc and pulsc diagnosis may suggcst a syndromc conﬁguration ol dcplction or an illncss ol visccral agitation (zangzao 脏躁). Yct, lrom turn µ thc convcrsational coursc sccms to stccr away lrom that linc ol inquiry. Turn µ docs two things: it rcsponds to · and introduccs ncw inlorma tion. Vith many pauscs and hcsitations, as wcll as a prcscqucncc “how can ! say,” thc paticnt is trying to lormulatc an apparcntly not quitc comlortablc statcmcnt about hcr own cxpcricncc. Anticipating what thc paticnt is likcly to say, thc doctor in turn .c says, “not havc much intcrcst.” Hc actually com plctcs thc scntcncc lor thc paticnt. Again, turn .c has thc quality ol displaying thc doctor’s judgmcnt and undcrstanding, which is thcn conﬁrmcd by turn ... From thc uttcranccs ol µ to .., thc doctor and paticnt achicvc a rcncwcd align mcnt. Troughout thc convcrsation, wc scc that both thc doctor and paticnt arc closcly oricntcd to cach othcr, cngaging thcmsclvcs in intcrprcting thc prcvi ous turns, adjusting and rcpairing thcir uttcranccs, and projccting thc coursc ol intcraction. 8y turn .., it has bccn conﬁrmcd that thc paticnt has cxpcricnccd thc symptoms ol vcxation, lccling wrongcd and sad, wccping, and lack ol intcrcst. !t should bc lairly clcar to thc doctor that thc paticnt suﬀcrs lrom a qingzhi rclatcd disordcr. 8ut it is still not suﬃcicnt to cnablc a particular pattcrn to bc diﬀcrcntiatcd lrom othcr pattcrns. Sincc a zhongyi pattcrn ol syndromc is a charactcrization ol a spcciﬁc illncss condition with an array ol physical, cmo tional, and social dyslunctions and diﬃcultics, lor an obvious qingzhirclatcd casc, a doctor’s cxaminations oltcn includcs qucstions about a paticnt’s social cxpcricncc. !t is also thc pattcrn ol thc paticnt’s social cxpcricncc that is in lormativc to thc task ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation lor a likcly cmotionrclatcd disordcr. Turn .a initiatcs a ncw dircction in thc convcrsation. 8y asking il thc pa ticnt has cxpcricnccd any trauma (buliang ciji 不良刺激) in hcr lilc, thc doctor, on thc onc hand, cvokcs thc sharcd cthnomcdical assumption that thc quality ol a pcrson’s social lilc is also an important part ol onc’s hcalth by suggcsting that thc symptoms that havc sincc bccn discusscd havc somcthing to do with hcr social cnvironmcnt. Òn thc othcr hand, turn .a providcs a spacc lor thc paticnt to talk about hcr social lilc. Turn .¸ shows that thc paticnt is hcsitating and is not quitc surc how to answcr thc qucstion. Tc doctor thcn rclormulatcs his qucstion by rcplacing thc morc tcchnical tcrm buliang ciji with ordinary languagc, “unhappy things” (bu 118 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS yukuai de shi 不愉快的事). Tc diﬀcrcncc bctwccn “buliang ciji” and “bu yukuai de shi” is not just that onc is morc tcchnical and thc othcr is morc colloquial. Tc word ciji, mcaning litcrally “stimulation,” is not a zhongyi tcrm but a popular izcd tcrm ol psychology. Vhcn a pcrson is said to bc “shou ciji” (traumatizcd), shc or hc is bclicvcd to dcmonstratc abnormalitics as a rcsult ol quick and strong psychophysiological rcactions. Tc cxprcssion also implics somc lorm ol wcakncss in pcrsonality. Tc paticnt’s hcsitation in .¸ is not a rcsult ol hcr ig norancc that shc did not grasp thc mcaning ol thc morc tcchnical tcrm buliang ciji, but as should bc clcar in hcr narrativc in turn .6, it is rathcr a rcjcction to lormulating hcr cxpcricncc in tcrms ol a passivc “mcchanical” rcaction to an unlavorablc cnvironmcnt. !n contrast, “bu yukuai de shiqing” (unhappy things) is thc languagc ol cvcryday lilc, which docs not cntail a drastic rcdcﬁnition ol thc paticnt’s social cxpcricncc with a ncgativc implication ol wcakncss. So thc paticnt rcsponds to thc doctor’s rclormulatcd qucstion with a strong conﬁrma tion that thcrc havc bccn too many unhappy things in hcr lilc. Tc paticnt’s narrativc ol hcr pcrsonal lilc and social situations mainly comcs in thrcc rclativcly long turns (scc transcript scgmcnts ,.a and ,.¸). Tc ﬁrst such turn is .,. Tc ﬁrst unhappy thing thc paticnt mcntions is hcr divorcc two ycars bclorc. 8ut, quickly rclcrring back to thc doctor’s turn .a, shc claims that thc divorcc was not rcally a “trauma” but rathcr a rclicl. Tc paticnt rcjccts thc imagc ol suﬀcring lrom ciji. Howcvcr, thc lact that two ycars altcr shc was divorccd, shc is still alonc, is what thc paticnt sccs as an “unhappy thing” that nccds to bc solvcd. !n today’s China, divorcc, though not somcthing to bc cncouragcd, is tolcrablc, particularly il onc is ablc to gct rcmarricd and rcin tcgratcd into thc “normal” ﬂow ol social lilc, so to spcak. !t is thc conccpt ol bcing singlc that is somcwhat alicn to thc cultural convcntions. Tc paticnt uscs “geren wenti” 个人问题 (pcrsonal problcm), which is a cuphcmism lor “thc mattcr ol ﬁnding a spousc.” !n hcr own prcscntation, “thc unhappy thing” is thc lack ol changc in hcr pcrsonal lilc altcr hcr divorcc. Tc imagc shc uscs to lormulatc hcr cxpcricncc is blockagc and stagnation (butong 不通). 8ccausc ol thc blockagc in hcr social lilc, hcr hcartcmotion “is always lccling blockcd” (bu shuchang不舒畅). Òn top ol blockagc and stagnation in hcr pcrsonal lilc, anothcr important topic that cchocs through thc cntirc convcrsation is hcr unhappincss with hcr job. Tc paticnt tclls thc doctor that shc is not just a middlc schooltcachcr. Shc is a homcroom tcachcr (ban zhuren 班主任) who tcachcs two subjccts. Tc rcpcatcdly uscd scntcncc structurc “ranhou ba wo you . . . (thcn . . . ! also)” pilcs up onc job on anothcr, communicating lcclings ol prcssurc and strcss, cspccially considcring thc sharcd assumption about what it is likc to bc an clcmcntary or middlcschool tcachcr in China. Tcy arc sccn as having too many rcsponsi bilitics, too littlc pay, and too much work. !n a Chincsc school, studcnts in onc class (ban), usually lorty to sixty, stay togcthcr lor all thcir classcs and many cxtracurricular activitics throughout thcir ycars in that school (in clcmcntary school thcy stay togcthcr in onc ban lor six ycars, in middlc school thrcc ycars, CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 119 and in high school thrcc ycars). A homcroom tcachcr is ultimatcly rcsponsiblc lor all conccrns ol thc ban—acadcmic, social, and cmotional—but hc or shc scldom tcachcs morc than onc subjcct. !n turn .·, thc doctor’s rcpctition ol “two subjccts” in a rising tonc at thc cnd shows his surprisc that thc paticnt bcsidcs bcing thc homcroom tcachcr also tcachcs two subjccts. !n a way, thc uttcrancc shows that thc doctor is paying particular attcntion to thc paticnt’s rcport and is sympathctic with hcr situation. Altcr scvcral cxchangcs about what subjccts thc paticnt tcachcs and whcrc shc graduatcd, thc paticnt continucs hcr narrativc in turn aµ. Tc continuation is clcarly markcd by thc samc scntcncc construction (ranhou ba wo you . . .). Shc pilcs on top ol hcr job strcss thc strcss ol bcing a singlc mothcr. For thc sccond timc in hcr narration shc says “My hcartcmotion has bccn lor a long timc lccling blockcd” (not ﬂowing smoothly and lrccly). Tcn shc charactcrizcs hcr social situation by saying, “8oth my pcrsonal lilc and work havc not bccn going too smoothly” (not lollowing my hcart’s dcsirc). Latcr, in turn ¸,, altcr talking about hcr unhappy cxpcricncc at thc workplacc, thc paticnt again claims: “! lccl vcry uncomlortablc in my hcart. (.¸) !: lccl (. .) cxtrcmcly wrongcd and vcxcd.” Tc Chincsc tcrm is wonang 窝囊. !t is a combincd lccling ol bcing wrongcd without a channcl to vcnt thc lrustration and hcartcmotion not ﬂowing lrccly. A consistcnt mctaphor in thc paticnt’s narrativc is “not ﬂowing” (bu shuchang 不舒畅), and thc imagc is blockagc and stagnation. !n zhongyi clinical contcxt, wc scc that illncss cxpcricncc rccognizcs no boundarics bctwccn what is social, psychological, or physical. !n lact, thc Transcript Segment 7.2 .¸. P: tài duō le (. .) hăoxiàng shi:: hci: hh ((laugh)) .6. Ð: uh: ha hh ((laugh)) .,. P: yīnwéi (.) w ba: en:: jiùshi: (.) liăng nián qián (.) líhūn le () qíshí ba:: líhūn ba:: búshì shénme cìji (.) w juéde shì yì zh ng jiětuō ha: dànshì jiùshi:: guò yí duàn shíjiān ba:: w jué: de: jiùshi:: en:: zŏngshì bùnéng:: yuănmăn de jiějué w de gèrén wèntí (.) xīnl ba:: lăoshì bù shūchàng (.) ránhou w búshi dāng jiàoshī me (.) ránhòu w yòu zuò bānzh rèn gōngzuò (.) ránhòu w yòushì:: jiāo: liăng mén kèchéng (.) ah::n .·. Ð: liăng mén kèchéng .¸. P: Too many (. .) ! supposc :: hci::hh: ((laugh)) .6. Ð: uh: ha hh ((laugh)) .,. P: 8ccausc (.¸) ! um:: tha:t (.¸) two ycars ago (.¸) was divorccd (.¸) Actually uh:: divorcc was not that much a trauma (.·) ! feel it’s a kind ol rclicl uh:: But that:: altcr somc timc uh:: ! lc:lt that:: uh:: ! just can not solvc my pcrsonal problcm satislactorily (.¸) My hcartcmotion uh:: is always lccling blockcd ((not ﬂowing smoothly and lrccly)) (.) And thcn ! am also a tcachcr. And thcn ! am also a homcroom advisor (.) and thcn ! also:: tcach: two subjccts (.¸). Ah::n .·. Ð: Two diﬀcrcnt subjccts: 120 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS languagc thc paticnt uscs to talk about hcr cxpcricncc docs not rcquirc thcsc distinctions. For cxamplc, cxprcssions such as “not ﬂowing lrccly” (bu shuchang),” “blockcd” (du 堵),” “prcsscd and suﬀocatcd” (bie 憋),” and “not smooth” (bu shun 不顺), arc uscd in dcscribing cmotional, social, and physical cxpcricncc. Com plaints in any ol thcsc aspccts arc all rccognizcd as symptomatic and contributc to an ovcrall picturc ol thc illncss. Tc much talkcd about zhongyi “holism” is not a conccptual abstract but a concrctc rcality unloldcd in zhongyi clinical intcractions. Altcr thc paticnt’s uttcrancc (aµ) that both hcr pcrsonal lilc and hcr work havc not bccn going smoothly, thc doctor’s ncxt qucstion (¸.) is, “Ðo you havc a stuﬀy chcst:” Tc doctor is now rcady to dircct his inquiring gazc to thc physi cal symptoms that corrcspond to thc paticnt’s social and cmotional cxpcricncc. Tc paticnt answcrs, “just lccl likc:: suﬀocatcd//diﬃcult in drawing a brcath (¸a).” Tc paticnt uscs colloquial words lor “suﬀocatcd” (bie 憋) and “diﬃcult in drawing a brcath” (shangbulai qi 上不来气). Again, thc diﬀcrcncc bctwccn thc doctor’s tcrminology and thc paticnt’s is not that thc lormcr is morc tcchni cal, and thc latcr is morc colloquial. !n lact, thc word that thc doctor uscs “thc stuﬀy chcst” (xiongmen 胸闷) is also a common tcrm. Sincc uttcrancc ¸a is not clcarly indicatcd as a ncgativc answcr to thc doctor’s qucstion, thc paticnt must havc pcrccivcd hcr cxpcricncc as somchow similar or at lcast comparablc to that ol thc symptom ol “thc stuﬀy chcst.” Yct, by using hcr own cxprcssions, shc charactcrizcs hcr cxpcricncc as somcthing that docs not totally conlorm to thc doctor’s charactcrization lrom an apparcntly mcdical pcrspcctivc. Xiongmen (thc stuﬀy chcst) is a common symptom in yuzheng (stagnation illncss). !t is undcrstood by zhongyi doctors as originating lrom a disordcrcd qi circulation that causcs qi to accumulatc and to bc trappcd in thc livcr systcm, and thc paticnt thcn cxpcricnccs a lccling ol lullncss and prcssurc in thc chcst. Xiong- men, thcrclorc, as zhongyi tcrminology, is morc a mcdicalizcd dcscription ol qi gathcrcd insidc without an outlct, or ol qi blockcd lrom ﬂowing out. How cvcr, thc paticnt uscs bie (suﬀocatcd) and shangbulai qi (diﬃcult brcathing) to dcscribc hcr cxpcricncc ol obstructcd brcathing. Tc cmphasis is morc on thc blockagc that obstructs thc vital qi ol lilc lrom coming insidc. Tc doctor’s charactcrization locuscs morc on disordcrcd intcrnal mcchanism that is ccntral to thc paticnt’s illncss, whilc thc paticnt’s dcscription sccs thc cxtcrnal prcssurc (litcrally and ﬁgurativcly) as a morc signiﬁcant lactor. Vhcn thc doctor hcars thc paticnt say “bie de,” hc immcdiatcly cuts in and asks il thc paticnt tcnds to cxhalc a long brcath (¸¸), bccausc bie has both mcanings ol “supprcss” and “suﬀocatc.” !l thc paticnt uscs thc lormcr mcaning ol thc tcrm, ¸a would bc a lully positivc answcr to turn ¸.. Tc imagc ol wanting to givc out long brcaths is an cxtcnsion ol “xiongmen,” sincc il qi is supprcsscd insidc thc chcst, thc paticnt tcnds to hclp qi out by brcathing out hard and long. A morc tcchnical tcrm is giving constant sighs (xi taixi 喜太息).” Tc doctor’s qucstion in turn ¸¸ ovcrlaps thc paticnt’s sccond hall ol turn ¸a, which shows that “bie” is actually uscd in its sccond scnsc as “suﬀocatc.” Tcrclorc, although CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 121 by uttcrancc ¸¡ “uh” thc paticnt givcs a conﬁrmation to thc doctor’s turn ¸¸, thc doctor hcars thc paticnt’s sccond hall ol ¸a “diﬃcult in drawing a brcath” as somchow contradictory to hcr conﬁrmation in ¸¡. Hc quickly adds anothcr qucstion to lollow up, this timc by dcmonstration. Hc draws in a dccp brcath ﬁrst and thcn lcts it out slowly. !ntcrcstingly, thc paticnt says “uh” to conﬁrm thc doctor’s dcmonstration, but at thc samc timc, insists on “shangbulai qi” (dil ﬁcult brcathing in). Tc lccling ol blockagc at any point normally docs involvc twoway movcmcnt: in and out. Howcvcr, zhongyi doctors scc as thc ccntral illncss mcchanism thc stagnant qi stuck within onc’s systcm and thus blocking thc ﬂow ol both in and out. Zhongyi rccognizcs that it is crucial to activatc thc pcrson’s own systcms to movc thc stagnant qi ﬁrst. Tis stratcgy is rcﬂcctcd in Transcript Segment 7.3 aµ. P: Uh:: (.) ránhòu ba: w zìj yòu dài háizi: uh: jiùshi xīnqíng chángqī de lăo::shi bù: shūchàng (.) jiùshi shēnghuó shang: gōngzuò shang dōu:: bú tài shùnxīn:: ¸c. Ð: ((talk to a previous patient who came back to ask some questions about how to take the medicine)) () ¸.. Ð: xiōng mèn bu mèn ah:: ¸a. P: jiùshi:: biē de //shàngbulái qì ¸¸. Ð: //x huān cháng chūqì shìma: ¸¡. P: ah::: ¸¸. Ð: -shì zhèyang me ((thc doctor draws a dccp brcath and lcts it out as il giving out a sigh)) ¸6. P: àh: shàngbulái qì: (.) a: h: ránhòu zhè dìfang d de tè nánshòu::: a:h y u shíhou ba: jiùshi xīn l fán de shíhou ba:: w jiù juéde wèicháng gōngnéng ba: jiùshi hăoxiàng::(.) y u diănr yòu xiăng lā dùzi dànshì yòu méiy u aµ. P: : Uh:: (.) thcn: ! also takc carc ol my chi: ld by myscll. Uh: that my hcartcmotion has bccn lor a long: timc lccling blockcd and unhappy (.¸) and both my pcrsonal lilc: and work arc not going satislactorily:: ¸c. Ð: ((talk to a prcvious paticnt who camc back to ask somc qucstions about how to takc thc mcdicinc)) (.¸) ¸.. Ð: Ðo you havc a stuﬀy chcst ah::: ¸a. P: Just:: lccl likc suﬀocatcd// diﬃcult drawing a brcath. ¸¸. Ð: //Tcnd to givc out a long brcath, right: ¸¡. P: Ych::: ¸¸. Ð:- Likc this: ((Tc doctor draws a dccp brcath and lcts it out as il giving out a sigh.)) ¸6. P: Yeh: have diﬃculty in drawing a brcath. Uh: thcn hcrc lccls likc somcthing stuck and very uncomlortablc::: u:h ((thc paticnt prcsscs onc hand on thc arca that Chincsc usually call “thc mouth ol thc hcart”)). Somctimcs: whcn:: my hcart lccls vcxcd, ! lccl thc lunction ol my stomach and bowcls sccms to bc: (.) sort ol likc diarrhca but actually it is not. 122 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS many zhongyi thcrapcutic mcthods, such as “drcdging” (shu 疏),” “rclcasing” (xie 泄), “dispcrsing” (jie 解), and “draining” (tong 通). Howcvcr, this particular paticnt locuscs almost stubbornly on thc diﬃculty ol brcathing in. Hcr rcpcatcd usc ol thc cxprcssion shangbushanglai qi (can’t brcathc) sccms to bc hcr bodily commcnt on hcr stagnant pcrsonal lilc and supprcssivc social cnvironmcnt. !n cvcryday Chincsc languagc, pcoplc oltcn usc similar cxprcssions, such as chuan buguo qi lai to dcscribc suﬀocation and supprcssion ol onc’s social and political cnvironmcnt. Finally, thc doctor gcts a clcarcr conﬁrmation whcn thc paticnt prcsscs hcr hand on hcr uppcr stomach arca saying shc lccls uncomlortablc as il thcrc is somcthing stuck thcrc. Tis in somc way supports thc doctor’s analysis, bccausc according to zhongyi physiology and pathology thc accumulatcd stagnant qi in thc livcr systcm is vcry likcly to cncroach on thc stomach systcm and causc a lccling ol lullncss and prcssurc. !n thc rccord booklct thc doctor uscd “lccling lullncss and blockagc in thc chcst and stomach arca” (xiongwan biemen 胸脘憋闷). Hc managcd to combinc both men (stuﬀy) and bie (suﬀocation) in onc symptom and was ablc to accommodatc thc paticnt’s point ol vicw. 8y now, thc cmotional symptoms, social diﬃcultics, and physiological symptoms havc bccn considcrcd. 8clorc turn 6·, thc doctor asks to look at thc paticnt’s tonguc. Tcn thc cxamination is complctcd, and thc diagnosis in tcrms ol diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns is rcachcd. Vc noticc that thc paticnt is continuing to providc inlormation on hcr illncss in turn 6, saying that shc also lccls latiguc. Apparcntly, thc paticnt’s 6, uttcrancc about lack ol strcngth is not addrcsscd by thc doctor in thc lollowing turn. !n lact, thc paticnt’s complaint is not addrcsscd by thc doctor until thc paticnt’s third visit whcn thc syndromc pattcrn ol dcplc tion (xu 虚) is diagnoscd. !t is always strcsscd in thc zhongyi clinic that among complicatcd symptom conﬁgurations, a doctor should grasp thc main conﬂict (zhuyao maodun 主要矛盾). 8y not addrcssing thc ncw inlormation, thc doc tor also indicatcs thc cnd ol thc stagc ol bianzheng (diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrn) and thc bcginning ol lunzhi (discussing trcatmcnt).´⁴ Tc doctor’s uttcrancc 6· bcgins with, “Ti::s uh: is likc this (.¸)” which is a prcscqucncc to thc coming concluding rcmarks. “Lct’s do rclcasing thc stagnation and dissolving vcxa tion” shows both a diﬀcrcntiation ol syndromc pattcrn and dctcrmination ol a thcrapcutic stratcgy. Tc doctor particularly mcntions thc paticnt’s supprcsscd (yayi 压抑) hcartcmotion as thc main problcm, with which thc paticnt agrccs complctcly (6µ). Apparcntly, thc paticnt’s condition is diagnoscd as “stagnation ol cmotions” (qingzhi zhi yu 情志之郁) originatcd lrom thc diﬃcultics and problcms in hcr social cnvironmcnt.´⁵ !n thc abovc analysis, ! havc shown how thc zhongyi diagnostic proccss ol diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns (bianzheng) works in onc particular casc. ! havc tricd to tracc thc origin ol thc diagnosis ol yu and dcmonstratc how this particular pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation cmcrgcs as thc rcsult ol thc proccss ol intcraction and ncgotiation bctwccn thc doctor and thc paticnt. Tc purposc is not to prcscnt thc standard practicc ol bianzhen lunzhi (pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and thcrapy CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 123 dctcrmination), but rathcr to show how a particular zhongyi physician, who is known lor his cﬃcacy in trcating yuzheng (stagnation illncss), particularizcs this “standardizcd” proccss through his pcrsonal cxpcricncc, pcrspcctivcs, languagc, and stylc ol communication. His attcntivcncss to thc paticnt’s cmotional and social problcms as shown in thc casc analyzcd hcrc may wcll show his particular strcngth that contributcs to his rcputation with cmotionrclatcd disordcrs. NEGOTI ATI NG A PATH TO EFFI CACY Sincc zhongyi thcrapy is typically undcrstood as tiao, a gradual and carclully managcd proccss ol adjustmcnt, cﬃcacy, or cﬀcctivcncss (xiao 效) can bc as scsscd at any givcn stagc ol a trcatmcnt. Tc zhongyi wisdom “il cﬀcctivc, do not changc thc lormula/mcthod” (xiao bu geng fang 效不更方) is still cvokcd by physicians in clinical actions, not so much as a guiding principlc but rathcr as usclul accumulatcd cxpcricncc (jingyan 经验) to indicatc that xiao is constantly asscsscd so that thcrapcutic stratcgics can bc adjustcd accordingly.´⁶ !n this scnsc, xiao or liaoxiao 疗效 has thc mcaning ol “proximatc cﬀccts that indicatc thc hcaling/curing proccss is undcr way.” Howcvcr, xiao is also uscd to mcan “thc ultimatc outcomc” ol a trcatmcnt.´⁷ For thc purposc ol this analysis, xiao or liaoxiao is glosscd as both cﬀcctivcncss and cﬃcacy. ! usc thcm intcrchangc ably with thc lormcr to indicatc morc “proximatc cﬀccts” and thc lattcr morc “as thc ultimatc outcomc.” Transcript Segment 7.4 6¸. P: háiyou:: zu :: fāgān: fāk ::: 66. Ð: w kànkan shétou kànkan: (.) tāi bóhuáng (.) shézh dan:: dan (. . .) 6,. P: y u shíhour: ba:: juéde: ba:: cóng: jiānjiăg r:: dào liăng ge bì ba:: juéde yì diăn::r jìnr dōu méiy u:: méi jinr 6·. Ð: (zhège:: e: shì zhèyàng) (.) ji yù chúfán ba::(tā zhè zh ng shi:) xīnqíng b jiăo yāyì 6µ. P: àhn::: xīnqíng tè::: yā:: yì:: y u shíhòur xiăngq zhèixiē shìr:: yuè:: xiăng yuè:: fán: (.) y u shíhour (.) jiù::jiu xiăng::n= 6¸. P: And also:: my mouth lccls dry: and bittcr:::. 66. Ð: Lct mc look at your tonguc. Look at: (.¸) Tc coating is thin and ycllow (.¸). Tc color ol thc tonguc is palc:: palc (. . .) 6,. P: Somctimcs uh:: lccl: uh:: lrom:: thc shouldcr bladcs:: to my two arms:: lccl no strcngth at a::ll, no strcngth. 6·. Ð: (Ti::s uh: is likc this.) (.¸) Lct’s do rclcasing thc stagnation: and dissolving vcxation uh:: (Hcr casc is) hcartcmotion lccls quitc dcprcsscd. 6µ. P: Yeh::: hcartcmotion lccls very::: dcprcsscd. Somctimcs whcn thinking ol thcsc thi::ngs, the more ! think, the more ! lccl vcxcd. (..¸) Somctimcs (.¸) ju:st ju: st wa::nt- 124 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS !n thc zhongyi clinical cncountcr, thc paticnt’s own narrativc on how cl lcctivc or not cﬀcctivc a particular trcatmcnt is plays an important rolc in thc doctor’s dccision to changc a thcrapy or to rctain a currcnt onc. Vhilc it is truc that thc zhongyi doctor cannot rcjcct thc paticnt’s own prcscntation ol thc cl lccts ol a trcatmcnt, thc doctor, having prolcssional training and cxpcricncc, is ablc to put in mcdical pcrspcctivc thc signs obscrvcd and rcportcd by thc pa ticnt and pcrsuadc thc paticnt to scc thc signs as proximatc mcdical cﬀccts that indicatc that thc hcaling proccss is undcr way. Zhongyi trcatmcnt cmphasizcs hcaling as a proccss, thus proximatc cﬀccts arc givcn considcrablc attcntion. Tc conccpt “tiao” (attuning or balancing) itscll suggcsts that zhongyi thcrapy is a longtcrm task. Sincc thc “ultimatc cﬃcacy” ol bcing “attuncd” or balanccd cannot bc absolutc and timclcss, tiao might bc a lilclong cﬀort. !n addition, zhongyi cﬃcacy is also sccn as cmcrging lrom thc cntirc clini cal proccss ol tiao involving adjustmcnts in all aspccts ol thc paticnt’s illncss conditions. Zhongyi doctors assumc that a pcrson’s cmotions, thoughts, and visccral systcms arc intcrconncctcd in a lunctional way and that changcs in onc aspcct would lcad to changcs in othcr aspccts. Tcy gcncrally lccl no nccd to makc distinctions bctwccn cﬃcacy produccd by spcciﬁc hcrbal contcnts and that lrom “nonspcciﬁc thcrapcutic sourccs.”´⁸ Ðoctors consistcntly prc scribc hcrbal mcdicinc lor thc paticnts whosc illncss conditions arc diagnoscd as causcd by cxccssivc cmotions or by social diﬃcultics. Similarly, prcscribing hcrbs docs not ncccssarily ncgatc thc nccd lor nonmcdical “talk” to pcrsuadc thc paticnt to changc his or hcr pcrspcctivcs. Rathcr, zhongyi doctors makc usc ol all availablc sourccs, mcdical and nonmcdical, to lacilitatc a positivc changc in thc paticnt. !n thc casc analyzcd in this chaptcr, a hcrbal mcdication was prcscribcd at all thrcc ol thc paticnt’s visits. Clcarly, both doctor and paticnt cxpcctcd that a particularly tailorcd hcrbal mcdication would work to activatc qi movcmcnt and thus to dissolvc thc stagnation ol cmotions. !n lact, thc sharcd conﬁdcncc in hcrbal intcrvcntions is vcry much thc contcxt in which thc zhongyi “talk” takcs placc. Tc choicc to locus on talk is not to dcny cﬀcctivcncss ol hcrbal thcrapics but rathcr that thc thcorctical lramcwork ol microanalysis docs not accommodatc an adcquatc asscssmcnt ol thc rolc ol hcrbs. Morc importantly, this analysis is not mcant to asscss cﬃcacy ol a givcn zhongyi thcrapy but to uncovcr thc aspcct ol thc clinical proccss ol tiao that has cscapcd most cthno graphic scrutiny, namcly, thc discursivc attcndancc to cmotions and thoughts. Mcdical cﬃcacy “might lic in thc dctcrmination ol who or what causcd thc illncss and why that particular pcrson was aﬀcctcd.”´⁹ !n othcr words, cﬃcacy may start with diagnosis. As shown abovc, thc casc analyzcd hcrc was diﬀcr cntiatcd as “livcr qi stagnation” (ganqi yujie) induccd by “cmotion not ﬂowing smoothly” (qingzhi bushu) and “thc livcr systcm losing its ability to strctch and cxtcnd” (gan shi tiaoda). Tc thcrapcutic principlc that thc doctor chosc was to “drcdgc thc livcr systcm and rcordcr thc ﬂow ol qi” (shugan liqi) and “dissolvc stagnation and climinatc vcxation” (jieyu chufan). Tc abovc analysis is mcant CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 125 to show thc intcractional history lcading to this spcciﬁc diagnosis and to tracc how this particular diagnosis cmcrgcd lrom a dynamic intcraction bctwccn thc doctor and paticnt. !n thc lollowing, thc locus ol my analysis will bc on how both doctor and paticnt activcly ncgotiatc ovcr “thc conditions” in which dcsircd changcs in thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc may takc placc. For qingzhi disordcrs, tiao is particularly undcrstood as involving morc than thc adjustmcnt ol physiological proccss. Adjustmcnt ol onc’s pcrccptions and ol onc’s social rclations is also part ol thc attuning proccss and, in lact, onc important condition lcading to cﬃcacy. A passagc lrom a zhongyi tcxtbook statcs: As pointcd out in Linzheng Zhinan Yi’an: Yuzheng, “hcaling ol yuzheng dc pcnds vcry much on a paticnt’s ability to translorm cmotions and changc pcrspcctivcs.”`⁰ Tat’s why doctors should show conccrn lor paticnts’ suﬀcr ings, counscl thc paticnts, lully motivatc thc positivc clcmcnts in thc paticnts, so that thcy can hclp thc paticnts rcoricnt thcmsclvcs and cncouragc thcm to lct go ol thcir worrics and to dcvclop conﬁdcncc in ovcrcoming illncsscs. . . . Ðcpcnding solcly on matcrial mcdicinc, thc stagnation cannot bc dissolvcd and cﬃcacy is hard to achicvc.`' !n thc casc ol thc paticnt, thc mcaning ol hclping smooth (shu) and rcordcr (li) thc ﬂow ol cmotions and dissolvc (jie) and climinatc (chu) thc lccling ol blockagc in hcr social and cmotional lilc is also cmbcddcd in thc thcrapcutic stratcgy ol “drcdging thc livcr and rcordcring thc ﬂow ol qi” and “dissolving stagnation and climinating vcxation.”`´ Looking closcly at thc actual clinical intcraction in thc contcmporary zhongyi practicc, it is clcar that doctors do cngagc in counscling paticnts. Howcvcr, thc way zhongyi doctors work with paticnts is diﬀcrcnt lrom thc psychological counscling normally lound in typi cal Vcstcrn psychiatric clinics. Unlikc a psychothcrapist who trics to bring thc paticnt into contact with his or hcr “truc lcclings or conﬂict” that arc sup poscdly supprcsscd or dcnicd by thc paticnt, a zhongyi doctor has no intcrcst in any unconscious “truc” lcclings. Vhat is important to zhongyi counscling, shown in thc lollowing analysis ol thc clinical intcraction, is to hclp thc paticnt dcvclop an adaptivc attitudc and pcrspcctivc in ordcr to bcttcr adjust to hcr social cnvironmcnt. A zhongyi doctor docs not posc him or hcrscll as an cxpcrt in cmotions, but as a wisc pcrson who has accumulatcd practical wisdom through lilc and prolcssional cxpcricnccs.`` Tc zhongyi doctor cannot assumc an “objcctivc” point ol vicw on thc paticnt’s “cmotional problcm” as a psychothcrapist docs in thcrapcutic intcraction. A zhongyi doctor vcry oltcn lorgcs a conncction with thc paticnt by translorming “thc paticnt’s problcm” into sharcd human conditions and thcrclorc makcs it lcgitimatc to oﬀcr modcratc advicc in lorms ol pcrsonal cxpcricncc and rcﬂcctions that onc may hcar lrom onc’s trustcd lricnds or rclativcs. For cxamplc, whcn thc paticnt in this casc says that shc docs not want to tcach P¡ and givcs “poor hcalth” as thc rcason, thc doctor says in 126 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS rcply that “lrcqucnt cxcrcisc is hclplul,” which is ccrtainly a rcjcction ol thc rca son that thc paticnt oﬀcrs. Hc thcn oﬀcrs an anccdotc about himscll that onc wintcr his bicyclc was stolcn, so hc had to gct up carly and walk to thc hospital cvcry morning, and as a rcsult, hc ncvcr caught a cold that wintcr. !n zhongyi clinics, thc socallcd counscling is vcry much a ncgotiation bctwccn at lcast two diﬀcrcnt points ol vicw and pcrspcctivcs inlormcd by diﬀcrcnt knowlcdgc, cxpcricncc, and intcrcst. Tc succcss ol ncgotiation dcpcnds largcly on thc typc ol conncctions lorgcd bctwccn thc doctor and paticnt through activcly man agcd turnbyturn intcractions. Altcr thc diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrn and dctcrmination ol thcrapcutic prin ciplc, thc convcrsation movcs on to talking about a mcdical prcscription. !n turn ,µ (scc transcript scgmcnt ,.¸ lor ,¸–·µ), thc doctor asks il it is okay lor thc paticnt to takc thc hcrbal mcdicinc that shc nccds to dccoct by hcrscll at homc. Tc paticnt rcplics that it is ﬁnc with hcr bccausc shc is not working thcsc days, mcaning shc has timc to prcparc hcrbal mcdicinc. Tc doctor rcads morc into thc paticnt’s rcply. !n turn ·., thc doctor says, “8rcw somc hcrbal soup and just gct wcll last.” Hc thcn lollows thc samc mcssagc in turn ·¸ “Gct wcll last, thcn you can go back to work soon (.) Havc to makc moncy, right:” Tc turn rclcrs to thc paticnt’s uttcrancc in turn ·c that thc paticnt is not working, at thc samc timc “havc to makc moncy” is mcant and hcard to bc a jokc. Tc thcmc ol “not working” (mei shangban 没上班) in thc paticnt’s uttcrancc ·c is only sccondarily mcntioncd and is lurthcrmorc prcscntcd as a lacilitating condition. Howcvcr, thc doctor picks up on this as a problcm or a complaint. From turns ·. to ·¸, hc managcs to turn it into a major topic ol discussion in thc convcrsation that lollows. Rcsponding to thc doctor’s humorous rcmark that shc nccds to gct wcll last so that shc can go to work and makc moncy, thc paticnt laughs and rcplics by saying that hcr situation has almost bccomc a vicious cyclc and that thc longcr shc is not ablc to work, thc morc hcr hcartcmotion lccls vcxcd. Tc cxprcssion shc uscs to charactcrizc hcr situation is “unablc to go to work” (shangbuliao ban 上不了班) rathcr than “not go to work” (bu shangban).” Tc paticnt trics to say that hcr illncss prcvcnts hcr lrom going to work. Tc illncss originatcs lrom hcr vcxcd hcartcmotion, which rcsults lrom hcr unhappy pcrsonal lilc and thc un rcsolvcd problcms in hcr social world. To complctc this “vicious cyclc,” inability to work can only worscn hcr alrcady straincd rclationship at hcr workplacc. At this point, thc doctor thcn says, “Somc amount ol work will bc hclplul. !t is not good not to work.” Scqucntially and logically, thc doctor’s uttcrancc is a rcsponsc to thc paticnt’s turn ·,, saying that somc amount ol work will hclp thc paticnt lccl bcttcr. 8ut il wc look at thc cxchangcs lrom ·c through ··, turn ··, cspccially thc criticism “!t is not good not to work” can also bc rcad as a lollowup to ·. and ·¸, as a rcsponsc to thc paticnt’s rcvclation that shc is not working. ¡spccially, thc mcntion ol moncy in ·· makcs it rclcvant to turn ·.. !l thc uttcrancc “!t is not good not to work” was said at turn ·. instcad ol at ··, it would bc undcrstood as a dircct criticism ol thc paticnt and would posc a CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 127 potcntial “loss ol lacc” thrcat to thc paticnt. Vhcn thc critical commcnt in turn ·· “!t is not good not to work” is uttcrcd, it has bccn cushioncd by a jokc, and it is scvcral turns rcmovcd lrom thc original placc whcrc thc topic is introduccd. Tc paticnt’s rcsponsc is a rcpctition ol thc doctor’s words “somc amount ol work” in a suspcnding tonc that convcys conlusion and scrvcs as a rcqucst lor lurthcr cxplanation. Tc disagrccmcnt is morc subtlc and lundamcntal than Transcript Segment 7.5 ,¸. Ð: ah:: w g i n kāi: diă: nr chōngjì zài: dài: kāi diănr tāngyào(.) néng chéng mā:: ,6. P: áh:: ,,. Ð: chōngjì zhuānmén zhì n zhège bìng de āh:: ,·. P: ah:: xí::ng ,µ. Ð: zài kāi (. .) áo diănr yào hăobuhăo::? ·c. P: k :y :: xíng(.) făn:zhèng: xiànzài w yě méi shàngbān:: ·.. Ð: áo diănr yào: ba:: gănj n: hăo: déle ·a. P: è:ng ·¸. Ð: hăo: le gănj n gōngzuò (.) háiděi: zhèngqián nc ·¡. P: ha::ha:: ((laugh)) ·¸. P: dōu èxìng xúnhuán le:: w pà w dōu chéng le (.) xiànzài ·6. Ð: néng hăo méi wèntí ·,. P: yuè:: shàng bù liăo bān: ba: xīnqíng yuè//fán:: (.) juéde: e :: ··. Ð: //shìdāng gōngzuò:: bù gōngzuò bùhăo:: bùdān qián de wèntí ·µ. P: shidāng gōngzuò ah: ,¸. Ð: uh:: !’ll prcscribc you somc rcady madc prcparation and also prcscribc somc hcrbal mcdicinc to dccoct (.) !s that ok with you::: ,6. P: Ah::: ,,. Ð: Tc rcadymadc prcparation is cspccially dcsigncd lor trcating thc kind ol illncss you havc. Òkay::: ,·. P: Ah:: Fi::nc . ,µ. Ð: And also prcscribc (. .) boil somc hcrbal mcdicinc, is that oka::y: ·c. P: Tat’s ﬁnc. No problcm. ! am staying at homc thcsc days anyway. ·.. Ð: 8rcw somc hc:rb soup and just gct wcll last. ·a. P. u:hn: ·¸. Ð: Gct wcll last, thcn you can go back to work soon (.) Havc to makc moncy, right: ·¡. P: Ha::ha:: ((laugh)) ·¸. P: Almost bccomc a vicious cyclc::now, ! am alraid. ·6. Ð: You’ll bc ﬁnc. No problcm. ·,. P: Tc lo::nger ! am not ablc to wo:rk uh: thc mo:re my hcartcmotion lccls vc: xcd (.) //! lcc:l uh:: ··. Ð: ://Somc amount ol work:: is ncccssary. !t is not good not to work. !t is not just a mattcr ol moncy. ·µ. P: Somc amount ol work: 128 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS it sccms. Tc paticnt prcscnts hcr situation as “not ablc to go to work,” somc thing that is bcyond hcr pcrsonal choicc. Howcvcr, thc doctor’s way ol talking about thc mattcr, such as “do somc amount ol work” (shidang gongzuo) and “not work” (bu gongzuo) challcngcs thc paticnt’s scllcharactcrization and makcs it sound as il thc paticnt is somchow rcsponsiblc lor not going to work, which, according to thc doctor, is a mistakc. Vc scnsc thc tcnsion bctwccn thcsc two pcrspcctivcs. Tc paticnt sccs hcr situation as things happcning to hcr bcyond hcr own control, yct thc doctor sccs that thc kcy lactors in thc paticnt’s illncss and cﬀcctivc hcaling lic within thc paticnt hcrscll. Tc tcnsion bctwccn thc two pcrspcctivcs runs throughout thc cntirc convcrsation and shapcs thc pat tcrns ol thc intcraction. For cxamplc, whcn thc paticnt says that shc docs not want to tcach P¡ bccausc ol hcr poor hcalth, thc doctor rcjccts thc paticnt’s cxplanation by rcvcrsing hcr argumcnt and claiming that physical cxcrcisc is actually good lor thc hcalth. Tc carlicr doctor and paticnt cxchangcs about thc symptom ol “lullncss ol thc chcst” (xiongmen) suggcst a similar pattcrn ol intcraction: whilc thc paticnt insists on a lccling ol suﬀocation, “not ablc to brcath in” (shangbulai qi), thc doctor locuscs on thc lccling ol lullncss and prcssurc within hcr chcst. Tc doctor’s cmphasis on thc paticnt’s rolc in thc coursc ol illncss dcvclop mcnt is consistcnt with zhongyi’s conccptualization ol thc qingzhi disordcr and its hcaling. Tc stagnation syndromc (yuzheng) is undcrstood particularly as originating in human conditions: “disappointmcnt in gctting what onc sccks” (suoqiu busui 所求不遂), “lailurc to achicvc onc’s goal” (zhiyi buda 志意不达), and so on. !ts hcaling dcpcnds vcry much on thc paticnt’s ability to “translorm cmotions and changcs” (yiqing yizhi 移情易志).`⁴ Tc lamous Ming dynasty physician Zhang Jingyuc, in his writings about yuzheng, says “a pcrson who is ill bccausc ol cmotions can only bc hcalcd by cmotions: with a woman, hcr dcsirc has to bc lulﬁllcd bclorc hcr stagnation can bc rcmovcd, with a man, hc has to lcarn to bc ﬂcxiblc and havc broad hcartmind and supcrior wisdom, othcrwisc his illncss can not bc translormcd.”`⁵ Vc can scc that thc doctor is trying to translorm thc paticnt’s cmotions and changc hcr locus. Tc implicd mcaning ol bcing disablcd by hcr illncss in thc paticnt’s uttcrancc ol ·, is not acknowlcdgcd in thc doctor’s ncxt turn. !nstcad, thc uttcrancc in thc doctor’s turn ·· prcsupposcs just thc oppositc, that is, thc paticnt is ablc to work. !n thc paticnt’s turn ·µ, by rcpcating thc doctor’s words and asking lor lurthcr claboration without addrcssing thc qucstion ol ability to work, it sccms as il thc paticnt tacitly acccpts thc doctor’s prcsupposi tion ol uttcrancc ·· that hcr “not working” is thc rcsult ol hcr own choicc rathcr than causcd by hcr disability. At lcast, lrom thc doctor’s rcsponsc in turn µc (scc transcript scgmcnt ,.6 lor µc–µ¸), wc know that thc doctor hcars thc paticnt’s turn ·µ as asking why shc should work rathcr than il shc is ablc to work. !n turn µc, thc doctor starts to cxplain why it is important to work, thus opcning his lcngthy spccch to pcrsuadc (kaidao 开导, litcrally “opcn” and “guidc,” mcaning to hclp a pcrson scc his/hcr situation clcarly and scnsibly) thc paticnt. CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 129 Tc doctor in turn µc starts with a gcncral claim: “Human bcings arc likc this (. .) nccd to havc a sourcc ol satislaction (. .).” Gcncrally, a zhongyi doctor trics to avoid gctting into thc dctails ol a paticnt’s pcrsonal lilc, partly bccausc a zhongyi doctor docs not havc thc prolcssional claim that a psychothcrapist has lor an authoritativc voicc ovcr intcrprcting thc paticnt’s bchavior and cmo tional cxpcricncc. Vhat thc zhongyi doctor rclics on is somc lorm ol rclatcdncss bctwccn him and his paticnt that allows him to draw lrom his own cxpcri cncc to bcar on thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc, that is, thc sharcd human condition. !n addition, thc practical purposc ol this typc ol kaidao is to hclp a paticnt tunc into a diﬀcrcnt pcrspcctivc so that shc can bccomc bcttcr adjustcd to hcr cnvironmcnt. Transcript Segment 7.6 µc. Ð: rén jiù zhèiyà::ng (. .) yào y u ge jìtuō (. .) w xiă:ng shì zhèyang (.) h nduō lăonián rén tuìxiū:: (.) wèishénme tā líxiū jiù róngyì dé bìng ah: bùdān shì ge qián de wèntí yīnggāi háiy u ge gōngzuò jìtuō (.) shēnghuó jìtuō wèntí (.)//rénde µ.. P: //k w xiànzài shēnghuó shang gōngzuò shang yì diănr jìtuō dōu méiy u (. .) xīnl lăo= µa. Ð: =bù (.) rén y u yì zh ng (. .) búshì méiy u jìtuō (.) y y u jìtuō (. .) jiùshi zài n zhèr mùqián bú tài l xiăng (. . .) rúgu rén sīxiăng shang shēnghuó shang méi:y u jìtuō yì tiān y huó bú xiàqù (.) w rènwéi ta yì tiān y huó bú xiàqu (. . .) bāokuò zìshā de rén (.) w juéde zìshā de rén y :: h n:: ye h n: y dào yídìng de chéngdù búshi: shuō:: hei:: h:: ((laugh)) juéxīn h n dà ha:: ha:: ((laugh)) (. . .) yìbān rén bù xíng de (.) jiù sh:: jiù:n xiànzài búshi méi jìtuō(. .) jiù: shr shuō bù l xiăng (. . .) jiùshr bù hé xīn::si. µ¸. P: duì méicuòr µc. Ð: Human bcing is likc this (. .) nccds to havc a sourcc ol satislaction (. .) ! thi: nk this is truc (.) Many old pcoplc whcn rcti::rcd (.) why is that hc tcnds to lall ill altcr rctircmcnt ah:: !t is not just moncy: Tcrc should also bc somcthing to do with having a sourcc ol satislaction lrom work (.) and lilc. (a.c)//A pcrson’s µ.. P: //8ut now ! do not havc any sourcc ol satislaction at all lrom both my work and my lilc (. .) !n my hcart ! always- µa. Ð: -No! (..) Human bcing has a ki:nd (. .) !t is not that you do not havc a sourcc ol satislaction (.) You too havc a sourcc ol satislaction (. .) Just that your prcscnt situation is not that idcal (. . .) !l a pcrson cannot ﬁnd any satislaction in his mind or lilc, hc cannot livc on lor a singlc day (.) ! think hc is not ablc to livc on lor onc day (. . .) including thosc who scck suicidc (.) ! think a suicidal pcrson also:: vc::ry also vc:ry must havc comc to a ccrtain dcgrcc. !t is not to say:: hci:: h:: ((laugh)) must bc vcry dctcrmincd ha::ha:: ((laugh)) (. . .) An ordinary pcrson is not ablc to do it (.¸) As lor:: as: your prcscnt situation, it is not that you do not havc a sourcc ol satislaction (. .), it’s just that it is not idcal (. . .), not what your hcartmind wants it to bc. µ¸. P: Right. ¡xa::ctly. 130 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Altcr thc doctor lramcs thc subjcct as a sharcd human condition, hc gocs on to say, “! think this is truc.” Phrascs with “! think” or “! lccl” arc lrcqucntly uscd by thc doctor in his talk with thc paticnt. Tc usc ol such cxprcssions makcs thc doctor’s spccch lcss inviting ol thc paticnt’s rcjcction or rcsistancc. At lcast, thc doctor is cntitlcd to havc his own point ol vicw. Also, thc status ol lao zhongyi (scnior, cxpcricnccd zhongyi doctor) lcnds crcdibility to his words and cxpcricncc. Tc doctor uscs thc cxamplc ol rctircd pcoplc to support his claim that work is ncccssary (scc turn µc). Altcr hc ﬁnishcs thc scntcncc that working has somcthing to do with ﬁnding satislaction in lilc, thcrc is a long pausc, in dicating that thc doctor cxpccts thc paticnt to rcspond and to acknowlcdgc thc importancc ol work othcr than lor cconomic rcasons. Altcr about two scconds, sccing that thc paticnt has madc no movc to rcspond, thc doctor is obligcd to continuc. Tc paticnt’s dclaycd rcsponsc ovcrlaps with thc doctor’s cﬀort to continuc his kaidao. Tc paticnt’s rcsponsc comcs as a surprisc to thc doctor. !nstcad ol lollowing thc logic sct lorth by thc doctor to acknowlcdgc that continuing to work is hclplul bccausc it givcs a pcrson a scnsc ol satislaction in lilc, thc paticnt claims, “8ut now ! do not havc any sourcc ol satislaction at all in both my work and my lilc” (µ.). Tc paticnt’s claim is quickly and lorcclully rcjcctcd by thc doctor, who cuts thc paticnt’s uttcrancc short. !t is noticcablc throughout thc transcript that thc doctor is particularly scnsitivc to any potcn tial asscrtion ol ncgativc lcclings, cspccially lcclings ol hopclcssncss thc paticnt may makc, and docs not hcsitatc to intcrvcnc whcncvcr hc sccs onc coming. For cxamplc, in turn 6µ, thc paticnt claims that hcr “hcartcmotion” is lccling low and hcavy (yayi), and whcn shc says, “somctimcs (.¸) ju::st ju::st want::, ” thc doctor cuts in, and thc paticnt’s scntcncc is not ﬁnishcd. From thc contcxt, thc doctor scnscd thc unﬁnishcd uttcrancc might bc ncgativc. Again in turn ·,, thc paticnt claims that thc longcr shc is not ablc to go to work, thc morc vcxcd shc lccls. Vhcn shc is about to continuc talking about hcr vcxcd lcclings, hcr scntcncc “! lcc:l uh::” is intcrruptcd by thc doctor’s spccch. Similarly, in turn µ. thc paticnt says that shc docs not havc any satislaction in work or lilc, and hcr scntcncc “!n my hcart ! always” is intcrruptcd by thc doctor’s lorcclul “No.” Unlikc a Vcstcrn psychothcrapist who lrcqucntly cncouragcs thc clicnt to talk about cmotions and particularly hcr ncgativc lcclings, a zhongyi doctor discour agcs thc paticnt lrom talking about ncgativc lcclings and thcrclorc rcluscs to makc it a topic. !n a zhongyi contcxt it is almost sccn as thcrapcutically hcalthy not to locus on ncgativc clcmcnts ol a pcrson’s cxpcricncc. !n turn µa, altcr a quick rcjcction and a rclativcly long pausc, thc doctor starts to do thc samc thing as hc did in turn µc, that is, to lormulatc thc prob lcm as a sharcd human condition. Somchow, hc lccls compcllcd to addrcss thc paticnt’s ncgativc cvaluation ol hcr own situation and to oﬀsct thc ncgativc ovcrtonc ol thc uttcrancc by stating his rcjcction again. Hc bcgins with “!t is not that you do not havc a sourcc ol satislaction,” thcn thcrc is a short pausc, a wouldbc transitional point, but thc paticnt docs not takc thc turn. Tcn thc doctor continucs to contradict thc paticnt’s ncgativc opinion and says, “You CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 131 too havc a sourcc ol satislaction.” Tis uttcrancc is lollowcd by anothcr short pausc that is a littlc longcr than thc prcvious onc. Tc doctor’s invitation lor thc paticnt to rcspond lails again. Hc thcn adds a morc compromising com mcnt, “Just that your prcscnt situation is not that idcal.” Altcr this uttcrancc, thcrc is an cvcn longcr pausc. Howcvcr, thc doctor still lails to gct thc paticnt’s rcsponsc. Considcring that thc doctor is talking about thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc and contradicting thc paticnt’s statcmcnt, thc paticnt’s lack ol rcsponsc implics that shc insists on hcr own opinion and rcjccts thc doctor’s charactcrization ol hcr situation. Tc doctor simply cannot kccp talking about thc paticnt’s cxpcri cncc without thc paticnt’s acknowlcdgcmcnt in somc lorm. Hc thcn rcsorts to his old stratcgy to makc a morc gcncralizcd rcasoning that il a pcrson docs not havc any satislaction in lilc, shc cannot livc on lor onc day. As thc rcalm has now bccn switchcd to gcncral human bchavior, thc doctor gains lcgitimacy to givc his opinions. Hc brings out thc topic ol suicidc to support his casc that onc cannot livc without any sourcc ol satislaction in lilc, but hc quickly discovcrcd that this is a mistakc. Hc is obviously uncomlortablc discussing thc topic in this situation. Tc argumcnt about suicidc is incohcrcnt and markcd by cmbarrasscd laughs. Howcvcr, altcr thc doctor has madc thc point about “satislaction in lilc,” hc rcturns to thc paticnt’s spcciﬁc argumcnt and rcpcats his lormcr dcnial to thc paticnt’s scllcharactcrization. Hc continucs, “As lor:: as: your prcscnt situation, it is not that you do not havc a sourcc ol satislaction, it’s just that it is not idcal (. .), not what your hcartmind wants it to bc.” To this, thc doctor ﬁnally gcts a wholchcartcd acknowlcdgcmcnt lrom thc paticnt (turn µ¸). Tc doctor’s concluding words in this long turn (turn µ¸) arc almost an cxact rcpctition ol what hc says at thc bcginning ol thc turn. 8ut at thc bcginning ol thc turn, dcspitc scvcral tacit attcmpts lrom thc doctor to gct thc paticnt’s con ﬁrmation, thc paticnt lails to rcspond. !t is truc that in ccrtain convcrsational contcxts, lack ol rcsponsc may imply conﬁrmation. Howcvcr, sincc thc doctor’s commcnt hcrc contradicts thc paticnt’s prcvious scllcvaluation (turn µ.), thc abscncc ol conﬁrmation suggcsts disagrccmcnt. Tcn wc may ask why latcr thc paticnt givcs a complctcly diﬀcrcnt rcsponsc to similar statcmcnts. !n lact, wc may noticc that a similar intcractivc pattcrn starts to appcar. For instancc, whcn thc doctor ﬁnishcs his scntcncc, “it’s just that it is not idcal,” hc pauscs a littlc, inviting thc paticnt to rcspond. Hc lails, which is what happcncd at thc bcgin ning ol thc turn. Tcrclorc, wc may inlcr that thc paticnt’s positivc rcsponsc is not to this particular uttcrancc, but to thc uttcrancc that lollows, “not what your hcartmind wants it to bc.” Tcrclorc, whcn thc paticnt says “ycs, cxactly,” shc mcans ycs, hcr lilc and work arc not going according to hcr hcart’s dcsirc. Tc doctor’s last scntcncc is shapcd to makc his point and at thc samc timc to clicit an agrccmcnt lrom thc paticnt. Vith this agrccmcnt, both thc doctor’s long turn ol kaidao and thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc arc somcwhat acknowlcdgcd. Tc lccling ol things going against hcr hcart’s wishcs cchocs throughout thc intcraction. Tc typical char actcrization ol this lccling has somcthing to do with xin (hcartmind) and 132 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS manilcsts in somatic, cmotional, and social tcrms. Hcr vcry ﬁrst complaint is hcart vcxcd (xinfan). Tc paticnt rcports “unhappy things happcning in hcr cvcryday lilc”, shc says that altcr somc timc hcr pcrsonal lilc still cannot bc sat islactorily rcsolvcd, hcr hcartcmotion “pcrsistcntly \|docs\| not ﬂow smoothly” (laoshi bu shuchang). Latcr, shc again claims hcr hcartcmotion docs not ﬂow smoothly and lrccly and says that both hcr lilc and work “do not ﬂow smoothly with hcr hcart” (bu tai shunxin). Again, whcn thc paticnt talks about hcr lrustra tion at work, shc says that shc lccls “vcry uncomlortablc in thc hcart” (xinli te bu shufu) and “vcry lrustratcd” (te wonang). Tc paticnt, though coming to scck a zhongyi mcdical trcatmcnt, undcrstands that hcr illncss originatcs socially, rcsulting lrom thc conﬂicts bctwccn hcr mindlul hcart’s dcsirc and social rcal ity. Shc honcstly bclicvcs that il hcr problcms in lilc and work can bc rcsolvcd satislactorily, hcr illncss would bc curcd. Howcvcr, thc idca ol “bcing not idcal” (bu lixiang 不理想) is morc lrom thc doctor’s point ol vicw. !n a scnsc, thc doctor bclicvcs that thc paticnt locuscs on somcthing that is “idcal” rathcr than “rcal.” Tis pcrspcctivc ol thc doctor bccomcs obvious lrom thc convcrsation that lollows. Tc doctor also sccs that thc paticnt’s illncss has a clcar social origin, and hc also assumcs that il thc paticnt’s social circumstancc changcs, hcr cmotional and bodily cxpcricncc will probably changc, too. Tis is not just common scnsc but has bccn mcticulously thcorizcd in thc zhongyi undcrstanding ol shenti (bodypcrson), cmotion, and illncss. Howcvcr, as a thcrapist in modcrn Chincsc socicty, thc doctor docs not havc thc mcans to dircctly intcrvcnc into thc paticnt’s social rclations, givcn that a pcrson’s social world involvcs practically lar morc complicatcd lactors than a doctor is ablc to dcal with. Vhat hc is ablc to do is to hclp thc paticnt to “translorm cmotions and changc pcrspcctivcs” (yiqing yizhi). Sivin points out that thc zhongyi doctor still has to makc dccisions: “Vhcn conlrontcd with a withdrawn young woman, to cncouragc hcr to changc hcr situation, or to dcccivc hcr so that shc will acccpt it docilcly.”`⁶ !n modcrn zhongyi practicc, it is not as much to “dcccivc” a paticnt as to pcrsuadc hcr to stcp back lrom hcr narrow pcrsonal conccrns to cmbracc a broadcr vicw ol lilc. Tis tcndcncy markcd thc doctor’s discoursc ol kaidao (pcrsuasions), in which wc scc thc doc tor lrcqucntly uscs such abstract phrascs as “human lilc” and “socicty.” Tis diﬀcrcncc in thc ncgotiation bctwccn two diﬀcrcnt pcrspcctivcs continucs to thc cnd ol thc convcrsation. !n turn µ¸ (scc transcript scgmcnt ,., lor µ¸–.cc), thc paticnt oncc again insists that hcr unsolvcd social problcm is thc kcy to hcr illncss. Shc argucs cloqucntly with thc doctor who throughout thc intcraction trics to pcrsuadc thc paticnt to changc hcr pcrspcctivc. Tc paticnt insists that hcr problcms rcmain unsolvcd, and cvcn though shc trics not to locus on thcm, thcy arc hcr rcality: “Sincc thcy arc unsolvcd, you cannot stop thinking about thcm, right:” Clcarly, thc paticnt sharcs thc zhongyi assumption that “cxccssivc thinking” (silu guodu 思虑过度) rcsults in mcdical problcms. Shc insists that shc cannot hclp lrom dwclling on thcsc problcms, thcy arc part ol hcr social rcality. Tc doctor CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 133 chooscs not to dircctly addrcss thc paticnt’s rhctorical qucstion and rcplics, “!t is impossiblc to havc cvcrything go complctcly according to onc’s wishcs” (µ6). 8y not addrcssing thc paticnt’s qucstion, thc doctor avoids discussing hcr argu mcnt that hcr social problcms nccd to bc solvcd bclorc shc is ablc to changc hcr locus in lilc. Hc thcn turns to challcngc hcr basic complaint that things lail to go according to how shc wants thcm to go. As mcntioncd abovc, thc paticnt has cxprcsscd hcr lrustration as “not going smoothly according to hcr hcart cmotion’s dcsirc” (bu shunxin) or “not conlorming to hcr liking” (bu he xinsi 不合心思). Tc doctor’s challcngc is lcgitimatc and to thc point. Hc docs not dircctly commcnt on thc paticnt’s bchavior as it is but rcsorts again to a gcn cralizcd statcmcnt about human lilc. Hc, on thc onc hand, tacitly criticizcs thc paticnt as scllccntcrcd, suggcsting that thc rcason that thc paticnt’s problcms rcmain unsolvcd is bccausc shc cxpccts thc impossiblc, but on thc othcr hand, hc avoids thc paticnt’s possiblc rcjcction. Tc subscqucnt rcsponsc lrom thc paticnt shows that thc paticnt docs hcar thc doctor’s commcnts as criticism, and shc trics to dclcnd hcrscll in rc sponsc. Sincc thc criticism is only implicd by a gcncralizcd statcmcnt, a straight lorward rcjcction docs not sccm appropriatc, particularly whcn thc statcmcnt rings so truc in Chincsc common scnsc, which cmphasizcs rclatcdncss and intcrdcpcndcncc ol thc mcmbcrs within a socicty. Tc paticnt dclcnds hcrscll by saying that shc only wishcs that hcr problcms could bc solvcd pcrlcctly (yu- anman de 圆满地). Tc hcsitations and pauscs at thc bcginning ol hcr scntcncc indicatc that thc paticnt lccls diﬃculty in challcnging thc doctor’s criticism. 8clorc shc ﬁnishcs hcr scntcncc, thc doctor quickly grasps thc word thc paticnt uscd “pcrlcctly” (yuanman de) and cuts in: “You can on::ly talk about rc:lativcly satislactory. Complctcly satisﬁcd (.): Tat’s not possiblc.” 8y this, thc doctor ﬁnally gcts thc paticnt to admit: “! havc probably cxpcctcd too:: much ” (µµ). Altcr thc paticnt ﬁnishcs hcr turn, thc doctor waits lor about onc sccond bclorc hc rcsponds, showing littlc cagcrncss to commcnt on thc paticnt’s ncwly acquircd insight. Vc may think that thc doctor’s pcrspcctivc is ﬁnally acccptcd by thc paticnt and that hc probably would show his agrccmcnt with thc paticnt in his rcsponsc. Yct, whcn hc starts to rcspond, hc says “no” (bushi), which sccm ingly contradicts thc paticnt’s statcmcnt. Tcn, what can wc makc out ol this particular dcnial, “bushi”: Vc havc to look at thc intcractional scqucncc that dircctly lcads to thc paticnt’s uttcrancc in µµ. Turn µ6 can bc rcad as a criti cism ol thc paticnt, accusing hcr ol bcing unrcalistic. Facing this criticism, thc paticnt’s choicc is cithcr to acccpt or dcny it. Vc scc that in turn µ, thc paticnt makcs an cﬀort to dcny thc criticism by qualilying hcr position. Howcvcr, thc paticnt’s choicc ol “pcrlcctly” (yuanman de) happcns to scrvc thc doctor’s point, and thc doctor quickly takcs thc opportunity to launch a lurthcr criticism that thc paticnt is bcing unrcalistic. Now, wc scc that thc paticnt’s uttcrancc ol µµ is a rcluctant acccptancc ol a criticism. Tc doctor might at this point also noticc that hc has bccn a littlc too harsh in thc past two turns. Tcn “bushi” could bc rcad as “no, ! am not saying this” or “no, this is not what ! mcan.” Tcn, 134 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS lollowing this dcnial, thc doctor is obligcd to dcal with what hc rcally mcans to oﬀsct thc imagc ol bcing unsympathctic. Vc scc that altcr thc doctor’s “bushi,” thcrc arc many hcsitations, rcpctitions, pauscs, and lalsc starts, indicating that thc doctor is not comlortablc with his sccmingly irrcconcilablc positions. Hc is trying to lormulatc a cohcrcnt uttcrancc that is both consistcnt with thc idca that hc has bccn making throughout thc convcrsation that thc paticnt is bcing unrcalistic and unpractical and with thc dcnial that hc is not bcing unsympa thctic or not undcrstanding. Tc doctor’s “no” can also bc rcad in a slightly diﬀcrcnt way. From thc pcr spcctivc ol convcrsational structurc, whcn a pcrson makcs a ncgativc cvaluation ol hcrscll, it projccts a constraint on thc ncxt turn and makcs it rclcvant to thc cvaluation. Normally, altcr a ncgativc scllcvaluation, a dcnial is prclcrrcd. Tc paticnt’s turn µµ is clcarly a ncgativc scllcvaluation, though it is in agrccmcnt with thc doctor’s cvaluation. Tc doctor is obligcd to contradict at lcast in lorm. Vc havc sccn throughout thc convcrsation, that this doctor is scnsitivc to thc paticnt’s ncgativc scllcvaluations and tcnds to contradict thcm whcncvcr thcy appcar. Tis happcns similarly in thc cxchangc ol turns µ. and µa, though thc contradiction was rcally mcant by thc doctor in that cxchangc. Again, in his turn .cc, thc doctor rcsorts to thc gcncralizcd point ol vicw and uscs “! think” to makc his argumcnt a part ol his pcrsonal obscrvation and cxpcricncc. Hc cmphasizcs, “Vhcrcvcr you go, thcrc will bc unhappy things. . . . As long as thcrc arc pcoplc, thcrc arc human rclations to dcal with.” Hc thcn comcs to a conclusion, which is thc ccntral thcmc ol his kaidao (pcrsuasion) and thc idca hc has bccn hammcring at throughout thc coursc ol thc convcrsation with thc paticnt. Tc doctor points out that humans arc social bcings living in conncction with othcrs, and thcrclorc conﬂicts ol pcrsonal dcsircs and intcrcst arc incvitablc, “thc qucstion is how to dcal with thcm. Tc kcy lics with thc individual hcrscll.” Tc doctor cncouragcs thc paticnt to stcp out ol hcr small world, to acccpt impcrlcctncss as thc way ol thc world, and to ﬁnd a way to adjust to hcr cnvironmcnt and makc thc most out ol it. Tc doctor’s cmphasis on thc statcmcnt “Tc kcy lics with thc individual hcrscll ” carrics thc doublc powcr ol both criticism and cncouragcmcnt by putting both thc rcsponsibility ol bcing ill and thc rcsponsibility ol gctting wcll on thc paticnt. !n addition to his rolc as a mcdical doctor, thc doctor positions himscll as a mcmbcr ol socicty who takcs thc point ol vicw oppositc to thc paticnt’s throughout thc cntirc intcraction. Tc oppositc positions ol thc doctor and paticnt arc cvidcnt in thcir scllprcscntations. Tc paticnt’s voicc is markcd with pcrsonal pronouns “!” and “my,” whilc thc doctor’s constant rclcrcnccs to “human bcing” and “human socicty” lcnds him thc voicc ol socicty. Hc trics to pcrsuadc thc paticnt to cxaminc thc appropriatcncss and practicality ol hcr own claims on socicty. Such cxamination rcquircs thc paticnt to stcp out ol hcr “scll ” and assumc thc pcrspcctivc ol a culturally dcﬁncd “wisc and maturc” pcrson, who is ablc to asscss a “situation” lrom within and without and “attunc” hcr bodypcrson accordingly to thc ﬂow ol hcr social and natural world. CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 135 Transcript Segment 7.7 µ¸. P: y ushí xiànshí de shìr:: lăo jiějué bù li:ăo ba: (.) zìj xiăng xiăngkāi le yě xiăng bu kāi: (. .) mm: jiějué bù li:ăo ah: z :ng xiă:ng zhèige wèntí ah:: µ6. Ð: bù k néng wánquán dōu héhu zìj ah: (.) de xiăngfă ah µ,. P: k : e: w : xi::ăng (. .) yàoshi néng yuánmăn ji jué zhè liăng f īāngmiàn de wèntí:= µ·. Ð: = zh néng shuō b jiăo: b jiăo mănyì: n yào wán:quán mănyì (.) shì bù k néng de µµ. P: w k néng yāoqiú tài:gāo le ba:: (.) .cc. Ð: búshi:: qísh: qíshí (.) shèhuì (. .) shèhuì shíjì: shēnghuó shíjì: w xiăng (.) dōu zhèyàng (.) dào năr dōu y u bù:: yúkuài de shìqing (. .) dōuyŏu rénjì guānxì wèntí (.) n suànsuan ba:: méiyŏu méiy u rénjì guānxì de wèntí zh yao y u rén shēnghuó de dìfang(.) dōu y u rénjì guānxì (.) jiùshi: z nme chùlĭ hăo(. .) guānjiàn zài zìjĭ: ((Long silcncc whilc thc doctor is ﬁnishing writing thc prcscription.)) .c.. Ð: băozhèng n néng hăo āh: .ca. P: nà jiù tài hăo le ha:: h::((laugh)) .c¸. Ð:w men qiáobìng jiù y u zhèi ge băwò (..) yào bu= .c¡. P: =tīng nín zhème shuō::w de bìng jiù hăo yí bànr le ha::h:: ((laugh)) µ¸. P: Somctimcs, thc problcms ol rcal lilc rcmain unsolvcd: uh: (.¸), cvcn though you yourscll want to stop dwclling on thcm, you just can’t hclp (. .) um: Sincc thcy arc not solvcd uh: you just can not stop thinking about thc problcms, right: µ6. Ð: !t is simply impossiblc to havc cvcrything go complctcly according to your wish uh: (.¸) µ,. P: 8u: u: t !: thi::nk (. .) il only !’ll bc ablc to pcrlcctly solvc thcsc two problcms ol my lilc:- µ·. Ð: -You can on::ly talk about rclativcly: rclativcly satislactory: Complctcly satislactory: (.) Tat’s not possiblc. µµ. P: Vcll:: ! havc probably cxpcctcd too: much (..c) .cc. Ð: No:: actual: actually (.¸) socicty (. .) social rcality: lilc rcality: ! think (.·) is all likc this (.¸) Wherever you go, thcrc will bc un::happy things (. .) there are problcms ol intcrpcrsonal rclations (.) You just thi::nk about it:: no place whcrc you do not havc to dcal with intcrpcrsonal rclationship (. .) As long as thcrc arc pcoplc (.) thcrc arc intcrpcrsonal rclations (¡.) Tc qucstion is how to handle thcm (.) Tc kcy lics with thc individual oneself. ((Long silcncc whilc thc doctor is ﬁnishing writing thc prcscription.)) .c.. Ð: ! guarantcc you will gct bcttcr, oka::y: .ca. P: Tat will bc rcally good. ha::h:: ((laugh)) .c¸. Ð: Vhcn wc look at thc illncss, wc havc this assurancc (..) Òthcrwisc- .c¡. P: - Just listcning to what you just said:: my illncss is alrcady hall curcd. Ha::h:: ((laugh)) 136 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Tc sourcc ol pcrsuasion that a zhongyi doctor rclics on is cmincntly cul tural. Vith Vcstcrn psychothcrapy, choiccs ol conﬂict and conlrontation may bc vicwcd as thc prclcrrcd mcchanism in solving problcms. “Tc paticnt is cn couragcd to cxprcss thc lccling, to gratily thc dcsirc, and to rcmovc thc supprcs sion.”`⁷ Howcvcr, with zhongyi, thc paticnt is cncouragcd to contain (baorong 包容), dissolvc (huajie 化解), and thcn translorm (zhuanhua 转化) thc conﬂicts by cmphasizing thc conncctcdncss ol scll and othcrs, individual and socicty, human bcing and thc myriad things ol thc world. Vhat is cmphasizcd is thc scnsc ol unity and harmony with naturc and thc world. From this cnlightcncd point ol vicw, thc ups and downs ol lilc arc vicwcd as “thc waxing and waning ol thc moon,” or in Joscph Nccdham’s words, thc “ordcrly proccsscs ol changcs.”`⁸ Tc doctor calls this “thc scnsc ol ordinarincss” (pingchang xin 平常心), which is vicwcd as important lor a hcalthy and maturc pcrson and is lrcqucntly cm phasizcd in zhongyi counscling. Zhongyi practicc is not just a way to hcal, but also a proccss to transmit cultural valucs and social idcology. Arthur and Joan Klcinman arguc that cﬃcacy is “an altcrcd bodyscll, but also an altcrcd ﬂow ol rclationships, an altcrcd world.”`⁹ !n this scnsc, thc path to ultimatc cﬃcacy involvcs rcdcﬁning rcality, rcoricntating locus, and rcor dcring thc cxpcricncc ol local worlds. Tc paticnt in this casc prcscnts hcrscll as a passivc victim ol hcr social cnvironmcnt lrom thc bcginning. From hcr pcrspcctivc, hcr hcartcmotion vcxation and physical and cmotional symptoms all rcsult lrom hcr stagnant pcrsonal lilc and hcr strcsslul and unsympathctic working cnvironmcnt, and in turn, hcr cmotional and bodily dyslunctions im pcdc hcr social pcrlormancc. Shc rclcrrcd to this situation as a “vicious cyclc.” Hcr sccking zhongyi hclp is an cﬀort to brcak thc cyclc by dcaling with hcr cmotional and bodily cxpcricncc. Howcvcr, shc maintains that thc unrcsolvcd social problcms arc thc sourccs ol hcr suﬀcring, about which shc cannot do anything. Although having rccognizcd thc social lactors in thc paticnt’s suﬀcr ing, thc doctor insists that thc paticnt hcrscll must makc a diﬀcrcncc. From thc doctor’s pcrspcctivc, his paticnt nccds to rcthink hcr own “hcartmind’s” claim on socicty. Sccing that translormation ol thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc rclics vcry much on hcr ability to rcasscss hcr situation and rcadjust hcr social rclations, thc doctor makcs cvcry cﬀort to pcrsuadc thc paticnt to changc hcr attitudc and scc things lrom a diﬀcrcnt pcrspcctivc. As shown at thc cnd ol thc convcrsation, thc doctor and thc paticnt achicvc somc sort ol alignmcnt whcn thc paticnt admits that shc might havc cxpcctcd too much (scc turn µµ in transcript scg mcnt ,.,) and claims jocoscly that hcr illncss is hall curcd just by listcning to thc doctor (turn .c¡). Tc paticnt and doctor part with a sharcd cxpcctation that thc prcscribcd hcrbs and an “attuncd” attitudc would hclp improvc thc paticnt’s hcalth. 8oth thc doctor and paticnt undcrstand that thc proccss ol “attuning” has just startcd, and thc ultimatc cﬃcacy ol rcstoring hcalth dcmands diligcnt and continuous cﬀorts lrom both thc paticnt and thc doctor. As analyzcd abovc, lor a qingzhi (cmotionrclatcd) disordcr, dcﬁncd as “ill ncss duc to disordcrcd cmotions” (yi qing bing zhe 以情病者), zhongyi doctors CLI NI CAL PROCESS OF TI AO 137 particularly cmphasizc thc importancc ol thc paticnts’ ability to “translorm thcir cmotions and changc thcir pcrspcctivcs” (yiqing yizhi). Tcy assumc that changcs in onc’s attitudc and bchavior havc physiological outcomcs and vicc vcrsa. Tcrclorc, “talking” as pcrsuasion or manipulation ol cmotions is also an intcgratcd part ol zhongyi thcrapy, which is vcry oltcn acccptcd as mcrcly hcrbal thcrapy. Howcvcr, zhongyi “talking” is not mcant to bc a “talk thcrapy” ol thc Vcstcrn psychological counscling, and it should not bc judgcd as such. !t has to bc undcrstood in thc light ol thc wholc clinical proccss ol tiao, aiming at adjusting multiplc dimcnsions ol thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc, including prcscrib ing mcdicinal hcrbs, and pcrsuading thc paticnt to “translorm cmotions and changc pcrspcctivcs.” Tis analysis ol thc intcraction bctwccn thc doctor and paticnt could bc claboratcd into a sociocultural critiquc, in which thc doctor can bc sccn as cmbodying thc hcgcmony ol cstablishcd social ordcrs and thus in strumcntal to social control. Such an analysis dcmands a lurthcr distancc lrom thc nittygritty naturc ol cvcryday clinical work pcrccivcd primarily as clinical actions against illncsscs by both doctor and paticnt and an intcrprctation at a highcr lcvcl ol structural abstractions. Such a projcct could bc a ncxt stcp. Additionally, thc transcribcd data ol naturally occurring clinical intcraction is rcadily acccssiblc to othcr intcrcstcd scholars who may attcmpt to carry out a diﬀcrcnt typc ol analysis. Finally, this chaptcr has cmpirically documcntcd how thc doctor and paticnt cngagc cach othcr in dctcrmining thc mcaning ol a particular illncss and ncgotiating thc path to cﬃcacy. !t is implicd that a microanalytically ori cntcd cthnography can providc uniquc cmpirical insights to complcmcnt thc undcrstandings dcrivcd lrom thc morc convcntional approach ol participant obscrvation. !n rcccnt anthropological accounts ol Chincsc mcdicinc, thc dc tailcd dcscriptions ol obscrvcd cascs and anccdotcs and rccordcd cxpcricncc rcportcd to thc rcscarchcrs by inlormants hclp providc sophisticatcd picturcs ol zhongyi practicc in timc and placc. Howcvcr, givcn that a clinical cncountcr is lundamcntally a lacctolacc intcraction, without considcring its intcractional aspcct, our undcrstanding ol this “practiccoricntcd” hcaling systcm is incom plctc. ¡vcn with thc dctailcd dcscription and analysis ol thc clinical proccss ol kanbing (looking at illncss) oﬀcrcd by Farquhar,⁴⁰ wc still would “not know cxactly how Chincsc mcdical doctors gct lrom paticnts’ complaints to thc prc scription ol spcciﬁc drugs.”⁴' Hcrc, microanalysis that rclics on thc actions and intcractions ol thc participants thcmsclvcs lor analytical rcsourccs may oﬀcr thc promisc to tracc how a particular syndromc typc is dcﬁncd and a thcrapcutic action is dctcrmincd in a rcal cpisodc ol clinical cncountcr. This page intentionally left blank. 139 VI I I Conclusion Tis book has oﬀcrcd an cthnographic account ol how cmotionrclatcd disor dcrs (qingzhi bing 情志病) arc construcd, constructcd, trcatcd, and cxpcricnccd in thc contcxt ol Chincsc mcdicinc, or zhongyi in contcmporary China. ! havc structurcd my dcscription in a way morc or lcss matching thc Chincsc habit ol dcﬁning a situation, that is, bcginning with a broadcr contcxt and gradually narrowing down to morc spcciﬁc obscrvations. ! start with a historical pcrspcc tivc ol translormations ol Chincsc mcdicinc, thcn movc to thc situatcd discus sions ol Chincsc pcrccptions ol bodypcrson (shenti 身体), cmotion (qing 情), cmotionrclatcd disordcrs (qingzhi bing), and ﬁnally to an analysis ol a spcciﬁc zhongyi clinical momcnt ol attuning (tiao 调). First ol all, to makc scnsc ol thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol bcing ill and bcing hcalcd, wc must “considcr thc prcscncc ol bodics.”' Yct “thc bodics” that thc Chincsc mcdicinc works on and thc Chincsc paticnts cxpcricncc arc con structcd diﬀcrcntly lrom thc Vcstcrn commonscnsical and bioscicntiﬁc notion ol body. Tcy do not cntail thc distinction bctwccn mind and body or soma and psychc. Tc mcaning and cxpcricncc ol a qingzhi disordcr and its zhongyi trcat mcnt, thcn, must bc intcrprctcd within thc Chincsc conccptual and cxpcricntial world ol livcd bodypcrson (shenti) which is, at thc samc timc, cmotivc, moral, and visccral, and in rclation to thc cmbodicd cultural valucs ol cvcryday lilc. Tc conccpt ol somatization by virtuc ol its dualistic prcsupposition has scrious limitations in undcrstanding Chincsc cmbodicd cxpcricncc. !n prcscnting qingzhi disordcrs as Chincsc cxpcricncc, ! cxplorcd in chap tcr ¸ thc Chincsc conccption and cxpcricncc ol shenti (bodypcrson): how thc Chincsc world ol shenti is pattcrncd and shapcd by cultural valucs and scnsibili tics that arc dccply rootcd in thc bodily practicc ol cvcryday lilc. ! particularly discusscd thc salicnt Chincsc acsthctic valucs and scnsibilitics ol ﬂowing and connccting (tong 通), dcgrcc and position (du 度), and harmony (he 和) in shaping and giving mcanings to thc Chincsc cxpcricncc ol bcing ill and bcing hcalcd. ! showcd that thc ordinary Chincsc in thcir daily practiccs arc oricntcd 140 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS to a dccply cmbodicd acsthctic ordcr, which hclps dcﬁnc qingzhi disordcrs as thosc charactcrizcd by stagnation, cxccssivcncss, and disharmony in all thc as pccts ol thc local world. To makc scnsc ol Chincsc qingzhi disordcrs, thcn, wc havc to attcnd to thc “lclt quality” ol this world. Sccond, thc knowlcdgc and practicc ol zhongyi is rootcd in an cpistc mological tradition diﬀcrcnt lrom that ol thc paradigm ol biomcdicinc that privilcgcs a languagc ol anatomic structurcs and rcductivc causality that charactcrizcs a discasc as a discrctc cntity. Zhongyi, howcvcr, privilcgcs a languagc ol proccss and translormation that dcscribcs a “syndromc pattcrn” (zheng 证) as a contingcnt statc ol dynamic rclations in a pathological proccss. From lunctions ol thc visccral systcms, to manilcstcd bodily symptoms, to cmotionalmcntal cxpcricncc, and to natural and social cnvironmcnt, zhongyi physiology rcvcals a ccasclcss continuum ol proccss and translormation. Tc cﬀcct ol a thcrapcutic intcrvcntion at any particular point ol this continuum can bc cvcntually translcrrcd to othcr aspccts ol thc bodypcrson according to this physiology. Tcn, zhongyi hcaling cntails a proccss ol carclully studying and disccrning thc changcs and rclations ol illncss manilcstations in timc and spacc and using whatcvcr tcchnology is availablc—mcdicinal, psychological, and social—to manipulatc thc clinical dynamics and rclations in ordcr to cn ablc a dcsirablc dcvclopmcnt. Tis thcrapcutic proccss is bcst summarizcd as tiao (attuning). Tird, zhongyi hcaling should also bc undcrstood and analyzcd as intcrac tional phcnomcna in actual clinical work. Zhongyi is undcrstood by doctors as “thc scicncc ol practicc” (shijian de kexue 实践的科学). Zhongyi thcorics and thc accumulatcd knowlcdgc ol hcaling (shijian jingyan 实践经验) cannot bc scparatcd lrom actual clinical judgmcnts and choiccs and ultimatcly thc cﬀccts ol thc clinical work. As Farquhar points out, zhongyi knowlcdgc is “quintcsscn tially cmbodicd and transmittcd in thc momcnt ol clinical practicc.”´ !t lollows lrom this that a closc cxamination ol what actually gocs on and what is actually accomplishcd within thc clinical proccss could bc particularly inlormativc to our undcrstanding ol zhongyi clinical practicc. !n addition, thc participation ol thc paticnt is intrinsic to cﬀcctivc thcrapcutic practicc. Tis is particularly signiﬁcant in thc zhongyi contcxt. Yct, as ! mcntioncd in chaptcr ,, Chincsc mcdicinc has not bccn studicd cmpirically as actual social practicc in its intcrac tional contcxt. Vithout considcring thc intcractional aspcct, our undcrstanding ol this practiccoricntcd hcaling systcm is incomplctc. As my analysis in chaptcr , dcmonstratcs, a microanalitically oricntcd cthnography oﬀcrs a vantagc point lrom which to look at thc zhongyi clini cal practicc ol looking at an illncss (kanbing). !t providcs cmpirical insights into many important thcorctical issucs ol zhongyi practicc. Zhongyi doctors and paticnts both cmphasizc thc importancc ol accumulatcd cxpcricncc through practicc (jingyan) lor a doctor in clinical practicc, whcrcas in biomcdicinc thc latcst scicntiﬁc knowlcdgc and tcchniqucs arc morc rcvcrcd. Tc long ycars CONCLUSI ON 141 ol a doctor’s cxpcricncc arc lrcqucntly in thci clinics. A lcgitimatc qucstion is how jingyan comcs into play in an actual proccss ol “diﬀcrcntiating syndromcs and dctcrmining thcrapics.” A closc look at actual clinical intcraction shows that thc doctor’s jingyan is dcploycd in his pcrccption ol thc clinical situations in intcractional lorms, in his ability to makc conncctions and asscssmcnt ol symptoms, and vcry importantly, in his ways ol cngaging thc paticnt. Jingyan is not only thc accumulatcd knowlcdgc that rclatcs thc doctor to a particular syndromc pattcrn and an hcrbal lormula, but also thc accumulatcd lilc cxpcri cncc that rclatcs thc doctor to thc pcrson who is suﬀcring. Sincc Zhongyi clinical proccss is charactcrizcd as “looking at illncss” by both doctor and paticnt, an cxamination ol thc actual intcraction that takcs placc in clinical practicc oﬀcrs a way to study how doctor and paticnt cngagc cach othcr and bring thcir own insights to bcar on thc illncss. As my analysis in chaptcr , shows, it is through thc intcractions bctwccn thc doctor and paticnt that a particular zhongyi syndromc typc cmcrgcs or is dcﬁncd and a particular thcrapcutic mcthod is dctcrmincd. Tc microanalysis in chaptcr , cmpirically documcnts how thc doctor and paticnt oricnt thcmsclvcs to cach othcr and ncgotiatc thc mcanings ol thc illncss and thc path to cﬃcacy. Zhongyi practicc is also rccognizcd as having a holistic pcrspcctivc (zhengti guan 整体观) that sccs an illncss as a disordcr ol bodypcrson in rclation to thc social and natural cnvironmcnt. \cry oltcn thc zhongyi holistic pcrspcctivc is discusscd in an abstract way as part ol a thcorctical discoursc on thc unity ol human and naturc. Vc rarcly scc how this holistic pcrspcctivc is rcﬂcctcd in thc clinical proccss. Vith a closcr look at thc actual clinical intcraction, wc can scc that thc conncction ol thc paticnt’s social cnvironmcnt, cmotional cxpcricncc, and physical suﬀcring is assumcd by both doctor and paticnt and is activcly cvokcd in clinical actions and intcractions. Vc can also scc that thc holistic principlc is actually a practical guidc in thc zhongyi clinical work ol diﬀcrcntiat ing syndromcs and dctcrmining thcrapics. Tis raiscs somc vcry important qucstions. Ðocs zhongyi addrcss cmotional complaints: How docs zhongyi handlc thc cmotional aspccts ol thc paticnt’s suﬀcring: Tc imprcssion that wc gct lrom many discussions ol zhongyi and Chincsc mcdical culturc in gcncral is that Chincsc tcnd to cmphasizc physical discomlort rathcr than cmotional complaints.` Zhongyi is said to conccptual izc cmotional disordcrs as physical illncsscs and to trcat thcm as such. Yct, as ! showcd in my microanalysis ol a clinical intcraction, it is obvious that, lor trcating qingzhi disordcrs, zhongyi docs addrcss thc paticnt’s cmotional and so cial diﬃcultics as wcll as hcr bodily dyslunctions. !n lact, thc microanalytically oricntcd study can bc uscd as a tool ol discovcry. ! myscll was surpriscd, whcn ! was transcribing thc actual clinical intcractions, at how much cmphasis thc paticnt put on hcr cmotional disturbancc and social diﬃcultics and how much cﬀort thc doctor actually madc to addrcss thc paticnt’s social and cmotional problcms. Still, thc qucstion rcmains, why thc lact that cmotional aspccts in 142 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS zhongyi clinical work, which sccms so obvious, has cscapcd analytical and cth nographic attcntion. Ònc possiblc rcason is that thc lorms, conccrns, and tcchniqucs ol zhongyi counscling, as it is shown in chaptcr ,, arc radically diﬀcrcnt lrom thosc ol thc standard Vcstcrn psychological counscling. Comparing thc lramcwork ol thc Vcstcrn “talk thcrapy” to zhongyi clinical contcxts, thc zhongyi doctor’s ap proach rcscmblcs morc ol an inlormal pcrsuasion by a closc lricnd or lamily mcmbcr than a prolcssional cxploration ol thc paticnt’s inncr cmotional con ﬂicts. Tis approach may sccm lcss prolcssional and cﬀcctivc, and thcrclorc is not rccognizcd as “rcally” dcaling with thc paticnt’s cmotional problcms. How cvcr, as my analysis shows, thc zhongyi “talking” or “counscling” is not mcant to bc a “talk thcrapy.” !t has to bc undcrstood in thc light ol thc wholc clinical proccss ol “attuning” (tiao), which aims at adjusting multiplc dimcnsions ol thc paticnt’s cxpcricncc, including pcrsuading thc paticnt to “translorm cmotions and changc pcrspcctivcs.” Ncithcr thc doctor nor thc paticnt assumcs that a qingzhi bing is an illncss cxclusivcly in cmotion or in mind, and “talking” will bc thc only lcgitimatc way to hcal. Òn thc contrary, both thc doctor and thc paticnt assumc that a qingzhi bing has social, cmotional, and physical dimcn sions and various aspccts ol thc intcrvcntion, such as an hcrbal prcscription, an attuncd attitudc, changc ol bchavior or thc social cnvironmcnt, all havc a stakc in thc translormation ol cxpcricncc in thc bodypcrson. Such a proccss ol attuning has distinctivc cultural mcanings, and zhongyi talking should not bc analyzcd and judgcd scparatcly lrom thc cultural contcxt ol thc wholc clini cal proccss ol attuning. ! do bclicvc that a comparativc invcstigation bctwccn thc attuning and Vcstcrn psychothcrapy may gcncratc somc vcry intcrcsting insights in undcrstanding how cmotionrclatcd disordcrs arc constructcd and managcd in Chincsc socicty and in thc Vcstcrn culturcs, but that has to bc lclt lor a luturc study. Vhcn askcd why zhongyi still cnjoys such popularity in today’s China whcn biomcdical tcchnology, comparcd with zhongyi practicc, is cqually avail ablc and aﬀordablc to thc gcncral population, onc ol thc most lrcqucntly givcn answcrs is that zhongyi ﬁts China’s “national conditions” (guoqing) and is thcrc lorc likcd by thc majority ol pcoplc. My intcrprctation ol this is that zhongyi as an indigcnous hcalth carc systcm sharcs with its paticnts a systcm ol cul tural valucs and oricntations that rccognizc thc inccssant circulation bctwccn thc physiological, thc psychological, and thc social. As discusscd prcviously, zhongyi constructions such as qingzhi disordcrs oﬀcr a culturally mcaninglul lorm ol suﬀcring lor Chincsc paticnts and practical mcthods to copc with a livcd body that lalls out ol ordcr. My study has clcarly illustratcd this aspcct ol zhongyi. Howcvcr, thcrc is still morc that ! would likc to claboratc about Chi ncsc cxpcricncc ol cmotionrclatcd disordcrs and Chincsc mcdicinc. Somc arc important issucs that ! havc touchcd upon hcrc and thcrc, but havc not CONCLUSI ON 143 systcmatically cxplorcd, lor cxamplc thc issuc ol zhongyi cﬃcacy. Vc may say that zhongyi cﬃcacy partially dcrivcs lrom zhongyi’s cultural lcgitimacy. Yct, thc qucstion ol mcdical cﬃcacy: how it is cvaluatcd and how it plays out in zhongyi practicc and thc zhongyi industry in today’s China is lar morc complicatcd and ccrtainly dcscrvcs “multidimcnsional approachcs” to addrcss it.⁴ ¡ﬀcctivcncss ol trcatmcnt (liaoxiao 疗效) is claimcd by zhongyi prolcs sionals as thc primary lactor that zhongyi rclics on lor its succcss in thc modcrn cra. Howcvcr, thcrc has bccn littlc cﬀort to addrcss thc qucstion ol how cﬃcacy is constructcd in zhongyi clinical contcxts. Vhat arc zhongyi’s critcria lor dctcr mining cﬃcacy: Havc thcsc critcria changcd ovcr timc: How do thc dynamics ol intcgrating zhongyi with biomcdicinc inﬂucncc thc way zhongyi cvaluatcs cﬃcacy: Particularly, in rcccnt ycars, thc country’s commitmcnt to modcrniza tions and ovcrall cngagcmcnt in thc markct cconomy havc translormcd Chi ncsc social lilc in a signiﬁcant way. Havc thcsc sociohistorical dcvclopmcnts changcd thc basic tcrms on which zhongyi cvaluatcs its cﬃcacy or on which zhongyi is itscll cvaluatcd lor cﬃcacy: Tcsc arc somc ol thc qucstions that dcscrvc lurthcr rcscarch. To modcrnizc zhongyi or to makc it scicntiﬁc (zhongyi kexuehua) has bccn a qucst lor gcncrations ol zhongyi prolcssionals sincc thc .µacs, yct thcsc pro lcssionals also rcalizc that simply applying thc bioscicntiﬁc standards and pro ccdurcs to the practicc and its cﬃcacy is cxtrcmcly diﬃcult il not complctcly lruitlcss (Zhcn ct al. .µµc:¡¸¸–¡¸·). For cxamplc, to dctcrminc scicntiﬁc cﬃcacy ol a simplc hcrbal lormula in thc contcxt ol zhongyi would bc a lormidablc task. Tcrc arc too many variablcs that nccd to bc controllcd, considcring how it is uscd in thc actual clinical situation. A plant in itscll docs not mcan much, and its particular cﬀcct nccds to bc undcrstood as a rcsult ol intcractions with othcr plants within thc lormula. A doctor almost always adds somc additional in grcdicnts to, and subtracts somc lrom, thc cxisting lormula according to a par ticular casc. Furthcrmorc, thc amount ol cach hcrbal clcmcnt, thc gcographic origin ol thc plants, and thc mcthods ol proccssing and dccocting thc plants arc all subjcct to manipulation. Tcrclorc, cvcn though cach clcmcnt can bc tcstcd scparatcly lor its pharmacological quality, thc cﬃcacy ol a particular zhongyi lormula is lar lrom dctcrmincd. !n addition to all ol this complcxity, zhongyi holds that a particular paticnt’s psychophysiological disposition and his or hcr hcalth condition at thc particular timc also inﬂucncc thc cﬀcctivcncss ol a thcrapy. !n lact, cﬃcacy is a much broadcr conccpt than just scicntiﬁcally as scsscd cﬀcctivcncss ol a mcdicinc. Zhongyi, bccausc it lics outsidc thc paradigm ol thc modcrn bioscicnccs, has bccn constantly qucstioncd lor its scicntiﬁc valuc. At thc samc timc, bc causc ol this, it is diﬃcult lor any scicntiﬁc mcthod to simply lalsily or con ﬁrm thc claims that zhongyi makcs, unlcss wc complctcly altcr thc basic tcrms and clinical conditions undcr which it works. !ntcrcstingly, zhongyi is ablc to activcly cxploit its conccptual incompatibility with scicncc and ncgotiatc its 144 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS vcry prospcrous prcscncc in thc modcrn agc ol scicncc and tcchnology. !n this, zhongyi dcmonstratcs its “historical toughncss.”⁵ Òn thc onc hand, it cngagcs scicncc in producing and advcrtising a scicntiﬁcally lcgitimatc modcrn practicc and industry, obscrvablc in zhongyi cducation, hospitals cquippcd with ncwly dcvclopcd bioscicncc tcchnology, and a booming industry ol zhongyi patcnt mcdicinc. Òn thc othcr hand, zhongyi continucs to cvokc a diﬀcrcnt cultural modality quintcsscntially cmbodicd in thc “traditional” tcchnology ol diﬀcr cntiating syndromc pattcrns and dctcrmining thcrapics (bianzheng lunzhi) couplcd with dccocting hcrbs. Vhcn thc paradigm shilts to zhongyi clinical practicc, what is cmphasizcd is practicc and contcxt, within which “scicncc” is not absolutc but rathcr dcbatablc, contcstablc, and appropriablc. 145 APPENDI X Transcription Conventions Used in the Text !. Tc pinyin systcm is uscd in Chincsc transcription. !n CA donc on ¡ng lish, punctuation marks arc convcntionally uscd to indicatc intonation. Sincc Chincsc is a tonal languagc, it is not ncccssary to usc a scparatc systcm to indicatc intonation. Punctuation is not uscd at all in thc Chi ncsc transcription. Howcvcr, to makc thc translation casicr to undcrstand, punctuation marks arc uscd lor grammar in thc ¡nglish translation ol thc transcript. !!. Tc symbols uscd in thc transcription arc ol standard notations dcvcl opcd in convcrsation analysis and uscd in most convcrsation analytical litcraturc. // indicatcs thc onsct ol ovcrlapping uttcranccs. :: indicatcs that thc sound lollowcd by colons is lcngthcncd. - is uscd at thc cnd ol onc linc and thc bcginning ol anothcr, indi catcs that no timc clapscd bctwccn two lincs ol uttcranccs. (.) (cach dot in parcnthcscs) indicatcs a pausc ol about onctcnth ol a sccond. (c.c) indicatcs duration ol pauscs or silcncc in scconds. (word) indicatcs that thc transcribcr is not surc that thc cxprcssion that appcars in thc parcnthcscs is cxactly what is said. ((word)) indicatcs transcribcr’s rcmarks. word indicatcs sound loudcr than normal spccch. word indicatcs sound much loudcr than normal spccch. ºwordº indicatcs sound uttcrcd at low volumc. This page intentionally left blank. 147 Notes CHAPTER I .. Tc samc catcgory ol illncss is somctimcs rclcrrcd to as shenzhi bing 神志病 or shen bing 神病 (mindrclatcd disordcrs). Qingzhi 情志, commonly translatcd as “cmo tions,” spcciﬁcally rclcrs to thc zhongyi conccpt ol ‘qiqing’ 七情 (scvcn cmotivc or mcntal activitics): xi 喜 (joy), nu 怒 (angcr), you 忧 (worry/anxicty), si 思 (thinking/longing), bei 悲 (sadncss/gricl ), kong 恐 (lcar), jing 惊 (lright). A dctailcd analysis ol qingzhi is providcd in chaptcr ¡. a. Zhang Jicbin in his book Lei Jing 类经 (Commcnts on !ntcrnal Classics .6a¡) listcd twcntyninc commcnts undcr thc hcading ol qingzhi bing. Scc also Sivin .µµ¸ lor thc discussion ol a group ol disordcrs collcctcd undcr thc hcading qingzhi (cmotions) in Vu Kun’s Yifang Kao 医方考 (Research on Medical Formulas) (.¸·¡). ¸. Jackson .µµ¡:a... ¡. Yap .µ,¡. ¸. Scc Tscng ct al. .µµ¸, Chcng .µµ¸, Yang .µµ¸. 6. Klcinman .µ·6. ,. Scc Lucas and 8arrct .µµ¸ lor a discussion ol psychiatric primitivism. ·. Schcid acca:.¸. µ. Scc Csordas .µµ¡. .c. Scc Ðcsjailais .µµa, lor thc critiquc ol symbolic approach to culturc in anthropology. ... 8rowncll .µµ¸:.¸. .a. Jcnkins and \alicnt .µµ¡. .¸. Òts .µµc:.a. .¡. Ðcsjarlais .µµa:,. .¸. Scc Good and Good .µ·a. .6. Frakc .µ6.. .,. 8rowncr ct al. .µ··. .·. Also talkcd about as rclcrcntial mcaning. Scc also Vhitc .µµ¸. .µ. Good and Good .µ·a:.¡¸. ac. Good .µ,,:a,. a.. Scc Lock and SchcpcrHughcs .µµc. 148 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS aa. Scc Taussig .µ·c, Young .µ·a. a¸. SchcpcrHughcs.µµa. a¡. Klcinman and Klcinman .µµ., .µµ¸. a¸. Scc Frankcl .µ·¸, Mishlcr .µ·¡, Vcst .µ·¡, Hcath .µ·¡. a6. Tcrc arc many diﬀcrcnt approachcs to discoursc analysis. My microanalyti cal approach draws mostly lrom convcrsation (talkinintcraction) analysis (scc Atkin son and Hcritagc .µ·¡) and intcractional sociolinguistics (scc Goﬀman .µ6¡, .µ,¡, .µ·., Gumpcrz .µ·a). Morc discussion is givcn in chaptcr 6. a,. Scc Ðavid L. Hall and Rogcr Amcs (.µ·,) lor dctailcd discussion ol Chincsc cosmological assumptions that arc uncommon to thc Vcstcrn philosophic rcﬂcctions. a·. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡. aµ. Good .µµ¡. ¸c. Vu (.µ·a:a·¸) discusscs thc usc ol psychothcrapy in classical Chincsc mcdicinc and points out that thc conccpts ol ‘hcalth’ and ‘hcalth carc’ in classic tcxts cmphasizcd thc intcrrclations bctwccn a pcrson’s statc ol mind and that ol his/hcr hcalth. For thc past two dccadcs, numcrous publications on zhongyi psychology (zhongyi xinlixue 中医心理学) or hcartbody mcdicinc (xinshen yixue 心身医学) havc appcarcd, lor cxamplc, Vang .µ·6, Ðong ct al. .µ·,, Zhang .µµ¸, Ðong acc., Ðong and Li acc¸. ¸.. Scc Chcung ct al. .µ·., Klcinman .µ·c, .µ·6, Klcinman and Mcchanic .µ·., T. Y., Lin .µ·¸, Tscng .µ,¸. ¸a. According to Zhcng Yanping at al. (.µ·6:a¸,), thc languagc many Chincsc dc prcssivc paticnts usc docs not ﬁt comlortably into thc two pattcrns ol psychologization and somatization suggcstcd by somc rcscarchcrs in thc Vcst (c.g., Marsclla .µ·c, Good and Klcinman .µ·¸). Chincsc paticnts may usc languagc that cvokcs bodily imagcs or cxpcricncc, but it is ccrtainly not somatic in opposition to psychological. ¸¸. Òthcr lorms ol traditional trcatmcnt likcly to bc mcntioncd by paticnts arc acupuncturc, massagc, and qigong (mcditativc) cxcrcisc and thcrapy. Ònc paticnt whom ! intcrvicwcd told mc that oncc hcr lamily took hcr to thc countrysidc to bc trcatcd by a shaman doctor. ¸¡. Scc Sivin .µµ¸. ¸¸. SchcpcrHughcs and Lock .µ·,:µ. ¸6. Amcs .µµ¸:.c¸. ¸,. Commonly translatcd as “spirit” or “mcntal.” ¸·. Scc also Hall and Amcs .µ·,:ac. ¸µ. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡:.·. ¡c. Scc Lin and ¡iscnbcrg .µ·¸. From many psychiatrists working in Chincsc soci cty, zhongyi is undcrstood as having a somatopsychic approach to trcatmcnt ol mcntal illncss, that is, trcating mcntally ill through manipulation ol physiological lunctions. Such an approach is oltcn citcd as an obstaclc to thc dcvclopmcnt ol psychiatry in China. ¡.. Scc Chcung .µ·a, .µ·µ, Klcinman .µ,,, .µ·a, .µ·6, Lin .µ·¸, Tscng .µ·¸, Zhang .µ·µ. NOTES TO CHAPTER I 149 ¡a. Scc Klcinman .µ,,, .µ·c, Lcﬀ .µ·., Tscng .µ,¸. ¡¸. Jcnkins and \alicnt .µµ¡:.,¸. According to Klcinman (.µ·6:.¡µ), somatization is “thc substitution ol somatic prcoccupation lor dysphoric aﬀcct in thc lorm ol com plaints ol physical symptoms and cvcn illncss.” Latcr, hc rcdcﬁncs thc conccpt as “thc normativc cxprcssion ol pcrsonal and social distrcss in an idiom ol bodily complaints and mcdical hclpsccking” (.µ·6:a). Òthcrs dcﬁnc it as “cxprcssion stylc or idiom ol cmotion” (Zhcng at al. .µ·µ:a¡c), “illncss picturcs in which bodily symptoms arc ovcrly dominant,” and “cmbraccs displaccd psychosocial distrcss” (Fabrcga .µµc:.). Tc conccpt prcsupposcs an ontological distinction bctwccn thc somatic and thc psychological and involvcs “a postulatc about thc corrcspondcncc and association bctwccn changcs in thc body as vcrsus thc mind and bchavior” (Fabrcga .µµc: 6¸¡). ¡¡. Jcnkins and \alicnt .µµ¡.,¸ ¡¸. Klcinman .µ·c:.¡6. ¡6. F. M., Chcung .µµ¸:.66. ¡,. Chcng .µµ¸. ¡·. Tscng .µ,¡. ¡µ. Scc Chcung .µµ¸, Young .µ·µ, Zhcng ct al. .µ·6. ¸c. !n rcccnt ycars, China has madc mcntal hcalth a public hcalth priority and dc vclopcd many social and mcntal hcalth programs (Cohcn, Klcinman, Saraccno acca:.¸). Yct, thcsc psychiatricoricntcd programs and scrviccs rarcly bring in Chincsc mcdical cxpcrtisc in thcir dcsign. ¡vcn thc communitybascd Shanghai modcl aimcd at both trcatmcnt and rchabilitation docs not considcr Chincsc mcdicinc as rclcvant. Yct many psychiatric paticnts, as ! obscrvcd during my ﬁcldwork, do scck zhongyi hclp lor trcat mcnt ol thcir illncsscs. ¸.. !n lact, thcrapcutic manipulation ol cmotions and thoughts by zhongyi doc tors was documcntcd in carly Chincsc mcdical classics. Scc Sivin .µµ¸, Vu .µ·a. Morc dctailcd inlormation is providcd in chaptcrs ¸ and ¡. ¸a. Scc Hsu .µµµ, Schcid acca, Sivin .µ·,, Unschuld .µ·¸. ¸¸. Scc also Schcid acca. ¸¡. Hsu .µµµ. ¸¸. Schcid acca:a. ¸6. !bid., a6¸. ¸,. Pcoplc’s Mcdical Publishing Housc:.¸µ. ¸·. Although thc typical paticnts ol Shcnjing Kc includc thosc with ncurological disordcrs and thosc with what Vcstcrn mcdicinc calls “psychological” or “psychiatric” problcms, thc distinction ol diﬀcrcnt ke in a zhongyi hospital is not as signiﬁcant as in a biomcdical hospital. Such a distinction is signiﬁcant to thc doctors mostly in tcrms ol diﬀcrcnt points ol vicw or positions in approaching thc samc pathological rcality. !t is common that a paticnt consults diﬀcrcnt ke in onc visit to thc hospital, and thc doctor and paticnt do not sccm to havc problcms with diﬀcrcnt prcscriptions sincc idcally thcsc prcscriptions aim at thc samc pathological conditions with a diﬀcrcnt cmphasis. ¸µ. ! was particularly closc to two studcnt doctors, Ðr. Huang and Ðr. Lcc. Huang had bccn a zhongyi doctor lor ﬁvc ycars in Hcbci provincc bclorc coming to 8cijing lor 150 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS lurthcr training. Shc oﬀcrcd to accompany mc on my visits to paticnts. Lcc was a gradu atc studcnt lrom South Korca. Shc lct mc borrow hcr notcs whcncvcr ! nccdcd thcm. Shc was also a paticnt. ! obscrvcd a couplc ol timcs whcn paticnts wcrc not prcscnt, shc askcd thc doctor to “look at hcr illncss” and was prcscribcd hcrbal mcdicinc lor slccping problcms and low cncrgy. 6c. Tc oppositc movcmcnt is lcss cvidcnt but dcﬁnitcly cxists. 8ascd on my ob scrvation, local doctors lrom provincial arcas with spccial cﬃcacy in trcating ccrtain diﬃcult discascs arc also invitcd to trcat paticnts in largcr hospitals in 8cijing. 6.. My lricnd, an instructor in a zhongyi collcgc, insistcd on paying thc bills whcn cvcr wc dincd out, saying that shc madc morc than ! did. Shc cxplaincd that although hcr salary was nothing, by taking in paticnts privatcly shc could makc a couplc ol thou sand Chincsc yuan a month. 6a. Tcsc sourccs includc Farquhar .µµ¡, Liu .µ··, Òu ct al. .µµ, .µµa, Schcid acca, Sivin .µ·,, and Chincsc Tcrms in Traditional Chincsc Mcdicinc and Pharmacy (Zhon- gyiyaoxue Mingci 中医药学名词) acc¡. CHAPTER I I .. An cxpcricnccd scnior zhongyi doctor is lrcqucntly invitcd to attcnd group con sultations, which usually includc both zhongyi and xiyi doctors on diﬃcult mcdical cascs. Gcncrally, thc zhongyi doctors arc thc oncs who arc cxpcctcd to movc back and lorth bctwccn two mcdical systcms, whilc biomcdical doctors arc not cxpcctcd to mastcr zhongyi conccpts and languagc. a. According to my clinical obscrvation in a zhongyi hospital, a doctor docs not routincly ordcr laboratory tcsts or cxaminations using pcnctrativc imaging dcviccs cx ccpt on suspicion ol scrious organic discascs. For zhongyi intcrvcntion, thc purposc ol thcsc tcsts and cxaminations is not strictly diagnostic in naturc sincc thc tcst rcsult is not csscntial in dctcrmining thc thcrapcutic principlc or in choosing or dcsigning thc drug lormula. Gcncrally, thc purposc is to dctcrminc whcthcr or not thcrc cxists any scrious organic problcm that rcquircs drastic intcrvcntion ol biomcdicinc. Somctimcs, paticnts ask lor ccrtain tcsts and cxaminations or biomcdical drugs. Ðoctors usually go along with thc rcqucsts in ordcr to lct thc paticnts havc pcacc ol mind (fangxin 放心). Howcvcr, in thc hospital whcrc ! did my rcscarch thcrc is a clcar guidclinc rcgarding how much biomcdicinc a doctor can prcscribc. Gcncrally it should not cxcccd .¸ pcrccnt ol thc total prcscription. Òccasionally, administrativc pcrsonncl would comc down to thc clinics to chcck thc rccords. Situations might bc diﬀcrcnt in a clinic or hospital ol intc gratcd Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicinc (zhongxiyi jiehe 中西医结合), whcrc biomcdical cxaminations and drugs arc uscd morc libcrally. Scc Schcid acca:µ¸. ¸. Sincc many hospitals ol Chincsc mcdicinc also run a clinic ol Vcstcrn mcdicinc, and biomcdical hospitals normally havc a Chincsc mcdical scction, paticnts somctimcs choosc to scc both a biomcdical doctor and a zhongyi doctor in thc samc visit to thc hos pital. Tcrc is also a lorm ol practicc oﬃcially callcd “intcgrativc trcatmcnt ol Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicinc” (zhongxiyi jiehe zhiliao 中西医结合治疗), which is rccognizcd as a practicc scpcratc lrom cithcr Chincsc or Vcstcrn mcdicinc. ¡. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡. NOTES TO CHAPTER I I 151 ¸. According to thc carlicst oraclc bonc inscriptions in thc Shang Ðynasty (.,66– ..aa ncv), thc charactcr ol yi 医 was ctymologically composcd ol two parts, yi (illncss, curc) and wu 巫 (divination). Latcr in thc Zhou Ðynasty (..aa–,,a ncv), thc charactcr was translormcd into its contcmporary lorm composcd ol curc and winc (jiu 酉) (scc Tscng .µ,¡). According to thc carlicst Chincsc dictionary Shuo Wen 说文, yi mcans a pcrson who curcs illncss with wincs. !n thc Spring and Autumn ol thc Zhou Ðynasty (,,c–¡,6 ncv), yi (physician, mcdicinc) and wu (shaman, divination) had bccamc scpa ratc spccializations listcd in diﬀcrcnt oﬃcial catcgorics. Mcdical practicc during this pcriod “witncsscd thc bcginning ol an organization” (Hoiscy and Hoiscy .µµ¸:¸¸). Ac cording to Te Zhouli 周礼 (Te Rite of Zhou), at thc top ol thc mcdical hicrarchy wcrc thc yishi 医师 (mastcr physicians), undcr whom thcrc wcrc also shiyi 食医 (physicians lor nutrition), jiyi 疾医 (physicians lor thc curc ol illncss), yangyi 疡医 (physicians lor trcating wounds), and shouyi 兽医 (physicians lor animals) (scc Zhcn ct al. .µµ.). 6. Porkcrt (.µ,¡) rclcrs to this hcaling systcm as thc mcdicinc ol “systcmatic corrcspondcncc.” ,. According to Sivin, “classic mcdicinc docs not rclcr to thc thcory and practicc ol a cohcrcnt group, but to thc rccords lclt by thc most litcratc and scholarly rcprcscntativcs ol scvcral traditions (.µ·,:aa–a¸). ·. !t may sound likc an ovcrsimpliﬁcation, but lrom thc point ol vicw ol many scnior doctors who livcd through thc ycars struggling lor survival in thc .µacs and ¸cs, thc contrast bctwccn thc currcnt statc ol lull lcgitimacy and oﬃcial support and thc past insccurity is rcal. Tc lccling is lully illustratcd in thc pocm by Zhang Zanchcn, a rcnowncd scnior doctor: “Zhongyi at thc prcscnt is absolutcly diﬀcrcnt lrom thc past, likc an ancicnt trcc rcvivcd thriving grccn in Spring” (quotcd in Li .µ·,:¸µ). µ. Faquhar .µµ¡:.a. .c. According to Unschuld (.µ·¸), whcn Robcrt Morrison, thc ﬁrst Protcstant mis sionary in China, and J. Livingston, a physician ol thc ¡ast !ndia Company, opcncd a pharmacy and startcd to trcat paticnts in Macao in .·ac, Vcstcrn mcdicinc did not yct havc much to oﬀcr. Tcir willingncss to lcarn nativc hcaling tcchniqucs, in a ccrtain scnsc, shows that “thcrapcutic knowlcdgc availablc to Vcstcrn physicians at thc timc was still not yct suﬃcicnt to occasion an attitudc ol supcriority” (a¸6). Unschuld also maintains that whcn Pctcr Parkcr, thc ﬁrst Protcstant missionary with complctc mcdical training, sct up a clinic in Canton in .·¸¸, “it was primarily minor surgical proccdurcs, such as thc rcmoval ol cxtcrnal tumors and thc trcatmcnt ol supcrﬁcial ailmcnts, as wcll as spcctacular cataract opcrations, that quickly madc him lamous.” Scc also Cai .µ··:¸a¸. ... Scc Hoizcy and Hoizcy .µµ¸:.¸c, Unschuld .µ·¸:a¸µ. Altcr thc sccond Òpium Var, thc Vcstcrn powcrs’ privilcgcs in China wcrc lurthcr conﬁrmcd and cxtcndcd lrom thc coastal trcaty ports to thc intcrior, whcrc in lorty ycars lrom .·6c, .cc missionary hospitals wcrc cstablishcd (Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:¡..). .a. Quitc a lcw inﬂucntial rclormmindcd intcllcctuals and politicians ol thc timc had oncc in thcir carccrs choscn to study Vcstcrn mcdicinc, including Sun Yatscn and Lu Xun. .¸. Quotcd lrom Unschuld .µ·¸:a¸c. 152 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS .¡. Tc discoursc ol xin 新 (ncw) vcrsus jiu 旧 (old) bccamc a dominant rhctoric in thc ncw culturc movcmcnt (.µ.¡–.µ) with xin associatcd with things modcrn, progrcs sivc, and Vcstcrn, and jiu with things outdatcd, backward, and traditional Chincsc. Tc tcrm jiu yi 旧医 (old mcdicinc) rclcrring to Chincsc mcdicinc was uscd proluscly by thosc who argucd lor abolishing zhongyi. Yu Yunxiu in his Revolution of Medicine (.µ.¡) invariably rclcrrcd to Chincsc mcdicinc as jiuyi that should bc complctcly oblitcratcd. Hc argucd that “mcdicinc was not to bc dividcd into Chincsc and Vcstcrn, and thc only mcaninglul division was ‘ncw’ lrom ‘old/backward’ (yi wu fen zhong-xi, dan you xin-jiu eryi. 医无分于中西, 但有新旧而已).” Scc Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:¡a·–¡¸¸. .¸. Zhcn ct al. .µµ¡:¡·,. .6. Cai .µ··:¸a¡. .,. Unschuld .µ·¸:a¡6–a¡,. .·. Diﬀerent Schools of Chinese Medicine (Zhongyi Gejia Xueshuo 中医各家学说) cd itcd by Rcn ct al. (.µµ¡) idcntiﬁcs scvcn major schools (xuepai 学派) ol mcdical thoughts in history. Tcsc arc Hcjian, Yishui, Ðanxi, Gongxic, Vcnbu, Shanghan, and Vcnbing. .µ. Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:¡¡.. ac. !bid., ¡µc–¡µa. a.. Tc Ccntral National !nstitutc was cstablishcd in .µ¸c (Zhcng ct al. .µµ.). aa. Scc Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:¡µµ–¸a·. a¸. !n lact, thc argumcnt to abandon or radically rclorm Chincsc mcdicinc was prcscntcd cqually in patriotic tcrms il not morc. a¡. Quotcd in Zhcn ct al. .µµ¡:¡a6. a¸. Scc Schcid acca:66–.c6. a6. Tc Chincsc original is “Zhongguo yiyao xuc shi yi gc wcida dc baoku, ying dang luli lajuc, jiayi tigao 中国医药学是一个伟大的宝库, 应当努力发掘, 加以提高.” a,. Until .µ¡µ, all kinds ol inlcctious and parasitic discascs, such as plaguc, cholcra, smallpox, tubcrculosis, black watcr lcvcr, malaria, and bilharzias had ragcd across thc country. According to thc statistics on twclvc inlcctious discascs ol .µ¡,, about ..¸ million wcrc inlcctcd and morc than .cc,ccc pcoplc dicd. (Zhcn, ct al. .µµ.:¸¡c). !n old China (bclorc thc lounding ol thc PRC in .µ¡µ), thcrc wcrc only limitcd hospitals conccn tratcd in main citics. Most Chincsc did not havc acccss to thcsc rarc mcdical rcsourccs. To improvc hcalth conditions lor all thc Chincsc pcoplc bccamc an urgcnt task lor thc ncw govcrnmcnt. At thc ﬁrst National Conlcrcncc on Public Hcalth hcld in .µ¸c, onc ycar altcr thc Communists took powcr, thrcc objcctivcs wcrc sct: hcalth work should bc aimcd at thc mass ol workcrs, pcasants, and soldicrs, prcvcntion should takc priority, and Chincsc and Vcstcrn mcdicincs should bc unitcd. Scc Hoizcy and Hoizcy .µµ¸:.,6. a·. Scc Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:¸¸¸–¸¸6, and Li .µ·,: ¸6–¸,. Vhcn thc ﬁrst hospital, thc Rcd Hospital, was sct up in .µa, in thc Jingang Mountain Rcvolutionary 8asc, two ol thc thrcc doctors wcrc doctors ol Chincsc mcdicinc. Tc division ol practicc was that zhongyi trcatcd ordinary discascs with hcrbal mcdicinc and thc xiyi handlcd thc cxtcrnal injurics. Tc Rcd Army also sct up mcdical schools to tcach basic biomcdical knowlcdgc and Chincsc mcdicinc. Tc usc ol both Vcstcrn and Chincsc mcdicinc has bccn in practicc sincc thc Jingang Mountains pcriod. NOTES TO CHAPTER I I 153 aµ. 8ao Jinghcng .µ¸c “Vhy Chincsc mcdical doctors nccd lurthcr training,” in Jian Kang \ol. .¸¸, quotcd in Zhcn ct al. (.µµ.). ¸c. Unschult .µ·¸:a¸.. ¸.. Scc Zhcn ct al..µµ.:¡·,–¸a·. Tc Guideline for Academic Standardization of Na- tional Medicine (Zhengli Guoyiyao Xueshu Biaozhun Dagang 整理国医药学术标准大纲) was compilcd and publishcd by thc Ccntral Acadcmy ol National Mcdicinc (Zhong yang Guoyi Guan 中央国医馆) in .µ¸¸. Latcr bascd on this guidclinc, thc acadcmy issucd a documcnt suggcsting unilying zhongyi illncss namcs with thc Vcstcrn illncss namcs. !n thc .µ¸cs, Vcstcrn mcdicinc was incorporatcd in thc curriculum ol many zhongyi shools. For cxamplc, courscs such as anatomy, physiology, public hygicnc, bactc riology, and pathology wcrc taught in thc North China !nstitutc ol National Mcdicinc, cstablishcd by rcnowncd zhongyi physician, Shi Jinmo 施今墨, in .µ¸a. ¸a. Schcid acca:66. ¸¸. Òltcn simply rclcrrcd to as Neijing (thc !nncr Classics). ¸¡. Hanshu: Yiwenzhi 汉书:艺文志 (Records of Han Dynasty: Bibliography of Art and Literature ac6 ncv–aac c~:) lists ·6· volumcs ol mcdical trcatiscs in ¸6 catcgorics. ¡xccpt lor thc Huangdi Neijing, all thc othcrs arc lost. Scvcral volumcs ol ancicnt mcdi cal works wcrc cxcavatcd in thc third Han tomb (datcd .6· ncv) in Mawangdui in thc .µ,cs. Tcsc works wcrc not cvcn listcd in Hanshu and possibly antcdatcd Neijing. Nei- jing, composcd ol two books, Suwen 素问 (Basic Questions) and Lingshu 灵枢 (Ðivinc Pivot), covcrs various topics ranging lrom thc rclationship ol a human bcing to his or hcr natural cnvironmcnt and discussion ol human psychology, physiology, pathology, ill ncss diagnosis, trcatmcnt, and prcvcntion. Many important thcorctical basics ol today’s zhongyi can bc traccd to this book. !t is bclicvcd to bc thc product ol a group ol diﬀcrcnt authors at diﬀcrcnt timcs. !ts compilation may havc lastcd lor ccnturics, starting dur ing thc Varring Statc pcriod (around ¸cc ncv). !t did not takc on its ﬁnal lorm until Qin (aa.–ac, ncv) and Han (ac6 ncv–a¸ c~). Tc book probably startcd as scattcrcd tcxts, which wcrc latcr addcd to, rcviscd, and rcarrangcd. Tc hctcrogcncsis ol thc book is markcd by rcpctitions and inconsistcncy in contcnt and stylc. Scc Zhcn ct al. .µµ., Hoizcy and Hoizcy .µµ¸. ¸¸. Scc Jiqun, Xu & Qingzhi, Vang .µ·¸:.. Zhang Zhongjing (.¸c–a.µ ~b) is said “to crcativcly intcgratc thc mcdical thcorics (li), mcthods (la), lormulas (lang), and drugs (yao)” in his book Shanghai zabing Lun (Ðiscussion ol Cold Ðamagc and various dis ordcrs), and was thcrclorc rclcrrcd to as “fangshu zhi zu” 方书之祖 (thc anccstor ol lormulas). ¸6. Scc Unschult .µ·¸:a¸c–a¸., .µµa:¸¡. ¸,. Schcid acca:µ. ¸·. Zhcn .µµ.:.cc–..c. Scc also Fcng and Zhang acc¡. ¸µ. Scc Tian acc¸ lor inlormation on Yijing and Chincsc philosophic thought ol tongbian (通变). ¡c. For cxamplc, Neijing’s statcmcnts about mingmen 命门 (gatc ol lilc) and san- jiao 三焦 (thrcc burncrs) contradict complctcly thc statcmcnts givcn in Nanjing 难经 (Òn Ðiﬃcult Mcdical !ssucs), anothcr canonical mcdical tcxt publishcd in Han pcriod bclorc Zhang Zhongjing’s Shanghan Lun. 154 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ¡.. Scc also Schcid acca:acµ–a... ¡a. Amcs .µµa. ¡¸. Farqhuar .µµ¡: a·. ¡¡. Vang Qi (acc¸) cxamincs thc prolcssional accomplishmcnts ol ..a rcnowncd contcmporary zhongyi doctors and thcir ways to bccomc da yi 大医 (cxcmplary physi cians). Shc notcd that all ol thcm cmphasizc thc importancc ol mcmorizing zhongyi classic tcxts. ¡¸. Sivin .µ·,:a,. ¡6. Vhilc it is truc that contcmporary zhongyi cducation incrcasingly dcpcnds on thc latcst tcxtbooks, thc latcst tcxtbooks in Chincsc mcdicinc probably do not diﬀcr as much as in modcrn mcdicinc lrom prcvious tcxtbooks. Tc diﬀcrcncc among various tcxtbooks dcpcnds morc on thc purposc ol thc books, such that thc tcxtbooks writtcn lor studcnts spccializing in zhongyi arc diﬀcrcnt lrom thc tcxtbooks that arc writtcn lor studcnts ol biomcdicinc, in stylc, dcpth, dctail, and languagc. Classic mcdical sourccs actually lcaturc promincntly in rcccnt tcxtbooks, whcrc at thc cnd ol cach chaptcr, rcl cvant sclcctcd rcadings ol classics (wenxian xuandu 文献选读 or wenxian zhailu 文献摘录) arc providcd in thcir original lorms. Total translation ol classic mcdical tcxts into modcrn Chincsc has ncvcr bccn wholchcartcdly carricd out. Tc common practicc is to publish thc yuanwen 原文 (thc original tcxt) along with historical and linguistic notcs and modcrn paraphrascs. Scc also Farquhar .µµ¡:a·. ¡,. Farquhar .µµ¡:aµ. ¡·. Sivin .µ·,:a¸. ¡µ. Hall and Amcs .µ·,:¡¡. ¸c. !n rcading biographics ol rcnowncd zhongyi physicians, ! noticc that almost all ol thcm havc thcir lavoritc zhongyi classics that thcy claim hclp shapc thcir own clinical work and that thcy tcnd to go back to lrcqucntly. ¸.. A discussion ol this worldvicw can bc lound in chaptcr ¸. For morc inlormation, scc Hall and Amcs .µ·,. ¸a. Scc Unshult, .µµa¸·. Hc suggcsts thc possiblc cxistcncc ol a lundamcntal di viding linc bctwccn Chincsc cognitivc dynamics markcd by “an cxpansion ol knowlcdgc, adding ncw to thc old.” And Vcstcrn cognitivc dynamics “charactcrizcd by a rcplacing ol thc old with thc ncw.” ¸¸. Scc Farquhar’s analysis ol thc rclationship bctwccn past cxpcricncc and prcscnt clinical actions in Chincsc mcdicinc. Shc argucs, by cvoking past cxpcricncc, a doctor is drawing on thc scholarly and clinical cxpcricncc ol his lorbcarcrs. Hc puts thcir insights into play whcn hc dccidcs thcy arc appropriatc to thc spcciﬁc casc ol thc prcscnt, hc modiﬁcs thcir lormulac according to thc prcscnt situation. “!n doing so hc both rcani matcs thc cxpcricncc ol his lorcbcars and makcs his own contribution to a continuing proccss ol accumulation” (.µµa:,a–,¸). ¸¡. Unshult (.µ·¸, .µµa), Farquhar (.µµ¡), and Schcid (acca) all mcntioncd thc inﬂucncc ol “dialcctics” in shaping zhongyi knowlcdgc in thc .µ¸cs and .µ6cs. ¸¸. Scc Zhongguo Keji Daobao 中国科技导报 (Chincsc Scicncc and Tcchnology) .µµµ,\,. NOTES TO CHAPTER I I I 155 ¸6. Scc “Tc spccch givcn by scnior zhongyi physicians Jiao Shudc & Ðcng Tiatao” in Xiandai Jiaoyubao 现代教育报 (Modcrn ¡ducation) August .c, acc.. As was also rcportcd rcccntly on CCT\ ncws (Scptcmbcr µ, acc¡), many zhongyi graduatc studcnts havc a good knowlcdgc ol thc ¡nglish languagc and computcr scicncc but havc littlc timc lor studying Chincsc mcdicinc. Somc ol thcm can hardly undcrstand thc introduc tion ol Bencao Gangmu 本草纲目 (Òutlincs ol Matcrial Mcdica). ¸,. Scc a scrics ol articlcs by Mao Jialing publishcd in Zhongguo Zhongyiyao Bao 中国中医药报 (Chincsc Mcdicinc and Pharmacy Vcckly) bctwccn January and May acc¡. ¸·. Zhongguo Zhongyiyao Bao rcccntly invitcd spccialists lrom various ﬁclds to par ticipatc in “Zhongyi and Scicncc Forum acc¡.” ¸µ. Scc thc rcccntly publishcd “Òutlinc lor thc dcvclopmcnt ol zhongyi clinical rcscarch” (zhongyyi linchuang yanjiu fazhan gangyao 中医临床研究发展纲要 .µµµ–ac.¸) draltcd by thc Ðivision ol ¡ducation ol thc Statc Zhongyiyao Administrativc 8urcau. 6c. For cxamplc, thc lormula ol xiao chaihu tang (dccoction ol blupcuri) is originally rccordcd in Shanghan Lun (Ðiscussions ol Cold Ðamagc) and uscd lor trcating shaoyang (lcsscr yang) disordcr. Tis spcciﬁc lormula has bccn uscd lor thousands ol ycars by Chi ncsc physicians lor its cﬀcctivcncss in rcmoving thc hcat, activating qi movcmcnt, and nourishing thc stomach yin. !n thc .µ,cs, a Japancsc pharmaccutical company startcd to manulacturc thc mcdicinc bascd on this lormula which was latcr clinically tcstcd as having cﬃcacy in trcating chronic hcpatitis. !t was thcn uscd libcrally to trcat hcpatitis in Japan. !n thc .µµcs, rcports camc out that thc manulacturcd 8uplcuri could causc intcrstitial pncumonia that could rcsult in dcath. Scc Fcng ct al. acc¡: ¸a–¸¡. 6.. Scc thc ncwspapcr articlc by Vang, “Suping in Jiankang Bao” 健康报 (Hcalth Vcckly) Ðcccmbcr .c, acc¸. 6a. Translations arc my own unlcss othcrwisc notcd. 6¸. Farquhar .µµ¡:ac. Scc also Fauquhar acca:¡.–,, on mcdicinal mcals in con tcmporary China. 6¡. According to Vci, Yu, and Minghui Rcn (.µµ,:.¸a), thc major proﬁt lor hos pitals comcs lrom sclling drugs. Hospitals arc allowcd to add .¸ pcrccnt to thc cost ol purchascd drugs. Hospitals tcnd to makc morc proﬁt on scllproduccd drugs. CHAPTER I I I .. Scc Csordas .µµc, .µµ¡. a. Rogcr Amcs suggcsts that Chincsc tradition is “cvcntlul” rathcr than “csscntial,” so gcrunds arc bcttcr than nouns lor translating Chincsc conccpts. Hcncc shenti might bc bcttcr rcndcrcd “bodying” (Pcrsonal communication .µµ,). ¸. Ðcsjarlais .µµ¸. ¡. Lutz .µ··:¸¡. ¸. Lcc .µµ6:¡¸,. Scc also Klcinman .µ·c, .µ·6, F. Chcung .µ·., Òts .µµc. Klcinman sccs somatization as a basic lcaturc ol illncss construction in Chincsc culturc. Susan 8rowncll .µµ¡, lollowing Klcinman’s conccpt ol somatization, claims “somatization has charactcrizcd Chincsc culturc sincc ancicnt timcs” (a¸·). 156 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS 6. Scc Klcinman .µ·c, .µ·6, Òts .µµc, .µµ¡. ,. Òts .µµc:a¸. ·. Scc Zhang .µ·µ. Many Vcstcrn and Vcstcrntraincd psychiatrists bclicvc that Chincsc mcdicinc has ncvcr sccn cmotion or cmotional disordcrs as “thc lcgitimatc do main ol mcdicinc,” and thus doctors ol Chincsc mcdicinc do not takc trcating cmotional disordcrs as thcir rcsponsibility. µ. !t is vcry common that a paticnt prcscnts a banncr to thc clinic or doctor who has succcsslully trcatcd him or hcr. ! saw banncrs prcscntcd to thc doctors who wcrc spccialists on mcntal disordcrs, but in thc lcrtility clinics, onc scldom sccs any such banncrs. Paticnts lccl cmbarrasscd to lct cvcn thcir lamily mcmbcrs and rclativcs know about lcrtility problcms. .c. According to a .µµ¡ survcy in 8cijing donc by ¡dward Malinovski (pcrsonal communication), hall ol thc rcspondcnts indicatcd that zhongyi should bc consultcd whcn a pcrson suﬀcrs dcprcssion. ... Scc Xu .µµ¡, Young .µ·µ. .a. My own obscrvation in hospitals ol Chincsc mcdicinc in 8cijing docs not sup port such a clcarcut distinction bctwccn paticnts lrom rural arcas and citics. Paticnts lrom thc rural arcas and citics both prcscnt cmotional symptoms. Tcrc may bc somc diﬀcrcncc in vcrbal stylc. Tc wcllcducatcd paticnts may rcadily usc morc tcchnical words such as yayi 压抑 (dcprcsscd) or jiaolu 焦虑 (anxious), whilc thc lcss cducatcd paticnts may simply usc cvcryday cxprcssions such as xinqing buhao 心情不好 (hcart cmotion not lccling good), xinli nanshou 心里难受 (uncomlortablc insidc thc hcart), faji 发急 (worricd and anxious), or fahuo 发火 (gctting angry). .¸. Lcc .µµ6: ¡¸·. .¡. Yamamoto ct al. .µ·¸ .¸. Zhcng ct al. .µ·6. .6. Scc Fabrcga .µµc. .,. Pollock .µµ6:¸a.. .·. Jackson .µµ¡:a.a. .µ. Fabrcga .µµc:66a. ac. Lcc and Vang .µµ¸:.c¡. a.. Tc Chincsc translation lor CFS is pilao zonghezheng 疲劳综合症. Zhongyi doctors tcnd to rclatc thc syndromc to such pathological conditions as “wcarincss” (juan),” “sluggishncss,” (xieduo 解堕), “slccplcssncss and lack ol cncrgy” (kunbo 困薄), and “tircd lour limbs” (sizhi buju 四肢不举) dcscribcd in zhongyi classics. According to zhongyi diagnosis, thc conditions havc somcthing to do with an imbalancc in lunc tions ol visccral systcms causcd by stagnant cmotions (qingzhi buchang 情志不畅) ovcr physical/mcntal cxcrtions (laoyi guodu 劳役过度) and cxtcrnal pathogcnic attacks (gan- shou waixie 感受外邪). aa. Scc Hall and Amcs (.µ·,) lor comparison ol Vcstcrn transccndcntal ontology and a Conlucius immancntal cosmos. a¸. Scc Lcdcr .µµ¸. a¡. Zito .µµ,:¸a. NOTES TO CHAPTER I I I 157 a¸. SchcpcrHughcs and Lock .µ·6:.c. a6. Scc Hall and Amcs .µ·,. a,. Good .µ,,:¸µ. a·. Amcs .µµ,:.¸c. aµ. Tung .µµ¡:¡·,. ¸c. ¡lvin .µµ¸:a.µ. ¸.. Òts .µµ¡:..,. ¸a. For lack ol a bcttcr word to convcy thc scnsc ol prcscncc ol thc wholc pcrson including body, cmotion, intcllcct, and spirit, ! translatc ‘ti’ as “body pcrsonally” though it sounds awkward. ¸¸. 8rowncll .µµ¡:.6. ¸¡. !bid.,.,. ¸¸. 8rowncll .µµ¡ points out that “with thc introduction ol Vcstcrn scicncc and physical cducation, thc linguistic usagcs ol ‘ti’ bccamc much morc dctachcd, objcctivc, and instrumcntal than was lormcrly thc casc” (.,). To somc cxtcnt, this may bc truc, cspccially in prolcssional sports. Howcvcr, to claim that in today’s China, “thc instru mcntal, gcndcrncutral body is unqucstionably thc locus ol thc culturc ol thc body” is an ovcrgcncralization. ¸6. Tc Chincsc words lor bodypcrson (shen 身), spiritvitality (shen 神), and thc kidncy (shen 肾) arc homonyms. Vhcn thcy appcar not in combination with othcr Chincsc words, ! add toncs to distinguish thcm. Tus, shen as bodypcrson will not bc markcd, but as spiritvitality will bc shén with a sccond tonc and as kidncy will bc shèn. with a lourth tonc. ¸,. According to thc dictionary ol Shouwen Jiezi 说文解字, thc original mcaning ol jing was “sclcctcd ricc” (ze mi ye 择米也), and latcr thc mcaning was cxtcndcd to anything that is thc bcst ol its kind (fan qu hao zhi cheng 凡取好之称). ¸·. Porkcrt (.µ,¡) translatcs jing as “structivc potcntial.” ¸µ. Shén is oltcn translatcd as “spirit”. Porkcrt .µ,¡ translatcs it as conﬁgurativc lorcc. ¡c. Scc Lin .µ·. ¡.. Neijing: Suwen (¸:·). Scc Shangdong Yixucyuan .µ·a:.a¡. ¡a. Li and Liu .µ·µ:ac¡. ¡¸. Tung .µµ¡:¡·6. ¡¡. Scc Òts .µµ¡. ¡¸. Zhong .µ··:a·¸. ¡6. Shandong Zhongyi Xucyuan .µ·a:µ.¸. ¡,. Farquhar .µµ¡:a6. ¡·. !bid. ¡µ. Li Y. .µµ¸:ac. ¸c. Ðcsjarlais .µµ¡:6¸. 158 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ¸.. !bid., 6·. ¸a. Nccdham .µ¸6. ¸¸. Sivin .µ·,:6,. ¸¡. !bid., 6¸. ¸¸. Shandong Zhongyi Xuyuan .µ·a:¸. ¸6. Martin Schocnhals (.µµ¸:.6¸), in his cthnographic studics ol a Chincsc middlc school, noticcs that Chincsc placc positivc valuc on bcing huoyue (activc and cncrgctic). ¸,. Scc Yan .µµ6, Yang .µµ¡. ¸·. Li Y. .µµ¸: ¸a. ¸µ. Yan .µµ6:.c¸. 6c. Yijing Suhui ji: Wuyu Lun 医经溯洄集: 五郁论 (commcnts on mcdical classics: ﬁvc typcs ol yu) by Vang Andao (.¸¸a–.¸µ.) statcs: “Most disordcrs ol qi comc lrom yu. Yu by mcaning is obstruction ol thc passagc.” Scc chaptcrs ¡ and ¸ lor morc dctailcd discussions ol yu. 6.. !n his Danxi Xinfa: Liu Yu 丹溪心法: 六郁 (mcthods ol danxi: six typcs ol yu), Zhu Ðanxi (.a·.–.¸¸·) claims, “Vhcn thc blood and qi arc circulating in harmony, onc will not lall ill, oncc thc circulation is stagnant, various illncsscs may appcar. Many illncsscs rcsult lrom stagnation.” 6a. Shwcdcr .µ·¸:.µ¸. 6¸. Klcinman .µ·6 maintains that “in modcrn timcs thc indigcnous Chincsc cat cgory, yu, has not bccn widcly uscd, in cithcr traditional Chincsc mcdicinc or thc popular culturc (¡a).” Howcvcr, my obscrvation shows thc oppositc. Yu is a vcry common conccpt in modcrn zhongyi practicc. Yuzheng (syndromc ol stagnation), a typc ol qingzhi (cmo tionmind) disordcr, is a common zhongyi disordcr. 6¡. Farquhar .µµ¡:¸a. 6¸. Scc Lcc and Vang .µµ¸. 66. Scc Fabrcga .µµc. 6,. Scc Lcc .µµ6. 6·. Scc Klcinman .µ·c, .µ·6, Òts .µµc, .µµ¡. 6µ. Òts .µµ¡:..µ. ,c. ¡vcn Conlucius allowcd lor “cxccss” ol cmotion and justiﬁcd it within ccrtain social rclations and circumstanccs. An instancc in Lunyu 论语 (Te Analects ..:.c) is an intcrcsting illustration. Vhcn his lavoritc studcnt, Yan Yuan, dicd, Conlucius was ovcrcomc with gricl and cricd cxccssivcly. Ònc ol his lollowcrs rcmindcd Conlucius that hc wcnt too lar in his gricl and that hc sccmcd to violatc what hc had bccn tcaching, namcly, “modcration.” Conlucius rcplicd: “! gricvc with abandon \|you tong hu 有恸乎\|:, il ! don’t gricvc with abandon lor him, thcn lor whom:” (fei fu ren zhi wei tong er shei wei 非夫人之恸而谁为). ,.. Scc Pottcr .µ··. ,a. Scc Li Y .µµ¸. NOTES TO CHAPTER I V 159 ,¸. Scc Zhuang Chu “Hongyang Zhonghua ‘hehe wenhua’ chuyi 弘扬中华 ‘和合文化’ 刍议 (Commcnts on Promoting Chincsc Culturc ol Harmony) in People’s Daily April a¸, .µµ·. ,¡. Li Y .µµ¸:.µ. ,¸. Scc Li .µµ¸:a¸. ,6. For dctailcd analysis on Chincsc social cxchangcs, scc Yan .µµ¸, Yang .µµ¸. ,,. Li Y .µµ¸:a¡. ,·. Tc Chincsc original is “yi ta ping ta wei zhi he, gu neng feng er wu gui zhi, ruo yi tong bi tong, jin nai qi yi 以他平他谓之和, 故能丰而物归之。若以同裨同, 尽乃弃已.” ,µ. Amcs and Hall .µ·,:.66. CHAPTER I V .. Scc AbuLughod .µ··, Lutz .µ·,, .µ··, and Vhitc, .µµ¸. a. Scc Cosdas .µµc, .µµ¸, .µµ¡, Ðcsjalcis .µµa, Lock and ShcpcrHughcs .µ·,, and Òts .µµc, .µµ¡. ¸. Scc Klcinman .µ·c, .µ·6. ¡. Scc Òts .µµc, .µµ¡. ¸. Pottcr and Pottcr .µµc:.·c–.µ¸. 6. Scc Kipnis .µµ,. ,. Scc Schocnhals .µµ¸, Yan .µµ6. ·. Schocnhals .µµ¸:.66 µ. !bid. .c. Vhilc involvcd in cditing a Chincsc¡nglish dictionary, ! noticcd that thc Chincsc languagc docs not linguistically mark thc distinction bctwccn what is causal and what is causcd. Tc cxact rclationship has to bc dctcrmincd in thc contcxt. Tc samc word out ol contcxt can mcan both causal and causcd. !t sccms thc agcnt, thc action, and thc cvcnt mutually cntail cach othcr. ... Vhitc .µµ¸. .a. Solomon .µµ¸:a6¸. .¸. Amcs .µµa:.cc. .¡. According to Lau and Amcs (.µµ6), onc is undcrstood “in thc scnsc that it is a continuous plcnum, so that cvcrything is rclatcd and dcpcndcnt upon cvcrything clsc.” .¸. Scc Xunzi: Zhcngming (ca. a¡c ncv). Tc Chincsc original is “xing zhi haowu, xi, nu, ai, le wei zhi qing 性之好恶, 喜怒哀乐谓之情.” .6. Quotcd in Hanyu Dacidian 汉语大词典 ,:¸,6. .,. Chad Hanscn .µµ¸. .·. Solomon .µµ¸:a6¡. .µ. Scc Hu .µ¡¡, Hwang .µµ¡, King .µ··, Schocnhals .µµ¸, and Yan .µµ6. 160 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ac. Scc Hu .µ¡¡, King .µ··. a.. 8ond and Hwang .µ·6: a¡,. aa. King .µ··. a¸. 8ond and Hwang .µ·6 classily thc Chincsc lacc bchavior into six catcgorics. Tcsc arc cnhancing onc’s own lacc, cnhancing anothcr’s lacc, losing onc’s own lacc, hurting othcr’s lacc, saving onc’s own lacc, and saving anothcr’s lacc. a¡. Schocnhals .µµ¸:,c. a¸. Scc Schocnhals .µµ¸. a6. Hwang .µ·,. a,. Klcinman and Klcinman .µµ.:a·,. a·. Yan .µµ6. aµ. Pottcrs and Pottcr .µµc:.·µ. ¸c. Yan .µµ6:.¸µ. ¸.. Schocnhals .µµ¸:.¸.. ¸a. Lutz .µ·¸:,a. ¸¸. Lunyu 论语 (Te Analects). Tc Chincsc original is “吾日三省吾身: 为人谋而不忠乎: 与朋友交而不信乎: 传不习乎: ¸¡. People’s Daily, Junc 6, .µµ·. ¸¸. Yan .µµ6:.aa. ¸6. Zhongyi doctors usually do not makc distinctions bctwccn qing 情 and zhi 志 whcn both rclcr to cmotions. Howcvcr, somc zhongyi scholars arguc that though both qing and zhi sharc thc samc mcanings, thcy arc diﬀcrcnt in cmphasis. Qing is obscrv ablc lrom outsidc, and zhi is hiddcn insidc. Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ:a.¸. !n othcr words, zhi arc cmotions in latcncy (weifa 未发), and qing arc activatcd or dcmonstratcd cmotions. Qiqing (scvcn qing cmotions) arc rcgroupcd in wuzhi (ﬁvc zhi cmotions) in ordcr to corrcspond with thc ﬁvc visccral systcms. ¸,. Klcinman and Klcinman .µµ.. ¸·. Sivin .µµ¸:!!–a. ¸µ. Òts .µµc:a,. ¡c. !n .µµa, Ðcng Xiaopin on his trip in south China publishcd his spccch, which callcd lor lundamcntal cconomic rclorm. Following thc spccch, thc wholc nation plungcd wholchcartcdly into thc occan ol thc markct cconomy. ¡.. Li and Liu .µ·µ:a.¸–a.¡. ¡a. Neijing: Suwen a:¸. Tc Chincsc original is “人有五脏化五气, 以生喜怒悲忧恐惊.” ¡¸. Tc tcrm sanjiao is somctimcs translatcd as “thrcc burncrs,” but thc actual phys iological lunctions ol sanjiao havc nothing to do with burning. As Farhquar .µµ¡ points out, thc conccpt is almost impossiblc to translatc sincc it is not an objcct and its charac tcristics havc varicd ovcr thc ccnturics. 8ascd on my own obscrvation, thc conccpt was lrcqucntly uscd to rclcr to thc thrcc vagucly dcsignatcd locations that scparatc intcrnal organ systcms into uppcr, middlc, and lowcr ﬁclds. NOTES TO CHAPTER V 161 ¡¡. Farquhar .µµ¡:µ.. ¡¸. Yin ct al .µ·¸:aµ. ¡6. Farqhuar .µµ¡:µ¡. ¡,. Scc Kuriyama .µµµ:a¸. A Chincsc doctor, placing his ﬁngcrs at thrcc diﬀcrcnt positions ol both wrists, rcads at lcast .a diﬀcrcnt pulscs, which rcgistcr inlormation rclating to diﬀcrcnt visccral systcms. ¡·. Zhongyi tcachcs that clcar and ﬂucnt spccch dcpcnds on hcalthy hcart lunc tions, bccausc xin-thc hcart govcrns shen (vitality, consciousncss, spirit). ¡µ. For morc systcmatic inlormation on thc ﬁvc translormativc phascs and thc traditional Chincsc mcdicinc, scc Porkcrt .µ,¡ and Sivin .µ··. ¸c. Sivin .µ··:,¸. ¸.. Farquhar .µµ¡:µ6. ¸a. Tc phasc that produccs thc othcr phasc is ﬁgurativcly callcd “mothcr,” and thc phasc that is produccd is callcd “son.” Tcrclorc bctwccn thc pair ol thc livcr and thc hcart, thc livcr systcm is “thc mothcr” and thc hcart is “thc son.” ¸¸. Tc kidncy is thc watcr phasc and is supposcd to producc thc wood phasc ol thc livcr. ¸¡. Neijing: Suwen a:¸. ¸¸. Tcsc cmotion tcrms do not ﬁnd cxact corrcsponding mcanings in ¡nglish. Si, lor cxamplc, has thc mcanings ol “thinking,” “worry,” and “longing”. You and bei arc intcrchangcablc hcrc, mcaning both “sorrow” and “conccrns.” Kong (lcar) hcrc also incorporatcs thc mcaning ol jing (lright). ¸6. Vang and Li .µ··:¡¡. ¸,. Scc Yin ct al. .µ·¸:¸¡–¸6. ¸·. !bid. CHAPTER V .. Zhao ct al. .µ·,. Today, zhenghou classiﬁcation and dcﬁnition rcmain a much dcbatcd issuc, and it looks likc this situation will rcmain lor a long timc to comc. a. Farquhar (.µµ¡) translatcs zheng 证 as “syndromc” lor thc sakc ol convcnicncc. Zheng 证 is not an atcmporal group ol symptoms that collcctivcly charactcrizc an illncss or disordcr as ‘syndromc’ in ¡nglish suggcsts, but a rccurrcnt typc or pattcrn ol symptom conﬁguration ovcr a pcriod ol timc. Any slight changc in thc symptom pattcrn may rcsult in a rcconﬁguration and thus a diﬀcrcnt zheng. !n this book, ! usc to translatc zheng as a “pattcrn.”. ¸. Schcid acca:acc–a¸,. ¡. Zhao ct al. .µ·,:,–µ. ¸. Zhao ct al. .µ·,:·. 6. Farquhar .µµ¡: ¡6. ,. Farquhar .µµ¡:¸¸–¸µ. 162 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS ·. !bid., ¸·. µ. Somc zhongyi scholars arguc that liujing bianzheng is csscntially thc samc as bagang bianzheng. Scc Fcng ct al. acc¡:.c–.6. .c. Tc clcar articulation ol bagang bianzheng is traccd to thc Ming scholar– physician Zhang Jicbin (.¸6a–.6¸µ). His “liang gang” 两纲 (two rubrics: yin and yang) and “liu bian” 六变 (six variations): biao-li 表里 (cxtcrior and intcrior), han-re 寒热 (cold and hot), xu-shi 虚实 (dcplctc and rcplctc)” includc all thc contcnt ol today’s cight rubrics. Howcvcr, to clcvatc banggang bianzheng to thc position ol thc most important systcm ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation was a morc rcccnt dcvclopmcnt in thc .µ¸cs and 6cs. Scc Schcid acca:acc–a¸,. ... Tc illncss location hcrc should not bc undcrstood as thc pathological sitc in an “anatomoclinical pcrspcctivc,” but rathcr rclcrs to “thc location whcrc bingxie” 病邪 (pathogcnic lactors) manilcst. Scc Fcng ct al. acc¡:.a. .a. Liu .µ··:a¸.. .¸. Zhao ct al. .µ·,:¡. .¡. !bid. .¸. Tc charactcr yu 郁 itscll also suggcsts qi stagnation rathcr than blood stagna tion, which is usually rclcrrcd to by a diﬀcrcnt charactcr, yu 瘀. .6. Farquhar .µµ¡. .,. !bid., ¸·. .·. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡: chaptcr ¡, lor a dctailcd analysis ol zhongyi classiﬁcation. .µ. Zhao ct al. .µ·,:,. ac. !n spring .µ·¡, thc ﬁrst conlcrcncc on zhongyi zhenghou guifan 中医证候规范 (standardization ol zhongyi syndromc pattcrns) was hcld in 8cijing. Tc spccialists dis cusscd thc namcs, conccpts, classiﬁcation, and diagnostic standards ol zhenghou (syn dromc pattcrns). Subscqucntly, scvcral inﬂucntial tcxts on zhenghou standardization and diagnosis wcrc publishcd, such as Zhongyi Zhenghou Zhenduan Xue 中医证候诊断学 (Tc Ðiagnostics ol zhongyi Syndromc Pattcrns) .µ·, by Zhao Jinduo ct al., Zhongyi Zhenghou Bianzhi Guifan 中医证候辨治轨范 (Standards ol Ðiﬀcrcntiation and Trcat mcnt ol Zhongyi Syndromc Pattcrns) .µ·µ by Lcng Fangnan ct al., and Zhongyi Zheng- hou Guifan 中医证候规范 (Standardization ol Zhongyi Syndromc Pattcrns) .µµc by Ðcng Tictao ct al. a.. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡: introduction. aa. ! translatc bing as “illncss” or “disordcr” to mark a distinction lrom thc bio mcdical conccpt ol “discasc,” which arc undcrstood as discrctc biological and psycho physiological cntitics, rcsulting lrom lcsions or abnormal lunctions ol any structurc, part, or systcm ol an organism. Tc dichotomy bctwccn discasc and illncss has bccn a kcy conccpt in mcdical anthropology. Ðiscasc is a primary mallunction ol psychobiologi cal proccsscs, whilc an illncss is a sccondary psychosocial cxpcricncc and mcaning ol thc primary discasc. Scc Klcinman .µ·c:,a. Howcvcr, bing docs not conlorm to such a dichotomy. !t is a disordcr that rccognizcs both psychophysiological and psychosocial dimcnsions. a¸. Zhao ct al. .µ·,:·. NOTES TO CHAPTER V 163 a¡. Zhang ct al. .µ·¸. a¸. Scc Fcng, ct al. acc¡:.¡. Rcn Yingqiu also points out that taiyang 太阳 (thc grcat yang illncss, onc ol thc six cold damagc illncsscs) is not an indcpcndcnt illncss but onc zhenghou (pattcrn) ol thc cold damagc illncsscs. Scc Chcn, acc¸. a6. Scc Chcn, .µµ,. a,. !bid. a·. !bid. Chcn rclcrs to this proccss as “bian benzhi lunzhi” 辨本质论治 (diﬀcrcn tiation ol roots/csscncc and dctcrmining thcrapics). aµ. Scc Zhao, ct al. .µ·,:a–¸. ¸c. Scc Chcn .µµ,. Scc also Liangchun Zhu, acc¸. According to Zhu, cxccpt lor vcry lcw cascs, such as malaria (nueji 疟疾) and jaundicc (huandan 黄疸), lor most zhongyi illncsscs, diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns is lundamcntal, whilc thc illncss namcs arc only signiﬁcant as sccondary rclcrcnccs. ¸.. Scc Chcng, acc¸. Zhenghou Guifan Yanjiu de Si Da Jiaodian Wenti 证候规范的四大焦点问题 (Four Fundamcntal !ssucs Rcgarding Zhcnghou Standardization). Tc anccdotc ol Prolcssor Lu Guangshcn trcating A!ÐS in Tanzania is also an intcrcsting illustration. !n .µ·,, Prolcssor Lu wcnt to Tanzania with a tcam ol mcdical spccialists to hclp in trcating thc A!ÐS cndcmic in thc country. Hc causcd a considcrablc stir by stat ing that although hc had ncvcr cncountcrcd a casc ol A!ÐS in China, hc was conﬁdcnt that thc discasc could bc trcatcd with zhongyi. Again, thc idca is that as long as a pat tcrn ol manilcstations could bc diﬀcrcntiatcd, thc discasc is thcn trcatablc with Chincsc mcdicinc. Scc Jingjing Hu, acc¡ Zhongguo Yaoshi Zhoukan 中国药师周刊 (Chincsc Pharmacists Vcckly), \L. aac¡. ¸a. Tc six principal pattcrns arc taiyang 太阳, yangming 阳明, shaoyang 少阳, taiyin 太阴, shaoyin 少阴, and jueyin 厥阴. ¸¸. Scc Fcng and Zhang acc¡:¸–a¡. Scc also Schcid acc¡:ac¸–ac¡. ¸¡. Rcn Yinqiu ct al., .µ·6:.a6–.¸.. ¸¸. !bid., .¸µ–.6¡. Although thc conccpt and mcthod ol bianzheng can bc lound as carly as in Neijing 内经 (Tc !nncr Classics), thc actual tcrm “bianzhcng lunzhi” or ‘bianzhcng shizhi’ did not appcar in rccords until thc Ming and Qing pcriod. “Bian- zheng shizhi” ﬁrst appcarcd in Shenzhai Yi Shu 慎斋遗书 (8ook by Shcnzhai) by thc Ming physician Zhou Shcnzhai (.¸c·–.¸·6). ‘Bianzheng lunzhi’ ﬁrst appcarcd in Yimcn 8anghc 医门棒喝 (.·aµ) by thc Qing physician Zhang Nan. ¸6. Scc Zhcn ct al. (.µµ.:¡a¸–¡¸·). Yang Zcmin (.·µ¸–.µ¡·), anothcr scholarphysi cian ol thc timc, argucd that Chincsc mcdicinc cmphasizcs diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns lor thc purposc ol using drugs and Vcstcrn mcdicinc cmphasizcs knowing discascs lor thc purposc ol discriminating thc location ol a discasc. Scc Schcid acca:a.6. ¸,. Scvcral scholars ol Chincsc mcdicinc mcntioncd an obvious rclationship bc twccn thc zhongyi diagnostics “bianzheng lunzhi” and thc modcrn Chincsc tcrm lor “dia lcctics”—bianzhengfa (辩证法). Scc Unschult .µµa:¸a–6., Farquhar .µµ¡, and Schcid acca:acµ–a.¡. Tian (acc¸) argucs that “dialcctics” lound in thc Vcst philosophic tradi tion is not thc samc as thc Chincsc vcrsion ol bianzhengfa, which draws hcavily on thc traditional Chincsc stylc ol thought tongbian (continuity through changcs). !n this scnsc, thc zhongyi scholarphysicians’ cnthusiasm about bianzhengfa in thc .µ¸cs and 164 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS 6cs should bc undcrstood much morc than just lollowing “an idcologically corrcct” linc. Rathcr, bianzhengfa oﬀcrs a sct ol casily acccssiblc vocabulary lor scholars to articulatc thc zhongyi way ol doing mcdicinc that sharcs thc samc intcllcctual roots in ancicnt Chincsc philosophical thought. ¸·. Schcid acca:acµ–a.¡. ¸µ. Zhao, ct al., .µ·,:·. ¡c. Scc also Shcid acca:aac–aaa. ¡.. Vrittcn by thc Han scholarphysician Zhang Zhongjing. ¡a. !n contcmporary zhongyi clinics, biomcdical discasc namcs arc lrcqucntly uscd. !n lact, paticnts arc morc lamiliar with many common biomcdical discasc namcs than with zhongyi illncss namcs. Adopting thc morc scicntiﬁc biomcdical discasc classiﬁca tions has bccn promotcd by quitc a lcw zhongyi physicians, including Shi Jinmo and Zhang Cigong, and othcr inﬂucntial scholarphysicians. Scc Schcid acca:aa.. !l a patho logical condition is not idcntiﬁcd as bentun (running pig illncss) but with a biomcdical discasc tcrm, such as hystcria, thc physician is dircctcd to a diﬀcrcnt coursc ol rcsourccs and thc conncction is madc bctwccn thc particular casc and thc biomcdical sourccs. !n any casc, thc biomcdical discasc namc uscd in a zhongyi contcxt docs not lunction thc samc way as it docs in a biomcdical clinic. !t docs not lcad to systcmatic matching with thcrapics. Scc Zhu acc¸. ¡¸. Qingzhi bing (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs) is also rclcrrcd to as “shenzhibing” (mindrclatcd disordcrs). 8oth arc sccn as attributablc to intcrnal injurics duc to cxccss ol thc scvcn cmotions and manilcstcd with bodily, cmotionalmcntal symptoms. Tcy arc intcrchangcablc in usc, though thc lattcr is uscd lcss lrcqucntly. Li ct al. (.µµ¸:¸µ) rclcrs to baihe bing 百合病 (an illncss commonly listcd as qingzhi bing) as “shenzhi zhi bing” 神志之病 (mindrclatcd disordcrs). !n thc samc book, thc authors also statc cxplicitly that “mind disordcrs arc also callcd qingzhi bing” (a6c). Although thc tcrm qingzhi appcars as illncss lactors in thc carlicst mcdical classics and thc various qingzhi rclatcd disordcrs arc rccordcd and dcscribcd as carly as in Neijing, thc actual combina tion ol qingzhi and bing (illncss, disordcr) might bc a morc rcccnt dcvclopmcnt. ¡¡. Sincc symptoms ol dian 癫 and kuang 狂 cannot bc complctcly scparatc, and thcy oltcn appcar altcrnatcly, dian and kuang arc oltcn listcd undcr thc onc disordcr ol duankuang 癫狂 (apathy and madncss). Scc Li ct al. .µµ¸:a6c. Tc authors writc “shenzhi bing (mindrclatcd disordcrs), also callcd qingzhi bing (cmotionrclatcd disordcrs), in cludc such illncss as diankuang, yuzheng 郁证 (stagnation illncss), and bentunqi 奔豚气 (running pig syndromc).” ¡¸. !n Li and Liu .µ·µ, dian and kuang arc listcd scparatcly lrom thc catcgory ol qingzhi disordcrs, which includc yuzheng (stagnation illncss), zangzao (visccral vcxa tion), meiheqi (plumc pit syndromc), baihuobing (hundrcd conlusions syndromc), and so on. ¡6. Zhang ct al. cds. .µ·¸. CHAPTER VI .. Li and Liu .µ·µ:¸.¡. a. Scc Jingyue Quanshu 景岳全书 (Te complete works of zhang jingyue). NOTES TO CHAPTER VI 165 ¸. Scc notc 6 in chaptcr a lor inlormation on Huangdi Neijing 黄帝内经 (Te Yel- low Emperor’s Internal Medicine). ¡. Zhubing Yuanhou Lun 诸病源候论 (On the Origins of Various Illnesses) was writ tcn in 6.c cv by thc Sui physician Chao Yuanlang and his associatcs. ¸. Gujin Yitong Daquan 古今医统大全 (Complete Collection of Principal Medi- cal Works from Ancient Time to the Present) was writtcn by Ming physician Xu Chunlu (.¸ac–.¸µ6) and publishcd in .¸¸6. 6. !n contcmporary usagc, jic 结 rclcrs morc to thc congcstion that has bccn lormcd into tangiblc lumps, whcrcas yu 郁 is morc about obstruction ol ﬂow ol qi that is lormlcss and intangiblc. ,. Scc notc ¡. ·. Scc Danxi Xinfa: Liu Yu 丹溪心法:六郁 (Danxi’s Healing Methods : Te Six Stagnations). µ. !bid. .c. Scc Yijing Suhui Ji 医经溯洄集 (Collected Reﬂections on the Medical Classics) (.¸6·). ... Scc Tuiqiu Shi Yi: Yubing 推求师意: 郁病 (Undcrstanding thc Mastcr’s Tcach ings: Stagnation !llncss) by Ðai Sigong. Tis could bc thc carlicst appcarancc ol thc tcrm combining ‘yu’ and ‘bing’ in zhongyi tcxts. Scc Rcn ct al. .µ·¡:µ6–.ca. Tc combination ol ‘yu’ and ‘zhcng’ did not appcar until thc Ming dynasty whcn thc scholarphysician Yu Tuan ﬁrst uscd thc tcrm in his book, Yixue Zhengzhuan 医学正传 (Te Orthodox History of Medicine) (.¸.¸). Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ: .c¸. .a. Scc Rcn ct al. .µ·¡:..·–.ac. .¸. Scc Jingyue Quanshu 景岳全书 (Te Complete Works of Zhang Jingyue), chaptcr .µ. .¡. Quotcd in Rcn at al. .µ·¡:a.a–a.·. .¸. Scc Yc Tianshi Lin Zheng Zhinan Yi’an: Yuzheng 临证指南医案: 郁证 (Guidc to Clinical Practicc with Mcdical Cascs). .6. Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ, Zhang ct al. .µ·¸:.a.–.a¡. .,. !n biomcdicinc, a spccialist is morc dcﬁncd by training, howcvcr, in Chincsc mcdicinc, a zhuanjia (spccialist) is dcﬁncd mainly by his or hcr clinical cxpcricncc and cﬃcacy in trcating ccrtain problcms. .·. Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ:¸.,. .µ. Chao Yuanlang, a wcllknown doctor ol thc Yuan dynasty, uscs thc tcrms jieqi bing or qi bing (illncss ol congcalcd qi) to rclcr to thc samc illncss manilcstation typc as thc plum pit qi or qi stagnation illncss. !n lact, qi bing uscd hcrc by thc doctor has a doublc mcaning, onc is thc disordcrcd qi circulation in thc body, and thc sccond is thc disordcr causcd by qi (angcr). Tc paticnt immcdiatcly rcad it as thc sccond mcaning. ac. Scc Zhang ct al. .µ·¸:.a¸. a.. Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ. aa. Scc chaptcr ¸ ol this book lor a discussion ol du 度 (dcgrcc). a¸. Tc paticnt’s mothcr did not rcvcal any dctails rcgarding thc naturc ol thc trauma (ciji), and thc doctor did not ask about it. 166 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS a¡. Zhcn ct al. .µµ.:.c¡. a¸. Scc Li .µµ¸:,¸,. a6. Citcd in Li and Liu .µ·µ:..a. a,. Scc Jingyue Quanshu 景岳全书 (Tc Complctc Vorks ol Zhang Jingyuc). CHAPTER VI I .. Portions ol this chaptcr appcar in my articlc “Ncgotiating a path to cﬃcacy in a clinic ol traditional Chincsc mcdicinc.” Forthcoming in Culturc, Mcdicinc and Psy chiatry. Springcr Ncthcrlands. a. Convcrsation analysis (CA), dcvclopcd within thc paradigm ol cthnomcthod ology, cmcrgcd in thc .µ6cs as a rcsult ol thc pionccring works by Harvcy Sacks, Gail Jcﬀcrson, ¡manual Schcgloﬀ, and othcrs. CA providcs analytical rcsourccs and mcthod ological proccdurcs lor analyzing naturally occurring human intcractions. Scc C. Good win and J. Hcritagc .µµc. Rclcr to appcndix . lor thc transcription convcntions. ¸. Scc Atkinson and Hcath .µ·., Fishcr and Todd .µ·¸, Labov and Fanshcl .µ,,, Hcath .µ·¡, Mishlcr .µ·¡, Pcndlcton and Haslcr .µ·¸, and Tanncr .µ,6, Vcst .µ·¡. ¡. Labov and Fanshcl .µ,,. ¸. Hutchby & Vooﬃtt .µµ·:.¡. 6. Goodwin and Hcritagc .µµc:a··. Scc also Hutchby and Vooﬃtt .µµ·:.¸–.,. ,. Scc Frankcl .µ·¸, Hcath .µ·6. ·. Scc Frankcl .µ·¸, Hcath .µ·6, Mishlcr .µ·¡. µ. Vcst .µ·¡:¸¡. .c. Mishlcr .µ·¡:¸¸. ... Goodwin and Hcritagc .µµc:a·¸. .a. 8ilmcs .µµa:¸,.. .¸. Mishlcr .µ·¡:¸¸. .¡. For dctailcd analysis ol kanbing in zhongyi clinics, scc Judith Farquhar’s book Knowing Practice .µµ¡. .¸. Sivin .µµ¸:¸. .6. 8cijing Mcdical School .µ,¸:¡¡. .,. Scc Li and Liu .µ·µ:ac¸. .·. Scc Farquhar .µµ¡. .µ. !n thc transcript, Ð stands lor doctor and P lor paticnt. ac. Jiaolu is an introduccd biomcdical conccpt. Vhcn uscd in zhongyi contcxt, it rclcrs morc to a vaguc lccling ol uncasincss or rcstlcssncss, than to a psychiatric conccpt ol “anxicty”. A zhongyi tcrm lor thc symptom might bc zuowo bu’an 坐卧不安 (rcstlcss) or jizao 急躁 (anxious), or jingzhang 紧张 (ncrvous). a.. “Uhn” in this casc is uttcrcd with a short ﬁrst tonc. !l it is uttcrcd with a long, strong lourth tonc, it can bc undcrstood as a conﬁrmation. NOTES TO CHAPTER VI I 167 aa. 8ian Quc, a lcgcndary physician lrom morc than two thousands ycars ago, is wcll known lor his cxaminations by looking at thc paticnt and taking his or hcr pulsc. a¸. 8ilmcs .µ··:.6¸. a¡. Normally, bianzheng (diﬀcrcntiatc syndromcs) and lunzhi (dctcrminc trcat mcnt) lorm a continuous proccss. Tcrc is no clcar distinction bctwccn thcsc two parts. Howcvcr, it is always clcar that bianzheng comcs bclorc lunzhi, and it is thc basis lor dctcrmining a thcrapy. a¸. Also known as livcr qi stagnation (ganqi yujie 肝气郁结) causcd by blockcd ﬂow ol cmotions (qingzhi bushu 情志不舒). a6. Somctimcs it gocs “xiaojigcnglang 效即更方” (il thc cﬀcct has bccn achicvcd, changc thc lormula). a,. ¡tkin .µ··:¸ca. ¡tkin argucs that hcaling should bc undcrstood as a proccss. ¡l ﬁcacy might mcan cithcr an “ultimatc outcomc” ol lull symptom rcmission or a “proxi matc cﬀcct” ol partial rcmission or somc physical signs that indicatc thc hcaling is undcr way. a·. Klcinman .µµ¸:¸¸. aµ. ¡tkin .µ··:aµµ. ¸c. Guide to Clinical Practice with a Collection of the Cases by lamous Qing doctor Yc Tianshi, which was compilcd by his studcnt Hua Youyun in .,¡6. ¸.. Zhang at al. .µ·¸:.a¸. ¸a. !n his articlc “Tc Angry Livcr, thc Anxious Hcart, and thc Mclancholy Splccn,” Òts (.µµc) shows that in Chincsc mcdicinc lunctions ol thc visccral systcms arc undcrstood as isomorphic with thc corrcsponding cmotions. ¸¸. As Labov and Fanshcl (.µ,,) show in thcir analysis ol thcrapcutic discoursc, “thc thcrapist is an cxpcrt at intcrprcting thc cmotions ol othcrs.” Tc thcrapist has thc authority to judgc not only thc paticnt’s intcrprctation ol othcrs’ cmotions but also hcr claim about hcr own lcclings. A zhongyi doctor docs not havc that kind ol authority ovcr thc paticnt’s cmotional cxpcricncc. Òn thc contrary, zhongyi tcnds to hold that onc can ncvcr know cxactly what anothcr pcrson actually cxpcricnccs outsidc ol what thc othcr pcrson tclls you about how hc or shc lccls. !n zhongyi contcxt, paticnts rcmain thc authoritativc voicc ol thcir own cxpcricncc. A doctor’s claim about a paticnt’s cxpcricncc is subjcct to thc paticnt’s conﬁrmation. ¸¡. Quotcd in Zhang ct al. .µ·¸:.a¸. ¸¸. Scc Jingyue Quanshu:Yuzheng Mo 《景岳全书:郁证谟》(Te Complete Works of Zhang Jingyue: Stagnation illncss) by Zhang Jicbin during thc .6¸cs. Tc patronizing tonc toward lcmalc paticnts is common in thc mcdical classics. Vomcn arc prcscntcd as il thcy wcrc childrcn whosc dcsircs can bc satisﬁcd, but thcy arc not capablc ol bcing cn lightcncd. Howcvcr, although not many contcmporary zhongyi physicians disagrcc with Zhang about hcaling cmotions with cmotions, thcy do not assumc his outright gcndcrcd approach to stagnant cmotions. 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Li, Yiyuan .µµ¸ Tc Traditional Chincsc Cosmology and thc 8chavior ol Modcrn ¡ntcrpriscs. !n Zhongguo Ren de Guannian He Xingwei 中国人的观念和行为 (Tc valucs and bchavior ol Chincsc pcoplc). Chao Jian and Pan Naigu, cds. Pp. .,–¸µ. Tianjing: Tianjing Rcnmin Chubanshc. Liao, Yuqun acc¸ Zhongyi bu jiao ‘kexue’ weichang bu ke 中医不叫科学未尝不可 (Chincsc mcdi cinc docsn’t havc to bc labclcd as ‘scicncc’). !n Zhe Yan Kan Zhongyi 哲眼看中医 (Chincsc mcdicinc through pcrspcctivcs ol philosophy). Zhongguo Zhon gyiyao 8aoshc cd. Pp. ·,–µ¡. 8cjing: Kcxuc Jishu Chubanshc. Lin, Kchmin .µ·. Traditional Chincsc Mcdical 8clicls and Tcir Rclcvancc lor Mcntal !llncss and Psychiatry. !n Normal and Abnormal Behaviors in Chinese Culture. A. Klcin man and T. Y. Lin, cds. Ðordrccht, thc Ncthcrlands: Rcidcl. Lin, Tsungyi .µ·¸ Psychiatry and Chincsc Culturc. Te Western Journal of Medicine .¸µ:·6a–·6,. 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Shcn, YuCun, and Vang YuFcng .µµ¸ 8chaviour Problcms ol Schoolchildrcn in 8cijing: A Study ol Prcvalcncc and Risk Factors. !n Chinese Societies and Mental Health. T.Y. Lin ct al., cds. Pp. ¸,–66. Hong Kong: Òxlord Univcrsity Prcss. Shwcdcr, Richard .µ·¸ Mcnstrual Pollution, Soul Loss, and thc Comparativc Study ol ¡motions. !n Culture and Depression: Studies in Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Aﬀect and Disorder. A. Klcinman and 8. Good, cds. Pp. .·a–a.¸. 8crkclcy: Uni vcrsity ol Calilornia Prcss. .µµ. Rcthinking Culturc and Pcrsonality Tcory. !n Tinking through Culture. R. Shwcdcr, cd. Cambridgc: Harvard Univcrsity Prcss. Sivin, Nathan .µ·, Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China. Ann Arbor: Univcrsity ol Michi gan Prcss. 182 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS .µµ¸ Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China. \ariorum: \ariorum Col lcctcd Studics Scrics. Solomon, Robcrt C. .µµ¸ Tc Crosscultural Comparison ol ¡motion. !n Emotion in Asian Toughts. Locl Marks and Rogcr T. Amcs, cds. Pp. a¸¸–¸.·. Albany: Statc Univcrsity ol Ncw York Tan, ¡ngScong .µ·. Culturc8ound Syndromcs among Òvcrscas Chincsc. !n Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture. A. Klcinman and T. Y. Lin, cds. Pp. ¸,.–¸·6. Ðor drccht: Rcidcl. Tanncr, 8., cd. .µ,6 Language and Communication in General Practice. London: Hoddcr and Stoughton. Taussig, Michacl .µ·c Rciﬁcation and thc Consciousncss ol thc Paticnt. Social Science and Medicine .¡:¸–¸.. Tscng, VcnShing .µ,¡ Tc Ðcvclopmcnt ol Psychiatric Conccpts in Traditional Chincsc Mcdicinc. Archives of General Psychiatry aµ:¸6µ–¸,¸. .µ,¸ Tc Naturc ol Somatic Complaints among Psychiatric Paticnts: Tc Chincsc Casc. Comprehensive Psychiatry .6: a¸,–a¡¸. .µµ¸ Psychothcrapy lor thc Chincsc: Cultural Considcrations. !n Chinese Societies and Mental Health. Tsungyi Lin, Vcnshing Tscng, and ¡ngKung Ych, cds. Pp. a·.–aµ¡. Hong Kong: Òxlord Univcrsity Prcss. Tscng, VcnShing, and Ðavid Vu, cds. .µ·¸ Chinese Culture and Mental Health. 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Zhang, Mingyuan .µ·µ Tc Ðiagnosis and Phcnomcnology ol Ncurasthcnia: A Shanghai Study. Cul- ture, Medicine and Psychiatry. .¸: .¡,–.6.. Zhang, Yanhua acc. Ðiagnosing Yuclinical translormation ol distrcss in thc modcrn racticc ol chi ncsc mcdicinc. Prcscntcd at Tc .ccth Annual Mccting ol AAA. Vashington Ð.C. acc, Ncgotiating a path to cﬃcacy in a clinic ol chincsc mcdicinc. Culturc, Mcdicinc and Psychiatry \¸.:. Zhao, Jinduo, Zhang Jingrcn, and Zhang Zhcn, cds. .µ·, Zhongyi Zhenghou Zhenduanxue 中医证候诊断学 (Zhongyi syndromcpattcrn diagnostics). 8cijing: Rcnmin Vcnshcng Chubanshc. Zhcn, Zhiya, and Fu Vcikang .µµ. Zhongguo Yixue Shi 中国医学史 (History ol chincsc mcdicinc). 8cijing: Rcn min Vcishcng Chubanshc. Zhcng, Yanping, Xu Lcyi, and Shcn Qijic .µ·6 Stylcs ol \crbal ¡xprcssion ol ¡motional and Physical ¡xpcricnccs: A Study ol Ðcprcsscd Paticnts and Normal Controls in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry .c (¸): a¸.–a¡¡. Zhong, Tai .µ·· Zhuangzi Fawci 庄子法微: Shanghai: Shanghai Giuji Chubanshc. 186 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS Zhu, Liangchun acc¸ Bianzheng lunzhi yu bianbing lunzhi xiang jiehe de fujian 辨证论治与辨病论治相结合的肤见 (My humblc vicw on combination ol pattcrn diﬀcrcntiation and discasc diﬀcrcntiation).. Scptcmbcr .. Zito, Angcla .µµ, Of Body and Brush: Grand Sacriﬁce as Text/Performance in Eighteenth-Century China. Chicago: Chicago Univcrsity Prcss. Zito, Angcla, and Tani ¡. 8arlow, cds. .µµ¡ Body, Subject and Power in China. Chicago: Chicago Univcrsity Prcss. 187 Index adjustmcnt, proccss ol, .a¸, .a¡. See also attuning (tiao) acsthctics, cultural, .¡, ¸c–¸., ¸c acsthctic valucs, ¸c, ¡a, ¡¡, ¸., ¸·, .¸µ agitation, ¡c, ·¸, µ¸, .c¸–.c¡, visccral, µ., .cc, .c., ..,. Scc also zangzao Amcs, Rogcr, a6, ¸., .¡·na,, .¸¡n¸., .¸¸na, .¸6 naa angcr (nu), a, ¸a, ¡c, ¸c, ¸¡–¸¸, ¸µ, 6¸–6¡, 66–6,, ,a–,¡, ·,, µa, µ¸–µ·, .c¸. Scc also qiqing anxicty, .a, ¸·, 66, 6·, ,¸, .c., ..6, .¡,n., as jiaolu, ..¡, ..6–..,, .66nac, as you, 66, 6· attuning (tiao), 6, .¡, ¸., 6¸, .c¡–.c¸, .c·, ..c, ..a, .a¸–.a¸, .¸6–.¸,, .¸µ–.¡c, .¡a bei (gricl/sadncss), ¡c, 6¡, 66, 6·, ,¸, .¡,n., .6.n¸¸. Scc also qiqing bentunqi (running pig illncss/syndromc), ·¡–·¸, .6¡n¡¡ bianzheng (diﬀcrcntiation ol pattcrns/ syndromcs), ,6, ,·, ·c–·., µc, .6¸n¸¸, .6,n.a¡, bagang (cight rubrics), ,·, ·a,.6annµ–.c, bingyin (illncss lactor), ,·, ,µ, liujing (six pattcrns), a¡, ,·, ·a. .6anµ, zangfu (visccral systcms), ,·, ·a. Scc also bianzheng lunzhi bianzheng lunzhi (diﬀcrcntiating pat tcrns/syndromcs and dctcrmin ing trcatmcnt/thcrapics ), .¡, a·, ,¡, ,·, ·.–·¸, .c,, .cµ, .¡¡, .6¸n¸¸, .6¸n¸, bianzheng shizhi. Scc bianzheng lunzhi 8ilmcs, Jack, .c,, ..6 bing, ,6, ·c–·¸. See also illncss biomcdicinc, 6, µ, .., .¸, .µ, a¸, ¸¸, 6,, ·., ·¸, .c·, ..c, .¡c, .¸cna, .¸¡n¡6, .6¸n.,, as Vcstcrn mcdicinc (xiyi), 6, .¸, .¸, .,, .·, .µ–aa, aµ, ,¸, ·a–·¸, ..c, .¡µn¸·, .¸cnna–¸, .¸.n.c, .¸¸ n.¸., .6¸ n.¸6 bittcr mouth, µ., µ¸, µ6, .ca, ... blockagc (du or butong), as Chincsc mcdical symptoms, ¸a, ¡¡–¡6, 6¡, ,¡, ··–µc, µ¸–µ¡, µ,, ..c, ..·, ..µ, .aa, .a¸ blood (xue), ¸µ, ¡µ, 6,, 6·, ,c, ,., ,µ, µ., µ¸, .cc–.c¸, ..a body: as cmbodimcnt, a–¸, ¸., ¸6, dis coursc or languagc ol , ¸, .¡, ¸¸– ¸6, mindbody dichotomy, 6, ·, ¸., ¸¸–¸¡. See also somatization bodypcrson or bodyscll (shenti), ¸, ·, .¡, ¸., ¸¸–¸6, ¡,, ¡µ–¸., ¸¸, 6¸, 6,, .c¸, .¸a, .¸¡, .¸µ–.¡a, .¸,n¸6 boncs (gu), ¸,, 6·, ,c boundarics, bctwccn Chincsc and Vcst crn mcdicincs, ., 8rowncll, Susan, a, ¸6, .¸¸n¸, .¸,n¸¸ CA. See convcrsation analysis 188 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS CCP. See Chincsc Communist Party Chcn Xiaoyc, ·., .6¸na· Chincsc Communist Party, aa Chincsc cosmological assumptions, ¸, .¡·na, Chincsc languagc, ¸¸, ¸¸, 6a, .aa, .¸µn.c Chincsc mcdicinc: classiﬁcation, ,6–·¡ (scc also bianzheng lunzhi), contcmporary dcbatc, a,–a·, continuity, a¸–a6, cmotion rclatcd, ¸–·, ¸¸, 6¡, 66, ,a–,¡, ·¸, cthnographics ol, µ–.c, .¸,, modcrn translormation, .·–a¸, physiology ol , 66–,¡, ··, plu rality ol, µ–.c Chincsc paticnts, ¡–¸, ·, .¡, ¸a–¸¸, ¡¸, .ca, .¸µ, .¡a Chincsc social lilc, ¸6, ¡¡, ¸c, ¸,–¸· clinical actions, a¸–a6, ,., ,µ, .c¸, .c,, .a¸, .¸,, .¡. clinical cncountcr, ¡, µ, .,, .c,–..., .a¡, .¸, clinical intcractions, ¡, .a, .¡, ¸¡, .c¸–.c·, ..a, ..¡, ..6, .a¸, .¸,, .¡. clinical obscrvation, .c–.a, ,¸, ·,, µa–µ¸, µ,–µ·, .¸cna clinical proccss, ¡, µ–.c, .a, ,¡–,·, µ6, .c¸– .c,, .cµ, ..a, .a¡, .¸,, .¡c–.¡a clinical work, µ, .¡, .,, a¡, ¸¸, ,¸–,6, ,µ–·c, µc, .c¸, .c·, .¸,, .¡c–.¡a closc analysis .c6–.c,. See also convcrsa tion analysis, microanalysis Conlucius, 6a, .¸6naa, .¸·n,c, doctrinc/ thinking, a6, ¡,, ,a congcstion, ,¡, ,µ, ··, µ.–µ¸, µ,, µµ, ... convcrsation analysis, .c¸–.c,, ..6, .¡¸, .66na crossculturc psychiatry, ,–· culturc, anthropological notion ol, .–¡ dao, ¡.–¡¸ dcplction, ¸a, ,µ, ·a, ·¡, µc–µa, µ,, .cc– .c¡, ..a, ..,, .aa dcprcssion, a, ·, ¸¸, ¡¸–¡,, ¸¸, µc Ðcsjarlais, Robcrt, ¸, ¸., ¡a dian, ·¸, µ., µ·–µµ, .6¡nn¡¡–¡¸ diﬀcrcntiation ol syndromcs. Scc bianzheng discasc, as biomcdical conccpt, a, 6, ·, ¸¸, ,6–,,, ·c–·¸, µc, .¡c, .6anaa, .6¸n¸6, .6¡n¡a. Scc also bing, illncss divcrsity, µ–.c, a¸–a¡ dizzincss, µ., µ¸, µµ, .ca, .c¸ du (dcgrcc/position), ¡6–¡·, ¸., ¸¸, 66, ,c, µ·, .¸µ cﬃcacy, 6, .a, .·, a·–aµ, 6¡, .c¸, .a¸–.a¸, .¸6–.¸,, .¡., .¡¸, as cﬀcctivcncss, a,–aµ, ..6, .a¸–.a¡, .¡¸ cmotion: as scvcn cmotions, ¡c, 6¡, 66, ,µ, ·¸, ··, ··–·µ, .c., .6¡n¡¸, Chincsc, ¸¡–¸¸, countcr ¸¡, disordcrcd, ., ¸, ·, .¡, ¡¸, ·¸, .¸6, cxccssivc, ., ¡,, ,¡, ·µ, .a¡, .ca, stagnation ol, ··–µc, .c6, ..c, ..a, .aa, .a¡, supprcssion ol, ¡·, ¸c. Scc also qingzhi cmotional disordcr, ., ¡, ¸a, ¡6–¡,, ,a, .¡. cmotional distrcss, ¸, ,, ¸a cmotional disturbancc, ¡¡, µ·, .cc, .¡. cmotional cxpcricncc, .¡, ¸¸, µ¡, .ac, .aµ, .¡., .6,n¸¸ cmotional cxprcssion, ¡,, ¸¡ cmotional symptoms, ·, ¸¸, .aa, .¸6, .¸6n.a cmptincss, ¡¸–¡6 cpistcmology, biomcdical, .,, ¸¸–¸¸ cthnography, a, ¸, µ, .c, .c6–.c,, .¸,, .¡c, as ﬁcldwork .c–.a, ,¸, .c· ¡tkin, Nina, .6,na, cxpcricncc, accumulatcd. Scc jingyan Fabrcga, Horacio, Jr., ¸¸, .¡µn¡¸ lacc (lian or mianzi), ¸¡–¸µ, 6., .a,, .6cna¸ lacctolacc intcraction, µ, .c6–.c·, .¸, Fanshcl, Ðavid, .c¸ Farquhar, Judith, ·, µ, .·, a¸, ,,, ,µ, .cµ, .¸,, .¡c, .¸¡n¸¡, .6.na, .6¸n¸, lcclings, ¸, 6, ,, ¸a, ¸µ, ¡c, ¡¸–¡6, ¸¸–¸·, 6c–6a, 6¸, ·,, .a¸, .¸c, .¸6. See also cmotion, ganqing; qingzhi ﬁvc translormativc phascs, ¡, .·, a¡, 6µ, ·c, ·µ, .c¸, .6.n¡µ I NDEX 189 lormula, hcrbal or zhongyi, a¸, ,µ, ·¸, µ¡, µ,, .c., ..., ..¸, .a¸, .¡., .¡¸, .¸cna, .¸¸n6c ganqi yujie (livcr qi stagnation), ¸a, ·¡, ·,, µa–µ¸, ..¸, .a¡, .6,na¸ ganqing, ¸¸, 6c–6¸. See also cmotions, lcclings ganyu, ¡¡, ,., ,µ, ·., ·,, µ¸, µ6, µ,. Scc also ganqi yujie Good, 8yron, ¸, ¸¸, ¸¸ Goodwin, Charlcs, .66na Hall, Ðavid, a6, ¸., .¡·na,, .¸6naa harmony, ¸c, ¡¸, ¡,, ¡µ–¸¸, ¸·, 6., 6,, ,c, .¸6, .¸µ hcartcmotion, ¸, ¡c, ¡¸, µ¡, ..a–..¡, ..·–..µ, .aa, .a6, .¸c, .¸a, .¸6 hcartmind, ¸¸, ¸·–¡., ¡6–¡·, ·¸, ·µ, µ¸, µ·–.c., .c¡, .a·, .¸. hcartyin, ¡· hcat, as a Chincsc mcdical conccpt, ¡¸, ,·, ,µ, ·µ, µ¸, µ¡, µµ, .c¡, ..a, ..¸, .¸¸n6c hcrbal mcdicinc, aµ, 6¸, ,a, µ¸, µ¡, .ca, .c·, ..., ..a, .a¡, .a6 Hoizcy, Ðominiquc, and MaricJoscph, .¸.n.., .¸ana,, .¸¸n¸¡ Hsu, ¡lisabcth, µ Huangdi Neijing (the Yellow Emperor’s inner classics or Inner classics), µ, a¸–a¸, ¸,–¸·, ¡., ¡¸, ¡µ, 66, ,a, ·¸, ··, ·µ, µ6, .¸¸nn¸¸–¸¡, .6cn¡a, .6¸n¸¸, .6¡n¡¸ illncss: aﬀcctivc, ,, bchavior, a, ,, condi tions, ,., ,µ, ·c, ·¸, .c¡, ..a, ..,, .a¡, constructions, ¸, ¸a, ¸¸, .¸¸n¸, dcvclopmcnt, ,µ, ·¡, ..., .a·, cmotionrclatcd, µa, cx pcricncc, .a, ¸¸, ¸¡, ..c, ..¸, ..µ, lactors (bingyin), ac, ,¡, ,·, ,µ, ·¸, ·,, ·µ, µc, .6¡n¡¸, location (bingwei), ,µ, .6a n..., mani lcstation, µ¸, ..a, .¡c, .6¸nµ, namcs, ·c, ·., ·¸, ·¸, µc, .¸¸n¸., .6¸n¸c, .6¡n¡a, proccss, ¸¸, ,µ, µc, stagnation, ·¡–·¸, ·,, µa, .c¡, ..¸, .ac, .a¸, .6¡nn¡¡–¡¸, .6¸n.., .6¸n.µ, .6,n¸¸ (scc also yuzheng) Inner Classics. Scc Huangdi Neijing insomnia, ¡·, 6¸, 6¸, ,., ,¸, ·¡, µ., µ¸–µ6, µ·, .cc, .ca–.c¸, .., intcractions, doctorpaticnt, .c6–.c,, so cial, ¸, ¡, ¸c, ¸¸, ¡a, 6., .c6, .c, Jcnkins, Janis, a, .¡µn¡¸ Jiao Shudc, .¸¸n¸6 jing (conccntratcd basis lor vitality or vitality csscncc), 6, ¸,–¸·, ··, .c¸–.c¡, .¸,nn¸,–¸·, as kidncy csscncc (shenjing), ¸,, µ., .c¡ jingshen (mind or spirit), 6, .., .¸, ¸,–¸·, ¡¸, µµ, .ca jingshen bing (mcntal disordcr), .., ¸·, ¡6, µ· jingyan (accumulatcd cxpcricncc), a6, ,., ·¡, µ·, ..¡, .a¸, .¡c–.¡.. Jingyue Quanshu (Tc complctc collcction ol Zhang Jingyuc), ,a, .6¡na, .6¸n.¸, .66na,, .6,n¸¸. See also Zhang Jicbin kaidao (pcrsuasion), .a·–.¸a, .¸¡ kanbing (looking at illncss), ¡, µ, ,6–,,, ·¡, .c·–.cµ, ..c, ..¸, .¸,, .¡c, .¡., .66n.¡ Klcinman, Arthur, ¡, ¸¸, 6c, .¸6, .¡µn¡¸, .¸¸n¸, .¸·n6¸, .6anaa kong (lcar), ¡c, 6¡, 66, 6·, ,¸, .¡,n., .6.n¸¸. Scc also qiqing Labov, Villiam, .c¸, .6,n¸¸ Lcc, Sing, ¡6, ¡,, .¸¸n¸ Li Yiyuan, ¡a, ¡µ, ¸c lian. See lacc. lilun, zhongyi, ,, a¡–a6. See also thcory, in Chincsc mcdicinc Lin, Kchmin, ¸·, .¸,n¡c Lin, Tsungyi, .¡·n¸., .¡·nn¡c–¡. Linshu (Spiritual Pivot), ¸·, ¡., ··, .¸¸n¸¡. Scc also Huangdi Neijing Liu Shaoqi, a. Liu Yanchi, ,·, .¸cn6a 190 TRANSFORMI NG EMOTI ONS livcr stagnation. Scc ganyu Lock, Margarct, ¸¡, ¸¸ looking at illncss. Scc kanbing Lunyu (thc Analects), ¡µ, .¸·n,c, .6cn¸¸ lunzhi (dctcrmination ol thcrapics/trcat mcnt), ,6, ,·, ·., ·¸, .aa, .6,na¡. Scc also bianzheng lunzhi Lutz, Cathcrinc, ¸¸ Mao Zcdong, a. mcdical anthropology, a, ¡, ,, ¸., .6anaa meiheqi (plum pit illncss/syndromc), ·¸, ··, µ,, .6¡n¡¸ mianzi. See lacc microanalysis, .c¸–.c·, ..c, .a¡, .¸,, .¡.. See also convcrsation analysis Neijing. Scc Huangdi Neijing (thc Yellow Emperior’s inner classics) ncurasthcnia (shenjing suairuo), a, ¡6 Òts, Tomas, a, ¡., ¡,, ¸¸, 6¸, .¡, pain (tong), ¡¡–¡¸ pathological condition, ,6, ·¡, .¡µn¸·, .¸6na. pathological proccss, ·a, ·¡, ·¸, µ,, .cc, .c¡, .¡c pattcrn. Scc zheng (pattcrn or syndromc) pcrsuasion. Scc kaidao phlcgm (tan), ·¸, ··, µc, µ., µa, µ¸, µ,–.cc, ... plum pit qi illncss/syndromc. Scc meiheqi plurality, µ–.c, a·, ·¸ Porkcrt, Manlrcd, .¸.n6, .¸,nn¸·–¸µ Pottcr, Sulamith, and Jack, ¡·, ¸¸, ¸¡, 6c psychologization, ¸a–¸¸, .¡·n¸a pulsc (mai), .a, ¸µ, ¡¸, 6,, µ¸, µ6, .cc, .cµ, ..6, ..,, .6.n¡, qi, stagnant, ·¸, ·µ, µa, µ¸, µ¸, µ6, .a., .aa qingzhi (cmotion), ., ¸–6. .¡–.¸. ¸.–¸a. ¸·. ¡.. ¸¸. ¸¸. 6¡. 66. ,¡, ,6, ·¸, µc. See also cmotion, qiqing (scvcn cmotions) qingzhi bing, ., ,¡–,¸, ·¸, µa, .¸µ, .¡a. See also cmotional disordcr, qingzhi disordcr/illncss qingzhi disordcr/illncss, ., ¸, 6–.a, .¡, ¸c, ¸a, ¡c, ¡6, 6¡, 66–6,, ,¸, ·¸, ·¸, ·,, µc, µ¸–µ¡, µ·, .ca, .c¡–.c,, .cµ, ..c, ..¸, .a¸, .a·, .¡c–.¡a qiqing (scvcn cmotions), 6¡, 66, ,µ, ·µ, .¡,n., .6cn¸6. See also cmotion renqing (human cmotions), ¸c, ¸¸, 6c–6a running pig illncss/syndromc. Scc bengtunqi sadncss. Scc bei (sadncss/gricl ) Schcid, \olkcr, .c, a¸, ·¸, .¸cna, .¸¡n¸¡, .6¸nn¸6–¸,, .6¡n¡a SchcpcrHughcs, Nancy, ¡ Schocnhals, Martin, ¸¡, ¸,, ¸·, 6., .¸·n¸6 scmantic nctwork analysis, ¸¸, ¸¸ scqucntial organization, .c6, ..¡ Shanghan Lun or Shanghan Zabing Lun, µ, a¸–a¸, ·., .cc, .¸¸n¡c, .¸¸n6c. See also Zhang Zhongjing shenzhi bing, ·¸, .¡,n., .6¡n¡¡. Scc also qingzhi bing shenti, ¸, 6, ·, .¡, ¸., ¸¸–¸·, ¡a–¡¸, ¡¸, ¡µ, 6¸, 6,, .c¡, .¸a, .¸µ, .¸¸na. See also bodypcrson Sivin, Nathcn, ¡¸, 6¡, 6µ, .¸a, .¡,na, .¡µn¸., .¸.n,, .6.n¡µ Solomon, Robcrt, ¸¸ somatization, ,, ¸a–¸¸, .¸µ, .¡·n¸a, .¡µn¡¸, .¸¸n¸ stagnation: ol cmotions, ··–µc, .c6, ..c, ..a, .a¡, ol qi,¡¸, ·¸, µ., µ¸, .cc, .c¡ Suwen (Plain Qucstions), ¸,, ¡., ¡¸, 66, ,a, ··, µ6, .¸¸n¸¡, .¸,n¡., .6cn¡a. Scc also Huangdi Neijing symptom. Scc zheng (symptoms) syndromc. Scc zheng (pattcrn or syndromc) talkinintcraction, .c6, .¡·na6 thcory, in Chincsc mcdicinc, ,, .¡, a¸–a6, 6,, 6µ, ,., ·a, ·¸, ·· I NDEX 191 thcrapcutic proccss, .¡, .¡c thcrapcutic principlc, ¡¡, ,µ, ·., µa, µ¸, µ6, ..., ..¸, .a¡, .a6, .¸c tiao. See attuning Tscng, VcnShing, ,, .¸.n¸ Tung, May, ¸¸ Unschuld, Paul, .¸.nn.c–.. vcxation, ol hcart, ¡·, .c¡, .cµ visccral systcms (zangfu), 6, ·, ¸µ, ¡µ, 6., 66–6µ, ,., ,¡, ·a, µ.–µa, .c¸, ..a, .a¡, .¡c, .¸6na., .6cn¸6, .6.n¡,, .6,n¸a wood. See ﬁvc translormativc phascs wuxing. See ﬁvc translormativc phascs xinfan, See vcxation, ol hcart xiyi. See biomcdicinc xu. See dcplction Yan, Yunxiang, 6c yang. Scc yin-yang Yc Tianshi, ·a, µc, .6¸n.¸, .6,n¸c yi (mcdicinc), .¡, .·–.µ. Scc also zhongyi yin. Scc yin-yang yin-yang, ¡–6, .¸, .·, ¡a–¡¸, 6µ, ,., ·.–·a yu (stagnation), ¡¸–¡6, ·¸, ·,–µc, ..a, .aa, .¸·nn6c–6¸, .6an.¸, .6¸n6, as disordcr or illncss, ¡¸, ,a, ·µ, µa, µ,. Scc also yubing; yuzheng yubing, ·¡, ·µ, .6¸ n.... Scc also yuzheng yuzheng, .., ¸c, ¡6, ,a, ·¡–·¸, ·,, ·µ–µ¸, .c¡, ..., ..¸, .ac, .a¸, .a¸, .a·, .¸·n6¸, .6¡n¡¡, .6¸n.¸, .6,n¸¸ zangfu. See visccral systcms zangxiang (visccral systcm imagcry), 6,, µ6 zangzao (visccral agitation syndromc), µ., .cc–.c., ..,, .6¡n¡¸ Zhang Congzhcng, ,a–,¸ Zhang Jicbin, ,a, ·a, ·,, ·µ, .a·, .¡,na, .6an.c, .6,n¸¸. Scc also Jingyue Quanshu Zhang Jingyuc. Scc Jingyue Quanshu Zhang Zhongjing, a¸, ·., ··, µ,, .cc, .¸¸n¸¸, .¸¸n¡c, .6¡n¡.. Scc also Shanghan Lun zheng (pattcrn or syndromc), ,6, ,·, ·c– ·a, ·¡, µ.–µa, .c¸, .¡c, .6.na zheng (symptom), ,6–,·, ·c zhenghou, Scc zheng (pattcrn or syndromc) zhongchengyao (Chincsc patcnt mcdicinc or rcadymadc mcdicinc), aµ–¸c, ... zhongyi. See Chincsc mcdicinc. zhongyi counscling, .a¸, .¸6, .¡a zhongyi diagnostics, ·., .6¸n¸, zhongyi cducation, a., a¸, a,, ·¸, .¡¡, .¸¡n¡6 zhongyi modcrnization (xiandaihua), ., a, zhongyi psychology (xinlixue), .¡·n¸c zhongyi standardization (guifanhua), µ, aa, ·c, .¸¸n¸., .6anac, .6¸n¸. Zhou ¡nlai, a. Zhu Ðanxi, ,a, ··, ·µ, .¸·n6. This page intentionally left blank. Chinese medicine approaches emotions and emotional disorders differ- Chinese medicine approaches emotions and emotional disorders differ- ently than the Western biomedical model. ently than the Western biomedical model. Transforming Emotions with Chinese Transforming Emotions with Chinese Medicine Medicine offers an ethnographic account of emotion-related disorders as they are offers an ethnographic account of emotion-related disorders as they are ee conceived, talked about, experienced, and treated in clinics of Chinese medicine conceived, talked about, experienced, and treated in clinics of Chinese medicine in contemporary China. While Chinese medicine in contemporary China. While Chinese medicine (zhongyi) (zhongyi) has been predomi- has been predomi- )) nantly categorized as herbal therapy that treats physical disorders, it is also well nantly categorized as herbal therapy that treats physical disorders, it is also well known that Chinese patients routinely go to known that Chinese patients routinely go to zhongyi zhongyi clinics for treatment of illness clinics for treatment of illness ii that might be diagnosed as psychological or emotional in the West. Through that might be diagnosed as psychological or emotional in the West. Through participant observation, interviews, case studies, and participant observation, interviews, case studies, and zhongyi zhongyi publications, both publications, both ii classic and modern, the author explores the Chinese notion of “body-person,” classic and modern, the author explores the Chinese notion of “body-person,” unravels cultural constructions of emotion, and examines the way Chinese medi- unravels cultural constructions of emotion, and examines the way Chinese medi- cine manipulates body-mind connections. cine manipulates body-mind connections. “The author has covered an amazing range of complex ideas in a reader- “The author has covered an amazing range of complex ideas in a reader- friendly format, increasing our understanding of both Chinese and conventional friendly format, increasing our understanding of both Chinese and conventional Western models. I know of no other book within the English language literature Western models. I know of no other book within the English language literature that accurately and comprehensively addresses traditional Chinese ideas of that accurately and comprehensively addresses traditional Chinese ideas of health psychology.” health psychology.” — Paul Pedersen, University of Hawaii — Paul Pedersen, University of Hawaii YANHUA ZHANG YANHUA ZHANG is Assistant Professor of Chinese at Clemson University. is Assistant Professor of Chinese at Clemson University. A volume in the SUNY series in A volume in the SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture Chinese Philosophy and Culture Roger T. Ames, editor Roger T. Ames, editor State University of New York Press State University of New York Press with Chinese Medicine with Chinese Medicine Transforming Transforming EMOTIONS EMOTIONS YANHUA ZHANG YANHUA ZHANG OO ASIAN STUDIES / ANTHROPOLOGY ASIAN STUDIES / ANTHROPOLOGY	https://www.scribd.com/doc/217198130/38725127-2009-Transforming-Emotions-With-Chinese-Medicine-an-Ethnographic-Account-From-Contemporary-China-by-Yanhua-Zhang	CC-MAIN-2017-30	refinedweb	88,187	52.9
. Keywords: India-US ties, Diplomat arrest row, Devyani Khobragade, visa fraud, Association of Indian Diplomats Mr. V. Suresh, Defending how a representative of your country is treated in another country has nothing to do with feudalism. Please note my comments were about how she was treated not her actions regarding her maid. But you did have a typical knee jerk very Indian reaction. Since you are apparently clairvoyant and an expert on fairness of the US judiciary system, you could read my feudal mind from afar as well as voice your expert opinion on the US laws.Counselor or diplomat, that is not the question, the reaction was over the top for the alleged crime and on top of that is seems she did have diplomatic immunity. Please, please , please read up on the Richard controversy in Pakistan. The man got away with murder. The same laws that the US keeps quoting about diplomatic immunity and whether Devyani had immunity apparently don't apply to US. Mr V. Suresh, My point was she was not a violent criminal. The highhandedness of the arresting officials was being questioned. There is a due process for diplomats which was not followed because India has been a pushover in the past. A diplomat from another country would not have been treated this way. This was a visa fraud case not human trafficking and please don't start about how everything is great and wonderful in the US and how everyone is treated the same because that is just not true. There is a lot of arrogance in the US and people like you just keep feeding it. Please read about the Raymond Allen Davis incident who got away with murder and he was not even covered by diplomatic immunity. Vienna convention can't be interpreted by different countries in different ways just to suit their needs. AS far as the maid is concerned, she and the whole family is in fast track for green card so I am not shedding any tears for her. The alleged crime did not warrant the kind of response. This case involves the alleged violation of the rights of the maid Ms. Sangeetha Richards by her employer, former New York Consul of India Ms. Devyani Khobragade. Some comments here express outrage at the treatment of the Consul by US authorities while others deplore the behaviour of the Consul. My own personal stance has been critical of the privileged and feudal mindsets of the elite who run India such as the Consul. The debate has been framed and bounded by issues such as violations of minimum wage laws, infringements of the Vienna conventions on Consular immunity, the rights of domestic workers and the behaviour of diplomats. However, the debate has seldom been perceived as an attack on Ms. Richards due to her religion. Against this backdrop, I find it utterly unethical that you would stoop so low as to frame this debate as one of the majority community attacking the minority on account of religion. Most commentators here have simply not stooped that low. Ms Rohini You take umbrage at the fact that this Consul - not diplomat- was placed in a holding cell with "...dangerous and violent criminals..." whilst she was detained in the US. Tough luck indeed ! Unfortunately, the US does not have a VIP culture in its prisons - unlike in India. Your defence of Ms Khobragade's attitude and actions shows that despite the fact that you clearly live in the US, you, like many other members of the Indian the elite cannot shed off your feudal mindsets and entitlement culture. After all, you seem to be asserting that this consul- cum-felon is "entitled" to the same privileged treatment that a Lallu Prasad Yadav gets in an Indian jail. Wrong country to demand such privileges. When thousands of minorities and their families are crying for release of their people kept in india's jails kept without charges for 5- 10 years continuously, And when minorities properties are looted, burnt, missionaries threatened, churches burnt during all riots,why can't people of majority community tolerate a single complaint made by a minority community maid against them for criminal behaviour and usurping of daily wages, who do this on daily basis against minorities in India?. It is really sad an Indian female has to go through an extreme humiliation. Unclear if she is just signatory of the contract while rest (in the usual Indian family style) was dictated by the elder (her father). If that is the case she got a rude wake up call. This episode has also brought out brilliance of our elite, setting many precedents. 1. Filing a restraining order in Delhi Court against US admin and a magistrate approving. In future our law officers will be in contempt if they don't follow the US/UK/ME court orders obtained by our NRIs !! 2. In trouble, shielded by attaching to UN post.Next year, UN will add restrictions. 3. Esprit de corps in MEA among IFS. Don't care if it is defence minister/high-profile ex-president/Ambassador/poor Indian labor/TN fishermen. "UPSC aspirants" find the circle. 4. Suppressing facts, trial by media and leaning towards power center . Baring Hindu and few newspapers there was no whiff. Oh India!! Wake up against "parampara" culture. If found guilty, she should be thrown in the jail. About time our corrupt politicians learned a lesson. Our IT/BPO industry and pharma industry exports depends on USA. Services jobs play a big part in our economy and USA is key market for us. These are good paying jobs and we cannot cause any damage on this front. FII investments in markets is also needed for financing our needs. India has to press ahead but move with caution. Khurshid needs to understand that he cannot apply his Indian a.k.a Jungle Laws in other countries! If one is a consular official and expects to be respectfully treated as a consular official, why then act like a common criminal? Law should take its own course. If the diplomat is ignorant she should prove in the court. It is shame for India to ask for mercy - dropping the case. Sushil says diplomatic ties - All US consular offices in India will be closed - What about VISA ? No need a visa. That was stupid idea from Sushil. Face the case boldly and try to win it. That is wise thing to do The Indian government has shot itself in the foot, and the Indian media has made it worse by missing the point of supremacy of Law in the US. It doesn't get twisted and turned by politicians and vested interests - as it ought to be. This will end with a far more unfortunate outcome for Devyani, if not for the reckless stand taken by her country mates. She should be punished for the crime she has done. Having said that India should also prosecute US consular for those acts that are legal in US and crime as per Indian constitution like gay sex for example. US diplomats enjoy far more privileges in India than their Indian counterparts in the US.India needs to reciprocate and provide the same privileges their diplomats get in the US.Nothing more,nothing less.No American diplomat would have been handcuffed, strip searched and kept in a cell with dangerous and violent criminals here in India and if India had done that,be assured America would have reciprocated a lot more harshly than India has done.Do you really believe that if she had been a diplomat of another country deemed important in the US she would have been treated the same way?Don't think all is bad in India and all is fair and above board in the US.The rich and the powerful get away with crime here in the US also.Devyani probably treated her maid better and paid her more than all of the people commenting on this forum against her.Too often I have seen Indians in the US exploiting the system just so they could stay on here.The maid seems to have done just that. dear Indian government do the right thing and give Edward Snowden asylum then we yankees will understand the game The US should immediately drop the charges and let Ms Khobragade free. This naked drama has gone a little too far now. US will never win in this case. India will be really hard on the US if the case is not solved immediately. I propose that India should unilaterally severe all diplomatic ties with the US if the case is nor withdrawn by December 31, 2013. Mr Hasmukh Patel I fail to understand how this case can be connected to Dr Manmohan Singh and even more puzzling is how he can be "...destroyers of Ram/Krishna culture..." as you term it. Misuse of domestic servants is widespread in India and has nothing to do with the nature of the political regime per se in Delhi. I dont see how he can be described as a destroyer of "Ram/Krishna culture" !!! This case deals with violation of US labour laws by an Indian consul who had limited consular immunity but infinite political clout back home in India. Perhaps you should stick to the facts of the case and not expand it into a Congress vs BJP vs AAP debate. So many comments on the sc/st of Khobragade and her father. The sc/st have been for centuries a down-trodden class and even how they are victimised as scanvengers. One day they are going to wake up and revolt and will throw the dung on the face the pompous people who make these remarks. This is the worst kind of govt has had during the last decade, the likes of from: hasmukh patel Posted on: Dec 31, 2013 at 17:18 IST sonia, rahul and the puppet Manmohan Singh - . Whether they realise or not but they are the destroyers of Ram/Krishna culture. Let the BJP/AAP take over. The corruption in every dept, sufferings...enough is enough. Let Devyani be tried and the whole truth come out as to who is right. 1. How long Devyani can enjoy the UN position to get immunity? Is there any time limit? 2. How long the case can be under suspension as per US Law? Or will the case get timed-out after a particular period? 3. During the UN position, will Devyani be allowed to travel in and out of US without any restriction? 4. Both countries have taken positions both legally and diplomatically. Though US is hinting that Devyani can travel to India under the cover of UN immunity and need not return (inference), it would be inappropriate to take that shield. 5. Since the government interference in judiciary matters in US would not be possible, this would be very interesting though point # 4 only seems to be the way out. Guys, please remember it's important for Salman Khurshid than any of us to bring Devyani back to India with all due respects, because, he had vowed to 'media' and India that, if he could not find a decent solution to this matter, he won't step inside the parliament again! We may forget it in the middle of many issues but opposition is going to remember it and will make most of it. What a stupid statement over the emotions of elections defeat! This one was the outcome of overconfidence. And then all political drama like removing barricades etc. What was the need? If she is culprit, she has to pay for it. All India needs to do was providing full support to her diplomat. Congress people are so arrogant for last 5 years, that they have to pay heavy price at the end of their term. Every step they take with confidence is getting backfired! Even USA would have surprised with such dialogues and actions. It's surprising that even NSA snooping didn't bother India this much! She has two choices. 1)Go home to(India) alone leaving the children and husband in the U.S. and never come back. 2)Face the justice system and lose everything including her marriage to the U.S. citizen. Both are bad choices. If she didn't make big fuss about her diplomatic immunity, this case could have been set aside on a reduced misdemeanor charge. Never pick a fight with U.S. prosecutor who has the ultimate power to dismiss the charges. These diplomats from 3rd world countries bring servants from their home countries and treat them EXACTLY the same way they treat them at home. Hope this case becomes an example for them to be a little humane to their employees in the future. Very happy to see stand taken by US Govt. In today's time, corruption and favoritism are not country or community specific issues and strong measures are required to deal with these. Since whole issue is being governed by US Law, let authorities decide next course of action. But objective should be to fix those people who are taking their positions granted. You see what they have done to Sangeeta Richard in India -- they have booked cases against her and everybody knows that now she will be hounded and severely punished for no fault of hers. Everybody knows that the Justice system is not for poor in India. The actions of the Indian Vice-Consul have brought into sharp focus the naked truth in Indian polity-that the misdeeds of the rich and powerful are protected by the Executive,whilst those who are poor and lack the power and privilege deserve no respect and decency that a normal human being deserves!The External Affairs Ministry's espousal of her case and asking for an apology is very amusing!They are aware,as the erstwhile Vice-Consul based in New York should that a deliberate false statement in a Visa application would merit prosecution as per their law and trying to shield the erring diplomat reveals to the whole world that deliberate false statements would be condoned by the ruling party and the bureaucracy in democratic India!The irony of it all is that the poor Indian housemaid could only get attention and justice in foreign soil!The ruling class is highly corrupt and expect to be treated differently from the ordinary citizens.The hypocrisy of the IFS & IAS cadres stands exposed! She committed wrong or not, it is not yet proven, but the way the US authorities denigrated our Diplomat is highly deplorable. As Deputy Consul General of India, in New York, Ms. Devyani Khobragade deserve the respect or say a far better treatment that her post as Senior Diplomat entitles as per law. She was treated like a common criminal. Those who are making a big noise here for India's protests against the treatment, must think for a second, will US keep quit if India treats the same to US diplomats here? India's pride is at stake here. She was framed, Her family members alleged that she was aligned with an ulterior motive by some vested interests. Salman Khurshid should take this matter "rather personally" and fight with might as long as India is fighting for Truth, or resign. All or nothing to lose ! There is a view in US State department that Devyani if she pleads guilty and pray for lighter punishment she can get away with lighter one and not imprisonment. That should have been taken right from beginning instead of these quixotic measures. Even now it is not late. A permanent green card holder can have employment in Indian Government She can have voting rights in India and resign her job and contest the elections whatever may be status of her husband. The only point is that when Abdul Kalam was humiliated the Govt. kept quite for "obvious reasons" AND HENCE THE HUMILIATION since the case is very complicated so nothing can be said about it Indian government and public should behave in a responsible manner and wait until the judiciary gives its verdict If USA could be charged with arrogance and overreach in arresting a diplomat who allegedly violated the laws do USA, we reacted equally clumsily with the excuse of national honour and dignity. We worsened the situation by escalating the matter in Parliament, the Minister swearing that he would never return the House without bringing the diplomat back. Few queered the pitch by stating why the diplomat was arrested by USA was because she was a Dalit! UPA II has now the credit of messing up relationship with every nation in neighbourhood and carry it further around the world. If arrogance and stupidity are the only qualifications for being a Super Power, we are indeed one. Why wait till 2020 when we can be Super Power now ? After all we have arrogance and stupidity in plenty. I think India has much more important things to look at. This case has been going on for quite some time, and for what, just because this diplomat kept a house maid. Does she really need a house maid that she cannot do the day-today activities herself. If she needed a maid then she should have read the minimum salary criteria properly before hiring. I do see that this is a question of dignity of the country, but just blindly defending such acts does not make the countries dignity any higher. I think we should let his go and concentrate of much important things within India. Is it worth putting Indo-US relation at stake for the doing of Devayani, something to think about Where is Mr Salman Khurshid? India has never shown such a resistance before when many such things happened to respectful individuals as well as to the Jawans keeping the border of our country safe. He made many statements pointing out the problem to U S , but keeps silent. Sure, she will be protected from Adharsh scam too. National interest and worship is lost to individuals vested interest When the diplomats of a country are accused in such cases, it certainly is a blot on the dignity of that country. The diplomat in the said case was supposed to be and must have been fully aware of the labour laws in the U.S. In spite of that she lands herself in this mess is nobody's fault, at least not Indian Government's. Then why are all diplomatic channels in India so rigorously directed for dropping the charges against the diplomat which the U.S administration has made very clear are very much under the ambit of their law. Providing an escape passage to the diplomat in this case will be no pragmatic solution as any other such case might surface out somewhere else.The problem of taking servants on improper documents and violation of the minimum wage for them runs deep in the current setting. The Govt. should think something in that direction. However, the way the diplomat was treated is definitely objectionable and the reciprocal actions taken by India are justified in that. If found guilty, she must be punished. And even though it is Indian legal system that should handle her case, I have the least faith in Indian judiciary system. I know of judges who openly claim to charge money for leaving culprits of as grave crimes as that of murder! The Indian Judicial system is broken, and if she comes here then she will escape. She should be tried in the US and punished, because this will set an example for the others. However I also think, that now the diplomats will have motive to seek and ensure that they have complete UN immunity before they go to a country. In my view, the diplomatic immunity and rules around it should be carefully evaluated and made more robust!! According to the Wall Street journal, even a District Judge in New York has described Preet Baharaâs actions in ongoing cases in the US as possessing a âtabloid tone.â The judge questioned whether the attorney was casting too much judgment on public officials who stood accused of corruption, but had not been convicted. He was commenting on Baharaâs thundering statements on two New York businessmen and Judge Sullivan remarked that the attorney sounded like a âtheme from âMighty Mouseâ. The IFS officer is no angel herself, but still has to be convicted and an arrest merely on suspicion cannot be maintained by US law. Cops hesitate in arresting even murderers, till the case against the accused,is watertight. Law should always be with the truth.If Ms. Khobragade is really found guilty for the charges applied by the US government,the necessary actions should be certainly undertaken;and it isn't an instant of injustice at all!! India should remain alert to execute US embassy people for any small mistakes . Punish them hard and keep track of their salary and income sources . Take away all the privileges and arrest gay members of embassy according to Indian laws. What a sheer waste of time and valuable space in news paper. This case does not deserve the attention as india paying. Indian home ministry and media don't have any answers for the denied visa to Elected representative "Jagmeet Singh" of Canada recently,but have time to defend the corrupt and human rights violater Devyani.The western nations knows how to protect their citizen's righs and we should learn from this. Brazen and condemnable move by US! If she is accused then she deserve a trial in India not in US.Looks like all the global pacts are meant only for countries and territories outside united states Before attacking the USA, we should have answers. Prosecute her US, for in India she is a victim, but the underpaid servant is an absconder and she'll never get justice in India. Don't you know how the elite in India react? i would have been better if India would have caugth at first stage then this scenario wount have arisen. India lag due to several administration failure this is one among them. India should assure US that she will be bought back to india and should be punished. it will save india's Image in front of world. once a fraud is commited for that she should be punished. if india takes this step it will send a message to whole Federation for future course of action as well A PIL in Indian court is the need of the time for this issue, there are many unanswered questions to the government of India (GOI). Is it true that officer falsified the documents and broke the laws in US and India? Is it true that maid's family was harassed in India and on what basis judge issued non-bailable warrant? Is it true that officer is married to US citizen and what was the government approval process followed for the marriage? Is it true that officer is a green card holder, if so what process government of India followed to allow a green card holder to work for MEA? What is the status of citizenship of officer's daughters, Are MEA officials allowed to take US citizenship for their new born babies in US? On what basis GOI has promoted the officer to UN are there any rules followed in India for the promotion? What action GOI took when they first came to know about allegations from US on officer's visa fraud, are there any preventive measure taken to avoid this issue? Blatant double standards of USA is evident from this response.So the USA can evoke diplomatic immunity and avoid facing local law even when their diplomats are accused of murder like in the Raymond Allen Davis shooting case in Pakistan where he was accused of murdering two Pakistanis and Joshua Walde case in Kenya when he was involved in an over speeding car crash case when one person got killed and many got injured.In both the cases,americans evoked diplomatic immunity even when it was not confirmed of their status.It is this ``holier than thou'' double standards practiced by americans that which makes them untrustworthy. The countries world over should treat the american diplomats in the same manner as they treat others. Well done U.S.!!! If she is really guilty then she must definitely be prosecuted and punished. Indian government and officials must realise that they cannot protect a guilty person though being a diplomat or a consular.... Human right is well practiced in west more than in India. Being a diplomat why she is doing wrong thing. American government doing its job based on the complaint made by a Maid who has worked for the diplomat. Why to bring two countries in tussle. On the name of diplomat doing wrong things will not become right. It is suppose to be a very simple thing between two females but not between two countries. Let us wait and watch American government decision . No need to become panicky. Let us all abide by the law. She says through her attorney that she could not "understand" English in the application form clearly. Give me a break. An IFS officer has difficulty in reading English of High School level! It seems she bribed her way to earn IFS stature. Forms in the US are formatted in simplest of English. Before release forms are tested on High School students. Deviyani is spoiling good name of India. It is good to see that righteousness prevails. The fact that US upholds the rule of law makes the Indian immigrants develop fealty towards it. Things will never change in our kleptocratic motherland India. Great Indians! Bend your rules to their embassy staff in India. Get manipulated by them against Pakisthan and China. Good lesson for you. Keep stuck to the great 'Friendship'! We should be ashamed! We should be ashamed that we were not able to extradite the then-Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson. We should be ashamed that our friendly neighbour Srilanka attacks and arrests our fishermen everyday. I am an American professor living in New York, with my wife and two children, aged 7 and 4. We cannot afford full-time help at home. For general maintenance, we hire a woman from a cleaning service once a week for $90. We also pay for a baby sitter five days a week and pay U.S. wages. Even though we entertain a lot of people once a week, my wife and I do all the work ourselves, just as most Americans do. I am at a loss to understand why this diplomat needs fulltime domestic help. She's not high enough in the pecking order to be entertaining seven days a week, which might require additional help. If dirty linen is now going to be put out to be washed, there will be many holes for all to see. Both India and the US are arguably notorious courtroom dramatists. Symbolically, Hollywood vs Bollywood or more importantly, New World ( Anglo-American Empire ) vs Third World ( anachronistic, not incredible, India ). So even if the US will present its Alpha side, India will need to re-invent itself to cause an evolutionary change of its being in a ladder that has no top, no bottom. : Yes Ms. Khobragade can return to India before the expiry of her UN diplomatic immunity, but in that case she can never return to the US and not have any hope of uniting with her US born husband and children unless they decide to relocate to India too. This is the crux of Ms. Khobragade's problem and this is why she was not called back to India earlier which could have avoided all these headache and ugliness and straining of relations between the two strategic partners. Nice move by US govt. At least US is a place where Indian Corrupt Babus can be prosecuted.Before committing fraud she should understand US is not India where you can do corruption and roam freely. But unfortunate thing is that Indian Govt. spending $2.5lac from tax payer money to release her. As this is her personal issue.She commited this fraud for her personal benefits not for nations benefits or pride. An intentional visa fraud and exploitation with a view to obtain personal monetary gain - India not involved. If she cannot afford a domestic help then why employ? Even worse if she could actually afford to pay as declared but still decided to under pay. This needs to be lawfully corrected. She has exhibited misjudgment on the consequences of a visa fraud. Unfortunately, she has brought embarrassment to India. Even Indian law doesn't allow falsification. Being a diplomat, she should display sensitivity and responsibility in her role. The tone of India needs to be polite in any requests to the US. it appears that the move to shift the diplomat to the UN was not based on merit in normal course but it looks like a move to evade court action. The UN position is definitely not meant to provide shield to people from court action. Having said all this, the barbaric manner of the arrest and the subsequent humiliation is unacceptable. An apology from US is due for this oversight. I completely agree with the US governments' case against the Indian diplomat. Let them punish and get a good name from their own people, but before that, (1) Do they have an answer to their own countryman Edward Snowden's confessions and the truths revealed by him? (2) Will the USA government apologize to those nations on which the NSA is doing an electronic espionage and stop being arrogant? USA, Please look at your own mistakes and stop your arrogance and domination. No doubt that she is involved in many scams and swindles; also, for her position, what she did to her maid, is highly condemnable, and she should be put on trial and prosecuted. But in Indian court; USA has no jurisdiction to do so. Now, one thing is simple: by her decision to go ahead and prosecute Ms. Khobragade, USA is inferring that I am the Boss, and I'll have my way. Also, why would you doubt it? USA always have had its way-- be it not extraditing Headley, the key accused of 26/11, or frisking Indian VIPs. Let me conclude,"Civil Services" should be renamed as "Self Services". Devyani Khobragade is a SC/ST. So one dare not open his/her mouth against her ! It is a crime. She is an angel, and can do no wrong. Her father is an IAS Officer. (Both father and daughter became Bureaucrats thanks to Reservation for SCs or STs., otherwise both would have been Clerks in the Mumbai Municipal Corporation!). Anyways., Devyani Khobragade, the SC/ST Angel., has 28 Properties in her name. Woaw ! Devyani is so honest. It shows. And so is her father. It shows even glaringly. After all the U.S.Government upholds, enforcing the countries' law with out submitting to any pressure from India. There need not be any cry and calling the episode foul. The Indian Govt. should wake up now and direct all their diplomats working in other countries to respect the laws of that country where they work. A carefulful reading of the text of the complaint would reveal that the charge against Devyani is not of under-payment of wages (actual payment made is not mentioned at all), but on two counts : (1)Alleged visa fraud (2) Submission of false information. Count one is difficult to prove as the figure of $4500 mentioned in Visa Application is for salary of the employer and not of employee. Count two is for having entered into two contracts. It is presumed in the complaint that the two contracts are mutually contradictory, which may not be necessarily true. Minimum wages are for rate per hour. Average period of 40 hours per week is just an assumed figure. Hence minimum wage of $1500 per month, worked out accordingly, is also an assumed figure, whereas payment of Rs.30000/- could be construed as base wage ,irrespective of actual work done every week. This contract could be considered as supplemental to the first contract enclosed to visa application by the housmaid. It seems to be an unfair situation if we look at US scenario towards IRAN in 1979 & towards INDIA in 2013. And why do people believe that US is like a Mecca? That every indian must visit. Once she gets out, she need not come back again. Indian government can safeguard her safe return. There is nothing like the Home Country India. Indians may live abroad, but at the end of the day a mjaority of them want to return to their motherland. US themselves breaks/ adjusts rules as it fits their interest. just to show the world, they are not weak, they are trying to make an example of devyani. What about a million or more lowly paid south american immigrants? Salman Khurshid promised the parliament that he wouldn't rest till he brought back Khobragade back home with dignity. The steam is running out and false promises are being exposed. I hope the media asks him a few questions. Most diplomats memorise general knowledge books to get into IFS. Very few have good values. They are some of the most status conscious lot. To Bala Raman: Her contract with Sangeetha clearly says expenses for transport, food, accommodation, medical and similar will not be counted as wages. Sangeetha has traveled all the way to US away from her family not to earn Indian Scale of wages. I am really surprised at the way the country is reacting to this episode, here is a government official, who has falsified papers in the Adarsh scam, bent the rules of the IFS in getting herself the choice of foreign language and reeks of the high handedness of corrupt officialdom. The entire foreign service, comes out as if the most important issue is how to retain their servants at all costs.I hope that the US government makes this an exemplary case and teaches our officialdom, that their tantrums and high handedness can work only in India. The happenings in Devyani's case are ,to say the least, mystifying. Government of India posted her and the responsibility of her career content, namely Diplomatic and Daily Life actions rests fully on GOI. Its lack of administration skill and acumen in Managementare in the open. In case of any portrayed or actual failures, GOI should take the responsibility, whether liked by the present set of 'not very competent and insincere ministers and Admin Cadres. It looks to be a fact the Devyani's so called mistakes are really NOT cognizable ones. Who dos not take domestic help and who treats them most ideally? The cause and purpose of Deyani's arrest seem to be due to personal hatred of some person not connected with the happenings. Govt of India draws its legs on the case inconsistently due to its opaque mal-intentions and also due to its pinnacle of inefficiency. With regard to USA, the well defined and harshness of actions reveal not bona fide intentions the real motive is not clear. It's over. The US did not interfere with her UN posting thereby allowing immunity granted to her for the duration of her UN tenure. She may freely leave the country as long as she's attached to the UN. The US will not prosecute her as long she does not return. End of story. No apology. Next time better reporting would have eased the tension. The US State Dept had been trying to work with her & India bureaucracy since Sept. to resolve this issue...it went ignored...but not forgotten. I appreciate it. If we do not respect rules, that does not mean the entire world should not. If we take pride in violating law, that does not mean that a developed nation should oblige to our demands. It should be a good lesson to every indian who violates the rules of this great nation. Of course, we wont change...what is there in culture and generations takes a while to wipe off... First off the Ms Khobragade under pays Sangeeta Richard. And then the Indian government supports Khobragade. Supporting her as far as strip search and cavity search were concerned seems justified. As a diplomat, she should not have been meted out with such behavior. But pressing the US to drop charges against her shows the indignity of the Indian government especially the UPA pawns. i thought that IFS persons are not allowed to marry a citizen of another country without permission from GOI. I remember the case of Mr. K.R.Narayanan who married a Burmese only after the intervention of Mr. Nehru personally and then giving him permission. i hope this rule still continues. The US seems to be following the visa (fraud!!!(issue rather than the minimum wages and it is in that case the wrong documentation by US should be proved and damages claimed rather than an apology which shows that India is soft pedaling this issue. It seems Americans handling this case have lost sense of proportion. It only remains for India to proceed with the arrest and prosecution of all US diplomatic and consular personnel at the US embassy in New Delhi and consulates in other cities who are known to be homosexuals or lesbians. Meanwhile, there is reason enough to withdraw all Indian diplomatic and consular personnel from USA. Perhaps we can do without a relationship with USA. If the prime minister and the minister of external affairs cannot summon courage to proceed to these steps, they should resign and make room for a better leadership that can protect national honour in an adequate manner. I cant believe why Indians are supporting this corrupt lady and the corrupt family. If she has done a fraud why should India protect her ? Its a shameful thing for India, if we try to protect her and give her immunity. First of all She has got that post by fraud during IFS selection. YES!!! Well done to the United States of America for upholding the equality of law. Indian politicians and Bureaucrats are arrogant in their assumption that they are immune to law that applies to the common man. If this case happened in India,it would be very quickly swept under the carpet. The issue is technical in nature and arises due to bad documentation. It may be possible to demolish the charges with actual calculations of moneys spent by the Diplomat-and the Government of India on behalf of the Diplomat- for transport, food,accommodation, medical and similar. The nanny worked only for a limited number of months. These expenses could account for the differential. In the US, a minimum wage-earner gets nothing other than the minimum wage and certainly not the accommodation of the type accorded to the nanny. The attorneys for the Diplomat need to show these calculations and get the charges dropped. If this is not done, even though the court will not have jurisdiction for the case now, it will be an injustice and a sword of damocles hanging over Devyani for no fault of hers. She did just what her predecessors and peers were doing. Even if she does not want to come to the US, it may be possible that her children may come and she may need to visit them in the future. Central governments early enthusiasm to fight US was just to impress all Indian that it cares about the Indian national abroad. US is showing India, who's the boss. What about the news that this lady is involved in Adarsh scam? Why does not India pursue that? Reports say she and her father falsified papers to get the flats.I wonder on what moral grounds is India defending this person.Shame. I can only assume that the profound silence from our external affairs ministry emanates from their current efforts to take the proverbial foot out of their mouths. By reacting in public and throwing tantrums without thinking through the issues, they have let the country down. Finally, it appears, The Hindu got hold of the consul's latest picture. Indian government complicated consul's life in US after her tenure-she is married to a US citizen. (1)US is right to uphold the law â international and domestic. India must learn and apply Indiaâs laws â international and domestic, and PROSECUTE all US embassy staff who break the law, if any, with US- style rigour. (2) The IFS officer, who is alleged to have committed the fraud wittingly or unwittingly, should be brought back to India, asap. If she has no other violations of Indian laws (eg Adarsh scam, others??), she should be permitted to represent India and allowed to enhance Indiaâs reputation abroad â whether based in India or abroad. (3) MEA MUST rectify its systemic and procedural deficiencies, paying close attention to compliance of international obligations, domestic and host countryâs LAWS, and RECIPROCITY. (4) Ensuring that all IFS officers are above reproach and meet the highest international standards of PROBITY is of paramount importance. In countries where rule of law is sacrosanct ,an accused is an accused till proclaimed innocent by court of law.No political/money power can save a culprit. I am an NRI who has lived in the US for 43 years. From my experience Americans need to be taught a lesson. As it is they are self- righteous, and completely brain-washed. Beautiful... America is no banana republic...! Is the prosecution carried out by US federal government or the NY state attorney's office. If the latter, then reputed news papers like The Hindu ought to differentiate it correctly. This will help the readers understand a bit more about how the system works. This is the logical end to this 'Comedy of Errors' by India. When Devyani Khobragade was arrested and strip searched the first reaction was perfectly legitimate. But once she was out on bail, the decision should have been to fight it in the court. Scurrying to make her an UN permanent mission employee was foolish. Any one with a little common sense will know that it will give only a temporary respite and not permanent. Then the sudden discovery that she is already part of UN mission as she had been appointed temporarily from August to December end, something which none knew till the whole episode was one week old. Since these were not making much headway to avoid the ignominy of arrest, it was decided to go offensive. The extra privileges given to US mission in India were withdrawn. The concession of imported liquors were withdrawn. All were asked to submit IT return if they were employed in India. In US no one try to evade tax as here. These things act as pinpricks and not deterrent. Is it impossible for "The Hindu" to post a story related to this case without the picture of "Devyani Khobragade" ? US government talks of the rule of law, fine. There is a judicial process pending against the maid in India, the Delhi court has issued an arrest warrant against the maid. Instead of arresting her and sending her to India, the US has arrested Devyani. Besides, the US has "evacuated" her family stealthily from Delhi to US, without India's consent or even knowledge. US ambassador in India has to bear the responsibility for this insult. India should demand that the maid and her family should be deported to India immediately, and if US does not comply, India should downgrade its diplomatic relations with USA, withdraw Indian ambassador to US, and also designate the US ambassador to India as persona non grata. I second the decision taken by US Government. Hiring poor people and keeping them underpaid is a form of slavery. If there is anything that India should do to protect its poor and build the culture of equal human beings is to prosecute this woman in India also. Set an example and send the message to all the sarkari babus and others: pay correctly to people you employ, treat them as equals not servants. Domestic help is an employee not a servant. It's good to see that justice will take its course, regardless of status and high position, as it should be. She knows whether she signed two conflicting contracts or not, so she knows whether she is guilty of visa fraud or not. If not guilty, then she should face the charges and clear herself. If guilty, it seems the best outcome for her would be to get the full diplomatic immunity and then leave USA forever. Yes, it is inconvenient for her and her family, but actions have consequences. This episode may also have serious repercussions for other Indian consular officials, as recent history has shown a pattern of such fraud, not only by GOI officials, but also by Indian corporations. She calls herself a diplomat, brought disgrace to the country. Public service in India has very bad attitude. They have very little regard for the rule of law. We have one at the top office as example. There are thousand of Indian students studying in USA could have appreciated if she had employed them when ever she needs help instead of carting some illegal immigrant to another country. So the US is looking for a fight and it has now become a battle of egos. Salman Kurshid who actually defended US NSA spy program is now eating his own words. The person who raised this storm US attorney Preet Bharara has tried to become an International hero by showing off as a upholder of laws at the cost of good relations between countries. If US wants to still project itself as a global police then India will try its own hand I am following this case for a while now and this reminds me of the "Raymond Davis" Saga that happened in Pakistan where USA refused to tender an apology for killing 2 pakistanis who were walking on the roadside. At that time, almost all the Indians stood by USA in all the social media and newspaper commentary sections just because of the enemity towards pakistan. Now we are pretty much in the same situation and looks like our neighbours are of the same mood. This is the difference between South Asia and "Latin America". Americans wouldn't dare to support Britain in Falklands issue or do something similar to any latin amercian diplomat because latin american countries have strong ties between each other and they stand together. India should give equal attention for the Indian fisher folks languishing in Sri Lankan jails. Even on last Sunday there were 22 Indian fishermen arrrested allegedly crossing the maritime boundary. Why New Delhi is reluctant to take up the issue with Colombo (but forthright with Washington on the diplomat's case) or place Indian Navy in mid-seas to protect these fishermen. I have condemned the fact that Ms. Khobragade lied in maid's visa application which led to her arrest and apparent humiliation, and that she bears the primarily responsibility for her misfortune. It is also strange that high ranking IFS officer would have US permanent residency green card and GoI would allow such a status for its 'diplomat' that may result in the breach in security of Indian state secrets. Having said this, what the US authorities are proposing now that even if she gets immunity now she can still be prosecuted would mean that she won't be able to live in the US and resulting in the separation from her children and husband who are all US citizens. I hope the US govt would take humanitarian and US-India friendly ties into consideration, and reach an understanding and perhaps compensation for the maid for her lost wages while reaching an out-of- the-court settlement. In the meantime, India will do well to withdraw recent retaliatory measures against the US consular staff. Please Email the Editor	http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/us-to-proceed-with-proseuction-of-khobragade/article5520050.ece?ref=sliderNews	CC-MAIN-2014-42	refinedweb	8,081	63.39
Generic templated handle class. More... #include <Teuchos_Handle.hpp> Generic templated handle class. In writing derived types, it is usually simplest to use the TEUCHOS_HANDLE_CTORS macro to generate boilerplate constructor code. There are two modes of construction: construction from an existing RCP, and construction from a raw pointer, Handle<Base> h = new Derived(blahblah); The second form makes the code slightly cleaner. Note that to use this second form, it is necessary that Derived implement the Handleable interface; this is necessary to avoid any implicit conversions from raw pointers to smart pointers. Note that the first form must be used whenever the object being handled has been allocated on the stack. Definition at line 120 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp. Definition at line 124 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp. Construct with an existing RCP. Definition at line 127 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp. Construct with a raw pointer to a Handleable. This will make a call to rcp() internally, thus removing that call from the user interface. Definition at line 138 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp. Read/write access to the underlying smart pointer. Definition at line 146 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp. Access to non-const raw pointer. Definition at line 148 of file Teuchos_Handle.hpp.	http://trilinos.sandia.gov/packages/docs/r10.4/packages/teuchos/doc/html/classTeuchos_1_1Handle.html	CC-MAIN-2014-10	refinedweb	201	51.65
Amazon Polly Dynatrace ingests metrics for multiple preselected namespaces, including Amazon Polly. You can view graphs per service instance, with a set of dimensions, and create custom graphs that you can pin to your dashboards. How Dynatrace displays your service metrics Dashboard Note: In Dynatrace, the custom device group is the whole Amazon Polly service. The metrics are under Further details, split out by Operation. Enable monitoring To enable monitoring for Amazon Polly,_2<<. Other metrics are optional and you can configure them later. RequestCharacters The number of characters in the request. ResponseLatency The latency between the time when the request was made and the start of the streaming response. 2XXCount HTTP 200 level code returned upon a successful response. 4XXCount HTTP 400 level error code returned upon an error. 5XXCount HTTP 500 level error code returned upon an error.	https://www.dynatrace.com/support/help/technology-support/cloud-platforms/amazon-web-services/supporting-services/monitor-amazon-polly/	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	140	50.23
Caching Introduction ASP.NET Boilerplate provides an abstraction for caching. It internally uses this cache abstraction. While default implementation uses MemoryCache, it can be implemented and changable for any other caching provider. Abp.RedisCache package implements cache in Redis for instance (see "Redis Cache Integration" section below). ICacheManager sample, we're injecting ICacheManager and getting a cache named MyCache. Cache names are case sensitive, than means "MyCache" and "MYCACHE" are different caches. WARNING: GetCache Method Do not use GetCache method in your constructor. This may dispose the Cache if your class is not singleton. ICache ICacheManager.GetCache method returns an ICache. A cache is singleton (per cache name). It is created first time it's requested, then returns always the same cache object. So, we can share same cache with same name in different classes (clients). In the sample code, we see simple usage of ICache.Get method. It has two arguments: - key: A string unique key of an item in the cache. - factory: An action which is called if there is no item with the given key. Factory method should create and return the actual item. This is not called if given key has present in the cache. ICache interface also has methods like GetOrDefault, Set, Remove and Clear. There are also async versions of all methods. ITypedCache ICache interface works string as key and object as value. ITypedCache is a wrapper to ICache to provide type safe, generic cache. We can use generic GetCache extension method to get an ITypedCache: ITypedCache<int, Item> myCache = _cacheManager.GetCache<int, Item>("MyCache"); Also, we can use AsTyped extension method to convert an existing ICache instance to ITypedCache. Configuration Default cache expire PreInitialize method of your module. With such a code, MyCache will have 8 hours expire time while all other caches will have 2 hours. Your configuration action is called once cache is first created (on first request). Configuration is not restricted to DefaultSlidingExpireTime only, since cache object is an ICache, you can use it's properties and methods freely configure and initialize it. Entity Caching While ASP.NET Boilerplate's cache system is general purpose, there is an EntityCache base class that can help you if you want to cache entities. We can use this base class if we get entities by their Ids and we want to cache them by Id to not query from database frequently. Assume that we have a Person entity like that: public class Person : Entity { public string Name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } } And assume that we frequently want to get Name of people while we know their Id. First, we should create a class to store cache items: [AutoMapFrom(typeof(Person))] public class PersonCacheItem { public string Name { get; set; } } We should not directly store entities in the cache since caching may need to serialize cached objects and entities may not be serialized (especially if they have navigation properties). That's why we defined a simple (DTO like) class to store data in the cache. We added AutoMapFrom attribute since we want to use AutoMapper to convert Person entities to PersonCacheItem objects automatically. If we don't use AutoMapper, we should override MapToCacheItem method all. Our person cache is ready to use. Cache class can be transient (as in this example) or singleton. This does not mean the cached data is transient. It's always cached globally and accessed thread-safe in your application. Now, whenever we need Name of a person, we can get it from cache by the person's Id. got the Name property. How EntityCache Works - It gets entity from repository (from database) in first call. Then gets from cache in subsequent calls. - It automatically invalidates cached entity if this entity is updated or deleted. Thus, it will be retrieved from database in the next call. - It uses IObjectMapper to map entity to cache item. IObjectMapper is implemented by AutoMapper module. So, you need to AutoMapper module if you are using it. You can override MapToCacheItem method to manually map entity to cache item. - It uses cache class's FullName as cache name. You can change it by passing a cache name to the base constructor. - It's thread-safe. If you need more complex caching requirements, you can extend EntityCache or create your own solution. Redis Cache Integration Default cache manager uses in-memory caches. So, it can be a problem if you have more than one concurrent web server running the same application. In that case, you may want to a distributed/central cache server. You can use Redis as your cache server easily. First, you need to install Abp.RedisCache nuget package to your application (you can install it to your Web project, for example). Then you need to add a DependsOn attribute for AbpRedisCacheModule and call UseRedis extension method } } Abp.RedisCache package uses "localhost" as connection string as default. You can add connection string to your config file to override it. Example: <add name="Abp.Redis.Cache" connectionString="localhost"/> Also, you can add setting to appSettings to set database id of Redis. Example: <add key="Abp.Redis.Cache.DatabaseId" value="2"/> Different database ids are useful to create different key spaces (isolated caches) in same server. UseRedis method has also an overload that takes an action to directly set option values (overrides values in the config file). See Redis documentation for more information on Redis and it's configuration. Note: Redis server should be installed and running to use Redis cache in ABP.	http://aspnetboilerplate.com/Pages/Documents/Caching	CC-MAIN-2017-09	refinedweb	919	58.48
30 October 2012 06:11 [Source: ICIS news] TOKYO (ICIS)--?xml:namespace> This is a 4.9% decline from the corresponding period a year earlier, according to the METI. The country’s output of plastics was down by 3.5% month on month and fell by 2.3% in September, the data showed. Production of synthetic rubber in September increased by 1.1% from August, and rose by 1.4% from September 2011, based on the statistics. Japan’s overall industrial production was down by 4.1% month on month, the third consecutive month of decrease, and fell by 8.1% year on year, according to the ministry. “Industrial production is on a downward trend,” METI said in a statement. Transport equipment, general machinery, and iron and steel were the industries that contributed to the decrease, the ministry said. Japanese manufacturers expect the country’s industrial production to decline by 1.5% in October, but increase by 1.6% in November, according to METI’s	http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/10/30/9608559/japans-chemical-production-decreases-3.1-in-september.html	CC-MAIN-2014-42	refinedweb	165	62.54
iCelPlLayer Struct ReferenceThis is the Physical Layer itself. More... #include <physicallayer/pl.h> Detailed DescriptionThis is the Physical Layer itself. Definition at line 108 of file pl.h. Member Function Documentation This registers a callback that is called each time when an entity is removed. This registers a callback that is called each time when an entity is added. Add an ID scope to the physical layer. Entities are created by propclasses only in the default scope so you can completely manage the ID allocation of your own scopes. Attach an entity to some object (usually an object from the engine). This function will check if the entity was already attached and do nothing in that case. Cache an SCF object. This effectively means that the PL will keep a references to this object. This function will not add the object if it is already cached so it is safe to call multiple times. Register this listener as one that is interested in getting an event every frame. This will call TickEveryFrame(). Special note. The physical layer will keep a weak reference to the listener only. So you must keep track of your own reference. This also means that having this callback will not prevent removal of the class that implements the timer listener. - Parameters: - Register this listener as one that is interested in getting an event in 'delta' milliseconds. This will call Tick(). Special note. The physical layer will keep a weak reference to the listener only. So you must keep track of your own reference. This also means that having this callback will not prevent removal of the class that implements the timer listener. - Parameters: - Clean up the cache. This will decrease the ref count of all objects in the cache. Possibly this will remove them unless some other object still has a reference. Create a data buffer. Usually property class implementations will call this to create a data buffer for their own persistent data. The use of this is not required. A property class can just as well make its own implementation of iCelDataBuffer. Create an empty entity list for personal use. Create an entity from a template. - Parameters: - Create an entity from a template. - Parameters: - Create a new physical layer entity. The physical layer will keep a reference to this entity. You need to call RemoveEntity() to remove the entity. This version accepts a name for the entity and will also create a behaviour from the given behaviour layer. This function will use the reporter to report an error if the entity could not be created for some reason (or the behaviour failed). In that case this function returns 0. This function will also create a number of property classes for this entity. You have to end the list of property class names with CEL_PROPCLASS_END. The variable parameters should be property class strings. - Parameters: - Create a new physical layer entity, with an id provided. You should ensure that the id provided isn't already used and that you use the hash implementation of the numreg. Create a new physical layer entity. The physical layer will keep a reference to this entity. You need to call RemoveEntity() to remove the entity. Create a new physical layer entity, with the ID being allocated in the given scope. Create an entity template. - Parameters: - Create an entity tracker that you can use to keep track of specific sets of entities. Call RemoveEntityTracker() to remove it. Convenience function to create a property class from a registered class factory. Note that the reference count of the returned class is not turned up. Convenience function to create a property class with a tag from a registered class factory. Note that the reference count of the returned class is not turned up. Find the string that corresponds with some ID. Returns 0 if there is no such string. Retreive the unique ID associated with this string or create a new ID if needed. There are various places in CEL where this is used. The convention on string names is usually 'cel.xxx.yyy'. With 'xxx' equal to the type of string (i.e. 'property'), and 'yyy' the name of the given type (i.e. the property name). An example: 'cel.property.startsector'. Find a behaviour layer by name. Find an entity with a given name. This function will scan all entities (at maximum) the first time it is called for a given entity. Later on it will use a hash for faster finding. Find an entity template with a given name. Find a tracker by name. Find all entities that are intersected by a beam. This uses the attached entities from above. - Parameters: - Find all entities that are in a given box. This uses the attached entities from above. - Parameters: - Find all entities that are within a certain radius of a given position. This uses the attached entities from above. - Parameters: - Find a property class factory by name. This is a convenience function to get the behaviour that belongs to the entity for a given ID. Get the specificied behaviour layer. Get the number of registered behaviour layers. Returns the entity with ID id. Get the specific entity by index (not by ID). Get the total number of entities. Get a specific entity template. Get the number of entity templates. Given a position on screen find the nearest entity to the camera. Returns 0 if no entity found. This function depends on the attached entities. Get the specificied property class factory. Get the number of registered property class factories. Query if entity addons are allowed. Load a property class plugin by class id if it doesn't already exist. Returns false on failure. This must be called before you can use property classes from this factory. Query a pointer to the message sender representation of this physical layer. Register a behaviour layer. Register a property class factory with this physical layer. It is not needed for apps to call this function as the property class factory itself will do it when it is loaded. To load a property class factory plugin you can use LoadPropertyClassFactory(). Remove all 'every-frame' callbacks to a specific listener. Remove all 'once' callbacks to a specific listener. Remove all entities. Remove an entity from the physical layer. If there is a behaviour associated with the entity then it will first get a 'destruct' message. Removes a registered RemoveCallback. Remove an entity template. Remove all entity templates. Remove a tracker. Removes a registered NewCallback. Enable or disable the operations of the cel entity addon. This addon will enable users to add entities from a CS world file. This addon will not do that if this flag is disabled (enabled by default). This is mostly used by the persistence layer to prevent the addons from working then since the entities will be loaded otherwise in that situation. Unattach an entity from some object. Uncache an SCF object. Unregister a behaviour layer. Unregister a property class factory. The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file: Generated for CEL: Crystal Entity Layer 1.4.0 by doxygen 1.5.8	http://crystalspace3d.org/cel/docs/online/api-1.4/structiCelPlLayer.html	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	1,190	61.43
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include "inthash.h" Go to the source code of this file. Definition at line 30 of file inthash.c. Referenced by inthash_insert. hash table node data structure [static] Definition at line 256 of file inthash.c. References alos_int, inthash_t::bucket, inthash_t::entries, inthash_node_t::next, and inthash_t::size. Referenced by alos_int, and inthash_stats. Definition at line 45 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::downshift, and inthash_t::mask. Referenced by inthash_delete, inthash_insert, inthash_lookup, and rebuild_table_int. delete an string from the hash table, given its string name Definition at line 182 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::bucket, inthash_node_t::data, inthash, inthash_node_t::key, and inthash_node_t::next. destroy the hash table completely, deallocate memory Definition at line 231 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::bucket, inthash_node_t::next, and inthash_t::size. return the number of entries in the hash table Definition at line 222 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::entries. initialize hash table for first use Definition at line 62 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::bucket, inthash_t::downshift, inthash_t::entries, inthash_t::mask, and inthash_t::size. insert a string into the hash table, along with an integer key Definition at line 150 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::bucket, inthash_node_t::data, inthash_t::entries, HASH_LIMIT, inthash, inthash_lookup, inthash_node_t::key, inthash_node_t::next, rebuild_table_int, and inthash_t::size. lookup a string key in the hash table returning its integer key Definition at line 126 of file inthash.c. print hash table vital stats Definition at line 277 of file inthash.c. References alos_int, inthash_t::entries, and inthash_t::size. Definition at line 92 of file inthash.c. References inthash_t::bucket, inthash_t::entries, inthash, inthash_init, inthash_node_t::key, inthash_node_t::next, and inthash_t::size.	http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/vmd/plugins/doxygen/inthash_8c.html	CC-MAIN-2020-05	refinedweb	281	53.88
How to configure persistent memory (PMEM) for SQL Server on Linux SQL Server (Linux only) Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Data Warehouse Parallel Data Warehouse This article describes how to configure the persistent memory (PMEM) for SQL Server on Linux. PMEM support on Linux was introduced in SQL Server 2019 preview. Overview SQL Server 2016 introduced support for Non-Volatile DIMMs, and an optimization called Tail of the Log Caching on NVDIMM. These optimizations reduced the number of operations needed to harden a log buffer to persistent storage. This leverages Windows Server direct access to a persistent memory device in DAX mode. SQL Server 2019 preview extends the support for persistent memory (PMEM) devices to Linux, providing full enlightenment of data and transaction log files placed on PMEM. Enlightenment refers to the method of access to the storage device using efficient user-space memcpy() operations. Rather than going through the file system and storage stack, SQL Server leverages DAX support on Linux to directly place data into devices, which reduces latency. Enable enlightenment of database files To enable enlightenment of database files in SQL Server on Linux, follow the following steps: - Configure the devices. In Linux, use the ndctl utility. ndctl create-namespace -f -e namespace0.0 --mode=fsdax* --map=mem Note If you are using ndctl version lower than 59, use --mode=memory. Use ndctl to verify the namespace. Sample output follows: ndctl list [ { "dev":"namespace0.0", "mode":"memory", "size":1099511627776, Once the device has been configured with ndctl, formatted and mounted, you can place database files in it. You can also create a new database Since PMEM devices are O_DIRECT safe, enable trace flag 3979 to disable the forced flush mechanism. This trace flag is a startup trace flag, and as such needs to be enabled using the mssql-conf utility. Please note that this is a server-wide configuration change, and you should not use this trace flag if you have any O_DIRECT non-compliant devices that need the forced flush mechanism to ensure data integrity. For more information see Restart SQL Server. Next steps For more information about SQL Server on Linux, see SQL Server on Linux. Feedback Send feedback about:	https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/linux/sql-server-linux-configure-pmem?view=sqlallproducts-allversions	CC-MAIN-2019-22	refinedweb	365	54.52
Setting a unique ID to each particle [SOLVED] On 16/05/2015 at 01:05, xxxxxxxx wrote: When particles die in my scene, the IDs get shifted and everything goes bananas. I've tried using the "Python (set unique id to uid_maxon)" node in the system presets but can't seem to figure it out. And I did create a uid, uid_maxon channel and a dummy out port but no dice. Thanks in advance for any help. On 16/05/2015 at 21:04, xxxxxxxx wrote: Alright. So I've edited the default code to work when there's an "Index" out port, but it gives an error each frame because 'Index' is expected to be an integer, not None. I'm just ignoring it for now and moving on. Here's the code: Edit: It still gets weird when particles stop emitting on 'count' emmisions but 'rate' seems to work fine. To use multiple pgroups, you'll need to make a new channel, and it will get messed up when you try to get some data from a particle because the actual index remains unchanged. Working on it now :/ ______________________ import c4d #Welcome to the world of Python #This script gives each particle an unique ID #so we can always identify the particle #and give it always the same shape #the UID counter count = 0 data_channel_id = None def GetUIDChannelID(tp) : """ Returns the index of a data channel called 'Index(Integer)' or None. :return: The index or None if failed """ global data_channel_id if data_channel_id!=None: return data_channel_id #lets browse the data channels and #lets look for the name name_to_look_for = "Index(Integer)" for x in xrange(tp.NumDataChannels()) : name = tp.DataChannelName(x) if name == name_to_look_for: data_channel_id = x return data_channel_id #no channel found return None def main() : global data_channel_id global count global Index #The user might change the data channel, #so we have to reset the cached channel index #data_channel_id = None tp = doc.GetParticleSystem() channelid = GetUIDChannelID(tp) Index = tp.GetPData(Particle, channelid) if Index == None: tp.SetPData(Particle, channelid, count) count+=1 On 17/05/2015 at 03:37, xxxxxxxx wrote: Aaalright. I think I've thought of a solution but don't know how to go about doing it. The mastersystem seems to use the unique, birth-order indexes instead of using indexes that shift each time a particle dies. So you can't really use functions with index arguments because the ppass node gives you shifting indexes that are specific to the pgroup. What I need is a counter that increases each time a particle is born, possibly using the pAge node which pumps out a '1' each time a particle is born. I'm a python noob so I was hoping someone here could offer some advice. This is the value that's going to be set to each particle's 'Index' channel. Edit: Just realized how embarrassingly obvious this solution is. Stand by. Edit: There seems to be some sort of priority issue with my 'IsBorn' function. I can't seem to get a True value. Here's what I have for the counter: tp = doc.GetParticleSystem() All = tp.GetRootGroup() count = tp.GetGroupParticleCount(All, True) for i in xrange(count) : born = tp.IsBorn(i) if born == True: print born Counter += 1 There's nothing connected to any in ports at the moment, I think that's what is causing the priority issue.. any tips? On 18/05/2015 at 11:32, xxxxxxxx wrote: Hi, can you provide me with your scene (e.g. mail it to sdk_support). It would make testing much easier. On 19/05/2015 at 13:59, xxxxxxxx wrote: Hi, actually your setup is more complex than I expected. I'm not sure, I understood everything correctly. Some of my observations: One of the problems with your setup is that the PStorm emits only one particle every 12 frames. In the following, everything that depends on this PStorm is only evaluated every 12th frame. So maybe it's an idea to emit one particle every frame and always kill eleven of them and keeping only every 12th. Maybe this is a follow up of the above. But IsBorn() works here only, if the Python node is connected directly to the PStorm. I used simplified code for testing. Python node with one particle input: part_id (connected to PStorm's Particle Birth) and one integer input: count_in and one integer output: count (I'll explain these two later) : import c4d def main() : global count # only outputs need to be defined as global tp = doc.GetParticleSystem() All = tp.GetRootGroup() num_particles = tp.GetGroupParticleCount(All, True) frame = doc.GetTime().GetFrame(doc.GetFps()) startframe = doc.GetMinTime().GetFrame(doc.GetFps()) if frame == startframe: ## THIS DOES NOT WORK, DUE TO THE NODE BEING ONLY EVALUATED EVERY 12th FRAME count = 0 if tp.IsBorn(part_id) == True: count = count_in + 1 By the way, this does not need the Python node at all, as PAge node can be used instead of IsBorn(). Instead of a global variable I use User Data of type integer on a Null object for example. Then I have the two nodes from the Null object. One with User Data as input, one with User Data as output. The later feeds in count_in and count output is connected to the first User Data. This eliminates the need for a global count variable and also makes it also possible to build the counter without Python node. I know, I'm not presenting a final solution. But I hope, this provides you at least with some ideas to further investigate your problem. On 20/05/2015 at 08:01, xxxxxxxx wrote: Thank you, Andreas. This is definitely helpful information. I tried using the pAge node before but couldn't get it to output anything more than a zero, but I've just made a global particle counter in a new scene without any problems with the pAge node, so it must be something in my scene or it's just deciding to not work.. But anyway, this is great. I'll be back soon with any more problems I run into. I don't have much time to work on it now other than some spare time but will Monday/Tuesday. update: Couldn't make any progress. All I've learned is that it help to create a separate xpresso tag earlier in the hierarchy with just the emitter / particle setup. I've also learned how great xparticles is. I'll probably come back to this later if I don't get xparticles first.	https://plugincafe.maxon.net/topic/8740/11466_setting-a-unique-id-to-each-particle-solved	CC-MAIN-2020-45	refinedweb	1,090	72.97
Although I realize the perils of even suggesting polluting the Python namespace with a new keyword, I often think that it would be useful to consider defining an operator for testing whether or not an item is a member of a category. Currently, we have the 'in' operator, which tests for membership within a container, and that works very well -- in particular, it allows such membership tests to be expressed in very natural way. So for example, whereas in C++ I always have to say: if (dependencies.find( name ) != dependencies.end()) in Python I can simply say: if name in dependencies: ...which is much more readable and intuitive. At the same time, however, I recognize that there is a logical difference between membership in a container, and membership in a category. For example, although a bear is a member of the class of mammals, it doesn't make as much to say "if bear in mammal". Similarly, you wouldn't want to use the 'in' keyword as a replacement for isinstance(), i.e. "if name in str". I propose the word 'isa' because the term 'isa hierarchy' is commonly used to indicate a tree of types. So the syntax would look like this: if bear isa mammal: if name isa str: (I suppose it would look prettier to put a space between "is" and "a", but there are many obvious reasons why you don't want "a" to be a keyword!) The "isa" operator would of course be overloadable, perhaps by an accessor functions called __isa__, which works similarly to __contains__. The potential uses for this are not limited to isinstance() sugar, however. For example: if image isa gif: elif image isa jpeg: elif image isa png: In this case, we're not testing for object identity (which tests if two variables are referring to the same object), or even object equivalence (which tests of two objects are of equal value), nor are we testing for membership within a container -- instead we're testing for membership with a type hierarchy, where 'type' can be defined to mean whatever the programmer wants. Of course, at this point, I am sure that someone will point out that I should be using method overloading and inheritance rather than explicit testing of types. However, try writing an efficient __cmp__ function solely by method overloading -- or any other function that deals with more two object argument, where the action to be taken depends on the combination of types of both arguments. This can be solved with multi-method dispatch, but such methods are complex, non-standard, and have somewhat dubious performance characteristics. Its generally faster and simpler to dispatch based on the type of one of the arguments, and then test the types of the other arguments. --	http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.python.general/418801/	crawl-002	refinedweb	462	54.46
void setLength(int newLength) : This method sets (change) the length of the string contained in the StringBuffer object. If the newly specified length is less than the current length of the string buffer, then the string buffer is truncated to contain exactly the number of characters contained in the newlength parameter. If the specified argument is greater than or equal to the current length, sufficient null characters (‘\ u0000') are appended to the string buffer until the total number of characters in the string buffer is equal to the specified length. For example, if following is part of a statement, strl.setLength(10) As a result of this, the string referenced by strl will now contain "Welcome\u0000\u0000\u0000" Similarly, strl. setLength (5) will result in “Hell" . public class StringsetLength { public static void main(String[] args) { StringBuffer s3 = new StringBuffer("Hello Java"); s3.setLength(10); System.out.println("s3.capacity () = " + s3.capacity()); System.out.println("s3.length() = " + s3.length()); } } Popular Article Basic Courses Advance Courses	http://ecomputernotes.com/java/array/stringbuffer-setlength	CC-MAIN-2018-34	refinedweb	165	53.1
Jun 28, 2014 03:21 PM\|zielony\|LINK In my solution I have 3 projects: DAL, BLL and Web. I would like to move POCO classes (entities in database) to some other project - maybe called 'Model'. But what if I need to create class based on POCO class which isn't entity, for example when i must use group by clause: public class UniqueNotes // this isn't entity class { public string Title { get; set; } public int Count { get; set; } } // ----------------------- IQueryable<UniqueNotes> groups = from p in context.Notes group p by p.Title into g select new UniqueNotes { Title = g.Key, Count = g.Count() }; Should I put this class UniqueNotes also in project Model? In what namespace - for example in Model.BusinessObjects or something else? What is the best solution? All-Star 188498 Points Moderator Jun 30, 2014 02:48 AM\|Mikesdotnetting\|LINK That looks like a ViewModel to me. I would add another folder to the Model project called ViewModels, or if you really want only Entities in the model project, create another project for ViewModels. All-Star 113010 Points MVP Jun 30, 2014 01:00 PM\|Rion Williams\|LINK If you are defining any kind of "business logic" such as grouping raw data into more meaningful collections or objects and are doing so within an actual class (such as a ViewModel as Mike suggested) then I would consider your ViewModel to be a "business object". Basically, you are going to want to seperate your data / entities as follows : 3 replies Last post Jun 30, 2014 01:00 PM by Rion Williams	https://forums.asp.net/t/1994178.aspx?In+which+project+and+namespace+should+I+put+class+which+isn+t+entity+class+	CC-MAIN-2019-26	refinedweb	262	70.84
Hi all, I'm really a newbie in Python, and I wanted to do a tricky thing. I don't know if it is possible but my intention was: I have a package (namely breve) and I want to alter (override?) some of it's functions preserving the original library/package - in order if I update it, I do not lose my "hacks". Until now I was overriding the functions directcly on my script and adding them to the package namespace, like this: import testpackage class testClass(): #... testpackage.testClass = testClass But this has a problem. If I wanna use that code over many files, I have to update it manually on all of them every time I update my "hack". I was thinking if it is possible to keep that code on a file - namely testpackageaddon.py and import it on my work file so that by doing that it will automatically override the classes. Like so: import testpackage import testpackageaddon testpackage.testClass() #my hacked class defined on testpackageaddon.py And on testpackageaddon.py: import testpackage class testClass(): #... testpackage.testClass = testClass Any tips, ideas on how to do this? Many thanks. Pedro Machado Santa	https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2008-March/470319.html	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	194	66.64
While most naming conflicts in C++ can be solved using namespaces, this is not true for preprocessor macros. Macros cannot be put into namespaces. If you try to declare a new class called Stream, but somewhere in a header you include is a macro called Stream, things will break. While compiling your code, the preprocessor does simply replace the Stream token in your class Stream { declaration with the contents of the #define statement. You will probably get a really confusing error message, and it would take time and energy to find the actual problem. People often overuse macros for almost everything, especially those who develop software for micro controllers. They strongly. Avoid Macros for Constants There are many people using macros for constants. They believe that because the macro will be expanded before the compiler will actually “see” the value, it will produce better code. Instead of blind believe things, this can easily be tested. I will use an Arduino Uno for the tests, a simple 8 bit processor which uses easy to understand machine code. First an example of bad code using a macro definition as a constant: #define MY_CONSTANT 10 uint8_t doSomething() { uint8_t x = 0; x += MY_CONSTANT; return x; } The produced Arduino sketch has 450 bytes, and uses 9 bytes of dynamic memory. The compiler will produce very simple machine code for the function as shown below. ldi r24,lo8(10) ret You can spot the 10 where the compiler inserted the constant. It simplified the code and removed the addition, because it is clear at the end the variable will always be 10.. There is no difference in memory usage compared to the bad example. But let us have a look at the produced machine code: ldi r24,lo8(10) ret There is absolutely no difference in the produced machine code. But while there is no difference in the result, there is a difference in the code. In the code you add some very important type information to the constant, which the macro definition lacks. This type allow the compiler to detect problems in your code. E.g. you define a signed integer as a constant, but use it in a unsigned context. This may lead to a problem, but you won’t detect this problem if you are using macros. With a declared constant variable, the compiler will at least give you a warning message. const variables will… - … make the code more readable - … let the compiler to check the types in your code and generate warnings. - … provide more information for the compiler to optimise your code. - … let the compiler to compile you code faster. Avoid Macros for Header Guards A long time in the past, it was necessary to use macros to protect headers from being. But. #pragma once will … - … make the code more readable by reducing useless clutter. - … avoid naming conflicts with other libraries and headers. - … speed up the compile time. one are missing compiler checks. Each part which is removed by the preprocessor, is never compiled after all. If this part contains errors, you will never know until you “activate” this code part. There are many simple and safe alternatives. First, use C++ constants! Have a look at the following example code: Using Constants enum ControllerType { ControllerType_Uno, ControllerType_Due }; const ControllerType cController = ControllerType_Uno; uint8_t doSomething() { uint8_t x = 0; if (cController == Using Different Files Another simple way to provide multiple implementations is by using different backend files. First you declare the interface of your library/component in a simple header file: #pragma once class Example { public: void doSomething(); private: void mcuSpecificPart(); }; Now you add the corresponding implementation file. In the default implementation you only write the code which is shared between all MCUs. #include "Example.h" void Example::doSomething() { // ... mcuSpecificPart(); // ... } Now you create additional implementation files for the different MCUs you would like to support: #include "Example.h" void Example:: mcuSpecificPart() { // ... } #include "Example.h" void Example:: mcuSpecificPart() { // ... } Depending which MCU you use, you either add the _Uno.cpp or _Due.cpp file to your project. This simple abstraction keeps you code organised and does not require any macro at all. Make Register Usage Configurable Sometimes you like to access a register directly, e.g. for speed or timing reasons. But in case of IO registers, you want to keep this register configurable somewhere in the code. Often you find code like this: #define LED_PORT PORTB // ... LED_PORT \|= 0x01; In many cases it is possible to replace such code with a simple reference: auto &ledPort = PORTB; // ... ledPort \|= 0x01; The auto keyword automatically uses the type of the variable defined as PORTB, including the volatile flag. This is working for many situations, but in some cases the register declarations are made in a such way that you still have to use macros. Yet, it is worth a try, for the sake of type safe code. When to Use Macros There are a few situations where you cannot avoid using macros. But if you are using macros, you should try to follow this rules: - Use macros only in “cpp” files. This will limit the scope of the macros, which will help you find any conflicts. You actually just have to search in one file for the problem. - only a macro if a C++ constant does not work. Looking at code for e.g. the Arduino platform, there are a few uses for preprocessor macros: - Remove debugging code from an application. The C++ constants usually do not work here, because strings constants are kept, even they are not actually used. I am puzzled why, because there is an option to remove unused string literals, which is not set. - Use a constant for something which is already declared as macro. People writing libraries to access MCU features seems to be obsessed with macros. Instead of declaring each register as a volatile variable, they clutter the whole namespace with tons of macro declarations. See also: How and Why to Use Namespaces	https://luckyresistor.me/knowledge/avoid-preprocessor-macros/	CC-MAIN-2017-22	refinedweb	988	65.01
Is there any preference when sending data as to send it byte by byte or sending a whole buffer (the whole file) at once? Is the latter faster than the former for example? Printable View Is there any preference when sending data as to send it byte by byte or sending a whole buffer (the whole file) at once? Is the latter faster than the former for example? You can pass as many bytes as you like to send(), but you'd better pay attention to the return result. If it's less than the amount you asked to be sent, then you need to call send() again, from the point where the previous attempt left off. A bit like this. Code: size_t num_to_send; char buff; while ( num_to_send ) { int num_sent = send( sock, buff, num_to_send, 0 ); if ( num_sent > 0 ) { num_to_send -= num_sent; buff += num_sent; } } In addition to what Salem said: send as much as you have available to send, but obviously try to keep the size of what you must send small (if you have control over the protocol/its contents) - ie, a PNG or a GIF is better than a BMP. recv as much as you can recv. Thank you Salem and Cactus_Hugger! I see you use a char buff; in your code. Does it matter as to which one of the 3 we use? Code: char buffer; char buffer[256]; char buffer = new char[256]; So long as it's allocated, no. May i ask whats the point of this line in your code Salem? I suppose its for decreasing the length of buff.I suppose its for decreasing the length of buff.Code: buff += num_sent; But if i do a test like this, i get completely random values for buf: Code: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i = 0; char * buf = new char[i]; while(i<15) { buf += i; i++; cout << strlen(buf) <<"\n"; } delete [] buf; return 0; } > buff += num_sent; If you've got a buffer of 100 bytes, and send 10, that means you've got 90 left (that's what the -= is for). It also means that you need to try the next send from 10 bytes into the buffer (that's what the += is for). Ah, ok thanks! :)	https://cboard.cprogramming.com/networking-device-communication/118394-send-byte-whole-text-printable-thread.html	CC-MAIN-2017-09	refinedweb	374	86.23
Hello everyone and welcome into this article, React Native Linking Phone Call Example. Where we are going to explore how to make a phone call in react native using Linking. This example will be simple and straight forward and will work cross platform. The concept is to call the linking API in React Native with some arguments, and it will use the default Phone dialer in the device. Or the user can select other options, like Skype etc. You can use your own UI inside your app to control the appearance and feel of the phone experience and that’s what we are going to do. UI Concept The concept of this app example is very simple. One input text to get the user phone number input and a call icon button. But you can have it as you want. If you are familiar with my older article React Native Flatlist Example. You can see that you can even launch the call from a Flatlist as an example. Let’s Get Started For this example we won’t need to install any libraries to achieve our goal. The only library I will install is @expo/vector-icons, to use the phone Ionicons. You can get it by installing this library using NPM or Yarn yarn add @expo/vector-icons Then import Ionicon import { Ionicons } from "@expo/vector-icons" Now, let’s get started by our initial state, which will only have one property, the phone number state={ phoneNumber:"" } next, our render method, with the UI we need for the app <View style={styles.container}> <TextInput onChangeText={(text)=>this.setState({phoneNumber:text})} style={styles.input} <TouchableOpacity onPress={()=> this.call()}> <Ionicons name="ios-call" style={styles.callTxt}/> </TouchableOpacity> </View> The render method will contain a root view and 2 main components. A TextInput, to handle the user phone number typing. And the Icon button to launch the call function. You can see in our TextInput we have a new property keyboardType=”number-pad” Which basically uses the Numbers keyboard instead of the all characters keyboard. Since we are only needing numbers for a phone call app. we can use keyboardType=”number-pad”. Notice, you can use multiple options for your UI, including email, address… You can check the entire list here React Native KeyboardType And the Icon we are using is the ios-call from Ionicons. You can check the full icons list Expo Icons Directory Finally the styles const styles = StyleSheet.create({ container: { flex: 1, backgroundColor: '#ececeb', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', }, input:{ height:50, fontSize:40, color:"#000", marginBottom:20 }, callTxt:{ backgroundColor:"#42b883", padding:10, borderRadius:30, width:80, textAlign:"center", color:"#fff", fontSize:30 } }); Final Result And your you have it a React Native Linking Phone Call Example simple and easy. I have added this project into Github and Expo.Io, feel free to use it at your will Take care and Happy Coding.	https://reactnativemaster.com/react-native-linking-phone-call-example/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=react-native-linking-phone-call-example	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	484	63.9
varun ganglani4,665 Points Not sure why my moves don't change the player position not sure where I went wrong in the code but the player position doesn't change and the invalid move prompt comes up 1 Answer varun ganglani4,665 Points import os import random draw grid pick random location for player pick random location for monster pick random location for the door draw player on grid take input for movement move player, unless invalid move (past edges of grid) check for win/loss clear screen and redraw grid_locations(): return random.sample(CELLS, 3) def move_player(player, move): x, y = player if move == 'LEFT': x -= 1 if move == 'RIGHT': x += 1 if move == 'UP': y -= 1 if move == 'DOWN': y += 1 return player def get_moves(player): moves = ['UP', 'DOWN', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT'] x, y = player if x == 0: moves.remove("LEFT") if x == 4: moves.remove("RIGHT") if y == 0: moves.remove("UP") if y == 4: moves.remove("DOWN") return moves monster, door, player = get_locations() while True: valid_moves = get_moves(player) clear_screen() print("Welcome to the dungeon!") print("You're currently in room {}".format(player)) print("You can move {}".format(", ".join(valid_moves))) print("Enter 'Q' to quit") move = input("> ").lower() if move == 'q': break elif move in valid_moves: player = move_player(player, move) else: print("\n You ran into a wall! \n") continue # good move? change player position # bad move? dont change anything # on the door? win # on monster? lose # otherwise, loop	https://teamtreehouse.com/community/not-sure-why-my-moves-dont-change-the-player-position	CC-MAIN-2019-51	refinedweb	242	65.42
lopy to raspberry pi 3 serial connection Hi! I'm trying to get lopy to RPi serial connection to work (). I'm on a RPI 3 and have troubleshooted for an entire day now and I surrender. Could someone please try to help me? From the RPI I have tried /dev/serial0, /dev/ttyS0, /dev/ttyAMA0. I have tried jumper cables from tx-tx, tx-rx, with and without ground. Tried changing the mode of the GPIO form ALT5 to ALT0. Nothing works The RPI sends the data or at least it writes data to the serial port (no crash at least). But nothing comes up on the Lopy (loops to see if uart1.any() returns True). All the settings is equal to the example code Help me please :) @testos As long as you do not use SPI this does not matter. And the SPI pins can be reassigned too. And P11 (External IO 8) seems not to be connected on pytrack. Using I diode tester, I cannot detect any connection. At P10 (external IO 7) seems to be used. At least is show something like a ESD diode behavior of an active chip pin. Hello again, @crumble, @robert-hh I can not use P11 (G22) instead of P8 ? From the fipy documentation I can see that P11 is use by SPI ( MOSI ) but it's written : Please note that the PIN assignments for UART1 (TX1/RX1), SPI (CLK, MOSI, MISO) and I2C (SDA, SCL) are defaults and can be changed in Software. I can not just re-assign the mosi on a different pin ? I did not find yet doc on that. Thanks Please note that P8 (G15) is used by the SD-Card interface. So you can't use them at the same time. @robert-hh Thanks for the guidance, I will give a try during my holiday next week. Just for clarification, the P3/P4 that you talk about are from the fipy ? and by doing the following ... from machine import UART uart1 = UART(1, 115200, pins=("P8", "P4")) # P8=Tx, P4=Rx ... it will re-assign them on the pytrack on the 2 pin P4/P8 on the External IO Header shown on the picture ? Thanks again for your time. @testos Yes, that's right. The picture shown an expansion board. On the pytrack, P3 and P4 are not that easily accessible. The connector below the Lopy has P4, P8, P10 and P11 available. So you have to re-assign the UART pin when you init the UART with the pins parameter, like: from machine import UART uart1 = UART(1, 115200, pins=("P8", "P4")) # P8=Tx, P4=Rx @robert-hh THanks for your quick answerr, yes I agree, but on the first picture, it's not the expansion board that he use ? Br, Testos @testos If you look at the code and pictures below by @thomand1000, it is actually using UART1 with TX1, RX1 and GND connected to the rPi. Hello, Sorry to ask, I'm novice in that field, coding is not an issue, but the electronic part is still a bit tricky for me.... Is it required to have the expansion board to connect the lopy to the rpi ? In my case I have a pytrack + fipy and I was wondering if I can also send the gps and accelerometer data to a rapsberry Zero in a similar way ? Looking at the rpi-zero io pins I can see that there are RX/TX and GND pins : Similar as the fipy : ( RX1 / TX1 / GND ), can I use those ? Thanks by advance. @hsn548 Here is the code I used to get it working. Be sure to place the jumper cables in the right place. I had the cables in the wrong place at first. The following code works for me (i made a class for all the code on the RPI. Just import it and make a new PiGateway() and call its methods). RPi code: #run script as super user (e.g. $ sudo python3 sendlora.py) import serial, time class PiGateway: def __init__(self): self.ser = serial.Serial('/dev/serial0', 115200, timeout=10) def readFile(self, filename): f = open(filename,'r') content = f.read() f.close() return content def sendToLopy(self, device_id, data): n = 254 id = "id=" + str(device_id) sendingDone = "sending done" #split data into 255 byte chunks for sending splitData = [data[i:i+n] for i in range(0, len(data), n)] #send device_id first. Wait one second between each packet to prevent collisions. self.ser.write(bytes(id, 'utf-8')) time.sleep(1) for dataChunk in splitData: #send each chunjk of data self.ser.write(bytes(dataChunk,'utf-8')) time.sleep(1) #send a string notifying that the transmission is done self.ser.write(bytes(sendingDone, 'utf-8')) def getFromLopy(self): while True: if (self.ser.in_waiting > 0): received = self.ser.read(self.ser.in_waiting).decode('utf-8') return received time.sleep(1) on the Lopy the code was the following: import machine, time, pycom pycom.heartbeat(False) pycom.rgbled(0x000000) uart1 = UART(1, 115300, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) uart1.init(baudrate=115200, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) while True: if uart1.any(): receiving = uart1.read().decode('utf-8') #Do something with what you receive here #I used exec(receiving) -> entire code sent from Rpi to be executed on Lopy. It works time.sleep(5) #remember to break here sometime time.sleep(1) Good luck @thomand1000 Hi Thomas, Can you please share your working code? as i am also having the same problem... I shall be really thankful.. :D @robert-hh Thank you very much! It didn't work right away, but I decided to try to eliminate faulty cables etc. So I made one script for each direction and tested them individually. I now have communication both ways, so then I just need to get the logic for when to read and write right and I'm good. For anyone struggling with this in the future the following worked for me (the initialization of both sides are like before): Lopy->Rpi code on the lopy: uart1.write('some string') code on the Rpi: print(ser.read(ser.in_waiting)) Rpi -> lopy code on the Rpi: ser.write('some string') code on the lopy: print(uart1.read()) Thanks for everyone helping me! :) - zappfinger last edited by @thomand1000 Yes, like Robert said, you should be reading on one machine and writing on the other initially. Also, for clarity, specify bits, parity and stop also on the RPi side.. @thomand1000 It seems that in both code samples you first send something, and then wait for a response. I would have expected that you interlock that, so whwn you send something form one side, you would wait for data on the other side. The fact that you see somthing on the rpi side might be caused by buffering in the serial driver for any data that might arrive, even when no instance is waiting for it. lopy code: from machine import UART import pycom, time pycom.heartbeat(False) # turn off heartbeat uart1 = UART(1, 115200, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) uart1.init(baudrate=115200, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1) while True: uart1.write('test') if uart1.any(): data = uart1.readall() pycom.rgbled(0xFF0000) # set LED to RED on if data received if data == b'send': uart1.write("SendToPi") pycom.rgbled(0x00FF00) # set LED to GREEN if data is b'send' time.sleep(1) pycom.rgbled(0x000000) time.sleep(0.25) RPi code: import serial with serial.Serial('/dev/serial0', 115200, timeout=10) as ser: ser.write(b'send') print(ser.read(4)) #prints b'test'. So link from lopy seems ok. print("Data Sent") Now the messages from the lopy to the Rpi go through, but not the other way. It doesn't look like uart1.any() returns True at any point. Any suggestions or help would be awesome! Thanks :) - zappfinger last edited by @thomand1000 That does not look good. Can you share your code on both sides? - thomand1000 last edited by thomand1000 @crumble Thank you very much. And all you other guys also. That did the trick. I'm trying to send the string b'send', but b'dsen' is received at the lopy. But this is probably an easy fix right? And b'sending this string' gets received as b'tringsending this s' Has this something to do with uarts readall or readline methods? @crumble said in lopy to raspberry pi 3 serial connection: Please tell us the settings which works on your machine ;) It's running now. I had to do the following settings on the Pi3: in /boot/config.txt enable_uart=1 dtoverlay=pi3-miniuart-bt I don't know if it necessary but i called as well sudo systemctl disable hciuart After these changes and reboot I had a stable serial device without noise on /dev/ttyAMA0 Without these settings I got a lot of noise on /dev/ttyS0. Noise was gone after I had send a few lines from the Pi3. @thomand1000 I struggle right now with the Pi3 and a PC via serial. The Bluetooth of the Pi3 interferes with the UART. You have to disable the bluetooth on the Pi3 to get predictable results. Sadly I can't help you, 'cause it is not running at the moment so I may have to do the frequency settings of the GPU as well. Simply google for pi3 serial and bluetooth. Please tell us the settings which works on your machine ;)	https://forum.pycom.io/topic/2514/lopy-to-raspberry-pi-3-serial-connection	CC-MAIN-2019-22	refinedweb	1,585	75.81
- Dan Williams authored NVDIMM namespaces, in addition to accepting "struct bio" based requests, also have the capability to perform byte-aligned accesses. By default only the bio/block interface is used. However, if another driver can make effective use of the byte-aligned capability it can claim namespace interface and use the byte-aligned ->rw_bytes() interface. The BTT driver is the initial first consumer of this mechanism to allow adding atomic sector update semantics to a pmem or blk namespace. This patch is the sysfs infrastructure to allow configuring a BTT instance for a namespace. Enabling that BTT and performing i/o is in a subsequent patch. Cc: Greg KH <[email protected]> Cc: Neil Brown <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <[email protected]>8c2f7e86	https://gitlab.com/post-factum/pf-kernel/-/blob/8c2f7e8658df1d3b7cbfa62706941d14c715823a/drivers/nvdimm/label.c	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	125	54.52
New submission from Éric Araujo <merwok at netwok.org>: A patch made for #2504 revealed a bug in gettext.rst, and I’ve found a number of other things to change in the file. This is the first patch of a series of two or three. Barry, as the original author of the module and doc, I’d like your opinion on points 3, a, and b particularly. Patch is also uploaded to Rietveld for greater convenience: (upload.py rocks) Summary: 1) Markup: Use modern class/method directives combo (yay DRY). Mark up variable parts in :file: constructs (e.g. :file:`{domain}.mo` will cause the HTML output to use var to indicate replaceable text). Also change some ``gettext`` to :program:`gettext` for consistency. 2) Fix a typo in lngettext doc (originally included in patch by Franz Glasner for #2504). 3) I had started to remove information about private attributes (_info, _charset), advertising public getter methods instead. Then I read the description of NullTranslations and realized the information was needed for subclasses. I’ve reverted my removals, but I still think the private attributes should be listed in a specific section for people writing subclasses and not in the rest of the text. If you’re okay, I’ll make a second patch. 4) Assorted wording changes, missing periods and hyphens, and other very small touch-ups: Turned a broken bare link into a working link with nice text; used the with statement in an example (we all love the with statement!); used two spaces after periods throughout (hello Fred Drake). Final note: lines have not been rewrapped, for diff clarity. When I commit part or all of this patch, I’ll make another commit to rewrap. Not addressed: a) The current docs is currently POSIX-specific. b) The docs take great care to explain that Unicode strings will be returned in different places, but this should not be so accented in 3.x docs IMO. I would just put a note somewhere near the top that all strings are str and remove the redundant sentences. Following that line of thought, I could group all lgettext variants at the end of the list of methods, explaining that regular usage should just be happy with str objects and that lgettext are available if people really want bytes. c) The file uses “built-in namespace” and “builtins namespace”, sometimes in neighbor paragraphs. :mod:`builtins` is not used, even in explanations of the install function/method. I don’t know if I should change that. d) Some capitalization patterns look strange to me: I have seen “I18N” and “L10N” in upper case nowhere else. Similarly, lower-case “id” looks stranger than “ID”. The latter is used for example in official GNU gettext docs. Am I going into foolish consistency territory or not? Thanks in advance for reviews and opinions. ---------- assignee: eric.araujo components: Documentation files: gettext-docs-1.diff keywords: needs review, patch messages: 122420 nosy: barry, docs at python, eric.araujo priority: normal severity: normal stage: patch review status: open title: Enhancements to gettext docs versions: Python 2.7, Python 3.1, Python 3.2 Added file: _______________________________________ Python tracker <report at bugs.python.org> <> _______________________________________	https://mail.python.org/pipermail/docs/2010-November/002277.html	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	536	66.54
Hi, The following returns the longest substring that is common to two given strings and starts at the beginning of each, and the remaining characters in each of the arguments. sub common { if ( $_[0] eq $_[1] ) { return( $_[0], "", "" ); } else { use bytes; my ( $pos, $len0, $len1 ) = ( 0, length($_[0]), length($_[1]) ); # find the offset of the first byte that differs while ( vec($_[0], $pos, 8) == vec($_[1], $pos, 8) ) { $pos++; last unless ( $pos < $len0 && $pos < $len1 ); } return( unpack("a${pos}", $_[0]), unpack("x${pos}a", $_[0]), unpack("x${pos}a", $_[1]), ); } } [download] Obviously, this looks more like C than Perl. Is there any other way to achieve these (and similar) results without using bytes that is efficient? Thanks! How about sub common { if ( $_[0] eq $_[1] ) { return( $_[0], "", "" ); } else { use bytes; my $x = $_[0] ^ $_[1]; $x =~ m!^(\x00)!; my $pos = length $1; my ( $len0, $len1 ) = ( length($_[0])-$pos, length($_[1])-$pos ) +; return( unpack("a${pos}", $_[0]), unpack("x${pos}a", $_[0]), unpack("x${pos}a", $_[1]), ); } } [download] That way you scan the two strings, but you do it in C instead of doing it in Perl. Nice use of xor! And should be better than my loop. Still, my concern is breaking multibyte characters. sub common { my ($a, $b) = @_; my $min = 0; my $max = length $a < length $b ? length $a : length $b; while ($min < $max) { my $h = ($max - $min + 1) >> 1; my $c = substr($a, $min, $h); my $d = substr($b, $min, $h); if ($c eq $d) { $min += $h; } else { $max = $min + $h - 1; } } return (substr($a, 0, $min), substr($a, $min), substr($b, $min)); } [download] Thanks! It took me a bit to understand that you were using a bisection method. But I agree that it should be reasonably efficient. I just have a tendency to avoid substr() since it always feels like a very expensive call. The strings that I am spliting are paths, and because my sub then looks for the place of a slash, which should be 8 bits, I think that it is safe for me to use a binary method. substr is actually quite cheap as it doesn't copy the char data from the the original string, it just makes an alias to it. The strings that I am spliting are paths, and because my sub then looks for the place of a slash, which should be 8 bits I don't think so, on UTF8 strings byte offsets and char offsets can be different! sub common { my ($a, $b)=@_; return ($a, '', '') if $a eq $b; for (my $i=0;;$i++) { my $c=substr($a, $i, 1); my $d=substr($b, $i, 1); return (substr($a, 0, $i), $c, $d) if $c ne $d; } } [download] sub common{ my @x = split( "", shift()); my $result = ''; my $x = shift @x; for my $y ( split( "", shift()) ) { ( $x eq $y ) or last; $result .= $y; $x = shift @x or last; } return $result; } [download] -M Free your mind sub common { my $sep=''; $sep \|= $_ for map /:+/g, @_; $sep="<$sep:>"; local $_=join $sep, @_; /^(.)(.)$sep\1(.)/; } [download] Update: I hadn't noticed that you were focusing on efficiency. And from that POV I'm quite confident that this solution won't score very well. But as far as your concern about your code looking like C goes, this is certainly more perlish. Incidentally I would have used myself an approach like Corion's one but probably matching on /[^\0]/, using pos and substr instead of unpack. After some benchmarking... I will use the xor approach (fast!). I stand corrected about substr(), it is much faster than unpack, so I will also use it. Last but not least, using pos() will help as well (even if the tests were ambiguous between length() and pos(), to my mind the code gains in expressiveness). Thanks to you all! For completeness, I post my sub below. It is the backend of another that creates relative paths for a fixlinks util. After reading the chapter on unicode of the camel book, I conclude that this sub will do the rigth thing whatever locale, since Perl strings are either latin1 or utf8 encoded, and these are both ascii transparent, the requirement to look for a slash after deciding $pos does the trick. However, it is a shame that it cannot be generalized to a common substring function like the one I presented above. sub SLASH() { 47 } sub _common_path { if ( $_[0] eq $_[1] ) { return( $_[0], # all path components are common "", # nothing remains of first "", # nothing remains of second ); } else { use bytes; my ( $len0, $len1 ) = ( length($_[0]), length($_[1]) ); # find the offset of the first byte that differs my $pos = $_[0] ^ $_[1]; $pos =~ m/[^\x00]/g; $pos = pos($pos) - 1; # if some bytes are common but the last one wasn't the separator # we must decide which path components are common if ( $pos > 0 && vec($_[0], ($pos - 1), 8) != SLASH ) { # check if first path is just longer than the second if ( $pos == $len1 && vec($_[0], $pos, 8) == SLASH ) { $pos++; return( substr($_[0], 0, $pos), # common path with slash substr($_[0], $pos), # extra in first "", # nothing remains of second ); } # check if second path is just longer than the first if ( $pos == $len0 && vec($_[1], $pos, 8) == SLASH ) { $pos++; return( substr($_[1], 0, $pos), # common path with slash "", # nothing remains of first substr($_[1], $pos), # extra in second ); } # otherwise, rewind until last common path component while ( $pos > 0 ) { $pos--; if ( vec($_[0], $pos, 8) == SLASH ) { $pos++; # and keep the common slash } } } return( substr($_[0], 0, $pos), # common path components (with slash) substr($_[0], $pos), # extra in first substr($_[1], $pos), # extra in second ); } } [download] $ perl -de 1 ... DB<43> $a="\x{1234}/foo" DB<44> x ord substr $a, 0, 1 0 4660 DB<45> sub bsubstr { use bytes; substr $_[0], $_[1], $_[2] } DB<46> x ord bsubstr $a, 0, 1 0 225 DB<47> x ord bsubstr $a, 1, 1 0 136 DB<48> x ord bsubstr $a, 2, 1 0 180 DB<49> x ord bsubstr $a, 3, 1 0 47 [download] Does that mean that I simply need no bytes; before returning the values?! The perlish way is to just use LCSS; and let somebody else worry about how it works exactly. As far as the "without using bytes", why does that matter? Is this some kind of contrived CS undergrad assignment or something? Whether the solution uses bytes or not is an irrelevant detail of the implementation, something you would not, in any normal situation, ever care about. Then you qualify your question with "that is efficient", but only a C programmer would ask that question without concrete evidence that the working implementation creates performance problems. Premature optimization is a root of all kinds of evil (for which some have strayed... and pierced themselves through with many sorrows). Get it working, get it working right, and only then worry about efficiency if it becomes a problem. UPDATE: oh, Algorithm::LCSS Hi, Here is a brute force try.... sub common { my ($a,$b)=@_; my ($long,$short); if (length ($a) <= length ($b)){ ($long,$short) = ($b,$a); } else { ($long,$short) = ($a,$b); } my $i=0; my $common=""; while ($i<length($short)){ my $str = substr($short,$i,1); my $t=$i; $i++; next unless ($long=~/$str/); while ($long=~/$str/) { $t++; last unless (my $uni = substr($short,$t,1)); last unless ($long=~m/$str$uni/); $str.=$uni; } $common = $str if (length($common)<length($str)); } return $common; } [download] Regards,Murugesan Kandasamyuse perl.	http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=508516	CC-MAIN-2017-39	refinedweb	1,283	71.18
KProperty #include <KProperty.h> Detailed Description The base class representing a single property. KProperty object can hold a property of given type supported by QVariant. Properties of custom types can be also created, see using KPropertyFactory. Composed or custom properties are not created using subclassing of KProperty but using KComposedPropertyInterface. Each property stores old value to allows undoing that reverts the value to the old one. Property has a non-empty name (a QByteArray), a caption that is user-visible translated string displayed in property editor. Description is a translatable string that can be specified too in order to further explain meaning of the property. Propery also supports setting arbitrary number of options using KProperty::setOption() that allow to customize look or behavior of the property in the editor. - Note - Sometimes it makes sense to split property captions that have with more words to multiple lines using a newline character, e.g. "Allow Zero Size" to "Allow Zero\nSize". This is suitable especially for the needs of property editor which can offer only limited area. The text of property caption containing newline characters is available in its original form using KProperty::captionForDisplaying(). KProperty::caption() returns modified caption text in which the newline characters are substituted with spaces and any trailing and leading whitespace is removed. Definition at line 95 of file KProperty.h. Member Enumeration Documentation ◆ Type Defines types of properties. Properties defined by plugins should have a type number >= UserDefined . Definition at line 100 of file KProperty.h. ◆ ValueOption Options that influence how values are handled in setValue() and valueEqualsTo() - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 238 of file KProperty.h. ◆ ValueSyncPolicy Synchronization policy for property values. - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 355 of file KProperty.h. Constructor & Destructor Documentation ◆ KProperty() [1/4] Constructs a null property. Null properties have empty names and captions and Invalid types. Definition at line 307 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ KProperty() [2/4] Constructs property of a simple type. Definition at line 269 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ KProperty() [3/4] Constructs property of ValueFromList type. Ownership of listData is passed to the property object. Definition at line 288 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ KProperty() [4/4] Constructs a deep copy of prop property. Definition at line 312 of file KProperty.cpp. Member Function Documentation ◆ caption() - Returns - the caption of the property. Does not contain newline characters. Can be empty. Definition at line 336 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ captionForDisplaying() - Returns - the caption text of the property for displaying. It is similar to caption() but if the property caption contains newline characters, these are not substituted with spaces. Definition at line 342 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ captionOrName() Definition at line 202 of file KProperty.h. ◆ child() - Returns - a child property for name, or NULL if there is no property with that name. Definition at line 662 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ children() - Returns - a list of all children for this property, or NULL of there is no children for this property Definition at line 656 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ clearModifiedFlag() Clears the "modified" flag for this property and all its child properties. After calling this method isModified() returs false for the property and all child properties. - See also - isModified() Definition at line 497 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ composedProperty() - Returns - the composed property for this property, or NULL if there was no composed property defined. Definition at line 678 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ description() - Returns - the description of the property. Definition at line 354 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ hasOptions() Returns true if at least one option is specified for this property If there are no options defined true can be still returned if parent property is present and it has at least one option specified. Looking at parent property is available since 3.1. - Note - The lookup is performed recursively, first in parent, then grand parent, etc. Definition at line 570 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ iconName() - Returns - property icon's name. Can be empty. Definition at line 382 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ isModified() Return true if value of this property or value of any child property is modified. - See also - clearModifiedFlag() Definition at line 481 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ isNull() - Returns - true if this property is null. Property is null if it has empty name. Definition at line 475 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ isReadOnly() - Returns - true if the property is read-only when used in a property editor. falseby default. The property can be read-write but still not editable for the user if the parent property set's read-only flag is set. - See also - KPropertySet::isReadOnly() Definition at line 508 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ isStorable() - Returns - true if the property can be saved to a stream, xml, etc. There is a possibility to use "GUI" properties that aren't stored but used only in a GUI. Definition at line 543 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ isVisible() - Returns - true if the property is visible. Only visible properties are displayed by the property editor view. Definition at line 520 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ listData() - Returns - the qstring-to-value correspondence list of the property. used to create comboboxes-like property editors. Definition at line 451 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ name() - Returns - name of the property - Note - empty name means a null property Definition at line 324 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ oldValue() Returns the previous property value if it was set in setValue(). Definition at line 400 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ operator!=() - Returns trueif the property is different from prop; otherwise returns false. Two properties are different if they have different names or types. - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 648 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ operator=() [1/2] Assigns a deep copy of all attributes of property to this property. Definition at line 585 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ operator=() [2/2] Equivalent to setValue(const QVariant &) Definition at line 578 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ operator==() - Returns trueif the property is equal to prop; otherwise returns false. Two properties are equal if they have the same name and type. - Note - All null properties are equal Definition at line 643 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ option() Returns value of given option Option is set if returned value is not null. If there is no option for name in given property and parent property is present (see parent()), parent property is checked. If the parent property offers the option, the value is returned. If it is not present there, defaultValue value is returned. Looking at parent property is available since 3.1. - Note - The lookup is performed recursively, first in parent, then grand parent, etc. Definition at line 564 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ parent() - Returns - parent property for this property, or NULL if there is no parent property. Definition at line 673 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ resetValue() Resets the value of the property to the old value. - See also - oldValue() Definition at line 423 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setCaption() Sets the name of the property. If the caption contains newline characters, these are substituted with spaces. - See also - captionForDisplaying Definition at line 348 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setComposedProperty() Sets composed property prop for this property. Definition at line 684 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setDescription() Sets the description of the property. Definition at line 360 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setIconName() Sets icon name to name for this property. Icons are optional and are used e.g. in property editor - displayed at the left hand. Definition at line 388 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setListData() [1/2] Sets the string-to-value correspondence list of the property. This is used to create comboboxes-like property editors. This is overload of the above ctor added for convenience. Definition at line 466 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setListData() [2/2] Sets the qstring-to-value correspondence list of the property. This is used to create comboboxes-like property editors. Definition at line 457 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setName() Sets name of the property. - Note - empty name means a null property Definition at line 330 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setOption() Sets value val for option name. Options are used to override default settings of individual properties. They are most visible in property editor widgets. Option is set if it is not null. This means that empty string can be still a valid value. To unset given option, call setOption() with a null QVariant value. Currently supported options are: - min: value describing minimum value for properties of integer, double, date, date/time and time types. Default is 0 for double and unsigned integer types, -INT_MAX for signed integer type. Defaults for date, date/time and time types are specified in documentation of QDateEdit::minimumDate, QDateTimeEdit::minimumDateTime and QTime::minimumTime, respectively. The value specified for this option is accepted if: - it is not larger than the value of the "max" option - it is not smaller than KPROPERTY_MIN_PRECISE_DOUBLE (for double type) - it is not smaller than -INT_MAX (for integer type) - it is not smaller than 0 (for unsigned integer type). - minValueText: user-visible translated string to be displayed in editor for integer, double, date, date/time and time types when the value is equal to the value of "min" option. The value specified for this option is accepted if min option is supported for given type and is specified. - max: value describing minimum value for properties of integer type. Default is KPROPERTY_MAX_PRECISE_DOUBLE for double type (maximum precise value) and INT_MAX for integer type. Defaults for date, date/time and time types are specified in documentation of QDateEdit::maximumDate, QDateTimeEdit::maximumDateTime and QTime::maximumTime, respectively. The value is ignored if it is smaller than the value of "min" option. The value specified for this option is accepted if: - it is not smaller than the value of the "min" option - it is not larger than KPROPERTY_MAX_PRECISE_DOUBLE (for double type) - it is not larger than INT_MAX (for integer and unsigned integer type). - precision: integer value >= 0 describing the number of decimals after the decimal point for double type. Default value is 2. - See also - QDoubleSpinBox::decimals - step: double value > 0.0 describing the size of the step that is taken when the user hits the up or down button of editor for double type. Default value is 0.01. - See also - QDoubleSpinBox::singleStep - 3State: boolean value used for boolean type; if true, the editor becomes a combobox (instead of checkable button) and accepts the third "null" state. Otherwise the boolean type only accepts trueand falsevalues, anything other, including invalid and null values, is converted to false. - yesName: user-visible translated string used for boolean type (both 2- and 3-state) to visually represent the "true" value. If not present, tr("Yes") is used. - noName: user-visible translated string used for boolean type (both 2- and 3-state) to visually represent the "false" value. If not present, tr("No") is used. - 3rdStateName: user-visible translated string used for boolean type (both 2- and 3-state) to visually represent the third "null" value. If not present, tr("None") is used. - nullName: user-visible translated string used for boolean type to display the "null" value, if and only if the property accepts two states (i.e. when "3State" option is false). If the "nullName" option is not set, null values are displayed as false. - extraValueAllowed: boolean value, if truethe user is able to manually add extra values to a combobox. - fileMode: string value that describes types of objects that can be selected by the url editor: - "dirsOnly": only display and allow to select existing directories; - "existingFile": only allow to select one existing file for opening, i.e. confirmation of overwriting is not performed; - See also - QFileDialog::getOpenFileUrl() - Any other value: any file is supported, whether it exists or not; if the file exists, "confirmOverwrites" option is honored; this mode is the only one supporting non-file protocols such as ftp or http; to use them user has to enter them explicitly, file protocol is still the default - See also - QFileDialog::getSaveFileUrl() - Note - Empty URLs are always allowed. - confirmOverwrites: boolean value supported by the url editor; if trueand the "fileMode" option is not equal to "existingFile" nor "dirsOnly" user will be asked for confirmation of file overwriting if selected file exists. falseby default. - Note - The line edit does not validate the content. - multiLine: boolean value used for string type. If true, a multi-line QPlainTextEdit-based widget is used for editor; otherwise a single-line QLineEdit widget is used. falseby default. Added in version 3.1. - prefix: string to display before the value, e.g. '$'. Supported for double and integer types and composed types based on double and integer types (Point, Size, Rect). - suffix: string to display after the value, e.g. unit such as 'mm'. Supported for double and integer types and composed types based on double and integer types (Point, Size, Rect). Note that only display is affected, value is not converted to any unit. Definition at line 555 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setReadOnly() Sets this property to be read-only. - See also - isReadOnly() Definition at line 514 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setStorable() Sets "storable" flag for this property. - See also - isStorable() Definition at line 549 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setType() Sets the type of the property. Definition at line 372 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setValue() Sets value of the property. - Parameters - - Returns trueif the value has been changed and falseif the value was the same as previous one so it was not changed of if this property is null. Definition at line 405 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setValueSyncPolicy() Sets synchronization policy for property values of this property See ValueSyncPolicy for details. - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 537 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ setVisible() Sets the visibility flag. Definition at line 526 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ type() - Returns - the type of the property. Definition at line 366 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ value() - Returns - the value of the property. Definition at line 394 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ valueEqualsTo() - Returns - true if value of this property is equal to specified value Takes type into account. - Parameters - - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 417 of file KProperty.cpp. ◆ valueSyncPolicy() - Returns - synchronization policy for property values of this property - Since - 3.1 Definition at line 531 of file KProperty.	https://api.kde.org/kexiframeworks/kproperty/html/classKProperty.html	CC-MAIN-2022-27	refinedweb	2,356	50.94
merocom! Good work, your program does the job. There are some minor issues: Line 3: Don’t use ‘using, ‘\n’) after accepting the user input to get rid of any extraneous input (in this case, the ‘h’).. [/ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int num; bool Invalid() { do { cout<<"Please enter a number between 1 and 9 : "; cin>>num; }while(num < 1 \|\| num > 9); return false; } void printArray() { int array[] = { 4, 6, 7, 3, 8, 2, 1, 9, 5 }; int arrayLength = sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]); if(Invalid() == false) { for(int count = 0 ; count < arrayLength ; ++count) { cout<<array[count]<<" "; } cout<<‘. Hi Alex and other commenters, This was my approach to solving question 2, I thought I would include a check to make sure that the user not only entered a number in range but that it was also an integer, it is a bit of a hacky approach but it seems to work ok, what do you think? “while (value != static_cast(value) …” definitely seems hacky. The best way to do this kind of thing is to read in the user’s input as a string and then do validation on the string to ensure it’s an integer. Thank you, I thought that there must have been a better way. These tutorials are great, thank you for all the hard work you have put into this Hey Alex! Love your tutorials, thank you so much for all your hard work! I just noticed that in your quiz question 1, the question initializes arraylength at 9 and then initializes the array with the length arraylength… however, in the solution, you show the array initialized first and then initialize the arraylength with the array’s size divided by an array element size. Was this intentional? Is this answer acceptable? Oh, and I’ve also been meaning to ask… when I type array into my codeblocks, it seems to recognize it as an actual C++ term and turns the word green, so I’ve just been using arra instead. Is it okay to use the word array if it is a green word? Thanks for pointing out the inconsistency between the quiz question and answer. I’ve updated the quiz question to be in alignment with the answer. Whether the former method (explicitly setting the length) or the current method (deriving the length from the initialized array) is “better” depends on your constraints. If the array length must be 9, then explicitly setting the length to 9 is better because it makes this clear, and enlists the compilers help in enforcing this limit. If the array length can be set to whatever the number of initializing elements is, then it’s better to derive the length so there isn’t a mismatch between the array length and number of initializers. In this example, I think the latter is likely be less error prone, so it’s a better choice. array isn’t a reserved word in C++, so it’s fine to use. However, many syntax highlighters do highlight it as a reserved word even though it’s not. Visual Studio does because it’s a reserved word in C++/CLI. I’m not sure what Code::Blocks’ reason is. Thanks so much for your reply! You’re a damn saint for helping all of us! Name (required) Website	http://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/63-arrays-and-loops/comment-page-3/	CC-MAIN-2018-05	refinedweb	555	68.7
Cosmos CRUD Burke Holland Originally published at burkeholland.github.io on ・3 min read Cosmos DB JavaScript SDK is clean - I like it. But I feel like I always end up forgetting how to CRUD. For the uninitiated in database street-slang, CRUD means Create, Read, Update And Delete. Feel free to use that if you find yourself in a turf war or dance-off. Well, I take that back. I can “read” everything purty gud. Actually, I can “create” as well. It’s the retrieving of one item that always throw me off. This is because of partition keys. Partition keys always hang me up (because I am but a simple man) and, well, I need a reminder for how they do and don’t affect retrieving an item, so that’s what I’m going to document in this here article. Assume that we’re working with the following document structure with a partition key on “/brand/name”. { "name": "Artificial Tree", "price": 250, "brand": { "name": "Drillco" }, "stockUnits": 654, "id": "66d7134f-ee03-4cab-b448-ab3bb5098a6f" } Assume that all of the following examples have the following connection information… import { CosmosClient } from "@azure/cosmos"; const client = new CosmosClient(process.env.CONNECTION_STRING); const database = client.database("tailwind"); const container = database.container("products"); Creating an item async create(product: Product) { let { resource } = await container.items.create(productToCreate); return resource; } const product = await create({ name: "Hammer", price: 10, brand: { name: "ACME" }, stockUnits: 1500 }); Note that Cosmos DB auto-creates an id if you don’t pass one in. It will be a GUID. Reading all items async readAll() { let iterator = container.items.readAll(); let { resources } = await iterator.fetchAll(); return resources; } const products = await readAll(); Reading one item async read(id: string, brand: string) { let { resource } = container.item(id, brand).read(); return resource; } const product = await read("66d7134f-ee03-4cab-b448-ab3bb5098a6f", "Drillco"); Sometimes you don’t have a partition key. In that case, you’ll want to pass undefined as the second parameter. async read(id: string) { let { resources } = container.item(id, undefined).read(); return resources; } const product = await read("66d7134f-ee03-4cab-b448-ab3bb5098a6f"); Update an item async update(product: Product) { // just like with reading one item, if your collection doesn't have a partition key, // pass "undefined" as the second parameter - container.item(product.id, undefined); let itemToUpdate = container.item(product.id, product.brand.name); let { resource } = itemToUpdate.replace(product); return resource; } const product = await update({ name: "Artificial Tree Updated", price: 250, brand: { "name": "Drillco" }, stockUnits: 654, id: "66d7134f-ee03-4cab-b448-ab3bb5098a6f" }); Note that you have to include the id on the object that you pass in to the replacefunction. Even though you already specified it when you retrieved the item to update. Delete an item async destroy(id: string, brand: string) { // just like with reading one item, if your collection doesn't have a partition key, // pass "undefined" as the second parameter - container.item(product.id, undefined).delete(); await container.item(id, brand).delete(); } await destroy("66d7134f-ee03-4cab-b448-ab3bb5098a6f", "Drillco") Partition key values vs names The main takeaway from this article (besides my poor use of grammer and analogy) should be that Cosmos DB wants a partition key VALUE, not name. When I was first working with the SDK, I would try to pass in the partition key name (/brand/name). This would throw an error telling me that an object with id of whatever didn’t exist. That’s because I needed to pass in the value of the partition key, not the name. This is why you need to pass in undefined if you do not have a partition key defined for your collection. There is a pretty good tutorial you can go through here that covers this in more detail and shows it in a Node/Express context. I hope this helps. Good luck out there. Career Progression: What Does It Mean to You? Does your organisation have a plan for career progression? Do you know the steps you need to take to level up?	https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/burkeholland/cosmos-crud-3og7	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	670	57.37
ML Kit Tutorial for iOS: Recognizing Text in Images In this ML Kit tutorial, you’ll learn how to leverage Google’s ML Kit to detect and recognize text. Version - Swift 4.2, iOS 12, Xcode 10 A few years ago, there were two types of machine learning (ML) developers: the advanced developers and everyone else. The lower levels of ML can be hard; it’s a lot of math, and it uses big words like logistic regression, sparsity and neural nets. But it doesn’t have to be that hard. You can also be an ML developer! At its core, ML is simple. With it, you solve a problem by teaching a software model to recognize patterns instead of hard coding each situation and corner case you can think of. However, it can be daunting to get started, and this is where you can rely on existing tools. Machine Learning and Tooling Just like iOS development, ML is about tooling. You wouldn’t build your own UITableView, or at least you shouldn’t; you would use a framework instead, like UIKit. It’s the same way with ML. ML has a booming ecosystem of tooling. Tensorflow, for example, simplifies training and running models. TensorFlow Lite brings model support to iOS and Android devices. Each of these tools requires some experience with ML. What if you’re not an ML expert but want to solve a specific problem? For these situations, there’s ML Kit. ML Kit ML Kit is a mobile SDK that brings Google’s ML expertise to your app. There are two main parts of ML Kit’s APIs for common use cases and custom models that are easy to use regardless of experience. The existing APIs currently support: Each of these use cases comes with a pre-trained model wrapped in an easy-to-use API. Time to start building something! Getting Started In this tutorial, you’re going to build an app called Extractor. Have you ever snapped a picture of a sign or a poster just to write down the text content? It would be great if an app could just peel the text off the sign and save it for you, ready to use. You could, for example, take a picture of an addressed envelope and save the address. That’s exactly what you’ll do with this project! Get ready! Start by downloading the project materials for this tutorial using the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial. This project uses CocoaPods to manage dependencies. Setting Up ML Kit Each ML Kit API has a different set of CocoaPods dependencies. This is useful because you only need to bundle the dependencies required by your app. For instance, if you’re not identifying landmarks, you don’t need that model in your app. In Extractor, you’ll use the Text Recognition API. If you were adding the Text Recognition API to your app, then you would need to add the following lines to your Podfile, but you don’t have to do this for the starter project since the lines are there in the Podfile – you can check. pod 'Firebase/Core' => '5.5.0' pod 'Firebase/MLVision' => '5.5.0' pod 'Firebase/MLVisionTextModel' => '5.5.0' You do have to open the Terminal app, switch over to the project folder and run the following command to install the CocoaPods used in the project though: pod install Once the CocoaPods are installed, open Extractor.xcworkspace in Xcode. If you’re unfamiliar with CocoaPods, our CocoaPods Tutorial will help you get started. This project contains the following important files: - ViewController.swift: The only controller in this project. - +UIImage.swift: A UIImageextension to fix the orientation of images. Setting Up a Firebase Account To set up a Firebase account, follow the account setup section in this Getting Started With Firebase Tutorial. While the Firebase products are different, the account creation and setup is exactly the same. The general idea is that you: - Create a project. - Add an iOS app to a project. - Drag the GoogleService-Info.plist to your project. - Initialize Firebase in the AppDelegate. It’s simple process but, if you hit any snags, the guide above can help. Build and run the app, and you’ll see that it looks like this: It doesn’t do anything yet except allow you to share the hard-coded text via the action button on the top right. You’ll use ML Kit to bring this app to life. Detecting Basic Text Get ready for your first text detection! You can begin by demonstrating to the user how to use the app. A nice demonstration is to scan an example image when the app first boots up. There’s an image bundled in the assets folder named scanned-text, which is currently the default image displayed in the UIImageView of the view controller. You’ll use that as the example image. But first, you need a text detector to detect the text in the image. Creating a Text Detector Create a file named ScaledElementProcessor.swift and add the following code: import Firebase class ScaledElementProcessor { } Great! You’re all done! Just kidding. Create a text-detector property inside the class: let vision = Vision.vision() var textRecognizer: VisionTextRecognizer! init() { textRecognizer = vision.onDeviceTextRecognizer() } This textRecognizer is the main object you can use to detect text in images. You’ll use it to recognize the text contained in the image currently displayed by the UIImageView. Add the following detection method to the class: func process(in imageView: UIImageView, callback: @escaping (_ text: String) -> Void) { // 1 guard let image = imageView.image else { return } // 2 let visionImage = VisionImage(image: image) // 3 textRecognizer.process(visionImage) { result, error in // 4 guard error == nil, let result = result, !result.text.isEmpty else { callback("") return } // 5 callback(result.text) } } Take a second to understand this chunk of code: - Here, you check if the imageViewactually contains an image. If not, simply return. Ideally, however, you would either throw or provide a graceful failure. - ML Kit uses a special VisionImagetype. It’s useful because it can contain specific metadata for ML Kit to process the image, such as the image’s orientation. - The textRecognizerhas a processmethod that takes in the VisionImage, and it returns an array of text results in the form of a parameter passed to a closure. - The result could be nil, and, in that case, you’ll want to return an empty string for the callback. - Lastly, the callback is triggered to relay the recognized text. Using the Text Detector Open ViewController.swift and, after the outlets at the top of the class body, add an instance of ScaledElementProcessor as a property: let processor = ScaledElementProcessor() Then, add the following code at the bottom of viewDidLoad() to display the detected text in the UITextView: processor.process(in: imageView) { text in self.scannedText = text } This small block calls process(in:), passing the main imageView and assigning the recognized text to the scannedText property in the callback. Run the app, and you should see the following text right below the image: Your SCanned text will appear here You might need to scroll the text view to reveal the last couple of lines. Notice how the “S” and “C” of scanned are uppercase. Sometimes, with specific fonts, the wrong casing can appear. This is the reason why the text is displayed in a UITextView, so the user can manually edit to fix detection mistakes. Understanding the Classes VisionText Did you notice that the callback of textRecognizer.process(in:) in ScaledElementProcessor returned an object in the result parameter instead of plain old text? This is an instance of VisionText, a class that contains lots of useful information, such as the recognized text. But you want to do more than just get the text. Wouldn’t it be cool to outline each frame of each recognized text element? ML Kit provides the result in a structure similar to a tree. You need to traverse to the leaf element in order to obtain the position and size of the frame containing the recognized text. If the reference to tree structures did not make a lot of sense to you, don’t worry too much. The sections below should clarify what’s going on. However, if you are interested in learning more about tree data structures, you can always check out this tutorial on Swift Tree Data Structures. VisionTextBlock When working with recognized text, you start with a VisionText object — this is an object (call it the tree) that can contain multiple blocks of text (like branches in a tree). You iterate over each branch, which is a VisionTextBlock object in the blocks array, like this: for block in result.blocks { } VisionTextElement A VisionTextBlock is simply an object containing a collection of lines of text (like leaves on a branch) each represented by a VisionTextElement instance. This nesting doll of objects allows you to see the hierarchy of the identified text. Looping through each object looks like this: for block in result.blocks { for line in block.lines { for element in line.elements { } } } All objects in this hierarchy contain the frame in which the text is located. However, each object contains a different level of granularity. A block may contain multiple lines, a line may contain multiple elements, and an element may contain multiple symbols. For this tutorial, you’ll use elements as the level of granularity. Elements will typically correspond to a word. This will allow you to draw over each word and show the user where each word is located in the image. The last loop iterates over the elements in each line of the text block. These elements contain the frame, a simple CGRect. Using this frame, you can draw borders around the words on the image. Highlighting the Text Frames Detecting Frames To draw on the image, you’ll need to create a CAShapeLayer with the frame of the text element. Open ScaledElementProcessor.swift and add the following struct to the top of the file: struct ScaledElement { let frame: CGRect let shapeLayer: CALayer } This struct is a convenience. It makes it easier to group the frame and CAShapeLayer to the controller. Now, you need a helper method to create a CAShapeLayer from the element’s frame. Add the following code to the end of ScaledElementProcessor: private func createShapeLayer(frame: CGRect) -> CAShapeLayer { // 1 let bpath = UIBezierPath(rect: frame) let shapeLayer = CAShapeLayer() shapeLayer.path = bpath.cgPath // 2 shapeLayer.strokeColor = Constants.lineColor shapeLayer.fillColor = Constants.fillColor shapeLayer.lineWidth = Constants.lineWidth return shapeLayer } // MARK: - private // 3 private enum Constants { static let lineWidth: CGFloat = 3.0 static let lineColor = UIColor.yellow.cgColor static let fillColor = UIColor.clear.cgColor } Here’s what the code does: - A CAShapeLayerdoes not have an initializer that takes in a CGRect. So, you construct a UIBezierPathwith the CGRectand set the shape layer’s pathto the UIBezierPath. - The visual properties for colors and widths are set via a Constantsenum. - This enum helps keep the coloring and widths consistent. Now, replace process(in:callback:) with the following: // 1 func process( in imageView: UIImageView, callback: @escaping (_ text: String, _ scaledElements: [ScaledElement]) -> Void ) { guard let image = imageView.image else { return } let visionImage = VisionImage(image: image) textRecognizer.process(visionImage) { result, error in guard error == nil, let result = result, !result.text.isEmpty else { callback("", []) return } // 2 var scaledElements: [ScaledElement] = [] // 3 for block in result.blocks { for line in block.lines { for element in line.elements { // 4 let shapeLayer = self.createShapeLayer(frame: element.frame) let scaledElement = ScaledElement(frame: element.frame, shapeLayer: shapeLayer) // 5 scaledElements.append(scaledElement) } } } callback(result.text, scaledElements) } } Here’s what changed: - The callback now takes an array of ScaledElementinstances in addition to the recognized text. scaledElementsserves as a collection for frames and shape layers. - Exactly as outlined above, the code uses a forloop to get the frame of each element. - The innermost forloop creates the shape layer from the element’s frame, which is then used to construct a new ScaledElementinstance. - Add the newly created instance to scaledElements. Drawing The code above was getting your pencils together. Now, it’s time to draw! Open ViewController.swift and, in viewDidLoad(), replace the call to process(in:) with the following: processor.process(in: imageView) { text, elements in self.scannedText = text elements.forEach() { feature in self.frameSublayer.addSublayer(feature.shapeLayer) } } ViewController has a frameSublayer property that is attached to the imageView. Here, you add each element’s shape layer to the sublayer, so that iOS will automatically draw the shape on the image. Build and run. See your work of art! Oh. What is that? It looks like you’re more of a Picasso than a Monet. What’s going on, here? Well, it’s probably time to talk about scale. Understanding Image Scaling The default scanned-text.png image is 654×999 (width x height); however, the UIImageView has a “Content Mode” of “Aspect Fit,” which scales the image to 375×369 in the view. ML Kit receives the actual size of the image and returns the element frames based on that size. The frames from the actual size are then drawn on the scaled size, which produces a confusing result. In the picture above, notice the differences between the scaled size and the actual size. You can see that the frames match up on the actual size. To get the frames in the right place, you need to calculate the scale of the image versus the view. The formula is fairly simple (👀…fairly): - Calculate the resolutions of the view and image. - Determine the scale by comparing resolutions. - Calculate height, width, and origin points x and y, by multiplying them by the scale. - Use those data points to create a new CGRect. If that sounds confusing, it’s OK! You’ll understand when you see the code. Calculating the Scale Open ScaledElementProcessor.swift and add the following method: // 1 private func createScaledFrame( featureFrame: CGRect, imageSize: CGSize, viewFrame: CGRect) -> CGRect { let viewSize = viewFrame.size // 2 let resolutionView = viewSize.width / viewSize.height let resolutionImage = imageSize.width / imageSize.height // 3 var scale: CGFloat if resolutionView > resolutionImage { scale = viewSize.height / imageSize.height } else { scale = viewSize.width / imageSize.width } // 4 let featureWidthScaled = featureFrame.size.width * scale let featureHeightScaled = featureFrame.size.height * scale // 5 let imageWidthScaled = imageSize.width * scale let imageHeightScaled = imageSize.height * scale let imagePointXScaled = (viewSize.width - imageWidthScaled) / 2 let imagePointYScaled = (viewSize.height - imageHeightScaled) / 2 // 6 let featurePointXScaled = imagePointXScaled + featureFrame.origin.x * scale let featurePointYScaled = imagePointYScaled + featureFrame.origin.y * scale // 7 return CGRect(x: featurePointXScaled, y: featurePointYScaled, width: featureWidthScaled, height: featureHeightScaled) } Here’s what’s going on in the code: - This method takes in CGRects for the original size of the image, the displayed image size and the frame of the UIImageView. - The resolutions of the image and view are calculated by dividing their heights and widths respectively. - The scale is determined by which resolution is larger. If the view is larger, you scale by the height; otherwise, you scale by the width. - This method calculates width and height. The width and height of the frame are multiplied by the scale to calculate the scaled width and height. - The origin of the frame must be scaled as well; otherwise, even if the size is correct, it would be way off center in the wrong position. - The new origin is calculated by adding the x and y point scales to the unscaled origin multiplied by the scale. - A scaled CGRectis returned, configured with calculated origin and size. Now that you have a scaled CGRect, you can go from scribbles to sgraffito. Yes, that’s a thing. Look it up and thank me in your next Scrabble game. Go to process(in:callback:) in ScaledElementProcessor.swift and modify the innermost for loop to use the following code: for element in line.elements { let frame = self.createScaledFrame( featureFrame: element.frame, imageSize: image.size, viewFrame: imageView.frame) let shapeLayer = self.createShapeLayer(frame: frame) let scaledElement = ScaledElement(frame: frame, shapeLayer: shapeLayer) scaledElements.append(scaledElement) } The newly added line creates a scaled frame, which the code uses to create the correctly position shape layer. Build and run. You should see the frames drawn in the right places. What a master painter you are! Enough with default photos; time to capture something from the wild! Taking Photos with the Camera The project has the camera and library picker code already set up in an extension at the bottom of ViewController.swift. If you try to use it right now, you’ll notice that none of the frames match up. That’s because it’s still using the old frames from the preloaded image! You need to remove those and draw new ones when you take or select a photo. Add the following method to ViewController: private func removeFrames() { guard let sublayers = frameSublayer.sublayers else { return } for sublayer in sublayers { sublayer.removeFromSuperlayer() } } This method removes all sublayers from the frame sublayer using a for loop. This gives you a clean canvas for the next photo. To consolidate the detection code, add the following new method to ViewController: // 1 private func drawFeatures( in imageView: UIImageView, completion: (() -> Void)? = nil ) { // 2 removeFrames() processor.process(in: imageView) { text, elements in elements.forEach() { element in self.frameSublayer.addSublayer(element.shapeLayer) } self.scannedText = text // 3 completion?() } } Here’s what changed: - This methods takes in the UIImageViewand a callback so that you know when it’s done. - Frames are automatically removed before processing a new image. - Trigger the completion callback once everything is done. Now, replace the call to processor.process(in:callback:) in viewDidLoad() with the following: drawFeatures(in: imageView) Scroll down to the class extension and locate imagePickerController(_:didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:); add this line of code to the end of the if block, after imageView.image = pickedImage: drawFeatures(in: imageView) When you shoot or select a new photo, this code ensures that the old frames are removed and replaced by the ones from the new photo. Build and run. If you’re on a real device (not a simulator), take a picture of printed text. You might see something strange: What’s going on here? You’ll cover image orientation in a second, because the above is an orientation issue. Dealing With Image Orientations This app is locked in portrait orientation. It’s tricky to redraw the frames when the device rotates, so it’s easier to restrict the user for now. This restriction requires the user to take portrait photos. The UICameraPicker rotates portrait photos 90 degrees behind the scenes. You don’t see the rotation because the UIImageView rotates it back for you. However, what the detector gets is the rotated UIImage. This leads to some confusing results. ML Kit allows you to specify the orientation of the photo in the VisionMetadata object. Setting the proper orientation will return the correct text, but the frames will be drawn for the rotated photo. Therefore, you need to fix the photo orientation to always be in the “up” position. The project contains an extension named +UIImage.swift. This extension adds a method to UIImage that changes the orientation of any photo to the up position. Once the photo is in the correct orientation, everything will run smoothly! Open ViewController.swift and, in imagePickerController(_:didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:), replace imageView.image = pickedImage with the following: // 1 let fixedImage = pickedImage.fixOrientation() // 2 imageView.image = fixedImage Here’s what changed: - The newly selected image, pickedImage, is rotated back to the up position. - Then, you assign the rotated image to the imageView. Build and run. Take that photo again. You should see everything in the right place. Sharing the Text This last step requires no action from you. Aren’t those the best? The app is integrated with the UIActivityViewController. Look at shareDidTouch(): @IBAction func shareDidTouch(_ sender: UIBarButtonItem) { let vc = UIActivityViewController( activityItems: [textView.text, imageView.image!], applicationActivities: []) present(vc, animated: true, completion: nil) } It’s a simple two-step process. Create a UIActivityViewController that contains the scanned text and image. Then call present() and let the user do the rest. Where to Go From Here? Congratulations! You are now an ML developer! You can get the completed version of Extractor using the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial. But do note that, as mentioned at the beginning, you still have to add your own GoogleService-Info.plist after downloading the final project. You’ll also need to update the bundle ID to match what you configured in the Firebase console. In this tutorial, you learned: - The basics of ML Kit by building a text detection photo app. - The ML Kit text recognition API, image scale and orientation. And you did all this without having an ML Ph.D. :] To learn more about Firebase and ML Kit, please check out the official documentation. If you have any comments or questions about this Firebase tutorial, Firebase, ML Kit or the sample app, please join the forum discussion below!	https://www.raywenderlich.com/6565-ml-kit-tutorial-for-ios-recognizing-text-in-images?utm_campaign=Indie%2BiOS%2BFocus%2BWeekly&utm_medium=web&utm_source=Indie_iOS_Focus_Weekly_206	CC-MAIN-2019-09	refinedweb	3,484	59.19
31492/command-history-in-interactive-python Try this - os.system("commands and arguments") READ MORE import os os.system('external_command') Replace external_command in the above code ...READ MORE Suppose your file name is demo.py and ...READ MORE The answer to your first problem is ...READ MORE suppose you have a string with a ...READ MORE if you google it you can find. ...READ MORE Syntax : list. count(value) Code: colors = ['red', 'green', ...READ MORE can you give an example using a ...READ MORE you can check the subprocess module in ...READ MORE To indent the block, select the entire ...READ MORE OR Already have an account? Sign in.	https://www.edureka.co/community/31492/command-history-in-interactive-python	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	109	72.32
I. This Instructable will show you how to build and use the FunShield. I hope you find it as useful and fun as I have! A kit is available on Tindie.com. Purchasing the kit will save you the time and expense of ordering from several different vendors and avoid the minimum PCB order premium. You will also be helping us develop and share other projects! Step 1: Gather the Parts To start, check to see you have everything: From the SparkFun Inventor's Kit (or your favorite supplier): - (1) Photocell, SparkFun SEN-09088, $1.50 - (1) SN74HC595N SHIFT REGISTER 16-DIP, SparkFun COM-00733, $1.50 - (1) IC SENSOR TEMP, SparkFun SEN-10988, $1.50 - (1) Piezo speaker, SparkFun COM-07950, $1.95 - (1) TRIMMER 10K OHM 0.2W PC PIN, SparkFun COM-09806, $0.95 - (1) Mini Push Button, SparkFun COM-00097, $0.35 - (2) Momentary Push Button Switch - 12mm Square, SparkFun COM-09190, $1.00 - (1) Common cathod RGB LED 5 or 10mm, SparkFun COM-11120, $0.95 - (8) Assorted color 5mm LEDs, COM-12062, $2.95 - (12) 330 Ohm 1/6W resistor, SparkFun COM-11507, $0.95/ea - (4) 10K 1/6W resistor, SparkFun COM-08374, $1.00 - (1) Diode SparkFun COM-08588, $0.15 - (1) NPN Transistor, COM-12852, $0.50 Other Items: - (1) PCB Board,, $22.10 for three copies - (1) 40-pin Break away header, SparkFun PRT-00116, $1.50 - (2) CONN HEADER FEMALE 2POS .1" TIN, Digikey S7000-ND, $0.68 - (1) CONN FEMALE 4POS .100" R/A GOLD, Digikey S5479-ND, $0.74 - (1) CONN HEADER 4POS .100 R/A 30AU, Digikey 609-3312-ND, $0.39 Remember, I've done all the hard work if you just want to buy the kit at Tindie.com. Step 2: Gentlement, Start Your Iron We are going to assume you have some kit-building experience. If you need some help soldering, head over to to brush up. The order of assembly is largely a matter of preference. If you don't have a helper or a vice, I generally go from lowest height to tallest so when the board is reversed on the table, the parts stay in place. Resistors: Let's start with resistors since they are the most plentiful, lowest seating, and easiest to solder. They are more heat resistant and will give you a chance to brush up on your technique. They also have no polarity, so you can put them in either way. You will, however, have to get the right values if you want the LED to be the correct brightness. In general, I use 330 ohm for red and yellow and 180 ohm for green and blue. When in doubt, check your data sheets for the forward voltages, and then calculate the correct resistor for 5 volts at. Resistor value for other components like 10K ohm for the I2C bus are marked on the PCB. Diode and Photocell: Now you are warmed up, time to try something with polarity. Add the diode above the 330 ohm resistor in the upper center of the board, observing the white line on the PCB and the black band on the diode. This is the "kick-back" diode for the motor transistor, so your motor will not work if it is in backwards (it will just bypass the motor and probably overheat. The photocell goes in the lower right corner, and has no polarity. Step 3: I2C Headers and Shift Register The I2C headers on the right side are optional, and will allow you to connect two boards together, or connect to another I2C device like a Wii Nunchuk or Adafruit I2C LCD. They are logically next because they sit so low, but they can be added later if desired. The shift register allows us to control the eight LEDs using just three of the Arduino's I/O pins. Itis a 16-pin IC that must go in with the correct orientation to work. Note the notch in one end. This show which side of the chip has pin one. Match the notch with the outline on the PCB. I usually solder on pin on each diagonal corner and then check the seating. Double check the orientation, because after you solder more than two pins, it will be very difficult to switch. Trust me, I've had to do it more than one. Step 4: Temperature Sensor and Transistor The Temperature Sensor and the Transistor look identical except for the markings. Identify them by the markings on the face using a good light and a magnifying glass. You are looking from something like "TMP36" for the temperature IC, and "2Nxxxx" for the transistor. The Temperature Sensor goes in the upper left corner with the flat face toward the center of the board. This is an analog device that produces a voltage proportional to temperature. The NPN Transistor goes on the upper right side of the board, and may or may not have the flat face pointing toward the center of the board, depending on your manufacture. Check your data sheet and the schematic above to see where the base, collector, and emitter pins are. The transistor is an electronic switch that lets us use the small current the Arduino digital pins can supply to control a motor needing 200 milliamps. An LED, on the other hand, only needs 10 milliamps, so can be powered directly from the digital pins. Step 5: Buttons and Speaker Next up are the buttons. There are two input buttons, which can use either the 12mm button or a smaller tactile button, and the reset set button. These do need to be installed in a certain direction, the PCB holes are aligned to take care of that (don't bend the pins to fit them in). The speaker is next. There are two sets of holes. The speaker sold by SparkFun has leads closer together, and has polarity. The set of holes 90 degrees off are farther apart, and fit the PS1202 style speaker sold by Adafruit which doesn't have polarity. Step 6: Let There Be Light! or LEDs. Time for LEDs. You should have already decided on colors and resistor values, so now you just need to get the correct LEDs in the right spots. LEDs have polarity, with the longer leg being positive. Solder one leg of each LED and then check the seating on the other side (it is easier to reseat if you only have one solder joint to heat up!) The RGB led goes in the upper left corner. There are two types of RGBs, common cathode, where the longer pin has the supply voltage, and each color runs to ground, and common anode, where the long pin is the ground. In both cases, the longer lead goes through the hole with the square pad. The board comes ready for common cathode, which comes in SparkFun kits, but can be easily modified for the other if that is what you got from Adafruit. On the underside of the board, cut the CC pad, and solder-bridge the CA pad. Check both for continuity with a multimeter. Note: I've left enough room to use a 10mm RGB LED instead of the standard 5mm. Step 7: Measure Your Potential - Trim Pot The potentiometer, or "trim pot" goes in the lower left corner. There are several types of pin arrangements for potentiometer, and the SparkFun kit comes with one that is breadboard friendly with three 0.1" spaced leads in a line. I've also added the offset hole to mount the more common and inexpensive trim pots if that is what you've got on hand. Step 8: Heading Out, or in - I/O Headers There wasn't room for all the SparkFun kits components, so I added some headers to help us connect with the outside world. The 2-pin female header on the left connects the motor to the transistor controlled digital output. The 2-pin female header on the right connects to an analog pin and ground for components like the flex sensor. Use a piece of male header to hold them in place and aligned while soldering. For connecting to the servo, add the 3-pin male header next to the motor header. Step 9: Final Hot Work - Arduino Headers The final bit of soldering you need is to connect the two 8-pin and two 6-pin male headers for connecting the shield to the Arduino. The easiest way I've found to do this is to put the headers in place in the Arduino first, and then place the shield over the pins before soldering them in place. This will give you rock-solid alignment. Step 10: Start Sparkin You should have noticed by now that all the pin assignments are marked on the bottom of the board, and can be used in normal Arduino fashion. In a lot of cases, they actually match the ones used in the SparkFun Inventors Kit's demonstration sketches. At most, you will just have to change the pin numbers to use them. SparkFun Inventors Kit Guide:... SparkFun Inventors Kit Example Sketches:... - Place the "SIK Guide Code" folder in the Arduino IDE "examples" directory: - PC: drag the "SIK Guide Code" folder into C:\program files\Arduino-x\examples - MAC: drag the "SIK Guide Code" folder into Arduino-x/Contents/Resource/Java/examples - Linux: see Here are the FunShield Pin Assignments: - A0 TRIM - A1 LIGHT - A2 TEMP - A3 ANALOG - A4 I2C-SDA - A5 I2C-SCL - D2 Shift register Data - D4 Shift register Latch - D12 Shift register Clock - D6 RGB-BLUE - D9 RGB-RED - D10 RGB-GREEN - D3 MOTOR - D5 SERVO - D7 RIGHT BUTTON - D8 LEFT BUTTON - D11 Speaker Step 11: FunShield Library I have written a library for the FunShield to help take care of the dirty work of setup and pin assignment. The library includes demo sketches to get you going. The one "gotcha" is that this library has to be installed with the Arduino standard libraries instead of the sketchbook folder like most libraries do. This seems to be a "software feature" regarding relative paths to the Wire library, which we need to do the cool I2C stuff later on. Note: This library currently only works with the Arduino 1.0 version, not the 1.5+. Sorry. Steps: - Download zip file from:... - Unzip the folder. - Move the libraries/FunShield folder to your Arduino's installation folder (not the sketchbook/libraries folder): - Windows: C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries - Restart the Arduino IDE. - Example sketches should now show up under: - [File] -> [Examples] -> [FunShield] Step 12: ArduBlock ArduBlock is a graphical programming environment that integrates with the Arduino IDE. It is an open source project written in Java. - If you are still having trouble, check out the more detailed instructions at - Open an example project (you will have to navigate to the ../sketchbook/ArduBlockExamples folder. Step 13: Example of Component Integration You are done! I guess that all that is left is to give you a gentle push in the right direction. Let's take a look at the example sketch called "FS_01_LED.ino": First, we need to indicate we want to use the FunShield library, and instanciate a FunShield object called "fs": // sets up and initialize FunShield #include <FunShield.h> #include <Wire.h> // Require for I2C communication FunShield fs; // Instanciate FunShield instance A couple of simple variables to help us: // variable declarations int led = 0; // Can be any led from 0 to 7 int delayTime = 1000; // Delay time in milliseconds Since the FunShield library handles all the setup, the setup() function can be empty. I usually ad some code to see what is going on via the console: void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // Setup serial communications for troubleshooting Serial.println("FS_01_LED.ino"); } And now for the main loop: void loop(){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(delayTime); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off delay(delayTime); } delay++){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(delayTime); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } for(led=6; led>0; led--){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(delayTime); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } } the speaker() function void loop(){ for(led=0; led<8; led++){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(delayTime); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } speaker(440, 10); // short beep for(led=6; led>0; led--){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(delayTime); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } speaker(880, 10); // short beep } One final trick to throw in. How about we vary the speed of the LED based on the trim potentiometer value? Piece of cake! Just change the delayTime variable to the trim() function: void loop(){ for(led=0; led<8; led++){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(trim()); // read potentiometer to determine delay time. LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } speaker(440, 10); // short beep for(led=6; led>0; led--){ LED(led, HIGH); // turn LED on delay(trim()); LED(led, LOW); // turn LED off } speaker(880, 10); // short beep } Wow, that was easy! You have the basis for a cool 2-dimension Pong game. Now go forth and have FUN!	http://www.instructables.com/id/FunShield-an-Arduino-Educational-Platform/	CC-MAIN-2017-26	refinedweb	2,199	71.75
On Thu, Jun 26, 2008 at 4:58 PM, Emmanuel Lecharny <elecharny@apache.org> wrote: >> I'd suggest also to rename the packages only when >> you are almost ready to graduate. This allows you to merge current >> development and maintenance quite easily. > > This is only if you intent to keep both subversion repo alive in //. But if > users base their development on apache Jsecurity version, they will find it > painfull to change the package at the very last moment. Don't know ... In the Wicket case we migrated the committers to Apache, but left the user community at sourceforge (our user list was migrated when we graduated). I think for existing projects that start incubation it is wise to move the committers first, and users upon graduation. Which doesn't say that users shouldn't use incubator code, but I'd rather not depend too heavily on podlings. Not only is there a risk of failed incubation, the podling will have a different focus while in the incubator: learning the Apache Way. So during this learning things will slow down a bit or speed up, depending on how incubation goes. But you'll see different stages: community building, legal vetting, release building, etc. These will slow down the podling's feature matrix implementation. I think moving to the apache namespace early is not advisable. If the incubation fails for whatever reason, your users need to migrate their code twice. For users it it not too big a problem to rename their packages once. With Wicket we did it at the last possible moment iirc (at least when we got our act together and started our serious graduation effort) > What > if they release a preliminary version on Apache with the new packages, and > make it the base for the incubator developments, so that users can use it > straight away and benefit from the new features JSecurity will implement in > the near future ? It can alleviate the burden of maintaining two different > code bases, out of which one is known to be dead... That is not nice for your existing users that depend on jsecurity in production systems. The Wicket devs have recently released Wicket 1.2.7 outside the foundation for those systems that are dependent on wicket 1.2.x code, while we already had 1.3.2 out. Not everybody has the luxury to migrate with the latest and greatest. Though we did end-of-life our wicket 1.2.x branch with 1.2.7. > This work too. Depends on the existing user's base, I guess ? Which was in the thousands for Wicket at the time, with numerous systems in production. Martijn --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: general-unsubscribe@incubator.apache.org For additional commands, e-mail: general-help@incubator.apache.org	http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/incubator-general/200806.mbox/%3C918312fe0806260817g22a2f2b2web0da876183ceba8@mail.gmail.com%3E	CC-MAIN-2015-22	refinedweb	464	64.81
This is a C program to print diamond pattern. This program prints the diamond pattern. 1. Take the number of rows as input. 2. According to the number of rows, print the ” ” and “” using for loops. 3. Exit. Here is source code of the C Program to print diamond pattern. The C program is successfully compiled and run on a Linux system. The program output is also shown below. / * C Program to Print Diamond Pattern / #include <stdio.h> int main() { int number, i, k, count = 1; printf("Enter number of rows\n"); scanf("%d", &number); count = number - 1; for (k = 1; k <= number; k++) { for (i = 1; i <= count; i++) printf(" "); count--; for (i = 1; i <= 2 k - 1; i++) printf(""); printf("\n"); } count = 1; for (k = 1; k <= number - 1; k++) { for (i = 1; i <= count; i++) printf(" "); count++; for (i = 1 ; i <= 2 (number - k)- 1; i++) printf(""); printf("\n"); } return 0; } 1. Take the number of rows as input and store in the variable number. 2. Firstly decrement the variable number by 1 and assign this value to the variable count. 3. Use this variable count as terminator in the for loop to print ” “. 4. Decrement count by 1. 5. Use another for loop starting from 1 to (2k-1) to print “”. 6. Do steps 3, 4, and 5 inside the for loop starting from 1 to variable number. 7. Steps 2-6 are used to print half of the diamond pattern. 8. For the next half, assign the variable count by 1. 9. Use this variable count as terminator in the for loop to print ” “. 10. Increment count by 1. 11. Use another for loop starting from 1 to (2(number-k)-1) to print “”. 12. Do steps 8-11 inside the for loop starting from 1 to value (number-1). Enter number of rows 5 * * *** ***** *** * * * Enter number of rows 2 * *** * Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – 1000 C Programs. Here’s the list of Best Reference Books in C Programming, Data-Structures and Algorithms	http://www.sanfoundry.com/c-program-diamond-pattern/	CC-MAIN-2017-39	refinedweb	339	82.65
Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 4, 2012 12:43 PM Hello everyone, new guy here, im also failry new to flash. Im using Flash MX and Dreamweaver CS5. Ive been making some flash with a moving truck and through the last couple days and i add it to my site and upload it and it has been working well. Then yesterday i made some changes to the file and added it to dreamweaver and uploaded and the then the first 20 or so frames run really fast and then the thing calms down. This is being viewed in internet explorer 9 win 7. So i tried it in firefox, and it works normal, so then i tried it in internet explorer 9 on vista and it works fine. I even had someone else try it on their win 7 IE9 and it does the same thing. This all the sudden happened yesterday afternoon. Now if i publish preview from flash it plays fine, or if i just open the file from the folder its in it plays fine. Here is the link to my test page, see the banner where the truck scrolls across the screen, the truck moves very fast, then the flash slows down to normal speed. My FPS is 12 and that tween of the truck going left to right should cover about 1.8 seconds per the timeline in flash. THe whole flash should be about 14.3 seconds. Its like it gets revved up and flies throught th first 2-3 seconds. The second flash file on the page the square block that rotates pictures is set to flip every 5.8 seconds and does so normally. Thanks for the help guys. 1. Re: Flash too fastnocturnal YL May 8, 2012 8:46 PM (in response to xjcamaro89) Sounds to me that the problem isn't about the Flash animation. It should be something wrong with your computer instead. 2. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 8, 2012 9:53 PM (in response to nocturnal YL) Remember, Internet Explorer uses a completely different flash (activeX) plugin then every other browser. Try hitting up adobe.com in IE9 and grabbing the latest player. 3. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 9, 2012 5:04 AM (in response to sinious) Thats what i figured but it just seemed weird that it worked one day then later that day it started acting up. Ive downloaded the new flash player and installed it several times. Im not sure what the deal is. I dont have anything "wrong" with my computer. I behind a corporate firewall, running a brand new (1 week old) win 7 laptop, and the latest Norton Corporate antivirus. 4. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 9, 2012 7:43 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) Disable Norton for a sec and try the site. Perhaps when Norton sees the activeX being instantiated it quickly scans it. Otherwise there's a Adobe Flash Player Uninstaller here: Should get rid of any gremlins that might be plaguing IE's flash plugin. 5. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 9, 2012 8:18 AM (in response to sinious) I actually completely unistalled norton just to try it, still the same fast effect. I then used that flash unistaller and reinstalled, still the same. 6. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 9, 2012 9:59 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) I'm in Win7 Pro 64bit using IE 9.0.8112.16421 with flash 11.2.202.228, realized it was a version increment old and updated to 11.2.202.235.. It runs absolutely identical in Firefox, Chrome, IE, Safari, Opera. I think it's just your system. BTW you might want to increase the frame rate to like 30 and make the truck animation move smoother. You'll need to add more frames to slow it back down but it looks like you're running it at 12fps and basically blinks across the screen. 7. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 10, 2012 5:00 AM (in response to sinious) Thats weird because everyone else in our office that i have hit that test page gets the same results, when they are running win 7, ie9. I wondering if its something with our network, like something in the firewall, im going to try with my aircard and check it out. So i just accessed the internet with my aircard, completely seperate from our corporate network. The truck still flys across the screen way tooo fast. But again, if i open it in firefox it runs normal like it should. Im out of ideas. Im going to try recreating it from scratch nd see if i messed something up in the file. 8. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 10, 2012 7:05 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) Just a quick proof, this is recorded (only at 15fps) showing the animation on my side in Chrome and IE9. I show you the versions in the video. The delay between them is obviously me alt+tabbing to the other browser and refreshing but you get the idea.. They look identical. I think the problem is on your side. That's on a 3 year old dual quad xeon with an old radeon HD 4870. Your laptop is probably faster.. 9. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 10, 2012 7:20 AM (in response to sinious) Ya, it looks fine there. Here is a shot of what i see, the truck flys across the screen. This is what everyone on our network running win7 ie9 sees, but if i run firefox its fine, or vista and ie9 is fine. I also get the same result when i use my verizon aircard to connect to the internet. I guess if i know its fine on computers outside of here then i wont worry about it, it just seems weird that the day i created it, it worked just like you see it in the morning and then in the afternoon it started running crazy. 10. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 10, 2012 7:29 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) Same speed out here on 6 different rigs in 2 locations all of varying hardware and age. I wouldn't worry about it, although it would bother me too . I'd look for any system outside your network just to verify it looks fine. I definitely see in your video what you're talking about though. Looks like flash is trying to catch up with soemthing, but I don't see why a firewall would do that. Easiest thing to do is make a new animation of a shape animating across the screen over a few seconds and see if the issue repeats. If it does, don't worry about it. It's something on your network or local computers. If you put up a public link to that test I'll be happy to verify it works. 11. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 10, 2012 7:41 AM (in response to sinious) Thanks, Its just bugs me. Here is a kicker though, when i do publish preview in HTML, it opens in IE9 and plays perfect! hahaha! Could there be something on my webserver? i use yahoo. 12. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 10, 2012 8:20 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) I would try making the small animation like I said. Just draw a circle, convert to a movieclip, animate it over a few seconds just moving like the truck does, export and upload. It should be like a 5k SWF file, certainly not hard to load. If it plays smooth, something is intercepting the larger SWF. And yes, it's a good indication the network is involved if locally it plays fine. Are you preloading? Even on small SWFs you should always preload and never begin animating until it's all loaded. 13. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 10, 2012 8:28 AM (in response to sinious) I am not preloading, im failry new to flash and have not got that far yet, i did wonder about preloading though. But couldnt really figure it out. whats a easy way to do it? 14. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 10, 2012 11:15 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) It's what you'd call a stub. It's a tiny file who's sole job is to load other larger assets and provide some kind of assets so the user gets instant feedback. Before getting into any of the progress/visuals/etc part of it just make a new AS3 document and on frame 1 of the timeline put this: import flash.display.Loader; import flash.net.URLRequest; var myLoader:Loader = new Loader(); addChild(myLoader); myLoader.load(new URLRequest("filename.swf")); // change to your SWFs filename This won't show any progress or do anything other than not show anything until the SWF is finished loading. You put this SWF in the same folder with your other SWF (change filename.swf as needed). If it helps then you have an odd preloading issue in IE. Now on your webpage instead of loading filename.swf you load this new SWF instead, which will in turn preload and then display your other SWF only when it's fully loaded. 15. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 10, 2012 11:25 AM (in response to sinious) When you say AS3 you mean auction script right, my flash is in action script 2, cause im running flash MX. So i would make this file, and i can call is "loader.swf" if i wanted and instead of placing the actual flash movie in the webpage in dreamweaver, place the "loader.swf" file in its place and it will pre load and then play it? 16. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 10, 2012 11:48 AM (in response to xjcamaro89)1 person found this helpful Oy.. AS2? MX? Ouch. Ummm... It's been a while but at least you can do this without needing a separate file. You'll need 2 empty frames for this dinosaur loading technique. Again I'm going to go with the simple, no progress showing route but, on the first frame of your document try this (if I remember AS2 hehe): on frame 1: play(); on frame 2: if (_framesloaded < _totalframes) { gotoAndPlay(1); } That'll just sit there and tennis ball between frame 1 and frame 2 until all frames are loaded. Here's the as2 doc page on it with basically the same example (but shows percentage too): The simple idea is that the script will prevent the playhead from passing frame 2 until all frames have been loaded. If they're not it tells it to gotoAndPlay(1);. 17. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 15, 2012 5:55 AM (in response to sinious) Hey sorry it took so long to get back to you, that loader worked! I added those two frames and put that code in and uploaded it to the server and it worked! Thanks alot, i knew it had to be something that could be fixed easily. Thank you Thank you Thank you! 18. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 15, 2012 6:19 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) Most welcome. Please mark the thread as answered so us forum junkies can filter unanswered Good luck! 19. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 15, 2012 7:37 AM (in response to sinious)1 person found this helpful when doing a flash like this, the way i created it was just with a bunch of layers, i didnt create any movie buttons. I really couldnt figure out how to go about it the right way, so i basically have a layer for each object you see on that screen. There isnt any user interaction its just for looks. Is that ok, or should i be doing it a different way. I played around with placing each image on the stage and converting it to a movie clip and then making the tweens within the movie clip, but i couldnt get the thing to run. I guess i really didnt know how to call upon each movie clip in order. 20. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 15, 2012 1:51 PM (in response to xjcamaro89)1 person found this helpful Keeping things on separate layers is perfectly fine. Preloading is an extremely common thing in Flash. I'm sure you've seen more than your share of preloaders that fill a progress bar or mention a loading percent. In your case I don't believe you need to do that because it is a very small file. Making sure it's loaded before it plays, like that script will do, will just make it perfect. I'd leave it just how it is. In the future, definitely check out AS3. Things get much smoother and overall it's much easier to work with. 21. Re: Flash too fastxjcamaro89 May 16, 2012 4:35 AM (in response to sinious) Great! Thank you so much. I will definately check out AS3. I just happened to have a old Macromedia Studio MX laying around and i thought i would give it a whirl and try some flash. If it becomes a regular program im start using i will definately think about a upgrade! 22. Re: Flash too fastsinious May 16, 2012 5:37 AM (in response to xjcamaro89) You're welcome and good luck!	https://forums.adobe.com/message/4391275	CC-MAIN-2018-22	refinedweb	2,240	79.8
#include <wx/event.h> This class is a special event handler which allows discarding any event (or a set of event types) directed to a specific window. Example: Constructs the blocker for the given window and for the given event type. If type is wxEVT_ANY, then all events for that window are blocked. You can call Block() after creation to add other event types to the list of events to block. Note that the win window must remain alive until the wxEventBlocker object destruction. Destructor. The blocker will remove itself from the chain of event handlers for the window provided in the constructor, thus restoring normal processing of events. Adds to the list of event types which should be blocked the given eventType.	https://docs.wxwidgets.org/trunk/classwx_event_blocker.html	CC-MAIN-2019-47	refinedweb	123	70.84
How can we tell if a given ratio x is achievable? What we want is a set S of cows satisfying, $\frac{\sum_{i \in S} T_i}{\sum_{i \in S} W_i} \ge x$ and $\sum_{i \in S} W_i \ge w$. The first condition is more easily expressed as $\sum_{i \in S} (T_i - x W_i) \ge 0$. Binary searching with real numbers can be tricky, but here, our life is simplified because we know we are only looking for $\lfloor 1000x \rfloor$. We can let y = 1000x and then we want to find the maximum integer y such that $\sum_{i \in S} (1000T_i - y W_i) \ge 0$ and $\sum_{i \in S} W_i \ge w$ is satisfiable for some S. Let's call the quantity $1000T_i - y W_i$ the adjusted-talent-score. To do this, we can use a simple knapsack DP, where we compute, for each j and k, the maximum adjusted-talent-score achievable with a subset of the first j cows and exactly k weight. The maximum total weight is very high, but we can take a shortcut since we do not care about weights higher than w - or at least, for a given set of cows with weight at least w, we don't care what its exact weight is. The DP, then, is $O(wn)$. The total runtime would be $O(wn \log(t))$ where t is the maximum value of y. #include <cstdio> #include <algorithm> #include <cassert> using namespace std; #define NMAX 250 #define WMAX 1000 #define infinite 1000000000000000000LL // The inputs int weights[NMAX]; int talent[NMAX]; int n; int w; // The dp state. // For 0 <= i < w, this is the maximum adjusted-talent-score achievable // with weight exactly i. // For i=w, this is the maximum talent achievable // with weight AT LEAST w. long long dp[WMAX + 1]; // Check if a ratio of y/1000 is achievable. bool doable(int y) { for (int i = 0; i <= w; i++) { dp[i] = -infinite; } dp[0] = 0; for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) { long long value = 1000(long long)talent[j] - y(long long)weights[j]; int inc = weights[j]; for (int k = w; k >= 0; k--) { int k1 = min(w, k + inc); if (dp[k] != -infinite) { if (dp[k1] < dp[k] + value) { dp[k1] = dp[k] + value; } } } } return dp[w] >= 0; } int main() { scanf("%d", &n); scanf("%d", &w); assert(1 <= n && n <= NMAX); assert(1 <= w && w <= WMAX); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { scanf("%d", &weights[i]); scanf("%d", &talent[i]); assert(1 <= weights[i] && weights[i] <= 1000000); assert(1 <= talent[i] && talent[i] <= 1000); } // Binary search // Invariant: lo <= answer < hi int lo = 0; int hi = (1000 * 250 * 1000) + 1; while (hi > lo + 1) { int mid = (lo + hi) / 2; if (doable(mid)) { lo = mid; } else { hi = mid; } } printf("%d\n", lo); }	http://usaco.org/current/data/sol_talent_gold_open18.html	CC-MAIN-2020-10	refinedweb	473	70.57
This is a (very) short example to show how to use PyConcordion. In 2 minutes you should see what it really provides and how to write a test. In a folder we create two files : MyExampleTest.py and MyExample.html (note that the naming is enforced by PyConcordion, if the html is called X.html, your fixture must be called XTest.py and contain a class whose name is XTest) Here is the content of MyExampleTest.py : #! /usr/bin/python class MyExampleTest: def getMessage(self): return "Concordion supports python" Here is the content of the html file : <html xmlns: <body> <h1>Python integration</h1> <p> <code>pyConcordion</code> let you write concordion test cases in python. </p> <div class="example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>This test is the proof.</p> <p concordion:Concordion supports python</p> </div> </body> </html> Now you can run the test by simply running the python script provided: python2.6 folder_runner.py folder_containing_tests You should get an output looking like : JUnit version 3.8.2 ./tmp/MyExample.html Successes: 1, Failures: 0 Time: 0,729 OK (1 test) And the generated html file should be like : You're now ready to write your own tests !	http://code.google.com/p/pyconcordion/wiki/TwoMinutesExample	crawl-003	refinedweb	199	65.42
Methods in older versions On 26/05/2016 at 07:01, xxxxxxxx wrote: User Information: Cinema 4D Version: R17 Platform: Windows ; Language(s) : C++ ; --------- Hello. Currently, I use R17 to develop my plugin. Nevertheless, I use some methods (GetGUID, ~ inverse matrix) that are not supported in Older C4D versions (e.g. R12). Is there anything I can do other than implementing these methods myself or dropping the functionality for previous versions ? Thank you very much for your time. On 26/05/2016 at 08:18, xxxxxxxx wrote: Not 100% sure about R12, but I would be surprised if it didnt contain a matrix inverse implementation. /! \ Invert a Matrix. The Cinema 4D API has changed the operator \* to invert a matrix in R15 and this is what this function handles. \*/ inline Matrix invert_matrix(const Matrix& mat) { #if API_VERSION < 15000 return !mat; #else return ~mat; #endif } It's usually simpler to develop with pre-R15 versions due to the name changes and then use the Legacy API mode in R15 and R16. Usually, plugins compiled with older versions will also load in newer ones. If however you need to recompile for R17 in that case, you need to copy the legacy header or write one by yourself. Since you started in R17 it might be easier to just write a "legacy header" for the reverse to support pre R15 API. It's not always doable just by preprocessor defintitions so sometimes you need to write different code for differen versions. Especiallyy if you want to use maxon::BaseArray or maxon::HashSet etc. in older versions. -Niklas On 27/05/2016 at 03:27, xxxxxxxx wrote: Hi, for the most I agree with Niklas. We discourage the use of the legacy header in R17. It got removed for a reason. And I think, you are better of maintaining your own legacy header, where you know, what you are doing and have complete control of. In R12 matrix inversion was done with the ! operator, just like in R13 and R14, if I'm not mistaken. And also keep in mind, that we can support only the latest SDKs. So you may be on your own with those old APIs. On 31/05/2016 at 06:44, xxxxxxxx wrote: Howdy, Just out of curiosity, what was the reasoning behind that and similar changes that were made? I've created many of my own wrapper functions to stay compatible with earlier versions, as Nicklas posted, but I like to keep the function names simpler like: MInv(), VNorm(), VDot(), VCross(), etc. Adios, Cactus Dan On 31/05/2016 at 23:25, xxxxxxxx wrote: Well, we can't really discuss any details here, but if you are following the company blog, you can probably guess, there's a lot of stuff going on under the hood. These changes were one of the consequences. On 01/06/2016 at 05:13, xxxxxxxx wrote: Personally I'm happy with the naming changes, it increases the quality of the API by so much IMHO.	https://plugincafe.maxon.net/topic/9519/12768_methods-in-older-versions	CC-MAIN-2019-22	refinedweb	503	71.85
First C Program Come on, guys ! Lets write our first C program to print Hello World on screen : #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello World !"); return 0; } Output : Hello World ! The C program is made up of following parts: Pre-processor : #include tells the compiler to include a file and #include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to include stdio.h header file to the program. Header File : A header file is a file with extension .h and it contains built-in functions, which can be directly used in an program. For example : We use printf() function in a program to print data on screen. This function is available in stdio.h header file. main() function : main() is an important part of a C program. Program execution begins from main() function. Here, we have written int before the main() as it is the return type of of main(). Comments : A large program can be complex and hard to understand. So, to solve this problem we use comments in C. Single line comment: Multi line comment: /* * Comment goes here */ return 0 : This indicates finishing of a function. When we wrote our main() function, we used int before it. That int was the return type, so with statement return 0, we are returning a null value to the operating system, this will prevent our program from errors. Now, save the program with .c extension and run in a compiler(like codeblocks ). Report Error/ Suggestion	https://www.studymite.com/c-programming-language/My-1st-C-Program	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	242	78.14
Question What is the difference between a growth company and a growth stock? Answer to relevant QuestionsHow should a firm with natural resources be valued? What factors besides inflationary considerations and growth factors influence P/E ratios for the general market? Mr. Phillips of Southwest Investment Bankers is evaluating the P/E ratio of Madison Electronics Conveyors (MEC). The firm’s P/E is currently 17. With earning per share of $2, the stock price is $34. The average P/E ratio ...If in problem 2 the beta (b) were 1.9 and the other values remained the same, what is the new value of Ke? What is the relationship between a higher beta and the required rate of return (Ke)? Explain the probable impact of replacement-cost accounting on the ratios of return on assets, debt to total assets, and times interest earned for a firm that has substantial old fixed assets. Post your question	http://www.solutioninn.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-growth-company-and-a	CC-MAIN-2017-09	refinedweb	156	58.89
Subscriber portal Hi there, I've just watched the video of the "Bring pen and touch input to your Metro style apps with ink" session from the Build conference. Can you tell me if there is any support for the TabletPC InkAnalyzer api in WinRT? If not, it would be a great addition to the inker's toolkit for Metro. Thank you... Robert Hi Robert, Ink Analysis ( ) is not available on Windows 8 (nor I believe on Windows 7). Basic recognition (as described in Jay and Annie's talk) is available via the Windows::UI::Input::Inking namespace and could be used to build more advanced analysis, but you'd have to implement that yourself. --Rob	https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e2ae0b05-15b4-4253-9d0e-c5e9b45ce01b/build-session-192-inkanalyzer-question?forum=tailoringappsfordevices	CC-MAIN-2019-18	refinedweb	116	66.27
The following form allows you to view linux man pages. #include <stdlib.h> void* malloc_get_state(void); int malloc_set_state(void *state); The malloc_get_state() function records the current state of all mal- loc. These functions are GNU extensions. These functions are especially useful when using this malloc(3) imple- mentation as part of a shared library, and the heap contents are saved/restored via some other method. This technique is used by the GNU Emacs to implement its "dumping" function. Hook function pointers are never saved or restored by these functions, with two exceptions: if malloc checking (see mallopt(3)) was in use when malloc_get_state() was called, then malloc_set_state() resets mal- loc checking hooks if possible; if malloc checking was not in use in the recorded state, but the caller has requested malloc checking, then the hooks are reset to 0. malloc(3), mallopt(3) webmaster@linuxguruz.com	http://www.linuxguruz.com/man-pages/malloc_get_state/	CC-MAIN-2019-51	refinedweb	146	60.24
C Models and Views in Qt Quick Ultralite Applications frequently need to provide and display ways to create. To visualize data, bind the view's model property to a model and the delegate property to a component or another compatible type. Displaying Data with Views Views are containers for collections of items. They are feature-rich and can be customized to meet style or behavior requirements. A set of standard views are provided in the basic set of Qt Quick graphical types: - Repeater - create items for each data entry without a predetermined layout - ListView - arranges items in a horizontal or vertical list These types have properties and behaviors exclusive to each type. See their respective documentation for more information. View Delegates Views need a delegate to visually represent an item in a list. A view visualizes each item list according to the template defined by the delegate. Items in a model are accessible through the index property as well as the item's properties. Component { id: petdelegate Text { id: label font.pixelSize: 24 text: if (index == 0) label.text = model.type + " (default)" else text: model.type } } Models Data is provided to the delegate via named data roles, which the delegate may bind to. Here is a ListModel with two roles, type and age, and a ListView with a delegate that binds to these roles to display their values: import QtQuick 2.15 Rectangle { color: "white" ListModel { id: myModel ListElement { type: "Dog" age: 8 } ListElement { type: "Cat" age: 5 } } Component { id: myDelegate Text { text: model.type + ", " + model.age } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: myModel delegate: myDelegate } } To get control over which roles are accessible, and to make delegates more self-contained and usable outside of views, required properties can be used. If a delegate contains required properties, the named roles are not provided. Instead, the QML engine checks if the name of a required property matches that of a model role. If so, that property is bound to the corresponding value from the model. import QtQuick 2.15 Rectangle { color: "white" ListModel { id: myModel ListElement { type: "Dog" age: 8 noise: "meow" } ListElement { type: "Cat" age: 5 noise: "woof" } } Component { id: delegate Text { required property string type required property int age text: type + ", " + index // WRONG: text: type + ", " + noise // The above line would cause a compiler error // as there is no required property noise } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: myModel delegate: delegate } } If there is a naming clash between the model's properties and the delegate's properties, the roles can be accessed with the qualified model name instead. For example, if a Text type had type and age properties, the text in the above example would display those property values instead of the type and age values from the model. In this case, the properties could have been referenced as model.type and model.age instead to ensure that the delegate displays the property values from the model. A special index role containing the index of the item in the model is also available to the delegate. Note that this index is set to -1 if the item is removed from the model. If you bind to the index role, ensure that the logic accounts for the possibility of index being -1, that is, that the item is no longer valid. Usually the item will shortly be destroyed, but it is possible to delay delegate destruction in some views. Models that do not have named roles will have the data provided via the modelData role. The modelData role is also provided for models that have only one role. In this case the modelData role contains the same data as the named role. Note: index, and modelData roles are not accessible if the delegate contains required properties, unless it has also required properties with matching names. List Model ListModel is a simple hierarchy of types specified in QML. The available roles are specified by the ListElement properties. ListModel { id: fruitModel ListElement { name: "Apple" cost: 245 } ListElement { name: "Orange" cost: 325 } ListElement { name: "Banana" cost: 195 } } The above model has two roles, name and cost. These can be bound to by a ListView delegate, for example: ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: fruitModel delegate: Row { Text { text: "Fruit: " + model.name } Text { text: "Cost: $" + model.cost } } } Note: Unlike in Qt Quick, ListModel and ListElement are read-only. This implies that you cannot change values that are stored in such a model. If you need editable models, see Qul::ListModel and Integrating C++ code with QML. Lists of Objects An array literal containing object literals can be used as a model. The current element of the array is available as the modelData role and can be accessed directly or as model.modelData. ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: [ { name: "Apple", color: "green" }, { name: "Pear", color: "pink" } ] delegate: Row { Text { text: "Fruit: " + modelData.name } Text { text: "Color: " + model.modelData.color } } } Properties of Type ListModel<T> A property of type ListModel<T> type can be used as a model, where properties of T describe the model structure. This allows the model data to be set externally, or by PropertyChanges in a State. // MyView.qml Item { property ListModel<NameAgeType> myModel ListView { model: myModel delegate: Text { text: model.name } } } // NameAgeType.qml QtObject { property string name property int age } // User.qml Item { MyView { myModel: [{ name: "John Smith", age: 42 }] } MyView { myModel: ListModel { ListElement { name: "Smith"; age: 42 } } } } Note: The ListModel<T> type is specific to Qt Quick Ultralite and does not exist in Qt Quick. Using it means that the QML code will not be valid Qt Quick QML. Without it, it's not possible to declare the model in a different file.. C++ Data Models Models can be defined in C++ and then made available to QML. This mechanism is useful for exposing existing C++ data models, mutable, or otherwise complex datasets to QML. For information, visit Qul::ListModel and Integrating C++ code with QML. Available under certain Qt licenses. Find out more.	https://doc.qt.io/archives/QtForMCUs-1.6/qtquick-modelviewsdata-modelview.html	CC-MAIN-2021-21	refinedweb	991	55.34
1 Hi All, I am needing some assistance on how I can grab the values for the number of die that come up as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. I have the count variables holding the count for each one that fits the "if statement". But I can't use the count variables(onesCnt, twosCnt and etc)within the public static void main part of the code as it is saying "non static variable onesCnt cannot be referenced from a static context". Can someone tell me how I can grab the values so I can print out the output on the screen for the count variables? I tried to create a get method to use the return method to grab the count variables but that didn't work either :( public class Die { public static final int MAXROLLS = 100; public int[] dieRollCnt; private int onesCnt; public int twosCnt; public int threesCnt; public int foursCnt; public int fivesCnt; public int sixesCnt; public static void main(String[] args) { //System.out.println("This concludes the example" + onesCnt); } public void die(int[] dot) { System.out.println("We will roll the die 100 times and store the input for the variables"); int dieRollCount[] = new int[MAXROLLS]; int oneCount = 0; int twoCount = 0; int threeCount = 0; int fourCount = 0; int fiveCount = 0; int sixCount = 0; for(int i=0; i < dieRollCount.length; i++) { //System.out.println("Random Number ["+ (i+1) + "] : " + (int)(Math.random()6)); dieRollCount[i] = (int) (Math.random()6) + 1; //System.out.println("Die Roll [" + (i+1) + "] + dieRollCount[i]"); System.out.println("Die Roll Number ["+ (i+1) + " + is ] = " + dieRollCount[i]); if(dieRollCount[i] == 1 ) { onesCnt += oneCount++; } else if(dieRollCount[i] == 2) { twosCnt += twoCount++; } else if(dieRollCount[i] == 3) { threesCnt += threeCount++; } else if(dieRollCount[i] == 4) { foursCnt += fourCount++; } else if(dieRollCount[i] == 5) { fivesCnt += fiveCount++; } else if(dieRollCount[i] == 6) { sixesCnt += sixCount++; } else System.out.println("Please contact the developer as the code is not" + "functioning correctly"); } } }	https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/426110/how-to-print-output-of-count-variables	CC-MAIN-2017-47	refinedweb	322	60.24
FULL PRODUCT VERSION : java version "1.7.0_02" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_02-b13) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 22.0-b10, mixed mode, sharing) and java version "1.6.0_29" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_29-b11) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 20.4-b02, mixed mode, sharing) ADDITIONAL OS VERSION INFORMATION : Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600] and Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601] A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM : When a JDialog (or JFrame) is being dragged (or just held) with the mouse while dispose() is called, the whole systems seems to freeze. On a multicore system only one of the cores shows 100% cpu usage, but the windows desktop and all other applications are unresponsive. The only way out of this state seems to be to ALT-Tab to a different application. STEPS TO FOLLOW TO REPRODUCE THE PROBLEM : Execute the code and drag the small dialog (and keep the mouse button pressed) until the dialog disappears. ACTUAL - All applications are unresponsive but continue working. E.g. the task manager will show the current CPU usage, but not react to mouse clicks. REPRODUCIBILITY : This bug can be reproduced always. ---------- BEGIN SOURCE ---------- import javax.swing.JFrame; public class DialogExecuter extends JFrame { public static void main(String[] args) { new DialogExecuter(); } public DialogExecuter() { this.setSize(800, 800); this.setVisible(true); Test test = new Test(); test.start(); } private class Test extends Thread { @Override public void run() { DialogClass dialog = new DialogClass(); try { sleep(5000); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } // system will lock up when the dialog is dragged while being disposed dialog.dispose(); } } private class DialogClass extends JFrame { public DialogClass() { init(); } private void init() { setBounds(50, 50, 100, 100); setVisible(true); } } } ---------- END SOURCE ----------	https://bugs.java.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=7128738	CC-MAIN-2022-05	refinedweb	291	59.8
Scans your site and returns information about your SSL implementation and certificate. Helpful for debugging and validating your SSL configuration. One of a set of tools we are providing to everyone as a way of saying thank you for being a part of the community. Bitmap button wrapper classes are provided there. 1 . Select a button from the resources and set the property "OWNERDRAW" in the style propertysheet. 2.The Id name for the control should be same for bitmap.For example ID_MYBUTTON 3. The bitmap id must be between double quotes. eg : "MYBUTTONU".You will be wondering what is this 'U' at the end of the bitmap name. Rest can be found in MSDN. All the Best BSR This course will introduce you to C++ 11 and teach you about syntax fundamentals. can u send me the URL of that MSDN link.. can u please send me the URL of that MSDN link.. I am sorry, that I am not aware of link. I installed msdn in my system. Here i am providing the whole information. Please go through it. Bye BSR ************************ CBitmapButton Use the CBitmapButton class to create: Up Down Focused Disabled Application ? Bitmap ? ? Button without WS_TABSTOP style ? ? ? ? Dialog button with all states ? ? ? Dialog button with WS_TABSTOP style, follow these steps:, follow these steps: Topics in Visual C++ Programmer's Guide. #include <afxext.h> Class Members \| Base Class \| Hierarchy Chart Sample MFC Sample CTRLTEST -----------------------CBi Construction CBitmapButton Constructs a CBitmapButton object. LoadBitmaps Initializes the object by loading one or more named bitmap resources from the application?s resource file and attaching the bitmaps to the object. AutoLoad Associates a button in a dialog box with an object of the CBitmapButton class, loads the bitmap(s) by name, and sizes the button to fit the bitmap. Operations SizeToContent Sizes the button to accommodate the bitmap. CBitmapButton Overview \| Base Class Members \| Hierarchy Chart -------------------------- CBitmapButton::CBitmapButt CBitmapButton( ); Remarks Creates a CBitmapButton object. After creating the C++ CBitmapButton object, call CButton::Create to create the Windows button control and attach it to the CBitmapButton object. CBitmapButton Overview \| Class Members \| Hierarchy Chart See Also CBitmapButton::LoadBitmaps -------------------------- CBitmapButton::LoadBitmaps BOOL LoadBitmaps( LPCTSTR lpszBitmapResource, LPCTSTR lpszBitmapResourceSel = NULL, LPCTSTR lpszBitmapResourceFocus = NULL, LPCTSTR lpszBitmapResourceDisabled BOOL LoadBitmaps( UINT nIDBitmapResource, UINT nIDBitmapResourceSel = 0, UINT nIDBitmapResourceFocus = 0, UINT nIDBitmapResourceDisabled = 0 ); Return Value Nonzero if successful; otherwise 0. Parameters lpszBitmapResource Points to the null-terminated string that contains the name of the bitmap for a bitmap button?s normal or ?up? state. Required. lpszBitmapResourceSel Points to the null-terminated string that contains the name of the bitmap for a bitmap button?s selected or ?down? state. May be NULL. lpszBitmapResourceFocus Points to the null-terminated string that contains the name of the bitmap for a bitmap button?s focused state. May be NULL. lpszBitmapResourceDisabled Points to the null-terminated string that contains the name of the bitmap for a bitmap button?s disabled state. May be NULL. nIDBitmapResource Specifies the resource ID number of the bitmap resource for a bitmap button?s normal or ?up? state. Required. nIDBitmapResourceSel Specifies the resource ID number of the bitmap resource for a bitmap button?s selected or ?down? state. May be 0. nIDBitmapResourceFocus Specifies the resource ID number of the bitmap resource for a bitmap button?s focused state. May be 0. nIDBitmapResourceDisabled Specifies the resource ID number of the bitmap resource for a bitmap button?s disabled state. May be 0. Remarks Use this function when you want to load bitmap images identified by their resource names or ID numbers, or when you cannot use the AutoLoad function because, for example, you are creating a bitmap button that is not part of a dialog box. CBitmapButton Overview \| Class Members \| Hierarchy Chart See Also CBitmapButton::AutoLoad, CBitmapButton::SizeToConte -------------------------- CBitmapButton::AutoLoad BOOL AutoLoad( UINT nID, CWnd* pParent ); Return Value Nonzero if successful; otherwise 0. Parameters nID The button?s control ID. pParent Pointer to the object that owns the button. Remarks Associates a button in a dialog box with an object of the CBitmapButton class, loads the bitmap(s) by name, and sizes the button to fit the bitmap. Use the AutoLoad function to initialize an owner-draw button in a dialog box as a bitmap button. Instructions for using this function are in the remarks for the CBitmapButton class. CBitmapButton Overview \| Class Members \| Hierarchy Chart See Also CBitmapButton::LoadBitmaps -------------------------- CBitmapButton::SizeToConte void SizeToContent( ); Remarks Call this function to resize a bitmap button to the size of the bitmap. CBitmapButton Overview \| Class Members \| Hierarchy Chart See Also CBitmapButton::LoadBitmaps -------------------------- TNActiveX Controls: Subclassing a Windows Control in Visual C++ Programmer's Guide. prior to previous to TRUE, the message will be handled by the parent as well, while a call that returns FALSE. SeeDefining a Message Handler for a Reflected Message in the Visual C++ Programmer's Guide_REFLE. Map entry Function prototype ON_CONTROL_REFLECT( wNotifyCode, memberFxn ) afx_msg void memberFxn ( ); ON_NOTIFY_REFLECT( wNotifyCode, memberFxn ) afx_msg void memberFxn ( NMHDR * pNotifyStruct, LRESULT* result ); ON_UPDATE_COMMAND_UI_REFLE ON_WM_CTLCOLOR_REFLECT( ) afx_msg HBRUSH CtlColor ( CDC* pDC, UINT nCtlColor ); ON_WM_DRAWITEM_REFLECT( ) afx_msg void DrawItem ( LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT lpDrawItemStruct ); ON_WM_MEASUREITEM_REFLECT( ON_WM_DELETEITEM_REFLECT( ) afx_msg void DeleteItem ( LPDELETEITEMSTRUCT lpDeleteItemStruct ); ON_WM_COMPAREITEM_REFLECT( ON_WM_CHARTOITEM_REFLECT( ) afx_msg int CharToItem ( UINT nKey, UINT nIndex ); ON_WM_VKEYTOITEM_REFLECT( ) afx_msg int VKeyToItem ( UINT nKey, UINT nIndex ); ON_WM_HSCROLL_REFLECT( ) afx_msg void HScroll ( UINT nSBCode, UINT nPos ); ON_WM_VSCROLL_REFLECT( ) afx_msg void VScroll ( UINT nSBCode, UINT nPos ); ON_WM_PARENTNOTIFY_REFLECT The ON_NOTIFY_REFLECT and ON_CONTROL_REFLECT macros have variations that allow more than one object (such as the control and its parent) to handle a given message. Map entry Function prototype ON_NOTIFY_REFLECT_EX( wNotifyCode, memberFxn ) afx_msg BOOL memberFxn ( NMHDR * pNotifyStruct, LRESULT* result ); ON_CONTROL_REFLECT_EX( wNotifyCode, memberFxn ) afx_msg BOOL memberFxn ( ); Handling Reflected Messages: An Example of a Reusable control This simple example creates a reusable control called CYellowEdit. The control works the same as a regular edit control except that it displays black text on a yellow background. It would be easy to add member functions that would allow the CYellowEdit control to display different colors. To try this example, do the following steps: Create a new dialog box in an existing application. For more information seedialog editor in the Visual C++ User?s Guide.. Leave the ?Add to Component Gallery? box checked. Add three member variables to your CYellowEdit class. The first two will be COLORREF variables to hold the text color and the background color. The third will be a CBrush object which will hold the brush for painting the background. The CBrush object allows you to create the brush once, merely referencing it after that, and to destroy the brush automatically when the CYellowEdit control is destroyed. Initialize the member variables by writing the constructor as follows: CYellowEdit::CYellowEdit() { m_clrText = RGB( 0, 0, 0 ); m_clrBkgnd = RGB( 255, 255, 0 ); m_brBkgnd.CreateSolidBrush } inDefining a Message Handler for a Reflected Message in the Visual C++ Programmer's Guide. ClassWizard adds the following message-map macro and skeleton function for you: ON_WM_CTLCOLOR_REFLECT() // Note: other code will be in between.... HBRUSH CYellowEdit::CtlColor(CDC* { // TODO: Change any attributes of the DC here // TODO: Return a non-NULL brush if the // parent's handler should not be called return NULL; } Replace the body of the function with the following code. The code specifies the text color, the text background color, and the background color for rest of the control. pDC->SetTextColor( m_clrText ); // text pDC->SetBkColor( m_clrBkgnd ); // text bkgnd return m_brBkgnd; // ctl bkgnd. You can now use Component Gallery to add your CYellowEdit control class to other projects. Technical Notes by Number \| Technical Notes by Category ----------------- All the Best BSR Feel free to click the [Reject Answer] button near (Answer-poster's) response, even if it seems like a good answer. Doing so will increase your chance of obtaining additional input from other experts. Later, you can click the [Select Comment as Answer] button on any response. If you feel you have an answer, you can post it as a comment, and the questioner can convert your comment to an answer if he/she thinks it's correct or deserving of the awarded points. There are many experts who never post answers as answer. Instead, they post their answers as comments. If you read the following link, you'll see why this is the preferred method for many of our valued experts, including myself. I couldn't find much of the information in that site. As I was short of time, I havent gone thru some of the suggestions given by others and I will try that in next couple of days. Have you tried what i suggested. I worked with that. Hope you will come back. bsr I will leave a recommendation in the Cleanup topic area that this question is: Answered by : SrinivasaRao Please leave any comments here within the next seven days. PLEASE DO NOT ACCEPT THIS COMMENT AS AN ANSWER! Roshan Davis EE Cleanup Volunteer	https://www.experts-exchange.com/questions/20133888/How-do-I-display-a-bitmap-over-a-button.html	CC-MAIN-2018-22	refinedweb	1,459	56.55
I'm building a simple blog app using Rails 4 (api) & Angularjs to help with learning Angularjs. I've already spent 2 days just getting my post model to communicate with Angularjs. It seems I've hit another wall trying to associate the posts with a user (using Devise). I know that as I build on to this app, that I'll be using foreign keys & so I would love to hear from others who have built SPAs using rails & angularjs. I also tried to set Angularjs up to mimic Rails as close as possible. How do you handle associations using Angularjs & Rails? How do you even get Devise helpers, such as current_user user_signed_in? Thank you in advance. I can add more details if you need me to. I really just don't know where to go form here (I'm a newbie in both Rails & Angularjs) How do you even get Devise helpers, such as current_user & user_signed_in? to work in Angularjs templates? The simple answer is, you don't. There can be lots of philosophical debate on this subject, but essentially javascript is unsecure for this purpose because everything is available for a user to inspect in their browser. If you want to associate a post with a user, you would be best to do so at the controller level in rails. Use current_user to set the user_id field on your Post (or whatever way you want to associate it). I don't put any 'secure' functionality in my Angular apps. Here's an example of how I do it in one of my apps where I associate the users organisation with a journey. def create @journey = Journey.new(params[:journey]) @journey.organisation = current_user.organisation if @journey.save render json: @journey else head :error end end Oh, also in your Api::PostsController you need to call before_filter :authenticate_user! to be able to use current_user	https://codedump.io/share/CcJ55xK3ObLU/1/rails--angularjs-passing-userid-with-json	CC-MAIN-2018-05	refinedweb	315	65.52
The Q3CanvasPolygon class provides a polygon on a Q3Canvas. More... #include <Q3CanvasPolygon> This class is part of the Qt 3 support library. It is provided to keep old source code working. We strongly advise against using it in new code. See Porting to Qt 4 for more information. Inherits Q3CanvasPolygonalItem. Inherited by Q3CanvasSpline. The Q3CanvasPolygon class provides a polygon on a Q3Canvas.3. Returns the vertices of the polygon translated by the polygon's current x(), y() position, i.e. relative to the canvas's origin. Reimplemented from Q3CanvasPolygonalItem. See also setPoints() and points(). Draws the polygon using the painter p. Note that Q3CanvasPolygon does not support an outline (the pen is always NoPen). Reimplemented from Q3CanvasPolygonalItem. Returns the vertices of the polygon, not translated by the position. See also setPoints() and areaPoints(). Returns 4 (Q3CanvasItem::Rtti_Polygon). Reimplemented from Q3CanvasItem. See also Q3CanvasItem::rtti(). Sets the points of the polygon to be pa. These points will have their x and y coordinates automatically translated by x(), y() as the polygon is moved. See also points().	http://doc.trolltech.com/4.5/q3canvaspolygon.html	crawl-002	refinedweb	175	55.2
() Returns a tf.TensorShape that represents the shape of this tensor. In eager execution the shape is always fully-known. a = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]]) print(a.shape) (2, 3) tf.Tensor.get_shape() is equivalent to tf.Tensor.shape. When executing in a tf.function or building a model using tf.keras.Input, Tensor.shape may return a partial shape (including None for unknown dimensions). See tf.TensorShape for more details. inputs = tf.keras.Input(shape = [10]) # Unknown batch size print(inputs.shape) (None, 10) The shape is computed using shape inference functions that are registered for each tf.Operation. The returned tf.TensorShape is determined at build time, without executing the underlying kernel. It is not a tf.Tensor. If you need a shape tensor, either convert the tf.TensorShape to a tf.constant, or use the tf.shape(tensor) function, which returns the tensor's shape at execution time. This is useful for debugging and providing early errors. For example, when tracing a tf.function, no ops are being executed, shapes may be unknown (See the Concrete Functions Guide for details). @tf.function def my_matmul(a, b): result = a@b # the `print` executes during tracing. print("Result shape: ", result.shape) return result The shape inference functions propagate shapes to the extent possible: f = my_matmul.get_concrete_function( tf.TensorSpec([None,3]), tf.TensorSpec([3,5])) Result shape: (None, 5) Tracing may fail if a shape missmatch can be detected: cf = my_matmul.get_concrete_function( tf.TensorSpec([None,3]), tf.TensorSpec([4,5])) Traceback (most recent call last): ValueError: Dimensions must be equal, but are 3 and 4 for 'matmul' (op: 'MatMul') with input shapes: [?,3], [4,5]. In some cases, the inferred shape may have unknown dimensions. If the caller has additional information about the values of these dimensions, tf.ensure_shape or Tensor.set_shape() can be used to augment the inferred shape. @tf.function def my_fun(a): a = tf.ensure_shape(a, [5, 5]) # the `print` executes during tracing. print("Result shape: ", a.shape) return a cf = my_fun.get_concrete_function( tf.TensorSpec([None, None])) Result shape: (5, 5). With eager execution this operates as a shape assertion. Here the shapes match: t = tf.constant([[1,2,3]]) t.set_shape([1, 3]) Passing a None in the new shape allows any value for that axis: t.set_shape([1,None]) An error is raised if an incompatible shape is passed. t.set_shape([1,5]) Traceback (most recent call last): ValueError: Tensor's shape (1, 3) is not compatible with supplied shape [1, 5] When executing in a tf.function, or building a model using tf.keras.Input, Tensor.set_shape will merge the given shape with the current shape of this tensor, and set the tensor's shape to the merged value (see tf.TensorShape.merge_with for details): t = tf.keras.Input(shape=[None, None, 3]) print(t.shape) (None, None, None, 3) Dimensions set to None are not updated: t.set_shape([None, 224, 224, None]) print(t.shape) (None, 224, 224, 3) The main use case for this is to provide additional shape information that cannot be inferred from the graph alone. For example if you know all the images in a dataset have shape [28,28,3] you can set it with tf.set_shape: @tf.function def load_image(filename): raw = tf.io.read_file(filename) image = tf.image.decode_png(raw, channels=3) # the `print` executes during tracing. print("Initial shape: ", image.shape) image.set_shape([28, 28, 3]) print("Final shape: ", image.shape) return image Trace the function, see the Concrete Functions Guide for details. cf = load_image.get_concrete_function( tf.TensorSpec([], dtype=tf.string)) Initial shape: (None, None, 3) Final shape: (28, 28, 3) Similarly the tf.io.parse_tensor function could return a tensor with any shape, even the tf.rank is unknown. If you know that all your serialized tensors will be 2d, set it with set_shape: @tf.function def my_parse(string_tensor): result = tf.io.parse_tensor(string_tensor, out_type=tf.float32) # the `print` executes during tracing. print("Initial shape: ", result.shape) result.set_shape([None, None]) print("Final shape: ", result.shape) return result Trace the function concrete_parse = my_parse.get_concrete_function( tf.TensorSpec([], dtype=tf.string)) Initial shape: <unknown><	https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/Tensor?hl=hr	CC-MAIN-2021-10	refinedweb	698	54.08
Up to [cvs.netbsd.org] / pkgsrc / pkgtools / libnbcompat Request diff between arbitrary revisions Default branch: MAIN Revision 1.19 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Sun Jun 14 21:02:45) Drop now redundant @unexec ${RMDIR} Revision 1.18 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Sun Jun 14 18:11:02 2009 UTC (2 years, 11 months ago) by joerg Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.17: +1 -2 lines Diff to previous 1.17 (colored) Remove @dirrm entries from PLISTs Revision 1.17 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Wed Jun 10 11:03:47 2009 UTC (2 years, 11 months ago) by joerg Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.16: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.16 (colored) Fix PLIST. Revision 1.16 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Fri Oct 10 00:21:43 2008 UTC (3 years, 7 months ago) by joerg Branch: MAIN CVS Tags: pkgsrc-2009Q1-base, pkgsrc-2009Q1, pkgsrc-2008Q4-base, pkgsrc-2008Q4 Changes since 1.15: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.15 (colored) pkg_install-20081010: Add optional bdb. Make it included by default for standalone builds. Revision 1.15 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon Oct 6 12:36:19 2008 UTC (3 years, 7 months ago) by joerg Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.14: +2 -2 lines Diff to previous 1.14 (colored) libnbcompat-20080922: - DESTDIR support - Add check for inttypes.h and sys/socket.h - Provide compatibility fallback for netdb.h and the RFC2553 API (getaddrinfo), supoprting IPv4 only. Code from OpenSSH. - Use normal autoconf checks for fixed size bit types. Stop using the older BSD types (u_intXX_t) in libnbcompat. - Add implementation of shquote (from NetBSD). - Fix a buglet in the getenv/setenv/unsetenv detection. - Fix a buglet in the mkdtemp/mkstemp detection. Revision 1.14 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon May 7 16:38:47 2007 UTC (5 years.13: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.13 (colored) Add SHA256/SHA384/SHA512 to libnbcompat. Update version to 20070507. Revision 1.13 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon Aug 23 03:32:12 2004 UTC (7 years, 9.12: +10 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.12 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20040822. Changes from version 20040814 include: * Rework the way that poll() is detected so that it more closely follows how the rest of the replacement functions are detected. * Split err() and warn() functions into separate err.c and warn.c files so that we can more finely isolate the objects files pulled in by the linker. This should fix building textproc/nbsed on Solaris. * Move more definitions from nbcompat.h into nbcompat/.h. This makes it more clear which NetBSD headers are expected to provide which function declarations and macro definitions. Clean out nbconfig.h by moving all of the relevant definitions into the correct nbcompat/.h files. Update all of the library functions to the latest from src HEAD. Also change the way that sources are modified when imported -- we now include <nbcompat.h> before the first system header, include <nbcompat/.h> versions of headers instead of system ones where available, and "#if 0" the sections that make no sense when being built outside of the NetBSD source tree. This should make future updates from src HEAD, e.g. for security updates or bug fixes, easier. Move all private headers into a subdirectory and include the headers from the private directory. This avoids any nameclashes with system headers with the same name. Revision 1.12 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Tue Aug 10 18:47:55 2004 UTC (7 years, 9 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.11: +13 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.11 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20040809.. * Remove unused tests for <arpa/nameser.h>, <netdb.h>, h_errno and hstrerror(). These were originally used to bootstrap lukemftp, but tnftp doesn't need libnbcompat to build nowadays, so we don't need these anymore. . This version has been tested to build on the following systems: FreeBSD-4.8/i386 NetBSD-1.6.2/i386 FreeBSD-5.2.1/i386 NetBSD-2.0_BETA/i386 IRIX 6.5 Red Hat Linux 8.0 MacOS X 10.3.4 Solaris 8 MacOS X 10.3.5 Solaris 9 Revision 1.11 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Fri Aug 6 16:55:09 2004 UTC (7 years, 9 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.10: +4 -2 lines Diff to previous 1.10 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20040805. Changes from version 20040512 include: (1) Add a statvfs() implementation based on statfs(), and remove the statfs() NetBSD-compatibility implementation. statvfs() is used in src/usr.sbin/pkg_install on the HEAD branch. (2) Add a fnmatch() implementation, needed by IRIX. fnmatch() is used in src/usr.sbin/pkg_install on the HEAD branch. (3) Remove fseeko(), inet_ntop(), inet_pton(), sl_() strptime(), and timegm() as they're not used by any of the bootstrap packages that require libnbcompat (pax, mtree, pkg_install). All that's left is what's necessary to bootstrap those three packages. Revision 1.10 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Sat Sep 6 01:35:07 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN CVS Tags: pkgsrc-2004Q2-base, pkgsrc-2004Q2, pkgsrc-2004Q1-base, pkgsrc-2004Q1, pkgsrc-2003Q4-base, pkgsrc-2003Q4 Changes since 1.9: +1 -2 lines Diff to previous 1.9 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20030830. Changes from the previous version are removing sha2* object files from libnbcompat.a. It turns out that the functions defined there aren't provided by NetBSD, so it makes no sense for libnbcompat to define them, and none of the utilities in pkgsrc that link against libnbcompat actually use these functions anyway. Revision 1.9 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Fri Sep 5 18:35:58 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.8: +16 -23 lines Diff to previous 1.8 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20030829. Changes from previous version include: * Move headers out of the global namespace and into the nbcompat directory. Since there are no headers other than nbcompat.h in ${PREFIX}/include/libnbcompat, just install it directly in ${PREFIX}/include. Using libnbcompat is now a matter of including nbcompat.h at the top of .c files and linking against -lnbcompat. Only build functions into libnbcompat.a if they aren't already in the system libraries. * Move several .[ch] files that are pax- or mtree-specific out of libnbcompat (they should belong with those packages). On NetBSD 1.6 systems, libnbcompat.a now contains just the bare minimum: the sha2 routines. Revision 1.8 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Wed Sep 3 13:11:12 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.7: +9 -6 lines Diff to previous 1.7 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20030826. Changes from previous version: Properly declare statfs() and fstatfs() if we use the libnbcompat versions. * Move some headers into a private directory in the installed location so that they don't override headers of the same name on the system. * Define TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER if it doesn't exist. * Add a poll() implementation using select() for poll()-less systems. Thanks for Charles Blundell for the implementation! * Fix the vis.h check for systems whose vis() is not as featureful as NetBSD's. Revision 1.7 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Wed Sep 3 06:16:08 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by tron Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.6: +3 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.6 (colored) Add missing include files. Revision 1.6 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Wed Sep 3 03:28:28 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.5: +1 -4 lines Diff to previous 1.5 (colored) Update pkgtools/libnbcompat to 20030824. Changes from previous version: * Don't install namespace.h, extern.h and stat_flags.h, which are only used internally. * Clean up util.h by using '#if !HAVE_xxx' instead of '#ifndef !HAVE_xxx', removing some LIST_* definitions that are defined by <nbcompat.h>, and removing static declarations. * If fparseln is in libutil (as it is in NetBSD), then don't build it into libnbcompat.a. Revision 1.5 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon Sep 1 15:31:14 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.4: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.4 (colored) Bump version to 20030823: * Add mkdtemp, TAILQ_, and statfs. Install a nbconfig.h file containing the discovered system information and include it directly in nbcompat.h. Make all files use nbconfig.h instead of config.h. Ensure that all installed headers don't include any local header files. This makes libnbcompat more self-contained. * Consistently use "#if HAVE_HEADER_H" instead of "#ifdef HAVE_HEADER_H" since sometimes people put -DHAVE_HEADER_H=0 on their command lines. Revision 1.4 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Sun Aug 31 12:02:56 2003 UTC (8 years, 8 months ago) by jlam Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.3: +4 -2 lines Diff to previous 1.3 (colored) This package is needed to bootstrap pkgsrc, so don't do tools, buildlink, or run mtree. Also ensure that we call the pkg_install commands with no options so that we install properly without recent pkg_install tools. Revision 1.3 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Thu Jul 31 22:40:26 2003 UTC (8 years, 9 months ago) by jschauma Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.2: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.2 (colored) Add the err.h header, so we can use it on systems that don't provide err.h (functionality already in the library, just the header was missing). Bumpt date to today. Revision 1.2 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon Jun 23 11:33:07 2003 UTC (8 years, 11 months ago) by grant Branch: MAIN Changes since 1.1: +2 -1 lines Diff to previous 1.1 (colored) add getopt, getopt_long. include tzfile.h and sys/mkdev.h in nbcompat.h. bump to 20030622. Revision 1.1.1.1 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs] (vendor branch), Mon Mar 31 05:02:18 2003 UTC (9 years, 1 month ago) by grant Branch: TNF CVS Tags: pkgsrc-base Changes since 1.1: +0 -0 lines Diff to previous 1.1 (colored) Initial import of libnbcompat-20030331, a portable NetBSD compatibility library for use by the pkgsrc tools and other sources from NetBSD. Revision 1.1 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Mon Mar 31 05:02:18 2003 UTC (9 years, 1 month ago) by grant Branch: MAIN Initial revision This form allows you to request diff's between any two revisions of a file. You may select a symbolic revision name using the selection box or you may type in a numeric name using the type-in text box.	http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/pkgsrc/pkgtools/libnbcompat/PLIST	crawl-003	refinedweb	1,812	69.07
Opened 11 years ago Closed 11 years ago #1401 closed defect (invalid) Windows XP 2nd Ed. Firefox 1.5 Admin Console - Values added do not show for Change, etc. Description I have been working through the tutorials and the values that are added for the Admin tutorial do not display again as items in either the Change or as a foreign key in the drop down. I can use a tool to view the sqlite database and there are rows with values but nothing displays. Below is the script that controls my exercise. from django.core import meta # Create your models here. from django.core import meta class Character(meta.Model): character_name = meta.CharField(maxlength=30) character_class = meta.CharField(maxlength=25) class META: admin = meta.Admin() def _repr_(self): return "%s %s" (self.character_name, self.character_class) class Skill(meta.Model): character=meta.ForeignKey(Character) Strength = meta.IntegerField() Wisdom = meta.IntegerField() class META: admin = meta.Admin() def _repr_(self): return "%s %s" (self.character, self.Strenth, self.Wisdom)	https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/1401	CC-MAIN-2017-04	refinedweb	167	62.54
To celebrate #10 in my Kentico 12 - Design Patterns series 🎉, I've written up a long post describing a cool approach for unlocking the power of traditional Portal Engine routing in our Kentico 12 MVC apps. Read on! Building Kentico CMS applications using the ASP.NET MVC technology stack enables developers to use a great framework and take full control over the delivery and presentation of all the content managed within Kentico. Kentico 12 MVC has many advantages compared to previous versions of the platform (which you can read more about here), but there are some features of Kentico's previous, Web Forms based, Portal Engine architecture that don't have a clear counterpart in MVC. One of the features, that developers with prior Kentico experience, might find themselves looking for, is a way to have routing in their MVC applications work with the NodeAliasPath value of pages in the CMS content tree. This isn't possible with the pieces that Kentico provides out-of-the-box 😟, but with a few key integration points into the MVC framework we can effectively replicate this behavior and build sites with very dynamic routing 🙌. Let's take a look at an example using the Kentico demo Dancing Goat site of how things are built by default, and then we'll look at how we get to NodeAliasPath driven MVC routing. MVC Driven Convention Based Routing Articles in the CMS Content Tree If we look at the content tree of the Dancing Goat demo we can see a node named Articles which is an instance of the custom Page Type Article section (MVC). This page exists only to organize content within the content tree - as it doesn't have a "Page" tab - and it isn't represented as a navigable item in the MVC application. The child pages are instances of the custom Page Type Article (MVC) and they do have the "Page" tab enabled - which means they can be routed to in the MVC application by specific URL patterns. How is the routing handled for this page and the content nested beneath it? Let's take a look... Articles in MVC First we note that there is an explicit route defined in App_Start\RouteConfig.cs in the DancingGoat application: var route = routes.MapRoute( name: "Article", url: "{culture}/Articles/{guid}/{pageAlias}", defaults: new { culture = defaultCulture.Name, controller = "Articles", action = "Show" }, constraints: new { culture = new SiteCultureConstraint(), guid = new GuidRouteConstraint() } ); The route configuration for this content is using MVC's convention based routing (as opposed to Attribute Routing). Given that we have an explicit route defined for this content that only uses a single controller, it's not very convention based - this is feeling more like configuration. This is normal - MVC's routing conventions only go so far without customization 🤷♀️. We can already see how the URLs for our content are tied to the MVC application route configuration. All articles in the site are found under a {culture}/Articles/{guid}/{pageAlias} path pattern. We can see that the route parameter {guid}, which is the NodeGuid of the Article (MVC) page instance in the tree, is included to ensure the MVC application can find the right page. The case where we would need NodeGuidto uniquely identify a page is if there are multiple Article (MVC)pages under different parents but with the same name ( {pageAlias}), as {pageAlias}means NodeAlias- the 'slugified' version of the page's friendly name. The Guidis kinda forced on us to bridge 🌉 the gap between content management in the CMS and content delivery in MVC. The rendering controller of Article (MVC) content in our site is exclusively handled by Controllers\ArticlesController.cs. This isn't a bad thing - in fact for most use cases this will make sense - no matter where an instance of Article (MVC) is in the content tree, we will want it to be retrieved from the database, mapped to a view model, and rendered in the same way on the MVC side. The primary things I want us to note from this example are the following: - We are using Convention Based Routing, but it's looking more like Configuration Based. - Our URL patterns are not configurable by the content editors in the CMS - the /Articles/segment of the URL pattern above is hard-coded. - We need to insert a Guidvalue into the URL to make it unique enough for the MVC application to find the right Article (MVC)instance - Guids aren't very user friendly and it feels like a necessary evil. To be fair, Kentico provides a way around #2 above using MVC Alternative URLs, but this feature is best used as a way to generate nice looking URLs for marketing purposes, not as the primary URL generation for all site content. But Does it Scale? This routing design pattern presented by Kentico in the Dancing Goat demo site is a good pattern! It will work well for you! 💪 ASP.NET MVC developers have been building apps for a decade using this approach and if it fits your needs, then the rest of this post will be for education only. Allow me to posit a scenario where the above routing architecture will not work. Imagine we have two authors of articles on our site, Axel and Rose, and they each want their own vanity URLs with their names in them as follows: /axels-coffee-corner/{articleName} /rose-knows-coffee/{month}-{year}/{articleName} Axel writes his articles infrequently so having all of his articles nested under /axels-coffee-corner/ is good enough. Rose, however, writes articles on coffee twice a day, even on weekends (she really likes coffee ☕ and writing 📝!), so we want to add a {month}-{year} pattern in her URLs so her readers know how fresh her content is. Rose also mentioned some other people in the company have become interested in writing about coffee and might want to start their own sections of articles on the site... 😨 We have a couple problems here with our existing MVC routing architecture. - ❌ We don't have a good way to separate one author's articles from another's via URLs - we only have 1 pattern: {culture}/Articles/{guid}/{pageAlias}. - ❌ If we use a page container ( {month}-{year}) in the CMS to organize Rose's articles, it will be tricky to parse those out of the URL on the MVC side, and then use those values to query for the right item in the database. We will need to use them for querying as they effectively take the place of using NodeGuidto guarantee uniqueness. - ❌ Adding any new authors to the site with their own vanity URLs will require new routing patterns in the MVC application to be deployed. Our requirements are looking more and more like the organization of the content in the CMS should match the URLs we use to navigate to it. We don't want to parse URLs into logical segments for querying since a 'full' URL already exists in the database - the NodeAliasPath. At the same time we want to easily and consistently render the content in the same way on the MVC site without needing to continuously deploy route configuration updates. 😒 MVC is all about content delivery, not content organization, so how do we truly abstract the rendering of the content in MVC from the organization and URL identification of it in the CMS? 🤔 Routing by NodeAliasPath with IRouteConstraint Let's start by defining what we need to accomplish: - ✅ Configure a Route that matches any NodeAliasPath. - ✅ Only have our Route match for the given NodeAliasPathif the Page associated with it is an instance of a specific Page Type. - ✅ Have this Route connected to a specific Controllerand Actionwhich are coded to handle pages of the required Page Type. Configuring Our Route All of these requirements can be fulfilled by implementing the System.Web.Routing.IRouteConstraint interface. IRouteConstraint has 1 method, Match, which returns true when the context of the request and Route match our requirements and false when they do not: bool Match( HttpContextBase httpContext, Route route, string parameterName, RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection) We assign instances of classes that implement IRouteConstraint to our Convention based route definitions in an object that we pass to the constraints parameter. routes.MapRoute( name: "default", url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }, constraints: new { id = new MyCustomConstraint() }); In the above example we are constraining the {id} route parameter by the implementation of MyCustomConstraint. Its Match method will be passed "id" as the value of the string parameterName parameter, which can be used to look up the value in the RouteValueDictionary values parameter. Let's first define our Route and then implement IRouteConstraint for our use-case below: routes.MapRoute( name: "Articles", url: "{nodeAliasPath}", defaults: new { controller = "Articles", action = "Show" }, constraints: new { nodeAliasPath = new NodeAliasPathConstraint(Article.CLASS_NAME) }); Above we are defining a route with a very loose URL pattern of {nodeAliasPath}, which effectively matches every URL. This would normally be bad since only URLs for Articles should be handled by ArticlesController.Show, but here our NodeAliasPathConstraint helps us. The constraint takes the Kentico CLASS_NAME of the Article ( Article (MVC) Page Type) class as a parameter and constrains the nodeAliasPath token of the Route pattern template to meet its requirements. 👍 Defining Our Constraint Below is a yet-to-be completed implementation of our constraint: public class NodeAliasPathConstraint : IRouteConstraint { private readonly string nodeClassName; public NodeAliasPathConstraint(string nodeClassName) => this.nodeClassName = nodeClassName; public bool Match( HttpContextBase httpContext, Route route, string parameterName, RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection) { // ❗ If we didn't configure the route correctly and no // nodeAliasPath was defined in the route URL template // we can't match if (!values.TryGetValue(parameterName, out object nodeAliasPathObj)) { return false; } // Converts nodeAliasPathObj into a TreeNode.NodeAliasPath // by prefixing with a / string nodeAliasPath = $"/{nodeAliasPathObj}"; // TODO: Determine if nodeAliasPath matches any page in the CMS // with a TreeNode.NodeClassName matching our nodeClassName return false; } } Above, NodeAliasPathConstraint, takes a nodeClassName and constructs a nodeAliasPath from the Route values. We now need to query the database to check for two conditions: - There exists a page in the CMS that has a TreeNode.NodeAliasPathmatching our nodeAliasPathcaptured by the route parameters for the current request. - That page has a TreeNode.NodeClassNamewhich matches the types of pages our Route can handle, as defined by nodeClassName. Let's add the logic to query the database: // Additional filters (e.g. culture) should be applied as needed bool isPreview = HttpContext.Current.Kentico().Preview().Enabled; var node =(); if (node is null) { return false; } if (string.Equals(node.ClassName, nodeClassName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) { // ❗ We replace the `nodeAliasPath` route value with the one we prefixed // above so that the ArticlesController.Show(string nodeAliasPath) // call is passed a correct TreeNode.NodeAliasPath value values[parameterName] = nodeAliasPath; return true; } return false; We want to keep our query fast 🏃♀️ since it will be called any time MVC's routing process needs to know if our "anything" Route of "{nodeAliasPath}" is a match for a specific URL. So, we limit the columns to ClassName, and take only the first result (we should only have 1). If no page existed with a NodeAliasPath matching the URL, we return false. If the query above returns a node for a page and the page's NodeClassName doesn't match the Page Type handled by this route, we return false. We only return true when a page exists in the content tree with a matching NodeAliasPath and and the page NodeClassName matches the one provided to the Constraint's constructor. Optimizing Our Logic with Caching Currently, if we use this Constraint on multiple routes, all with the same "{nodeAliasPath}" URL template, our constraint - and therefore our query - will continue to be executed until it succeeds - once for each Route that MVC checks the requested URL against. In the worst case, for example, with 15 Controllers, each handling a different Page Type, we will have 15 Routes defined with unique instances of this Constraint. If the last Route checked is the correct one then we will run this query 15 times. 😝 Blech! Our Constraint will also be called on every subsequent HTTP request for the same route (i.e., you make a request and then refresh the page). We don't want to repeat this query needlessly when the result is already known! The quick and effective way to resolve this performance scalability issue is to use caching. Kentico provides a CacheHelper class to help developers add items to the cache and set the dependencies of those cached items. Here is how our use of CacheHelper will look: Func<TreeNode> query = () =>(); string scope = nameof(NodeAliasPathConstraint); string cacheItemName = $"{scope}\|preview:{isPreview}\|" + {SiteContext.SiteName}\|{nodeAliasPath}" var node = CacheHelper.Cache( query, new CacheSettings( cacheMinutes: 5, cacheItemNameParts: cacheItemName) { GetCacheDependency = () => CacheHelper.GetCacheDependency(new[] { $"node\|{SiteContext.CurrentSiteName}\|{nodeAliasPath}" }) }); // Check if node is a match ... This use of CacheHelper will cache the result of our query for a TreeNode matching the given nodeAliasPath for 5 minutes and also clear the cache if the CMS updates any node matching the nodeAliasPath for the current site. We now have a reusable NodeAliasPathConstraint class that can be used to constrain which URLs match all the various Routes our MVC application defines. Since the Route we defined above matches on any NodeAliasPath for an Article (MVC) page, our ArticlesController can handle any Article anywhere in the content tree, no matter how it is organized or what the URL looks like - as long as the URL is the page's NodeAliasPath. Both Axel and Rose's Article URLs will work how they expected. 🤸♂️ Any new authors simply need to create a container page in the tree and start nesting new Article (MVC) page instances beneath it. Caveats of Convention Based Routing Our NodeAliasPath based routing works exactly how we hoped, and there's nothing wrong with stopping here 😅. However, with the current design we're going to end up with a bunch of RouteCollection.MapRoute() calls in our MVC application that effectively do the same thing, all in slightly different ways. We also have the problem with "Scattered Strings" that I've mentioned in previous posts: defaults: new { controller = "Articles", action = "Show" } If we rename our ArticlesController to ArticleController (no s), our Route will break unless we update the above line to controller = "Article" 😢. Since we are applying Constraints to specific Controller/Action pairs to match specific NodeAliasPath/ NodeClassName pairs, we will need a Route defined, in most cases, for both the "List" view and "Detail" view for each Page Type. If we want to use a method named List instead of the Index method for showing a list of posts, we need to update the methods and also the Route configuration 😤. If we only have a handful of Routes where we are using this Constraint then the above pattern will work well... But, there is a final form to this design that will elegantly handle our NodeAliasPath based routing across many Controllers throughout our application - it will scale as much as we want. Read ahead if you dare! 🎃👻 The Ultimate Approach! PageTypeRouteAttribute First, we are going to create a custom Attribute that is not based on any MVC classes. [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method)] public class PageTypeRouteAttribute : Attribute { public PageTypeRouteAttribute(params string[] classNames) => ClassNames = classNames; public string[] ClassNames { get; } } This Attribute will act as a marker on all of our Controller Action methods, indicating, which custom Page Types the method supports for rendering. This Attribute allows for multiple class names since a single Action method could potentially handle different Page Types in a very generic and abstract way, using only their common TreeNodeproperties, or through a custom interface we create and apply to all of them 🧐. Below are examples of how we'd use this Attribute: // ArticlesController.cs [PageTypeRoute(Article.CLASS_NAME)] public ActionResult Index(string nodeAliasPath) { // ... } // or maybe HomeController.cs [PageTypeRoute(Home.CLASS_NAME, "CMS.Root")] public ActionResult Index(string nodeAliasPath) { // ... } Updating Our NodeAliasPathConstraint We want to use the standard MVC routing behavior when we find a NodeAliasPath match, except we want the "controller" and "action" values in the RouteValueDictionary to come from the Controller and Action with the right PageTypeRouteAttribute, matched by NodeClassName. We can first remove the constructor for NodeAliasPathConstraint we defined above because our new implementation will be used for all custom Page Types. We will use the NodeClassName value returned by our query to find the correct Controller and Action to process the request, using the PageTypeRouteAttributeCacheHelper: if (!values.TryGetValue(parameterName, out object nodeAliasPathObj)) { return false; } string nodeAliasPath = $"/{nodeAliasPathObj as string}"; // Use the same CacheHelper.Cache call to query for matching Node var node = ... if (node is null) { return false; } if (!PageTypeRouteAttributeCacheHelper .ClassNameLookup .TryGetValue(nodeClassName, out var pair)) { return false; } values["action"] = pair.ActionName; values["controller"] = pair.ControllerName; values[parameterName] = nodeAliasPath; values["nodeClassName"] = node.ClassName; return true; The PageTypeRouteAttributeCacheHelperclass can be found in a GitHub Gist here as it's too long to put in the post. It will reflect over all types in the application, find Controllerinstances, find all Actions on those Controllers with PageTypeRouteAttributes, and finally adds a ActionName/ControllerName structto a Dictionarywith the PageTypeRouteAttribute.ClassNamesvalues as keys. Ideally, the lookup would be performed by a service implementing an interface that is injected into the constructor of NodeAliasPathRouteHandlerto make it more testable. I'll leave this up to the reader 🤓! Register Our Route We now only need to register a single Route that uses the NodeAliasPathConstraint. routes.MapRoute( name: "NodeAliasPath", url: "{*nodeAliasPath}", defaults: null, constraints: new { nodeAliasPath = new NodeAliasPathConstraint() }); Updating the CMS Page Type Configuration The last thing for us to do is to change the "URL Pattern" field of the Article (MVC) Page Type to {% NodeAliasPath %}. This will ensure that when we view the "Page" tab of an Article page in the content tree, it will send the correct request to the MVC app - using the NodeAliasPath as the URL - and render the page using everything we built above. Where To Go From Here We can use this pattern on as many custom Page Types as we want and we'll be guaranteed that the correct Controller and Action will be selected no matter where in the tree you place your content 👏. We can also be assured that the organized structure of the CMS content tree, and the names of all the pages, will be reflected in the URLs used to access the content in the MVC application ⚡. A pattern we've been using at WiredViews is to create a custom Page Type for the "list page" for each content Page Type. So, similar to the above example with Article (MVC), the Article section (MVC) would have the "Page" tab enabled. We would configure the ArticlesController as follows: [PageTypeRoute(ArticleSection.CLASS_NAME)] public ActionResult Index(string nodeAliasPath) { // ... } Every Article Section would be rendered by the same logic in the MVC application but different sections could be created anywhere in the content tree, each with their own NodeAliasPath to be used as the URL for rendering their content 💪. Example: Imagine we have a "Article Container" -> "Article Author" -> "Article" content hierarchy: /Company-Articles/Sean-G-Wright could list the top 10 most recent articles I've written. /Company-Articles/Moe-Tucker would list Moe's top 10 most recent. /Company-Articles/Moe-Tucker/How-To-Make-Coffee would be a specific article of Moe's. /Guest-Articles/Exene-Cervenka/Rock-And-Roll-Coffee would show Exene's guest article. Being able to have multiple "homes" for the same content type and not having to worry about adjusting the MVC routing is a pretty powerful capability 🚀🤘! Two bonus perks, that I won't cover here, are: - The ability to much more easily generate dynamic menus by using a page's NodeAliasPathinstead of having to generate the URL via MVC's APIs. - Creating an XML sitemap using NodeAliasPathfor pages that would normally have complex requirements for generating URLs. Using NodeAliasPathcan also simplify the query we'd need to source the sitemap data - the URL, image, and modification date could all come from the same DocumentQueryfor all documents, regardless of the Page Type. Summary Ok, that was long... but if you've read my posts before you know I enjoy digging deep into design patterns, Kentico, and ASP.NET MVC - so, sorry #notsorry 🤣. We have a solution for NodeAliasPath based routing in our Kentico 12 MVC application, but what all did we accomplish exactly? - ✅ We adapted the NodeAliasPathbased URL feature from Kentico CMS Portal Engine sites to Kentico 12 MVC, so content editors have control over URLs. - ✅ We made it possible for Page Types to have multiple homes in the CMS without increasing the complexity of MVC Route configuration. - ✅ We made an easily re-usable Attributethat clearly defines what content is connected to which Controller Action. - ✅ We leveraged Kentico's caching API to ensure our frequently called Route Constraint doesn't impact site performance. I'd love to get feedback on this pattern from all the Kentico developers out there that are building Kentico 12 MVC applications. I know that Kentico is planning on adding a "dynamic routing" solution in Kentico 2020, but since we aren't in that wonderful Valhalla 🌞 of ASP.NET Core Kentico just yet, we Kentico developers need to get creative sometimes. Thanks for reading 🙏! If you are looking for additional Kentico content, checkout the Kentico tag here on DEV: Or my Kentico blog series: Discussion (7) Hello Sean, we are approaching Kentico MVC development after 10+ years of Kentico development. I liked your approach to routing but have you any idea about using it in a multi language web site? I know I should include a culture reference in the url pattern but at the same time I noticed that the pagealias (nodealias) is the same in all cultures so it's not very SEO and user friendly. So I looked to alternative URLs and saw I can define N alternative URLs for every page but I don't know how to manage them if had to use it dynamically on the site (eg. a menu) Yuri, Thanks for reaching out! There's a couple of options here. Still use NodeAliasPathrouting, and separate the culture from the URL when the route constraint is applied. You could then store the culture in a service to be used later in the request (like when querying the database). Check out the DynamicRouting project that Trevor Fayas has been working on, which is a much more full featured and robust approach than what I have presented here. For option 1, you're querying will be more complex, and you'll probably want to have a well defined way for finding culture segments in URLs and separating those from the NodeAliasPathpart. But, choosing this option will let you get going with a lot less infrastructure. For option 2, well that project is still in development, but Trevor is making rapid progress. It actually uses a very similar attribute approach to routing that I show here (I did the attribute integration in Trevor's project). The DynamicRouting project supports URL generation and customization in the CMS far beyond what Kentico provides out-of-the-box. I also remember Dmitry Bastron mentioning on Twitter (in the conversation linked in the comment above) that he has done this kind of routing while also taking into account the culture, so maybe ask him if he has some tips? Generating page links / URLs is another challenge altogether. I have a blog post detailing some of my explorations and solutions there that you might want to check out. Kentico 12: Design Patterns Part 13 - Generating Page URLs Sean G. Wright ・ Sep 16 ・ 9 min read I've been able to create CMS managed dynamic menus with this approach. If you aren't in the Kentico Slack account, I'd recommend joining (link also in the comment above). It can be a great place to get some help on these things. Cheers! As you know, the Dynamic Routing is now finished and on NuGet and can handle Cultures perfectly fine, along with any pattern really. Sean, I really like this post, but I'm wondering if you have a complete code example / project on GitHub that you could post here to give a little more context to the snippets. I'm trying to work through using this pattern and I'm having a bit of a hard time, but this post is perfect for what I need on my current project! Thanks, Jim Piller Jim, Thanks for the feedback and I'm glad the post is helpful. I don't have any repo with the full picture of this implementation, but I'm planning on writing a follow up about generating URLs when using NodeAliasPathrouting. Maybe I could put an example online then. Was there a specific bit of code you were unsure about? There shouldn't be too many pieces in then end... NodeAliasPathConstraint PageTypeRoute PageTypeRouteAttributeCacheHelperclass to do path -> Controller/Action name lookup You can define these anywhere, though Kentico uses an \Infrastructure\folder at the root of their MVC codebase and puts these cross-cutting or framework code pieces in there - I think that's a good pattern. That's a really good approach, especially with the use of adding an attribute onto the controller itself. I'll tweak my original long winded approach that I first used when Kentico had full MVC support (Kentico 9), which I have refactored recently for use in Kentico 12. But looking forward to Kentico adding dynamic routing in Kentico 2020! Glad you found this useful. Your blog contains lots of great content! There is a Kentico slack channel kentico-community.slack.com. You should join and have your blog added to the syndication feed channel there. Somme other Kentico devs and I were having a discussion on Twitter about this topic - you might find some of their insights helpful as well.	https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/seangwright/kentico-12-design-patterns-part-10-mvc-routing-with-nodealiaspath-22l3	CC-MAIN-2021-25	refinedweb	4,303	58.92
MBINDSection: Linux Programmer's Manual (2) Updated: 2006-02-07 Index Return to Main Contents NAMEmbind - Set memory policy for a memory range SYNOPSIS #include <numaif.h> int mbind(void start, unsigned long len, int policy, unsigned long nodemask, unsigned long maxnode, unsigned flags); cc ... -lnuma DESCRIPTIONmbind() sets the NUMA memory policy for the memory range starting with start and continuing for len bytes. The memory of a NUMA machine is divided into multiple nodes. The memory policy defines in which node memory is allocated. mbind() only has an effect for new allocations; if the pages inside the range have been already touched before setting the policy, then the policy has no effect. Available policies are MPOL_DEFAULT, MPOL_BIND, MPOL_INTERLEAVE, and MPOL_PREFERRED. All policies except MPOL_DEFAULT require the caller to specify the nodes to which the policy applies in the nodemask parameter. nodemask is a bitmask of nodes containing up to maxnode bits. The actual number of bytes transferred via this argument is rounded up to the next multiple of sizeof(unsigned long), but the kernel will only use bits up to maxnode. A NULL argument means an empty set of nodes. specified as NULL. The MPOL_BIND policy is a strict policy that restricts memory allocation to the nodes specified in nodemask. There won't if the preferred nodes is low on free memory. Only the first node in the nodemask is used. If no node is set in the mask, then the memory is allocated on the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation allocation). If MPOL_MF_STRICT is passed in flags and policy is not MPOL_DEFAULT, then the call will fail with the error EIO if the existing pages in the mapping don't follow the policy. In 2.6.16 or later the kernel will also try to move pages to the requested node with this flag. If MPOL_MF_MOVE is passed in flags, then an attempt will be made to move all the pages in the mapping so that they follow the policy. Pages that are shared with other processes are not moved. If MPOL_MF_STRICT is also specified, then the call will fail with the error EIO if some pages could not be moved. If MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL is passed in flags, then all pages in the mapping will be moved regardless of whether other processes use the pages. The calling process must be privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) to use this flag. If MPOL_MF_STRICT is also specified, then the call will fail with the error EIO if some pages could not be moved. RETURN VALUEOn success, mbind() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error. ERRORS - EFAULT - There was a unmapped hole in the specified memory range or a passed pointer was not valid. - EINVAL - An invalid value was specified for flags or mode; or start + len was less than start; or policy was MPOL_DEFAULT and nodemask pointed to a non-empty set; or policy was MPOL_BIND or MPOL_INTERLEAVE and nodemask pointed to an empty set, - ENOMEM - System out of memory. - EIO - MPOL_MF_STRICT was specified and an existing page was already on a node that does not follow the policy. CONFORMING TOThis system call is Linux specific. NOTESNUMA policy is not supported on file mappings. MPOL_MF_STRICT is ignored on huge page mappings right now. It is unfortunate that the same flag, MPOL_DEFAULT, has different effects for mbind(2) and set_mempolicy(2). To select "allocation on the node of the CPU that triggered the allocation" (like set_mempolicy(2) MPOL_DEFAULT) when calling mbind(), specify a policy of MPOL_PREFERRED with an empty nodemask. Versions and Library SupportThe mbind(), get_mempolicy(2), and set_mempolicy(2) system calls were added to the Linux kernel with version 2.6.7. They are only available on kernels compiled with CONFIG_NUMA. Support for huge page policy was added with 2.6.16. For interleave policy to be effective on huge page mappings the policied memory needs to be tens of megabytes or larger. MPOL_MF_MOVE and MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL are only available on Linux 2.6.16 and later. These system calls should not be used directly. Instead, the higher level interface provided by the numa(3) functions in the numactl package is recommended. The numactl package is available at. You can link with -lnuma to get system call definitions. libnuma is available in the numactl package. This package also has the numaif.h header. SEE ALSOnuma(3), numactl(8), set_mempolicy(2), get_mempolicy(2), mmap(2) Index - NAME - - SYNOPSIS - - DESCRIPTION - - RETURN VALUE - - ERRORS - - CONFORMING TO - - NOTES - - SEE ALSO - Random Man Pages: QVButtonGroup getxattr gltext QSjisCodec	http://www.thelinuxblog.com/linux-man-pages/2/mbind	CC-MAIN-2016-22	refinedweb	758	55.44
Java Advent Calendar: Measuring Time — From Java to Kernel and Back Java Advent Calendar: Measuring Time — From Java to Kernel and Back Join the DZone community and get the full member experience.Join For Free Problem Statement Even the most basic problems become interesting when you dig deep enough. Today, I would like to do a deep dive into measuring time in Java. We will start with the very basics of the Java API and gradually move lower in our stack: through the OpenJDK source code, glibc, all the way down to the Linux kernel. We will look at the performance overhead in various environments and try to reason about the results. You may also like: Measuring Method Execution Time With Spring AOP and AspectJ in Spring Boot We are going to explore the measurement of the elapsed time: the amount of time that passes from the start-event to the end-event of some activity. This is useful for performance improvements, operational monitoring, and timeout enforcement. The following pseudo-code is the common idiom we can see in pretty much any codebase: START_TIME = getCurrentTime() executeAction() ELAPSED_TIME = getCurrentTime() - START_TIME Sometimes, it's less explicit. We could use Aspect-Oriented Programming principles to avoid polluting our business code with what's essentially an operational concern, but it's still there in one form or another. Elapsed Time in Java Java offers two basic primitives for measuring time: System.currentTimeMillis() and System.nanoTime(). There are several differences between these two calls, let's break them down. 1. Stability of the Point of Origin System.currentTimeMillis() returns the number of milliseconds since the start of the Unix epoch - January 1, 1970, UTC. On the other hand, System.nanoTime() returns the number of nanoseconds since some arbitrary point in the past. This immediately tells us the finest possible granularity of currentTimeMillis() is 1 millisecond. It makes measuring anything shorter than 1ms impossible. The fact that currentTimeMillis() uses January 1, 1970, UTC as a reference point is both good and bad. Why is it good? We can compare currentTimeMillis() values returned by two different JVMs and even by two different computers. Why is it bad? The comparison won't be very useful when our computers don't have synchronized time. The clocks in typical server farms aren't perfectly synchronized and there will always be some gap. This can still be acceptable if I'm comparing log files from two different systems: it's OK if timestamps aren't perfectly synchronized. However, sometimes the gap can lead to disastrous results, for example when it's used for conflict resolution in distributed systems. 2. Clock Monotonicity The other problem is that the returned values are not guaranteed to be monotonically increasing. What does it mean? When you have two consecutive calls of currentTimeMillis(), the second call can return a lower value than the first one. This is counterintuitive and can lead to nonsensical results such as elapsed time being a negative number. It's clear that currentTimeMillis() is not a good choice to measure the elapsed time inside an application. What about nanoTime()? System.nanoTime() does not use the Unix epoch as a reference point, but some unspecified point in the past. The point stays fixed during a single JVM execution, but that's it. Thus, it's meaningless to even compare nanoTime() values returned by two different JVMs running on the same computer, let alone on separate computers. The reference point is usually related to the last computer start, but this is purely an implementation detail and we cannot rely on it at all. The advantage is that even when wall-clock time in a computer goes backward for some reason, it won't have any impact on nanoTime(). This is why nanoTime() is a great tool to measure the elapsed time between two events on a single JVM, but we cannot compare timestamps from two different JVMs. Implementation in Java Let's explore how currentTimeMillis() and nanoTime() are implemented in Java. I am going to use sources from the current head of OpenJDK 14. System.currentTimeMillis() is a native method so our Java IDE won't tell us how it's implemented. This native code looks a bit better: JVM_LEAF(jlong, JVM_CurrentTimeMillis(JNIEnv env, jclass ignored)) JVMWrapper("JVM_CurrentTimeMillis"); return os::javaTimeMillis(); JVM_END We can see it's just delegating as implementation varies by Operating System. This is the Linux implementation: jlong os::javaTimeMillis() { timeval time; int status = gettimeofday(&time, NULL); assert(status != -1, "linux error"); return jlong(time.tv_sec) 1000 + jlong(time.tv_usec / 1000); } This code is delegating to a Posix function gettimeofday(). This function returns a simple struct: struct timeval { time_t tv_sec; /* seconds / suseconds_t tv_usec; / microseconds / }; The struct contains the number of seconds since the epoch and the number of microseconds in a given second. The contract of currentTimeMillis() is to return the number of milliseconds since the epoch so it has to do a simple conversion: jlong(time.tv_sec) 1000 + jlong(time.tv_usec / 1000) The function gettimeofday() is implemented by glibc, which ultimately calls the Linux kernel. We will have a deeper look later. Let's see how nanoTime() is implemented: It turns out it's not too different — System.nanoTime() is also a native method: public static native long nanoTime();and jvm.cpp delegates to the OS-specific implementation: JVM_LEAF(jlong, JVM_NanoTime(JNIEnv env, jclass ignored)) JVMWrapper("JVM_NanoTime"); return os::javaTimeNanos(); JVM_END The Linux implementation of javaTimeNanos() is quite interesting: jlong os::javaTimeNanos() { if (os::supports_monotonic_clock()) { struct timespec tp; int status = os::Posix:; } } There are two branches: If the OS supports the monotonic clock, it will use it, and otherwise, it delegates to our old friend gettimeofday(). Gettimeofday() is the same Posix call the System.currentTimeMillis() used! Obviously, the conversion looks a bit different as the granularity of nanoTime() is higher, but it's the same Posix call! This implies that under some circumstances System.nanoTime() uses the Unix epoch as a reference thus it can go back in time! In other words: It's not guaranteed to be monotonic! The good news is that up to my knowledge all modern Linux distributions do support the monotonic clock. I assume this branch is there for the sake of compatibility with ancient versions of kernel/glibc. If you are interested in the details of how HotSpot detects whether the OS supports the monotonic clock, see this code. For most of us, it's important to know that OpenJDK practically always calls the Posix function clock_gettime(), which is implemented in glibc and glibc delegates to the Linux kernel. Benchmark I — Local Laptop At this point, we have some intuition how nanoTime() and currentTimeMillis() are implemented. Let's have a look at whether they are blazing fast or dog slow. Here's a simple JMH benchmark: @BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime) @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) public class Bench { @Benchmark public long nano() { return System.nanoTime(); } @Benchmark public long millis() { return System.currentTimeMillis(); } } When I run this benchmark on my laptop with Ubuntu 19.10, I get these results: System.currentTimeMillis() takes about 29 nanoseconds per call while System.nanoTime() takes about 25 nanoseconds. Not great, not terrible. It implies it's probably unwise to use System.nano() to measure anything taking less than a few dozens nanoseconds as the overhead of our instrumentation would be higher than the measured interval. We should also avoid using nanoTime() in tight loops because latency adds up quickly. On the other hand, it appears to be sensible to use nanoTime() to measure, e.g. the response time from a remote server or the duration of an expensive calculation. Benchmark II — AWS Running benchmarks on a laptop is convenient but not very practical unless you are willing to give up your laptop and use it as a production environment for your applications. Instead, let's run the same benchmark in AWS EC2. Let's spin up a c5.xlarge machine with Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and use the wonderful SDKMAN tool to install Java 13 built by the awesome people on the AdoptOpenJDK project: $ sudo apt install zip unzip $ curl -s "" \| bash # Yes, I know a pipe from curl to shell is not cool. I'm lazy. $ source "/home/ubuntu/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh" $ sdk install java 13.0.1.hs-adpt $ java -version openjdk version "13.0.1" 2019-10-15 OpenJDK Runtime Environment AdoptOpenJDK (build 13.0.1+9) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM AdoptOpenJDK (build 13.0.1+9, mixed mode, sharing) ubuntu@ip-10-0-0-133:~$ Here are the results: That's pretty much the same as on laptop, not too bad. Now let's try the c3.large instance. It's an older generation, but still frequently used: This does not look good at all! c3.large is an older and smaller instance so some slowdown is expected, but this is way too much! Both currentTimeMillis() and nanoTime() are one order of magnitude slower. 360 ns may not sound too bad at first, but think about this: to measure the elapsed time just once, you need two invocations. So each measurement costs you roughly 0.7 μs. If you have 10 probes measuring various execution stages, then you are at 7 μs. To put it into perspective: 40gbit network cards have a round-trip around 10 μs. It means adding a bunch of probes to our hot path could have a very significant latency impact! A Bit of Kernel Investigation Why is a c3 instance so much slower than my laptop or a c5 instance? It turns out it's related to Linux clock sources and more importantly the glibc-kernel interface. We already know that each call of nanoTime() or currentTimeMillis() invokes native code in the OpenJDK which calls glibc, which calls the Linux kernel. The interesting part is the glibc-Linux kernel transition: normally when a process calls a Linux kernel function - also known as a syscall — it involves a switch from user mode to kernel mode and back. This transition is a relatively expensive operation involving many steps: - Store the CPU registers in a kernel stack - Run the kernel code with the actual function - Copy the result from the kernel space to the user space - Restore the CPU registers from the kernel stack - Jump back to the user code This has never been a cheap operation, and it's getting more expensive with the advent of side-channel security attacks and related mitigation techniques. Performance-sensitive applications usually work hard to avoid the user-kernel transition. The Linux kernel itself offers a shortcut for some very frequent system calls, called vDSO - virtual Dynamic Shared Object. It essentially exports some of its functions and maps them into a process's address space. A user process can invoke these functions as if they were regular functions from an ordinary shared library. In turns out that both clock_gettime() and gettimeofday() have such a shortcut implemented, so when glibc invokes clock_gettime(), it effectively just jumps to a memory address without doing the expensive user-kernel transition. All this sounds like an interesting theory, but it doesn't explain why System.nanoTime() is so much slower on the c3 instance. Experiment Time We'll use another amazing Linux tool to monitor the number of system calls: perf. The simplest test we can do is to start our benchmark and count all system calls in our operating system. The perf syntax for this is pretty easy: sudo perf stat -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter -I 1000 -a This will give us the total number of system calls per second. One important detail: It will give us only the real system calls, with the full user mode-kernel mode transition. The vDSO calls don't count. This is how it looks when running on the c5 instance: $ sudo perf stat -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter -I 1000 -a # time counts unit events 1.000082884 138 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 2.000222087 252 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 3.000343414 127 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 4.000455977 136 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 5.000569565 140 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 6.000678534 136 raw_syscalls:sys_enter You can see there is about 130 system calls every second. Given that each iteration of our benchmark takes less than 30 ns, it's obvious the application uses vDSO to bypass system calls. This is how it looks on the c3 instance: $ sudo perf stat -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter -I 1000 -a time counts unit events 1.000159646 1390979 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 2.000942549 1391734 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 3.001555643 1392785 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 4.002148930 1393389 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 5.002734293 1392383 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 6.003311904 1338051 raw_syscalls:sys_enter That's over 1,300,000 system calls per second! Also, the latency of both nanoTime() and currentTimeMillis() roughly doubled to 700ns / operation. This is a rather strong indication each benchmark iteration invokes a real system call! Let's use another perf command to gather additional evidence. This command will count all system calls invoked in 5 seconds and group them by name: sudo perf stat -e 'syscalls:sys_enter_' -a sleep 5 When running on the c5 instance, there is nothing extraordinary going on. However, when running on the c3 instance, we can see this: 15695416 syscalls:sys_enter_gettimeofday (99.98%) This is our smoking gun! Very strong evidence that when the benchmark is running on the c3 box, it makes the real gettimeofday() system call! But why? This is the relevant part of the 4.4 kernel (used in Ubuntu 16.04):; } It's the function mapped into user memory and invoked by glibc when Java calls System.currentTimeMillis(). It invokes the do_realtime(), which populates the struct tv with the current time and then it returns back to the caller. What's important is that all this is executed in user mode, without any slow system call. Well, unless the do_realtime() returns VCLOCK_NONE. In this case, it calls vdso_fallback_gtod(), which will do a slow system call. Why is the c3 instance doing the fallback do system call and c5 is not? Well, it's related to a change in a virtualization technique! AWS had been using the Xen virtualization since its inception. About two years ago, they announced a transition from Xen to the KVM virtualization. C3 instances use the Xen virtualization, newer c5 instance use KVM. What's relevant for us is that each technique uses a different implementation of the Linux Clock. Linux shows the current clock source in /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource. This is c3: $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource Xen And this is c5: $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource kvm-clock It turns out the kvm-clock implementation sets the vclock_mode to VCLOCK_PVCLOCK, which means the slow fallback branch above is not taken. The Xen clock source doesn't set this mode at all and it stays at VCLOCK_NONE. This will result in jumping into the vdso_fallback_gtod() function, which will eventually initiate a real system call! #define VCLOCK_NONE 0 /* No vDSO clock available. / #define VCLOCK_TSC 1 / vDSO should use vread_tsc. / #define VCLOCK_HPET 2 / vDSO should use vread_hpet. / #define VCLOCK_PVCLOCK 3 / vDSO should use vread_pvclock. */ struct arch_clocksource_data { int vclock_mode; }; The nice thing about Linux is that it's highly configurable and often gives us enough rope to hang ourselves. We can try to change the clock source on c3 and re-run the benchmark. Available sources are visible via $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource xen tsc hpet acpi_pm TSC stands for the Time Stamp Counter, a pretty fast source and, important for us, a proper vDSO implementation. Let's switch the clock source in the c3 instance from Xen to TSC: # echo tsc > /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource Check it's really switched: $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource tsc Looks good! Now, we can re-run our benchmark: The numbers look pretty good! Actually, they look better than the c5 instance with kvm-clock. The number of system calls per second is on the same level as on c5 instance: ubuntu@ip-10-0-0-133:~$ sudo perf stat -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter -I 1000 -a # time counts unit events 1.000172233 144 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 2.000726439 203 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 3.001163704 180 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 4.001595597 177 raw_syscalls:sys_enter 5.002030641 192 raw_syscalls:sys_enter Some people recommend switching the clock source to TSC even when using the Xen virtualization. I don't know enough about its possible side-effects, but apparently, even some big companies do/did this in production. Obviously, this does not prove it's safe, but it's an indication it works for some. Final Words We have seen how a low-level implementation detail can have a significant impact on the performance of common Java calls. It's not a theoretical problem visible just in microbenchmarks, real systems are affected too. You can read a bit more about vDSO directly in the Linux kernel source tree. I wouldn't be able to conduct this investigation without my amazing colleagues at Hazelcast. It's a world-class team and I learned a lot from them! I would like to thank to Brendan Gregg for his collection of perf tricks, my memory is rather weakly consistent and Brendan created a great cheat sheet. And last but not least: If you are interested in performance, runtimes, or distributed systems, follow me on Twitter! Further Reading Measuring Method Execution Time With Spring AOP and AspectJ in Spring Boot JMH — Great Java Benchmarking [DZone Refcard] Java Performance Optimization Published at DZone with permission of Jaromir Hamala , DZone MVB. See the original article here. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. {{ parent.title \|\| parent.header.title}} {{ parent.tldr }} {{ parent.linkDescription }}{{ parent.urlSource.name }}	https://dzone.com/articles/java-advent-calendar-measuring-time-from-java-to-k	CC-MAIN-2020-05	refinedweb	2,941	56.35
Someone will get here no doubt soon. In the meantime you can get the source via mercurial download system and compile and install it with the "dsss" system so you must download and install both of these first. Then dsss build and dsss install supposedly gets it installed (I am not happy that I have got this right yet. Then there are some examples called "dwt-samples" which you can download and try and here is a small program to try also. copy it into a file called "main.d" and see if you can compile or build it -I hav'nt been able to yet so I'll change this when I do module main; import dwt.widgets.Display; import dwt.widgets.Shell; void main () { Display display = new Display; Shell shell = new Shell(display); shell.setText = "Hello DWT World"; shell.open; while (!shell.isDisposed) if (!display.readAndDispatch) display.sleep; display.dispose; }	http://www.dsource.org/projects/dwt-linux/wiki/Installation	crawl-003	refinedweb	152	72.97
The FlotWidget class of tw.jquery makes it easy to use the powerful Flot library from Python. Flot is a pure Javascript plotting library for jQuery. It produces graphical plots of arbitrary datasets on-the-fly client-side. The focus is on simple usage (all settings are optional), attractive looks and interactive features like zooming and mouse tracking. The FlotWidget widget supports the following parameters: data must be a list of data series: data = [series1, series2, ... ] A series can either be raw data or an dictionary with items. The raw data format is an list of points: [(x1, y1), (x2, y2), ... ] For instance, the first series coould be defined as: series1 = [ a null is specified as a point or if one of the coordinates is null or couldn’t be converted to a number, the point is ignored when drawing. As a special case, a null value for lines is interpreted as a line segment end, i.e. the point before and after the null value are not connected. The format of a single series dictionary is as follows: { 'color': color or number, 'data': rawdata, 'label': string, 'lines': specific lines options, 'bars': specific bars options, 'points': specific points options, 'xaxis': 1 or 2, 'yaxis': 1 or 2, 'shadowSize': number } You don’t have to specify any of them except the data, the rest are options that will get default values. Typically you’d only specify label and data, like this: series2 = dict ‘xaxis’ and ‘yaxis’ options specify which axis to use; specify 2 to get the secondary axis (x axis at top or y axis to the right). E.g., you can use this to make a dual axis plot by specifying dict(yaxis=2) for one data series. The rest of the options are the same as the default options that can be directly passed as a widget parameter. When you specify them for a specific data series, they will override the default options for the plot for that data series. Here’s a complete example of a simple data specification: data = [ dict(label='Foo', data=[(10, 1), (17, -14), (30, 5)]), dict(label='Bar', data=[(11, 13), (19, 11), (30, -7)]) ] id sets the element id of the div element containing the flot graph. Must be specified as a string with units, e.g. ‘400px’. Must be specified as a string with units, e.g. ‘200px’. Do not confuse this with the labels for individual data series mentioned above. All of these options are completely optional. They are documented in the Flot API documentation. For instance, you can set: options = dict(lines=dict(show=True), points=dict(show)=True)) For example, the widget could be instantiated like this: from tw.jquery import FlotWidget flot = FlotWidget(id='flot', width='320px',height='160px', label='Simple Flot Example') You can try this in a small example project “flotsample” to draw some example data. The root controller could be as follows: import math from tg import expose, tmpl_context from tw.jquery import FlotWidget flot = FlotWidget(id='flotSample', width='320px',height='160px', label='Simple Flot Example') class RootController(BaseController): @expose('flotsample.templates.index') def index(self): tmpl_context.flot = flot d1 = [(0.5i, math.sin(0.5i)) for i in range(0,28)] d2 = [(0, 3), (4, 8), (8, 5), (9, 13)] # a None value signifies separate line segments d3 = [(0, 12), (7, 12), None, (7, 2.5), (12, 2.5)] return dict(page='index', data=[d1, d2, d3]) The widget can be displayed in the flotsample.templates.index template by: <div py: Our simple example graph will now be drawn like this: Flot supports lines, points, filled areas, bars and any combinations of these, in the same plot and even on the same data series. Instead of lists with raw data, we need to pass dictionaries for the individual series. Here is an example: @expose('flotsample.templates.index') def index(self): tmpl_context.flot = flot d1 = [(0.5i, math.sin(0.5i)) for i in range(0, 28)] d2 = [(0, 3), (4, 8), (8, 5), (9, 13)] d3 = [(0.5i, math.cos(0.5i)) for i in range(0, 28)] d4 = [(0.1i, math.sqrt(i)) for i in range(0, 140)] d5 = [(0.5i, math.sqrt(0.5i)) for i in range(0, 28)] data = [ dict(data=d1, lines=dict(show=True, fill=True)), dict(data=d2, bars=dict(show=True)), dict(data=d3, points=dict(show=True)), dict(data=d4, lines=dict(show=True)), dict(data=d5, lines=dict(show=True), points=dict(show=True)) ] return dict(page='index', data=data, label='Different graph types') Note that we passed a different label to be displayed to the template. In the template, we must pass that label to the widget. It will then override the default label the widget was instantiated with: <div py: This is how our second example is displayed: There are plenty of options you can set to control the precise looks of your plot. You can control the axes, the legend, the default graph type, the look of grid, etc. Luckily, Flot goes to great lengths to provide sensible defaults which you can then customize as needed for your particular application. Here is a more complex example showing how to set various options: @expose('flotsample.templates.index') def index(self): tmpl_context.flot = flot d1 = [] d2 = [] i = 0 while i < 2math.pi: d1.append((i, math.sin(i))) d2.append((i, math.cos(i))) i += 0.25 d3 = [] i = 0 while i < 2math.pi: d3.append((i, math.tan(i))) i += 0.1 data = [ dict(label='sin(x)', data=d1), dict(label='cos(x)', data=d2), dict(label='tan(x)', data=d3) ] options = dict( lines=dict(show=True), points=dict(show=True), xaxis=dict(ticks=[0, (math.pi/2, u'\u03c0/2'), (math.pi, u'\u03c0'), (math.pi3/2, u'3\u03c0/2'), (math.pi*2, u'2\u03c0')]), yaxis=dict(ticks=10, min=-2, max=2), grid=dict(backgroundColor='#fffaff')) return dict(page='index', data=data, options=options, label='Setting various options') Again, we need to adapt the template a little in order to pass our custom options to the widget: <div py: This will now be displayed as follows: All possible options are documented in the Flot API.	http://www.turbogears.org/2.1/docs/main/ToscaWidgets/Cookbook/Flot.html	CC-MAIN-2016-07	refinedweb	1,052	55.74
POP-2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia POP-2, often referred to as POP2 was a programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (originally named COWSEL) by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall at the University of Edinburgh. It drew roots from many sources: the languages LISP and ALGOL 60, and theoretical ideas. It has been described as 'The first true functional language' at HOPL, the History of Programming Languages web site. Its syntax was Algol-like, except that assignments were backwards: instead of writing a := 3; one wrote 3 -> a; The reason for this was that the language had explicit notion of an operand stack; thus, the previous assignment could be written as two separate statements: 3; which evaluated the value 3 and left it on the stack, and -> a; which popped the top value off the stack and assigned it to the variable 'a'. Similarly, the function call f(x, y, z); could be written as x, y, z; f(); (commas and semicolons being largely interchangeable) or even x, y, z.f; or (x, y, z).f; There were no special language constructs for creating arrays or record structures as they are commonly understood: instead, these were created with the aid of special builtin functions, e.g. newarray (for arrays that could contain any type of item) and newanyarray for creating restricted types of items. Thus, array element and record field accessors were simply special cases of a doublet function: this was a function that had another function attached as its updater, which was called on the receiving side of an assignment. Thus, if the variable a contained an array, then 3 -> a(4); was equivalent to updater(a)(3, 4); the builtin function updater returning the updater of the doublet. Of course, updater was itself a doublet and could be used to change the updater component of a doublet. Because of the stack-based paradigm, there was no need to distinguish between statements and expressions; thus, the two constructs if a > b then c -> e else d -> e close; and if a > b then c else d close -> e; were equivalent (note the use of close as endif hadn't been invented yet). Variables could hold values of any type, including functions, which were first-class objects. Thus, the following constructs function max x y; if x > y then x else y close end; and vars max; lambda x y; if x > y then x else y close end -> max; were equivalent. An interesting operation on functions was partial application, (sometimes referred to as "currying"). In partial application some number of the rightmost arguments of the function (which would be the last ones placed on the stack before the function is involved) were frozen to given values, to produce a new function of fewer arguments, which is a closure of the original function. For instance, consider a function for computing general second-degree polynomials: function poly2 x a b c; a * x * x + b * x + c end; This could be bound, for instance as vars less1squared; poly2(% 1, -2, 1 %) -> less1squared; such that the expression less1squared(3) applies the closure of poly2 with three arguments frozen, to the argument 3, returning the square of (3 - 1), which is 4. The application of the partially applied function causes the frozen values (in this case 1, -2, 1) to be added to whatever is already on the stack (in this case 3), after which the original function poly2 is invoked. It then uses the top four items on the stack, producing the same result as poly2(3, 1, -2, 1) i.e. 133 + (-2)*3 + 1 [edit] Later Developments The original version of POP-2 was implemented on an Elliott 4130 computer in the University of Edinburgh (with only 64KB RAM, doubled to 128KB in 1972). At middle 1970s POP-2 was ported on BESM-6 (POPLAN System). Later versions were implemented for Modula One, PDP-10, ICL 1900 series (running the George operating system). Julian Davies, in Edinburgh, implemented an extended version of POP-2, which he called POP-10 on the PDP-10 computer running TOPS-10. This was the first dialect of POP-2 that treated case as significant in identifier names, used lower case for most system identifiers, and supported long identifiers with more than 8 characters. Shortly after that, a new implementation known as WPOP (for WonderPop) was implemented by Robert Rae and Allan Ramsay in Edinburgh, on a research-council funded project. That version introduced caged address spaces, some compile-time syntactic typing (e.g. for integers and reals) as well as some pattern matching constructs for use with a variety of data-structures. In parallel with that Steve Hardy at Sussex University implemented a subset of POP-2, which he called POP-11 which ran on a DEC PDP-11/40 computer. It was originally designed to run on the DEC operating system RSX-11D, in time-shared mode for teaching, but that caused so many problems that an early version of Unix was installed and used instead. That version was written in Unix assembler, and code was incrementally compiled to an intermediate byte code which was interpreted. That port was completed around 1976 and as a result Pop-11 was used in several places for teaching. In order to support its teaching function many of the syntactic features of POP-2 were modified, e.g. replacing function ... end with define ... enddefine and adding a wider variety of looping constructs with closing brackets to match their opening brackets instead of the use of close for all loops in POP-2. Pop-11 also introduced a pattern matcher for list structures, making it much easier to teach AI programming. Around 1980 Pop-11 was ported to a VAX-780 computer by Steve Hardy and John Gibson, and soon after that it was replaced by a full incremental compiler (producing machine-code instead of an interpreted intermediate code). The existence of the compiler and all its subroutines at run time made it possible to support far richer language extensions than were possible with Macros, and as a result Pop-11 was used (by Steve Hardy, Chris Mellish and John Gibson)) to produce an implementation of Prolog, using the standard syntax of Prolog, and the combined system became known as Poplog, to which Common Lisp and Standard ML were later added. This version was later ported to a variety of machines and operating systems and as a result Pop-11 became the dominant dialect of POP-2, still available in the Poplog system. Around 1986 a new AI company Cognitive Applications Ltd., collaborated with members of Sussex university to produce a variant of Pop-11 called AlphaPop running on Apple Mac computers, with integrated graphics. This was used for a number of commercial projects, as well as being used for teaching AI programming in several universities. The fact that it was implemented in an early dialect of C, using an idiosyncratic compiler made it very hard to maintain and upgrade to new versions of the Mac operating system. In addition to this, AlphaPop was not "32-bit clean" due to the use of high address bits as "tag bits" to signify the type of objects, which was incompatible with the use of memory above 8Mb on later Macintoshes. [edit] See also - COWSEL programming language - POP-1 programming language - POP-11 programming language - Poplog programming environment [edit] External links [edit] References R. Burstall, J. Collins and R. Popplestone Programming in Pop-2 University Press, Edinburgh, 1968 D.J.M. Davies, POP-10 Users' Manual, Computer Science Report #25, University of Western Ontario, 1976.	http://ornacle.com/wiki/POP-2	crawl-002	refinedweb	1,282	53.55
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Name \| Synopsis \| Description \| Return Values \| Errors \| Usage \| Attributes \| See Also #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> pid_t wait(int *stat_loc);(), waitpid(3C), or waitid can be evaluated with the macros described on the wait.h(3HEAD) manual page. In the following, status is the object pointed to by stat_loc: If the child process terminated due to an _exit() call, the low order 8 bits of status will be 0 and the high order 8 bits will contain the low order 7 bits of the argument that the child process passed to _exit(); see exit(2). If the child process terminated due to a signal, the high order 8 bits of status will be 0 and the low order 7bits will contain the number of the signal that caused the termination. In addition, if WCOREFLG is set, a “core image” will have been produced; see signal.h(3HEAD) and wait.h(3HEAD). One instance of a SIGCHLD signal is queued for each child process whose status has changed. If wait() returns because the status of a child process is available, any pending SIGCHLD signal associated with the process ID of that child process is discarded. Any other pending SIGCHLD signals remain pending.: The calling process has no existing unwaited-for child processes. The function was interrupted by a signal. Since wait() blocks on a stopped child, a calling process wanting to see the return results of such a call should use waitpid(3C) or waitid(2) instead of wait(). The wait() function is implemented as a call to waitpid(-1, stat_loc, 0). See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: Intro(2), exec(2), exit(2), fork(2), pause(2), waitid(2), ptrace(3C), signal(3C), signal.h(3HEAD), waitpid(3C), wait.h(3HEAD), attributes(5) Name \| Synopsis \| Description \| Return Values \| Errors \| Usage \| Attributes \| See Also	http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19082-01/819-2243/wait-3c/index.html	CC-MAIN-2015-11	refinedweb	308	64.41
Here is an example to call M3 API from .NET in C#. Background To call M3 API in .NET there are several options: 1) we can use Interop to wrap the COM unmanaged library, 2) we can use netmodules which were introduced in the M3 API Toolkit version 9.0.1.1, or 3) we can use the native .NET managed library which were introduced in the M3 API Toolkit version 9.0.3.0. I suggest the latter option. Example - Download and install the M3 API Toolkit version 9.0.3.0 or later. - That version includes the .NET library MvxSockN.dll: - You can use .NET Reflector to introspect the assembly: - That version also includes documentation specifically for .NET: - That version also includes C# examples: - If you are using Microsoft Visual C# Express, add a New Reference to the DLL: - Then add the namespace Lawson.M3.MvxSock to the source code: using Lawson.M3.MvxSock; - Then start using MvxSock with IntelliSense: - Here’s my sample source code: using System; using Lawson.M3.MvxSock; namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { SERVER_ID sid = new SERVER_ID(); uint rc; rc = MvxSock.Connect(ref sid, "hostname", 6800, "userid", "*********", "CRS610MI", null); if (rc != 0) { MvxSock.ShowLastError(ref sid, "Error no " + rc + "\n"); return; } rc = MvxSock.Access(ref sid, "LstByNumber"); if (rc != 0) { MvxSock.ShowLastError(ref sid, "Error no " + rc + "\n"); MvxSock.Close(ref sid); return; } while (MvxSock.More(ref sid)) { Console.WriteLine(MvxSock.GetField(ref sid, "CUNO") + ", " + MvxSock.GetField(ref sid, "CUNM")); MvxSock.Access(ref sid, null); } MvxSock.Close(ref sid); } } } - Here’s a sample result of calling CRS610MI.LstByNumber: That’s it! 35 thoughts on “How to call M3 API from .NET” HI THX your post! I want to know different return rc = MvxSock.Access(ref sid, “LstByNumber”); different error msg. Hi Vincent. I don’t understand your question. But I invite you to read the developer’s guide that’s in the M3 API Toolkit. In the doc folder there’s a PDF that explains everything about the libraries, Java, ActiveX, .NET, etc. There you will get details about the methods, parameters, etc. THX I find this one Code Explanation 0 OK(no error) 1 General error on input data (user error) 2 No connection to server exists 3 Receive buffer is to small(first part of message from server is returned as valid data) 4 No receive buffer exists 5 Crypto error (internal error. Read plain text for more details) 6 Illegal type of transaction when calling function 7 Other error (severe) (must read plain text message) 11-19 Function specific errors from user input My M3 API Toolkit is too older can you send it to me the M3 API Toolkit ufo343425185@gmail.com. Best Regards!!! Hi Vincent, I cannot send you the API Toolkit as it’s copyrighted material of Infor. However, I can help you find the proper channel. I can also assist you via Infor Services. Send me an email to thib…@infor.com. /Thibaud Hi! Is it possible to include the library MvxSockX_SRV.dll in a VB script in SSIS package? If so, how? Thanks. Hi Matthieu, it’s possible to include that library in a VB script, we do that often with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in Excel via the VBA via Tools > References. But I don’t know if or how to do it with SSIS. /Thibaud Hi, Is it possible to use Single Sign on with the M3 API Toolkit. Regards, Yohan Hi, We use Windows login to connect to Lawson M3. Once logged in from LSO users access some customer interfaces which are developed in .net. Right now we need to pass the credentials to the interfaces. Is it possible to use Single Sign on (SSO) with the M3 API Toolkit. Regards, Yohan Hi Yohan, I’m sure it’s technically possible, I just don’t know how to implement that. You’re in Windows territory now, not Infor’s. I’m not familiar with Windows authentication, SSO, Kerberos, NTLM, etc. /Thibaud I created a vb.net application using the MvxSockX_SRV.dll in a .net framework 4 environment. I am getting the error “Attempted to read or write protected memory. This is often an indication that other memory is corrupt” on the MvxSock.Access call. Any suggestions? Thanks. Hi Steve, use the DLL that has a letter N (for .NET) instead. Here’s some help: Hope it helps. /Thibaud Thanks. I had an old version 9.0.1.0 of the MvxApi. Downloaded a newer version. Glad it works. Need to return an unlimited number of rows from a lst api. How would I go about doing that? Right now it’s returning 100. Hi Matthew, there’s a maxrecs variable, . For .NET, use MIParameters.MaxReturnedRecords. /Thibaud Can you please suggest me from where i can download and install the M3 API Toolkit version 9.0.3.0 or later. Hi Darshita, you can download it from the Infor Xtreme download site by searching for “API Tools”. Otherwise it might already be downloaded in the servers next to your M3. /Thibaud Hi , I have a problem with the component, returns this message ” Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Pipeline.CannotCreateUserComponentException . . Unable to create the class of the user component Make sure your script has a class marked with SSISScriptComponentEntryPointAttribute ” Thanks for help Daniel Bonjour Daniel. I have never seen this error. I suggest you contact Infor Support about it. /Thibaud Hi Thibaud, This problem is now solved. But when I run the component, I have this message “Impossible de charger le fichier ou l’assembly ‘Interop.MVXSOCKX_SVRLib, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null’ ou une de ses dépendances’ I know that MVXSRVSOCKX_SRVLib is a COM component I am using with .NET code but I already imported System.Runtime.InteropServices which was generally able to make it work. Regards Daniel Daniel, I really don’t know. Some basic questions: Are you using the correct DLL for .NET? It should be the filename ending with N for .NET, MvxSockN.dll. Also, did you try the 64bit version, MvxSockNx64.dll, in case you have 64bit Windows? Also, do you have the version of the M3 API Toolkit that matches the M3 BE server? Hi All, Can you please mail me that .net DLL file because i have “MvxSockx64.dll” which i can’t able to use on .net as reference. Can anyone please mail me the .net DLL files on “yogesh.malik@outlook.com”, it’s kinda urgent. Thanks in advance. Hi Yogesh, the .NET version of the DLL contains the letter N, MvxSockNx64.dll. Also, we are not allowed to distribute Infor’s proprieaty software. You can download it from the Infor Xtreme downloads website. Otherwise, it’s in every M3 project installation. Otherwise, use the open source alternative from benmat on GitHub. hi thibaudatwork, I’ve already register to that site Xtreme downloads, but the site is i think under maintenance and i can’t login to that site. I know you are not allow to distribute these kind of software, but actually i need that DLL urgent only .net DLL please share me only those .net DLL. Scenario, Actually i just want to built and application on .net through which i can upload the data from .net application to INFOR M3 by using M3 program and transaction. Please help me. Sorry. Urgency on your part doesn’t change the intellectual property laws. Did you try the open source alternative? Otherwise, to add data to M3 you don’t absolutely need that DLL, you can use the REST endpoint. You don’t need a DLL for that, just HTTP. Have you tried that? So? Yogesh? Did you try my suggestions? Also, which company/customer is this project for? We can start there. Every customer has the M3 API Toolkit installed on the D: drive of the M3BE and/or MAK servers. Did you check again there? how to trans api	https://m3ideas.org/2012/02/23/how-to-call-m3-api-from-net/?like_comment=935&_wpnonce=a93614eeee	CC-MAIN-2021-25	refinedweb	1,330	69.89
Hi! I had a weird problem with my FLVPlayback : the caption button didn't appear when I was publishing (I did chose a skin with the caption button). The solution was to add manually a caption button (on the already existing skin). I also had to manually add a function to toggle the visibility of the captions. Weird, I know. But otherwise, it didn't work. So, now I have a new problem. When I click on the seekbar to move further in the video, the captions disappear automatically. Sadly, my variable is still set to "false" (visibility off). So I have to click twice on my caption button to make it appear back. I thought that maybe I could add a listener on the seekbar? But it looks like I can't precisely point the seekbar because it's within the skin? How could I do that. Would there be another solution? Thank you very much for your time. Here's my code... import fl.video.; import fl.controls.ProgressBarMode; var flvControl:FLVPlayback = display; var flvCaption:FLVPlaybackCaptioning = caption; var flvSource:String = "videos/P01_Intro.flv"; flvControl.source = flvSource; caption.captionButton = cap_btn;(); } function onCaptionChange(e:):void { if (caption.showCaptions){ caption.showCaptions = false; } else { caption.showCaptions = true; } } function changeStatutCaption(e:):void{ trace("test"); } //); cap_btn.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK,onCaptionChange); //flvControl.seekBar.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN,changeStat utCaption); trace(flvControl.seekBar) //returns null... Have you tried it all in AS3? The FLVPlaybackCaptioning tutorial works just fine for me: video/FLVPlaybackCaptioning.html#includeExamplesSummary It's already in AS3. :/ I mean, create the FLVPlayback component in AS3. You're assigning a variable to an instance reference: var flvControl:FLVPlayback = display; Creating it in AS3 would like so, with no instance added to the stage: var flvControl:FLVPlayback = new FLVPlayback(); Then instead of using the Flash component inspector to select the skin, manually grab the correct skin and apply it yourself, e.g.: flvControl.skin = "SkinOverAll.swf"; Of course you need that SWF loaded on your server. I build in FlashBuilder 4.7 so I still just use Flash CS5.5 for making quick graphics and I find my FLVPlayback controls in this folder: C:\Program Files (x86)\Adobe\Adobe Flash CS5.5\Common\Configuration\FLVPlayback Skins\ActionScript 3.0 Adjust for your version of Flash. See if your Closed Caption button appears. Bottom line is there's no reason you should need to create a custom skin unless you want to and by what you said it doesn't appear that you want to. CC buttons exist in the premade skins. Oh! Okay! So, I did try your solution. Changed the code to that : import fl.video.; import fl.controls.ProgressBarMode; var flvDisplay : FLVPlayback; var flvSource : String = "videos/P01_Intro.flv"; var flvCaption : FLVPlaybackCaptioning; var flvCaptionSource : String = "intro.xml" flvDisplay = new FLVPlayback(); flvDisplay.skin = "SkinUnderPlaySeekCaption.swf"; flvDisplay.source = flvSource; flvDisplay.width = 757; flvDisplay.height = 530; flvCaption = new FLVPlaybackCaptioning(); flvCaption.source = flvCaptionSource; flvCaption.showCaptions = true; addChild(flvDisplay); addChild(flvCaption); I temporarily put the code related to the progress bar in comment, so I didn't add it to the post. You know what's bizarre? The caption button still doesn't appear! The captions do work though. I just can't turn them off since the button isn't there. :/ So basically, I return to my first problem : is there any way to "access" the seekbar scroller trough code? Then my first solution would "work". Here's a quick CS4 project I made to demonstrate it for you. All it does is play some random portion of a Phone Arena YouTube video for 30 seconds and has a caption from 0-9 seconds, 10-19 seconds, 20-29 seconds.. Caption button shows up, works, text shows up just fine, very easy code. Live Example: Ugly but gets the point across. Don't forget to set the FLVPlaybackCaptioning.flvPlayback to the instance name of the FLVPlayback (you'll see it in my simple source). I have zero error checking in here nor am I assuring the XML is loading, etc, but you'll get the idea. Fuuuuuuu. Looks like my file was corrupted! When I copy-paste your code instead of mine in my file : the caption button still disappeared. But, if I use your code on your file and just change the value for the .xml and .flv, it worked just fine. All this time for a corrupted file. So, so sad. Thank you for your help. It is highly appreciated! You're welcome. Please mark any correct/helpful responses. Good luck!	http://forums.adobe.com/thread/1143125	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	753	61.53
A file must be opened before you can read from it or write to it. As discussed in the introduction to this section, opening a file establishes a path of communication between the file and a stream object in your program. Opening a file for writing is first discussed. Either the ofstream or fstream object may be used to open a file for writing. However, the ifstream object cannot be used for this purpose because it only may be used to read from a file. Both the ofstream and fstream objects may open a file one of two ways. The first way is using a member function named, as you might expect, open. The second alternative is using a constructor, which is explained in the The fstream or ofstream Constructor section later in this chapter. Both the ofstream and fstream objects use an open member function, whose first argument is the name and location of the file to be opened. However, whether you include a second argument may depend on whether the ofstream or fstream object is calling the open member function, or whether you want to access the file in a different mode than the default. The file to be opened for writing need not already exist. If it does not, attempting to open it for writing to it automatically will create it with the specified name at the specified location. However, whether or not the file yet exists, you need to specify a file name and location. Accordingly, whether the ofstream or fstream object is calling the function, the first argument specifies the name and location of the file to be opened. This information may be provided by using either the relative path or absolute path of the file. The terms relative path and absolute path are new, so let s discuss them now. The relative path is the path relative to the location of your program. For example, the following statements open for writing a file, students.dat, that is in the same directory as the program: ofstream outfile; outfile.open("students.dat"); By contrast, the absolute path is the path starting with the drive letter, and including each directory and subdirectory until the file is reached. For example, if the students.dat file is in the Classes subdirectory of the College directory of my C drive, it would be opened for writing, using the absolute path, as follows : ofstream outfile; outfile.open("c:\college\classes\students.dat"); Whether you use a relative or absolute path, the argument for the open function need not be a string literal. It also may be a string variable, as in the following code fragment: ofstream outfile; char filename[80]; cout << "Enter name of file: "; cin >> filename; outfile.open(filename); The second argument of the open member function defines the mode in which the file should be opened. One choice is whether the file should be opened for writing, reading, or both. However, there are other choices, each called a file mode flag . Table 13-1 lists the file mode flags: If you use the ofstream object to open a file, you do not need any file mode flags. Indeed, the examples in the previous section did not use any file mode flags. An ofstream object may only be used to open a file for writing, and cannot be used to open a file for reading. Therefore, there is no need to specify the ios::out flag; use of that flag is implied by use of the ofstream object to open the file. However, you may want to use one or more file mode flags with the open member function of the ofstream object if you do not want the default, which is to open the file in text rather than binary mode and overwrite rather than append to the existing file contents. One example of when you might want to append is an error log file, which keeps track of errors that may occur in a program. When a new error occurs, you don t want to erase the history of prior errors, but rather you want to add to that history. You can combine two or more flags when opening a file. For example, the following statements open a file in binary mode and to append rather than to overwrite. The two file mode flags are combined using the bitwise or operator (): ofstream outfile; outfile.open("students.dat", ios::binary ios::app); While you don t need to specify any file mode flags if you use the ofstream object to open a file, you should specify file mode flags if you use the fstream object to open a file. Whereas an ofstream object may only be used to open a file for writing and not reading, an fstream object may be used for both purposes. Therefore, you should specify whether you are using the open member function of the fstream object to open the file for writing, reading, or both. The following code fragment uses the open member function of the fstream object to open the file for writing only: fstream afile; afile.open("students.dat", ios::out); You also may use the fstream or ofstream constructor to open a file for writing. A constructor is a function that is automatically called when you attempt to create an instance of an object. An object instance is akin to a variable of a primitive data type, such as an int. For example, the following statement could be characterized as creating an instance, named age, of an integer: int age; Similarly, the following statement creates an fstream instance named afile: fstream afile; Object constructors may be overloaded, such that for the same object there may be a constructor with no arguments, a constructor with one argument, a constructor with two arguments, and so forth. For example, the previous statement, fstream afile, is called the no-argument constructor of the fstream object. The following statement calls the one-argument constructor of the ofstream object, both creating an ofstream instance and opening the file students.dat for output: ofstream outFile(students.dat", ios:out); The following statement calls the two-argument constructor of the fstream object, both creating an fstream instance and opening the file students.dat for output: fstream aFile(students.dat", ios:out); In essence, declaring an ofstream (or fstream ) variable in one statement and then calling the open member function in a second statement is analogous to declaring a primitive variable in one statement and then assigning it a value in a second statement, such as: int age; age = 39; By contrast, using the one or two argument ofstream (or fstream ) constructor is analogous to initializing a primitive variable, such as: int age = 39; One alternative is not inherently better than the other. Usually, the specific needs of a particular program will dictate which alternative better fits your needs. The discussion in the previous section concerning opening a file for writing also applies to opening a file for reading. The primary difference is that the object that calls the open member function, or whose constructor you may use, may be, in addition to an fstream object, an ifstream object instead of an ofstream object. Additionally, the file to be opened for reading must already exist. Unlike opening a file for writing, attempting to open a file for reading will not automatically create it if it does not yet exist. This issue is discussed further in the next section. The following statements use the open member function of the ifstream object to open a file for reading: ifstream infile; infile.open("students.dat"); You could accomplish the same purpose using the fstream object, specifying by a file mode flag that the file is being opened for reading only: fstream afile; afile.open("students.dat", ios::in); The following statement uses the ifstream constructor to open a file for reading: ifstream infile ("students.dat"); You could accomplish the same purpose using the fstream constructor, specifying in the second argument the file mode flag that the file is being opened for reading only: fstream afile ("students.dat", ios::in); You can use the fstream object to open a file for reading and for writing. You cannot use either the ofstream or ifstream object for this purpose, as an ofstream object cannot be used to read files, and an ifstream object cannot be used to write to files. The following code fragment uses the open member function of the fstream object for this purpose: fstream afile; afile.open("students.dat", ios::in ios::out); Alternatively, you can use the two-argument fstream constructor: fstream afile ("students.dat", ios::in ios::out); Both alternatives use the bitwise or operator () discussed in the earlier section Second Argument ”File Mode to combine the file mode flags for input and output. You should not assume that a file was successfully opened with the open member function or the constructor. There are several reasons why the file may not have been successfully opened. If the file was not successfully opened, but your code casually assumes it was and attempts to read from, or write to, the file, errors may occur. The primary difference between opening a file for reading and for writing is that while you can write to a file that does not exist ”the operating system simply creates the file ”you cannot read from a file unless it already exists. Therefore, you should check if the file was opened successfully for reading before you attempt to read it. If the file could not be opened for reading, then the value of the ifstream object that called the open function is NULL. As you may recall from Chapter 11, NULL is a constant defined in several standard library files whose value is zero. Alternatively, if the file could not be opened for reading, then the ifstream object s fail member function returns true, which is the fail function s return value if a file operation, in this case attempting to open a file, was not successful. The following code illustrates the use of both checking if the ifstream object used to call the open function is NULL and whether the ifstream object s fail member function returns true: #include <fstream> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { ifstream infile; infile.open("students.dat"); cout << "(infile) = " << infile << endl; cout << "(infile.fail()) = " << infile.fail() << endl; return 0; } If the students.dat file does not yet exist, the output would be (infile) = 00000000 (infile.fail()) = 1 However, if there was a file named students.dat in the same directory as your program, then the output would be (infile) = 0012FE40 (infile.fail()) = 0 The value, 0012FE40, is the address of the ifstream variable infile, and of course could be different if you run this program. Unlike an ifstream object, an ofstream object that attempts to open a file that does not yet exist is not NULL, and its fail member function would return false, because the operating system will create the file if it does not already exist. However, opening a file for writing is not always successful. For example, before you run the following program, create a file named students.dat in the same directory as your program but, through its properties, check read only: #include <fstream> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { ofstream outfile; outfile.open("students.dat"); cout << "(outfile) = " << outfile << endl; cout << "(outfile.fail()) = " << outfile.fail() << endl; return 0; } The following output reflects that the ofstream object is NULL, and its fail function returns true, because you cannot open for writing a file that is read only. (outfile) = 00000000 (outfile.fail()) = 1 If you cannot open a file for reading or writing, then you do not want to proceed to execute the code that reads from, or writes to, the file. Instead, you may want to stop execution of the function, as in the following code fragment: ifstream infile; infile.open("students.dat"); if (infile == NULL) { cout << "Error in opening file for reading"; return 0; } // code to read from file	https://flylib.com/books/en/1.472.1.95/1/	CC-MAIN-2019-39	refinedweb	2,012	58.32
Introduction This is a T4 template and library to make caching awesome and pain free! This is accomplished by utilizing the code-generation abilities of T4 to write the really hard and tedious code for you. This leaves you with a static class, which passes through to a chosen CacheMechanism, with the correct type. Finally! No more manual casting, remembering what the caching options should be, nor what the magic string is. Example Let's say you want to cache blog posts and the generated HTML for some high traffic page in our ASP.Net website First, you'd do something like this in the T4 template: var gen=new CacheGenerator("MyCache", "new ASPCacheMechanism()"); //use ASP.Net's caching mechanism(built in) gen.Namespace="Earlz.CacheGen.Examples"; //set the namespace to whatever you like gen.AddItem(new CacheObject{Name="HighTrafficPage", Type="string"}); //add our high traffic page cache gen.AddItem(new CacheObject{Name="BlogPosts", KeyType="int", ValueType="BlogPost"}); //add our BlogPosts cache with a key type of int and value type of BlogPost Write(gen.ToString()); //write it out to generated C# file From there, it's magically very easy to use the cache BlogPost mypost=MyCache.BlogPosts[some_id]; //no casting! string somepage=MyCache.HighTrafficPage; //a super easy pattern to load the cache if it doesn't exist var post= MyCache.BlogPosts[id] ?? MyCache.BlogPosts[id]=LoadPost(id); ICacheDictionary There are currently two options for the CacheDictionary. Which one wokrs best for you will depend on your use case: - TrackingCacheDictionary - UntrackedCacheDictionary The untracked version is the default and I'll discuss it first. Basically, it relies on a .ToString implementation for the key type which is unique, but not random. If you use this version, you must make sure that for two identical key objects (or identical enough for your needs) the .ToString() method will return the same string. And that if two key objects are clearly not identical, they must return a different result from .ToString(). Despite these requirements, this untracked dictionary is the fastest and most performant of the two. It passes almost directly through to the CacheMechanism. There are never any locks. The tracked version on the other hand is nice when you need to use a key type which you can't modify. For instance, if a library provides a "Widget" and you want to use that as a key, but it's ToString() does not meet the above requirements(note, it DOES require that it's .Equals method works appropriately though), then the tracked dictionary is for you. There are many downsides to the tracking though. For one, it's much more complex. Complexity in concurrent code spells trouble. I've tested it and had it reviewed by a second pair of eyes, but there could always be that one stray race condition that I didn't catch. Also, the tracking requires a few locks and it can possibly break if you have a LOT of different keys which will seldom be acessed. Tracking a very large number of keys might make you hit the maximum object size limit, as well as possibly leaking memory. I recommend only using it if you really have to. CacheMechanism This is an extremely simple to implement interface to your caching method. Basically, nulls can not be cacheable is the only strict requirement. If a value is passed in as null, then the value associated with the passed in key should be removed from the cache. Also, these methods MUST be thread-safe.	https://bitbucket.org/earlz/cachegen/src/3c3e0d64b936?at=default	CC-MAIN-2014-23	refinedweb	584	65.22
conv2d_transpose¶ paddle.fluid.layers. conv2d_transpose(input, num_filters, output_size=None, filter_size=None, padding=0, stride=1, dilation=1, groups=None, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, use_cudnn=True, act=None, name=None, data_format='NCHW')[source] The convolution2D transpose layer calculates the output based on the input, filter, and dilations, strides, paddings. Input(Input) and output(Output) are in NCHW or NHWC format. Where N is batch size, C is the number of channels, H is the height of the feature, and W is the width of the feature. Parameters(dilations, strides, paddings) are two elements. These two elements represent height and width, respectively. The details of convolution transpose layer, please refer to the following explanation and references therein. If bias attribution and activation type are provided, bias is added to the output of the convolution, and the corresponding activation function is applied to the final result. For each input $X$, the equation is:\[Out = \sigma (W \ast X + b)\] Where: $X$: Input value, a 4-D Tensor with NCHW or NHWC format. $W$: Filter value, a 4-D Tensor with MCHW format. $\ast$: Convolution operation. $b$: Bias value, a 2-D Tensor with shape [M, 1]. $\sigma$: Activation function. $Out$: Output value, a 4-D Tensor with data format ‘NCHW’ or ‘NHWC’, the shape of $Out$ and $X$ may be different. Example Input: Input shape: $(N, C_{in}, H_{in}, W_{in})$ Filter shape: $(C_{in}, C_{out}, H_f, W_f)$ Output: Output shape: $(N, C_{out}, H_{out}, W_{out})$ Where\[\begin{split}H^\prime_{out} &= (H_{in} - 1) * strides[0] - pad_height_top - pad_height_bottom + dilations[0] * (H_f - 1) + 1 \\ W^\prime_{out} &= (W_{in} - 1) * strides[1] - pad_width_left - pad_width_right + dilations[1] * (W_f - 1) + 1 \\ H_{out} &\in [ H^\prime_{out}, H^\prime_{out} + strides[0] ] \\ W_{out} &\in [ W^\prime_{out}, W^\prime_{out} + strides[1] ]\end{split}\] Note The conv2d_transpose can be seen as the backward of the conv2d. For conv2d, when stride > 1, conv2d maps multiple input shape to the same output shape, so for conv2d_transpose, when stride > 1, input shape maps multiple output shape. If output_size is None, $H_{out} = H^\prime_{out}, W_{out} = W^\prime_{out}$; else, the $H_{out}$ of the output size must between $H^\prime_{out}$ and $H^\prime_{out} + strides[0]$, and the $W_{out}$ of the output size must between $W^\prime_{out}$ and $W^\prime_{out} + strides[1]$, conv2d_transpose can compute the kernel size automatically. - Parameters input (Variable) – 4-D Tensor with [N, C, H, W] or [N, H, W, C] format, its data type is float32 or float64. num_filters (int) – The number of the filter. It is as same as the output image channel. output_size (int\|tuple, optional) – The output image size. If output size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (image_height, image_width). None if use filter_size, padding, and stride to calculate output_size. two integers, (filter_size_height, filter_size_width). Otherwise, filter_size_height = filter_size_width = filter_size. None if use output size to calculate filter_size. Default: None. filter_size and output_size should not be None at the same time. stride (int\|tuple, optional) – The stride size. It means the stride in transposed convolution. If stride is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (stride_height, stride_width). Otherwise, stride_height = stride_width = stride. Default: stride = 1._height, pad_width] or [pad_height_top, pad_height_bottom, pad_width_left, pad_width_right], and when data_format is ‘NCHW’, padding can be in the form [[0,0], [0,0], [pad_height_top, pad_height_bottom], [pad_width_left, pad_width_right]]. when data_format is ‘NHWC’, padding can be in the form [[0,0], [pad_height_top, pad_height_bottom], [pad_width_left, pad_width_right], [0,0]]. Default: padding = 0. dilation (int\|tuple, optional) – The dilation size. It means the spacing between the kernel points. If dilation is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (dilation_height, dilation_width). Otherwise, dilation_height = dilation_width = dilation. Default: dilation = 1. filter_size – The filter size. If filter_size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (filter_size_height, filter_size_width). Otherwise, filter_size_height = filter_size_width = filter_size. None if use output size to calculate filter_size. Default: None. groups (int, optional) – The groups number of the Conv2d_transpose. If it is set to None or one attribute of ParamAttr, conv2d_transpose will create ParamAttr as param_attr. If the Initializer of the param_attr is not set, the parameter is initialized with Xavier. Default: None. bias_attr (ParamAttr\|bool, optional) – The parameter attribute for the bias of conv2d_transpose. If it is set to False, no bias will be added to the output units. If it is set to None or one attribute of ParamAttr, conv (str, optional) – The data format of the input and output data. An optional string from: “NCHW”, “NHWC”. When it is “NCHW”, the data is stored in the order of: [batch_size, input_channels, input_height, input_width]. Default: ‘NCHW’. - Returns A Variable holding Tensor representing the conv2d_transpose, whose data type is the same with input and shape is (num_batches, channels, out_h, out_w) or (num_batches, out_h, out_w, channels). If act is None, the tensor variable storing the transposed convolution result, and if act is not None, the tensor variable storing transposed convolution and non-linearity activation result. - Raises ValueError– If the shapes of output, input, filter_size, stride, padding and groups mismatch. Examples import paddle.fluid as fluid data = fluid.data(name='data', shape=[None, 3, 32, 32], dtype='float32') conv2d_transpose = fluid.layers.conv2d_transpose(input=data, num_filters=2, filter_size=3)	https://www.paddlepaddle.org.cn/documentation/docs/en/api/layers/conv2d_transpose.html	CC-MAIN-2020-05	refinedweb	862	58.08
span8 span4 span8 span4 The LogFiles in FMEServer are put in separately folder, depending on the number of digits, see “<LogDir>\engine\current\|old\jobs\<number>\job_<value>.log Where value is the job ID and number is the job ID group, which increments by thousand. Logs for job IDs from 0 - 999 are grouped into a 0 directory, Logs for job IDs from 1000 - 1999 are grouped into a 1000 directory, and so on.” Is there an variable on FMEServer for this <number>? I need this in my Shutdown-Python-Skript to get the logfiles independent from the number of digits. Here my Shutdownscipt: import shutil import fme datei = r"job_$(FME_JOB_ID).log" number = r"1000" src = r"C:/ProgramData/Safe Software/FMEServer///resources/logs/engine/current/jobs\\" + number +"\\" + datei dest = r"$(OUT_COMBINATION)" shutil.copy(src, dest) Thank you for your help. fme.logFileName works perfect. How about simply using the fme.logFileName variable in the fme module? import fme src = fme.logFileName Documentation: Other than that you can use the REST API to retrieve the log file from FME Server. Answers Answers and Comments 3 People are following this question. While FME Workspace fail bring attribute value using FMEServerJobSubmitter 1 Answer Attribute editing when reading a feature-classes from an excel spread sheet 1 Answer Feature Writer error to PostGIS 1 Answer Errors using FMEServerJobSubmitter 4 Answers fme server job does not work when triggered from informatica 1 Answer	https://knowledge.safe.com/questions/45107/fmeserver-variable-job-id-group-available.html	CC-MAIN-2019-22	refinedweb	241	57.16
send() Send a message to a connected socket Synopsis: #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> ssize_t send( int s, const void * msg, size_t len, int flags ); Arguments: - s - The descriptor for the socket; see socket() . - msg - A pointer to the message that you want to send. - len - The length of the message. -. Library: libsocket Use the -l socket option to qcc to link against this library. Description:. Returns: The number of bytes sent, or -1 if an error occurs (errno is set). Errors: - EACCES - The calling process doesn't have the appropriate privileges. - EAGAIN - The socket's file descriptor is marked O_NONBLOCK, and the requested operation would block. - EBADF - An invalid descriptor was specified. - ECONNRESET - A connection was forcibly closed by a peer. - EDESTADDRREQ - The socket is not connection-mode and no peer address is set. - EFAULT - An invalid user space address was specified for a parameter. - EINTR - A signal interrupted send() before any data was transmitted. - EIO - An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the filesystem. - EMSGSIZE - The socket requires that the message be sent atomically, but the size of the message made this impossible. - ENETDOWN - The local network interface used to reach the destination is down. - ENETUNREACH - No route to the network is present. - ENOBUFS - The system couldn't allocate an internal buffer. The operation may succeed when buffers become available. - ENOTCONN - The socket isn't connected or otherwise has not had the peer pre-specified. - ENOTSOCK - The argument s isn't a socket. - EOPNOTSUPP - The socket.	https://developer.blackberry.com/playbook/native/reference/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.lib_ref/topic/s/send.html	CC-MAIN-2019-47	refinedweb	255	60.72
Practical .NET Peter Vogel answers reader questions, including extending custom sections in the config file, using CreateQuery and ESQL in the Entity Framework, and reading lambda expressions. Here are the answers to some questions I've gathered from readers (some triggered by previous columns), from my clients and from participants in classes that I've taught. Q. I read your online column about adding custom sections to my config file. Your design didn't include <add> elements, which I need so I can do something like this: <ajaxSettings> <wcfUrls> <add name="inventory" url="..."/> <add name="customer" url="..."/> </wcfUrls> </ajaxSettings> I also want to ensure no two add elements have the same value for the name element so I retrieve items by name from code. Is this possible? A. Yes, it is. You must tell .NET about your new ajaxSettings element by putting an entry in your config file configSections element: <configSections> <section name="ajaxSettings" type="CustomConfigurations.ajaxConfig"/> For your nested add elements, you need a class that corresponds to those elements (this class must inherit from ConfigurationElement). You define the attributes on your add element (in this case, the name and url attributes) by defining properties within the class and decorating those classes with the ConfigurationProperty attribute. Because you want the name property to uniquely identify each wcfUrl element, you should also set to True the IsKey property on the ConfigurationProperty attribute that decorates the name property: Public Class wcfUrlConfig Inherits ConfigurationElement <ConfigurationProperty("name", IsRequired:=True, IsKey:=True)> _ Public ReadOnly Property name() As String Get Return Me.Item("name").ToString End Get End Property <ConfigurationProperty("url", IsRequired:=True)> _ Public ReadOnly Property url() As String Get Return Me.Item("url").ToString End Get End Property Now you have to create a class that inherits from Configuration-ElementCollection to manage the collection: Public Class wcfUrlConfigs Inherits ConfigurationElementCollection If you don't intend to update the collection from code, you only need to override two methods in this collection class: CreateNew-Element and GetElementKey. Both methods contain "almost boilerplate" code -- the only difference from one copy of these methods to another is the name of your class and the name of your unique identifier property. The CreateNewElement method must return a new instance of the add element class (wcfUrlConfig), and GetElementKey must return the value of the identifier attribute (in this case, name) of the element passed to it: Protected Overloads Overrides Function CreateNewElement() As System.Configuration.ConfigurationElement Return New wcfUrlConfig End Function Protected Overrides Function GetElementKey( ByVal element As System.Configuration.ConfigurationElement) As Object Return CType(element, wcfUrlConfig).name End Function You'll also need to add an Item method so that you can retrieve elements from code. This code is also almost boilerplate -- you just need to specify the type of your ConfigurationElement class: Default Public Shadows ReadOnly Property Item( ByVal Name As String) As wcfUrlConfig Get Return CType(BaseGet(Name), wcfUrlConfig) End Get End Property Back when you set up your ajaxSettings element in the config file, you specified the class that supported that element (CustomConfigurations.ajaxConfig). I covered that class in detail in the original column, but now you must add a property to it that returns your collection class (this property also needs the ConfigurationProperty attribute). Again, the code for this property is almost boilerplate, except for the name of your section and the type of the class. Here's your class with the property to support your add elements: Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic Imports System.Configuration Imports System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager Public Class ajaxConfig Inherits ConfigurationSection <ConfigurationProperty("wcfUrls")> Public ReadOnly Property wcfUrls() As wcfUrlConfigs Get Return CType(Me.Item("wcfUrls"), wcfUrlConfigs) End Get End Property In code, to retrieve a wcfUrls entry that has its name attribute set to "inventory," you'd use server-side code like this: Dim ajaxSetting As CustomConfigurations.ajaxConfig Dim url As String ajaxSetting = CustomConfigurations.ajaxConfig.GetConfig url = ajaxSetting.wcfUrls("inventory").url Q. Were lambda expressions designed to be hard to read? A. Yes. Well, actually, lambda expressions are methods created for people who don't like writing code. We're all used to passing method parameters that include both literals and variables (including object references). Some developers are even used to passing delegates (references to methods) as parameters. Lambda expressions let you pass a method as a parameter. However, seeing the relationship between a method and a lambda expression isn't obvious. Here's a typical method: Public Function MyFunction(InputParm As String) As Boolean Return Result End Function public bool MyFunction(string InputParm) { return result; } If you're passing this as a lambda expression to a method, there's a bunch of stuff you don't need and, as a result, can omit. You don't need the scope ("Public") because parameters are always local. You don't need a name ("MyFunction") because you'll never refer to this method from any other place. Because the last line of a function always begins with the Return keyword, you can omit that also (it's assumed). You don't really need the "End Function" or braces because the parentheses and commas used in passing parameters will mark the end of the method. So you're left with this: Function (InputParm As String) As Boolean Result bool (string InputParm) result; But wait, there's more. The method that accepts a lambda expression as a parameter will have defined the parameter it expects (you can see it in IntelliSense). That definition specifies two key things: the data type of what will be passed to the parameter in the lambda expression and the data type that is to be returned from the parameter. Because the method knows the parameter's definition, the compiler knows it also. So, thanks to implied declarations, you can omit specifying those data types -- the compiler will fill in the blanks. That leaves just this as a lambda expression: Function (InputParm) Result (InputParm) result; That was a little too terse for the C# team, so they inserted some punctuation between the parameter and the body of the method. But, to compensate, you get to omit the semicolon and, if you only have one parameter, you can also omit the parentheses around the parameters. In C#, a lambda expression can be as short as this: InputParm => result So, from this terse code, how do you figure out what's being passed to your method's parameter and what your method should return? For that, you'll have to read the documentation of the method that accepts the lambda expression as a parameter. However, you'll probably most often encounter lambda expressions as parameters being passed to extension methods that attach themselves to collections. In that case, the input parameter is usually a member of the collection that the extension method is attached to. After that, you're on your own. Q. I read your Web column on issuing SQL in the Entity Framework. I get the ExecuteStore* methods, but what is the CreateQuery method for? Doesn't it, well, create a query also? A. You're right ... and wrong. Like ExecuteStoreQuery, the CreateQuery method is used to retrieve entity objects when passed a query as a text string. The CreateQuery adds one more step: While the ExecuteStoreQuery just returns the entities when called, the CreateQuery method returns an ObjectQuery. You then execute the ObjectQuery as often as you need to get back a collection of entity objects from your Entity Framework. Unfortunately, unlike the ExecuteStore* methods, you don't use SQL with CreateQuery -- you use Entity SQL (ESQL), which isn't quite the same thing. However, using ESQL does allow you to work with the types defined in your Entity Framework model, leveraging some of the functionality of the Entity Framework. Because ESQL is vendor-neutral, your code will work with any database engine (unlike SQL). And, like generating SQL in code, you can generate ESQL in code, which allows you to create very dynamic applications. The ability to pass a predefined ObjectQuery around is also a nice feature. This example uses CreateQuery and an ESQL query to return all of the columns from the Customers table in the Northwind database: using System.Data.Objects; using northwndModel; northwndEntities ne = new northwndEntities(); ObjectQuery<Customer> qury = ne.CreateQuery<Customer>( "Select value c from Customers As c"); Entity SQL doesn't support "*" as a way of specifying all columns, which is why I'm using the "value C" syntax you see. And, with ESQL, you don't think in terms of Joins. Instead, you think in terms of navigating through the relationships embedded in your Entity Framework model. Having created an ObjectQuery containing the ESQL query, you can retrieve data just by calling the ObjectQuery's Execute method, passing a value from the MergeOption enumeration. In this example I'm using the AppendOnly option that causes Entity Framework to hand me any objects sitting in the cache that it retrieved as part of previous calls before it goes to the database server for any new objects: var res = qury.Execute(MergeOption.AppendOnly); Once I've retrieved the objects I asked for, I can then process the objects (using LINQ if I wish), update them and save my changes using Entity Framework. Here, I'm just using a foreach loop: foreach (Customer r in res) { r.City = "Goderich"; } ne.SaveChanges(); As long as we're on the topic, if you want more flexibility, you can also use ESQL with EntityConnection, EntityCommand and EntityDataReader objects retrieved from your Entity Framework model. The benefit here is that these classes are similar to the ADO.NET classes you're used to. If you want to use them, save yourself some typing by first adding these directives to your code: using System.Data.EntityClient; using System.Data; Now you can take advantage of some ADO.NET-like objects: northwndEntities ne = new northwndEntities(); EntityConnection econn = (EntityConnection)ne.Connection; EntityCommand ecmd = econn.CreateCommand(); ecmd.CommandText = "Select value c from northwndEntities.Customers as c;"; econn.Open(); EntityDataReader rdr = ecmd.ExecuteReader( System.Data.CommandBehavior.SequentialAccess); string City; while (rdr.Read()) { City = rdr["City"].ToString(); } econn.Close(); These classes support data-retrieval scenarios only; however, there's no ExecuteNonQuery option. There's also no EntityDataAdapter, so you can't pour your results into a DataSet. You'll still need to use the Entity Framework to do your updates. Q. In your Language Lab column on speeding up data access, you mentioned asynchronous ADO.NET as a way of creating the appearance of a faster application. How does that work? A. It's simple. For instance, for an asynchronous update, instead of calling the SqlCommand object ExecuteNonQuery method, you call its BeginExecuteNonQuery method, passing an AsyncCallback object. That AsyncCallback points to some other method in your application: Private cmd As SqlCommand Public Sub DoAsynchronousUpdate Dim con As New SqlConnection("...") Dim cmd = con.CreateCommand Dim finish As New AsyncCallback(AddressOf handleFinish) cmd.BeginExecuteNonQuery(finish, Nothing) End Function The method specified in the AsyncCallback object will be automatically called when the update finishes. That method will be passed an IAsyncresult object, which (for an update) you pass to the original SqlCommand object's EndExecuteNonQuery method. That gives you the number of rows that were touched by the query. There are a couple of ways to pass the SqlCommand object between the two methods but, in this example, I've chosen to just declare it as a field: Private Sub handleFinish(ByVal res As IAsyncResult) Dim rc As Integer = cmd.EndExecuteNonQuery(res) If rc = 0 Then MessageBox.Show("No updates made") End If End Sub If you call the BeginExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object, then you'll want to call the EndExecuteReader method in the handleFinish method -- it will return the SqlDataReader you need to process the retrieved records. The query takes just as long as before, but the UI doesn't lock up while it's executing. Just because the code is simple, don't think that the resulting application will be. As just one example, you'll need to ensure that your program is still executing when the handleFinish method finally gets called. Q. Can I use the standard ASP.NET controls in an ASP.NET MVC application? A. Well ... yes, you can ... but that doesn't mean it's a good idea. ASP.NET MVC is all about a particular set of benefits, one of which is absolute control over your HTML. If you'd rather have your HTML generated by the control than by yourself, perhaps you should look at ASP.NET (without the Model-View-Controller, or MVC) as your development platform. For some controls -- the GridView for instance -- ASP.NET MVC 3 now includes an equivalent tool that should be your first choice. Finally, some of the third-party tool providers are also creating ASP.NET MVC tool suites that reflect the "MVC orientation" (Developer Express and Telerik both have ASP.NET MVC suites). But I'm not here to judge (as my aunt Harriet would say after having judged someone). You can use the ASP.NET controls without violating the MVC paradigm. Using the existing ASP.NET controls would be cost effective because you've already installed them as part of .NET. As long as you stay away from anything that depends on the ViewState and don't try to initiate a postback (for example, do not set AutoPostBack to True), it's surprising -- at least, surprising to me -- how well it works. For instance, you can add an ASP.NET TextBox to your View, either by dragging it from the Toolbox or just typing this: <asp:TextBox You can still maintain the MVC pattern by creating a controller that retrieves from the model any data to go into your ASP.NET controls. You'll want one Action method to prepare the page to go to the browser on the user's original request (decorate this method with the HttpGet attribute). You'll need a second method to process the results coming back from the browser after the user has updated the page (decorate this method with the HttpPost attribute). The data that's returned to the server will be passed to that second Action method as a FormCollection object -- a dictionary of name/value pairs with one entry for each control in the View. Putting all that together, a Controller to work with the TextBox might look like the following (the HttpGet method retrieves a Customer object from the model and passes it to the view; the HttpPost method retrieves whatever the user entered into TextBox1 when it was displayed in the browser): <HttpGet()> Function Index() As ActionResult Dim cust As New Customer("A123") Return View("ASPNETControls", cust) End Function <HttpPost()> Function Index(data As FormCollection) As ActionResult Dim fname As String fname = data("TextBox1") End Function I'm assuming that you're not using a View Master Page. If you are, then ASP.NET will modify the id attributes of your controls. You'll need to use those modified values when retrieving the TextBox value from FormCollection. For non-repeating controls, just set the control's ClientIdMode to Static. For repeating controls (such as a GridView) the simplest solution is to test the page in a browser and use View Source to determine the modified names being generated. Back in the View, you can still tie the View to the object being passed to it (in this case, a Customer object) in the View Page directive: <%@ Page Language="VB" Inherits= "System.Web.Mvc.ViewPage(Of List(of Customer))" %> You can then add some code to your View to set the TextBox Text property: <% Me.TextBox1.Text = Me.Model.FirstName %> You can also databind the TextBox, as I'll show later on in this answer. Using a GridView is a little more complicated. If you haven't upgraded to ASP.NET MVC, with its native grid control, it's an upgrade worth considering (in fact, I'll be looking at the control in an online column next month). However, if you do want to use the ASP.NET GridView, you can do it and -- amazingly! -- still honor the MVC paradigm. This example of a Controller retrieves all the customers from the model in order to display them in a GridView: <HttpGet()> Function Index() As ActionResult Dim custs As New List(Of Customer) Dim custModel As New CustomerModel custs = custModel.GetAll() Return View("ASPNETControls", custs) End Function In the View, you'll want to tie the View to the List being passed to it: Then it's a matter of adding the GridView to your view. You can do that in Design view by dragging the GridView onto the page from the Toolbox. Eventually, however, you'll get a message that Visual Studio is going to convert the page into an ASP.NET page. At that point, it's time to switch to Source view and start typing. If all you want is to have your GridView display data, you do that with this element and some code (the code must precede the asp:GridView element): <% Me.GridView1.DataSource = Me.Model Me.GridView1.DataBind() %> <asp:GridView </asp:GridView> But if you want to accept user input from your GridView, then you'll need to enhance your GridView element. Remember that, without violating the MVC paradigm, you shouldn't let the controls do their own postbacks. That means you won't be able to take advantage of the GridView's ability to switch between edit and display mode on the fly. Instead, to have your GridView accept inputs, you'll have to explicitly insert ItemTemplates into the GridView in your View. Within the ItemTemplates you can add input controls (like a TextBox) and bind those input controls to the property you want to display. This example creates a GridView with two columns. The first displays the FirstName property from the current Customer object, while the second column displays the BirthDate property in a TextBox so that the user can change it: <asp:GridView <Columns> <asp:BoundField <asp:TemplateField> <ItemTemplate> <asp:TextBox </asp:TextBox> </ItemTemplate> </asp:TemplateField> </Columns> </asp:GridView> For the HttpPost Action method that accepts the user input, the FormCollection parameter will contain one entry for each updatable element in each row. For the GridView in this example, that means there will be one entry in the FormCollection for the TextBox, repeated for every row. ASP.NET MVC will generate a unique name for those TextBoxes, but by setting the GridView ClientIdMode to Predictable, you get some control over how those names are generated. Still, it may make sense to use a set of nested For...Next loops and retrieve items from the FormCollection by position rather than by name when processing the data being returned. Q. I'm using a tool that generates some code for me. It generates partial classes so I can extend the class with my own code. But I want to add some attributes to the methods and properties that are created by the code generator. If I add the attributes to my generated code, they just get wiped out the next time my code is generated (which seems to happen a lot). Is there any way around this? A. There is. I'm going to assume that your tool has generated a class like this: Partial Public Class Order Private _OrderId As String Public Property OrderId() As String Get Return _OrderId End Get Set(value As String) _OrderId = value End Set End Property You've decided to extend the class by creating your own public partial class with an additional property: Partial Public Class Order Private _OrderStatus As String Public Property OrderStatus As Integer Get Return _OrderStatus End Get Set(value As Integer) _OrderStatus = value End Set End Property You haven't said what attributes you want to add. Because I just finished an ASP.NET MVC question, I'll assume that you want to add one of the DataAnnotations that allow you to centralize validation processing. This example makes your OrderStatus property a required field: <System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Required( ErrorMessage:="Order Status is required")> Public Property OrderStatus As Integer The question is, how do you apply that DataAnnotation to the auto-generated OrderId property? The answer is to create another class that includes your attributes and tie it to your partial class. The first step is to decorate your partial class with the MetadataType attribute that points to the class that will contain your attributes. This example ties the Order partial class from the previous example to a class called OrderWithAttributes: <System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.MetadataType( GetType(OrderWithAttributes))> Partial Public Class Customer Private _BirthDate As String <System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Required( ErrorMessage:="Birth Date is required")> Public Property BirthDate As DateTime Now, in the OrderWithAttributes class, I add the OrderId property and apply any attributes that I want (this class doesn't have to be a partial class): Public Class CustomerWithAttributes <System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Required( ErrorMessage:="Birth Date is required")> Public Property FirstName As String End Class When the Order class is assembled from all of its constituent parts, the OrderId property generated by your tool will acquire the DataAnnotation specified in the CustomerWithAttributes class. Q. In your "WCF and Service-Oriented Architectures" article in June, you mentioned creating services that support response times measured in minutes, hours or days by using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF). But you seemed to assume that only WF developers would be interested. I'm interested. How does that work? A. That requires a longer answer than I have room for in this column -- tune in next month and I'll show a complete application that supports a couple of typical scenarios for long-running services. However, I can say right now that, if you have .NET, Visual Studio and IIS installed, then you have all the technology you need. Printable Format I agree to this site's Privacy Policy.	https://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2011/07/01/pcnet_qanda.aspx	CC-MAIN-2019-35	refinedweb	3,649	52.8
This page contains an archived post to the Java Answers Forum made prior to February 25, 2002. If you wish to participate in discussions, please visit the new Artima Forums. How to do two functions at the same time ? Posted by Avin Sinanan on February 16, 2002 at 10:06 PM Hello I am wondering how do you do two fucntions at the same time.. The code I've included does the following - It creates a button and the buttons moves to a locations by using a "for" loop and a "setBounds" expression. Then it creates a second button and moves it to a diffrent location by using the same method as above. The problem is that the second button has to wait till the first button is finished moving. How do I get both buttons to move at the same time. I need a method that will allow me to move 3 or even 10 buttons at the same time with all buttons having diffrent motion paths. Here is the code... any help would be greatly appreciated. thanks in advance.. yours respctufully Avin Sinanan CODE --> import java.awt.event.;import javax.swing.;import javax.swing.event.;import java.util.;import java.awt.*; class TwoFunctions{ public static void main(String[] args) { Frame frame = new JFrame(); JPanel pane = new JPanel(); pane.setLayout(null); frame.setSize(600,600); frame.setVisible(true); JButton button1 = new JButton("One"); JButton button2 = new JButton("Two"); for(int i=0 ; i<400 ; i++) { button1.setBounds(i,50,70,70); pane.add(button1); frame.getContentPane().add(pane); pane.updateUI(); } for(int j = 0 ; j<500 ; j++) { button2.setBounds(200,j,70,70); pane.add(button2); frame.getContentPane().add(pane); pane.updateUI(); } }}	https://www.artima.com/legacy/answers/Jan2002/messages/436.html	CC-MAIN-2017-51	refinedweb	283	65.12
What does pythonic mean? On many websites I often see comments that code isn't pythonic, or that there is a more pythonic way to achieve the same goal. What does pythonic mean in this context? For example, why is while i < someValue: do_something(list[i]) i += 1 not pythonic while for x in list: doSomething(x) is pythonic? Exploiting the features of the Python language to produce code that is clear, concise and maintainable. Pythonic means code that doesn't just get the syntax right but that follows the conventions of the Python community and uses the language in the way it is intended to be used. This is maybe easiest to explain by negative example, as in the linked article from the other answers. Examples of unpythonic code often come from users of other languages, who instead of learning a Python programming patterns such as list comprehensions or generator expressions, attempt to crowbar in patterns more commonly used in C or java. Loops are particularly common examples of this. For example in Java I might use for i in (i; i < items.length ; i++) { n = items[i]; ... now do something } In Python we can try and replicate this using while loops but it would be cleaner to use for i in items: i.perform_action() Or, even a generator expression (i.some_attribute for i in items) So essentially when someone says something is unpythonic, they are saying that the code could be re-written in a way that is a better fit for pythons coding style. Typing import this at the command line gives a summary of Python principles. Less well known is that the source code for import this is decidedly, and by design, unpythonic! Take a look at it for an example of what not to do. From: stackoverflow.com/q/25011078	https://python-decompiler.com/article/2014-07/what-does-pythonic-mean	CC-MAIN-2020-10	refinedweb	305	70.94
> 2) Awaitable.register(Coroutine) > I think this is incorrect. A Coroutine is not Awaitable unless it also implements "__await__". How else should it be awaited? It is correct, see PEP 492. Awaitable is either a coroutine or an object with an __await__ method. Generally, being an awaitable means that the object can be used in "await" expression. > 3) > I propose to use this wrapping code as a fallback for types.coroutine() in the case that a Generator (ABC) is passed instead of a generator (yield): Just implement tp_await/__await__ for coroutine-like objects coming from C-API or Cython. In general, iteration protocol is still the foundation for Future-like objects, so there is nothing wrong with this. Generator ABC isn't supposed to be used with "await" expression. > 4) > > def test_func_2(self): > async def foo(): > raise StopIteration > > with self.assertRaisesRegex( > RuntimeError, "generator raised StopIteration"): > > run_async(foo()) > Why is this actually necessary? I'm aware that it's also mentioned in the PEP, but is there an actual reason why a coroutine should behave the same as a generator here? Is it just an implementation detail for legacy reasons because generators and coroutines happen to share the same type implementation? (I don't think they need to, BTW.) Coroutines are implemented on top of generators. Until we clearly separate them (in 3.6?) I don't think we should allow coroutines to bubble up StopIteration. > 5) > def test_func_8(self): > @types.coroutine > def bar(): > return (yield from foo()) > > async def foo(): > return 'spam' > > self.assertEqual(run_async(bar()), ([], 'spam') ) > > I find it surprising that this works at all. Yield-from iterates, and a coroutine is not supposed to be iterable, only awaitable (at least, that's what all error messages tell me when I try it). So why should "yield from" work on them? What if foo() was not an Iterable but a Coroutine? Should "yield from" then call "__await__" on it internally? I would find that really surprising, but given the above, I think it would be necessary to achieve consistency. This is a special backwards-compatibility thing. In general, generators cannot yield-from coroutines (unless they are decorated with @types.coroutine).	https://bugs.python.org/msg244257	CC-MAIN-2020-24	refinedweb	361	59.3
I have read that case classes can be used with pattern matching. But, I am able to use a regular class with pattern matching as well. This question gives a regular scala perspective. I want it both from scala as well as akka perspective for this specific code. For example: Actor class: class TestActor extends Actor { def receive={ case One(num)=>println("One "+num) case t:Two=>println("Two "+t.num) case _=>println("Another") } } object TestActor{ case class One(num:Int) } Class Two: class Two(var num:Int){ } Main: object Main2 extends App{ val system=ActorSystem("t") val testActor=system.actorOf(Props[TestActor],"test") val t=new Two(200) val o=TestActor.One(100) testActor!o testActor!t } Output is: One 100 Two 200 I know I am missing something here, probably in my understanding of pattern matching. Can someone help me out? As you've noticed, the main difference with case classes in Akka is the ability to use their extractors (unapply methods) when matching (other than the usual features you get our of case classes, such as an implementation for hashCode, equals, and working with them as a product type). hashCode equals With a larger example, you can see how this plays out nice. For example, assume you're using Akka-HTTP client to make HTTP requests to a third party service, and you want to operate differently if you get a StatusCode.OK, or any other status code. Because HttpResponse provides an unapply method, you can do: StatusCode.OK HttpResponse unapply case HttpResponse(StatusCodes.OK, _, entity, _)) => // We're good, parse the data. case HttpResponse(statusCode, _, _, _)) => // Operate on status code != OK Instead of: case response: HttpResponse => if (response.statusCode != StatusCodes.OK) { // Stuff } else { // Other stuff } When your logic becomes more complex, extracting only the values you want can be very helpful and less verbose. In our codebase we have something more complex with multiple values, something like: case (Foo(bar, baz), resp@HttpResponse(statusCode, _, _, _)) Of course, you can always create an unapply method in a companion object yourself and get the same semantics of a case class yourself, but you usually don't want to be writing that boilerplate, allowing the compiler to do it for you. To sum up, using case class as your data container in Akka eases the work with pattern matching, which is often what you do when implementing a receive method. case class receive	http://jakzaprogramowac.pl/pytanie/59651,what-is-special-about-case-classes-in-akka	CC-MAIN-2017-09	refinedweb	410	54.52
Most of the classification tasks are based on images and videos. We have seen that to perform classification tasks on images and videos; the convolutional layer plays a key role. “In mathematics, convolution is a mathematical operation of two functions such that it produces a third function that expresses how another function modifies the shape of one function.” If you try to apply the above definition, the convolution in CNN denotes the operation performed on two images which can be represented as matrices are multiplied to give an output that is used to extract features from an image. Convolution is the simple application of a filter to an input image that results in activation, and repeated application of the same filter throughout the image results in a map of activation called feature map, indicating location and strength of detected feature in an input image. In this article, we will learn: - The intuition of convolution in CNN. - How can filters be handcrafted? - How to calculate feature map from 1D and 2D data? 1. Intuition of convolution in CNN: The CNN is a special type of neural network model designed to work on images data that can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and sometimes three-dimensional. Their application ranges from image and video recognition, image classification, medical image analysis, computer vision and natural language processing. In the context of CNN, convolution is a linear operation involving the multiplication of a set of weights with the input images represented by metrics similar to traditional neural networks. Here an array of weights is called a filter or kernel. Apply>> Strides defines the motion of the filter; if you set stride=1, which is the default value, the kernel takes one step at a time. Usually, the filter size is smaller than the input data, and the type multiplication applied between filter and filter sized sample of input data is the dot product. A dot product is an element-wise multiplication between filter weights and filter sized sample of input data, summed up in a single value. Intentionally, the filter size is chosen smaller than that of input data as it allows the same set of filter weights to be multiplied by the input array multiple times at different points on the image. In simple words, the filter is applied systematically to each filter sized input data from left to right and top to bottom. This systematic application of the same filter throughout the same image is used to detect specific types of features in input data. As mentioned earlier, the output from the dot product of filter and input image for one time is a single scalar value. This filter is applied multiple times to the input image that results in a two-dimensional output array representing the filter of the input image. Such a two-dimensional output array is called a feature map, and this feature map then passed through some non-linearity like ReLU. 2. How can filters be handcrafted? Previously, the filter was designed by a computer vision expert, which is then applied to input image results in the feature map. Some examples of 3 x 3 filters; Horizontal line detector array([[[0., 0., 0.], [1., 1., 1.], [0., 0., 0.]]]) Vertical line detector array([[[0., 1., 0.], [0., 1., 0.], [0., 1., 0.]]]) Applying these filters to an image will contain only horizontal and vertical lines from the input image, called a feature map. The main motto of convolution operation in the neural network is that weights of filters are to be learned by the network while training. The convolutional neural network does not learn on a single filter; they learn multiple feature maps from a given input image. For example, if you set the filter size to be 30, the network will be executing these 30 different ways to catch features from the input image. If you talk more specifically about channels of input images, then the filter must have the same number of channels as input images. 3. How to calculate feature map from 1D and 2D data Here we can better understand convolution operation and how to extract feature maps. We can define one-dimensional and two-dimensional data as below, data_1D = [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0] data_2D = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0]] The input to the Keras Conv1D must be three dimensional, and for Conv2D, it must be four-dimensional. In the case of 1D and 2D, the first dimension represent the number of samples. In this case, we have only one; the second dimension in 1D refers to the length of each sample. In 2D, it refers to a number of rows. Here, in this case, it is six; the third dimension in 1D refers to the number of channels of each sample; for this case, it is one, and in 2D, it refers to the number of columns, in this case, is six. The fourth dimension in 2D refers to no of channels for each sample. Therefore output shape must be for Conv1D as [sample, length of sample, channel] in our case, it should be as [1,6,1], and for Conv2D as [samples, rows, columns, channel] in our case, it should be as [1,6,6,1] Convert data into an array and reshape data_1D = np.array(data_1D) data_1D = data_1D.reshape(1,6,1) data_2D = np.array(data_2D) data_2D = data_2D.reshape(1,6,6,1) Now we will define the sequential model, which consists of the Conv1D layer, which expects an input shape as [1,6], and the model will have one filter with the shape of three or, in other words, three elements wide. The same will be carried out for Conv2D. from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Conv1D,Conv2D model1 = Sequential() model1.add(Conv1D(1,kernel_size = 2,input_shape = (1,6))) Here we are explicitly setting the weight of filters; we are defining a filter that is capable of detecting changes in input data. weights = [np.array([[[0]],[[1]]]),np.array([0.0])] model1.set_weights(weights) And finally, we can apply our input data to the model to see the convolution operation for that we are using predict method. model1.predict(data_1D) Output: array([[[1.], [0.], [1.], [1.], [0.]]], dtype=float32) Now we are going to understand what exactly happened in the convolution operation. First, the two elements of the filter [0,1] are applied to the first two input data elements, [0,1], and the dot product between them results in output as 1. And the same operation is followed till the last two values of input. Note the length of the feature map is 5, whereas our input data has a length of 6. This is how the filter was applied to the input sequence. You can change the shape of a feature map by setting padding = ‘same’ in the Conv1D layer; it will give the same shape as that of the input sequence. In the similar way you can calculate the the feature map for 2D data as shown below, model2 = Sequential() model2.add(Conv2D(1,kernel_size = (3,3), input_shape = (6,6,1), padding = 'same')) detectors = [[[[1]],[[0]],[[0]]], [[[1]],[[0]],[[0]]], [[[0]],[[0]],[[2]]]] weights = [np.array(detectors),np.array([0.0])] model2.set_weights(weights) model2.predict(data_2D) Output: array([[[[2.], [0.], [3.], [2.], [1.], [1.]], [[2.], [0.], [4.], [2.], [2.], [2.]], [[2.], [0.], [4.], [2.], [2.], [2.]], [[2.], [0.], [4.], [2.], [2.], [2.]], [[2.], [0.], [4.], [2.], [2.], [2.]], [[0.], [0.], [2.], [0.], [2.], [2.]]]], dtype=float32) As we settled padding = ‘same’ that has given output shape of feature map, same as input shape of data. Link for Google Colab Notebook Conclusion: In this article, we mainly discussed the Intuition of convolution in convolutional neural networks. We have seen how multiplication is carried out between filter and input data based on how the feature map is created. After that, we have seen what a filter is and how to use custom filters to our data to detect features. And finally, with the help of python codes, we observed all the theoretical discussion practically. References: Join Our Discord Server..	https://analyticsindiamag.com/what-is-a-convolutional-layer/	CC-MAIN-2021-43	refinedweb	1,386	58.92
Hello every one, i pleased you to help me to do this assignment. i tried many time but i fail.i attach acopy of the assignment. pleased you to help me to do this assignment. i tried many time but i fail.i attach acopy of the assignment. Last edited by helloworld922; December 29th, 2010 at 04:58 AM. What are you having problems with (specifically)? Please post any relevant code you have, as well as any error messages you are getting (if any). Hello and welcome to the forums. You have posted in the What's Wrong With My Code? forum although you have not attached any code. Have you started this yet? You need to show you have made an effort before we can help you move forward. Please use [highlight=Java] code [/highlight] tags when posting your code. Forum Tip: Add to peoples reputation by clicking theby clicking the button on their useful posts.button on their useful posts. hi , i'll attach the code an other time. You can't just dump your homework and your code here and expect us to fix it for you. Ask a specific question- that requires boiling your code down to an SSCCE, as specific a piece as possible while still being runnable. You aren't going to get any help before you do that. public class Point { private int x1 ; private int y1 ; // negative sign in class diagram means private, plus sign means public public Point(){ x1=0; y1=0; } public Point(int x2 , int y2 ){ x1 = x2; y1 = y2; } public double distance ( int x , int y ) { // do your distance function here. // return 0.0; } public String toString(){ return "Points: (" + x1 + "," + y1 + ")"; } }	https://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/whats-wrong-my-code/6627-please-help-me.html	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	283	84.98
import processing.serial.;import cc.arduino.;Arduino ard;int led = 22;boolean on = false;void setup () { size(400, 300); //println(Arduino.list()); ard = new Arduino(this, Arduino.list()[2], 9600); //My arduino is on COM5 ard.pinMode(led, Arduino.OUTPUT); background(0);} void draw() { if(on) { fill(0,0,0); } else { fill(255,0,0); } rect(0,0,400,300);}void mouseClicked() { if(on) { on = false; ard.digitalWrite(led, Arduino.LOW); } else { on = true; ard.digitalWrite(led, Arduino.HIGH); }} void setup() { Serial.begin(9600);}void loop() {} No. Processing isn't supposed to set things on arduino, but you can do it - as with C, Java, Perl, Python, ....Link: That's why I'm not sure if I need to program something into the arduino too. Please enter a valid email to subscribe We need to confirm your email address. To complete the subscription, please click the link in the Thank you for subscribing! Arduino via Egeo 16 Torino, 10131 Italy	http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=100072.0;prev_next=next	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	160	61.53
I am doing an assignment where I have to implement a function reverse() that reverses the string between indexes i and j inclusively. reverse(str, 0, 4) will reverses the string between indexes of 0 and 4 from apple to elppa.All words can be reversed by finding start and end positions of each word and reversing the word. void reverse(char str, int i, int j). for example userinput: apple orange banana will output: elppa egnaro ananab but my code prints nothing. I know thereare a lot of bugs but I am stuck and don't know how to go from here. My code is: #include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>void reverse(char str, int i, int j);int i, j, k, len, ind, temp;char str[100];int main(){ printf("Enter a string: \n"); gets(str); len = strlen(str); reverse(str, i, j); return 0;}void reverse(char *str, int i, int j){ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)// { ind = i; //index of the end of each word if (str[i] == ' ' \|\| str[i] == '\n')//ends at index of whites space { ind = i - 1;//index of empty space -1 i= 0;//i is reset to 0 if (i <= ind)//0<last index of word { //reverse temp = str[i]; str[i] = str[ind]; str[ind] = temp; } } } printf("%s\n",str[i]);} I want to know how Python3 implemented some built-in functions as follows: s=s[::-1], but how this happened? Does Python user a for-loop inversely and copy every character in the string into a new string and return? s1==s2. However, how Python implements it? Is it a for-loop and compare one by one? I often get into such confusions and don't know where can I find the answers. Can anybody tell me where can I find the source codes that can explain such questions related to Python built-in functions to me? Thanks in advance! I am unable to find problem in this code. I want to reverse the string without reversing special characters. So, if the string is 'ab#$cd!' ,the output would be 'dc#$ba!' the output I am getting is 'ab#$cd!' (the same as input). Kindly find the problem in the code. function isAlphabet(x) { if ((x >= 'A' && x <= 'Z') \|\| (x >= 'a' && x <= 'z')) { return true } else { return false }}function reverse() { var string1 = []; string1 = 'ab#$cd!' var n = string1.length; var r = n - 1; var i = 0; while (i < r) { if (!isAlphabet(string1[i])) { i++; } else if (!isAlphabet(string1[r])) { r--; } else { var temp; temp = string1[i]; string1[i] = string1[r]; string1[r] = temp; i++; r--; } } return string1;}console.log(reverse()); I am learning how to reverse strings (i.e., write backwards) from first principles in C++. I devised the following code that is meant to take in a string from the user, reverse it, and print it out. However, it fails to compile—Visual Studio gives me an error "string subset out of range". What is wrong? using namespace std;int main(){ string example; getline(cin, example); int i = 0; while (example[i] != '\0') { i++; } int n=0; string reverse; while (n < i) { reverse[n] = example[i - n - 1]; n++; } cout << reverse << endl; return 0;} I am targeting C++17. I have analysed the global header of a PCAP file and found out that the magic number is: d4 c3 b2 a1 This means that it uses a little endian and all the bytes that come after it need to processed in reverse order. The other sections of the global header are as follows: major version = 02 00minor version = 04 00time zone = 00 00 00 00timestamp = 00 00 00 00snaplen = ff ff 00 00linktype = 01 00 00 00 However given that little endian is in use, it should be: major version = 00 02minor version = 00 04time zone = 00 00 00 00timestamp = 00 00 00 00snaplen = 00 00 ff fflinktype = 00 00 00 01 So I need a way to reverse the string but still keep the pairs of characters separated by the spaces in the same order. So the code [::-1] will not work because it transforms 02 00 into 00 20, whereas it needs to be 00 02 How would I go about doing	https://www.convertstring.com/ar/StringFunction/ReverseString	CC-MAIN-2019-18	refinedweb	707	70.33
A client-server application with sockets and IO to play Navy Battle. This article is the first part of a two-article series. This first part covers how to draw a navy battle battlefield. To better understand this article, you should know a little bit of socket connections (for the part 2), the namespace System.Drawing, and IO (for the part 2 too). If you don't have any idea what I'm talking about, I recommend you read the Deitel's book "C# How to Program". But if you don't have money, the documentation in the MSDN is a great help. The great deal is you to have the book and to navigate in the MSDN. System.Drawing IO I wanted to write a simple C# game, and I thought: "Navy Battle is a good idea". But when I was coding, the reality was not so good. I've hit my head many times on the keyboard, mainly when I wanted to find a way to draw the "X" coordinates in the right places in both forms, but the application is done. Well let's go now. First of all I've needed to draw a battle field and coordinates (represented with letters and numbers, of course) in it. How can I do this? I've created a class called BattleField. BattleField These are the variables that the method uses to draw the battle field in my class, see that I put them here with their values: private int iCol = 0, iRow = 0, iX = 30, iY = 80; private const int m_iWidth = 50, m_iHeight = 50; The main method is this: private void Draw() { string abc = "12345abcde"; string[,] sCoordinates = new string[2,5]; for(int i = 0 ; i <= 9 ; i++) { //populate the array if(i == 5) { iCol = 0; iRow += 1; } sCoordinates[iRow,iCol] = abc.Substring(0,1); abc = abc.Remove(0,1); iCol += 1; } float fLocal = (float)60; float fX = (float)iX; float fY = (float)iY; Font font = new Font("Arial", 10); SolidBrush sBlack = new SolidBrush(Color.Black); Point pLocation = new Point(iX, iY); PointF pfLocation = new PointF(fX, fY); Pen pen = new Pen(new SolidBrush(Color.Black), 3); //Setting the row and column to origin iRow = 0; iCol = 0; pfLocation.X += 25; pfLocation.Y = fLocal; for(int iCount = 0 ; iCount <= 9 ; iCount++) { //put numbers if(iCount <= 4) { m_FormGraphs.DrawString(sCoordinates[iRow, iCol].ToString(),font, sBlack, pfLocation); pfLocation.X += 50; } //put letters else { if(iCount == 5) { pfLocation.X = 10; pfLocation.Y += 40; iRow +=1; iCol = 0; } m_FormGraphs.DrawString(sCoordinates[iRow, iCol].ToString(),font, sBlack, pfLocation); pfLocation.Y += 50; } iCol += 1; } //to draw 5 squares in a row; } } In my Draw method, a string with coordinates "12345abcde" and a 2x5 matrix are created. The array is populated in a loop. Below there are three float variables, a Font and a SolidBrush and two Point objects, and one of them is a PointF that is called pfLocation. Now, how are these used to draw the battlefield? If you notice below, the variables iRow and iCol are set to 0, the value 25 is added to pfLocation.X property and pfLocation.Y is assigned with the value contained in the fLocal variable. Why? I need to put the letters on the top of the first 5 squares aligned with their centers, so I sum 25 in my pfLocation.X and draw my first number. After this I continue with my sum, now with the value 50, because I need to go to the half of the next square and draw the next number. The same process occurs with the letters, but they are drawn in the vertical position, but this time the pfLocation.X is first assigned with the value 10 and pfLocation.Y is summed with 40. This is done only for defining a coordinate in the PointF's pfLocation object. Draw float Font SolidBrush Point PointF pfLocation iRow iCol pfLocation.X pfLocation.Y fLocal Now it's time to explain the squares. Look at this part of the code:; } There is another loop for the squares that uses the Point object pLocation. The method DrawRectangle that I use, has five parameters: a Pen object, X coordinate, Y coordinate, width and height. To fill an imaginary line in my form in each iteration, I sum 50 in X coordinate, this process continues filling 5 imaginary lines in the form. I use the Point object with integers to define the point that my squares are drawn. You can use the PointF object but it only works with floating point. pLocation DrawRectangle Pen Guys, this first part of the series has ended. In the next article I will explain using socket connections in applications and how to draw the "X"s on the battlefield. If you have any suggestions, doubts and critics, please send me an e-mail. Thanks for the patience. I hope that you enjoy this article! The second part is coming soon. I would like to thank Jesse Liberty for his books, Deitel family for their C# HTP, Daniel Turini for his article "I want to be a good programmer...how?" [see this article in Daniel Turini's Lair], MSDN, of course, you and Code Project. This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below. A list of licenses authors might use can be found here	http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11122/Navy-Battle-Game	CC-MAIN-2014-35	refinedweb	911	73.88
Unit Tests and Generics The generation of unit tests for generic types and generic methods has limitations. For example, although generated unit tests can test methods that take generic instances as parameters, they cannot test fully generic methods or classes. This topic describes those limitations. Generic Methods The following is an example of a generic method. T is an unbound type. void Method1(List<T> list) {} Visual Studio cannot generate a unit test for a method or property that uses an unbound type. However, Visual Studio will generate a commented-out approximation of an appropriate unit test for the method. This test will include a //To-do statement that advises you how to change the test to make it work. Non-Public Generic Types Visual Studio cannot create private accessors for generics in any form. Therefore, if a generic type is non-public, Visual Studio cannot generate a unit test for it. However, Visual Studio can generate a unit test for a non-public method that takes a generic as a parameter, as long as that generic is a public type. Examples In the following code, MyGeneric<> is internal, and therefore non-public to the test project. The preceding code illustrates three limitations: A test for MyGeneric<T>.GetIt() fails because a private accessor to MyGeneric<T> cannot be generated. A test for MyClass.Sample() also fails because a private accessor cannot be generated. Because the generic cannot be mapped to a private accessor, the test engine has no way to treat the parameter x because it cannot access a specific instance of MyGeneric<T>. If you generate a private accessor for MyClass, no accessor will be created for the field m_myLong because a private accessor cannot be generated for MyGeneric<T>. Without the private accessor, you cannot access a specific instance. Methods That Take a Generic Instance The following is an example of a method that takes a generic instance as a parameter. It has fully bound types. public void Method2(List<int> list) {} Visual Studio can generate a unit test for this method, unless List is a non-public type. Example To further illustrate the capabilities of unit tests with regard to generics, see the following example: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace ClassLibrary1 { public class Generic<T> { private T m_t; public void SetT(T t) { m_t = t; } public T GetT() { return (m_t); } public void Test() { Generic<int> x = new Generic<int>(); } } public class Solid { public T GenericMethod<T>(T t) { return (t); } public void UsingGeneric(Generic<int> x) { } } } Notes about the preceding code You can generate unit tests on the class Generic<T> and its contents, but the tests that are generated will contain helpful comments but not useful code. That is, you will have to add code to make them report meaningful test results. The generated tests will contain commented-out statements that you can use as starting points for meaningful test code. For the class Solid, the unit tests that are generated for GenericMethod<T> will contain mostly comments that advise you where to add code.	http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms243401(v=vs.80).aspx	CC-MAIN-2013-48	refinedweb	515	53.92
🐶 Intro to Recks: Rx+JSX experiment Kostia Palchyk Updated on ・9 min read recks (4 Part Series) I like React. And I love RxJS. So I tried to mix them in a new framework: import { timer } from 'rxjs'; function App() { const ticks$ = timer(0, 1000); return <div> <h1>{ ticks$ }</h1> <p>seconds passed</p> </div> } tl;dr Foreword I've built this rendering engine in about a week for a hackathon. It turned out to be an interesting concept, that I wanted to share with you here! The concept React made DOM "first-class citizen" in our JS code (via virtual DOM). We can create vDOM anywhere in our structure and then pass it around. React's components are basically a mapping of properties to vDOM: // React (props: Object) => vDOM Angular deeply integrated Observable streams and made them native to its components and services. Observables let us easily operate and coordinate async events and updates, spread in time. In this framework, we (similarly to React) map properties to vDOM. Only here we fully control update and render streams. We take the input stream of props and map them to the output stream of vDOM: // This framework (props$: Observable<Object>) => Observable<vDOM> Stream in. Stream out. Let's get to examples, shall we? Basic usage Surely, we have to start with a "Hello World": import { of } from 'rxjs'; function App() { return of(<h1>Hello world!</h1>) } of creates an Observable that emits a single provided value Since our component renders a static <h1> and never updates it — we can skip the Observable part and simply return the element: function App() { return <h1>Hello world!</h1> } Looks react-ish, doesn't it? Let's add more life to our components: A Timer import { timer } from 'rxjs'; import { map } from 'rxjs/operators'; function TimerApp() { return timer(0, 1000).pipe( map(tick => <div> <h1>{ tick }</h1> <p>seconds passed</p> </div> ) ) } timer(n, m) emits a 0 at n and then will emit consequent integers with m interval Again our component returns a stream of vDOM. Each time a component emits a value — the vDOM is updated. In this example, timer will emit a new value every second. That value we will map to a new vDOM, displaying each tick in the <h1>. We can do this even simpler! If a child in the vDOM is an Observable itself — the engine will start listening to it and render its values in place. So let's move the timer Observable right into the <h1>: import { timer } from 'rxjs'; function TimerApp() { const ticks$ = timer(0, 1000); return <div> <h1>{ ticks$ }</h1> <p>seconds passed</p> </div> } This allows us to define more fine updates with neat syntax. Note that the component function will be called only once. When the Observable timer(0, 1000) emits a value — the vDOM will be updated in place, without recalculating or updating other parts of the tree State When we need a local state in a component — we can create one or several Subjects to write and listen to. Subjects are Observables that also let us push values into them. So we can both listen and emit events Here's an example: import { Subject } from 'rxjs'; import { map, startWith } from 'rxjs/operators'; function GreetingApp() { const name$ = new Subject(); const view$ = name$.pipe( map(x => x ? `Hello, ${x}!` : ''), startWith('') ); return <div> <input placeholder="enter your name" onInput={e => name$.next(e.target.value)} /> { view$ } </div> } In the example above when the text field emits an input event — we push its value to name$ stream. view$ stream that we display derives from name$ input stream. Note that we are using a startWith operator for the view$: to optimize rendering the engine waits for the first emission from all children before rendering them. So if we remove the startWith — <div> will be rendered empty, until the view$ emits a value. Therefore we need to either add a startWith operator or to wrap the Observable child with a static child, e.g. <span>{ view$ }</span> And a more conventional example with a counter: function CounterApp() { const input$ = new Subject(); const view$ = input$.pipe( startWith(0), scan((acc, curr) => acc + curr) ); return <div> <button onClick={ ()=>input$.next(-1) }>minus</button> { view$ } <button onClick={ ()=>input$.next( 1) }>plus</button> </div> } In this example again we have an input$ Subject that we'll push updates to. The view$ Observable accumulates emissions from the input$ using scan operator and will display our state. E.g. when we push 1, 1, 1 to the input$ — we get a 1, 2, 3 on the view$. Refs or "real DOM deal" Sometimes we need to interact with DOM API. For that React uses special ref objects, that contain a reference to the current DOM element in their current property: // A React component function TextInputWithFocusButton() { const inputEl = useRef(null); const onButtonClick = () => { inputEl.current.focus(); // `current` points to the mounted text input element }; return ( <div> <input ref={inputEl} <button onClick={onButtonClick}>Focus the input</button> <div/> ); } Of course in this framework, we get a stream of DOM references! Once a DOM element is created or replaced - the engine pushes a new reference to the stream. We only need to provide the engine with a place for references to be pushed to - a Subject. The engine will push the HTML element to it once it is attached to the real DOM. Thus we get a stream of HTMLElements and can apply our logic either to each update or to the latest reference. Here we'll focus the <input /> each time the <button/> is clicked: // This framework function TextInputWithFocusButton() { const ref$ = new Subject(); const clicks$ = new Subject(); clicks$ .pipe(withLatestFrom(ref$, (_, ref) => ref)) .subscribe(ref => { ref.focus(); }); return ( <div> <input ref={ref$} <button onClick={ ()=>clicks$.next(null) }>Focus the input</button> </div> ); } Subcomponents So far we had components that only returned Observable results, and didn't have to react to any input. Here's an example of a parent component providing properties to a child component: import { timer } from 'rxjs'; import { map } from 'rxjs/operators'; function Parent () { return <div>{ timer(0, 1000).pipe( map(i => <Child index={i} />) ) }</div> } function Child (props$) { const animal$ = props$.pipe( map(props => props.index % 2 ? '🐱' : '🐭') ) return <h1 style="text-align: center;">{animal$}</h1> } When a Parent is rendering a Child for the first time — it's rendering <Child index={ 0 } />. The engine will create a Child and push the { index: 0 } props object to the subcomponent's props$ Observable. The child will immediately react with a mouse 🐭. Later when the timer ticks again and emits <Child index={ 1 } /> — the engine will only push { index: 1 } to the existing Child props$. The Child will now produce a cat 🐱. And so on. Photo by Michael Sum on Unsplash Redux For bigger apps, we'll need a bit more sophisticated state management, then just a bunch of Subjects. Any implementation that outputs in an observable way would work with Recks! Let's try redogs state manager — it's redux, redux-observable and typesafe-actions in one small package. Redogs outputs to an Observable, so we'll easily integrate it! Let's be innovative and create a simple To Do List app as an example 🙂 First, we'll create the store: import { createStore } from 'redogs'; import { reducer } from './reducer'; import { effects } from './effects'; export const store = createStore(reducer, effects); Now we can access the state changes of the store in our components: import { store } from './store'; function ItemListComponent() { const items$ = store.state$.pipe( map(state => state.items.map(item => ( <ItemComponent key={item.id} data={item} /> )) ) ); return <div>{items$}</div>; } Or dispatch events to it: import { store } from './store'; function AddItemComponent() { const addItem = event => { event.preventDefault(); const input = event.target['title']; store.dispatch( addItemAction({ title: input.value }) ); input.value = ''; }; return ( <form onSubmit={addItem}> <input name="title" type="text" autocomplete="off" /> <button type="submit">Add</button> </form> ); } For brevity, I'll skip showing reducers, effects, and other components here. Please, see the full redux app example at codesandbox. Note that we don't have to learn reselect and re-reselect APIs to interact with redux. We don't have to tweak proprietary static getDerivedStateFromProps() or worry about UNSAFE_componentWillReceiveProps() and UNSAFE_componentWillUpdate() to be efficient with the framework. We only need to know Observables, they are lingua franca in Recks. Unlike React For a React component to trigger a self-update — it has to update its state or props (indirectly). React itself will decide when to re-render your component. If you want to prevent unnecessary recalculations and re-renderings — there are several API methods (or hooks), that you can use to advice React how to deal with your component. In this framework I wanted to make this flow more transparent and adjustable: you directly manipulate the output stream based on the input stream, using well known RxJS operators: filter, debounce, throttle, audit, sample, scan, buffer and many-many others. You decide when and how to update your component! Status Recks source code is published to github.com/recksjs/recks To try the framework, you can either: run it in an online sandbox or you can clone a template repository via: git clone --depth=1 cd recks-starter-project npm i npm start The package is also available via npm i recks, all you need is to set up your JSX transpiler (babel, typescript compiler) to use Recks.createElement pragma. [ Warning ] This is a concept, not a production-ready library. Disclaimers First of all, several times I've called this library a "framework", yet this is no more of a "framework" than react is. So one might prefer to call it "tool" or "library". It's up to you 🙂 Also, my comparisons to React are purely conceptual. React is a mature framework, supported by a smart team of professionals, surrounded by a brilliant community. This one is a week old, built by me 🐶 Alternatives There's one library that provides a React hook to interact with Observables: rxjs-hooks. It works via a useState hook to update the component's state each time an Observable emits, which triggers component re-render. Worth checking out! Another elephant I should mention here is a real streams-driven framework: cycle.js by André Staltz. It has a lot of supporters and solid integrations. Cycle.js has a bit different API of using subcomponents and interacting with DOM. Give it a try! If you know other alternatives — please, share Outro Okay, that's it! Should this project development continue? What features would you like to see next? I'd love to know your thoughts, so leave a comment, please 🙂 If you enjoyed reading this article — press the "heart" and share: this will let me understand the usefulness of this topic and will help others discover this read. In the following posts, we'll review other Recks integrations, I will share plans for features and publish project updates. So follow me here on dev.to and twitter to stay tuned! I'm proud that you've read so far! Thank you The end header photo by Matthew Smith on Unsplash recks (4 Part Series) It would be helpful if you linked to the Github repo in the first paragraph. Just had to scan the whole article to find the link. (Really like the idea of your library -- I've been waiting for someone to make something like this 👍) Hi, John! I agree, one repo is worth a thousand words 🙂 I've updated the article, thanks! And thank you for the feedback, it's very important for me to keep going, really! P.S. I'm currently working on a new feature to improve dev experience, so stay tuned 😉	https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/kosich/recks-rxjs-based-framework-23h5	CC-MAIN-2020-05	refinedweb	1,946	63.8
Diva is a term used by the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to refer to its female talent.[1] The term is applied to women who appear as wrestlers, managers or valets, backstage interviewers, or ring announcers. History 1985-1996 Although the term 'Diva' had not yet been coined in the company, the first Diva of the World Wrestling Federation was "The First Lady of Wrestling", Miss Elizabeth. She was quiet and demure. She didn't wrestle while in the WWE, and, for most of her career but always supported the men that she managed. She was very attractive without resorting to the sex appeal of today's Diva. Sherri Martel, "Sweet" Sapphire, and Luna Vachon were also female managers in the WWF during the late 80's and early 90's. 1996–1999 The first modern day Diva in the World Wrestling Federation. Sunny came to the ring accompanied by videos of her posing in suggestive positions on a beach while dressed in revealing clothing, and with each successive act she managed her ringside attire became more provocative, moving from workout attire to a leather bra worn without a top. Between 1996 and 1997, Marlena, Sable and Chyna, joined Sunny as prominant female on-air talent in the promotion. Marlena and Sable were as equally sexualized as Sunny, with Marlena suggestively smoking cigars at ringside during matches and Sable coming to the ring in form fitting leather catsuits designed to reveal a significant portion of her breasts. Chyna was offered as an antithesis to the rest of the Divas, a masculine bodybuilder whose sexual identity was the subject of early story lines. Sunny, Sable, and Marlena were further marketed as sex symbols through WWF's Raw Magazine, which featured monthly spreads of the women in suggestive poses while either wearing provocative clothing or seminude. In 1998 Debra debuted as the "Fourth Diva," and shortly thereafter was featured in a Raw Magazine spread in which she shed a series of business suits to reveal lingerie. Marlena was the manager of Goldust, her then real-life husband,[2] and Sable was manager for her then real-life husband, wrestler Marc Mero. Sable quickly eclipsed her husband in popularity.[3] Her popularity lead to the re-instatement of the WWF Women's Championship, as well as the hiring of more female wrestlers by the promotion. Sable became the first WWF female to refer to herself as a 'Diva' during the April 19 edition of Raw in 1999; the term proved popular and shortly thereafter became the official title for female performers, be they managers or wrestlers. In March 1999, the WWF also debuted another beautiful, vivacious, and talented veteran female wrestler Ivory, who's wrestling talent was exceptional and played a big role in the development of the women's divison in the WWF at that time., mixed tag team matches as well as a strap match and the first even bikini contest in which she competed against Jacqueline, and she was the first female wrestler to ever be a Playboy cover girl. Sable pushed the envelop on female wrestling. Unlike Jacqueline, Ivory and Luna, the more physical Divas and experienced wrestlers at the time, Sable later admitted that it was written in her contract that she was not allowed to take bumps.[4] Her success also indirectly led to a push in popularity for Chyna, whose agility and muscular body made her an ideal addition to the new, competitive brand of female performers. Her masculine features were de-emphasized and her clothing became more provocative, and a WWF Raw spread was dedicated to a series of erotic photos depicting her in a series of wildlife settings in form-fitting survivalist gear. She was put into competition against male opponents, going on to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship twice. Chyna's popularity quickly grew to match that of Sable's, culminating in Chyna's being featured as the centerfold in an issue of Playboy magazine. 2000–2001 Although Sable left the WWF after several years, the WWF signed many more female performers during and after her employment with the company, promoting them as "Divas." In 2000, newcomer Lita focused her attention on the WWF Women's Championship. Lita performed riskier moves than the Divas before her, such as moonsaults and diving hurricanranas.[5] Her popularity encouraged a higher standard of athletic competition within the WWF Women's Division, while still retaining the sexual element. The August 21st.[6]. Lita and Stratus have been credited as the women who changed the face of women's wrestling, as they brought a combination of sexuality and wrestling ability to the ring in such even amounts and kept the fans entertained. Also in 2001, Chyna left the WWF due to real-life issues between herself, Triple H, and Stephanie McMahon.[7] Her last feud was with Lita.[5] In April 2002, however, Lita suffered a neck injury and was the first Diva to have neck fusion surgery.[5] She was out of action for almost a year and a half.[5] 2002–2005 On May 5th. Stacy Keibler,Terri Runnels Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, Christy Hemme, Maria Kanellis, Miss Jackie, Dawn Marie, Ashley Massaro, a returning Sable and numerous others often competed in contests from "Pillow Fight".[8] Holly (competing as Mighty Molly), Stratus, and Terri Runnels also held the Hardcore Championship briefly. From 2002 to the present, Jillian Hall, Mickie James and Melina Perez made their debuts in the company; these Divas would later become three of most prominant women of the WWE as more and more of the previous generation of Divas started to depart from the company. 2006–present In July 2006, Stacy Keibler left WWE to pursue an acting career though in late 2006 Lita, and Trish Stratus would retire.[9][10] Torrie Wilson retired in mid-2008 due to having back problems and Victoria retired in January 2009 after a 9 year career with WWE. In 2008, Gail Kim returned to WWE[11] leaving Gail Kim and Lilian Garcia from the previous generation of WWE Divas along with a vast majority of newer arrivals. In December 2007, Trish Stratus, Lita, and Sunny returned to WWE in a one night special appearance on an episode of WWE Raw due to the show's 15 anniversary also during that episode, a video was shown showing highlights and clips of several past former WWE Divas also including the women of today of why the Divas are popular. At Vengeance: Night of Champions in 2007, Candice Michelle became the first former WWE Diva Search contestant to become the WWE Womens Champion. At One Night Stand 2008, Beth Phoenix and Melina competed in the the first The Great American Bash, McCool defeated Neidhart to become the inaugural champion. At Wrestlemania 25, Sunny, Victoria, Molly Holly, Torrie Wilson, Jackie Gayda, and Joy Giovanni returned to WWE in a one night special appearance in the 25 Divas Battle Royal match to determine Miss Wrestlemania. During the 2009 WWE Draft, current Women's Champion Melina was drafted to the SmackDown brand, thus making the Women's title exclusive to SmackDown. Later that same night, current Divas Champion Maryse was drafted the RAW brand, thus making the Divas title exclusive to RAW, effectively switching champions and championships between brands for the first time in history. On June 29th at The Bash pay-per-view, Michelle McCool became the first ever Diva to hold both WWE Women's Championship and the WWE Diva's Championship. Diva Search (2003 - 2007) The Diva Search was an annual competition that occurred every Summer. The purpose of the Diva Search was to find new women to be wrestlers, interviewers, and/or valets in WWE though the winner would go straight to the main roster as WWE would also hire the eliminated contestants including some of women who didn't make it to the final 8 to development contracts and be sent to Florida Championship Wrestling for to learn to how to wrestle. The winner of the competition received a one year contract worth $100,000. Previously the contract was worth $250,000. Promotion, WWE released their first Divas video Come Get Some: The Women Of The WWF, which features interviews and footage of the Divas. This photoshoot took place in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Debra, Chyna, and Sable made the cover. When Sable left the WWF she was replaced on the cover with Tori. - 2000, the Divas went to the streets in New York City as part of WWF Divas in New York City. This was due to the launch of WWEDivas.com, several photos and video of the photoshoot were released. All the Divas made it on the photoshoot, including Trish Stratus, Ivory, Chyna, Jacqueline, Lita. - WWE introduced their second Divas home video franchise with Postcard From The Caribbean. The photos were released on a special Swimsuit edition of Raw Magazine. Divas in this photoshoot all had their own cover. - 2001, the Divas traveled to Jamaica and which the photoshoot took place in Nassau, Bahamas. It was then later released on VHS and DVD format as WWF Divas: Tropical Pleasure with Trish Stratus on the cover. However, the home video was missing the mainstream music and Molly Holly, who had appeared in the special, Debra appeared in the Magazine for this shoot but did not film a documentary for the DVD. - Copacabana, Mexico as part of WWE Divas: South of the Border. To determine who would make the cover of the magazine, a poll was taken on WWE.com, where fans voted Torrie Wilson as the covergirl. A Multi Diva cover was used for the DVD. -.[citation needed] A few pictures of her, however, and Stacy Keibler for the cover of the DVD. - was the third and. - July 2008, the Divas took part in a bikini photoshoot for Summer Skin in San Diego and select other California coastal cities which was a feature on WWE.com, that WWE launched in July 4, 2008. It featured a spread of photos of the women who went on the trip as well as special interviews, video packages and biographies of each respective diva and special mobile offering downloads. Preview shoots were posted on WWE.com which featured Maria, Michelle McCool, and Mickie James. Playboy Since 1999, seven WWE Divas have appeared on the cover of Playboy: - 1999: Sable - 2000: Chyna - 2002: Chyna - 2003: Torrie Wilson - 2004: Torrie Wilson and Sable - 2005: Christy Hemme - 2006: Candice Michelle - 2007: Ashley Massaro - 2008: Maria Kanellis Kiebler and Miss Jackie. At WrestleMania 22, Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle competed in a Playboy Pillow Fight., and Melina have indicated that posing for Playboy magazine is out of the question for them. Stratus has appeared on.[12] Dumas has said that she didn't pose because she felt it was wrong for her (who was known as a role model for young girls at the time) to pose for the magazine.[13] St.[4] However, Sytch was not the first to report that she had turned down an offer. Current WWE Diva, Kelly Kelly, refused to pose for the 2009 edition of Playboy. It has been suggested that she had initially agreed to do so in 2007. The WWE had originally planned for Kelly Kelly, Brooke and Layla to all pose together as the first triple Diva combination. The trio had appeared on WWE television as a dance troupe called Extreme Expose. But Playboy themselves rejected the idea, causing the WWE to offer Ashley Massaro instead. The WWE continued to encourage Playboy to use Extreme Expose until they released Brooke in November. Since WWE turned to TV-PG in late 2008, Vince McMahon has refused to continue their yearly tradition with Playboy. Other In 2007, Ashley, Torrie Wilson, Maryse, Brooke, Layla, and Kelly Kelly shot a video for music producer and rapper Timbaland.[14][15] and, in the same year, Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, Michelle McCool, Maria, appereared in the U.S. reality show Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp to get the celebrities in shape. Later the same year, Mickie James appered on the USA Network show Psych, playing a roller derby girl called Rita "Lethal Weapon" Westwood. Joanie Laurer and Stacy Keibler went on to have a short television careers. The highlight of Chyna's television career has been a re-occurring role as Harry's girlfriend on 'The Third Rock From The Sun'. Keibler's most notable television appearance was on the 2006 series of 'Dancing With The Stars'. Keibler's last television appearance was as an assassin in the Samurai Girl mini-series. Championships and accomplishments Women's Championship Divas Championship. Stacy Keibler ended Stratus's reign in 2004 and won the honor, receiving her own mini-site and a photoshoot for every month in the year, sometimes two. The photoshoots were usually themed from the holiday of that month. In 2008 WWE Magazine declared Beth Phoenix as the Diva Of The Year which earned her a Slammy Award for that title.. Giovanni received more than half of the vote, followed by McCool who got just under 20%, Loewen got just over 10% and Jones received just 6%. During the talent competition, Dawn insulted Giovanni's massage on Wilson, Loewen's jokes and Jones' dancing so McCool's "talent" was attacking Dawn for insulting the other rookie's. The competition was hosted by then divas Torrie Wilson and Dawn Marie. McCool is the only one of the four who ended up receiving wrestling training, improving her abilities, staying in WWE as of 2009, and becoming the inaugural WWE Divas Champion. By this point, Giovanni, Jones, and Loewen have already been released from the company and left the business. Giovanni being the only one to have a one off return (which was also her debut match) in a 25 Diva Battle Royal also including McCool at WrestleMania XXV. See also - Diva, traditional usage of the term - TNA Knockout - Nitro Girls - Ring girl Notes - ^ "Superstars > Divas". WWE.. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. - ^ "Goldust's Alumni Profile". WWE.. Retrieved on 2007-10-24. - ^ "Sable's Alumni Profile". WWE.. Retrieved on 2007-05-21. - ^ a b Oliver, Greg (1999-01-11). "Sable looks beyond wrestling". SLAM! Sports.. Retrieved on 2007-06-03. - ^ a b c d Berkowitz, Matt (October 2003). "Lovely Lita". Wrestling Digest.. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. - ^ John F. Molinaro (June 30, 2001). "Molly Holly having a blast in the WWF".. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. - ^ Lilsboy (May 2005). "The truth about Chyna".. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. - ^ The Rick (November 25, 2003). "November 24, 2003 RAW Results".. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. - ^ Tim Baines (September 17, 2006). "Stratusfaction comes to an end". Ottawa Sun.. Retrieved on 2007-03-18. - ^ Craig Tello (November 27, 2006). "Lita says goodbye". WWE.. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. - ^ WZ.com Exclusive: Update On Gail Kim In WWE - ^ Tim Baines (November 30, 2003). "Trish hot in, out of ring". Ottawa Sun).. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. - ^ Amy Dumas (2004). Lita: A Less Traveled R.O.A.D - The Reality of Amy Dumas (p.213). World Wrestling Entertainment. ISBN 074347399X. - ^ KellyKellyWWe.com (April 20, 2007). "Ashley, Torrie, Maryse, Brooke, Layla and Kelly Kelly shoot Timbaland video".. - ^ Kara A. Medalis (April 20, 2007). "The Sexiet Women n L.A.".. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. External links This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)	http://www.answers.com/topic/wwe-diva	crawl-002	refinedweb	2,581	63.29
Table of Contents 1. Pandas cut() Function Pandas cut() function is used to segregate array elements into separate bins. The cut() function works only on one-dimensional array-like objects. 2. Usage of Pandas cut() Function The cut() function is useful when we have a large number of scalar data and we want to perform some statistical analysis on it. For example, let’s say we have an array of numbers between 1 and 20. We want to divide them into two bins of (1, 10] and (10, 20] and add labels such as “Lows” and “Highs”. We can easily perform this using the pandas cut() function. Furthermore, we can perform functions on the elements of a specific bin and label elements. 3. Pandas cut() function syntax The cut() function sytax is: cut( x, bins, right=True, labels=None, retbins=False, precision=3, include_lowest=False, duplicates="raise", ) - x is the input array to be binned. It must be one-dimensional. - bins defines the bin edges for the segmentation. - right indicates whether to include the rightmost edge or not, default value is True. - labels is used to specify the labels for the returned bins. - retbins specifies whether to return the bins or not. - precision specifies the precision at which to store and display the bins labels. - include_lowest specifies whether the first interval should be left-inclusive or not. - duplicates speicifies what to do if the bins edges are not unique, whether to raise ValueError or drop non-uniques. 4. Pandas cut() function examples Let’s look into some examples of pandas cut() function. I will use NumPy to generate random numbers to populate the DataFrame object. 4.1) Segment Numbers into Bins import pandas as pd import numpy as np df_nums = pd.DataFrame({'num': np.random.randint(1, 100, 10)}) print(df_nums) df_nums['num_bins'] = pd.cut(x=df_nums['num'], bins=[1, 25, 50, 75, 100]) print(df_nums) print(df_nums['num_bins'].unique()) Output: num 0 80 1 40 2 25 3 9 4 66 5 13 6 63 7 33 8 20 9 60 num num_bins 0 80 (75, 100] 1 40 (25, 50] 2 25 (1, 25] 3 9 (1, 25] 4 66 (50, 75] 5 13 (1, 25] 6 63 (50, 75] 7 33 (25, 50] 8 20 (1, 25] 9 60 (50, 75] [(75, 100], (25, 50], (1, 25], (50, 75]] Categories (4, interval[int64]): [(1, 25] < (25, 50] < (50, 75] < (75, 100]] Notice that 25 is part of the bin (1, 25]. It’s because the rightmost edge is included by default. If you don’t want that then pass the right=False parameter to the cut() function. 4.2) Adding Labels to Bins import pandas as pd import numpy as np df_nums = pd.DataFrame({'num': np.random.randint(1, 20, 10)}) print(df_nums) df_nums['nums_labels'] = pd.cut(x=df_nums['num'], bins=[1, 10, 20], labels=['Lows', 'Highs'], right=False) print(df_nums) print(df_nums['nums_labels'].unique()) Since we want 10 to be part of Highs, we are specifying right=False in the cut() function call. Output: num 0 5 1 16 2 6 3 13 4 2 5 10 6 18 7 10 8 2 9 18 num nums_labels 0 5 Lows 1 16 Highs 2 6 Lows 3 13 Highs 4 2 Lows 5 10 Highs 6 18 Highs 7 10 Highs 8 2 Lows 9 18 Highs [Lows, Highs] Categories (2, object): [Lows < Highs]	https://www.journaldev.com/33394/pandas-cut-function-examples	CC-MAIN-2021-04	refinedweb	568	71.04
Created on 2017-06-04 06:54 by Julien Verger, last changed 2017-06-14 14:58 by Julien Verger. Hello, i'm trying to use the sample code that is documented here: from multiprocessing import Pool def f(x): return x*x if __name__ == '__main__': p = Pool(5) print(p.map(f, [1, 2, 3])) This code behaves differently depending on the python version that i use. I use 2 versions of python interpreter, first on my windows 7 OS and second in cygwin. The code behaves normaly when i execute it on windows python version, but nothing seems to happen when i use python interpreter from cygwin. Other objects than 'pool' seems to be impacted but this short exemple helps me to show how to reproduce quickly my issue. Here are somme informations on the python versions that i'm using: On the windows side: Python 2.7.13 (v2.7.13:a06454b1afa1, Dec 17 2016, 20:53:40) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. On the cygwin side: Python 2.7.13 (default, Mar 13 2017, 20:56:15) [GCC 5.4.0] on cygwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. Please help Regards How did you get Python for Cygwin? Did you compile it yourself? Python is not supported on Cygwin (we recommend using the native Windows builds instead) and I'm not surprised that multiprocessing, which uses delicate platform-specific code, would fail working on that platform. Hello Antoine, I've installed python throught the cygwin.exe installer. I've tried to add many pythons libs without more success. I didn't know that cygwin was an unsupported platform. Unfortunately, my goal is to develop an automation tool based on pexpect package which does not work the same on windows build (e.g. pexpect.spawn instruction wich is not compatible on windows). I thought that i could bypass this by using pexpect on cygwin that works great but i would like to launch multiple pexpect thread in parallel by using multithread package in my cygwin environment. Julien	https://bugs.python.org/issue30563	CC-MAIN-2018-05	refinedweb	356	64.51
Up tonight, I would like to start working through testing my (fab) game. So far, I have not done any, and feel like I'm pushing my luck with keeping this together. I know that Cucumber now runs (at least as a proof of concept) under the v8 javascript engine. Before I go there, I would like to be able to at least run the fab.js test suite. Or at lest one test. Way back, a reader provided a clue as to how to run a single test. This is a good thing because none of the built-in test like scripts seem to do anything: cstrom@whitefall:~/repos/fab$ node utils/test.jsWhat's worse is that the "core" test fails completely: <no output> cstrom@whitefall:~/repos/fab$ node utils/build.js <no output> cstrom@whitefall:~/repos/fab$ node builds/all.js <no output> cstrom@whitefall:~/repos/fab$ node builds/core.jsBah! Error: Cannot find module '/home/cstrom/repos/fab/apps/fab.Function' at loadModule (node.js:492:15) at require (node.js:618:12) at /home/cstrom/repos/fab/utils/build.js:10:15 at Array.forEach (native) at /home/cstrom/repos/fab/utils/build.js:6:8 at Object.<anonymous> (/home/cstrom/repos/fab/builds/core.js:12:41) at Module._compile (node.js:639:23) at node.js:667:20 at fs:52:23 at node.js:748:9 I can get that "working", in the sense that it does not crash, by adding a "defaults" object namespace to some of the apps in core.js: var apps = exports.apps = [But that does me little good as running that file with node now returns right away without any output as well. "fab" , "fab.body" , "fab.defaults" , "fab.defaults.Function" , "fab.identity" , "fab.defaults.Number" , "fab.path" , "fab.defaults.RegExp" , "fab.status" ]; exports.app = require( "../utils/build" )( apps ).app; Let's see if I can get a single test to run. Thanks to the comment from istruble, I know that I can create a my_test.jsfile in the root directory of the fab.js source with contents like: var test = require("./utils/test"),And indeed that does work: target_module = require('./apps/fab.status'); test(target_module); cstrom@whitefall:~/repos/fab$ node my_test.jsI fiddle with that for a bit longer to see if I can get it to load in more tests automatically, but the overall approach feels very manual. I am forced to call it a night at this point. I think tomorrow I will move on to try Cucumber. Running 3 tests... statusReturnsUnaryApp: true statusRespondsWithCorrectPayload: true statusClosesConnection: true Done. 3 passed, 0 failed. Day #112	https://japhr.blogspot.com/2010/05/i-cant-test-fabjs.html	CC-MAIN-2018-30	refinedweb	440	61.93
Request/Response Programming The server control architecture is built on top of a more fundamental processing architecture, which may be called request/response. Understanding request/response is important to solidify our overall grasp of ASP.NET. Also, in certain programming situations request/response is the natural approach. HttpRequest Class The System.Web namespace contains a useful class HttpRequest that can be used to read the various HTTP values sent by a client during a Web request. These HTTP values would be used by a classical CGI program in acting upon a Web request, and they are the foundation upon which higher level processing is built. Table 141 shows some of the public instance properties of HttpRequest. If you are familiar with HTTP, the meaning of these various properties should be largely self-explanatory. Refer to the .NET Framework documentation of the HttpRequest class for full details about these and other properties. TABLE 141 Public Instance Properties of HttpRequest The Request property of the Page class returns a HttpRequest object. You may then extract whatever information you need, using the properties of HttpRequest. For example, the following code determines the length in bytes of content sent by the client and writes that information to the Response object. Dim length As Integer = Request.ContentLength Response.Write("ContentLength = " & length & "<br>") COLLECTIONS A number of useful collections are exposed as properties of HttpRequest. The collections are of type NamedValueCollection (in System.Collec-tions.Specialized namespace). You can access a value from a string key. For example, the following code extracts values for the QUERY_STRING and HTTP_USER_AGENT server variables using the ServerVariables collection. Dim strQuery As String = _ Request.ServerVariables("QUERY_STRING") Dim strAgent as String = _ Request.ServerVariables("HTTP_USER_AGENT") Server variables such as these are at the heart of classical Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Web server programming. The Web server passes information to a CGI script or program by using environment variables. ASP.NET makes this low-level information available to you, in case you need it. A common task is to extract information from controls on forms. In HTML, controls are identified by a name attribute, which can be used by the server to determine the corresponding value. The way in which form data is passed to the server depends on whether the form uses the HTTP GET method or the POST method. With GET, the form data is encoded as part of the query string. The QueryString collection can then be used to retrieve the values. With POST, the form data is passed as content after the HTTP header. The Forms collection can then be used to extract the control values. You could use the value of the REQUEST_METHOD server variable (GET or POST) to determine which collection to use (the QueryString collection in the case of GET and the Forms collection in case of POST). With ASP.NET you don't have to worry about which HTTP method was used in the request. ASP.NET provides a Params collection, which is a combination (union in the mathematical sense) of the ServerVariables, Que-ryString, Forms, and Cookies collections. EXAMPLE PROGRAM We illustrate all these ideas with a simple page Squares.aspx that displays a column of squares. <!-- Squares.aspx --> <%@ Page Sub Page_Init(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Dim strQuery As String = _ Request.ServerVariables("QUERY_STRING") Response.Write("QUERY_STRING = " & strQuery & "<br>") Dim strAgent as String = _ Request.ServerVariables("HTTP_USER_AGENT") Response.Write("HTTP_USER_AGENT = " & strAgent & "<br>") Dim length As Integer = Request.ContentLength Response.Write("ContentLength = " & length & "<br>") Dim strCount As String = Request.Params("txtCount") Dim count As Integer = Convert.ToInt32(strCount) Dim i As Integer For i = 1 To count Response.Write(i*i) Response.Write("<br>") Next End Sub </script> How many squares to display is determined by a number submitted on a form. The page GetSquares.aspx submits the request using GET, and PostSquares.aspx submits the request using POST. These two pages have the same user interface, illustrated in Figure 1411. Figure 14-11 Form for requesting a column of squares. Here is the HTML for GetSquares.aspx. Notice that we are using straight HTML. Except for the Page directive, which turns tracing on, no features of ASP.NET are used. <!-- GetSquares.aspx --> <%@ Page Trace = "true" %> <html> <head> </head> <body> <P>This program will print a column of squares</P> <form method="get" action = Squares.aspx> How many: <INPUT type=text size=2 value=5 name=txtCount> <P></P> <INPUT type=submit value=Squares name=cmdSquares> </form> </body> </html> The form tag has attributes specifying the method (GET or POST) and the action (target page). The controls have a name attribute, which will be used by server code to retrieve the value. Run GetSquares.aspx and click Squares. You will see some HTTP information displayed, followed by the column of squares. Tracing is turned on, so details about the request are displayed by ASP.NET. Figure 1412 illustrates the output from this GET request. Figure 14-12 Output from a GET request. You can see that form data is encoded in the query string, and the content length is 0. If you scroll down on the trace output, you will see much information. For example, the QueryString collection is shown. Now run PostSquares.aspx and click Squares. Again you will then see some HTTP information displayed, followed by the column of squares. Tracing is turned on, so details about the request are displayed by ASP.NET. Figure 1413 illustrates the output from this POST request. Figure 14-13 Output from a POST request. You can see that now the query string is empty, and the content length is 29. The form data is passed as part of the content, following the HTTP header information. If you scroll down on the trace output, you will see that now there is a Form collection, which is used by ASP.NET to provide access to the form data in the case of a POST method. By comparing the output of these two examples, you can clearly see the difference between GET and POST, and you can also see the data structures used by ASP.NET to make it easy for you to extract data from HTTP requests. HttpResponse Class The HttpResponse class encapsulates HTTP response information that is built as part of an ASP.NET operation. The Framework uses this class when it is creating a response that includes writing server controls back to the client. Your own server code may also use the Write method of the Response object to write data to the output stream that will be sent to the client. We have already seen many illustrations of Response.Write. REDIRECT The HttpResponse class has a useful method, Redirect, that enables server code to redirect an HTTP request to a different URL. A simple redirection without passing any data is trivialyou need only call the Redirect method and pass the URL. An example of such usage would be a reorganization of a Web site, where a certain page is no longer valid and the content has been moved to a new location. You can keep the old page live by simply redirecting traffic to the new location. It should be noted that redirection always involves an HTTP GET request, like following a simple link to a URL. (POST arises as an option when submitting form data, where the action can be specified as GET or POST.) A more interesting case involves passing data to the new page. One way to pass data is to encode it in the query string. You must preserve standard HTTP conventions for the encoding of the query string. The class HttpUtility provides a method UrlEncode, which will properly encode an individual item of a query string. You must yourself provide code to separate the URL from the query string with a "?" and to separate items of the query string with "&". The folder Hotel provides an example of a simple Web application that illustrates this method of passing data in redirection. The file default.aspx provides a form for collecting information to be used in making a hotel reservation. The reservation itself is made on the page Reservation1.aspx. You may access the starting default.aspx page through the URL As usual, we provide a link to this page in our home page of example programs. Figure 1414 illustrates the starting page of our simple hotel reservation example. Figure 14-14 Starting page for making a hotel reservation. Here is the script code that is executed when the Make Reservation button is clicked. e As EventArgs) Dim query As String = "City=" & _ HttpUtility.UrlEncode(txtCity.Text) query += "&Hotel=" & _ HttpUtility.UrlEncode(txtHotel.Text) query += "&Date=" & _ HttpUtility.UrlEncode(txtDate.Text) query += "&NumberDays=" & _ HttpUtility.UrlEncode(txtNumberDays.Text) Response.Redirect("Reservation1.aspx?" + query) End Sub We build a query string, which gets appended to the Reservation1.aspx URL, separated by a "?". Note the ampersand that is used as a separator of items in the query string. We use the HttpUtility.UrlEncode method to encode the individual items. Special encoding is required for the slashes in the date and for the space in the name San Jose. Clicking the button brings up the reservation page. You can see the query string in the address window of the browser. Figure 1415 illustrates the output shown by the browser. Figure 14-15 Browser output from making a hotel reservation Our program does not actually make the reservation; it simply prints out the parameters passed to it. <%@ Page Sub Page_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Response.Write("Making reservation for ...") Response.Write("<br>") Dim city As String = Request.Params("City") Response.Write("City = " & city) Response.Write("<br>") Dim hotel As String = Request.Params("Hotel") Response.Write("Hotel = " & hotel) Response.Write("<br>") Dim strDate As String = Request.Params("Date") Response.Write("Date = " & strDate) Response.Write("<br>") Dim strDays As String = Request.Params("NumberDays") Response.Write("NumberDays = " & strDays) Response.Write("<br>") End Sub </script> <HTML> <body> </body> </HTML> You can turn on tracing (in the file Reservation1.aspx), and the trace output should serve to reinforce the ideas we have been discussing about request/response Web programming. In particular, you should examine the QueryString collection, as illustrated in Figure 1416. Figure 14-16 The query string is used for passing parameters in redirection	https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=28502&seqNum=4	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	1,719	58.79
) As a c# developer coming from the java world. I have taught myself to be better at reading the code then documentation. The only way to be really sure what is going on is to go to the signature and read the code. From that stand point having the source for a lot of the .Net framework libraries, would really improve my understanding of what really is going on with the program. Especially in the case of obscure bugs where you're just not sure if the framework classes are holding up their end of the bargain. With the incomplete and often buggy nature of the framework libraries, this is not as trivial as it might appear at first glance. Competetive advantage is not created and sustained by semicolons and angle brackets, but rather through innovation and the ability to execute and maintain a strong vision. I'm sick of hearing this argument... it's so 90's. I think you've maybe missed the Pink Elephant in the room. the transparency that would help most developers is the API, even the beaurocrats in the EU seem to grasp this singular point, sure some MBA will say that having hidden APIs for your own apps is a competitive advantage, the rest of the IT world looks at it and bells sound and people start exploring other software solutions, sure maybe you maximise some short term gains, but do you want to risk the medium and long term future of the corp?. From my own personal perspective, I couldn't care less about the source code for tools such as VS.NET - however, I do feel that the full source code for the various System namespaces in .NET should be made available as with the JDK. Moreover, they should be released under a completely non-restrictive license (possibly BSD style) so that projects like Mono and dotGNU could make full use of them. Should revenue even be an issue? Can't an evolved revenue stream be envisioned in a completely transparent model? Really its all about Developer Relations and developers love code. Especially those migrating from JAVA/UNIX. Besides, its REALLY annoying and counter-productive to have to 'guess' how an algorithm operates through trial-and-error, reverse compilation or other devious means. And I find we do this on a daily basis: which sort is being used, how is HSL color computed, what method of serialization is employed, etc. Please, spare us. aq Doing commercial software these days is like doind battles in old times: small advantages leads to the victory. Keeping core technology code undisclosed is undoubtedly one important advantage that Microsoft must keep. As a developer, I was almost always wandering how that feature is done, why that option didn't work how I expect to, why they don't publish examples of using the last design interface features and so on. The truth is that we couldn't have them all for free. Since .Net comed up, Microsoft changed his policy regarding community support. Non Microsoft comunity and open source projects proved that community is the key. Thanks to few open minded people inside, they will recover the lost market shortly. In web development, I have started as a PHP developer. At this time, as you know, PHP community is still larger than ASP.NET community. Some time ago, when Zend boys started to design Zend 2.0 engine, I have asked them why they don't include modern features like namespaces and coherent OOP implementation. In return their response sounded like: the purpose of PHP as scripting language is not to do that. That makes me to embrace .NET definitely. And I was never wrong till now. So helping developers through community support is enough for me these days. Who whants more must rise the stake: go inside Micrososft and work at the source of all sources. Thanks, Lucian. I'd just like to say that while it's more or less true that "Source code IS the ultimate documentation," there are some downsides to this approach. For starters, I don't have time to go through every piece of source when looking how to use a library. As part of a "Code Factory" organisation, what I need is complete and reliable documentation on what to use in which situations, and how to use some of the more obtuse options in otherwise well documented libraries to solve real world problems. Knowing how to make complete use of all of the functionality available in a given tool is more important to me than knowing how the tools were written. Microsoft pays a large number of people who know what they're doing to handle bug-fixes and tuning. I'm pretty certain that (as a casual client-side coder) any attempt I made to fix or tune the CLR would create more problems than it solved. And ultimately, in a large corporate applications factory, you're only as good as the last crisis you caused. Of course, this is only my $0.02. YMMV. Cheers Ged In real world (as ram very well stated) sources are very valuable for us, programers. Remove this comment Remove this threadclose	http://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/TheChannel9Team/Levy-and-Griver-Why-not-complete-transparency?format=progressive	CC-MAIN-2014-42	refinedweb	870	62.48
java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver969201 Jan 8, 2015 1:57 PM Hi, I know this is a really common problem and I have read a zillion solutions on various forums but I still can't get mine to work!! Hopefully somebody can help? I am fairly new to Java and am in the learning process. I am using JDK1.7.0_09 on a Windows 7 operating system. I have down loaded the mysql-connector-java-5.1.22-bin.jar file from Mysql and placed it in various diffent directories and set the CLASSPATH accordingly, but no matter what I do I still get the same error!4 Here are the details and settings as I have them at the moment: jdk1.7_09 is installed in - c:\program files\java and I have set the PATH to: c:\program files\java\jdk1.7.0_09\bin\ (This seems to be working OK, I can compile and run various simple programs without any problems) The mysql-connector-java-5.1.22-bin.jar file is sitting in many places at the moment one of which is in the jdk1.7.0_09\lib\ directory. So I have set the CLASSPATH to: SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%; C:\program files\java\jdk1.7.0_09\lib\mysql-connector-java-5.1.22-bin.jar Here is the file that compiles OK: (Just a downloaded test) import java.sql.; import javax.sql.; public class dbdemo{ public static void main (String[] args) { Connection conn = null; try { String url = "jdbc:mysql://*.../**"; Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url,"root"," "); System.out.println ("Database connection established"); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (conn != null) { try { conn.close (); System.out.println ("Database connection terminated"); } catch (Exception e) { / ignore close errors */ } } } } } And here is the result (EVERYTIME)!! C:\Users\Public>java dbdemo java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver dbdemo.main(dbdemo.java:19) I would be very grateful if anyone can spot my mistake. Many thanks 1. Re: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.jdbc.DriverTolls Oct 18, 2012 5:11 AM (in response to 969201)You shouldn't be putting things in the JDK lib directory. I would suggest (just for simplicities sake) putting the driver jar file in the same directory you are trying to execute the code from (looks like Users/Public). Then try: java -cp .;mysql-connector-java-5.1.22-bin.jar dbdemo This will ensure that the JVM is not pulling in a classpath from somewhere else. 2. Re: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver969201 Oct 18, 2012 5:31 AM (in response to Tolls)Thank you very much, That's done the trick! I did try putting the .jar file in this directory before and then changed the CLASSPATH accordingly but this didn't work. Any idea why changing the CLASSPATH does not work but using the -cp option does? 3. Re: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.jdbc.Drivergimbal2 Oct 18, 2012 6:27 AM (in response to 969201) 966198 wrote:Because you did something wrong - impossible to say what when you don't post the classpath you were using. Note that changes to environmental variables are not active in a running command prompt, you would have to open a new command prompt before the changed classpath is active. Thank you very much, That's done the trick! I did try putting the .jar file in this directory before and then changed the CLASSPATH accordingly but this didn't work. Any idea why changing the CLASSPATH does not work but using the -cp option does?	https://community.oracle.com/message/10645596	CC-MAIN-2015-22	refinedweb	596	58.28
Alright, so normally, when we are making API requests, we will need some kind of token to validate our request. In our case, we just learned how to Log in as a user and ensure the routes are secured. So from here, how can we manipulate API calls always to include the token we stored in our user object? We don't want to be adding a header to every object call, like this. const headers = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': `Bearer ${auth_token}` }) return this.http.get(apiUrl, { headers: headers }) Don't get me wrong. This will work, but it's repeating ourselves, so let's create an interceptor that will do just this for us! Creating our interceptor As usual let's open the terminal and find our project folder. Now execute the following command to generate our token interceptor. ng generate service interceptors/TokenInterceptor This will create a token-interceptor.service.ts file in our interceptors folder. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { catchError } from 'rxjs/operators'; import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs'; import { HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor } from '@angular/common/http'; import { AuthService } from 'src/app/services/auth.service'; @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root', }) export class TokenInterceptorService implements HttpInterceptor { constructor(private authService: AuthService) {} intercept( request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler ): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> { const { token } = this.authService.userValue; if (token) { request = request.clone({ setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`, }, }); } return next.handle(request).pipe( catchError((err) => { if (err.status === 401) { this.authService.logout(); } const error = err.error.message \|\| err.statusText; return throwError(error); }) ); } } So, we register the authService as a provider in our service. Then we implement the HttpInterceptor from which we will be extending the intercept function. This intercept function has a request and a next object. What we do is get the token from our user object. If this is set, we clone the request that is being made and add a header. In this case, we add a Bearer token with the actual token attached to it (yes, I know this is not an oAuth token) Then we return the request and catch if we get a 401 (unauthorized) back. If that is the case, we log out the current user since our token is expired and throw an error back. Implementing the interceptor So we now have to make sure all our calls are being logged with this interceptor. Open up your app.module.ts, and in the providers section add the following. providers: [ { provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: TokenInterceptorService, multi: true, }, ], This tells Angular that we made our own HTTP_INTERCEPTOR and which service it should load this from. Trying out our interceptor Let's make a quick demo to see if it works. Open the home.component.ts and make it look as such: export class HomeComponent implements OnInit{ currentUser: User; constructor(private authenticationService: AuthService, private http: HttpClient ) { this.authenticationService.user.subscribe(user => this.currentUser = user); } ngOnInit() { this.getUsers().subscribe(result => { console.log(result); }) } getUsers() { return this.http.get<any>(`${environment.apiUrl}api/users`); } } We are just doing a simple in component API call with the sole purpose of checking if our interceptor is working. Now, if you open your console network tab, you should see the following request! There you go, we now added our own custom header, and it will be added to every single one of our calls. You can also find this code on GitHub. Thank you for reading, and let's connect! Thank you for reading my blog. Feel free to subscribe to my email newsletter and connect on Facebook or Twitter Discussion Thanks, @dailydevtips1 I have an issue with the inspector in angular. I use angular-aws-amplify to fetch the token. angular-aws-amplify has a method that returns an observable. but I don't know how can use an observable method in the inspector. do you know? Hey Mohsen, What do you mean with inspector in angular, like a visual studio plugin or chrome plugin? Normally you should be able to subscribe to an observable anyway. Like amplify.subscribe(res => { console.log(res) }); Where is the token stored? Localstorage or in memory as part of the currentUser object? Actually both, so in this example, it's stored in local storage, but the service is mostly based on memory itself to get the user object. It will however get it initially from localStorage if it exists.	https://dev.to/dailydevtips1/angular-adding-a-token-to-each-api-request-4bo2	CC-MAIN-2020-50	refinedweb	725	50.02
Forums Dev yes! …and they said i was mad… inline assembly pays off! for anyone running a pc with sse3 capability, you might like to try compiling the following code with vc++. it’s based on the simplemsp~ example. this should give vastly-improved performance over the standard [trunc~]. obviously some loop unrolling could be done etc., and i’ve probably missed some obvious opportunities for optimisation (not to mention the fact that the object doesn’t check to see if its enabled or not, it just runs…) but i get a massive speed boost on my shitty old laptop! #include "ext.h" #include "ext_obex.h" #include "z_dsp.h" typedef struct _td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde { t_pxobject ob; } t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde; void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_new(t_symbol s, long argc, t_atom argv); void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_free(t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde x); void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_dsp(t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde x, t_signal sp, short count); t_int td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_perform(t_int w); void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_class; int main(void) { t_class c; c = class_new("td.cheaptrunc~", (method)td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_new, (method)dsp_free, (long)sizeof(t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde), 0L, A_GIMME, 0); class_addmethod(c, (method)td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_dsp, "dsp", A_CANT, 0); class_dspinit(c); class_register(CLASS_BOX, c); td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_class = c; return 0; } void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_dsp(t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde x, t_signal sp, short count) { dsp_add(td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_perform, 4, x, sp[0]->s_vec, sp[1]->s_vec, sp[0]->s_n); } __inline __declspec(naked) t_int td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_perform(t_int w) { __asm { push ebp ; save return address mov ebp, esp ; enter stack frame mov eax, [ebp+8] ; eax = w sub esp, 4 ; reserve space for temp mov ebx, [eax+8] ; ebx = in mov edx, [eax+12] ; edx = out mov ecx, [eax+16] ; ecx = n loopstart: fld dword ptr [ebx] ; st(0) = in[n] fisttp dword ptr [ebp-4] ; temp = (truncatedint) in[n] add ebx, 4 ; in ++ fild dword ptr [ebp-4] ; st(0) = temp fstp dword ptr [edx] ; out[n] = (float) st(0) add edx, 4 ; out ++ dec ecx ; decrement loop counter jnz loopstart ; loop add eax, 20 ; w += 5 mov esp, ebp ; tidy up stack pop ebp ret } } void td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_new(t_symbol s, long argc, t_atom argv) { t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde x = NULL; if (x = (t_td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde )object_alloc(td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_class)) { dsp_setup((t_pxobject )x, 1); outlet_new(x, "signal"); } return (x); } Cool! Do you have any benchmarks you can share with us? And I thought nobody cared :) I must confess that as a total hobbyist programmer, I have no idea how to produce a proper benchmark as such. My system consists of running a shitload of instances in a max patch with the signal vector size set to 1, and keeping an eye on the CPU usage. Hi-tech, I know. The problem with [trunc~] (and all the stock objects) is that it doesn’t take advantage of SSE instructions. There is a huge penalty in setting and re-setting the FPU control register for truncation instead of rounding, unless you use some trickery. SSE3 brought in the fisttp instruction, simplifying things greatly, because it lets you pop a float off the FPU stack with truncation, without having to touch the control register. More importantly, there are errors in the above code. See the revised code below for the correct version! __inline __declspec(naked) t_int td_dot_cheaptrunc_tilde_perform(t_int w) { __asm { push ebp mov ebp, esp sub esp, 4 push ebx mov eax, [ebp+8] mov ebx, [eax+8] mov edx, [eax+12] mov ecx, [eax+16] loopstart: fld dword ptr [ebx] fisttp dword ptr [ebp-4] add ebx, 4 fild dword ptr [ebp-4] fstp dword ptr [edx] add edx, 4 sub ecx, 1 jnz loopstart add eax, 20 pop ebx add esp, 4 pop ebp ret } } looks cool… out of curiosity: how did you learn assembly? could you suggest me any books, online resources, … ? thanks! aa I learned by copying bits of old demo code. Trial and error, trial and error… I think I spent a good 3 or 4 months writing a ‘setpixel’ function and making it fast! trial and error, counting the reboots! I can’t vouch for this book but it sounds right up my street – with it, the author, Jeff Duntemann, proposes to teach assembly as a first programming language. I think it’s a brilliant idea. Once you’ve been thrown in at the deep end, nothing will scare you anymore! [dot] duntemann [dot] com/assembly [dot] htm Aside from lots of random googling, there are some things that will definitely help you: a hexadecimal calculator, lots of pens and paper, and a good supply of coffee/tobacco/whateveryerpoison. I really like to smoke a few joints while I’m coding, I find it helps me to think laterally. Plus it makes you less angry when you crash your machine for the n^nth time. Online resources that are worth reading are few and far between… A lot of tutorials are good for explaining what the registers are and how they work, but most of them are from the dark ages of MS-DOS. If you see any assembly code for x86 that makes lots of “int” calls, it’s probably 16-bit. I was bashed a couple of days ago (in the nicest possible way!) for wasting my time with assembly. It’s true, most compilers can out-code me any day. But I like to feel what my CPU is doing. Plus my C code is UGLY. I know I couldn’t write it any faster in C, but a lot of people on this board probably could with ease. BTW, if anyone wants proof that REAL programmers can still beat compilers, check out this guy: www [dot] azillionmonkeys [dot] com/qed/asm [dot] html Paul Hsieh, I think his name is… Anyway, he’s incredible. The man must dream in binary :D If you really want to get to know your computer, the first thing to do is to download the Pentium manual. It’s a good place to start learning the basic instructions. There really aren’t all that many, and after a while you get very familiar with the mnemonics. The x86 architecture makes a lot more sense to me than Motorola, that’s for sure! It won’t take long before you realise just how simple your CPU really is. It. is. a. dumb. machine. :) After you’ve got a few little console programs working, try Agner Fog’s Pentium Optimisation guide, now hopelessly out of date. It’s old but it gives you an idea of what and why you might try optimising. Obviously modern processors don’t respond well to most of these old tricks, but it gets you thinking in the right way, by making you aware of what kind of things processors don’t like. Cache misses and stalls are pretty much out of the realm of hobbyist asm programmers, so don’t even worry yourself about them. This is the area in which compilers generally win hands down. But if you try to optimise your algorithms rather than the micro-timings of your code, you’ll become a better programmer in every language. [dot] cortstratton [dot] org/articles/OptimizingForSSE [dot] php - This is brilliant. If you can get your head round this Matrix-Vector multiplication routine, many important assembly concepts will just ‘click’. [dot] flatassembler [dot] net/ - A lovely little assembler for dos, windows & linux. It’s a bit more niche than the big ones (MASM etc) but it provides a great all-in-one IDE/compiler/linker and a nice model for writing complete little apps from scratch. The forum is extremely clued-up and friendly. win32assembly [dot] online [dot] fr/ - Iczelion’s Win32 Assembly homepage is great. Loads of info about how to get a Windows app up and running One thing I can say with confidence is this: don’t bother with Randall Hyde’s “Art of Assembly Language”. He is a good writer, and he encourages good programming practice, but if you follow his teachings you won’t actually learn any real asm. He has written an interpreter called HLA (high-level assembler) which converts C-style code into asm, before running it through somebody else’s assembler. Cheeky monkey. Hope some of this helps. I’m tired and rambling, so I’ll sign off now :) Have fun! You must be logged in to reply to this topic. C74 RSS Feed \| © Copyright Cycling '74	http://cycling74.com/forums/topic/a-cheap-trunc-external-for-windows/	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	1,360	68.5
The following code example uses the Graphics class to modify the OnPaint event handler to retrieve a pointer to the Graphics object for the main form. This pointer is then used to set the background color of the form and draw a line and an arc using the System.Drawing.Graphics.DrawLine and DrawArc methods. GDI+ is included with Windows XP and is available as a redistributable for Windows NT 4.0 SP 6, Windows 2000, Windows 98, and Windows Me. To download the latest redistributable, see. For more information, see GDI+. #using <system.drawing.dll> using namespace System; using namespace System::Drawing; // ... protected: Void Form1::OnPaint(PaintEventArgs^ pe ) { Graphics^ g = pe->Graphics; g->Clear(Color::AntiqueWhite); Rectangle rect = Form::ClientRectangle; Rectangle smallRect; smallRect.X = rect.X + rect.Width / 4; smallRect.Y = rect.Y + rect.Height / 4; smallRect.Width = rect.Width / 2; smallRect.Height = rect.Height / 2; Pen^ redPen = gcnew Pen(Color::Red); redPen->Width = 4; g->DrawLine(redPen, 0, 0, rect.Width, rect.Height); Pen^ bluePen = gcnew Pen(Color::Blue); bluePen->Width = 10; g->DrawArc( bluePen, smallRect, 90, 270 ); }	http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x1d5a9f2(VS.80).aspx	crawl-002	refinedweb	180	52.46
Service Bus 1.0 - For Windows Server In this episode Rajat and I discuss about Service Bus Resource Provider REST apis which provide users programmatic way of creating service bus namespaces and managing a bunch of service bus artifacts. We also talk about the service bus analytics (Metric apis), the data that forms the basis of graphs in the new Azure Portal. With these apis you can do pretty much everything that is available on Azure Portal programmatically in a secure and consistent manner Actual format may change based on video formats available and browser capability. Oh man, this is soooooo awesome! First! Woooh!! Here's the Code Snippet for the above Video And finally an MSDN Sample : Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to send us feedback you can Contact Us.	https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/Subscribe/Service-Bus-Namespace-Management-and-Analytics	CC-MAIN-2017-17	refinedweb	145	55.88
First let me say im not a pro at scripting, with that said, I have created a button that the operator uses to save a table trend. we use 2 different popup calendars to choose the begin date and end date of the table trend. which is usually the last 24hrs. 8am day before till 8am today. here is the script I have for the button. table = event.source.parent.getComponent(“Table”) data = table.data csv = system.dataset.toCSV(data) file = system.file.saveFile(“Save File Name”, “csv”, “Comma Separated Values”) if file: system.file.writeFile(file, csv) My Question is how to auto save a Table from 8am day before to 8am day now.? also give it a new saved name each day. (date and time is fine for file name) I have started a Gateway Event script (scheduled) with the settings set for every day at 8am. But cant seem to figure out the script to auto save. this is what I have so far. ( any example scripts or help would be great) def onScheduledEvent(): “”" A scheduled script that will execute periodically on the gateway. """ ##Line 1 can not be edited it is default script## def onScheduledEvent(): table = event.source.parent.getComponent("Table") data = table.data csv = system.dataset.toCSV(data) file = system.file.saveFile("Export to excel file name", "csv", "Comma Separated Values") if file: system.file.writeFile(file, csv)	https://forum.inductiveautomation.com/t/script-for-auto-save-table/56587	CC-MAIN-2022-40	refinedweb	233	61.02
MP4AddHintTrack - Add a hint track #include <mp4.h> MP4TrackId MP4AddHintTrack( MP4FileHandle hFile, MP4TrackId refTrackId ) Upon success, the track id of the new track. Upon an error, MP4_INVALID_TRACK_ID. MP4AddHintTrack adds a hint track to the mp4 file. A hint track is used to describe how to send the reference media track over a particular network transport. In the case of the IETF RTP protocol, the hint track describes how the media data should be placed into packets and any media specific protocol headers that should be added. Typically there is a one to one correspondence between reference media track samples and hint track samples. The start time, duration, and sync flags are typically the same, however provisions are made for deviations from this rule. The MP4 library provides extensive support for RTP hint tracks. This includes a easy to use API to create RTP hint tracks, and read out fully constructed RTP packets based on the hint track. MP4(3)	http://www.makelinux.net/man/3/M/MP4AddHintTrack	CC-MAIN-2014-41	refinedweb	159	64

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